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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-05 07:03:11 -0800 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ad6adf --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #51039 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51039) diff --git a/old/51039-0.txt b/old/51039-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9350b1b..0000000 --- a/old/51039-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10806 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cavendish on Whist, by Henry Jones - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Cavendish on Whist - 18th edition - -Author: Henry Jones - -Release Date: January 25, 2016 [EBook #51039] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAVENDISH ON WHIST *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, Colin Bell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -FRONTISPIECE. - -[Illustration: RUFF and HONOURS (from the Compleat Gamester 1680). - - "Lastly, observe the Women with what grace - They sit, and look their Partners in the face, - Who from their eyes shoot Cupids fiery darts; - Thus make them lose at once their Game and Hearts."] - -[Illustration: - - - - - ♣--------------------------------♢--------------------------------♣ - | | - | THE | - | | - | LAWS AND PRINCIPLES | - | | - | OF | - | | - | WHIST | - | | - | STATED AND EXPLAINED | - | | - | AND ITS | - | | - | PRACTICE ILLUSTRATED | - | | - | ON | - ♡ ♡ - | AN ORIGINAL SYSTEM | - | | - | BY MEANS OF | - | | - | HANDS PLAYED COMPLETELY THROUGH. | - | | - | | - | BY | - | | - | "CAVENDISH." | - | | - | EIGHTEENTH EDITION. | - | | - | LONDON: THOS. DE LA RUE & CO. | - | | - | 1889. | - | | - ♠--------------------------------♢--------------------------------♠ - - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.] - - PRINTED BY - - THOMAS DE LA RUE AND CO., BUNHILL ROW, - - LONDON. - - - - -DEDICATION TO THE NINTH EDITION. - - - - JAMES CLAY, ESQ., M.P. - - (Chairman of the Whist Laws Committee of the Arlington Club, 1864,) - - This Book - - IS - - CORDIALLY DEDICATED - - BY - - HIS SINCERE FRIEND, - - THE AUTHOR. - - - - -DEDICATION TO THE TENTH EDITION. - - - +--------------------------------+ - | | - | To the memory | - | | - | OF | - | | - | JAMES CLAY | - | | - +--------------------------------+ - - - - -PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. - - -It has often occurred to the Author that there are two principal -defects in the existing treatises on the game of Whist--the one that -the principles of play are, in general, laid down as so many isolated -and arbitrary conventions, the reasons upon which such principles are -based being seldom, if at all, and scarcely ever fully, stated; the -other, that suitable illustrations, by which alone the principles can -be brought forcibly home and fixed in the memory, are almost entirely -wanting. The present work is an attempt to supply these deficiencies. -With regard to the latter, the Author feels that nothing, in point -of illustration of principles, can be so instructive as a selection -of hands played completely through, and accompanied by copious -explanations. The idea, it is believed, as applied to Whist, is a new -one, though a similar plan has long been in use in treatises on Chess. - -It has not been deemed necessary to occupy space by detailing the mode -of playing and of scoring, as this information can be readily acquired -at the table. The reader is, therefore, credited with this elementary -knowledge, and is conducted at once to the General Principles, which he -is advised to consider carefully before proceeding to the Hands. - - - - -PREFACE TO THE SIXTEENTH EDITION. - - -The attention of the Reader is particularly directed to Appendix A, -explanatory of American Leads. The Author is firmly convinced that -American Leads are founded on true principles of whist play, and they -therefore have his hearty approval. But, he hesitates to insist upon -these leads in the body of the "Principles," as they have not yet met -with universal,--and, perhaps, hardly with general,--acceptance. - -The advanced player is also invited to consider, with care, Appendix B, -which treats briefly of The Plain-Suit Echo. - - - - -PREFACE TO THE EIGHTEENTH EDITION. - - -The advanced player is invited to consider, with care, Appendix C, -which treats of the leads from ace, king, and from king, queen suits. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - THE LAWS OF WHIST 1 - - ETIQUETTE OF WHIST 19 - - CASES AND DECISIONS 22 - - HISTORICAL 31 - - - PART I. - - GENERAL PRINCIPLES. - - - THE FIRST HAND OR LEAD. - - ORIGINAL LEADS 56 - - LEADS FROM STRONG SUITS 56 - - " FROM SEQUENCES 62 - - " ANALYSIS OF, IN DETAIL 64 - - " FROM WEAK SUITS 72 - - " AT ADVANCED PERIODS 74 - - RETURNED LEADS 79 - - - THE SECOND HAND. - - PLAY OF THE SECOND HAND 82 - - " " WITH STRONG SUITS 82 - - " " WITH SEQUENCES 83 - - " " ANALYSIS OF, IN DETAIL 85 - - - THE THIRD HAND. - - PLAY OF THE THIRD HAND WHEN THE LEAD IS FROM - STRONG SUITS 92 - - PLAY OF THE THIRD HAND WHEN THE LEAD IS FROM - WEAK SUITS 93 - - FINESSING 92 - - - THE FOURTH HAND. - - PLAY OF THE FOURTH HAND 96 - - - THE COMMAND OF SUITS 96 - - UNDERPLAY 101 - - - DISCARDING 104 - - - THE CONVERSATION OF THE GAME 108 - - - TRUMPS. - - THE MANAGEMENT OF TRUMPS 119 - - LEADING TRUMPS 120 - - ASKING FOR TRUMPS 125 - - TRUMPING 129 - - FORCING 131 - - - PLAYING TO THE SCORE 134 - - DRAWING INFERENCES 134 - - COUPS 141 - - - PART II. - - HANDS 156 - - - APPENDIX A. - - AMERICAN LEADS 281 - - - APPENDIX B. - - THE PLAIN-SUIT ECHO 287 - - - APPENDIX C. - - ON THE ORIGINAL LEAD OF KING 289 - - - - -THE LAWS OF WHIST. - -BY PERMISSION, _VERBATIM_ FROM THE CLUB CODE. - -THE FOOT NOTES ARE ADDED BY THE AUTHOR. - - -THE RUBBER. - -1. The rubber is the best of three games. If the first two games be won -by the same players, the third game is not played. - - -SCORING. - -2. A game consists of five points. Each trick, above six, counts one -point. - -3. Honours, _i.e._, Ace, King, Queen, and Knave of trumps, are thus -reckoned: - -If a player and his partner, either separately or conjointly, hold-- - - I. The four honours, they score four points. - II. Any three honours, they score two points. - III. Only two honours, they do not score. - -4. Those players, who, at the commencement of a deal, are at the score -of four, cannot score honours. - -5. The penalty for a revoke[1] takes precedence of all other scores. -Tricks score next. Honours last. - -6. Honours, unless claimed before the trump card of the following deal -is turned up, cannot be scored. - -7. To score honours is not sufficient; they must be called at the end -of the hand; if so called, they may be scored at any time during the -game. - -8. The winners gain-- - - I. A treble, or game of three points, when their adversaries - have not scored. - - II. A double, or game of two points, when their adversaries - have scored less than three. - - III. A single, or game of one point, when their adversaries have - scored three, or four. - -9. The winners of the rubber gain two points (commonly called the -rubber points), in addition to the value of their games. - -10. Should the rubber have consisted of three games, the value of the -losers' game is deducted from the gross number of points gained by -their opponents. - -11. If an erroneous score be proved, such mistake can be corrected -prior to the conclusion of the game in which it occurred, and such game -is not concluded until the trump card of the following deal has been -turned up. - -12. If an erroneous score, affecting the amount of the rubber,[2] be -proved, such mistake can be rectified at any time during the rubber. - - -CUTTING. - -13. The ace is the lowest card. - -14. In all cases, every one must cut from the same pack. - -15. Should a player expose more than one card, he must cut again. - - -FORMATION OF TABLE. - -16. If there are more than four candidates, the players are selected by -cutting: those first in the room having the preference. The four who -cut the lowest cards play first, and again cut to decide on partners; -the two lowest play against the two highest; the lowest is the dealer, -who has choice of cards and seats, and, having once made his selection, -must abide by it. - -17. When there are more than six candidates, those who cut the two next -lowest cards belong to the table, which is complete with six players; -on the retirement of one of those six players, the candidate who cut -the next lowest card has a prior right to any after-comer to enter the -table. - - -CUTTING CARDS OF EQUAL VALUE. - -18. Two players cutting cards of equal value,[3] unless such cards are -the two highest, cut again; should they be the two lowest, a fresh cut -is necessary to decide which of those two deals.[4] - -19. Three players cutting cards of equal value cut again; should the -fourth (or remaining) card be the highest, the two lowest of the new -cut are partners, the lower of those two the dealer; should the fourth -card be the lowest, the two highest are partners, the original lowest -the dealer.[5] - - -CUTTING OUT. - -20. At the end of a rubber, should admission be claimed by any one, -or by two candidates, he who has, or they who have, played a greater -number of consecutive rubbers than the others is, or are, out; but -when all have played the same number, they must cut to decide upon the -out-goers; the highest are out. - - -ENTRY AND RE-ENTRY. - -21. A candidate wishing to enter a table must declare such intention -prior to any of the players having cut a card, either for the purpose -of commencing a fresh rubber, or of cutting out. - -22. In the formation of fresh tables, those candidates who have neither -belonged to nor played at any other table have the prior right of -entry; the others decide their right of admission by cutting. - -23. Any one quitting a table prior to the conclusion of a rubber, may, -with consent of the other three players, appoint a substitute in his -absence during that rubber. - -24. A player cutting into one table, whilst belonging to another, loses -his right[6] of re-entry into that latter, and takes his chance of -cutting in, as if he were a fresh candidate.[7] - -25. If any one break up a table, the remaining players have the -prior right to him of entry into any other, and should there not be -sufficient vacancies at such other table to admit all those candidates, -they settle their precedence by cutting. - - -SHUFFLING. - -26. The pack must neither be shuffled below the table nor so that the -face of any card be seen. - -27. The pack must not be shuffled during the play of the hand. - -28. A pack, having been played with, must neither be shuffled, by -dealing it into packets, nor across the table. - -29. Each player has a right to shuffle, once only, except as provided -by Rule 32, prior to a deal, after a false cut,[8] or when a new -deal[9] has occurred. - -30. The dealer's partner must collect the cards for the ensuing deal, -and has the first right to shuffle that pack. - -31. Each player, after shuffling, must place the cards, properly -collected and face downwards, to the left of the player about to deal. - -32. The dealer has always the right to shuffle last; but should a card -or cards be seen during his shuffling or whilst giving the pack to be -cut, he may be compelled to re-shuffle. - - -THE DEAL. - -33. Each player deals in his turn; the right of dealing goes to the -left. - -34. The player on the dealer's right cuts the pack, and in dividing it, -must not leave fewer than four cards in either packet; if in cutting, -or in replacing one of the two packets on the other, a card be -exposed,[10] or if there be any confusion of the cards, or a doubt as -to the exact place in which the pack was divided, there must be a fresh -cut. - -35. When a player, whose duty it is to cut, has once separated the -pack, he cannot alter his intention; he can neither re-shuffle nor -re-cut the cards. - -36. When the pack is cut, should the dealer shuffle the cards, he loses -his deal. - - -A NEW DEAL. - -37. There must be a new deal[11]-- - - I. If, during a deal, or during the play of a hand, the pack - be proved incorrect or imperfect. - - II. If any card, excepting the last, be faced in the pack. - -38. If, whilst dealing, a card be exposed by the dealer or his partner, -should neither of the adversaries have touched the cards, the latter -can claim a new deal; a card exposed by either adversary gives that -claim to the dealer, provided that his partner has not touched a card; -if a new deal does not take place, the exposed card cannot be called. - -39. If, during dealing, a player touch any of his cards, the -adversaries may do the same, without losing their privilege of claiming -a new deal, should chance give them such option. - -40. If, in dealing, one of the last cards be exposed, and the dealer -turn up the trump before there is reasonable time for his adversaries -to decide as to a fresh deal, they do not thereby lose their privilege. - -41. If a player, whilst dealing, look at the trump card, his -adversaries have a right to see it, and may exact a new deal. - -42. If a player take into the hand dealt to him a card belonging to -the other pack, the adversaries, on discovery of the error, may decide -whether they will have a fresh deal or not. - - -A MISDEAL. - -43. A misdeal loses the deal.[12] - -44. It is a misdeal[13]-- - - I. Unless the cards are dealt into four packets, one at a time - in regular rotation, beginning with the player to the - dealer's left. - - II. Should the dealer place the last (_i.e._, the trump) card, - face downwards, on his own, or any other pack. - - III. Should the trump card not come in its regular order to the - dealer; but he does not lose his deal if the pack be proved - imperfect. - - IV. Should a player have fourteen[14] cards, and either of the - other three less than thirteen.[15] - - V. Should the dealer, under an impression that he has made a - mistake, either count the cards on the table, or the - remainder of the pack. - - VI. Should the dealer deal two cards at once, or two cards to - the same hand, and then deal a third; but if, prior to - dealing that third card, the dealer can, by altering the - position of one card only, rectify such error, he may do - so, except as provided by the second paragraph of this Law. - - VII. Should the dealer omit to have the pack cut to him, and the - adversaries discover the error, prior to the trump card - being turned up, and before looking at their cards, but not - after having done so. - -45. A misdeal does not lose the deal if, during the dealing, either of -the adversaries touch the cards prior to the dealer's partner having -done so, but should the latter have first interfered with the cards, -notwithstanding either or both of the adversaries have subsequently -done the same, the deal is lost. - -46. Should three players have their right number of cards--the fourth -have less than thirteen, and not discover such deficiency until he -has played any of his cards,[16] the deal stands good; should he have -played, he is as answerable for any revoke he may have made as if the -missing card, or cards, had been in his hand;[17] he may search the -other pack for it, or them. - -47. If a pack, during or after a rubber, be proved incorrect or -imperfect, such proof does not alter any past score, game, or rubber; -that hand in which the imperfection was detected is null and void; the -dealer deals again. - -48. Any one dealing out of turn, or with the adversary's cards, may be -stopped before the trump card is turned up, after which the game must -proceed as if no mistake had been made. - -49. A player can neither shuffle, cut, nor deal for his partner, -without the permission of his opponents. - -50. If the adversaries interrupt a dealer whilst dealing, either by -questioning the score or asserting that it is not his deal, and fail to -establish such claim, should a misdeal occur, he may deal again. - -51. Should a player take his partner's deal, and misdeal, the latter is -liable to the usual penalty, and the adversary next in rotation to the -player who ought to have dealt then deals. - - -THE TRUMP CARD. - -52. The dealer, when it is his turn to play to the first trick, should -take the trump card into his hand; if left on the table after the first -trick be turned and quitted, it is liable to be called;[18] his partner -may at any time remind him of the liability. - -53. After the dealer has taken the trump card into his hand, it cannot -be asked for;[19] a player naming it at any time during the play of -that hand is liable to have his highest or lowest trump called.[20] - -54. If the dealer take the trump card into his hand before it is his -turn to play, he may be desired to lay it on the table; should he show -a wrong card, this card may be called, as also a second, a third, &c., -until the trump card be produced. - -55. If the dealer declare himself unable to recollect the trump card, -his highest or lowest trump may be called at any time during that hand, -and, unless it cause him to revoke, must be played; the call may be -repeated, but not changed, _i.e._, from highest to lowest, or _vice -versâ_, until such card is played. - - -CARDS LIABLE TO BE CALLED. - -56. All exposed cards are liable to be called, and must be left[21] on -the table; but a card is not an exposed card when dropped on the floor, -or elsewhere below the table. - -The following are exposed[22] cards:-- - - I. Two or more cards played at once.[23] - - II. Any card dropped with its face upwards, or in any way - exposed on or above the table, even though snatched up so - quickly that no one can name it. - -57. If any one play to an imperfect trick the best card on the -table,[24] or lead one which is a winning card as against his -adversaries, and then lead again,[25] or play several such winning -cards, one after the other, without waiting for his partner to play, -the latter may be called on to win, if he can, the first or any other -of those tricks, and the other cards thus improperly played are exposed -cards. - -58. If a player, or players, under the impression that the game is -lost--or won--or for other reasons--throw his or their cards on the -table face upwards, such cards are exposed, and liable to be called, -each player's by the adversary; but should one player alone retain his -hand, he cannot be forced to abandon it. - -59. If all four players throw their cards on the table face upwards, -the hands are abandoned; and no one can again take up his cards. Should -this general exhibition show that the game might have been saved, or -won, neither claim can be entertained, unless a revoke be established. -The revoking players are then liable to the following penalties: they -cannot under any circumstances win the game by the result of that hand, -and the adversaries may add three to their score, or deduct three from -that of the revoking players. - -60. A card detached from the rest of the hand so as to be named is -liable to be called; but should the adversary name a wrong card, he is -liable to have a suit called when he or his partner have the lead.[26] - -61. If a player, who has rendered himself liable to have the highest -or lowest of a suit called, fail to play as desired, or if when called -on to lead one suit, lead another, having in his hand one or more cards -of that suit demanded, he incurs the penalty of a revoke. - -62. If any player lead out of turn, his adversaries may either call the -card erroneously led--or may call a suit from him or his partner when -it is next the turn of either of them[27] to lead. - -63. If any player lead out of turn, and the other three have followed -him, the trick is complete, and the error cannot be rectified; but if -only the second, or the second and third, have played to the false -lead, their cards, on discovery of the mistake, are taken back; there -is no penalty against any one, excepting the original offender, whose -card may be called--or he, or his partner, when either of them[28] -has next the lead, may be compelled to play any suit demanded by the -adversaries. - -64. In no case can a player be compelled to play a card which would -oblige him to revoke. - -65. The call of a card may be repeated[29] until such card has been -played. - -66. If a player called on to lead a suit have none of it, the penalty -is paid. - - -CARDS PLAYED IN ERROR, OR NOT PLAYED TO A TRICK. - -67. If the third hand play before the second, the fourth hand may play -before his partner. - -68. Should the third hand not have played, and the fourth play before -his partner, the latter may be called on to win, or not to win the -trick. - -69. If any one omit playing to a former trick, and such error be not -discovered until he has played to the next, the adversaries may claim -a new deal; should they decide that the deal stand good, the surplus -card at the end of the hand is considered to have been played to the -imperfect trick, but does not constitute a revoke therein. - -70. If any one play two cards to the same trick, or mix his trump, or -other card, with a trick to which it does not properly belong, and -the mistake be not discovered until the hand is played out, he is -answerable for all consequent revokes he may have made.[30] If, during -the play of the hand, the error be detected, the tricks may be counted -face downwards, in order to ascertain whether there be among them a -card too many: should this be the case they may be searched, and the -card restored; the player is, however, liable for all revokes which he -may have meanwhile made. - - -THE REVOKE. - -71. Is when a player, holding one or more cards of the suit led, plays -a card of a different suit.[31] - -72. The penalty for a revoke:-- - - I. Is at the option of the adversaries, who, at the end of the - hand, may either take three tricks from the revoking - player[32]--or deduct three points from his score--or add - three to their own score; - - II. Can be claimed for as many revokes as occur during the hand; - - III. Is applicable only to the score of the game in which it - occurs; - - IV. Cannot be divided, i.e., a player cannot add one or two to - his own score and deduct one or two from the revoking - player; - - V. Takes precedence of every other score, _e.g._,--The - claimants two--their opponents nothing--the former add - three to their score--and thereby win a treble game, even - should the latter have made thirteen tricks, and held four - honours. - -73. A revoke is established, if the trick in which it occur be turned -and quitted, _i.e._, the hand removed from that trick after it has been -turned face downwards on the table--or if either the revoking player or -his partner, whether in his right turn or otherwise, lead or play to -the following trick. - -74. A player may ask his partner whether he has not a card of the -suit which he has renounced; should the question be asked before the -trick is turned and quitted, subsequent turning and quitting does -not establish the revoke, and the error may be corrected, unless the -question be answered in the negative, or unless the revoking player or -his partner have led or played to the following trick. - -75. At the end of the hand, the claimants of a revoke may search all -the tricks.[33] - -76. If a player discover his mistake in time to save a revoke, the -adversaries, whenever they think fit, may call the card thus played in -error, or may require him to play his highest or lowest card to that -trick in which he has renounced;--any player or players who have played -after him may withdraw their cards and substitute others: the cards -withdrawn are not liable to be called. - -77. If a revoke be claimed, and the accused player or his partner -mix the cards before they have been sufficiently examined by the -adversaries, the revoke is established. The mixing of the cards only -renders the proof of a revoke difficult, but does not prevent the -claim, and possible establishment, of the penalty. - -78. A revoke cannot be claimed after the cards have been cut for the -following deal. - -79. The revoking player and his partner may, under all circumstances, -require the hand in which the revoke has been detected to be played out. - -80. If a revoke occur, be claimed and proved, bets on the odd trick, or -on amount of score, must be decided by the actual state of the latter, -after the penalty is paid. - -81. Should the players on both sides subject themselves to the penalty -of one or more revokes, neither can win the game; each is punished at -the discretion of his adversary.[34] - -82. In whatever way the penalty be enforced, under no circumstances -can a player win the game by the result of the hand during which he has -revoked; he cannot score more than four. (_Vide_ Rule 61.) - - -CALLING FOR NEW CARDS. - -83. Any player (on paying for them) before, but not after, the pack be -cut for the deal, may call for fresh cards. He must call for two new -packs, of which the dealer takes his choice. - - -GENERAL RULES. - -84. Where a player and his partner have an option of exacting from -their adversaries one of two penalties, they should agree who is to -make the election, but must not consult with one another which of the -two penalties it is advisable to exact; if they do so consult they lose -their right;[35] and if either of them, with or without consent of his -partner, demand a penalty to which he is entitled, such decision is -final. - - This rule does not apply in exacting the penalties for a revoke; - partners have then a right to consult. - -85. Any one during the play of a trick, or after the four cards are -played, and before, but not after, they are touched for the purpose of -gathering them together, may demand that the cards be placed before -their respective players. - -86. If any one, prior to his partner playing, should call attention -to the trick--either by saying that it is his, or by naming his card, -or, without being required so to do, by drawing it towards him--the -adversaries may require that opponent's partner to play the highest or -lowest of the suit then led, or to win or lose[36] the trick. - -87. In all cases where a penalty has been incurred, the offender is -bound to give reasonable time for the decision of his adversaries. - -88. If a bystander make any remark which calls the attention of a -player or players to an oversight affecting the score, he is liable to -be called on, by the players only, to pay the stakes and all bets on -that game or rubber. - -89. A bystander, by agreement among the players, may decide any -question. - -90. A card or cards torn or marked must be either replaced by -agreement, or new cards called at the expense of the table. - -91. Any player may demand to see the last trick turned, and no more. -Under no circumstances can more than eight cards be seen during the -play of the hand, viz.: the four cards on the table which have not been -turned and quitted, and the last trick turned. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] _Vide_ Law 72. - -[2] _e.g._ If a single is scored by mistake for a double or treble, or -_vice versâ_. - -[3] In cutting for partners. - -[4] _Example._ A three, two sixes, and a knave are cut. The two sixes -cut again, and the lowest plays with the three. Suppose at the second -cut, the two sixes cut a king and a queen, the queen plays with the -three. - -If at the second cut a lower card than the three is cut, the three -still retains its privileges as original low, and has the deal and -choice of cards and seats. - -[5] _Example._ Three aces and a two are cut. The three aces cut again. -The two is the original high, and plays with the highest of the next -cut. - -Suppose at the second cut, two more twos and a king are drawn. The king -plays with the original two, and the other pair of twos cut again for -deal. - -Suppose instead, the second cut to consist of an ace and two knaves. -The two knaves cut again, and the highest plays with the two. - -[6] _i.e._, his prior right. - -[7] And last in the room (_vide_ Law 16). - -[8] _Vide_ Law 34. - -[9] _Vide_ Law 37. - -[10] After the two packets have been re-united, Law 38 comes into -operation. - -[11] _i.e._, the same dealer must deal again. _Vide_ also Laws 47 and -50. - -[12] Except as provided in Laws 45 and 50. - -[13] _Vide_ also Law 36. - -[14] Or more. - -[15] The pack being perfect. _Vide_ Law 47. - -[16] _i.e._, until after he has played to the first trick. - -[17] _Vide_ also Law 70, and Law 44, paragraph iv. - -[18] It is not usual to call the trump card if left on the table. - -[19] Any one may inquire what the trump suit is, at any time. - -[20] In the manner described in Law 55. - -[21] Face upwards. - -[22] Detached cards (_i.e._, cards taken out of the hand but not -dropped face upwards on the table, or dropped face downwards on the -table), are only liable to be called, if named; _vide_ Law 60. - -[23] If two or more cards are played at once, the adversaries have a -right to call which they please to the trick in course of play, and -afterwards to call the others. - -[24] And then lead without waiting for his partner to play. - -[25] Without waiting for his partner to play. - -[26] _i.e._, the first time that side obtains the lead. - -[27] _i.e._, the penalty of calling a suit must be exacted from -whichever of them next first obtains the lead. It follows that if the -player who leads out of turn is the partner of the person who ought -to have led, and a suit is called, it must be called at once from the -right leader. If he is allowed to play as he pleases, the only penalty -that remains is to call the card erroneously led. - -[28] _i.e._, whichever of them next first has the lead. - -[29] At every trick. - -[30] _Vide_ also Law 46. - -[31] _Vide_ also Law 61. - -[32] And add them to their own. - -[33] _Vide_ Law 77. - -[34] In the manner prescribed in Law 72. - -[35] To demand any penalty. - -[36] _i.e._, refrain from winning. - - - - -ETIQUETTE OF WHIST. - - -The following rules belong to the established Etiquette of Whist. They -are not called laws, as it is difficult--in some cases impossible--to -apply any penalty to their infraction, and the only remedy is to cease -to play with players who habitually disregard them. - -Two packs of cards are invariably used at Clubs: if possible this -should be adhered to. - -Any one, having the lead and several winning cards to play, should not -draw a second card out of his hand until his partner has played to the -first trick, such act being a distinct intimation that the former has -played a winning card. - -No intimation whatever, by word or gesture, should be given by a player -as to the state of his hand, or of the game.[37] - -A player who desires the cards to be placed, or who demands to see the -last trick,[38] should do it for his own information only, and not in -order to invite the attention of his partner. - -No player should object to refer to a bystander who professes himself -uninterested in the game, and able to decide any disputed question of -facts; as to who played any particular card--whether honours were -claimed though not scored, or _vice versâ_--etc., etc. - -It is unfair to revoke purposely; having made a revoke, a player is not -justified in making a second in order to conceal the first. - -Until the players have made such bets as they wish, bets should not be -made with bystanders. - -Bystanders should make no remark, neither should they by word or -gesture give any intimation of the state of the game until concluded -and scored, nor should they walk round the table to look at the -different hands. - -No one should look over the hand of a player against whom he is betting. - - -DUMMY - -Is played by three players. - -One hand, called Dummy's, lies exposed on the table. - -The laws are the same as those of Whist, with the following -exceptions:-- - - I. Dummy deals at the commencement of each rubber. - - II. Dummy is not liable to the penalty for a revoke, as his - adversaries see his cards: should he[39] revoke and the - error not be discovered until the trick is turned and - quitted, it stands good.[40] - - III. Dummy being blind and deaf, his Partner is not liable to - any penalty for an error whence he can gain no advantage. - Thus, he may expose some, or all of his cards, or may - declare that he has the game, or trick, &c., without - incurring any penalty; if, however, he lead from Dummy's - Hand when he should lead from his own, or _vice versâ_, a - suit may be called from the hand which ought to have led. - - -DOUBLE DUMMY - -Is played by two players, each having a Dummy or exposed hand for his -partner. The laws of the game do not differ from Dummy Whist, except -in the following special law: There is no misdeal, as the deal is a -disadvantage. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[37] The question "Who dealt?" is irregular, and if asked should not be -answered. - -[38] Or who asks what the trump suit is. - -[39] _i.e._ Dummy's hand. If Dummy's partner revokes, he is liable to -the usual penalties. - -[40] And the hand proceeds as though the revoke had not been -discovered. - - - - -CASES AND DECISIONS. - - -Card laws are intended to effect two objects: 1. To preserve the -harmony and determine the ordering of the table. Such, for example, -are the laws in the previous code, which regulate scoring, cutting, -shuffling, &c. and the miscellaneous rules included under the head of -Etiquette. 2. To prevent any player from obtaining an unfair advantage. - -The word "unfair" must be taken in a restricted sense. It does not -mean intentional unfairness. This is not to be dealt with by laws, but -by exclusion from the card table. In deciding cases of card law, the -offender should be credited with _bonâ fides_. It follows from this, -that offences should not be judged by the intention of the player, -but by the amount of injury which his irregularity may inflict on the -opponents. - -In a perfect code, there should be a penalty for all errors or -irregularities, by which the player committing them, or his side, -_might_ profit; and on the other hand there should be no penalty -for errors by which he who commits them, _cannot possibly_ gain an -advantage. - -Penalties should be proportioned as closely as possible to the gain -which might ensue to the offender. For instance: if the third hand has -not played and the fourth plays before his partner, the second hand -is informed whether or not his partner is likely to win the trick. The -law, therefore, provides that the adversaries shall be entitled to -call on the second player either to win the trick, or not to win it, -whichever they please. Say, the fourth hand plays an ace out of turn. -The second hand may be required to win the trick. If he has none of -the suit he must trump it. In the opposite case, if the fourth hand -plays a small card, and the second is called on not to win the trick, -he must play a small card also. In this manner, the second player is -prevented from benefiting by the irregular information afforded him. -Other offences are legislated against in a similar way, the point kept -in view throughout being, that no player shall be allowed to profit by -his own wrong doing. - -However carefully a code is drawn up, it will not unfrequently happen -in practice, that cases occur which are but imperfectly provided for. -Such cases should be referred for decision to some arbitrator. The -arbitrator will find himself materially assisted by keeping well before -him the two great objects with which the laws have been framed. - -The following general rules will also be found useful in guiding him to -just decisions: - -Where two or more players are in fault, it should be considered with -whom the first fault lies, and how far it induced or invited the -subsequent error of the adversary. - -Questions of fact should be settled before the case is referred, either -by a majority of the players, or, if they are divided in opinion, by -an onlooker agreed to by both parties, the decision of this referee -being final. - -When the facts are agreed to they should be written down, and the -written statement submitted to the judge, who should return a written -answer. - -Should it so happen that a case is referred, wherein the players are -divided in opinion as to the facts, the arbitrator will do well to -decline to give a decision. The disputants, however, may be reminded -that the player whom it is proposed to punish is entitled to the -benefit of reasonable doubt. - -Questions of interpretation of law should be decided liberally, in -accordance with the spirit rather than the letter of the law. On the -other hand, the arbitrator should bear in mind the great inconvenience -of a lax interpretation of card laws, and, having made up his mind as -to the intention of the law, should decide all cases with the utmost -strictness. - -The following cases, with decisions, selected from a large number which -have been brought under the author's notice as having occurred in -actual play, are given in exemplification of the foregoing remarks. - - -CASE I. - -The play of the hand shows that AB (partners) hold no honour. The hand -is therefore abandoned and the adversaries (YZ) score the game. It is -then discovered that Y has only twelve cards, and one of the honours -is found on the floor. AB then object to the score on the ground that -YZ only "held" three honours (_vide_ Law 3). - -_Decision_--YZ are entitled to score four by honours. Y is not obliged -to play with his cards in his hand. Besides, the game having been -abandoned, Law 59 comes into operation. The penalty for playing with -twelve cards is laid down in Law 46. Y is liable for any revoke he may -have made. - - -CASE II. - -AB claim "the game" and score it. After the trump card of the following -deal is turned up, YZ object that AB have not claimed honours (_vide_ -Laws 6 and 7). - -_Decision_--The honours were claimed within the meaning of the law. The -objection to the score, if made really in ignorance of how it accrued, -should have been taken at once. YZ should not wait the completion of -the deal, so as to entrap AB on a mere technicality. - -_Note._ This is a good instance of interpretation in accordance with -the spirit of the law. Laws should never be so construed as to inflict -a wholly unnecessary wrong, as would happen in this case were the law -insisted on literally. The intention of Law 7 is to require AB to draw -attention to the claim; and this is sufficiently done by the claim of -"the game." - - -CASE III. - -Y throws down his hand and claims "the game." B (Y's adversary) -thinking that Y is referring only to the tricks, says, "You are not -game." Y then marks four. After the trump card of the following deal is -turned up, A remarks, "if Y had scored his honours, he would have been -game." Y then claims the game, on the ground that he made the claim in -time, and only withdrew it in consequence of B's contradiction. Is Y -entitled to score the game? - -_Decision_--No. Y's claim of "the game" is irregular. He is bound to -state in what way he wins it (_vide_ Law 6). There is no evidence that -Y was referring to his honours when he claimed the game, but rather the -contrary, as he afterwards withdrew his claim and said nothing about -honours. - -_Note._ This is an example of two players being in fault. It seems hard -on Y that he should suffer through B's mistake; but it must be borne -in mind that the confusion was introduced by Y's own irregularity, -and that the omission to score honours was due to his subsequent -forgetfulness. - - Compare with Case II. - - -CASE IV. - -At the conclusion of the deal the trump card comes to the hand on the -dealer's left. The dealer requests the players to count their cards. -The player to the dealer's left appropriates a packet of cards lying -a little to his own right hand, between himself and the dealer, and -finds twelve cards in it. The other hands each contain thirteen. The -dealer now claims the hand with twelve cards in it as his hand. Must -the players accept the hands thus given to them, or is it a misdeal? - -_Decision_--It is a misdeal. The fault is entirely with the dealer. If -he deals so carelessly that there is any doubt as to the ownership of -the hands, he must apportion them, and having once done so, he must not -shift the hands about, so as to make a hand with twelve cards in it -fall to himself. - - -CASE V. - -Y throws down his cards, remarking, "We have lost the game." On this, A -and B (Y's adversaries) throw down their cards. Z retains his hand. AB -plead that they were misled by Y and that therefore they are not liable -to Law 58. - -_Decision_--A's, Y's, and B's hands are exposed, and must be left on -the table to be called, each player's by the adversary. Z is not bound -to abandon the game because his partner chooses to do so. Consequently, -Y's remark does not bind Z. A and B ought to keep up their cards, until -they have ascertained that both adversaries have abandoned the game. - -_Note._ The written law is sufficient to decide this case (_vide_ Law -58); but inasmuch as the irregularity in question is a fertile source -of disputes, the case has been deemed worthy of insertion. - - -CASE VI. - -When it comes to the last trick of a hand, it appears that the player -who has to lead has no card. What is to be done? - -_Decision_--(_a_) If either of the other players remains with two -cards, it is a misdeal (_vide_ Law 44, paragraph iv). (_b_) If the -other players have their right number of cards, the missing card should -be searched for (_vide_ Law 70) and when found assigned to the leader, -who is liable to Law 46. (_c_) If the missing card cannot be found, the -tricks may be searched to find what card is wanting, and the absent -card assumed to have belonged to the player who had but twelve cards. - -_Note._ It may seem that decision _c_ is severe on a player playing -_bonâ fide_ with an imperfect pack. But each player should protect -himself, by counting his hand before he plays. His playing to the first -trick signifies his acceptance of the hand. If he accepts an imperfect -one he must take the consequences. - - -CASE VII. - -Towards the end of a hand a spade is led. The third hand, when it comes -to his turn to play, lays down the ace of trumps (hearts) and says -"There's the game." He then throws his hand on the table. The hand -contains several spades. Is it a revoke? - -_Decision_--It is a question of fact. If the card was exposed in order -to save time, it is not a revoke. But if the ace of trumps was played -to the trick it is a revoke, the subsequent throwing down of the cards -being an act of play, equivalent to playing to the following trick -(_vide_ Law 73). - - -CASE VIII. - -The adversary cuts the pack to the dealer, but without his consent, -_i.e._, without the dealer's presenting it to be cut. Is it too late to -claim a revoke in the previous hand? (_vide_ Law 78). - -_Decision_--It is too late for the player who cut or for his partner to -claim a revoke, but not too late for the adversaries. - - -CASE IX. - -A player revokes, and on discovering the revoke before the hand is -played out, says in explanation, "I never saw the card; it was hidden -behind my king of diamonds"--the king of diamonds being still in his -hand. - -_Decision_--The king of diamonds is constructively an exposed card, and -the adversaries may require that it be laid on the table to be called. - - -CASE X. - -Y leads out of turn. B (Y's adversary) says to his partner, "Shall -we call a suit or not?" B's partner gives no answer. Is the asking -the question a consultation within the meaning of Law 84, although no -answer is made to it? - -_Decision_--Yes. It is the very question Law 84 is framed to prevent. B -by the question shows that he is in doubt as to the policy of calling -a suit, and thus affords information he has no right to give. Further -than this, a reply by word of mouth is not necessary to constitute a -consultation. Silence is an answer. The knowledge that a partner is -indifferent may convey information that B has no right to extract. - -_Note._ The usual formula is "Will you exact the penalty, or shall I?" -This question does not bring the player under the operation of Law 84. - - -CASE XI. - -A leads and the other three players follow suit. A plays another card -(it not being his lead) and proceeds to gather the five cards into one -trick. On being told of it, A explains that his attention has been -diverted, and that he thought he had not played to the trick. The -adversaries claim to be entitled to the penalties for leading out of -turn, on the ground that the penalty should depend, not on the actual -intention of the player, but on his possible intention. - -_Decision_--A has not led out of turn; he has merely exposed a card. -The abstract principle pleaded by the adversaries is quite sound, but -it does not apply to this case. A's word must be taken as correctly -representing the fact that he played a second time to one trick. - - - - -WHIST. - -HISTORICAL. - - -The early history of Whist is involved in obscurity. All games of high -character become perfected by degrees; and Whist, following this rule, -has been formed by gradual development. As early as the beginning of -the sixteenth century, a card game called _triumph_ or _trump_ was -commonly played in England. This game in its chief feature, viz., the -predominance of one particular suit, and in its general construction, -was so similar to Whist, that no one can doubt it to have been the game -from which Whist grew. - -There were two distinct games called trump. _Triomphe_ or _French ruff_ -was very like écarté, only there was no score for the king; Trump or -_English ruff-and-honours_ closely resembled Whist. - -Berni ("_Capitolo del Gioco della Primera_," Rome, 1526), enumerates -several games at cards; among them are _trionfi_, played by the -peasants; and _ronfa_, the invention of which is attributed to King -Ferdinand. - -_Triumphus Hispanicus_ is the subject of a "Dialogue" written in Latin -and French by Vives, a Spaniard (d. 1541). - -_La triomphe_ and _la ronfle_ are included by Rabelais (first half of -sixteenth century) in the long list of some two hundred and thirty -games played by Gargantua. - -In "A Worlde of Wordes or Most copious and exact _Dictionarie_ in -Italian and _English_ collected by John Florio, 1598," _ronfa_ is -defined as "_a game at cardes called ruffe or trumpe_;" and under -_trionfo_ we find "_triumph. * * * Also a trump at cards, or the play -called trump or ruff_." - -There is no evidence to show whether the above were the foreign or -native form of trump. Douce, in his "Illustrations of Shakespeare," -concludes, from finding _la triomphe_ in Rabelais' list, that we -derived the game of trump from a French source. But it seems more -probable, from the non-appearance of English ruff-and-honours in -the _Académie des Jeux_, and from the distinction drawn in Cotton's -"Compleat Gamester" between "English ruff-and-honours" and "French -ruff" (_la triomphe_ of the _Académie_), that the game referred to by -Berni, Vives, Rabelais, and Florio, was not the same game as English -ruff-and-honours, for which a purely English origin (as the name -implies) may be claimed. - -How and when trump or English ruff-and-honours originated cannot now -be ascertained. It was played at least as early as the time of Henry -VIII., for it was taken by Latimer to illustrate his text, in the -first of two sermons "Of the Card," preached by him at Cambridge, in -Advent, about the year 1529. He mentions the game under its original -and corrupted appellations, and clearly alludes to its characteristic -feature, as the following extract will show. - - "And where you are wont to celebrate Christmass in playing at - Cards, I intend, with God's grace, to deal unto you Christ's Cards, - wherein you shall perceive Christ's Rule. The game that we play - at shall be the Triumph, which, if it be well played at, he that - dealeth shall win; the Players shall likewise win, and the standers - and lookers upon shall do the same. * * * You must mark also, that - the Triumph must apply to fetch home unto him all the other Cards, - whatsoever suit they be of. * * * Then further we must say to - ourselves, 'What requireth Christ of a Christian man?' Now turn up - your Trump, your Heart (Hearts is Trump, as I said before) and cast - your Trump, your Heart, on this card." - -Later in the century trump is often referred to. In "Gammer Gurton's -Nedle, made by Mr. S., Mr of Art [Bishop Still] 1575," the second piece -performed in England under the name of a comedy (performed at Christ's -College, Cambridge, in 1566), Old Dame Chat thus invites some friends -to a game:-- - - "CHAT. What diccon: come nere, ye be no straunger, - We be fast set at trumpe man, hard by the fyre, - Thou shalt set on the king, if thou come a litte nyer. - * * * * * * * - Come nether, Dol, Dol, sit downe and play this game, - And as thou sawest me do, see thou do even the same - There is 5. trumps beside the Queene, yᵉ hindmost yᵘ shalt - finde her - Take hede of Sim glover's wife, she hath an eie behind her." - -In Eliot's "Fruits for the French" (1593), trump is called "a verie -common alehouse game;" and Rice, in his "Invective against Vices" -(printed before 1600), observes that "renouncing the trompe and comming -in againe" (_i.e._, revoking intentionally), is a common sharper's -trick. Decker, in "The Belman of London" (1608), speaks of "the -deceites practised (euen in the fairest and most ciuill companies) at -Primero, Saint, Maw, Tromp, and such like games." - -The game of trump is also mentioned by Shakespeare in "Antony and -Cleopatra," Act iv., scene 12 (first published 1623). - - "ANT. My good knave, Eros, now thy Captain is - Even such a body; here am I Antony; - Yet cannot hold this visible shape, my _knave_. - I made these wars for Egypt; and the _Queen_,-- - Whose _heart_ I thought I had, for she had mine; - Which, whilst it was mine, had annex'd unto 't - A million more, now lost,--she, Eros, has - _Packed cards_ with Cæsar, and _false-played_ my glory - Unto an enemy's _triumph_." - -The repeated punning allusions to card-playing in this passage leave -no doubt as to the reference in the last word. Douce ("Illustrations") -points out its real meaning, and ridicules Ben Jonson's derivation of -the word trump from _tromper_. - -There is abundant evidence to show that trump is a corruption of the -word triumph. In addition to the instances already given, the following -may be quoted: In Cotgrave's "Dictionarie of the French and English -Tongve" (1611), _Triomphe_ is explained as "_the Card-game called Ruffe -or Trump; also the Ruffe or Trump at it_." Minsheu, in "The Guide -unto Tongues" (1617), gives, "The TRUMPE _in cardes. Triumfo, ita -dict_: quod de _cæteris chartis_ triumphare videatur, _quod illis sit -præstantior_." Seymour, in his "Court Gamester" (1719), says--"The Term -_Trump_ comes from a Corruption of the Word _Triumph_; for wherever -they are, they are attended with Conquest." Ash ("Dictionary, 1775") -has "Triumph (_s. from the_ Lat. triumphus). * * * A conquering card, -a trump; _but this sense is now become obsolete_. Trump (_s. from_ -triumph)." - -The derivation of the word _ruff_ or _ruffe_ has caused much -speculation. The previous quotations show that it is the same word as -_ronfa_ (Ital.) and _ronfle_ (Fr.), and that it is synonymous with -the English triumph or trump. Even at the present day many Whist -players speak of ruffing, _i.e._, trumping; and, in the expression a -cross-ruff, the word ruff is preserved to the exclusion of the word -trump. - -The game of _ruff-and-honours_, if not the same as trump or ruff, was -probably the same game, with the addition of certain advantages to -the four highest cards of the trump suit. Rabelais includes in his -list a game called "_les Honneurs_," but whether it had any affinity -to ruff-and-honours is doubtful. In "Shufling, Cutting, and Dealing, -in a Game at Pickquet: being Acted from the Year, 1653. to 1658. By -O.P. [Oliver Protector] and others; With great Applause." (1659), the -"Old Foolish Christmas Game with _Honours_" is mentioned. Some writers -are of opinion that trump was originally played without honours; but -as no description of trump without honours is known to exist, their -view must be taken as conjectural. In 1674, Charles Cotton, the poet, -published a description of ruff-and-honours in "The Compleat Gamester: -or Instructions How to play at Billiards, Trucks, Bowls, and Chess. -Together with all manner of usual and most Gentile GAMES, either on -Cards or Dice." Cotton gives a drawing of the game of "English Ruff and -Honours," (see frontispiece) and thus describes it:-- - - "At Ruff and Honours, by some called Slamm, you have in the Pack - all the Deuces, and the reason is, because four playing having - dealt twelve a piece, there are four left for the Stock, the - uppermost whereof is turn'd up, and that is Trumps, he that hath - the Ace of that Ruffs; that is, he takes in those four Cards, and - lays out four others in their lieu; the four Honours are the Ace, - King, Queen, and Knave; he that hath three Honours in his own hand, - his partner not having the fourth sets up Eight by Cards, that is - two tricks; if he hath all four, then Sixteen, that is four tricks; - it is all one if two Partners make them three or four between them, - as if one had them. If the Honours are equally divided among the - Gamesters of each side, then they say Honours are split. If either - side are at Eight Groats he hath the benefit of calling Can-ye, - if he hath two Honours in his hand, and if the other answers one, - the Game is up, which is nine in all, but if he hath more than two - he shows them, and then it is one and the same thing; but it he - forgets to call after playing a trick, he loseth the advantage of - Can-ye for that deal. - - "All Cards are of value as they are superiour one to another, as a - Ten wins a Nine if not Trumps, so a Queen, a Knave in like manner; - but the least Trump will win the highest Card of any other Card - [suit]; where note the Ace is the highest." - -This game was clearly Whist in an imperfect form. Whist is not -mentioned by Shakespeare, nor by any writer (it is believed) of the -Elizabethan era. It is probable that the introduction of the name -_whist_ or _whisk_ took place early in the seventeenth century. - -The first known appearance of the word in print is in the "Motto" of -Taylor, the Water Poet (1621). Taylor spells the word whisk. Speaking -of the prodigal, he says:-- - - "The Prodigals estate, like to a flux. - The Mercer, Draper, and the Silkman sucks: - * * * * * * * - He flings his money free with carelessnesse: - At Novum, Mumchance, mischance, (chuse ye which) - At One and Thirty, or at Poore and rich, - Ruffe, slam, Trump, nody, whisk, hole, Sant, New-cut." - -The word continued to be spelt whisk for about forty years. The -earliest known use of the present spelling is in "Hudibras the Second -Part" (spurious) published in 1663:-- - - "But what was this? A Game at Whist - Unto our _Plowden-Canonist_." - -After this, the word is spelt indifferently, whisk or whist. In "The -Compleat Gamester" (1674 and subsequent editions) Cotton says, under -playing the cards at "Picket," "the elder begins and younger follows in -suit as at Whisk." But he uses the other spelling in his chapter on the -game itself. He observes, "Ruff and Honours (_alias_ Slamm) and Whist, -are Games so commonly known in _England_ in all parts thereof, that -every Child almost of Eight Years old hath a competent knowledge in -that recreation." - -After describing ruff-and-honours (see the passage quoted, pp. 36, -37), Cotton adds, "Whist is a game not much differing from this, only -they put out the Deuces and take in no stock; and is called Whist from -the silence that is to be observed in the play; they deal as before, -playing four, two of a side * * * to each Twelve a piece, and the Trump -is the bottom Card. The manner of crafty playing, the number of the -Game Nine, Honours and dignity of other Cards are all alike, and he -that wins most tricks is most forward to win the set." - -Cotton's work was afterwards incorporated with Seymour's Court-Gamester -(first published 1719). The earlier editions contain no Whist, but -after the two books were united (about 1734), Seymour says, "Whist, -vulgarly called whisk. The original denomination of this game is Whist, -[here Seymour is mistaken] or the silent game at cards." And again, -"Talking is not allowed at Whist; the very word implies 'Hold your -Tongue.'" - -Dr. Johnson does not positively derive Whist from the _interjectio -silentium imperans_; he cautiously explains Whist to be "a game -at cards, requiring close attention and silence." Nares, in his -"Glossary," has "Whist, an interjection commanding silence;" and he -adds, "That the name of the game of Whist is derived from this, is -known, I presume, to all who play or do not play." Skeat ("Etymological -Dictionary of the English Language, 1882") gives, "Whist, hush, -silence; a game at cards * * * named from the silence requisite to play -it attentively." - -Chatto, however, ("Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of -Playing Cards, 1848"), suggests that whisk is derived by substitution -from ruff, both of them signifying a piece of lawn used as an ornament -to the dress. - -The best modern etymologists are of opinion that, whisk and whist, -being, like whisper, whistle, wheeze, hush and hist, words of imitative -origin, it makes no difference which form is first found. So the -received derivation from silence, having a good deal of evidence in -its favour, may be accepted until some more conclusive arguments than -Chatto's are brought against it. - -While Whist was undergoing the changes of name and character already -specified, there was for a time associated with it another title, viz., -swabbers or swobbers. Fielding, in his "History of the life of the late -Mr. Jonathan Wild, the Great," records that when the ingenious Count La -Ruse was domiciled with Mr. Geoffrey Snap, in 1682, or, in other words, -was in a spunging-house, the Count beguiled the tedium of his in-door -existence by playing at Whisk-and-Swabbers, "the game then in the chief -vogue." Swift, in "The Intelligencer" (No. v, Dublin, 1728), ridicules -Archbishop Tenison for not understanding the meaning of swabbers. -"There is a known Story of a _Clergy-Man_, who was recommended for a -Preferment by some great Man at Court, to A. B. C'T. His Grace said, -he had heard that the _Clergy-Man_ used to play at Whisk and Swobbers, -that as to playing now and then a Sober Game at Whisk for pastime, it -might be pardoned, but he could not digest those wicked Swobbers, and -it was with some pains that my Lord _S----rs_ could undeceive him." -Johnson defines swobbers as "four privileged cards used incidentally -in betting at Whist." In Captain Francis Grose's "Classical Dictionary -of the Vulgar Tongue" (1785), swabbers are stated to be "The ace of -hearts, knave of clubs, ace and duce of trumps at Whist." The Hon. -Daines Barrington (writing in 1786), says that at the beginning of the -century, whisk was "played with what were called _Swabbers_, which -were possibly so termed, because they, who had certain cards in their -hand, were entitled to take up a share of the stake, independent of the -general event of the game." This was probably the true office of the -swabbers, the etymology of the word showing it to be allied to sweep, -swoop, swab, swap, and to be first cousin to sweepstakes. Swabbers -soon went out of general use, but they may still linger in some local -coteries. R. B. Wormald writes thus respecting them in 1873:--Being -driven by stress of weather to take shelter in a sequestered hostelry -on the Berkshire bank of the Thames, he found four persons immersed -in the game of Whist: "In the middle of the hand, one of the players, -with a grin that almost mounted to a chuckle, and a vast display of -moistened thumb, spread out upon the table the ace of trumps; whereupon -the other three deliberately laid down their hands, and forthwith -severally handed over the sum of one penny to the fortunate holder of -the card in question. On enquiry, we were informed that the process -was technically known as a 'swap' (qy. swab or swabber), and was _de -rigueur_ in all property constituted whist circles." - -After the swabbers were dropped (and it is probable that they were -not in general use in the eighteenth century), our national card game -became known simply as Whist, though still occasionally spelt whisk. -The Hon. Daines Barrington ("Archaeologia," Vol. viii.) says, that -Whist in its infancy was chiefly confined to the servants' hall. That -the game had not yet become fashionable is evident from the disparaging -way in which it is referred to by writers of the period. In Farquhar's -comedy of "The Beaux's Stratagem" (1707), Mrs. Sullen, a fine lady from -London, speaks in a contemptuous vein of the "rural Accomplishments -of drinking fat Ale, playing at Whisk, and smoaking Tobacco." Pope -also classes Whist as a country squire's game, in his "Epistle to Mrs. -Teresa Blount" (1715)-- - - "Some Squire, perhaps, you take delight to rack, - Whose game is Whisk, whose treat a toast in sack." - -Thomson, in his "Autumn" (1730), describes how after a heavy hunt -dinner-- - - "Perhaps a while, amusive, thoughtful Whisk - Walks gentle round, beneath a cloud of smoak, - Wreath'd, fragrant, from the pipe." - -Early in the century the points of the game rose from nine to ten -("nine in all," Cotton, 1709; "ten in all," Cotton, 1721; "nine in -all," Cotton, 1725; "ten in all," Seymour, 1734, "rectified according -to the present standard of play"). Every subsequent edition of Seymour -(with which Cotton was incorporated) makes the game ten up. It seems -likely that, simultaneously with this change, or closely following -it, the practice of playing with the entire pack instead of with but -forty-eight cards obtained. This improvement introduced the _odd -trick_, an element of the greatest interest in modern Whist. - -At this period (early part of the eighteenth century) there was a mania -for card playing in all parts of Europe, and in all classes of society, -but Whist had not as yet found favour in the highest circles. Piquet, -Ombre, and Quadrille, were the principal games of the fashionable -world. But about 1728, the game of Whist rose out of its comparative -obscurity. - -A party of gentlemen (according to Daines Barrington), of whom the -first Lord Folkestone was one, used at this date to frequent the Crown -Coffee-house, in Bedford Row, where they studied Whist scientifically. -They must have made considerable progress in the game, to judge by the -following rules which they laid down:--"Lead from the strong suit; -study your partner's hand; and attend to the score." - -Shortly after this, the celebrated EDMOND HOYLE, the father of -the game, published his "Short Treatise" (1742-3). About Hoyle's -antecedents, but little is known. He was born in 1672; it is said -he was educated for the bar. It has been stated that he was born -in Yorkshire, but this is doubtful. At all events, the author, by -personal enquiry, has positively ascertained that he did not belong -to the family of Yorkshire Hoyles, who acquired estates near Halifax -_temp._ Edward III. It has also been stated that Hoyle was appointed -registrar of the prerogative court at Dublin, in 1742. This, however, -is unlikely. At that time, Hoyle was engaged in writing on games, and -in giving lessons in Whist, and he was probably living in London. At -all events, the only known genuine copy of the first edition of the -"Short Treatise" (in the Bodleian), was published in London; and Hoyle -afterwards resided in Queen Square. The name Edmund or Edmond is common -in both the Yorkshire and Irish families of Hoyle; and probably one -Hoyle has been mistaken for another. - -Internal evidence shows that Hoyle originally drew up notes for the -use of his pupils. His early editions speak of "Purchasers of the -_Treatise_ in Manuscript, disposed of the last Winter," and further -state that the author of it "has fram'd an _Artificial Memory_, which -takes not off your Attention from your Game; and if required, he is -ready to communicate it, upon Payment of one Guinea. And also, he will -explain any _Cases_ in the Book, upon Payment of one Guinea more." The -cheap spurious editions lament that there was "a Treatise on the Game -of _Whist_ lately dispersed among a _few_ Hands at a _Guinea_ Price;" -that it was to be procured with no small difficulty; and that the -public lay under imposition and hardship in not being able to get the -book under a guinea, and by its being reserved only in a few hands. - -No doubt, the circulation of these surreptitious copies induced Hoyle -to print the manuscript, and to register the "Short Treatise" at -Stationers' Hall in November, 1742. - -The treatise ran through five editions in one year, and it is said that -Hoyle received a large sum for the copyright. This last statement, -however, requires verification; at all events, Hoyle continued -for years to sign every copy personally, as the proprietor of the -copyright. This was done in order to protect the property from further -piracy, as the address to the reader shows. - -The following is a facsimile of Hoyle's signature, taken from the -fourth edition:-- - -[Illustration] - -In the fifteenth edition the signature is impressed from a wood block, -and in the seventeenth it was announced that Mr. Hoyle was dead. He -died in Welbank (Welbeck) Street, Cavendish Square, in August, 1769, -aged 97. - -One effect of Hoyle's publication was to draw forth a witty skit, -entitled "The Humours of Whist. A Dramatic Satire, as Acted every Day -at _WHITE's_ and other _Coffee-Houses_ and _Assemblies_." (1743). The -pamphlet commences with an advertisement mimicking Hoyle's address -to the reader. The prologue to the play is "supposed to be spoke by a -waiter at White's." - - "Who will believe that Man could e'er exist, - Who spent near half an Age in studying _Whist_? - Grew gray with Calculation--Labour hard! - As if Life's Business center'd in a Card? - That such there is, let me to those appeal, - Who with such liberal Hands reward his Zeal. - Lo! _Whist_ he makes a science, and our Peers - Deign to turn _School Boys_ in their riper Years." - -The principal characters are Professor Whiston (Hoyle), who gives -lessons in the game of Whist; Sir Calculation Puzzle, a passionate -admirer of Whist, who imagines himself a good player, yet always -loses; Sharpers, Pupils of the Professor, and Cocao, Master of the -Chocolate-house. The sharpers are disgusted at the appearance of the -book. - - "_Lurchum._ Thou knowest we have the Honour to be admitted into the - best Company, which neither our Birth nor Fortunes entitle us to, - merely for our Reputation as good Whist-Players. - - _Shuffle._ Very well! - - _Lurch._ But if this damn'd Book of the Professor's answers, as - he pretends, to put Players more upon a Par, what will avail - our superior Skill in the Game? We are undone to all Intents - and Purposes. * * * We must bid adieu to _White's_, _George's_, - _Brown's_, and all the polite Assemblies about Town, and that's - enough to make a Man mad instead of thoughtful. - - _Shuf._ Damn him, I say,--Could he find no other Employment for - forty Years together, than to study how to circumvent younger - Brothers, and such as us, who live by our Wits? A man that - discovers the Secrets of any Profession deserves to be sacrificed, - and I would be the first, _Lurchum_, to cut the Professor's Throat - for what he has done, but that I think I have pretty well defeated - the malevolent Effect of his fine-spun Calculations. - - _Lurch._ As how, dear _Shuffle_? Thou revivest me. - - _Shuf._ I must confess the Publication of his Treatise gave me - at first some slight Alarm; but I did not, like thee, _Lurchum_, - indulge in melancholy desponding Thoughts: On the contrary, I - called up my Indignation to my Assistance, and have ever since - been working upon a private Treatise on _Signs_ at _Whist_, by way - of counter Treatise to his, and which, if I mistake not, totally - overthrows his System." - -On the other hand, the gentlemen are in raptures. - - "Sir _Calculation Puzzle._ The progress your Lordship has made for - the time you have study'd under the Professor is wonderful.--Pray, - has your Lordship seen the dear Man to-day? - - Lord _Slim_. O yes.--His Grace sate him down at my House, and I - have just lent him my Chariot into the City.--How do you like - the last edition of his Treatise with the Appendix,[41] Sir - _Calculation_? I mean that sign'd with his Name.[42] - - Sir _Cal._ O Gad, my Lord, there never was so excellent a Book - printed.--I'm quite in Raptures with it--I will eat with it--sleep - with it--go to Court with it--go to Parliament with it--go to - Church with it.--I pronounce it the Gospel of Whist-Players; and - the Laws of the Game ought to be wrote in golden Letters, and hung - up in Coffee-houses, as much as the Ten Commandments in Parish - Churches. - - Sir _John Medium_. Ha! Ha! Ha! You speak of the Book with the Zeal - of a primitive Father. - - Sir _Cal._ Not half enough, Sir _John_--the Calculations[43] - are so exact! * * * his Observations[44] are quite masterly! his - Rules[45] so comprehensive! his Cautions[46] so judicious! There - are such Variety of Cases[47] in his Treatise, and the Principles - are so new, I want Words to express the Author, and can look on him - in no other Light than as a second _Newton_." - -The way in which Sir Calculation introduces Hoyle's Calculations of -Chances is very amusing. - - "Sir _John_. 'Twas by some such laudable Practices, I suppose, that - you suffered in your last Affair with Lurchum. - - Sir _Cal._ O Gad, No, Sir _John_--Never any thing was fairer, nor - was ever any thing so critical.--We were nine all. The adverse - Party had 3, and we had 4 Tricks. All the Trumps were out. I had - Queen and two small Clubs, with the Lead. Let me see--It was about - 222 and 3 Halves to--'gad. I forgot how many--that my Partner had - the Ace and King--let me recollect--ay--that he had one only was - about 31 to 26.--That he had not both of them 17 to 2,--and that he - had not one, or both, or neither, some 25 to 32.--So I, according - to the Judgment of the Game, led a Club, my Partner takes it with - the King. Then it was exactly 481 for _us_ to 222 against _them_. - He returns the same Suit; I win it with my Queen, and return it - again; but the Devil take that _Lurchum_, by passing his Ace twice, - he took the Trick, and having 2 more Clubs and a 13th Card, I gad, - all was over.--But they both allow'd I play'd admirably well for - all that." - -The following passage from the same pamphlet mentions the -Crown--probably the Crown Coffee-house--and it has been inferred from -this that Hoyle himself might have been one of Lord Folkestone's party. - - "_Young Jobber_ [A pupil of the Professor's]. Dear, Mr. - _Professor_, I can never repay you.--You have given me such an - Insight by this Visit, I am quite another Thing--I find I knew - nothing of the Game before; tho' I can assure you, I have been - reckoned a First-rate Player in the City a good while--nay, for - that Matter, I make no bad figure at the _Crown_--and don't - despair, by your Assistance, but to make one at _White's_ soon." - -Hoyle is also spoken of in his professional capacity in "The Rambler" -of May 8, 1750. A "Lady that has lost her Money" writes, "As for Play, -I do think I may, indeed, indulge in that, now I am my own Mistress. -Papa made me drudge at Whist 'till I was tired of it; and far from -wanting a Head, Mr. _Hoyle_, when he had not given me above forty -Lessons, said, I was one of his best Scholars." - -Again, in "The Gentleman's Magazine" for February, 1755, a writer, -professing to give the autobiography of a modern physician, says, -"_Hoyle_ tutor'd me in the several games at cards, and under the name -of guarding me from being cheated, insensibly gave me a taste for -sharping." - -In the middle of the eighteenth century, Whist was regularly played in -fashionable society. In "Tom Jones," Lady Bellaston, Lord Fellamar, -and others, are represented as indulging in a rubber. Hoyle also comes -in for notice in the following passage in the same work: "I happened -to come home several Hours before my usual Time, when I found four -Gentlemen of the Cloth at Whisk by my fire;--and my _Hoyle_, sir;--my -best _Hoyle_, which cost me a Guinea, lying open on the Table, with -a Quantity of Porter spilt on one of the most material Leaves of the -whole Book. This, you will allow, was provoking; but I said nothing -till the rest of the honest Company were gone, and then gave the Fellow -a gentle Rebuke, who, instead of expressing any Concern, made me a pert -Answer, 'That Servants must have their Diversions as well as other -People; that he was sorry for the Accident which had happened to the -Book; but that several of his Acquaintance had bought the same for a -Shilling; and that I might stop as much in his Wages, if I pleased.'" - -In an epic poem on "Whist," by Alexander Thomson, which appeared in -1791, Hoyle was thus invoked-- - - "WHIST, then, delightful WHIST, my theme shall be, - And first I'll try to trace its pedigree, - And shew what sage and comprehensive mind - Gave to the world a pleasure so refin'd: - Then shall the verse its various charms display, - Which bear from, ev'ry game the palm away; - And, last of all, those rules and maxims tell, - Which give the envied pow'r to play it well. - But first (for such the mode) some tuneful shade - Must be invok'd, the vent'rous Muse to aid. - Cremona's poet shall I first address, - Who paints with skill the mimic war of chess, - And India's art in Roman accents sings; - Or him who soars on far sublimer wings, - Belinda's bard, who taught his liquid lay - At Ombre's studious game so well to play? - But why thus vainly hesitates the Muse, - In idle doubt, what guardian pow'r to chuse? - What pow'r so well can aid her daring toil, - As the bright spirit of immortal Hoyle? - By whose enlighten'd efforts Whist became - A sober, serious, scientific game; - To whose unwearied pains, while here below, - The great, th' important privilege we owe, - That random strokes disgrace our play no more, - But skill presides, where all was chance before. - Come then, my friend, my teacher, and my guide, - Where'er thy shadowy ghost may now reside; - Perhaps (for Nature ev'ry change defies, - Nor ev'n with death our ruling passion dies) - With fond regret it hovers still, unseen, - Around the tempting boards array'd in green; - Still with delight its fav'rite game regards, - And tho' it plays no more o'erlooks the cards. - Come then, thou glory of Britannia's isle, - On this attempt propitious deign to smile; - Let all thy skill th' unerring page inspire, - And all thy zeal my raptur'd bosom fire." - -Hoyle's name also finds a place in Don Juan. Byron, in saying that Troy -owes to Homer what Whist owes to Hoyle, scarcely does justice to Hoyle, -who was rather the founder than the historian of Whist. - -The "Short Treatise" appeared just in the nick of time, when Whist was -rising in repute, and when card-playing was the rage. The work became -the authority almost from the date of its appearance. - -In 1760, the laws of the game were revised by the members of White's -and Saunders's Chocolate-houses, then the head quarters of fashionable -play. These revised laws (nearly all Hoyle) are given in every edition -of Hoyle from this date. Hoyle's laws, as they were called, guided all -Whist coteries for a hundred and four years; when the Arlington (now -Turf) and Portland Clubs, re-revised the code of the Chocolate-houses. -The code agreed to by the Committees of both Clubs was adopted in 1864; -it shortly found its way into all Whist circles, deposed Hoyle, and is -now (1874) the standard by which disputed points are determined. - -One of the chief seats of card-playing, and consequently, of -Whist-playing, during the eighteenth century, was Bath. Even Mr. -Pickwick is depicted playing Whist there with Miss Bolo, against the -Dowager Lady Snuphanuph and Mrs. Colonel Wugsby, in a passage too well -known to require quotation. Mr. Pickwick's visit was at a date when -the chief glories of Bath had departed. Hoyle's first edition, it will -be remembered, was published at Bath, as also was Thomas Mat[t]hews' -"Advice to the Young Whist Player" (about 1805)--a sound and useful -contribution to Whist literature. - -Early in this century, the points of the game were altered from ten to -five, and calling honours was abolished. It is doubtful whether this -change was for the better. In the author's opinion Long Whist (ten up) -is a far finer game than Short Whist (five up); Short Whist, however, -has taken such a hold, that there is no chance of our reverting to the -former game. According to Clay ("Short Whist," 1864), the alteration -took place under the following circumstances: "Some sixty or seventy -years back, Lord Peterborough having one night lost a large sum of -money, the friends with whom he was playing proposed to make the game -five points instead of ten, in order to give the loser a chance, at -a quicker game, of recovering his loss. The late Mr. Hoare, of Bath, -a very good whist-player, and without a superior at piquet, was one -of this party, and has more than once told me the story. The new -game was found to be so lively, and money changed hands with such -increased rapidity, that these gentlemen and their friends, all of -them members of the leading clubs of the day, continued to play it. -It became general in the clubs--thence was introduced in private -houses--travelled into the country--went to Paris, and has long since * -* entirely superseded the whist of Hoyle's day." - -Long Whist had long been known in France, but it was not a popular -game in that country. Hoyle has been several times translated into -French. Whist was played by Louis XV., and under the first Empire -was a favorite game with Josephine and Marie Louise. It is on record -("Diaries of a Lady of Quality," 2nd Ed. p. 128), that Napoleon used -to play Whist at Würtemburg, but not for money, and that he played ill -and inattentively. One evening, when the Queen Dowager was playing -against him with her husband and his daughter (the Queen of Westphalia, -the wife of Jerome), the King stopped Napoleon, who was taking up a -trick that did not belong to him, saying, "_Sire, on ne joue pas ici -en conquérant._" After the restoration, Whist was taken up in France -more enthusiastically. "The Nobles," says a French writer, "had gone -to England to learn to Think, and they brought back the thinking -game with them." Talleyrand was a Whist player, and his _mot_ to the -youngster who boasted his ignorance of the game is well known. "_Vous -ne savez pas le Whiste, jeune homme? Quelle triste vieillesse vous vous -préparez!_" Charles X. is reported to have been playing Whist at St. -Cloud, on July 29, 1830, when the tricolor was waving on the Tuileries, -and he had lost his throne. - -It is remarkable that the "finest Whist player" who ever lived should -have been, according to Clay, a Frenchman, M. Deschapelles (born 1780, -died 1847). He published in 1839 a fragment of a "_Traité du Whiste_" -which treats mainly of the laws, and is of but little value to the -Whist player. - -Before leaving this historical sketch, a few words may be added -respecting the modern literature of the game. So far as the present -work is concerned, its _raison d'être_ is explained in the preface -to the first edition. How far it has fulfilled the conditions of its -being, it is not for the author to say. It was followed, however, by -three remarkable books, which call for a short notice. - -In 1864, appeared "Short Whist," by J. C. (James Clay). Clay's work is -an able dissertation on the game, by the most brilliant player of his -day. He was Chairman of the Committee appointed to revise the Laws of -Whist in 1863. He sat in Parliament for many years, being M.P. for Hull -at the time of his death, in 1873. - -In 1865, William Pole, F.R.S., Mus. Doc. Oxon, published "The Theory -of the Modern Scientific Game of Whist," a work which contains a lucid -explanation of the fundamental principles of scientific play, addressed -especially to novices, but of considerable value to players of all -grades. In 1883, Dr. Pole issued another volume, called "The Philosophy -of Whist." This is an essay on the scientific and intellectual aspects -of the modern game. It is divided into two parts, "The Philosophy of -Whist Play" and "The Philosophy of Whist Probabilities," the latter -having been strangely neglected since the publication of Hoyle's "Essay -towards Making the Doctrine of Chances Easy" (1754). - -These books exhibit the game both theoretically and practically, in the -perfect state at which it has arrived during the two centuries that -have elapsed since Whist assumed a definite shape and took its present -name. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[41] "The author of this treatise did promise if it met with -approbation, to make an addition to it by way of Appendix, which he has -done accordingly."--_Hoyle._ - -[42] Authorised as revised and corrected under his own hand.--_Hoyle._ - -[43] "Calculations for those who will bet the odds on any points of the -score," &c.--"Calculations directing with moral certainty, how to play -well any hand or game," &c.--_Hoyle._ - -[44] "Games to be played with certain observations," &c.--_Hoyle._ - -[45] "Some general rules to be observed," &c.--"Some particular rules -to be observed," &c.--_Hoyle._ - -[46] "A caution not to part with the command of your adversaries' great -suit," &c.--_Hoyle._ - -[47] "With a variety of Cases added in the Appendix."--_Hoyle._ - - - - -PART I. - -GENERAL PRINCIPLES. - - -INTRODUCTORY. - -Before entering on an analysis of the general principles of the Game -of Whist, it is advisable to explain shortly on what foundation these -principles rest; for it might be supposed that a demonstration of the -propositions contained in these pages is about to be offered; that -the chances for and against all possible systems of play have been -calculated; and that the one here upheld can be proved to be certainly -right, and all others certainly wrong. Such a view would be altogether -erroneous. The problem is far too intricate to admit of being treated -with mathematical precision. The conclusion that the chances are -in favour of a certain line of play is not arrived at by abstract -calculation, but by general reasoning, confirmed by the accumulated -experience of practised players. The student must not, therefore, -expect absolute proof. He must frequently be satisfied if the reasons -given appear weighty in themselves, and none weightier can be suggested -on the other side; and also with the assurance that the method of play -recommended in this work is for the most part that which, having stood -the test of time, is generally adopted. - - - - -THE FIRST HAND OR LEAD. - - -The considerations that determine the most advantageous card to lead at -the commencement of a hand differ from those which regulate the lead at -other periods; for, at starting, the Doctrine of Probabilities is the -only guide; while, as the hand advances, each player is able, with more -or less certainty, to draw inferences as to the position of some of the -remaining cards. The number of the inferences, and the certainty with -which they can be drawn from the previous play, constantly increase; -hence it not unfrequently happens that, towards the termination of a -hand, the position of every material card is known. - -In treating of the lead, it will be most convenient to begin by -examining the principles which govern the original lead. The -application of these principles will require to be somewhat modified in -the case of trumps, as will appear hereafter. - - - - -1. LEAD ORIGINALLY FROM YOUR STRONGEST SUIT. - - -The first question that arises is, Which is the strongest suit? A suit -may be strong in two distinct ways. 1. It may contain more than its -proportion of _high_ cards. For example, it may contain two or more -honours--one honour in each suit being the average for each hand. 2. It -may consist of more than the average _number_ of cards, in which case -it is a numerically strong or long suit. Thus a suit of four cards has -numerical strength; a suit of five cards great numerical strength. On -the other hand a suit of three cards is numerically weak. - -In selecting a suit for the lead, numerical strength is the principal -point to look to; for it must be borne in mind that aces and kings are -not the only cards which make tricks; twos and threes may become quite -as valuable when the suit is _established_--_i.e._, when the higher -cards of the suit are exhausted. To obtain for your own small cards -a value that does not intrinsically belong to them, and to prevent -the adversary from obtaining it for his, is evidently an advantage. -Both these ends are advanced by choosing for your original lead the -suit in which you have the greatest numerical strength; for you may -establish a suit of this description, while, owing to your strength, -it is precisely the suit which the adversary has the smallest chance -of establishing against you. A suit that is numerically weak, though -otherwise strong, is far less eligible. - -Suppose, for example, you have five cards headed by (say) a ten in -one suit, and ace, king, and one other (say the two) in another suit. -If you lead from the ace, king, two suit, all your power is exhausted -as soon as you have parted with the ace and king, and you have given -the holder of numerical strength a capital chance of establishing the -suit. It is true that this fortunate person _may_ be your partner; but -it is twice as likely that he is your adversary, since you have two -adversaries and only one partner. On the other hand, if you lead from -the five suit, though your chance of establishing it is slight, you, at -all events, avoid assisting your adversary to establish his; the ace -and king of your three suit, still remaining in your hand, enable you -to prevent the establishment of that suit, and may procure you the lead -at an advanced period of the hand. This we shall find as we proceed is -a great advantage, especially if, in the course of play, you are left -with all the unplayed cards, or _long cards_, of your five suit. - -The best suit of all to lead from is, of course, one which combines -both elements of strength. - -In opening a suit, there is always the danger of finding your partner -very weak, or of leading up to a _tenace_ (_i.e._, the best and third -best cards, or the second best guarded) in the hand of the fourth -player. If you lead from a very strong suit, these dangers are more -than compensated for by the advantages just explained; if your best -suit is only moderately strong, the lead is not profitable, but -rather the reverse. If all your suits are weak, the lead is very -disadvantageous. The hand, however weak, must hold one suit of four at -least, and this, if only headed by a ten or a nine, should generally be -chosen. Being unable to strike the adversary, you take the best chance -of not assisting him. - -It follows that a suit consisting of a single card is a very -disadvantageous one to lead from; yet no lead is more common, even -among players of some experience. The reason assigned in favour of this -lead is the possibility of making small trumps. But it is important to -observe, that you stand very nearly as good a chance of making trumps -by waiting for some one else to open the suit. If the suit is opened -by the strong hand, your barrenness will not be suspected; you will be -able, if necessary, to win the second round, while you will be free -from the guilt of having sacrificed any high card your partner may have -possessed in the suit, or of having assisted in establishing a suit -for the adversary. Again, your partner, if strong in trumps, will very -likely draw yours, and then return your lead, imagining you led from -strength. If, indeed, he is a shrewd player, he will, after being taken -in once or twice, accommodate his game to yours; but he can never be -sure of the character of your lead, and may often miss a great game by -not being able to depend upon you. If you have great numerical strength -in trumps, the evils of a single-card lead are lessened; but in this -case, as will hereafter be shown, it is generally right to lead trumps. -In the opinion of the author, it may be laid down as an axiom, that in -plain suits (_i.e._, in suits not trumps) the original lead of a single -card is in no case defensible. - -Many players will not lead from a strong suit if headed by a tenace; -preferring, for instance, to lead from ten, nine, three, to ace, queen, -four, two. They argue, that by holding up the ace, queen suit, they -stand a better chance of catching the king. So far they are right; but -they purchase this advantage too dearly; for the probable loss from -leading the weak suit may be taken as greater than the probable gain -from holding up the tenace. - -_Which card of the strong suit should be led originally?_--The key -to this problem is furnished by the remark, that it conduces to the -ultimate establishment of a suit to keep the high or commanding cards -of it in the hand that has numerical strength. In the suit of your -own choosing, you are presumably stronger than your partner; it is -therefore undesirable at once to part with your high cards. Hence it -is best, in general, to lead the smallest. Your partner, actuated by -a desire to assist in establishing your strong suit, will play his -highest card to your lead (_see_ Play of Third Hand, p. 92), and, if -he fails to win the trick, will, at all events, force a higher card -from the fourth player, and so help to clear the suit for you. Another -reason in favour of leading the lowest is, that it increases your -chance of making tricks in the first two rounds. For in the first round -of a suit the second hand generally puts on his smallest card, as will -be seen hereafter. If, therefore, you originally lead the smallest, -holding ace and others, the first trick will, in all probability, -lie between your partner and the last player; and since there is no -reason why the fourth player should hold a better card than the third, -it is nearly an even chance that your partner wins the trick. It is -certain (bar trumping) that you win the second round; therefore, if -the suit is led this way, it is about an even chance that you make -the first two tricks. But if you lead out the ace first, it is two -to one against your making the second trick, for the adversaries have -two hands against your partner's one, and either may hold the king. A -third reason for leading the lowest of your suit is, that your partner -may prove utterly weak in it; and in this case it is important that you -keep a commanding card, to stop the adversary from establishing it. - -It follows, when you lead a small card originally, that your partner -should conclude you have led from numerical strength. - -There are three exceptions to the rule of originally leading the lowest -of a strong suit.--1. When you lead from ace with four or more small -ones. In this case it is considered best to begin with the ace, lest -it should be trumped on the second round. 2. When your suit contains a -strong sequence, it is best to lead one of the sequence, in order to -prevent the adversaries from winning the first trick with a very small -card. 3. When you lead from a suit of more than four cards (not headed -by ace and not containing a strong sequence), the fourth-best card is -led, for reasons to be afterwards explained. (_See_ Appendix A, pp. -281-6.) - -When you intend to lead from a sequence, the card to be selected -depends on the nature of the sequence, namely, whether it is a _head_ -sequence or an _under_ sequence. By a head sequence is meant a sequence -of the highest cards of your suit, _i.e._, of the cards heading your -suit; thus, such a suit as queen, knave ten, six, contains a head -sequence of queen, knave, ten. Sequences that do not head your suit -are under sequences; thus ace, queen, knave, ten, is an example of an -under sequence of queen, knave, ten. You should-- - - - - -2. LEAD THE HIGHEST OF A HEAD SEQUENCE - -(_Except as specified in the Analysis of Leads, pp. 64-71_). - - -For, otherwise, your partner is uncertain where the highest lies, and -you and he may play two winning cards where one would have sufficed. -For instance, if, with queen, knave, ten, you lead the ten, your -partner may put the king on it, but he certainly would not on the -queen. In addition to this, if there is any _finessing_ to be done -in the suit, it can only be by your partner. By finessing is meant -playing an inferior card though holding a higher one of the suit, not -in sequence with the card played. Thus, to continue the illustration of -the sequence of queen, knave, ten. You lead the queen. Your partner has -the ace and others. He will not put it on, but will finesse by playing -his smallest card; and if the king lies to your left, that card is -completely hemmed in. Had you led the ten, your partner would have put -on the ace, and the king have been freed. - -On the other hand, if you lead from an under sequence, you should lead -the lowest, the reason being that, in this case, you wish your partner -to put on his highest card. For example, with king, ten, nine, eight, -you should lead the eight and not the ten, as if your partner's highest -card is the knave, you wish him to put it on that he may not afterwards -block your suit by retaining a commanding card of it. Or, suppose your -partner's best card is the queen, the lead of the ten would probably -induce him to finesse, and thus give the adversary a chance of making -the knave the first round, and of retaining the ace in hand, although -you and your partner hold two honours in the suit. If your partner puts -on the queen, you are still able to finesse the nine when the suit -is returned, and this is much more advantageous than your partner's -passing the ten. In the first place, the finesse is postponed to the -second round, when, more cards having been played, you have more data -to guide you as to the policy of making the finesse; and, in the next -place, if you have a choice as to whether you or your partner shall -finesse in your strong suit, it is, as a rule, more advantageous -for you to do it. For, as already explained, it conduces to the -establishment of a suit for the strong hand to retain the command of -it, and for the presumably weak hand to play his highest cards. - -With sequences neither at the top nor at the bottom of a suit -(_intermediate_ sequences), the card to lead is the lowest of the -intermediate sequence. - -Players who adopt American Leads will, however, select the fourth-best -card when leading a low card from suits of more than four cards, -whether or not the suit contains an under sequence, or an intermediate -sequence (with the sole exception of ten, led from king, knave, ten, -and small). Thus, from king, knave, ten, nine, whether accompanied by -the eight or by smaller cards, they lead the nine; and so on for other -combinations. (_See_ Appendix A, pp. 281-6). - - - - -ANALYSIS OF LEADS IN DETAIL. - -(_See_ also Appendix A, pp. 281-6, and Appendix C, pp. 289-94.) - - -[The following analysis should be familiarly known by every player, not -only that he himself may follow it, but also that he may form a correct -idea of the cards the other players hold, by observing what they lead.] - - -_Ace, king, queen, knave (in trumps)._ - -Lead knave, then ace. - -With more than four in suit, lead queen after ace. - -With only four in suit, lead king after ace. - - -_Ace, king, queen, knave (in plain suits)._ - -Lead king, then knave. - -With more than four in suit, lead queen after knave. - -With only four in suit, lead ace after knave. - - -_Ace, king, queen, with or without small ones (in trumps)._ - -Lead queen. - -With more than four in suit, lead king after queen. - -With only four or three in suit, lead ace after queen. - - -_Ace, king, queen, with or without small ones (in plain suits)._ - -Lead king, then queen. - - -_Ace, king, knave, &c._ - -Lead king, then ace. - -Sometimes it is right, more especially in trumps, to lead king, then to -change the suit, and to finesse the knave on the return, particularly -if queen is turned up to your right. With more than five trumps it is -seldom advisable to wait for the finesse. No positive rule can be laid -down, either for trumps or plain suits. - - -_Ace, king, and small (in trumps)._ - -Lead king, then ace, if you have at least five small ones. Otherwise, -lead a small one (the fourth-best if an American Leader). - - -_Ace, king, and small (in plain suits)._ - -Lead king, then ace. - -King is led before ace to inform your partner that you hold the winning -card of your suit, in case you should think fit to change the suit, or -in case the fourth player should have none of it. If your partner has -none, he should not trump, for, even if you do not hold the ace, you -want the adversary to play it, that he may not retain the winning card -of your suit. - -When opening a plain suit, headed by ace, king, _after having been -forced_ to trump, lead the ace first. If you begin with the king, and -your partner happens to have none of the suit, he might trump the king, -in order to lead again the suit you have already trumped. - -If intermediate cards fall and you remain with the command and the next -best, you inform your partner of the fact by continuing with the next -best. Thus:--You lead king from ace, king, knave, etc. To the king, -your partner drops the queen. You should next lead the knave. - - -_Ace, queen, knave, ten, with or without others._ - -Lead ace, then ten, even though one of your others is the nine. - -With more than four in suit, lead knave after ten. - -With only four in suit, lead queen after ten. - - -_Ace, queen, knave, and small._ - -Lead ace. - -With more than four in suit, lead knave after ace. - -With only four in suit, lead queen after ace. - - -_Ace, queen, ten, &c. (in trumps)._ - -If knave is turned up to your right, lead queen. - - -_Ace and small ones (in trumps)._ - -Lead ace, if you have seven in suit, and then a small one (the original -fourth-best if an American Leader). - -Lead a small one (the fourth-best if an American Leader), with less -than seven in suit. - -Obvious variations, taking into account the trump card, are omitted. It -is assumed, _e.g._, that, if your partner has turned up the king, you -would lead a small one from ace, queen, knave, &c., or from ace and any -number of small cards. - - -_Ace and small ones (in plain suits)._ - -Lead ace, with five or more in suit. - -Lead a small one after ace (the original fourth-best if an American -Leader). - -Lead lowest, with only four in suit, the cards being of a lower -denomination than in the leads already enumerated. - - -_King, queen, knave, ten, with or without others._ - -Lead ten, even though one of your others is the nine. - -(_a._) If ten wins the trick:-- - -With more than five in suit, lead knave after ten. - -With five in suit, lead queen after ten. - -With only four in suit, lead king after ten. - -(_b._) If ten forces ace:-- - -With more than four in suit, lead knave after ten. - -With only four in suit, lead queen after ten. - -The common practice is (or was) to lead queen after ten, in all cases, -to inform your partner that the lead was from king, queen, knave, ten, -and not from king, knave, ten. But, if the ten wins the trick, the mere -fact of continuing with a high card informs your partner that the lead -was from king, queen, knave, ten; for, with the only other combination -from which ten is first led, (viz., king, knave, ten), if the ten wins, -the next lead is a small card. - -If the ten forces the ace, and your partner can give you credit for not -leading a losing card when you hold a winning one, he is informed, by -the second lead of any high card but the king, that you led from king, -queen, knave, ten. Therefore, queen and knave are high indifferent -cards, and you select the knave to show five or more originally; the -queen to show four exactly (_see_ Appendix A). - - -_King, queen, knave, and more than one small._ - -Lead knave. - -With more than five in suit, lead queen after knave. - -With only five in suit, lead king after knave. - - -_King, queen, knave, and one small one._ - -Lead king, then knave. - -If the king wins the first trick it is not safe to go on with a small -one, ace being sometimes held up by the adversary, especially in trumps. - - -_King, queen, and small ones (in trumps.)_ - -Lead king, if you have seven in suit, or if one of your small ones is -the ten. - -Lead a small one (the fourth-best if an American Leader), with less -than seven trumps, and not holding the ten. - -If king is led, and it wins, after king lead a small one (the original -fourth-best if an American Leader). - - -_King, queen, and small ones (in plain suits)._ - -Lead king. - -If the king wins, after king lead a small one (the original fourth-best -if an American Leader). - - -_King, knave, ten, nine, with or without small ones._ - -Lead nine, even though you also hold the eight. - -(_a._) If nine wins the trick:-- - -With more than four in suit, lead ten after nine. - -With only four in suit, lead knave after nine. - -(_b._) If nine forces queen, or both queen and ace:-- - -With more than five in suit, lead ten after nine. - -With five in suit, lead knave after nine. - -With only four in suit, lead king after nine. - -(_c._) If nine forces ace, but not queen, king must be led after nine. -Then (third lead), - -With more than four in suit originally, lead ten after king. - -With only four in suit, lead knave after king. - - -_King, knave, ten, with one or more small ones._ - -Lead ten. - -If the ten wins the trick, lead a small one after ten (the original -fourth-best if an American Leader). - -If the ten forces the queen, or both queen and ace: - -With more than four in suit lead knave after ten. - -With four in suit, lead king after ten. - -If the ten forces the ace, and not the queen, king must be led after -ten. - - -_King, knave, nine, &c. (in trumps)._ - -If ten is turned up to your right, lead knave. - - -_King and small ones._ - -From all strong suits headed by king, other than those already -enumerated, lead a small one (the fourth-best if an American Leader). - - -_Queen, knave, ten, nine, with or without others._ - -Lead queen, then nine, even though one of your others is the eight. - -With more than four in suit, lead ten after nine. - -With only four in suit, lead knave after nine. - - -_Queen, knave, ten, and small._ - -Lead queen. - -With more than four in suit, lead ten after queen. - -With only four in suit, lead knave after queen. - - -_Queen, knave, nine, &c. (in trumps)._ - -If ten is turned up to your right, lead queen. - - -_Queen, knave, and small ones._ - -From all strong suits headed by queen, knave (or by queen), other than -those already enumerated, lead a small one (the fourth-best, if an -American Leader). - -From queen, knave, nine (six or more in suit), if an American Leader, -lead fourth-best. If not, lead queen. - - -_Knave, ten, nine, eight, with or without small, ones._ - -_In trumps_, if queen or king is turned up to your left, lead knave. -Otherwise, _in trumps_ or _plain suits_, - - (_a._) If the second hand is known to adopt the practice, even - though numerically weak in the suit, of not covering an - honour with an honour (other than the ace, _see_ p. 88), - lead eight. - -With more than five in suit, lead nine after eight. - -With five in suit, lead ten after eight. - -With only four in suit, lead knave after eight. - - (_b._) If the second hand adheres to the old practice of covering - an honour with an honour when numerically weak in the suit, - lead knave, then eight. And - -With more than four in suit, lead nine after eight. - -With only four in suit, lead ten after eight. - - -_Knave, ten, nine, and small._ - -_In trumps_, if king or queen is turned up to your left, lead knave. -Otherwise, _in trumps_ or _plain suits_, - - (_a._) If the second hand, when numerically weak, does not cover - an honour with an honour (other than ace), lead a small one - (the fourth-best if an American Leader). - - (_b._) If the second hand, when numerically weak, covers an honour - with an honour, lead knave. And, - -With more than four in suit, lead nine after knave. - -With only four in suit, lead ten after knave. - - -_Knave, ten, eight, &c. (in trumps)._ - -If nine is turned up to your right, lead knave. - - -_Knave, ten, and small ones._ - -From all strong suits headed by knave, ten (or by knave), with the -exceptions enumerated, lead a small one (the fourth-best if an American -Leader). - - -_Suits of four or more cards without an honour._ - -Lead a small card (the fourth-best if an American Leader). - - - - -3. LEAD THE HIGHEST OF A NUMERICALLY WEAK SUIT. - - -When it is your fate to open a numerically weak suit, your object -should be to do as little harm as possible. You cannot expect to win -many tricks, so you must do all you can to assist or _strengthen_ your -partner by leading high or strengthening cards; for, by leading the -highest of a suit numerically weak, you take the best chance of keeping -the strength in your partner's hand, should he happen to hold it. - -You will not often be driven to open a weak suit originally, as one -of your suits must contain as many as four cards. But it may so turn -out that your four-card suit is composed of very small cards indeed, -in which case you might prefer to open a suit containing better cards, -though numerically weaker. Every one can see that ace, king, queen, -is a better suit to open than five, four, three, two; but, as you -descend in one scale and ascend in the other, there comes a point where -the two descriptions of strength nearly or quite balance. With hands -containing only a suit of four small cards--say none higher than the -seven or eight, and suits of three cards of higher value--the choice is -sometimes difficult. Also, with hands in which your only four-card suit -is the trump suit, you might sometimes deem it advisable to open one -of the other suits, as a smaller evil than leading a trump. As a rule, -when you are in doubt, stick to the general principle, and lead from -your four-card suit, even though it is the trump suit. - -Whenever you decide on opening a suit of but three cards, choose, if -possible, one in which you hold a sequence which may be of benefit to -your partner, as queen, knave, ten; queen, knave, and one small one; -knave, ten, and one other, and so on, and lead the highest. If you have -no sequence, lead from your strongest weak suit. Thus, two honours not -in sequence, and one small one, is a better lead than ace and two small -ones, or king and two small ones. These, again, should be chosen in -preference to queen and two small ones. When leading from a numerically -weak suit that contains ace, king, or queen, but no sequence, if you -have any indication from the previous play that your partner is strong -in the suit (as will be explained in Section 4), lead the highest. But -having no guide as to his strength lead the lowest. You run the risk of -making your partner think you have led from numerical strength; but, on -the other hand, by leading out the high card, you at once give up the -command of the suit, and, unless your partner has strength in it (the -chances being against this), you leave yourself at the mercy of the -opponents. - -The case is different with numerically weak suits headed by a knave or -a lower card. Of these suits you should lead the highest; by retaining -such a card as the knave you would scarcely ever be able to stop the -adversaries from establishing the suit, should they be strong in it; -and, by leading out the high card, you do all you can to aid your -partner, should he have strength. - -Ace and one other, king and one other, or queen and one other, are -very bad suits to lead from. By holding them up you and your partner -stand a better chance of making tricks in the suit; and if it should -be the adversaries' suit (the chances being two to one that it is) you -keep the power of obstructing it and of obtaining the lead at advanced -periods of the hand. If you lead from ace, king only, lead ace, then -king. - -It follows that when you lead a high card in the first round of a suit, -and in the next drop a lower one (subject to the rules respecting leads -from sequences and the lead from suits of five or more cards), your -partner should infer you have led from a weak suit. Thus, suppose you -lead a nine, which is called an equivocal card, as it comes from both -strong and weak suits. If in the second round your partner can infer -that you hold a higher card, he knows you have led from strength. But -if in the second round you lead (say) the eight, your partner may be -equally certain that the former card was the highest of your weak suit. - - - - -4. AVOID CHANGING SUITS. - - -_When you obtain the lead after one or more tricks have been played, -the question arises whether or not you should open a fresh suit._ If -you have had the lead before, it is generally advisable to pursue your -original lead, for you thus take the best chance of establishing the -suit, and you open a fresh suit to a disadvantage. - -The fall of the cards in the previous rounds may cause you to alter -your game. Thus, the previous play may have already established your -suit, or may have so nearly established it as to justify you in -leading trumps, as hereafter explained; or your partner may have shown -a very strong suit, or a strong trump hand, which may modify your game. -Again, your partner may prove utterly weak in your suit; you would then -often discontinue it, unless holding the winning cards or a strong -sequence, because, with these exceptions, your continuing it gives the -adversary the opportunity of finessing against you, and of cutting up -your suit; or you may sometimes discontinue a suit if you expect it -will be trumped (as will be further explained in Sections 13-16); but, -failing such indications, it is best, as a rule, to pursue the original -lead. - -If you have not had the lead before, it is in most cases advisable to -open your strong suit, when you possess _great_ strength in any suit, -for you open such suit to advantage; but with weak or only moderately -strong suits, which you open to a disadvantage, you would, as a rule, -do better to return your partner's original lead, or to lead up to the -weak suit of your right-hand adversary, or through the strong suit of -your left-hand adversary. When in doubt as to opening your own suit or -returning your partner's, you should, as a general rule, be guided by -your strength in trumps. With a strong trump hand play your own game; -with a weak trump hand play your partner's game. - -If your partner has had a lead, and you are thoroughly conversant -with the system of leading developed in Sections 2 and 3, and with -the Analysis of Leads (pp. 64-71), you know by the value of the card -he has led whether he is strong or weak in that suit, unless he has -led an equivocal card, which is led from both strong and weak suits. -In this case, if you have no evidence from your own hand, or from the -fall of the cards, you presume, with a good partner, that he has led -from strength. But you mostly have some evidence; for instance, if he -leads a ten originally, he has led from king, queen, knave, ten; from -king, knave, ten; or the highest of his suit. If you hold--or either -adversary plays--king or knave, you know that your partner has led the -highest of his suit. But, in the absence of these cards, and especially -if the ten wins the first round, or falls to the ace or queen, you may -conclude that your partner's lead was from strength, and you would do -perfectly right to return it. - -When you have won the first trick in your partner's lead cheaply, you -must be cautious in returning it, as the strength must be between your -partner and your right-hand adversary. For example, say A, Y, B, Z, are -the four players, and that they sit in this order round the table, so -that A leads and Z is last player. If A leads a small card of a plain -suit, Y plays a small one, and B (third player) puts on his best card, -the queen, which wins the trick, it is clear that Z can have neither -ace nor king; A cannot have them both, or he would have led one, -therefore Y must have one of them at least; and, if B returns the lead, -he leads up to Y's strength, and may cut up his partner's suit. - -By observing the card led by either adversary, you can similarly -tell whether he has led from strength or weakness; so also you can -judge from the card played third hand by the adversary whether he is -weak, it being presumed that the third player puts on his best. It is -advantageous to lead up to a weak suit, because you compel the second -hand to put on a high card, or give your partner the opportunity of -finessing. It is generally less advantageous to lead through a strong -suit, unless you are sure that the second hand is not _very_ strong, -and that the fourth hand is weak. Otherwise, by continuing the suit, -you may be establishing it for the adversary, and getting rid of the -command of it from your partner's hand. - -In discussing leads from weak suits it was supposed, for the sake of -convenience, that the leader had no indication from the play to guide -him. But in practice, in by far the greater number of cases, weak suits -are opened late in a hand when inference from previous play has given -an insight into the strength or weakness of the several players. Thus, -you commence with your strong suit; your partner fails to show any -strength in it. After several other tricks are played you get the lead -again, remaining with (say) king and two others of your first lead. You -do not wish to take one of the guards from your king, and you do not -deem it advisable to lead a card which your partner may be obliged to -trump. You therefore try another suit. By this time you know, either -by the adversaries' leads what their strong suits are, or by the -players' discards (_i.e._, by the cards they throw away when not able -to follow suit,) what their weak suits are, as will be explained under -discarding. Guided by these indications, you make choice of a suit for -your second lead in which your partner is probably strong, and under -such circumstances you would, as a rule, lead the highest of the suit -of your second choosing, if numerically weak in it. - -When you have led a strengthening card, and it wins the trick, you can -rarely do better than continue with your next highest. For example: -from queen, knave, and three you lead the queen, which goes round. It -hardly requires to be stated that you make the best use of your suit -by continuing with the knave. When your strengthening card does not -win, the course of the play is the only guide as to whether you should -continue the suit. The application of the considerations advanced in -this Section will generally inform you where the strong and weak suits -lie, and you will act accordingly, giving your partner his strong -suit, or, if he has not shown one, leading up to the weak suit of the -right-hand adversary, or through the strong suit of the left-hand -adversary. - -It has several times been assumed that it is advantageous to have the -lead at advanced periods of a hand; we now see one principal reason why -it is so. The leader knows by observation where the strong and the weak -suits lie, and he will generally be able to make use of this knowledge -in assisting his partner, or in obstructing his opponents. - -The principles explained in the preceding pages apply mainly to the -original lead, or to leads early in a hand. They apply also to leads -generally; but, at advanced periods of the hand, and towards its -close, their application is frequently modified by inferences from the -previous play, and by the state of the score. Examples of departure -from the rules here laid down will be presented in the illustrative -hands. - -In the second round of a suit-- - - - - -5. RETURN THE LOWEST OF A STRONG SUIT, THE HIGHEST OF A WEAK SUIT. - - -When you return your partner's lead, the card you should choose to lead -the second round depends on the number of cards of the suit you have -remaining. Thus, if you remain with three cards, you must have had four -at first. You therefore had strength in the suit, and you should return -the smallest of the three remaining cards, agreeably to the principle -that with strength it is to your advantage to retain the command in -your own hand. If you remain with two cards only, you should return the -higher one, to strengthen your partner; and, similarly, if you have -discarded one of a four-suit, and are left with two only _at the time -you return it_, you have destroyed the numerical power of your suit, -and should therefore treat it as a weak suit, and return the higher -card of the two remaining in your hand. - -The advantages of this principle are numerous. In the case that you -and your partner are both numerically strong, the return of the lowest -prevents him from finessing in a suit which must be trumped third -round. Further, if your hand is weak, you naturally return a suit -in which you infer that your partner is strong. You then return a -strengthening card to get a high card of your partner's strong suit out -of his way, and you enable him to finesse if he thinks proper, and so -to keep the command of his suit in his own hand. - -It is true that with two small cards only (say the five and the six) -you do not strengthen your partner by returning the six. But there is a -collateral advantage in keeping to the rule even with small cards--_you -enable a good partner to calculate how many you have left of the suit_, -and often where the remainder of it lies. Thus, your partner leads a -small card of a suit of which you have king, three, and two. You, as -third player, put on the king. If you return the suit, you return the -three, and not the two, when it ought to be inferred, either that you -have returned the smallest of a suit of four or more, or that you have -no more of the suit left, or the two only. When your two comes down in -the third round it ought to be certain that you have no more. If your -partner has confidence in you, he can often calculate what you have -left before the third round is played; thus, in the above instance, -your partner, not having the two himself, and seeing that it does not -drop from the adversaries, concludes, with tolerable certainty, that -you remain, after the second round, with the two and no more. - -There are two exceptions to the rule of play above stated: 1. When you -hold the winning card you return it, whatever number of cards you -hold, lest it should be trumped the third round, or, your partner, -imagining it to be against him, should finesse; and 2. When you hold -the second and third best, in plain suits, you return the highest. -Thus, suppose you have queen, knave, ten, and one small one of a suit -of which your partner leads a small one, you (third hand) put on the -ten, which is won by (say) the ace. If you afterwards return the suit, -you should return the queen, for you not only force out the king, if -against you, but you also do not block your partner's suit, should he -have led from great numerical strength, say five cards to the nine, an -advantage which you lose by returning the small one. - -It should also be observed that, occasionally, when you return your -adversary's strong lead, you do not lead the higher of two remaining -cards, especially if you hold the second best guarded. For example, you -are A; Y is your left-hand adversary. Y has led a king, which was won -by the ace, leaving Y with the queen and others. You remain with knave -and one small one. If you are driven to return this suit, you should -return the small one. The queen will probably be put on second hand, -and you will remain with the best. - -[Illustration] - - - - -THE SECOND HAND. - - -In the first round of a suit, you should generally, - - - - -6. PLAY YOUR LOWEST CARD SECOND HAND. - - -You presume that the first hand has led from strength, and, if you -have a high card in his suit, you lie over him when it is led again; -whereas, if you play your high card second hand, you get rid of a -commanding card of the adversary's suit, and, when it is returned, the -original leader finesses against you. Besides this, the third player -will put on his highest card, and, if it is better than yours, you have -wasted power to no purpose. - -If, however, you have a sequence of high cards, you should put on one -of the sequence second hand, for, if you pass the trick altogether, the -third hand may win with a very low card, or, with his low card, may -force a high one from your partner. The chief objection to playing an -unsupported high card does not apply, as the leader cannot successfully -finesse against you in the next round. - -With a moderate sequence, such as queen, knave--knave, ten--ten, -nine--you play the lowest of the sequence if you are numerically weak; -but, with more than three cards of the suit, you pass a small card -led, agreeably to the principle already discussed--that in weak suits -you play to strengthen your partner, but in strong ones you leave him -to help you. For instance: the leader (A) has king, ten, nine, eight, -seven of a suit; the second player (Y) has queen, knave, and one small -one; the fourth player (Z) has ace and two small ones. A leads a small -card; Y should play the knave; if he does not, the card led forces Z's -ace. It is true that this happens also if Y passes with queen, knave, -and two small ones; but Y, in this case, has a guard to his queen and -knave, and is left with the two winning cards after the second round of -the suit. - -With a sequence lower than ten, nine, there is no advantage in putting -on one of the sequence; so the lowest should then be played second -hand, in conformity with the general principle. - - - - -7. PLAY THE LOWEST OF A SEQUENCE. - - -When you do not head a trick, you throw away your lowest card to -economise your strength. Thus, with queen and two small ones, you would -not throw the queen to king led. It is an error to suppose that it is -of no consequence which card you play when you hold only small cards -or cards in sequence. It is not of much consequence as regards merely -the chance of making tricks; but it is of great importance in affording -information to partner. - -Thus, suppose the players to be as before, A, Y, B, Z. A leads the -three of a suit, Y plays the five, B the four. It ought to be certain -that B has no more of the suit, it being presumed that he, not being -able to head the trick, throws away his smallest. If he afterwards -plays the two, and it turns out that he previously played the four -_through carelessness_, his partner loses confidence, and gives up all -hopes of drawing correct inferences from his play. - -The principle applies equally to cards in sequence. Thus, say queen is -led, and you (second hand) hold ace and king; if you put on the king, -your partner gains the very important information that you have the -ace also. For queen is not led from ace, queen, &c., so the leader -cannot have the ace; the third hand cannot have it, or he would win -the king; and the fourth, not having it himself, infers that you have -it. If you put on the ace, not only could he not tell that you hold -the king, but would assume that it lay with the leader's partner. The -principle, though stated for the sake of convenience in respect of the -second hand, applies to the third and fourth hands also. (For a fuller -examination of this point _see_ Section 12.) - -[Illustration] - - - - -ANALYSIS OF PLAY OF SECOND HAND IN DETAIL. - -(_See_ Note on Analysis of Leads, p. 64.) - - -_Ace, king, queen, &c._ - -Play lowest of ace, king, queen sequence. - - -_Ace, king, knave, &c._ - -Play king (but _see_ p. 89). - -On the second round of the suit, it becomes a matter of judgment -whether you should play ace or finesse knave. No positive rule can be -laid down. - - -_Ace, king, &c._ - -Play king. - -In trumps it is sometimes right to pass, leaving the chance of the -first trick to your partner. - -Obvious alterations on account of the trump card are omitted. It is -clear that, with ace, king, &c., if your partner has turned up the -queen, you should play a small one; and that, with ace, king, knave, if -your right hand adversary has turned up the queen, you should play the -knave; and so on for other cases. - - -_Ace, queen, knave, &c._ - -Play lowest of queen, knave sequence. - - -_Ace, queen, ten, &c._ - -In trumps, play ten, or with cards in sequence, the lowest of the ten -sequence. - -In plain suits, if strong enough in trumps to lead them, play ten, or -lowest of sequence; if weak in trumps, play queen (but _see_ p. 89). - -With ace, queen, ten only, play ten, whether strong in trumps or not. - - -_Ace, queen, &c._ - -Small card led. - -In trumps, play a small one. - -In plain suits, with five in suit, play a small one if strong in -trumps; the queen if weak in trumps. - -Knave led. - -Play ace. It is useless to cover with the queen, as the leader cannot -hold the king (_see_ Analysis of Leads). - -These instructions assume ordinary original leads from strength. If -ace or queen is turned up, some players lead knave, from king, knave, -ten. If you know this is the practice of your right hand adversary, you -should exercise your judgment as to covering with ace or queen. - -Also towards the close of a hand, knave might be led from king, knave -for various reasons, perhaps as the best chance of saving or winning -the game or a point, or as a false card. No rule can be laid down for -such cases. - -Ten or nine led. - -Play queen. - - -_Ace, knave, ten, &c._ - -In trumps, play ten, or with cards in sequence with the ten, the lowest -of the sequence. - -In plain suits, play a small one. - -The reason for the difference is that, in trumps a small card may be -led from king, queen, &c.; but in plain suits, not. Hence as, in plain -suits, the king or queen must be in the third or fourth hand, your -strength would be wasted by covering. - - -_Ace and small ones._ - -Play a small one. - -As before observed, the original lead of a small card from strength is -assumed. - -If, after several tricks have been played, you particularly want the -lead, or you suspect the possibility of a lead from a single card, or -one trick is of importance, you would often be right to play the ace. -Again, no rule can be laid down. - - -_King, queen, knave, &c._ - -Play the lowest of the king, queen, knave sequence. - - -_King, queen, &c._ - -Small card led. - -Play queen. - -In trumps it is sometimes right to pass, unless you hold ten also, or -only three in suit. - -Knave led. - -The usual practice is to cover with the queen. But, it can be shown by -calculation that, if the lead is from knave, ten, nine, and small, -more is gained than lost, in the long run, by passing. - -The best lead from knave, ten, nine, &c., is disputed; and so also is -the question of covering. - - -_King, knave, ten, &c._ - -Play the lowest of the knave, ten sequence. - - -_Queen, knave, ten, &c._ - -Play ten, or lowest of sequence. - - -_Knave, ten, nine, &c._ - -Play nine, or lowest of sequence. - - -_Queen, knave, and small; knave, ten, and small; ten, nine, and small._ - -Play as directed at pp. 82-3. - - -_Covering or passing second hand._ - -If an honour is led, and you have the ace, as a rule play the ace. - -If an honour is led, and you hold an honour, not the ace, pass as a -rule. - -It was formerly the practice to cover an honour with an honour, if -numerically weak. Calculation shows more is gained than lost, in the -long run, by passing. But, if a strengthening card is led, late in a -hand, it would often be right to cover. No positive rule can be laid -down for the play of the second hand under such circumstances. When you -have the _fourchette_ it is almost always right to cover. Thus, if -knave is led, and you hold queen, ten, &c., put on the queen. - -If a ten is led, and you hold queen and one small one, play queen. -The lead is probably from king, knave, ten, &c., and the queen may -save your partner's ace. With queen and two small ones, or with other -combinations not enumerated as those with which a high card should be -played second hand, pass. - -If a nine is led, and you hold king and one small one, play king. The -leader must have opened an ace suit (either ace, queen, ten, nine, or -ace, knave, ten, nine), assuming him to have led from a suit of four -cards. The same applies if you hold king, nine, and eight is led. - -If a medium card is led from a suit of at least four cards, three being -higher than the card led, and you hold cards that (together with the -leader's cards) make up a sequence, cover with the lowest card you can. -For example:--The original lead is an eight. You (second hand) hold -ace, king, ten, with or without small ones. If the lead was from queen, -knave, nine, eight, as is most probable, and the ten is put on, it will -win the trick. - -Again: the original lead is a seven. You hold ace, queen, knave, eight. -If the seven is the lowest of a four card suit, the lead must have been -from king, ten, nine, seven. Therefore, the eight put on will win the -trick. - -The same applies, if the leader of an ace follows with a medium card. -For example:--Ace is led originally. The next lead of an American -Leader is, say, the eight. You had originally king, queen, ten, four, -and you played the four to the ace. The leader must hold knave, nine -and small. You should, therefore play the ten. And, observe, the play -would be the same, if the second lead of a player who does not follow -the American system were the seven, as then he must hold knave, nine, -eight. - -If a small card is led, and you hold an honour and a small card, pass -the trick as a rule; for by putting on the honour you expose your -weakness, and enable the original leader to finesse against you on the -second round. The principal general exception to playing a small card -second hand, is when the circumstances of the hand cause you to seize -any chance of getting the lead, as when you want to stop a lead of -trumps, or to lead trumps yourself. Then it is often right to play a -high card second hand, when unsupported by another high card. - -Also, in trumps, if king or queen is turned up, and you hold it singly -guarded (_i.e._, if you have only one other trump), it is generally -advisable to put on the turn-up, second hand. And if you hold king -or queen, singly guarded, and a superior honour is turned up to your -right, you should play the king or queen. - - * * * * * - -In the second round of a suit, if you have the winning card, you -should--in plain suits--generally put it on second hand, subject to -a finesse that will certainly be successful; but in trumps there are -many cases in which you should not, especially if you have numerical -strength in trumps, and a good hand besides. Your winning trump must -make, and, by passing the second round, you perhaps enable your partner -to win with a third best trump--or even a smaller one--yourself -retaining the command. - -If, when led through in the second round of a suit, you conclude from -the previous fall of the cards that the second best card is to your -right, it is sometimes advisable to put on the third best. You thus -save your partner's hand if he holds the best. For instance: if knave -is led in the first round, and your partner (then second player) puts -on king, which wins the trick, it is clear (if the ten is your best) -that your partner has the ace, for the third player could not win -the king, and the leader could not have led from ace, knave. If your -right-hand adversary afterwards returns the suit through you, you -should put on the ten in order to save your partner's ace. - -[Illustration] - - - - -THE THIRD HAND. - -(_See_ also "Whist Developments." DE LA RUE & Co.) - - -In the first round of a suit, you should generally - - - - -8. PLAY YOUR HIGHEST CARD THIRD HAND, - - -in order to strengthen your partner. You presume that he leads from his -strong suit, and wants to get the winning cards of it out of his way; -you, therefore, do not finesse, but play your highest, remembering that -you play the lowest of a sequence. - -With ace, queen (and, of course, ace, queen, knave, &c., in sequence) -you do finesse, for, in this case, the finesse cannot be left to your -partner. In trumps you may finesse ace, knave, if an honour is turned -up to your right. Some players finesse knave with king, knave, &c.; but -it is contrary to principle to finesse in your partner's strong suit. - -If your partner leads a high card originally, you assume it is led -from one of the combinations given in the Analysis of Leads (pp. -64-71), and your play third hand must be guided by a consideration of -the combination led from. With ace, you pass queen led; you are then -in much the same position as though a small card were led, and you -finessed with ace, queen. - -Knave, led originally, is from king, queen, knave, &c. (some players -lead knave from knave, ten, nine, &c.) In either case, if you hold ace -with one small card, play the ace; with more than one small card, pass -(_see_ p. 98). If your only honour is the king, you should pass knave -led. For, the second hand having passed, you assume ace to be to your -left (p. 88). Should the queen be there also, you waste the king by -covering; and if queen is to your right, the knave forces the ace. - -Ten may be led originally from king, queen, knave, ten, or from king, -knave, ten, &c. If you hold ace, you should put it on; but if you hold -queen, you should pass. Holding both ace and queen, your play depends -on whether you wish to obtain the lead on the first round of the suit. - -If your partner opens a suit, late in a hand, with a high card, your -play, third hand, will depend on your judgment of the character of the -lead. If it is probable that your partner has led from a weak suit, -you will often be right to finesse king, knave, &c., or to pass his -card altogether, so as not to give up the entire command of the suit. -Thus, if ten is led and you hold ace, knave, &c., it is clear that the -card led is the highest your partner holds in the suit. You therefore -pass, and unless both king and queen are to your left, you remain with -the tenace. Similar remarks apply to a forced lead of knave, when you -hold ace, ten, &c. If you have considerable strength in a suit in which -a strengthening card is led, you must be guided by your strength in -trumps. Thus, your partner leads knave from a weak suit, and you hold -ace, king, and small ones. You may, as a rule, pass the knave if you -are strong in trumps, but not if weak. - -In the second round of a suit, if you (third player) hold the best and -third best cards, and you have no indication as to the position of -the intermediate card, your play should again depend on your strength -in trumps. If weak in trumps, secure the trick at once; if strong -in trumps, and especially if strong enough to lead a trump (_see_ -Management of Trumps, pp. 120-24), should the finesse succeed, it is -generally right to make it. If you hold second and fourth best, you -may nearly always finesse; for you conclude that the winning card -is over you in the fourth hand, since your partner has not led it, -and the second player has not put it on. If the third best lies over -you also, you cannot prevent the tenace from making, and your only -chance, therefore, is to finesse. Thus, if you lead a small card from -queen, ten, and two small ones, your partner wins the first trick -with the king, and returns a small one. The ace is certainly to your -left; you therefore finesse the ten, for if your left-hand adversary -holds ace and knave he must make them both; but, otherwise, your ten -forces the ace, and you are left with the best. In trumps, the winning -card is often held up by the adversary, but you must submit to this -contingency, and generally finesse. - -It is of no use to finesse against your right-hand adversary in a suit -in which he has shown weakness. For instance, if the second hand has -none of the suit led, and does not trump it, you (third hand) should -not finesse a major tenace (_i.e._, the best and third best cards). -This often occurs in the second or third round of a suit; also, if your -partner (third player) has won a trick very cheaply, and the suit is -returned, it is rarely of any use to finesse if you have the winning -card. - -In some few positions, however, it is necessary to finesse, even if -the second player holds nothing. Thus, your partner leads a knave, -and the second hand renounces (_i.e._, does not follow suit); if you -(third player) hold king, it is useless to cover, as ace, queen in the -fourth hand must make. Again, you have king, and two small trumps; your -partner leads a small one; the second hand renounces. If you want one -trick to win or save the game, you (third player) play a small trump, -when the fourth player will be obliged to lead up to your king guarded. - -The state of the game and of the score will often direct as to a -finesse late in a hand. Thus, if you hold a winning card, and want one -trick to save or win the game, of course you should not run any risk. -A finesse against even one card is generally wrong, if, by playing -otherwise, you prevent the adversary from scoring three or five. A -finesse is almost always bad, if by not finessing you insure the odd -trick, as that makes a difference of two to the score. In the opposite -case, a finesse is generally right (sometimes even against more than -one card), if its success gives you the odd trick, or puts you at the -score of three or five. - -The considerations as to finessing and the course of play generally, -that come in as the hand proceeds, are so complicated, and depend so -much on inferences from previous play, and on the state of the score, -that one can scarcely do more than to state a few broad rules, and to -add some examples. Illustrations of the conduct of the hand at advanced -periods will be found in Sections 17 and 18 (pp. 134-155), and more in -the hands. - - - - -THE FOURTH HAND. - - -The fourth player having, with a few exceptions, merely to win the -trick, if against him, his play involves no further development of -general principles. - -The exceptional cases, where the fourth hand should not win the trick -though he can, or should win his partner's trick in order to get the -lead, depend so much on the previous fall of the cards, that they can -best be illustrated in the hands. - - - - -THE COMMAND OF SUITS. - -(_See_ also Appendix B., pp. 287-8.) - - -In the foregoing chapters it has been incidentally stated that you -should - - -9. KEEP THE COMMAND OF YOUR ADVERSARY'S SUIT: AND - -10. GET RID OF THE COMMAND OF YOUR PARTNER'S SUIT. - -The reasons will be obvious to those who are familiar with the previous -pages; in the first case, you obstruct the adversaries' suits, and -prevent their establishing them; in the second case, you assist in -clearing the suit for your partner. - -Thus, with ace and queen only of a suit led by your partner, if you win -with the queen, play out the ace at once; but, if the suit is led by -your adversary, keep the ace in your hand. If you play out the winning -card of the opponent's suit in hopes of trumping the next round, which -is often done by those who play a trumping game, you do just what -the adversaries want; for the lead of the ace gives them valuable -assistance towards bringing in their suit when trumps are out. - -Though the advantage of getting rid of the command of a suit, of -which your partner has declared numerical strength, is recognised -theoretically, the application of the principle is much neglected in -practice. In order to get rid, at the proper moment, of the command -of your partner's suit, a thorough knowledge of the Analysis of Leads -is requisite, as the following examples will show:--1. Your partner -leads ace, originally, of a plain suit. He has led from ace, queen, -knave, &c., or from a suit of five cards at least. You have four of -the suit, say ten, nine, eight, two. To his ace, you should play the -eight, not the two. All follow suit, and your partner continues with -knave, or with a small card. You now know for certain that he led from -five at least. You should play the nine, even if the second hand puts -on a winning card or a trump. When the suit is led again, you should -play the ten. Your partner is left with two small cards, and you do not -block his suit; if you had played two, eight, nine, it is very probable -that you would keep the command of the suit with the ten. 2. If instead -of ten, nine, eight, two, you held, say, ten, nine, three, two, and -your partner leads ace and a small one, you should similarly play the -nine on the second round. 3. If your partner led from ace, queen, knave -and one small one (as you will be informed by his leading queen after -ace), you cannot block the suit; but, if you have played the eight to -the ace, as in Example 1, you must still play the nine to the queen, or -you have called for trumps (_see_ p. 125). You lose nothing by this, -as you and your partner still retain the winning cards of the suit. If -on the third round you find it necessary to play your small card, you -have not called for trumps (_see_ Appendix B, pp. 287-8). 4. Similarly, -you have king, queen, and two small cards of a plain suit of which your -partner leads ace and a small one. All follow suit to the ace; the -second hand trumps the small one. You should play the queen, and to -the third round the king. 5. Your partner leads knave of a plain suit -originally, from king, queen, knave, and at least two small cards. The -second hand plays a small card. You (third hand) hold ace, &c. Whether -or not you should put on the ace, depends on the number of small cards -you hold. Having only one small card, you should play the ace, that you -may not block the suit. Having more than one small card, you pass the -knave. Suppose the knave wins the trick, and your partner continues -with king or queen. If you now remain with ace and one small card, you -should put on the ace; but, if you have ace and two small cards left, -you should pass again, as you still have the power of getting rid of -the command on the third round. 6. To continue the previous example. -Say the two rounds of your partner's suit have resulted in the fall of -seven cards of it, and that you still have ace and a small one left. -Your adversary now leads the suit a third time, that his partner may -trump it. You should play the ace, keeping the small card of the suit -of which your partner will still hold two cards. 7. If your partner -leads a small card of a plain suit originally, and you can tell from -the fall of the cards that the card led was not his absolute lowest, -you know he led from a suit of more than four (_see_ Analysis of -Leads), and if you had four originally, you should be prepared to get -rid of the command on the subsequent rounds. For example:--Your partner -leads eight. All follow suit, and the queen falls. On obtaining the -lead again, your partner leads the six, showing that he led from at -least five cards. Ace comes out. One adversary does not follow suit. -You held, originally, knave, five, four, three, and have played the -three and the four. Your partner now has the lead again, and leads the -king of his suit. You, holding knave and one small one, would play very -badly to retain the knave. You should throw the knave on the king, and -your partner's suit is freed. 8. Your hand contains four cards, viz., -ace and one small spade (spades not having been led), and two losing -diamonds; your partner has nothing but spades, of which he leads the -king. If you pass it you cannot make more than two tricks, for the -winning diamonds are against you in one hand; but, if you win your -partner's king, and return the small one, and your partner has led -from king, queen, you still win two tricks, and get a chance of making -three or four. - -A collateral advantage of playing as advised, is that a good partner -will often know how many of his suit you still have in hand. Thus, he -leads knave, which you pass; he continues with queen, which you win. It -ought to be a certainty that you remain with one small card of his suit -and no more. If you pass again, it should be equally certain, when your -ace comes down in the third round, that you have one small card of the -suit in hand. Again: your partner leads ace and knave; knave is won by -the adversary with the king. You, holding ten, nine, eight, deuce, have -played eight and nine of the suit. If the winner of the trick does not -lead a trump, your partner would infer, with tolerable certainty, that -you remain with the deuce and ten of his suit, as no one is asking for -trumps (_see_ p. 125) and no one has played the deuce in two rounds. - -In trumps, the case is somewhat different, as you cannot block your -partner's trump suit. It is then only advisable to get out of his way, -if you see from the fall of the cards that it is essential he should -proceed with trumps. Thus: with ace and one small trump you would not -put ace on his knave led, unless very desirous of three rounds of -trumps immediately. Moreover, in trumps, your partner can count your -hand in another way; for with four trumps you would echo, as will be -fully explained under Management of Trumps (p. 128). - -You help your partner to get rid of the command of your suit by leading -the lowest of a sequence, notwithstanding that it heads your suit, -when you want him to win your card if he can. For this reason you lead -ten from king, queen, knave, ten; ace, knave from ace, queen, knave, -and at least two small cards; and so on. In this last case, if your -partner has king, whether he should put it on your knave, or not, -depends on how many small cards of the suit he holds. If, when you lead -knave, he remains with king and one small one, he should win the knave -with the king; but if he has king and two small ones remaining, he -should pass the knave, for precisely the same reasons as those given in -the previous examples. Again, suppose you are left with knave, ten, and -others of a suit, of which your partner can only have king and another -(ace and queen being out), though it is uncertain whether he does hold -the king. You would cause him to get rid of the king by leading the -ten; whereas, if you led the knave, he probably would not part with the -king. - -Experienced players frequently endeavour to steal a trick, or to -obtain the entire command of a suit (_i.e._, to keep a sufficient -number of winning or commanding cards in it to make every trick), by -_underplaying_. Underplay is keeping up the winning card, generally in -the second round of a suit, by leading a low card, though holding the -best. - -Thus, suppose a small trump is led, and you (fourth player) hold ace, -knave, and two small ones, and you win with one of the small ones. If, -at a later period of the hand, you return a small trump, you will very -likely cause your left-hand adversary to believe that your partner has -the ace; consequently, if your left-hand adversary has the king, he may -not put it on; your partner will win the second round with the queen, -and you will retain the command of the trump suit. - -Underplay is an extempore stratagem depending on observation of the -previous fall of the cards, and, therefore, best capable of explanation -by examples. Thus: A, finding his partner strong in trumps, leads the -seven. The king is put on by Y (second hand), which B (third hand) -wins, holding ace, queen, ten, nine, eight. It is evident to B that A's -seven was his highest trump, as the only higher one in is the knave, -and A would never lead the seven from knave, seven. The king having -been put on second hand, B concludes that Y, in all probability, holds -at most one small trump more. The knave is, to a moral certainty, in -Z's hand. B, by leading the eight in the second round, will probably -win the trick, and unless Z had four trumps originally, will catch the -knave with the queen in the third round. (Further examples of underplay -occur in the hands.) - -Players should be on their guard against this manœuvre, particularly -when second hand, in the second round of a suit, they hold the second -best card guarded, and the adversary has been playing a strong game (as -by leading trumps), and is left with the long trump, or is certain to -be able to obtain the lead again. Then it is often right for the second -hand to stick on a singly-guarded second best card, especially if that -is the only chance of making it. In the case stated in the previous -paragraph, Z's only chance of making the knave, if singly guarded, is -to put it on second hand. For, if the queen with small ones is in A's -hand, A is sure to finesse on the return of the suit by his partner. -Again, take this case: A leads the six of diamonds; Y, with knave, ten, -and a small one, puts on the ten; B plays the king, and Z wins it with -the ace. Presently, A obtains the lead again, and leads the eight of -diamonds. A, having led the lowest of his suit in the first round, it -may be inferred that he has led from a strong suit--headed in this case -by the queen--and that he is underplaying with, probably, queen and -nine in his hand. Y should observe this, and in the second round should -win the eight with the knave. - -Refusing to play the winning card in the first and second rounds -of a suit--commonly called _holding up_--is, in fact, a species of -underplay. For example:--1. Trumps are led by the player to your left; -the third player wins with the ace, and returns the suit through your -hand. If you are left with king and one or more small ones, you should -play a small one, unless the circumstances of the hand are such that -you deem it advantageous to stop the trump lead. The original trump -leader, not knowing but that the king is in your partner's hand, will -probably finesse, and your partner thus has a chance of making the -third best trump, even though unguarded. If your partner has neither -second nor third best trump, no harm is done, as you will then probably -make but one trick in the suit, however you play. 2. Again, ten tricks -are played, and each player is left with three cards of a suit not -opened. If the second player puts on the queen (from which it may -be inferred that he holds the king also), the third hand should not -cover with the ace. For, by winning the trick, he must lead up to king -guarded; but, by passing it, he leaves the lead with the second player, -and takes the best chance of making two tricks. 3. One more example -will suffice: A has the last trump, and ace, ten, and three small cards -of a suit not led. The adversary now leads the king, and follows with -the queen of that suit. A should pass them both; by so doing he will -probably make three tricks in the suit if the cards are equally divided. - - - - -DISCARDING. - - -When you cannot follow suit, you should - - -11. DISCARD FROM YOUR WEAKEST SUIT. - -You weaken a suit by discarding from it, and lessen the number of long -cards you might otherwise establish and bring in (_i.e._, make tricks -with if trumps are out, and you obtain the lead after the establishment -of your suit). On the other hand, you do but little harm by throwing -from a suit in which you are already weak. Your partner should -understand that your first or _original discard_ is from your _weakest -suit_, just as he understands that your original lead is from your -strongest suit. - -But, as in the case of leads, you are sometimes obliged to lead from -a weak suit, or to make a forced lead, so sometimes you have to -make a _forced discard_. Forced discards require much more careful -consideration than they generally receive. - -It is clear that if the opponents declare great strength in trumps -(by leading trumps or asking for them, as will be fully explained in -Section 13), that your chance of bringing in a suit is practically -_nil_. You should therefore, in such cases, abandon the tactics -you would otherwise adopt, and play to guard your weaker suits, by -discarding from your best protected suit, which is generally your -longest suit. You must, in fact, play a defensive game. - -If this system of discarding is comprehended by the two players who -are partners, it follows, as a matter of course, that _when trumps are -not declared against you, your partner will assume you are weak in the -suit you first discard_; but, _when trumps are declared against you, he -will give you credit for strength in the suit from which you originally -throw away_. This is most important, as it affects his subsequent -leads. In the first case, he will refrain from leading the suit from -which you have discarded; in the second, he will, unless he has a very -strong suit of his own, select for his lead the suit in which you have -shown strength by your discard. - -It is commonly said, "Discard from your strong suit when the adversary -leads or calls for trumps." But this is a very imperfect and -misleading aphorism. If you have no indications from the play, and -are obliged to discard to an adverse trump lead or call, you should -discard from your best protected suit. But, if you have, or if the -fall of the cards shows that your partner has, sufficient strength in -trumps to outlast the adversary, the discard should be from the weak -suit. Thus: Y, second player, calls for trumps (_see_ p. 125), and B, -third player, also calls. The discards of A and Z should be from their -weak suits. For though, on the one hand, great strength in trumps -is declared against them, on the other hand great strength is also -declared with them. Again: Z deals and turns up nine of clubs. A (the -original leader) leads a small club; Y follows suit; B puts on ace; -Z plays king. This shows that Z has a sequence of queen, knave, ten, -nine of trumps; and therefore that, though A has led a trump, he has -anything but the command of the suit. B returns the trump; Z wins; Y -has no more trumps. His discard should be from his weakest suit. The -following case is less easy:--The adversary (A) leads a tierce major in -trumps, eleven trumps come out, and your partner (Y) must have knave of -trumps to save the game. You now credit your partner with the command -of trumps, though the adversary has led them; and if either you (Y) or -your partner (Z) has to discard, the discard should be from the weakest -suit (_see_ Hand XII.) Similar remarks apply if a strengthening trump -is led by an adversary from weak trumps and good cards in plain suits. - -It must be borne in mind that it is only your original discard which -is directive. Having once discarded, you cannot undo your work by any -number of discards from another suit. Also, having once led a suit, you -have declared strength in it; and subsequent discards from that suit do -not alter the fact that it was originally your strongest suit. - -It is dangerous to unguard an honour, or to blank an ace; and, also, -to discard a single card when the game is in an undeveloped stage, -as it exposes your weakness almost as soon as the suit is led. But, -when you see that there is a probability of strength in trumps on your -side, direct your partner to your strong suit by all the means in your -power, and unhesitatingly unguard an honour, or throw a single card. Of -course, if strength in trumps is against you, these are the very last -cards you should think of throwing away. - -When your left-hand adversary will have the lead next round, if you -discard from a suit in which you hold a tenace, you may possibly induce -him to lead that suit up to you. You must be on your guard against this -ruse, and not necessarily lead up to the discard of your right-hand -opponent. - -The same principle applies to trumping as to discarding. The weaker -you are in trumps, the better it is for you to make a little one by -trumping, as will be further explained in Section 14. - - - - -THE CONVERSATION OF THE GAME. - - -12. AFFORD INFORMATION BY YOUR PLAY. - -It has several times been assumed in the preceding pages that you -should convey information by your play. The question naturally arises, -_How is it that a player gains any advantage by publishing information -to the table?_ It is often argued, and with much show of reason, that -as almost every revelation concerning your hand must be given to the -whole table, and that as you have two adversaries and only one partner, -you publish information at a disadvantage. No doubt this argument would -have considerable force if you were compelled to expose the whole of -your hand. But you possess the power, to a great extent, of selecting -what facts shall be announced and what concealed. - -Experienced players are unanimous in admitting that it is an advantage -to inform your partner of strength in your own suits, though some -advise concealment of strength in suits in which the adversaries have -shown strength. Thus, with ace, king, second hand, the usual play is -to put on the king. The third hand does not win the king, and hence -the leader is able to infer that the ace of his strong suit is against -him. But, if you put on the ace second hand, you prevent the leader -from discovering where the king of his suit lies. It is, however, found -that two honours in the adversary's suit constitute sufficient strength -to make it advantageous in the long run to proclaim your force; -while, with less strength, it is not easy to mystify the opponents -prejudicially; so that, on the whole, it seldom happens that a balance -of gain results from the adoption of deceptive play. - -Occasionally, however, a false card may be played with a special -object. For instance: ace is turned up to your right, and, when the -dealer gets in, he leads a small trump. If you, second hand, have king, -queen only, you would be justified in playing the king, in hopes of -inducing the trump leader to finesse on the return of the suit. Or, -take this case: your left-hand adversary leads originally the five of -his strong suit, from king, ten, seven, five. Your partner plays the -six; third hand plays ace. You, holding queen, knave, nine, eight, -four, three, play the three. Your right-hand opponent now leads trumps; -all the trumps come out. The player to your right next returns the -deuce of his partner's suit. The original lead being from a four-card -suit, king, ten, seven, remain in the leader's hand. If you play knave, -the original leader will place queen in your hand, and will hesitate -to go on with the suit. But, if you play queen, he will put knave and -at least one small one in his partner's hand. Then if, under this -impression, he continues the suit, you bring it in. - -It is in most cases unquestionably disadvantageous to you that the -whole table should be aware of your being very weak in a particular -suit, and, consequently, information of weakness should be withheld as -long as possible. If you are led up to fourth hand in such a suit, -or if your partner opens the suit with a small card, of course the -disclosure is inevitable; but until one of these events happens your -poverty can generally be kept out of sight. It may happen that you are -occasionally forced to lead a weak suit yourself; and in this event -the least disadvantage, on the whole, is to tell the truth at once, by -first leading the highest of it. Your partner apprised of the state of -your hand, by the fall of your smaller card in the subsequent round, -will probably deem it prudent to strive by defensive tactics to avert -total defeat in that suit, rather than to contend single-handed against -the combined strength of the opponents. But, at critical points of the -game, it is often right to conceal weakness. Thus, towards the end of a -hand, it is necessary that your partner should make a couple of tricks -in an unopened suit, of which you hold two or three little cards. You -should lead the lowest. If you lead the highest, the adversaries will -suspect your weakness at once, and will be sure of it on the second -round. Their efforts will then be directed to preventing your partner -from making the required tricks in that suit. Your left-hand adversary -will not finesse; and if your partner is led through, your right-hand -adversary merely covers, or plays the lowest card he has, higher than -the one you first led. - -When your partner has exhibited weakness in one or more suits, you -would frequently be justified in playing a false card. You are driven -to rely solely on yourself, and are entitled to adopt every artifice -your ingenuity can suggest in order to perplex the other side. -The consideration that you may mislead your partner will no longer -influence you, as you know him to be powerless for good or for evil. - -You inform your partner by following the recognised practice of the -game, as by leading from your strong suit originally, by leading the -highest of a sequence, by following suit with the lowest of a sequence, -and so forth. If you adhere to this you will soon acquire a reputation -for playing a straightforward intelligible game; and this character -alone will counterbalance the disadvantage which will sometimes attach -to the fact that you have enabled the adversaries to read your hand. If -your partner knows that you play at random and without method, he will -be in a state of constant uncertainty; and you almost preclude him from -executing any of the finer strokes of play, the opportunities for which -generally arise from being able to infer with confidence the position -of particular cards. The extreme case of two skilled players against -two unskilled ones amounts almost to this, that towards the close of a -hand the former have the same advantage as though they had seen each -other's cards, while the latter have not. - -It follows that when you are unfortunately tied to an untaught partner, -especially if at the same time you are pitted against observant -adversaries, you should expose your hand as little as possible, -particularly in respect of minor details. - -It will become apparent, on consideration, that the question of the -advisability of affording information is more or less intimately -connected with every card that is played. It is, therefore, of extreme -importance to ascertain whether the practice is advantageous or the -reverse. The arguments just adduced are doubtless in favour of the -practice of affording information by the play; but it must be admitted -that by far the strongest authority for it is that experienced players, -by their settled opinions, reject the opposite course. - -The instructed player frequently selects one card in preference to -another with the _sole_ object of affording information. When the -principle is carried thus far, the play becomes purely conventional. -For example: you naturally win a trick as cheaply as possible; if, -fourth hand, you could win with a ten, you would not waste an ace. -But suppose you hold knave and ten, which card should then be played? -The knave and ten in one hand are of equal value, and therefore to -win with the knave would be no unnecessary sacrifice of strength. -Nevertheless, you extend to such cases the rule of winning as cheaply -as possible, and you play the ten for the mere purpose of conveying -information. This is a simple instance of pure convention. Again: the -system of returning the higher of two losing cards (_see_ p. 80) when -they are both small cards, is purely conventional. To take another -case: after two rounds of your four-card suit, you are left with two -losing cards, say the six and the seven, and you, having the lead, are -about to continue the suit; you should lead the six, not the seven, -in accordance with the rule that you lead the lowest card of a suit, -except with commanding strength. This being the convention, if you lead -the seven, your partner will infer that you cannot hold the six, and -will suppose that you led from a three-card suit, in consequence of -exceptional circumstances; if he is a good player he will miscount all -the hands, probably to your mutual discomfiture. - -Whist conventions, it will be observed, are in accordance with, and are -suggested by, principle. Indeed, all the established conventions of the -game are so chosen as to harmonise with play that would naturally be -adopted independently of convention. The aggregation of the recognised -rules of play, including the established conventions, constitute what -in practice is called the Conversation of the Game of Whist. - -It must not be overlooked that unsound players often deceive -unintentionally, and all players sometimes with intention. It is, -therefore, necessary to be on your guard against drawing inferences too -rigidly. - -There are some ways of conveying information which have not been -explained. For example: if you have the complete command of a suit, you -can publish the fact by discarding the highest of it; the presumption -being that you would never throw away a winning card with a losing one -in your hand. If you discard a second-best card of a suit of which -your partner does not know you to hold a long sequence, you ought to -have no more of the suit, for with the best also you would discard -that, and with a smaller one you would discard that. By winning with -the highest, and returning the lowest of a sequence (more especially -fourth hand), you show that you have the intermediate cards. Thus, with -ace, king, queen, fourth hand, if you desire to continue the suit, -and at the same time to show that you still remain with the winning -card, you would win with the ace and return the queen. Again, as long -as you keep the turn-up card in hand, your partner knows where it is; -so, having turned up a nine and holding the ten, trump with the ten -in preference. This rule, however, is liable to exceptions. With very -small trumps, of equal value, trumping with the higher card may be -mistaken for an exhibition of four or five trumps; also, if you are -weak in trumps, and the adversaries have shown strength in them, it is -not advisable to keep the turn-up card; for, if the adversaries know -you have it in your hand, they will draw it, whereas, if you play it, -they may be uncertain as to your holding another. If you open a suit -of ace, king only, it must be a forced lead. You then adopt the rule -of leading the highest of a numerically weak suit, and first lead the -ace. This shows your partner (unless you have already been forced, when -you lead the ace before king for other reasons), that you have no more -of the suit. Also, by leading the lowest of a head sequence of winning -trumps (subject, if an American Leader, to a selection of card in order -to show number), you convey information. Thus, you lead a small trump, -partner plays queen, won with king. You remain with ace, knave, ten. On -obtaining the lead, you continue with the ten, and, when it wins, you -have shown two by honours (unless ace is held up, which is unlikely). -If you continue with ace, as in plain suits, your partner can tell -nothing about the knave and ten. You may pursue the same method in -plain suits when your partner has no more trumps, and with any head -sequence when you want him to win the trick, or are sure he cannot, and -also when the fourth hand has already renounced in the suit led. - -A most valuable mode of conveying very precise information of strength -is within the reach of players who think fit to adopt _American Leads_ -(_see_ Appendix A). As the propriety of these leads is questioned by -some players, it may be stated that they form a beautiful system which -is in full harmony with the established principles of whist play. - -With regard to the American system when leading a high card of your -strong suit after a high card, no one disputes the propriety of leading -ace, then queen, from ace, queen, knave, and one small card; and of -leading ace, then knave, from ace, queen, knave, and more than one -small card. In the case of the four-card suit, you select the higher -card to tell your partner not to play the king, as you have not -sufficient numerical power to defend the suit single-handed. In the -case of a suit of more than four cards, you select the lower card that -your partner may not retain the command of your suit, and may play the -king, should he happen to have held king and two small ones originally. -For a similar reason, it is obvious that with queen, knave, ten, and -one small card, you should follow queen with knave; with queen, knave, -ten, and more than one small card, you should follow queen with ten. - -Now, here is a germ of a principle of play. Holding two high -indifferent cards, and only four of your suit, your second lead is the -higher card; holding more than four, your second lead is the lower card. - -For the sake of uniformity, you should pursue the same plan in -all cases where, after your first lead, you remain with two high -indifferent cards. Thus, your original lead is a ten, from king, knave, -ten, and one or more small cards. The queen is played to your ten. -You have the lead again, and it is immaterial, so far as establishing -the suit is concerned, whether you proceed with the king or with the -knave. But, if your practice is uniform, and in accordance with the -practice which obtains in the case of ace, queen, knave, and of queen, -knave, ten, you can inform your partner whether you led from a suit of -four cards or of more than four cards. If you continue with the king, -the higher of two indifferent cards, you led from king, knave, ten, -and one small card; if you continue with the knave, the lower of two -indifferent cards, you led from king, knave, ten, and more than one -small card. - -With regard to the American system, when opening your strong suit with -a low card, those who have already adopted the _penultimate lead_ from -suits of five cards, will have no difficulty in again discovering the -germ of a principle of play. The fourth-best card of your suit is led -from suits of four cards, and from suits of five cards. - -You have only to apply the same rule to suits of more than five cards, -and to lead your fourth-best card. You then pursue a uniform practice, -and at the same time convey valuable information. (_See_ Appendix A). - -As an illustration, take this suit--queen, ten, nine, eight. You lead -the eight. Now suppose your suit to be queen, ten, nine, eight, three. -You still lead the eight. Now add one more card. Your suit is queen, -ten, nine, eight, three, two. You should still lead the eight. No -doubt, a careful player would lead the eight, as a card of protection, -even if American leads had never been thought of. With lower cards, -such as queen, nine, eight, seven, three, two, it is possible a careful -player might lead the seven; and with still lower cards, where is he to -stop? The knot is cut by the very simple and uniform rule of leading -the fourth-best, without reference to the possibility of its being a -card of protection. - -With regard to the lead of a high card followed by a low card, when -the American system is followed, the low card selected should be the -original fourth-best. (_See_ Appendix A). - -The more the American system is examined, the more thorough and perfect -it will be found. Care, however, must be taken, with leads late in -a hand, not to confuse a fourth-best lead with a forced lead of the -highest card of a weak suit. The American rule only applies, in its -integrity to the original lead,--or after one or more tricks have -been played, to the original lead of the player's own choice, (_See_ -Appendix A). Also, it may be, that the leader, with very strong cards -in all plain suits, starts by leading a strengthening trump. The -uncertainty of the real character of the lead, in this case, is no -doubt unfavourable; but, the advantage of frequently being able to give -information of great numerical strength far outweighs this occasional -danger. - -Information as to the number of trumps you hold can be similarly -communicated when you have more than four trumps, by trumping with -the fourth-best and then leading the fourth-best of those remaining. -This rule, however, is subject to rather a large exception. When your -fourth-best trump is a medium card, such as an eight, trumping with the -eight may imperil a trick later on. For instance: with such cards as -king, knave, nine, eight, three, a careful player would rightly trump -with the three and lead the eight. For the time, you do not inform -your partner as to number, because the eight is too valuable a card to -get rid of, and the information might be purchased too dearly. Also, -when about to lead high trumps after a force, there is no occasion to -run any risk by trumping with any but the lowest, as the high cards -led will of themselves indicate how many trumps you now hold (not how -many you held originally). If you take a force with any trump but the -lowest, and do not lead a trump, when your lowest is afterwards played -it only signifies that you had at least five trumps originally, and -your play does not constitute a call for trumps. (_See_ p. 125.) - - - - -TRUMPS. - - - - -THE MANAGEMENT OF TRUMPS. - - -The Management of Trumps is, perhaps, the most difficult of the -problems presented to the Whist-player. Before discussing the special -uses of trumps, it may be observed that in some few hands trumps are -led like plain suits, because they are your strongest suit, and you -prefer leading them to opening a weak suit. The principles already -discussed, which guide us to the most favourable chances for making -tricks in a suit, apply to trumps equally with other suits. The -privilege, however, enjoyed by the trump suit of winning every other, -causes some modifications of detail (noticed at pp. 64-71, and at pp. -85-88); for, since the winning trumps _must_ make tricks, you play a -more backward game in the trump suit. Thus, with ace, king, and small -trumps, you lead a small one, by which you obtain an increased chance -of making tricks in the suit, and you keep the command of it, and must -have the lead after the third round, the advantage of which will be -presently explained. Even if your partner is so weak in trumps that the -opponent wins the first trick very cheaply, but little (if any) harm -accrues; for the opponent then has to open a suit up to you or your -partner. - -In the great majority of hands, trumps are applied to their special -uses, viz.: 1. To disarm the opponents, and to prevent their trumping -your winning-cards; and 2. To trump the winning cards of the -adversaries. In order to comprehend when trumps may be most profitably -applied to the first, and when to the second, of these uses, we must -first clearly perceive the objects aimed at throughout the hand, viz.: -to establish a suit, to exhaust the adversaries' trumps, and to retain -the long trump, or a certain winning card with which to get the lead -again, for the purpose of bringing in the suit; also to endeavour to -obstruct similar designs of the opponents. It follows that you should - - - - -13. LEAD TRUMPS WHEN VERY STRONG IN THEM. - - -It cannot be too strongly impressed that _the primary use of strength -in trumps is to draw the adversaries' trumps for the bringing in of -your own or your partner's long suit_. With great strength in trumps -(five or more), you may proceed at once to disarm the opponents, and -lead trumps without waiting to establish a suit. For, with five trumps -or more, the chance of your succeeding in drawing the other trumps, -and of being left with the long trumps is so considerable, that you -may then almost always lead trumps, whatever your other cards. The -exceptional hands are principally those which contain five trumps -without an honour, and five small cards of a plain suit; or five trumps -without an honour, and four middling cards of one plain suit together -with four bad cards of another plain suit. But if the adversaries are -at the score of three, you should lead a trump with these hands, as -your partner must have two honours, or very good cards out of trumps, -for you to save the game. - -If you are at the score of three, the adversaries being love, one, or -two, you should not lead a trump merely because you have five trumps -with two honours, if they are unaccompanied by a very strong suit, or -by good cards in each suit. For here, if your partner has an honour, -you probably win the game in any case; and if he has no honour you open -the trump suit to a disadvantage. Some good players, however, do not -allow this to be an exceptional case. The turn-up card may sometimes -cause you to refrain from leading trumps from five. Thus: you have -king, ten, nine, six, and four of spades (trumps); ace, queen, and -three small diamonds; and three small hearts. You are four, and the -ace of spades is turned up. In the opinion of most players, the ace of -diamonds is the best original lead; but, if an ace were not turned up, -you should lead a trump. - -It is often said, even by pretty good players, "Strength in trumps is -no reason for leading them, unless you have a good suit as well." If -both you and your partner are devoid of good cards you cannot make -tricks; but should your partner hold one good suit out of the three, -you will very likely bring it in for him by leading from strength in -trumps. For, even if you have a poor hand out of trumps, you will -discover in the course of play (_i.e._, by the suits led or discarded -by the other players), what your partner's suit is, and will be able -to lead it to him each time you get the lead with your long trumps. -Besides, if your hand is weak out of trumps, you are placed in the -disadvantageous position of leading from a weak suit unless you lead -trumps. - -You should not be deterred from leading trumps because an honour is -turned up to your right, nor necessarily lead them because the same -happens to your left; either is proper if the circumstances of the hand -require it, but neither otherwise. To illustrate this proposition, take -this hand: ace, queen, and three small spades (trumps), three small -hearts, three small clubs, and two small diamonds. The king of spades -is turned up fourth hand. The best lead is disputed; but the author has -no hesitation in advising the lead of a small trump, notwithstanding -that there is a certain finesse over the king. A little consideration -will render this apparent. By leading the trump suit originally, you -obtain the advantages just enumerated, and make the dealer open a suit -up to your partner. Your partner, as soon as he gets the lead, will -return the trump, and you thus obtain the command of trumps whether the -king was forced out in the first round or not. - -Bearing in mind the severe consequences of leaving the adversary with -the long trump, you must be cautious in leading trumps from less than -five; four trumps and a moderate hand not justifying an original trump -lead. You should, instead, lead your strong plain suit, and if you -establish it, and the adversaries do not meantime show any great -strength, as by leading or calling for trumps (pp. 125-127), you may -then, with four trumps, mostly venture a trump lead. With strength -in trumps you may generally finesse more freely in the second and -third rounds of trumps than you would in plain suits. In plain suits -an unsuccessful finesse may result in the best card being afterwards -trumped, which cannot happen in trumps. Moreover, by finessing, you -keep the winning trump, and so obtain the lead after the third round. -This is especially important when you have a suit established and but -four trumps. Here you should, generally, not merely finesse in the -second round, but hold up the winning trump, and sometimes at this -juncture refuse to part with it even if the trump lead comes from the -adversary. - -An example will render this more clear. The leader (A) has ace, and -three small trumps, a strong suit, headed by ace, king, queen, and a -probable trick, say king and another, in a third suit. A should, in -the writer's judgment, lead a trump. If B (A's partner) wins the first -trick in trumps, and returns a strengthening trump, A, as a rule, -should not part with his ace. When A or B obtain the lead again they -play a third round of trumps, which, being won by the ace, enables A, -by leading his tierce major, to get a force (_i.e._, to compel one of -his adversaries to trump in order to win the trick), in which case -nothing short of five trumps in one hand against him can prevent A's -bringing in his suit. You must be prepared for similar tactics on the -part of the adversaries, and not conclude that they have not the best -trump because they suffer you to win the first or second round. - -With a well protected hand containing four trumps, two being honours, -a trump may be led originally. For here the chance of gaining by the -trump lead may be taken as greater than the chance of losing. Thus with -queen, knave, and two small trumps, a four suit with an honour, say -for example, knave, ten, nine, and a small one, king guarded in the -third suit, and queen guarded in the fourth, a small trump if it finds -partner with an honour is by no means unlikely to win the game. If -partner turns out very weak in trumps the leader must alter his plan, -and, instead of continuing the trump lead, play to make three, five or -seven tricks according to the fall of the cards in plain suits. - -Trump leads, without strength in trumps, can only be right in -consequence of some special circumstance in the state of the game, or -of the score. For instance, great commanding strength in all the plain -suits may call for a trump lead; or it may be necessitated to stop a -_cross-ruff_ (_i.e._, the alternate trumping by partners of different -suits, each leading the suit in which the other renounces), in which -case it is generally advisable to take out two rounds if possible; -so with the winning trump you play it out, whatever your others are. -Again, if you have a wretched hand and you are love to three or four, -you assume that the game is lost, unless your partner is very strong; -and if he _is_ very strong, the trump is the best lead for him. This -doctrine is frequently carried to excess, as, by concealing your -weakness, you often stand a better chance of saving a point, if not -the game, than by at once exposing it. If, therefore, you have one four -suit, headed by an honour, you would generally do better to choose that. - -The trump lead is so much more important than any other that you should -almost always return your partner's lead of trumps _immediately_, -except he has led from weakness, when you are not bound to return it -unless it suits your hand. - -If you find one of the adversaries without a trump, you should mostly -proceed to establish your long suit, and abstain from drawing two -trumps for one; to say nothing of the probability that the adversary -who has not renounced is unusually strong in trumps. Besides, when he -has the lead, he will very likely lead trumps in order to draw two for -one; and it is more advantageous to you that the lead should come from -him. On the other hand, if your partner has no trump, it is often right -to endeavour to weaken the adversaries by continuing even their trump -lead. - -It is a common artifice, if you wish a trump to be led, to drop a high -card to the adversary's lead, to induce him to believe that you will -trump it next round, whereupon the leader will very likely change the -suit, and perhaps lead trumps. Thus, if he leads king (from ace, king, -and others), and you hold queen and one other, it is evident that you -cannot make the queen. If you throw the queen to his king, he may lead -a trump to prevent your trumping his ace; but if he goes on with the -suit, and you drop your small card, it may fairly be inferred that you -have been endeavouring to get him to lead a trump. Your partner should -now take the hint, and, if he gets the lead, lead trumps; for if you -want them led, it is of little consequence from whom the lead comes. By -a conventional extension of this system to lower cards it is understood -that, whenever you throw away an _unnecessarily_ high card, it is a -sign (after the smaller card drops) that you want trumps led. This is -called _asking for trumps_ or _calling for trumps_. - -When you ask for trumps, you command your partner to abandon his own -game, and to lead a trump; and you promise him, in return, if he has -reasonably good cards, either to win the game or to make a considerable -score. It has been laid down, that the minimum strength in trumps which -justifies you in issuing such an order to your partner is four trumps, -two being honours, or five trumps, one being an honour, accompanied by -such cards in your own or your partner's suits that you are reasonably -secure of not having a suit brought in against you. This rule, however, -only applies to an _original_ ask. If you have had the lead, and have -not led a trump, or if you have had an opportunity of asking and have -not asked, and you then ask for trumps at a later period of the hand, -the ask is not a command, like an original one, nor does it necessarily -imply the possession of the minimum strength above stated. It merely -means that, from the fall of the cards, you consider a trump lead would -be very advantageous. For example: you hold ace and a small spade; -king, ten, and two small hearts (trumps); queen and two small clubs; -and knave, ten and two other diamonds. You lead a small diamond; your -partner plays the queen; the fourth hand plays the ace. A small club is -now led through you. You should ask for trumps. - -When your partner asks for trumps, and you have four or more at the -time you obtain the lead, lead the smallest, unless you have the ace, -or three honours, or queen, knave, ten; if you have only two or three -trumps when you obtain the lead, lead from the highest downwards, -whatever they are. - -Before answering the ask, be sure that the higher card, previously -dropped, is _unnecessarily_ high. For instance a higher card is often -played before a lower, to show that you command the suit, or that you -hold the intermediate cards, or to get out of your partner's way. It -is very important to distinguish between covering second hand and -discarding an unnecessarily high card. For example: with knave, ten, -and one other (say the three), it is usual to play the ten second -hand on a small card. When your three comes down in the next round, -it is not an ask for trumps, unless your partner can infer that you -do not hold the knave. Moderate players, who know of the ask, never -consider this; so with them the choice of the least evil is generally -not to cover, for you otherwise run the terrible risk of having a -strengthening trump led to you with a weak hand. To ask for trumps, -second hand, with knave, ten, and one other, you must play the knave. - -When your partner leads a trump, or asks for trumps, if you have -numerical strength in trumps, you should ask at the first opportunity. -This is called the _echo of the call_, though it is made use of also in -response to a lead. - -The advantages of the echo are manifold. Your partner being strong in -trumps may hesitate to take a force, but your echo enables him to do so -without fear, and to persevere with the trump lead. Or, your partner -may be in doubt after the second round of trumps as to the policy of -playing a third. But if he can count two more trumps in your hand he -will be directed. Thus: eight are out, your partner has three more; you -have echoed. He will know that the other two are in your hand, and will -not draw two for none, as without the echo, he might do. - -The negative advantage of the echo should not be overlooked. Thus: -to take the same case of eight trumps being out, and the leader with -three more trumps. You (his partner) have had the chance of sounding an -echo, but have not done so. The leader knows that you have not both the -remaining trumps, and he will regulate his game accordingly. - -To your partner's trump lead you echo in the trump suit; the same if -partner calls, and you are forced. Thus: you have eight, seven, five, -two of trumps; your left-hand adversary leads king, ace of a suit of -which you only hold one. Your partner calls. You echo, by trumping with -the five, and you then lead the eight. On the second round of trumps, -when your deuce falls, the echo is completed. Your partner knows that -you have one more trump, either the six or the seven. If you had not -echoed, he might not be able to tell for certain whether you hold -another trump or not. (_See_ Hands XXXIV., XXXV.) - -If you have four trumps and are forced, and your partner then leads or -asks for trumps, you should echo, notwithstanding that you no longer -have numerical strength. This case can best be illustrated by an -example. (_See_ Hand XXXVI.) - - * * * * * - -The use of strength in trumps being to disarm the opponents, it follows -that you should as much as possible husband your strength for that -purpose. Therefore when second player, - - - - -14. DO NOT TRUMP A DOUBTFUL CARD IF STRONG IN TRUMPS. - - -By a doubtful card is meant a card of a suit of which your partner -_may_ have the best. - -Whether you should trump or refuse to trump a doubtful card depends -almost entirely on your strength in trumps. It has already been -mentioned that it is an advantage to trump when you are weak, for you -thus make a little trump, which is not available for the other uses of -trumps, and which, if not used for trumping, will presently be drawn by -the strong hand. It is conversely a disadvantage to trump a doubtful -card when you are strong in trumps, for by trumping you weaken your -numerical power, and diminish the probability of your bringing in a -suit. If, instead of trumping, you throw away a losing card, you inform -your partner that you have strength in trumps, and also, by your -discard, what your strong suit is; and if your partner has any strength -in the suit led, you leave him in a favourable position. - -If you refuse to overtrump, or to trump a certain winning card, your -partner should conclude either that you have no trump, or more probably -four trumps and a powerful hand besides. If he concludes that you are -reserving your trumps to bring in a suit, he should assist you by -leading trumps as soon as he can. A refusal to be thus forced is seldom -requisite if you have more than four trumps; with six you are mostly -strong enough to trump and to lead trumps; with five you may do the -same, if your suit is established; but if not, it is generally best to -take the force, and to lead your suit. - -The situations in which it is most necessary to refuse to overtrump -your right-hand adversary, or to refuse to trump a winning card, occur -when you have four trumps and a very strong suit, or a suit established -early in a hand. For then, by trumping, you prejudice your chance of -bringing in the suit in order to secure one trick. By refusing to part -with a trump in these cases, you obtain the advantages just enumerated, -at the time when they are most likely to become of service; and, where -you refuse to overtrump, your adversary is left with one trump less, by -which your hand is strengthened. - -Many players run into the extreme of always refusing to be forced by a -winning card when they are strong in trumps. The situations, however, -just indicated, are almost the only ones in which it answers to hold -up; and these even are liable to several exceptions. For instance:--1. -You should not persist in refusing to be forced if you find that the -adversary has the entire command of his suit. 2. You should not refuse -if your partner evidently intends to force you; and, 3. You should not -refuse to overtrump if you have reason to believe that your left-hand -adversary is strong in trumps. - -With an untaught partner it is useless to refuse to trump; he will not -understand it, but will continue to force you. With such, the best -course is rather to make tricks when you can than to play for a great -game. - - * * * * * - -From what has just been said, it is evidently an advantage to - - - - -15. FORCE A STRONG TRUMP HAND OF THE ADVERSARY. - - -For you thereby take the best chance of preventing his making use of -his trumps for bringing in a suit. If he refuses to take a force, keep -on giving it to him. - -For instance, if he passes your king (led from king, queen, &c.), and -the king wins, continue the suit, and so on. Some players can never be -brought to understand this; they do not like to see their winning cards -trumped, and therefore frequently change their suit or even lead trumps -when an adversary refuses to be forced. - -It now hardly requires to be stated that it is bad play intentionally -to force a weak adversary, and still worse to lead a suit to which -both adversaries renounce, as the weak will trump and the strong get -rid of a losing card. - - * * * * * - -If you have numerical strength in trumps, you are justified in forcing -your partner, relying on your own strength to disarm the opponents. But - - - - -16. DO NOT FORCE YOUR PARTNER IF YOU ARE WEAK IN TRUMPS. - - -For you thus weaken him, and leave it in the power of the antagonists -to draw all the trumps, and bring in their suit. If, then, a good -partner refrains from forcing you, you may be sure he is weak; on the -other hand, if he evidently _intends_ to force you (as by leading a -losing card of a suit he knows you must trump), you may assume that -he is strong in trumps, and you should take the force willingly, even -though you do not want to be forced, depending on his strength to -exhaust the adversaries' trumps. - -You may, however, though weak, force your partner under these -circumstances. 1. When he has already shown a desire to be forced, or -weakness in trumps, as by trumping a doubtful card, or by refraining -from forcing you. 2. When you have a cross-ruff, which secures several -tricks at once, and is therefore often more advantageous than trying -to establish a suit. 3. Sometimes when you are playing a close game, -as for the odd trick, and often when one trick saves or wins the game -or a point. And 4. Sometimes when great strength in trumps has been -declared against you. - -If your partner leads a thirteenth card, or a card of a suit in which -he knows that both you and the fourth player renounce, your play must -depend on your partner's strength in trumps. If he is strong, he wants -you to put on your best trump, either to make the trumps separately, or -to force out one or two high ones, to leave himself with the command. -If he is weak in trumps, he wants you to pass the card, that the fourth -player may obtain the lead, and lead up to your hand. No general rule -can be given as to the course to be pursued with regard to thirteenth -cards. You must judge of the leader's intention by the score and the -previous fall of the cards. - -[Illustration] - - - - -PLAYING TO THE BOARD. - - - - -17. PLAY TO THE SCORE; - -AND - -18. WATCH THE FALL OF THE CARDS, AND DRAW YOUR INFERENCES AT THE TIME. - - -These two all-important principles have already been mentioned as -causing differences in the play. The commonest form in which the former -is presented to us is this: at the score of Love-all five tricks save -the game against two by honours. It is often right, therefore, when two -by honours have been declared against you, to go for the fifth trick by -leading off a winning card, or by putting one on second or third hand. - -To explain further what is meant by playing to the score, put yourself -in this situation. Four trumps remain in, the adversaries have two -winning trumps, it being uncertain whether they are in one hand or -divided; you have the two losing trumps, two forcing cards, and the -lead; you can only play correctly by referring to the score. Thus, if -the adversary is at four, and you have won five, or even six tricks, -your game would be to secure two tricks by forcing; for if you play a -trump and the two against you are in the same hand, you lose the game. -But suppose you are at the point of two, and the adversaries are not -at four, and you have won six tricks, your game would be to risk the -trump; for if you bring down the other trumps you win the game; but -by playing to force you make certain of scoring only four. By applying -this mode of reasoning you will often be directed as to a finesse late -in a hand. (Further illustrations of playing to the score occur in the -hands.) - -For simple examples of drawing inferences at the time of the fall of -the cards take the following:--1. You lead a small card from ace, -knave, &c.; your partner wins with the queen; you should _immediately_ -(_i.e._, before another card is led) infer that the king cannot be with -your right-hand adversary. Hence, on the return of the suit, you would -not finesse the knave. 2. You are second player, and a suit is led in -which you have king, ten, and one small one. You play the small one. -The third hand plays the queen, which is won with the ace. You should -_at once_ infer that the third hand cannot have the knave, and that you -may safely finesse the ten next round. - -You will greatly assist your memory by systematically recording -inferences in the above manner. In addition to this you should apply -your knowledge of the principles to noting important points, not -attempting too much at first. Begin by counting the trumps as they -fall, and notice, at all events, the honours, and remember the turn-up -card. By degrees you will find yourself able to recollect the ten -and nine, and then the smaller trumps. Next attend to the suit led -originally by each player, and watch in the second round whether the -lead was from strength or weakness. Try also to remember the fall -of the cards in your own strong suit, that you may know when it is -established. Beyond this, experience will enable you to judge what to -retain and what to reject in each hand; so that, with practice, you -will acquire what may be termed _whist memory_ which will enable you, -without any great effort, to recollect the principal features of every -hand. - -The fall of the cards may, one time or another, modify nearly every -rule of play. A player who simply follows rule, and fails to grasp the -situations in which rule should be departed from, is a mere machine -without intelligence. General principles only apply to the general -case; to apply them to particular cases, observation, inference, and -judgment are essential. Thus, in the Analysis of Leads, it appears that -the card which should be led in trumps often differs from the card -which should be led in plain suits. The reason is given at p. 119. But -it will be clear to any one who reads between the lines, that plain -suits should be led like trumps, if all the remaining trumps are in the -leader's or his partner's hands; or, if all the trumps are out, and the -leader or his partner has certain cards of re-entry in other suits. - -As another example, take the case of returned leads. A leads a small -card; the second hand plays a small card; B (third hand) puts on the -eight; the fourth hand wins with the queen. When B gets the lead he -returns the knave. It is evident that B must have the ten and the -nine. Here two principles appear to conflict. One rule is, with four -originally return the smallest; the other rule is convey information -to your partner. When a player has thus to choose between two rules, -he must use his intelligence, in order to decide under which rule his -greater advantage lies. In the example given, the return of the knave -cannot deceive partner as to the number of cards held in the suit; -if he takes the trouble to think, he will at once perceive that the -rule as to returned leads has been departed from, in order to convey -information. - - * * * * * - -The three following Examples further illustrate cases where playing to -the board is involved. - - -CASE I. - -[Illustration: - - A 9♣, 4♣, 3♣, 2♣ - Y A♣, Qn♣, Knv♣, 5♣ - B 8♠, Kg♣, 8♣, 7♣ - Z 9♠, 7♠, 6♣, 9♢] - -Score: AB, three; YZ, four. Spades trumps. - -AB have six tricks and have played two by honours. It is known from -the fall of the cards that A has no trump; also that Z has the long -diamond. A to lead. - - * * * * * - -THE PLAY AND REMARKS.--A leads a small club. Y puts on the ace second -hand. In order to save (and win) the game, Y and his partner must win -every trick (see statement of score and of fall of the cards). Y sees -that to do this Z must have two of the three remaining trumps. This -being so, Z can have but one club, and Y therefore puts on the ace of -clubs second hand. - -For other illustrations _see_ Hands VIII and XV. - - -CASE II. - -[Illustration: - - A Qn♠, 8♠, 2♡ - Y 7♠, 7♡, 10♢ - B 9♠, Knv♢, 7♢ - Z Knv♠, 10♠, 3♠] - -Score: AB want two tricks to save the game. Hearts trumps. A to lead. - -A knows Y to have the best heart; also B to have the best diamond and -weak spades. - - * * * * * - -THE PLAY AND REMARKS.--A leads the queen of spades, and then the losing -trump. A takes the only chance of winning two tricks. To accomplish -this Y must hold one spade and one diamond, as will appear by placing -the unknown cards in any other way. A therefore plays on the assumption -that Y holds a spade and a diamond in addition to the trump which is -declared in his hand. - - * * * * * - -For another illustration of leading a losing trump to place the lead -_see_ Hand XXXV. - - -CASE III. - -It is the duty of a player to make the game as easy to his partner -as he can. The play often depends on the sort of partner. For -example:--you lead the ten from king, queen, knave, ten, only, or -from king, knave, ten, &c. Suppose the lead to be from the former -combination, and that your ten forces the ace from the fourth hand. -You obtain the lead again. The proper lead now is the queen. (_See_ -Analysis of Leads, p. 67). But, with an indifferent partner, the better -lead is the king, as he may not have drawn the correct inference from -the first lead, and knowing the queen is not the best, he may trump it. - -However good your partner may be, you should not put him into -unnecessary difficulties. For example:-- - -[Illustration: - - B Knv♣, Knv♢, 10♢, 4♢ - Z 6♠, 7♣, 5♢, 2♢ - A Qn♠, 10♠, Knv♡, 7♡ - Y Knv♠, 3♠, Kg♡, 9♡] - -Spades trumps. Y can count two hearts, and queen, ten of spades in A's -hand, and a small spade in Z's hand. A to lead. - -THE PLAY AND REMARKS.--A leads the seven of hearts. Y should put on -the king, though certain of being able to win with the nine. For, if -Y wins with the nine, he compels Z to play a coup, viz., to trump the -best heart, in order to get the lead through the queen, ten of spades; -but, if Y wins with the king and leads the losing heart, it requires no -ingenuity on Z's part to trump it. - - - - -COUPS. - - -There is no Whist principle which should not be occasionally violated, -owing to the knowledge of the hands derived from inference during the -play. Some of the more frequent of the cases, _where a general rule -can be given for departing from rule_, may advantageously close this -Section. - - -LEADING FROM WEAKEST SUIT. - -It is advisable in most cases where the game is desperate, and where it -is clear that your partner must be strong in your weak suit to save the -game, to lead your weakest suit, notwithstanding Principle 1 (p. 56). -Your partner should finesse deeply in the suit you lead him, and should -not return it, but, actuated by motives similar to yours, should lead -his weakest suit, in which you should finesse deeply, and continue your -weak suit, and so on. - -For example: AB (partners) lead trumps. They win the first three -tricks, and show four by honours, and three more trumps remain in A's -hand. Consequently, if AB win another trick, they win the game. Y or -Z now has the lead for the first time. _His lead should be from his -weakest suit_, on this principle: if his partner has not the command of -it, or a successful finesse in it, the game is lost. Say Y leads, and Z -wins the trick. Z should not return Y's lead, but should similarly lead -his weakest suit. - - * * * * * - -For an illustration of this coup, _see_ Hand XXVII. - - -TREATING LONG SUITS LIKE SHORT ONES, AND VICE VERSÂ. - -It often happens towards the end of a hand, that an unplayed suit, -of which the leader holds (say) four cards, can only go round twice, -_e.g._, there may be two trumps left in in one of the opponents' hands. -In such a case, if your suit is headed by queen or knave, you should -treat it as a suit of two cards only, and lead your highest, as this -gives the best chance of making two tricks in the suit. - - * * * * * - -In the reverse case, where a suit can only go round once, it is obvious -that a small card should be led, so as not to tempt partner to finesse. -Thus, holding queen and one small card of an unplayed suit, which you -are about to lead, all the opponents' cards but one being winning -cards, the proper lead is the small card. - - * * * * * - -For an illustration _see_ Hand XXII. - - * * * * * - -There is another case, known as _Deschapelles' coup_, where the proper -card to lead is not determined by the leader's numerical power in -the suit. It is this: all the adversaries' and partner's trumps are -exhausted, and the leader's partner remains with an established suit. -If the leader (not having any of his partner's suit left) is obliged -to open a fresh suit headed by king, queen, or knave, he should lead -the highest card, irrespective of the number of cards he holds in the -suit, that being the best chance of subsequently procuring the lead -for his partner in case his only card of entry in that suit should be -an honour, not the ace. - - * * * * * - -For an illustration of this coup, _see_ Hand XXVIII. - - * * * * * - -Deschapelles' coup often succeeds in practice, but it may generally -be defeated by an attentive player. When the above-described position -of the cards occurs, the adversary, if he has the ace of the fresh -suit led, should not put it on first round. The suit will, in all -probability, be continued with a low card, when the third player will -most likely be compelled to play his highest, which will be taken by -the ace; and, having lost the card of re-entry, he never brings in his -suit, unless he gets the lead in some other way. - - -REFUSING TO WIN THE SECOND ROUND OF A SUIT. - -This is a case of by no means infrequent occurrence. For example: one -of the adversaries has a long suit declared in his favour, which is led -a second time. Only one trump remains in, which is in the hand of the -second or fourth player. As a rule, the second round of the suit should -not be trumped. The third round will probably exhaust the adverse hand, -which is numerically weak in the suit. If it so happens that the player -who is numerically strong in it has no card of re-entry in any other -suit, he will then never bring in his long suit, as his partner, whose -hand is exhausted, cannot lead it again, should he get the lead after -the third round. If there is a card of re-entry in the hand of the -player who has numerical strength, he must bring in the suit, whether -the second round is trumped or not. - -_See_ Hand XXIX for an illustration of this position. - -A similar rule applies, but less frequently, when one adversary has the -long trumps, and his partner a long suit nearly established. - -For an illustration of this position, _see_ Hand XXX. - - -DECLINING TO DRAW THE LOSING TRUMP. - -When all the trumps are out but two, and the leader remains with the -best trump, the losing trump being in the hand of his adversary, the -natural and obvious play is to draw the last trump. - -But there is a class of cases in which the trump should not be drawn as -a matter of course, viz., if one adversary has a long suit established, -and his partner has a card of that suit to lead. - -The case usually happens in this way: YZ (partners) lead a suit, and -after two rounds establish it. They then lead trumps from a suit -of four trumps (_see_ p. 123). Eleven trumps come out, and A (YZ's -adversary) has the lead and the best trump, one of the opponents having -the losing trump. The question then arises, Should A draw the trump? - -A should draw the trump if he has also an established suit; or, if B -(A's partner) has an established suit, and A can put the lead into B's -hand. For, in these two cases, A or B cannot do better than bring in -their suit. Again, A should draw the trump, if the adversary who has -a suit established (say Z) has also the losing trump, for then, if -either Y or Z has a card of re-entry in either of the other two suits, -Z cannot be prevented from bringing in his established suit. Lastly, A -should draw the trump if Y (Z's partner) has the losing trump, and Z -has, declared in his hand, two cards of re-entry. The last case may be -dismissed as of but little practical use, as, at the time when A has to -decide whether he will draw the trump, he will seldom know enough about -the remaining cards to be positive that Z has two cards of re-entry. - -In the above cases, A, by not drawing the trump, makes his adversaries -a present of a trick. - -On the other hand, A should not draw the trump if one opponent (Z) has -an established suit, which Y (Z's partner) can lead, the losing trump -being in Y's hand. And, it is especially incumbent on A not to draw -the trump, if either he or his partner has a suit which will probably -be established by leading it, and if A can infer from the fall of the -cards that Y has _only one card_ of his partner's established suit in -his hand, subject, of course, to the qualifications already noted. - -The point aimed at in not drawing the trump, is, first to get the -commanding card of A's or B's long suit out of the adverse hand. Y or -Z thus obtains the lead, and continues the established suit, which A -trumps with the winning trump. If, now, Z has no card of re-entry in -the fourth--or unopened--suit, he never brings in his established suit, -Y not having another card of it to lead. - -The case is difficult to carry when stated thus generally; for an -illustration, _see_ Hand XXXI. - - -REFUSING TO OVERTRUMP. - -Cases often happen where it is not advisable to overtrump. Most of -these depend on the fall of the cards and on inferences from the play -(_see_ Hands XXIII, XXIV), and cannot be generalised. But there is one -case in which it is _never right_ to overtrump, viz., when three cards -remain in each hand, and one player holds the second and third best -trumps, with one of which he trumps the card led. If the player to his -left has the best and fourth best trumps, he can never gain anything by -overtrumping, and may lose a trick, as the following example shows:-- - -[Illustration: - - Y 9♢, 4♢, 10♡ - B 9♠, 8♠, Knv♣ - Z Kg♠, 6♠, A♢ - A 3♠, 8♡, 7♡] - -The position of the trumps (spades) is known. A leads a heart, B trumps -it. If Z overtrumps he loses the other two tricks, but if he throws the -ace of diamonds he wins the other two tricks. - -This rule for not overtrumping cannot be laid down absolutely when -there are more than three cards in hand; but when only four trumps -remain in, second and third best against best and fourth, it is so -frequently advisable not to overtrump, that the player should consider -well the position of the remaining cards before overtrumping. - - * * * * * - -For an illustration of this case, _see_ Hand XXV. - - * * * * * - -Since it is so often right not to overtrump under these circumstances, -it follows that when the case arises the player who holds second and -third best should, as a rule, attempt to defeat the coup by playing a -false card--_i.e._, he should trump with the higher card in hopes of -deceiving his left hand opponent as to the position of the third best -trump. - - -THROWING HIGH CARDS TO PLACE THE LEAD. - -This coup presents itself in a variety of forms; the following are -selected as likely to be of use. - -Whenever you are left at the end of a hand with the tenace in trumps -(either best and third best, or second best guarded) over the player to -your right, and two other cards, both being cards of the suit led by -him, you, second hand, should _always_ throw the highest card of his -lead to that trick. You can never lose by so doing, and may win. For -example: you have nine and five of the suit led. Throw the nine. For, -in the second round of the suit, it may so happen that you get the lead -with the nine. If the cards lie thus, for instance:-- - -[Illustration: - - Y 9♣, 5♣, A♡, 10♡ - B Knv♣, Qn♢, 8♢, 6♢ - Z Kg♣, Qn♣, 8♣, 3♣ - A A♣, 6♣, Kg♡, 7♡] - -Y has the tenace in hearts (trumps) over A. A leads ace of clubs. If Y -does not throw the nine, and Z plays carelessly and fails to win Y's -nine in the next round, YZ lose a trick. Of course, Z ought to win the -second round, but it is Y's duty to render it impossible for Z not to -do so (_see_ Remarks on making it easy to Partner, p. 139). - -The typical example of this coup is the case where the leader plays -the ace, and the second player has king guarded, as in the following -example:-- - -[Illustration: - - Y A♠, Knv♠, Kg♢, 2♢ - B - Z - A Kg♠, 10♠, A♢, 4♢] - -Spades trumps. There are only four spades in, and Y knows that A has -the king, ten. B's and Z's cards are immaterial. - -A leads the ace of diamonds. If Y plays the two of diamonds he can only -make two tricks; but, if he throws the king to the ace, he still makes -two tricks, and, if his partner has the queen of diamonds, he makes -three tricks. - - * * * * * - -This coup may be similarly played in plain suits. For an illustration -_see_ Hand XXXII. - -The following fine coup (which occurred in actual play) exemplifies a -similar, but more complicated, case:-- - -[Illustration: - - Y Kg♣, 5♣, 3♣, 2♣ - B 9♣, 6♣, 10♡, 8♡ - Z A♣, Qn♣, Qn♡, 9♡ - A Knv♣, 10♣, 8♣, 7♣] - -Score: YZ require every trick. Hearts trumps. It is known that the -trumps lie between B and Z. - -A leads a club; Y and B play small clubs. Z, knowing that B holds the -second best trump guarded, takes the only chance of saving the game, -by winning the first trick in clubs with the ace, and returning the -queen. Y, seeing his partner's anxiety to get rid of the lead, rightly -conjectures him to hold the major tenace in trumps. He, therefore, wins -his partner's queen of clubs with the king, and saves the game. - -It being known that the remaining trumps lie between B and Z, Y would -be right to win the second round of clubs under all circumstances of -the score. - -For another illustration of this coup, _see_ Hand XXXIII. - -On a similar principle, the leader not infrequently leads a losing -plain card, or a losing trump, at the end of a hand, in order to place -the lead. For illustrations, _see_ Case II, p. 138, and Hands XVI, -XVII, and XXXV. - - -THE GRAND COUP. - -The _Grand Coup_ consists in throwing away a superfluous trump. At the -first glance it appears impossible to have a superabundance of trumps; -but cases sometimes happen where a player has _a trump too many_. To -get rid of this trump--as by undertrumping a trick already trumped by -your partner, or by trumping a trick which he has won, or which you -know he may win--is to play the _grand coup_. - -The opportunity for playing the _grand coup_ generally happens in this -way. Two rounds of trumps come out, leaving five trumps in, two in the -hand of (say) B, and three in the hand of Z (the player to his left). -If B has the best and third best trumps, or the second best guarded, -and trumps are not led again, nor used for trumping, it is clear that -at the eleventh trick Z must obtain the lead, and must lead up to the -tenace in trumps. If, before the eleventh trick, Z trumps a trick of -his partner's (or, in the case of only seven trumps coming out in two -rounds, undertrumps a trick already trumped by his partner), and -the lead at the eleventh trick can thus be kept in--or put into--Z's -partner's hand, the _grand coup_ comes off, as in the following -example:-- - -[Illustration: - - Y Qn♠, 5♡, 3♡, 6♣ - B 10♣, 7♣, 5♢, 3♢ - Z Knv♡, Knv♣, 9♣, 5♣ - A 8♠, 6♠, 10♢, 9♢] - -Clubs trumps. Z knows that B has ten and another trump. A leads the ten -of diamonds; Y trumps with the six of clubs; Z undertrumps with the -five. If he retains his three trumps, and B refuses to trump the queen -of spades next led by Y, Z loses a trick in clubs. - -The opportunity for playing the _grand coup_ is often missed. A player -should always be on the look-out for it when he has five trumps, -especially if a trump is led to his right. It should be added also, -that if the player who attempts it retains a high card in his hand, he -may be just as badly off as though he remained with three trumps. Thus, -holding three trumps against two, and ace and another card of another -suit, it is not sufficient that he disposes of one of his trumps; he -should also get rid of his ace (_see_ Remarks on Throwing High Cards to -place the Lead, pp. 147-151). The following example will render this -more clear:-- - -[Illustration: - - Y Knv♡, 5♡, 5♣, Knv♢ - B Qn♡, 6♡, A♢, 5♢ - Z Qn♢, 10♢, 9♢, 8♢ - A 8♣, Kg♢, 7♢, 6♢] - -Hearts trumps. B has already got rid of his superfluous trump. A leads -the eight of clubs. B should throw the ace of diamonds to it. For, -if B has the lead after the next trick, he might just as well have -kept his third trump. If A has the king of diamonds, B wins a trick -by discarding the ace; and, if A has not the king, B loses nothing by -throwing the ace. - -An exception to this rule is when A has winning cards to go on with. -Thus, if A had another club, B need not discard the ace of diamonds. -This is too obvious to require working out. - - * * * * * - -The following is another aspect under which the _grand coup_ may -present itself:-- - -[Illustration: - - Y 7♣, 9♢, 6♢, 5♢ - B 8♠, Kg♡, Qn♡, Knv♡ - Z Qn♠, 5♡, 4♡, Qn♣ - A Knv♢, 10♢, 8♢, 7♢] - -Hearts trumps. It is known that B has king, queen, knave of trumps, and -a losing spade or club--but uncertain which. - -A leads the knave of diamonds. B trumps it. - -Z should throw away a small trump, undertrumping B in order to keep two -winning queens. If he discards a queen, he must do so at random, and -perhaps throw away the suit of which B has the small one. By discarding -his useless trump (which B would proceed to draw) he defers parting -with either queen till after the next round, when the fall of the cards -may assist him. B now leads a trump, and Y discards the losing club. -B then leads another trump, and Z now knows that he ought to keep the -spade. This case actually occurred in the presence of the writer, but -Z, instead of undertrumping, discarded the wrong queen at random, and -eventually lost the rubber in consequence. - - * * * * * - -For further illustrations of the _Grand Coup_, _see_ Hands XXXVIII and -XXXIX. - - * * * * * - -If the foregoing principles are reflectively perused, it will be seen -that they mould the Theory of Whist into a harmonious whole. The Theory -of Whist tells you how to play your own hand to the greatest advantage, -how to assist your partner, and how to weaken and to obstruct your -opponents; in short, it teaches how to take the best chance of making -the greatest number of tricks. This knowledge constitutes a _sound_ -player. If to theoretical perfection you add the power of accurate -observation, and of acute perception, together with a thorough -comprehension of the whist capacities of partners and of opponents, you -have all the elements necessary to form a Master of the Science. - - - - -PART II. - -HANDS. - - -The following hands are given in illustration of the general principles -discussed in Part I. The plan adopted in the arrangement of the hands -is to imitate closely the circumstances of actual play. Thus, at -starting, one player's hand is known, together with the score and the -turn-up card. Each player is then caused to play a card in his turn, -and at the end of the trick, the one player whose hand is known makes -observations, and draws inferences from the play, as though he were at -the whist table. - -A, Y, B, and Z, are the four players throughout. They are placed at the -table in the above order, A and B being partners against Y and Z. A is -the first leader, and Z the dealer. In "the play" the cards of each -trick are placed in the order in which the players sit round the table, -the card played by the person whose hand is under consideration being -the one nearest to the reader. The capital letter by each card shows to -which player it belongs. - -All the players are supposed to follow the ordinary rules of play, -as laid down in Part I. Thus, each player is credited with leading -originally from his strongest suit, and with leading the card of -it indicated in the Analysis of Leads (pp. 64-71); with playing the -lowest of a sequence when not leading; with returning the highest of a -numerically weak suit, the lowest of a strong suit, and so on. - -It has been remarked by critics, that the players are often made -to play badly. Most of the hands are taken from actual play; but, -independently of this, illustrations of indifferent play, with -comments, are obviously of value, as showing the kind of errors that -are likely to be made, and how and why to avoid them. - -[Illustration] - - -HAND I. - - Trump lead from four trumps on establishment of suit. - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - Qn, 10, 5, 3 ♠ - A ♡ - A, 7, 6, 3 ♣ - Kg, Knv, 9, 2 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Two of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 4♢ Qn♢ A♢ 2♢] - -REMARK.--A leads from his strongest suit (_see_ p. 56). Having no -sequence, he leads the lowest card of the suit (_see_ p. 60). - -The fall of the queen and ace in this round, leaves A with the winning -diamonds and a small one. His suit is virtually established (_see_ p. -57). - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. Y B Z↷ A - Qn♣ 4♣ 5♣ 3♣] - -REMARK.--A plays his lowest card second hand (_see_ p. 82). - -B allowing the queen to win, may be presumed not to have the king. - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. Y↷ B Z A - 7♡ Qn♡ 3♡ A♡] - -REMARK.--It is unlucky that A is obliged to win his partner's queen. -The king of hearts is most probably in B's hand, as it is not likely -that B has only one heart, and with queen and small ones B would pass. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. Y B Z A↷ - 4♠ Kg♠ 2♠ 3♠] - -REMARK.--This is an instructive trump lead. A, at the first start, with -but four trumps, and only one heart, would not have been justified -in leading a trump. But, his strong suit being established, and his -partner having (probably) the best heart, his game is now to lead -trumps. Consider carefully the Management of Trumps (pp. 119-23), and -apply the arguments there made use of to the present situation. - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. Y B↷ Z A - A♠ 7♠ 8♠ 10♠] - -REMARK (Trick 5).--A finesses the ten (_see_ pp. 93-94). - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. Y↷ B Z A - 8♡ Kg♡ 10♡ 6♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 3 - - 7. Y B↷ Z A - 6♢ 5♢ 3♢ Knv♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 3 - - 8. Y B Z A↷ - 6♠ 7♢ 9♠ Qn♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 4 - - 9. Y B Z A↷ - 10♢ 8♢ Knv♠ Kg♢] - -REMARKS.--At Trick 9, A forces the best trump, and remains with the -thirteenth to bring in the diamond. If Z refuses the force, A (Trick -10) leads nine of diamonds and (Trick 11) the losing trump. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 4 - - 10. Y B Z↷ A - 2♡ 9♣ 2♣ 7♣] - -At Trick 10, if A plays ace of clubs he will be left with a losing -club. By passing, he gives B a chance of winning the trick, and cannot -lose even if Y has king of clubs. It has been suggested that Z's best -lead, at Trick 10, is king of clubs, on the chance of catching ace and -knave; but Z's play is not under examination. - - * * * * * - -Tricks 11 to 13.--Whatever B leads, A makes the remaining tricks, and - - AB win three by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Ace, 6, 4 ♠|Kg, 7 ♠|Knv, 9, 8, 2 ♠ - Knv, 9, 8, 7, 4, 2 ♡|Kg, Qn, 6, 5 ♡|10, 3 ♡ - Qn ♣|Knv, 9, 4 ♣|Kg, 10, 8, 5, 2 ♣ - 10, 6, 4 ♢|Qn, 8, 7, 5 ♢|Ace, 3 ♢ - - -HAND II. - - Trump lead from four moderate trumps. - -[Illustration: B'S HAND. - - Knv, 10, 7, 5 ♠ - Kg, 6 ♡ - A, 8, 6 ♣ - A, 10, 9, 2 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Two of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Z A↷ Y B - 4♢ Kg♢ 7♢ 2♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. Z A↷ Y B - Knv♢ 5♢ 8♢ A♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. Z A Y B↷ - 2♠ Kg♠ A♠ 5♠] - -REMARK (Trick 3).--B has four trumps, and defence in hearts and clubs, -his partner's suit is established, and no adverse strength in trumps -has been exhibited. B therefore leads trumps. (Consider carefully the -arguments at pp. 122, 123, respecting leads from four trumps, and apply -them to this case.) To judge when to lead from four moderate trumps is -an important point in the game, which hands such as this are given to -illustrate and explain. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 1 - - 4. Z A Y↷ B - 9♣ 5♣ Kg♣ A♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. Z A Y B↷ - 6♠ 8♠ Qn♠ 10♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. Z A Y↷ B - 10♣ 7♣ Qn♣ 6♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. Z A Y↷ B - 9♠ Knv♣ 2♣ 8♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 5 - - 8. Z↷ A Y B - A♡ 2♡ 7♡ 6♡] - -TRICKS 9 to 13.--Z leads knave of hearts which B wins. B draws the two -trumps (if he remembers down to the seven) and brings in the diamonds, -and - - AB win two by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (B's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, 8 ♠|Ace, Qn, 4, 3 ♠|9, 6, 2 ♠ - 5, 3, 2 ♡|10, 7 ♡|Ace, Qn, Knv, 9, 8, 4 ♡ - Knv, 7, 5 ♣|Kg, Qn, 4, 3, 2 ♣|10, 9 ♣ - Kg, Qn, 6, 5, 3 ♢|8, 7 ♢|Knv, 4 ♢ - -At Trick 2, A leads his original fourth-best diamond (_see_ Appendix -A). In this hand it is immaterial whether A makes the American lead or -not. - - -HAND III. - -A simple elementary hand, save in one point which demands strict -attention to the rule respecting returned leads (_see_ pp. 79-81). - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - A, Qn, Knv, 10, 2 ♠ - Qn, 6 ♡ - A, 9, 8, 3 ♣ - 9, 3 ♢ - -Score: AB, 2; YZ, Love. - -Knave of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 5♠ 4♠ 3♠ A♠] - -REMARK.--A leads from his strongest suit (_see_ p. 66). Holding ace, -queen, knave, ten, he leads out ace and ten (_see_ Analysis of Leads, -p. 66). - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 1 - - 2. Y B Z A↷ - 6♠ 8♠ Kg♠ 10♠] - -REMARK.--A continues his suit (_see_ p. 74). - -As the cards happen to lie A would have been able to make a successful -finesse against the king of spades. But A, not having seen Z's hand, -can only play on general principles. - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. Y B Z↷ A - Kg♢ 2♢ 6♢ 3♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 3 - - 4. Y↷ B Z A - A♢ 5♢ 4♢ 9♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. Y↷ B Z A - 4♡ 3♡ Knv♡ Qn♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS { AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. Y B Z A↷ - 6♣ Qn♣ 4♣ 3♣] - -REMARK (Trick 6).--A has now the command of his suit, and four trumps. -The adversaries have not shown any particular strength in trumps, -either by leading them or by calling for them, though they have had the -opportunity of doing both, and A therefore assumes that the trumps are -pretty evenly divided, and leads a trump (_see_ pp. 122, 123). A is not -deterred from opening the trump suit because an honour was turned up -(_see_ p. 122). - - * * * * * - -B's winning the trick with the queen shows that Z has not got the king. - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 3 - - 7. Y B↷ Z A - 10♣ 7♣ 5♣ A♣] - -REMARK (Trick 7).--B returns his partner's lead of trumps (_see_ p. -125). - - * * * * * - -This is the important trick of the hand. Note the card returned by B, -the seven, and if in doubt as to the fall of the trumps, look at the -previous trick (_see_ Law 91, p. 18). In that trick, the small clubs -that fall are the three, six, and four, and in the present one, the -seven, five, and ten. Nobody having played the two, A may place it by -inference in B's hand, for the adversaries not winning the trick may -be supposed to play their lowest cards. Assuming B to hold the two, it -may be inferred that he has that card and no other left in the suit. -For he returns the seven, a higher card than the two; and the rule is -to return the higher of two remaining cards, the lowest if holding more -than two (_see_ p. 80. Consider carefully the example given there, and -apply it to the present situation). - -The king and knave are therefore in the opponents' hands, and divided. -Z has the knave (which he turned up), and he has not the king, as he -could not win the queen in the previous trick. Y must consequently hold -it. - -It may be objected that this train of reasoning is too close and -elaborate to serve the purpose of inexperienced players. It is, -perhaps, a little difficult for an elementary hand; but the careful -observance of the rule of play respecting returned leads is so -important, that it has been deemed advisable to insist strongly -upon it. Of course, when playing with those who do not attend to -the conversation of the game, all pains bestowed on working out the -position of the cards from such data as the preceding is so much -trouble thrown away. - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 4 - - 8. Y B Z A↷ - Kg♣ 2♣ Knv♣ 8♣] - -Assuming, then, that A's partner can be depended on to play according -to rule, it is morally certain that the trumps are evenly divided, -and that a third round will leave A with a long trump to bring in his -spades. Accordingly, A leads the eight of clubs (_see_ Trick 8, above). - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 4 - - 9. Y↷ B Z A - Kg♡ A♡ 9♡ 6♡] - -TRICKS 10 to 13.--B (Trick 10) leads a small diamond, though, as the -cards happen to lie, his lead is immaterial. A trumps the diamond, and -brings in the spades; and - - AB win three by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - 9, 6, 5 ♠|8, 4 ♠|Kg, 7, 3 ♠ - Kg, 10, 8, 4, 2 ♡|Ace, 7, 5, 3 ♡|Knv, 9 ♡ - Kg, 10, 6 ♣|Qn, 7, 2 ♣|Knv, 5, 4 ♣ - Ace, Kg ♢|Knv, 8, 5, 2 ♢|Qn, 10, 7, 6, 4 ♢ - - -HAND IV. - -An instructive hand, illustrative of playing to the score. - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - Kg, 9, 5, 4 ♠ - A, Knv, 4 ♡ - Kg, 6, 2 ♣ - Qn, Knv, 4 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Queen of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - Knv♠ 7♠ 3♠ 4♠] - -REMARK.--A leads from his strongest suit (_see_ p. 56). - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 1 - - 2. Y↷ B Z A - 5♡ 2♡ Kg♡ A♡] - -REMARK.--It may be inferred that hearts are Y's strongest suit. - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. Y B Z A↷ - 6♢ 2♢ A♢ Qn♢] - -REMARK (Trick 3).--A having found his partner weak in spades (_see_ -Trick 1), does not continue his suit (_see_ p. 75). - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 3 - - 4. Y B Z↷ A - Qn♡ 8♡ 6♡ 4♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. Y↷ B Z A - 7♡ 10♡ 3♡ Knv♡] - -REMARK.--Presuming the players are to be depended on for following -the elementary rules of the game, it is clear from the fall of the -cards that Y holds the remaining heart, the nine. B drops the ten, so -he ought not to have the nine, the rule being to play the lowest card -when not able to win the trick. Z ought not to have another heart, for -he returned the six (_see_ Trick 4), and now plays the three. Having -returned the higher card he can hold no more (_see_ p. 80). - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. Y B Z A↷ - 7♢ 3♢ 10♢ Knv♢] - -REMARK.--It is evident that Z, dropping the ten, will trump the next -round of diamonds. Nevertheless, A's game is to continue the diamond -(Trick 7), to give Z the lead, and to make B last player. - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. Y B Z A↷ - 9♢ Kg♢ 4♣ 4♢] - -REMARK (Trick 7).--Y, dropping the nine of diamonds, may be taken to -have no more, as, not being able to win the trick, he is assumed to -play his smallest. The remaining diamonds are therefore with B. - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 4 - - 8. Y B Z↷ A - 2♠ 5♣ A♠ 5♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 5 - - 9. Y B↷ Z A - 3♣ Knv♣ A♣ 2♣] - -REMARK.--Z, with ace, queen, second hand (_see_ his hand below), -follows the usual rule (_see_ p. 86). It is open to argument whether Z -should depart from rule in this case. But Z's hand is not the one under -examination. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 5 - - 10. Y B Z↷ A - Qn♠ 5♢ 6♠ Kg♠] - -REMARK.--The fall of the queen of spades from Y shows A that the two -remaining spades are in Z's hand. Z's third card is the queen of clubs, -which he turned up. - -[Illustration: TRICK 11. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 5 - - 11. Y B Z A↷ - 8♣ 7♣ Qn♣ Kg♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 12. - - TRICKS {AB, 7 YZ, 5 - - 12. Y B Z A↷ - 9♡ 10♣ 8♠ 9♠] - -REMARK (Trick 12).--A's lead here is instructive. He knows his partner -(B) has one diamond and no spade and no heart (_see_ Tricks 5, 7, and -10). B's other card must therefore be a club (trump). If it is the -best trump, A wins two by cards by leading a trump. But if it is not -the winning trump, a trump lead loses the odd trick. It is better to -make certain of the odd trick than to risk losing it for the chance of -winning two by cards; for the odd trick makes a difference of two to -the score. A therefore properly ensures the odd trick by forcing his -partner (_see_ p. 134). - -Suppose the score to be AB three, and YZ one. Then A would be justified -in leading the trump at Trick 12. For, if B has the ten, AB win two by -cards and the game; and, if B has not the ten, AB lose the odd trick; -the score remaining AB three, YZ two. It is better to run the risk of -this score for the sake of the game, than to make certain of scoring -only four and of leaving the adversaries at one. - - AB win the odd trick. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Qn, Knv, 2 ♠|7 ♠|Ace, 10, 8, 6, 3 ♠ - Qn, 9, 7, 5 ♡|10, 8, 2 ♡|Kg, 6, 3 ♡ - 9, 8, 3 ♣|Knv, 10, 7, 5 ♣|Ace, Qn, 4 ♣ - 9, 7, 6 ♢|Kg, 8, 5, 3, 2 ♢|Ace, 10 ♢ - -In the following hands the comments will be fewer, it being assumed -that explanations of ordinary play are unnecessary. - - -HAND V. - -Illustrative of the advantage of returning the highest of a short suit. - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - A, 9, 6, 2 ♠ - 4, 2 ♡ - Kg, 10, 7, 4 ♣ - 8, 6, 4 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Three of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 6♣ A♣ 2♣ 4♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. Y B↷ Z A - 8♣, Knv♣, 5♣, 7♣] - -REMARK (Trick 2).--A's finesse here is justifiable, because he has -strength in trumps (_see_ p. 94). With only three trumps, A's better -play would be to secure the trick at once. - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 0 - - 3. Y B↷ Z A - 9♣ 3♣ Qn♣ Kg♣] - -REMARK.--Note the advantage of the return of the strengthening card at -Trick 2, in accordance with General Principle 5 (p. 79). The command -is left with the presumably strong hand; and the queen is completely -hemmed in. It is true the queen might have been in Y's hand. In that -case the queen must make whatever card is returned. A similar position -occurs at Trick 9. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 1 - - 4. Y B Z A↷ - 4♠ Qn♠ Kg♠ 2♠] - -REMARK.--A did not lead the trump at first; but now he does so for -these reasons: he has the long card of his suit; trumps are his -strongest suit (p. 119); and the adversaries have had the opportunity -of calling for trumps (_see_ pp. 125, 126), and have not made use of -it, which is negative evidence that there is no very great strength of -trumps in one hand. - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. Y B Z↷ A - 3♡ 5♡ Kg♡ 2♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. Y B Z↷ A - 7♡ 8♡ A♡ 4♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. Y B Z↷ A - Qn♡ Knv♡ 6♡ 4♢] - -REMARK (Trick 7).--A being strong in trumps passes the doubtful card -(_see_ p. 129). - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 4 - - 8. Y↷ B Z A - Knv♢ A♢ 5♢ 6♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 4 - - 9. Y B↷ Z A - 7♠ 10♠ 3♠ 6♠] - -TRICKS 10 to 13.--B leads the five of spades, which brings down all -the outstanding trumps. A makes the thirteenth club and the trump; the -adversary makes the king of diamonds (_see_ the hands below). - - * * * * * - - AB win two by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - 8, 7, 4 ♠|Qn, 10, 5 ♠|Kg, Knv, 3 ♠ - Qn, 10 7, 3 ♡|Knv, 8, 5 ♡|Ace, Kg, 9, 6 ♡ - 9, 8, 6 ♣|Ace, Knv, 3 ♣|Qn, 5, 2 ♣ - Knv, 10, 9 ♢|Ace, Qn, 3, 2 ♢|Kg, 7, 5 ♢ - - -HAND VI. - -Playing to the score. - -[Illustration: Y'S HAND. - - A, 8, 6, 5 ♠ - A, Kg, Qn, 2 ♡ - Qn, Knv ♣ - 8, 6, 4 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Two of diamonds turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. B Z A↷ Y - A♣ 4♣ 2♣ Knv♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. B↷ Z A Y - 3♣ 10♣ Kg♣ Qn♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. B Z A↷ Y - 6♡ 9♡ 3♡ Qn♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. B Z A Y↷ - 5♡ Knv♡ 4♡ A♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. B Z A Y↷ - 7♡ 2♠ 8♡ Kg♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. B Z A Y↷ - Kg♠ 3♠ 4♠ A♠] - -REMARK (Trick 6).--The lead here is the point in the hand. Y has three -tricks up; there is a whole suit (clubs) against him, and his adversary -B has called for trumps (_see_ Tricks 3 and 4). It is, consequently, -Y's duty to make five tricks (which save the game if Z has an honour) -as quickly as possible. He therefore leads the ace of spades to make -the fourth trick, and (Trick 7) forces his partner (though without any -strength of trumps in his own hand, _see_ pp. 132, 133) to make the -fifth. - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. B Z A Y↷ - 10♢ Qn♢ 10♡ 2♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 5 - - 8. B Z↷ A Y - 5♣ Knv♠ Qn♠ 5♠] - -TRICKS 9 to 13.--A leads a trump (the knave, _see_ his hand below), in -obedience to the call, and - - AB score two by cards and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Y's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Qn, 4 ♠|Kg ♠|Knv, 10, 9, 7, 3, 2 ♠ - 10, 8, 4, 3 ♡|7, 6, 5 ♡|Knv, 9 ♡ - Kg, 9, 7, 2 ♣|Ace, 8, 6, 5, 3 ♣|10, 4 ♣ - Knv, 5, 3 ♢|Ace, Kg, 10, 7 ♢|Qn, 9, 2 ♢ - - * * * * * - -At Trick 2, B, with the club suit well nigh established (assuming his -partner to have led from strength), and four trumps, two honours, -should risk a trump lead. He cannot lose the game; and if his partner -has an average hand, a trump lead will, in all probability, give AB a -good score. As a matter of fact it would win the game, but that proves -nothing. - - -HAND VII. - -The lead of the fourth-best (_see_ Appendix A), and counting the hands -(_see_ pp. 116-17). - -[Illustration: Z'S HAND. - - Qn, 10 ♠ - Ace, Qn, 6, 5, 4 ♡ - 9, 8 ♣ - Knv, 6, 5, 3 ♢ - -Score: AB, love; YZ, four. - -Eight of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. A↷ Y B Z - 4♠, 5♠, 9♠, 10♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. A Y B Z↷ - Kg♠, A♠, 7♠, Qn♠] - -REMARK (Trick 2).--Z's better play would be to open the heart suit. - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 3 - - 3. A Y↷ B Z - Knv♡ 7♡ 8♡ Qn♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 4 - - 4. A Y B Z↷ - 7♢ A♢ 4♢ 3♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 4 - - 5. A Y↷ B Z - 8♢ 10♢ Kg♢ 5♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. A Y B↷ Z - Kg♣ 3♣ Qn♣ 8♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. A↷ Y B Z - A♣ 4♣ 2♣ 9♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 5 - - 8. A↷ Y B Z - Knv♠ 6♣ 6♠ 4♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 6 - - 9. A Y↷ B Z - 2♠ 2♡ 3♡ 5♡] - -REMARK.--It is now clear that Y led from five hearts originally (_see_ -his lead, Trick 3, and p. 116). Consequently, YZ have all the remaining -hearts between them. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 7 - - 10. A Y B Z↷ - 9♢ 7♣ 2♢ 6♢] - -REMARK.--Z can count his partner's hand, viz., three more hearts (_see_ -Remark, Trick 9) and one other card, either the deuce of diamonds -(_see_ the fall of the diamonds, Tricks 4 and 5), or a trump. If Y has -the diamond, it matters not what Z leads, as B must then hold four -trumps. Z therefore assumes that his partner has another trump, and -plays to force him. - -But if Z could not tell that Y has three hearts, or rather could tell -that he has only two, Z's proper lead at Trick 10 would be the ace of -hearts. For then B must have a heart, and if Z leads a losing diamond, -B discards his heart on it, and wins the game. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Z's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. - Kg, Knv, 8, 4, 3, 2 ♠|Ace, 5 ♠|9, 7, 6 ♠ - Knv ♡|Kg, 10, 9, 7, 2 ♡|8, 3 ♡ - Ace, Kg ♣|7, 6, 4, 3 ♣|Qn, Knv, 10, 5, 2 ♣ - Qn, 9, 8, 7 ♢|Ace, 10 ♢|Kg, 4, 2 ♢ - -At Trick 6, B should play to force his partner in hearts instead of -leading trumps. - - -HAND VIII. - -Playing to the score and to the fall of the cards. - -Game won in spite of partner's bad play. - -[Illustration: Z'S HAND. - - 10, 9 ♠ - 8, 4, 3 ♡ - Kg, Qn, 8, 2 ♣ - A, Knv, 8, 5 ♢ - -Score: AB, one; YZ, three. - -Eight of hearts turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. A↷ Y B Z - 6♠ A♠ 4♠ 9♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 1 - - 2. A Y↷ B Z - Knv♡ 5♡ 9♡ 3♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. A↷ Y B Z - Qn♠ 2♡ Kg♠ 10♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. A Y↷ B Z - Qn♡ 6♡ 10♡ 4♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. A↷ Y B Z - A♡ 7♡ 3♢ 8♡] - -REMARK.--Drawing two for one. - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. A↷ Y B Z - Knv♠ Kg♡ 8♠ 5♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. A Y↷ B Z - 6♣ 4♣ 7♣ Qn♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 4 - - 8. A Y B Z↷ - 2♠ 8♣ A♣ 2♣] - -REMARK.--Y must have knave. - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 5 - - 9. A Y B↷ Z - Qn♢ 2♢ 4♢ A♢] - -REMARK (Trick 9).--Z manages to win the game, in spite of his partner, -by putting on ace second hand and leading a club. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 6 - - 10. A Y B Z↷ - 3♠ 3♣ 9♣ Kg♣] - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--Z (Trick 11) leads a club; Y makes two more tricks in -clubs, and - - YZ win two by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Z's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. - Qn, Knv, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2 ♠|Ace ♠|Kg, 8, 4 ♠ - Ace, Qn, Knv ♡|Kg, 7, 6, 5, 2 ♡|10, 9 ♡ - 6 ♣|Knv, 10, 5, 4, 3 ♣|Ace, 9, 7 ♣ - Kg, Qn ♢|7, 2 ♢|10, 9, 6, 4, 3 ♢ - -At Trick 3, Y plays badly to trump the doubtful spade (_see_ p. 129). -At same trick, B plays well to get rid of the command of his partner's -suit (_see_ p. 96), as A, from the lead, must have knave of spades, and -Z, from the previous fall of the cards, must have the ten single. - -At Trick 4, Y's continuing the trump is bad, after ruining his -numerical strength. For he has no particular strength out of trumps -(_see_ his hand), and his partner is evidently very weak in trumps. - -As the cards happen to lie, if Z does not put on ace of diamonds second -hand at Trick 9, A brings in the spades, and YZ lose the game instead -of winning it. - - -HAND IX. - -Counting the cards. - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - A, Qn, Knv, 8, 7 ♠ - A, 7 ♡ - 9, 7, 4, 3 ♣ - 7, 6 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Five of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 3♠ 2♠ 5♠ A♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 1 - - 2. Y B Z A↷ - Kg♠ 9♠ 10♠ Knv♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. Y↷ B Z A - 5♡ Knv♡ 2♡ 7♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 1 - - 4. Y B↷ Z A - 4♢ A♢ Knv♢ 6♢] - -REMARK.--B has led from a suit of at least five diamonds. - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. Y B↷ Z A - 5♢ 3♢ Kg♢ 7♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. Y B Z↷ A - Kg♣ 10♣ A♣ 3♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. Y B Z↷ A - 4♠ Qn♣ 2♣ 4♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 4 - - 8. Y↷ B Z A - 9♢ Qn♢ 5♣ A♡] - -REMARK (Trick 8).--Well played by A. He can count B's hand. The ten of -diamonds is marked in Y's hand, so B has two diamonds and three hearts. -Therefore B must have had four hearts originally, and as it is not the -game to put on knave, second hand, with four, holding less than three -honours (_see_ Trick 3 and Analysis of Play of Second Hand, p. 85), B -must hold both king and queen of hearts. - - * * * * * - -TRICKS 9 to 13.--B leads king, queen of hearts, to which A discards -clubs. A makes his three trumps, and - - AB score three by cards and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, 6, 4, 3 ♠|9, 2 ♠|10, 5 ♠ - 10, 9, 6, 5 ♡|Kg, Qn, Knv, 4 ♡|8, 3, 2 ♡ - Kg ♣|Qn, 10 ♣|Ace, Knv, 8, 6, 5, 2 ♣ - 10, 9, 5, 4 ♢|Ace, Qn, 8, 3, 2 ♢|Kg, Knv ♢ - -At Trick 7, Z does not lead his original fourth-best, as great strength -in trumps is declared against him. (_See_ Appendix A.) - -At Trick 8, Y's play is difficult. He might have noticed that his best -chance of winning the game is for A to hold only winning hearts and a -losing club; and this being so, Y should not lead a diamond. - -[Illustration] - - -HAND X. - -Counting the hands. Simple instance of departure from rule. - -[Illustration: Y'S HAND. - - A, 9, 7, 4 ♠ - Qn, 6, 5, 3 ♡ - A, 3 ♣ - Kg, 9, 5 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Six of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. B Z A↷ Y - 4♣ Qn♣ 10♣ 3♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. B Z↷ A Y - 3♠ 5♠ 2♠ A♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. B Z A Y↷ - 8♠ 10♠ Kg♠ 4♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 3 - - 4. B Z A↷ Y - 7♣ 6♣ Knv♣ A♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. B Z A Y↷ - Qn♠ 6♠ 2♡ 7♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. B↷ Z A Y - 8♣ 9♣ Kg♣ 9♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. B Z A Y↷ - 8♡ A♡ 4♡ 3♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 6 - - 8. B Z↷ A Y - 3♢ A♢ 4♢ 5♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 7 - - 9. B Z↷ A Y - 7♢ Knv♢ 2♣ 9♢] - -REMARK (Trick 9).--The lead of ace, followed by knave, indicates a five -card suit, headed by ace, queen, knave, and a desire that partner, if -he holds the king, should put it on second round (_see_ p. 101). But -in this case Y can count the hands, and therefore departs from rule, -and does not put on the king. Z has a trump, and three diamonds, the -ten guarded being in B's hand. If Y follows rule and puts on king -of diamonds, he loses a trick in diamonds; by passing the knave, he -ensures five by cards. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 8 - - 10. B Z↷ A Y - 8♢ 2♢ 7♡ Kg♢] - - * * * * * - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--Whatever Y leads, Z makes the remaining tricks, and - - YZ win five by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Y's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, 2 ♠|Qn, 8, 3 ♠|Knv, 10, 6, 5 ♠ - Knv, 9, 7, 4, 2 ♡|Kg, 10, 8 ♡|Ace ♡ - Kg, Knv, 10, 5, 2 ♣|8, 7, 4 ♣|Qn, 9, 6 ♣ - 4 ♢|10, 8, 7, 3 ♢|Ace, Qn, Knv, 6, 2 ♢ - -At Trick 2 Z's trump lead is rather forward, but justifiable with his -hand at the score of love-all, especially as Y must hold the ace of -clubs. - - -HAND XI. - -Discarding, and playing to the score. - -[Illustration: Z'S HAND. - - A, Qn, 7, 6 ♠ - Qn, 9, 6 ♡ - Qn, 8, 4, 2 ♣ - 7, 3 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Six of hearts turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. A↷ Y B Z - Kg♢ 6♢ 2♢ 3♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. A↷ Y B Z - A♢ 5♢ Knv♢ 7♢] - -REMARK.--Y has called for trumps. - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. A↷ Y B Z - 4♢ 8♢ 4♡ 6♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. A Y B Z↷ - Kg♡ A♡ 7♡ Qn♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. A Y↷ B Z - 2♡ Knv♡ 10♡ 9♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. A Y↷ B Z - 10♢ Qn♢ 3♣ 2♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. A Y↷ B Z - 3♠ 9♢ 7♣ 6♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 6 - - 8. A Y↷ B Z - 8♠ 3♡ 2♠ 7♠] - -TRICKS 9 to 13.--Y (Trick 9) leads a spade. He is directed to the spade -suit by Z's _original discard_ of a club at Trick 6 (_see_ p. 104), -notwithstanding that Z has since discarded two spades. Z plays properly -to keep his queen of clubs guarded after his first discard, as he only -wants at most two tricks besides the two trumps which he knows to be -in Y's hand. Y, at Trick 8, leads a heart to show he has all the other -hearts, as it is possible that the best heart may be held up by the -adversary. Y thus tells Z not to finesse if he has one trick certain -(_see_ score). - -Z puts on the ace of spades, at Trick 9, as that card and the two -trumps in Y's hand make the game. If Z finesses he only scores four, -as will be seen by referring to the hands below. Z's play would not be -right if he had only five tricks up, as he would then want one more -trick to win the game. In that case he should finesse. This is a good -illustration of playing to the score. - - YZ score three by cards and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Z's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. - Kg, 9, 8, 3 ♠|5 ♠|Knv, 10, 4, 2 ♠ - Kg, 2 ♡|Ace, Knv, 8, 5, 3 ♡|10, 7, 4 ♡ - Kg, 9, 5 ♣|Knv, 6 ♣|Ace, 10, 7, 3 ♣ - Ace, Kg, 10, 4 ♢|Qn, 9, 8, 6, 5 ♢|Knv, 2 ♢ - -At Trick 3, A is justified in risking a force on his partner, though -weak in trumps himself. Strength in trumps has been adversely declared -by the call (_see_ pp. 132, 133), and there is nothing to show that B -has not the queen of diamonds. - -At Trick 4, it is doubtful whether A should cover the strengthening -card led (_see_ p. 88). - - -HAND XII. - -Discarding. - -[Illustration: Z'S HAND. - - Qn, 9, 7 ♠ - Kg, 10, 6, 5 ♡ - Qn, 6, 5 ♣ - 10, 4, 2 ♢ - -Score: AB, love; YZ, four. - -Two of diamonds turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. A↷ Y B Z - Qn♢ 6♢ 3♢ 2♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. A↷ Y B Z - A♢ 8♢ 7♢ 4♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 0 - - 3. A↷ Y B Z - Kg♢ 9♢ 7♣ 10♢] - -REMARK (Trick 3).--The knave of diamonds, and therefore the command of -trumps, is marked in Y's hand. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 0 - - 4. A↷ Y B Z - Kg♠ 4♠ 3♠ 7♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 0 - - 5. A↷ Y B Z - A♠ 6♠ 5♠ 9♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 1 - - 6. A↷ Y B Z - 2♠ 2♡ Knv♠ Qn♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 2 - - 7. A Y B Z↷ - Kg♣ A♣ 8♣ Qn♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 3 - - 8. A Y↷ B Z - 5♢ Knv♢ 3♡ 5♣] - -REMARK (Trick 7).--Z properly concludes, as his partner has command of -trumps (_see_ Remark, Trick 3), that his discard (Trick 6) was from his -weakest suit, notwithstanding the adverse trump lead, and therefore Z -leads clubs. If Z mistakes the character of his partner's discard, and -leads a heart, he loses the game (_see_ pp. 105-6, and apply the rules -of play there stated to the present situation). - - * * * * * - -TRICKS 9 to 13.--Y brings in the clubs (_see_ his hand below), and - - YZ win the odd trick. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Z's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. - Ace, Kg, 10, 2 ♠|6, 4 ♠|Knv, 8, 5, 3 ♠ - Ace, 9, 7 ♡|4, 2 ♡|Qn, Knv, 8, 3 ♡ - King, 3 ♣|Ace, Knv, 10, 4, 2 ♣|9, 8, 7 ♣ - Ace, Kg, Qn, 5 ♢|Knv, 9, 8, 6 ♢|7, 3 ♢ - -At Trick 7, A is right to cover the queen of clubs (_see_ p. 88). - -[Illustration] - - -HAND XIII. - -Getting rid of the command of partner's suit (_see_ p. 97). - -[Illustration: Z'S HAND. - - Kg, 10, 5 ♠ - A, 6, 5 ♡ - 9, 8, 3 ♣ - 10, 9, 8, 2 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Five of hearts turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. A↷ Y B Z - Qn♣ Kg♣ A♣ 3♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. A Y B↷ Z - Qn♡ 4♡ 2♡ 5♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. A↷ Y B Z - 8♡ 9♡ 3♡ 6♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. A Y↷ B Z - 4♢ A♢ 3♢ 8♢] - -REMARK.--_See_ p. 97. - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. A Y↷ B Z - 7♢ Knv♢ Kg♢ 9♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. A Y B↷ Z - 10♣ 10♡ 7♣ 8♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 3 - - 7. A Y↷ B Z - 2♣ Qn♢ 7♡ 10♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 3 - - 8. A Y B↷ Z - 9♠ 6♠ A♠ 5♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 4 - - 9. A Y B↷ Z - Knv♠ 7♠ 2♠ Kg♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 5 - - 10. A Y B Z↷ - 4♣ Knv♡ Kg♡ A♡] - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--Z (Trick 11) leads deuce of diamonds. Y makes two -tricks in diamonds (note the advantage to YZ of Z's having got rid of -the command). - - YZ win the odd trick. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Z's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. - Knv, 9 ♠|8, 7, 6 ♠|Ace, Qn, 4, 3, 2 ♠ - Qn, 8 ♡|Knv, 10, 9, 4 ♡|Kg, 7, 3, 2 ♡ - Qn, Knv, 10, 6, 5, 4, 2 ♣|Kg ♣|Ace, 7 ♣ - 7, 4 ♢|Ace, Qn, Knv, 6, 5 ♢|Kg, 3 ♢ - -At Trick 2, Z plays the turn-up card (_see_ p. 114). - -At Trick 3, B passes the nine of trumps. If the tenace is against him -covering does no good; and there is a reasonable chance that the ace -will fall. - -At Trick 6, B, having found A weak in trumps, and the whole diamond -suit being declared against him, alters his tactics, and does not -continue trumps. - -At Trick 7, Y plays properly in attempting to force the strong trump -hand, keeping knave of hearts with which to trump clubs. If B refuses -the first force he wins two or three by cards, as the cards happen to -lie. But he cannot place the diamonds, and probably his best play is to -trump. - - -HAND XIV. - -Finessing. - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - 7, 6, 2 ♠ - Kg, Knv, 9, 7, 6, 4 ♡ - Knv ♣ - 10, 7, 6 ♢ - -Score: Four-all. - -Ten of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 5♡ A♡ 2♡ 7♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 1 - - 2. Y B↷ Z A - 2♣ 6♣ Qn♣ Knv♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. Y B Z↷ A - Knv♠ A♠ 3♠ 2♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. Y B↷ Z A - 4♣ 5♣ 10♣ 6♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. Y B Z↷ A - Qn♠ 9♠ 5♠ 7♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3, YZ, 3 - - 6. Y↷ B Z A - Kg♠ 9♣ 8♠ 6♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. Y B↷ Z A - A♣ 3♣ Kg♣ 4♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 4 - - 8. Y↷ B Z A - 4♠ 7♣ 10♠ 6♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 5 - - 9. Y B↷ Z A - Qn♡ 10♡ 3♡ Knv♡] - -REMARK (Trick 9).--A's finesse is unlucky. He has no indication as -to the position of the queen. _The finesse must not be judged by the -result._ It is generally right against one card if the success of the -finesse wins the game. - - * * * * * - -TRICKS 10 to 13.--YZ make two tricks in diamonds (_see_ their hands -below); and - - YZ win the odd trick. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, Qn, Knv, 4 ♠|Ace, 9 ♠|10, 8, 5, 3 ♠ - Qn, 5 ♡|Ace, 10 ♡|8, 3, 2 ♡ - Ace, 4, 2 ♣|9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 3 ♣|Kg, Qn, 10 ♣ - Kg, Knv, 8, 5 ♢|Qn, 9, 3 ♢|Ace, 4, 2 ♢ - -At Trick 6, Y's lead is not well judged. He knows his partner to hold -king of clubs single, and his object should be to prevent the two -trumps from being drawn together. Y's best lead appears to be queen of -hearts; and if it wins, a diamond. - - -HAND XV. - -Counting the hands, and refusing a finesse. - -[Illustration: Z'S HAND. - - A, Kg, Knv, 2 ♠ - A, Kg, 2 ♡ - 6, 4 ♣ - 8, 4, 3, 2 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -King of hearts turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. A↷ Y B Z - 5♢ 6♢ A♢ 2♢] - -REMARK (Trick 1).--A has not both king and queen of diamonds, or he -would have led one. B has not either king or queen of diamonds, or he -would have played one of them instead of the ace. Therefore, Y must -have one of those cards. Z draws this inference _at the time_. It will -not be of any use to him until near the end of the hand. - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. A Y B↷ Z - 5♣ 7♣ A♣ 4♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. A Y B↷ Z - 8♣ Qn♣ 3♣ 6♣] - -REMARK.--B has led from exactly five clubs (_see_ Appendix A). - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. A Y↷ B Z - 4♡ 5♡ 3♡ Kg♡] - -REMARK.--The ace would be an echo (_see_ p. 128). - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. A Y B Z↷ - 7♡ 6♡ 8♡ A♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. A Y B Z↷ - 3♠ 5♠ 4♠ Kg♠] - -REMARK (Trick 6).--The policy of this lead is doubtful. Players are -apt to show their suits in this manner. But it is clear, the opponents -having led diamonds and clubs, that if Z has strength in any suit it is -in spades. The objections to showing a suit in this way are: 1, that it -may be trumped the first round; 2, that partner may have only one card -of it. In the latter case he cannot return the lead, and must open or -continue another suit to a disadvantage. - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. A Y B Z↷ - Knv♡ Qn♡ 9♡ 2♡] - -REMARK.--Y has the long trump. - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 6 - - 8. A Y↷ B Z - 9♣ Kg♣ 2♣ 3♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 7 - - 9. A Y↷ B Z - 8♠ 9♠ 6♠ A♠] - -REMARK (Trick 9).--Z's play in not finessing is very good. He can count -Y's hand, thus: Y has no more clubs (_see_ Remark, Trick 3), he has the -last trump, and three other cards. These cards must either be queen, -ten of spades, and a diamond, in which case Z's play does not matter; -or the nine returned by Y must be his best spade, in which case he can -only have one more, as he would return the higher of two remaining -cards (_see_ p. 79), and his other cards must then be two diamonds. -Therefore, assuming the case in which Z's play does matter (_i.e._, of -Y's nine being his best spade), Y's diamond must be guarded. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 8 - - 10. A Y B Z↷ - Knv♢ Qn♢ 10♣ 8♢] - -Consequently, Z, by not finessing, makes sure of the game. He requires -one more trick besides the ace of spades and his partner's trump, and -this trick Y is certain to make in diamonds if Z leads through A's hand -(_see_ Remark, Trick 1). - - * * * * * - -TRICKS 10 to 13.--Z (Trick 10) leads a diamond, and, however A plays, - - YZ score three by cards and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Z's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. - Qn, 8, 3 ♠|9, 5 ♠|10, 7, 6, 4 ♠ - Knv, 7, 4 ♡|Qn, 10, 6, 5 ♡|9, 8, 3 ♡ - 9, 8, 5 ♣|Kg, Qn, 7 ♣|Ace, Knv, 10, 3, 2 ♣ - Kg, Knv, 7, 5 ♢|Qn, 10, 9, 6 ♢|Ace ♢ - -As the cards happen to lie, YZ only score four if Z finesses at Trick -9, and A plays properly. A, on winning this trick with the queen of -spades, should see that his only chance of making two more tricks is to -be led up to in diamonds. He should therefore (Trick 10) lead the seven -of diamonds, which Y is compelled to take, and AB save the game. - -[Illustration] - - -HAND XVI. - -Leading losing card to place the lead (_see_ pp. 147-151). - -[Illustration: B'S HAND. - - A, Qn, Knv ♠ - A, Kg, 9, 3 ♡ - Knv, 8, 6, 2 ♣ - Knv, 5 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Ten of hearts turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Z A↷ Y B - 4♢, Kg♢, 8♢, 5♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. Z A↷ Y B - 7♢ A♢ Qn♢ Knv♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 0 - - 3. Z A↷ Y B - 2♠ 10♠ 3♠ Knv♠] - -REMARK.--Y has the king of spades. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 0 - - 4. Z A Y B↷ - 7♡ Knv♡ 5♡ 3♡] - -REMARK.--It is probable that A is weak in trumps, as he refused to -force his partner in diamonds. Nevertheless, B leads a trump, as he is -well provided in spades, and has some defence in the club suit. - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 0 - - 5. Z A↷ Y B - 8♡ 4♡ 6♡ Kg♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 0 - - 6. Z A Y B↷ - 10♡ 2♡ 4♠ A♡] - -REMARK (Trick 6).--The queen of hearts must be in Z's hand, as A -returned the four and now plays the two, and Y renounces. - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 1 - - 7. Z A Y B↷ - 3♣ Kg♣ A♣ 2♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 2 - - 8. Z A Y↷ B - 7♣ 5♣ Qn♣ 6♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 7 YZ, 2 - - 9. Z A Y↷ B - 10♣ 2♢ 4♣ Knv♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 7 YZ, 3 - - 10. Z A Y B↷ - 6♠ 3♢ 9♣ 8♣] - -REMARK (Trick 10).--B leads the losing club to throw the lead into Y's -hand. Y will then be obliged to lead a spade, as he has no other suit. -Z will have to follow suit, or will be forced with the queen of trumps, -and B will make the ace of spades and the last trump. - - * * * * * - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--Y (Trick 11) leads a spade, B puts on the queen, and - - AB score three by cards and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - - (B's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - 10, 9, 7 ♠|Kg, 8, 5, 4, 3 ♠|6, 2 ♠ - Knv, 4, 2 ♡|6, 5 ♡|Qn, 10, 8, 7 ♡ - Kg, 5 ♣|Ace, Qn, 9, 4 ♣|10, 7, 3 ♣ - Ace, Kg, 6, 3, 2 ♢|Qn, 8 ♢|10, 9, 7, 4 ♢ - -At Trick 8, Y should underplay in clubs. - - -HAND XVII. - -Leading losing card to place the lead (_see_ pp. 147-151). - -[Illustration: Y'S HAND. - - A, Qn, 10, 5 ♠ - 10, 3 ♡ - 9, 5, 2 ♣ - Qn, Knv, 6, 2 ♢ - -Score: AB, love; YZ, one. - -Four of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. B Z A↷ Y - 3♠ 2♠ 7♠ Qn♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. B Z A Y↷ - 3♢ Kg♢ 5♢ 2♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. B Z↷ A Y - 10♣ 4♣ 7♣ 9♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 3 - - 4. B↷ Z A Y - 6♠ Knv♠ Kg♠ A♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 4 - - 5. B Z A Y↷ - 3♣ Kg♣ 8♣ 5♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 5 - - 6. B Z↷ A Y - 6♣ A♣ Knv♣ 2♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 6 - - 7. B Z↷ A Y - 4♢ A♢ 8♢ 6♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 7 - - 8. B Z↷ A Y - 10♢ 7♢ 9♢ Knv♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 7 - - 9. B Z A Y↷ - 4♠ 4♡ Qn♣ Qn♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 8 - - 10. B Z A↷ Y - 6♡ 5♡ 8♠ 10♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 11. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 8 - - 11. B Z A Y↷ - 7♡ 8♡ 9♠ 5♠] - -REMARK (Trick 11).--Y leads the losing spade to put the lead into A's -hand (_see_ fall of the spades, Tricks 1, 4, and 10), and so compel A -to lead hearts up to Z. At this score (YZ, one) this is the best chance -of four by cards. If the score were YZ, love, Y should lead a heart, as -leading the spade gives up all chance of five by cards. - -TRICKS 12 and 13.--Z has ace, queen of hearts; and - - YZ win four by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Y's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, 9, 8, 7 ♠|6, 4, 3 ♠|Knv, 2 ♠ - Kg, 2 ♡|Knv, 9, 7, 6 ♡|Ace, Qn, 8, 5, 4 ♡ - Qn, Knv, 8, 7 ♣|10, 6, 3 ♣|Ace, Kg, 4 ♣ - 9, 8, 5 ♢|10, 4, 3 ♢|Ace, Kg, 7 ♢ - -At Trick 4, B, having a weak hand, plays his partner's game, in -preference to planning an attack for himself by opening his own poor -suit of four to the knave. - - -HAND XVIII. - -Underplay. - -[Illustration: Z'S HAND. - - A, Kg, 10, 6 ♠ - Knv, 10, 5, 4, 3 ♡ - Kg, 7 ♣ - Kg, 6 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Six of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. A↷ Y B Z - 3♠ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. A Y B Z↷ - 6♡ A♡ 7♡ 4♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 3 - - 3. A Y↷ B Z - 4♣ A♣ 6♣ 7♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 4 - - 4. A Y↷ B Z - 2♣ 10♣ 9♣ Kg♣] - -REMARK (Trick 4).--Y has led from ace, queen, knave, ten; and B, the -weak trump hand, has no more clubs. - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 5 - - 5. A Y B Z↷ - 2♠ Knv♠ 4♠ 6♠] - -REMARK (Trick 5).--Z underplays in trumps. To continue hearts, with -queen, king marked against him (_see_ Trick 2), or to open diamonds, -would be very disadvantageous, so a trump lead is forced, more -especially as Y has command of clubs, and B is about to trump that -suit. The lead of ace or king of trumps would leave the lead with Z, -who would then still be in a difficulty as to his next lead. Further, -it is of importance to endeavour to place the lead in Y's hand, that he -may continue clubs. Also, if the underplay succeeds, it is not at all -unlikely that YZ will win the game. - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 6 - - 6. A Y↷ B Z - 5♣ Qn♣ 2♢ 3♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 7 - - 7. A Y↷ B Z - 8♣ Knv♣ 8♡ 5♡] - -TRICKS 8 to 13.--Z makes ace, king of trumps, and - - YZ win the game. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Z's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. - Qn, 7, 5, 3, 2 ♠|Knv, 8 ♠|9, 4 ♠ - Kg, 6 ♡|Ace, 2 ♡|Qn, 9, 8, 7 ♡ - 8, 5, 4, 2 ♣|Ace, Qn, Knv, 10, 3 ♣|9, 6 ♣ - Ace, Qn ♢|10, 5, 4, 3 ♢|Knv, 9 8, 7, 2 ♢ - -At Trick 5, if A puts on queen of spades, second hand, he saves -the game. May be, a very shrewd player would have seen through the -position, including the importance of preventing Y from getting the -lead if possible; but A can hardly be blamed for passing, as it is -unlikely that both ace and king of spades are in Z's hand. - -[Illustration] - - -HAND XIX. - -Underplay, and playing to the score. - -[Illustration: Y'S HAND. - - Knv, 10, 7, 3 ♠ - A, Kg, 8, 6, 5 ♡ - A, 3 ♣ - Kg, 2 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Four of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. B Z A↷ Y - 9♣ Qn♣ 6♣ 3♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. B Z↷ A Y - 3♢ 4♢ 6♢ Kg♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. B Z A Y↷ - 6♠ Qn♠ Kg♠ 3♠] - -REMARK (Trick 3).--Y is justified in playing a forward game. He has -four trumps (_see_ pp. 122, 123), ace of the opponent's suit, and a -fine heart suit: and his partner has declared strength in diamonds by -choosing that suit for his original lead. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 3 - - 4. B Z A↷ Y - 2♣ 4♣ 5♣ A♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. B Z A Y↷ - 8♠ 2♠ A♠ 10♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. B Z A↷ Y - 4♡ 3♡ 10♡ A♡] - -REMARK (Trick 6).--Y is justified in playing a false card here, -notwithstanding General Principle 12 (p. 108). The heart is a forced -lead, and the card led (the ten) is obviously A's best. Y's scheme is -to take another round of trumps, and then to underplay in hearts (_see_ -p. 101); so he puts on the ace to deceive B as to the position of the -king. - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. B Z A Y↷ - 9♠ 4♠ 5♠ Knv♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 6 - - 8. B Z A Y↷ - 7♡ 9♡ 2♡ 5♡] - -TRICKS 9 to 13.--Z leads the king of clubs, to which Y discards the -two of diamonds. Z then leads the knave of hearts, on which Y puts the -king; the queen falls (_see_ the hands below); Y brings in the hearts; -and - - YZ win five by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Y's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Ace, Kg, 5 ♠|9, 8, 6 ♠|Qn, 4, 2 ♠ - 10, 2 ♡|Qn, 7, 4 ♡|Knv, 9, 3 ♡ - Knv, 8, 7, 6, 5 ♣|10, 9, 2 ♣|Kg, Qn, 4 ♣ - Ace, 8, 6 ♢|10, 9, 7, 3 ♢|Qn, Knv, 5, 4 ♢ - -A and B both play the hand badly. At Trick 6, A, in the face of an -adverse trump lead and the command of his suit (clubs) against him, -should lead the ace of diamonds to make the third trick and save the -game. At Trick 8, B should put on his queen of hearts. He is fairly -taken in by Y's dark play at Trick 6; but he ought not to have allowed -himself to be so. He should have argued that Y, who has been playing a -very strong game, would not be likely to put on ace second hand merely -for the purpose of getting the lead or of making sure of a trick. -Further, if A's lead was a forced one, from weakness (hearts being the -only suit in which B can be strong), Z is sure to finesse if he has -king, knave, or even king, nine. So B's best chance of making the queen -is to put it on (_see_ p. 102). - - -HAND XX. - -Defensive trump lead, and playing to the score. - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - Kg, Knv, 5 ♠ - Qn, 8, 2 ♡ - Qn, 10, 5, 3 ♣ - Qn, 7, 5 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Nine of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 6♣ Kg♣ 4♣ 3♣] - -REMARK (Trick 1).--A defensive trump lead, to avoid opening a three -card suit. - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. Y B↷ Z A - 7♣ A♣ 8♣ 5♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 0 - - 3. Y B↷ Z A - 8♢ Kg♢ 6♢ 5♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 1 - - 4. Y B↷ Z A - Knv♣ 2♣ 9♣ 10♣] - -REMARK (Trick 4).--A's finesse is unlucky. He is, however, clearly -justified in not parting with the command of trumps, as, even if the -finesse does not succeed, he remains with the last trump, will be led -up to in one of his guarded suits, and will, in all probability, bring -in his partner's diamonds. - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. Y↷ B Z A - 4♡ 3♡ A♡ 2♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. Y B Z↷ A - 9♡ 6♡ Knv♡ 8♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. Y B Z↷ A - Kg♡ 7♡ 5♡ Qn♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 4 - - 8. Y↷ B Z A - 10♡ 10♠ 6♠ Qn♣] - -TRICKS 9 to 13.--A leads the queen of diamonds, and finds his partner -with the entire command of diamonds (_see_ B's hand below). - - AB score three by cards and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - 8, 7, 4, 3, 2 ♠|10 ♠|Ace, Qn, 9, 6 ♠ - Kg, 10, 9, 4 ♡|7, 6, 3 ♡|Ace, Knv, 5 ♡ - Knv, 7, 6 ♣|Ace, Kg, 2 ♣|9, 8, 4 ♣ - 8 ♢|A, Kg, Knv, 4, 3, 2 ♢|10, 9, 6 ♢ - -It may be observed that Z loses the game by bad play at Trick 7. The -fall of the cards in Tricks 5 and 6 shows that A has the queen of -hearts, and Y the king. Z should therefore, at Trick 7, lead the ace of -spades to make the fourth trick, and then the heart, making the fifth -trick and saving the game. - -At Trick 8, if Y leads a spade and Z does not finesse, the game may -be saved. To finesse at that point would be very bad play, as the -ace of spades makes the fifth trick. But Y's play at Trick 8, though -unfortunate, is not wrong; for Y cannot tell that Z has the ace of -spades; indeed, the presumption is that he has not, or he would have -led it. Y properly plays to force the long trump, and to make his -partner fourth player. - - -HAND XXI. - -An ill-judged call for trumps, and a well-judged third round, -notwithstanding the adverse strength. - -[Illustration: B'S HAND. - - Kg, 5, 4 ♠ - A, Qn, 10, 8 ♡ - 5, 3, 2 ♣ - Qn, 10, 6 ♢ - -Score: Four-all. - -Queen of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. Z A↷ Y B - 6♣ 10♣ A♣ 2♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 1 - - 2. Z A Y↷ B - Kg♢ A♢ 3♢ 6♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. Z A↷ Y B - 4♣ Knv♣ 2♠ 3♣] - -REMARK.--Z has called for trumps. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 3 - - 4. Z A Y↷ B - Knv♠ 6♠ A♠ 4♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. Z A Y↷ B - 8♠ Kg♣ 7♠ Kg♠] - -REMARK.--The fall of the spades (_see_ Tricks 3, 4, and 5) shows that -the three is in Y's hand. - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. Z A Y B↷ - 9♠ 8♣ 3♠ 5♠] - -REMARK.--It is seldom right to continue trumps when led by the -opponents; but this is an exceptional case. B plays well in drawing -two trumps for one, as it is evident that if Y and Z make their trumps -separately they must win the odd trick. - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. Z↷ A Y B - 4♢ 7♢ 9♢ 10♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 4 - - 8. Z A Y B↷ - 7♣ 9♣ 4♡ 5♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 4 - - 9. Z A↷ Y B - 3♡ Qn♣ 5♡ 8♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 5 - - 10. Z A↷ Y B - 10♠ 8♢ Knv♢ Qn♢] - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--Whatever Z leads, B makes ace, queen of hearts; and - - AB win the odd trick. - - -THE HANDS. - - (B's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - 6 ♠|Ace, 7, 3, 2 ♠|Qn, Knv, 10, 9, 8 ♠ - 9, 6, 2 ♡|7, 5, 4 ♡|Kg, Knv, 3 ♡ - Kg, Qn, Knv, 10, 9, 8 ♣|Ace ♣|7, 6, 4 ♣ - Ace, 8, 7 ♢|Knv, 9, 5, 3, 2 ♢|Kg, 4 ♢ - -Z's call for trumps is ill-judged, especially at the score of four-all. -The whole club suit is declared against him, as Y, putting on ace, -second hand, can have no more. If Z does not call, he wins the game -easily. - - -HAND XXII. - -Returned lead, and refusing a force. - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - A, 10, 9, 4, 2 ♠ - 10, 6, 3 ♡ - 9 ♣ - A, Qn, 8, 7 ♢ - -Score: AB, one; YZ, love. - -Knave of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 3♠ Qn♠ 6♠ 4♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. Y B↷ Z A - 8♠ 7♠ Knv♠ A♠] - -REMARK (Trick 2).--B has the five of spades, and Y the king. A, -therefore, does not continue the trump, but leaves the small spade in -his partner's hand. - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 0 - - 3. Y B Z A↷ - 3♢ Kg♢ 2♢ 7♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 0 - - 4. Y B↷ Z A - 6♢ 10♢ 4♢ Qn♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 0 - - 5. Y B Z A↷ - 9♢ 2♣ 5♢ A♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 0 - - 6. Y B Z A↷ - Knv♢ 5♠ 2♡ 8♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 1 - - 7. Y B↷ Z A - A♣ 4♣ 7♣ 9♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 2 - - 8. Y↷ B Z A - Kg♠ 3♣ 7♡ 2♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 3 - - 9. Y↷ B Z A - Qn♣ 5♣ 8♣ 3♡] - -REMARK (Trick 9).--A knows B has two more clubs (_see_ Tricks 7 and 8, -and p. 106). A, therefore, desires to leave the lead with Y, that he -may go on with another club, and so clear B's suit. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 7 YZ, 3 - - 10. Y↷ B Z A - Kg♣ 6♣ Knv♣ 9♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 11. - - TRICKS {AB, 8 YZ, 3 - - 11. Y B Z A↷ - 4♡ A♡ 9♡ 6♡] - -REMARK (Trick 11).--A leads his smallest heart, as he does not want to -tempt B to finesse (_see_ p. 142). B has ace, queen of hearts (_see_ -his hand below), but he does not finesse, as the ace of hearts, last -club, and A's trump make every trick. - - AB win four by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, 8, 3 ♠|Qn, 7, 5 ♠|Knv, 6 ♠ - 8, 5, 4 ♡|Ace, Qn ♡|Kg, Knv, 9, 7, 2 ♡ - Ace, Kg, Qn ♣|10, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 ♣|Knv, 8, 7 ♣ - Knv, 9, 6, 3 ♢|Kg, 10 ♢|5, 4, 2 ♢ - -Y should play queen of clubs at Trick 7, and ace of clubs at Trick -9, when A will not have sufficient materials for his _coup_, as he -will be uncertain as to the position of the best club. Y gives his -adversary too much information by playing book (_see_ p. 113). When the -adversaries have command of trumps, it is often advisable, towards the -end of a hand, to play so as not to enable them to count the cards. - - -HAND XXIII. - -Refusing to overtrump. - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - 10, 5, 3, 2 ♠ - Kg, 10, 2 ♡ - 3, 2 ♣ - A, 4, 3, 2 ♢ - -Score: Three-all. - -Five of diamonds turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 8♠ Knv♠ 6♢ 2♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. Y B Z↷ A - 7♢ 5♣ 10♢ 2♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. Y B Z↷ A - Qn♡ A♡ 4♡ 2♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. Y B↷ Z A - 4♣ Kg♣ 9♣ 2♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. Y B↷ Z A - 7♣ A♣ Qn♣ 3♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. Y B↷ Z A - 8♣ Knv♣ 5♢ 3♠] - -REMARK (Trick 6).-A does not overtrump. This is the sort of _coup_ for -which no rule can be laid down in a book, as it depends entirely on the -state of the game and the previous fall of the cards. A sees, that his -only chance of two by cards is for the remaining trumps to be divided, -and for him to be able to get two rounds before he loses the command of -hearts. If then his partner has ace, queen of spades, he may win the -game against two by honours. - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 3 - - 7. Y B Z↷ A - 8♡ 6♡ 3♡ 10♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 3 - - 8. Y B Z A↷ - 8♢ 6♣ Knv♢ A♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 4 - - 9. Y B Z A↷ - 9♢ 4♠ Qn♢ 3♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 5 - - 10. Y B Z↷ A - 10♣ 6♠ Kg♢ 4♢] - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--Z leads a heart which A wins. A leads a spade, and -finds his partner with ace, queen; and - - AB win two by cards (which score before honours). - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, 9, 8 ♠|Ace, Qn, Knv, 7, 6, 4 ♠| | - Qn, 9, 8 ♡|Ace, 6 ♡|Knv, 7, 5, 4, 3 ♡ - 10, 8, 7, 4 ♣|Ace, Kg, Knv, 6, 5 ♣|Qn, 9 ♣ - 9, 8, 7 ♢| | |Kg, Qn, Knv, 10, 6, 5 ♢ - - -HAND XXIV. - -Refusing to overtrump. - -[Illustration: Y'S HAND. - - Kg, 7, 6 ♠ - A, 9, 7, 6, 5, 4 ♡ - 5, 3 ♣ - Qn, 7 ♢ - -Score: Four-all. - -Five of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. B Z A↷ Y - A♢ 2♢ 9♢ Qn♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. B↷ Z A Y - 10♣ 6♣ A♣ 3♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 0 - - 3. B Z A↷ Y - 2♣ 3♢ Kg♢ 7♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 1 - - 4. B Z A↷ Y - 4♣ 4♢ Knv♢ Kg♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. B Z A Y↷ - 8♡ 3♡ 2♡ A♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 2 - - 6. B Z A Y↷ - Kg♡ Qn♡ Knv♡ 4♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 3 - - 7. B↷ Z A Y - Qn♣ 5♠ 7♣ 5♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 3 - - 8. B Z↷ A Y - 8♠ 5♢ 10♢ 6♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 4 - - 9. B↷ Z A Y - 10♡ 10♠ 8♣ 5♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 4 - - 10. B Z↷ A Y - Knv♣ 8♢ 2♠ 6♡] - -REMARK (Trick 10).--Y's play in not overtrumping is very good. He -counts the hand thus: to save the game Z must hold ace, queen, or ace, -knave of spades; his third card is evidently the remaining diamond. A -has the nine of clubs (_see_ fall of the club suit in Tricks 2, 7, and -9), and two trumps. B has two trumps, one being queen or knave (_see_ -Trick 9), and king, knave of clubs. If the cards remaining in each hand -are placed face upwards on the table, and the uncertain cards, viz., -the nine, four, and three of trumps are given two to A, and one to B, -it will be seen that, if Y overtrumps with the seven, he cannot make -the requisite three tricks; but that, if he leaves the lead with A, YZ -make the remaining tricks. - -It may be added, that if, at Trick 10, A discards his club, and keeps -his three little trumps together, leaving the trick to B, AB must win -the odd trick if B leads a trump at Trick 11 after trumping. This A -might have reckoned. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Y's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - 4, 3, 2 ♠|Qn, 9, 8 ♠|Ace, Knv, 10, 5 ♠ - Knv, 2 ♡|Kg, 10, 8 ♡|Qn, 3 ♡ - Ace, 9, 8, 7 ♣|Kg, Qn, Knv, 10, 4, 2 ♣|6 ♣ - Kg, Knv, 10, 9 ♢|Ace ♢|8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 ♢ - - -HAND XXV. - -_See_ Refusing to overtrump, pp. 146, 147. - -[Illustration: B'S HAND. - - Qn, 2 ♠ - A, 8, 2 ♡ - 9, 8, 5, 4 ♣ - Kg, 6, 3, 2 ♢ - -Score: AB, three; YZ, love. - -Seven of hearts turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. Z A↷ Y B - A♠ 8♠ 4♠ Qn♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. Z↷ A Y B - 3♣ 7♣ Knv♣ 4♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. Z A Y↷ B - 6♣ 6♡ A♣ 5♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. Z A↷ Y B - 3♠ Knv♠ 5♠ 2♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. Z A↷ Y B - 10♠ Kg♠ 6♠ 8♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 2 - - 6. Z A↷ Y B - 5♢ 4♢ 8♢ Kg♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 2 - - 7. Z A Y B↷ - 10♣ 9♡ 2♣ 9♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 3 - - 8. Z A↷ Y B - 7♢ Qn♢ A♢ 2♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 3 - - 9. Z A Y↷ B - Knv♡ Kg♡ 3♡ 2♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 4 - - 10. Z A↷ Y B - Kg♣ 9♠ 10♡ 3♢] - -REMARK (Trick 10).--B can count A's hand--viz., a spade and two -diamonds. Therefore, if B overtrumps he cannot possibly win two more -tricks. - -[Illustration: TRICK 11. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 5 - - 11. Z A Y↷ B - 4♡ 9♢ Qn♣ 6♢] - -TRICKS 12 and 13.--Z leads a trump (he has only trumps in hand), and B -makes ace and eight. - - AB win two by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (B's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, Knv, 9, 8, 7 ♠|6, 5, 4 ♠|Ace, 10, 3 ♠ - Kg, 9, 6 ♡|Qn, 10, 3 ♡|Knv, 7, 5, 4 ♡ - 7 ♣|Ace, Qn, Knv, 2 ♣|Kg, 10, 6, 3 ♣ - Qn, Knv, 9, 4 ♢|Ace, 10, 8 ♢|7, 5 ♢ - -The end play of this hand is difficult. At Trick 9, Y leads three of -hearts in preference to the queen, as he can count an honour single in -A's hand. At Trick 10, A's best lead is doubtful. At Trick 10, also, -probably Y should trump with the queen (_see_ p. 147); but even then, B -must place ten of hearts in Y's hand. - - -HAND XXVI. - -Counting the hands, and consequent departure from rule. - -[Illustration: Y'S HAND. - - 4 ♠ - A, Kg, Qn, 10, 2 ♡ - 8, 7 ♣ - Kg, 10, 8, 7, 3 ♢ - -Score: AB, three; YZ, one. - -Five of diamonds turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. B Z A↷ Y - Knv♢ 5♢ 6♢ 3♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. B↷ Z A Y - 2♢ 2♣ A♢ 7♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. B Z A↷ Y - Qn♠ A♠ 3♠ 4♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. B Z↷ A Y - 3♣ A♣ Kg♣ 7♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. B Z↷ A Y - 4♣ 10♣ 4♢ 8♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. B Z A↷ Y - 7♠ 6♠ 2♠ 8♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. B Z A Y↷ - 5♡ 9♡ 7♡ 2♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 5 - - 8. B Z↷ A Y - 9♣ Qn♣ 5♠ 10♡] - -REMARK (Trick 7).--This is strong illustration of a case for departing -from rule. Y can count two more trumps, and three more spades in A's -hand (_see_ A's leads, Tricks 3 and 6, and p. 116). It is clear that A -can have at most two hearts; consequently, if Y leads his tierce major -in hearts, he must lose the game, as the opponents have two by honours. -But, if Y can give his partner the lead, and Z has four more clubs, or -the winning club, and A makes the mistake of trumping it, YZ may make -every trick, and win the game. - -Y would be right to play as he does even if A had led from only four -spades. With a strong trump hand declared against, and a long weak -suit, it is doubtful whether A should not have led the deuce of spades -at Trick 3 (_see_ Appendix A); but the hand is given as it was played. - - * * * * * - -TRICKS 9 to 13.--Z continues to lead clubs (_see_ his hand below), and -whether A passes or trumps, - - YZ score four by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Y's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Knv, 9, 5, 3, 2 ♠|Kg, Qn, 10, 8, 7 ♠|Ace, 6 ♠ - 8, 7 ♡|Knv, 6, 5 ♡|9, 4, 3 ♡ - Kg ♣|9, 4, 3 ♣|A, Qn, Knv, 10, 6, 5, 2 ♣ - Ace, Qn, 9, 6, 4 ♢|Knv, 2 ♢|5 ♢ - -[Illustration] - - -HAND XXVII. - -_See_ Leading from weakest suit, p. 141. - -[Illustration: Z'S HAND. - - A, 10, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2 ♠ - Qn, 6, 3 ♡ - 5 ♣ - 8, 5 ♢ - -Score: AB, three; YZ, four. - -Five of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. A↷ Y B Z - 8♣ 3♣ A♣ 5♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. A Y B↷ Z - Kg♣ 4♣ Knv♣ 2♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. A↷ Y B Z - 2♣ Qn♣ 3♢ 3♠] - -REMARK.--By the first discard Z shows his strong suit to be spades. In -an ordinary hand, Z might afterwards throw a diamond. But here, Y must -be strong in diamonds, in order to save the game; and it is important -for Z to keep the power of leading that suit more than once. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. A Y↷ B Z - Kg♠ Knv♠ Qn♠ A♠] - -REMARK.--B covers the honour, because the lead was from weakness. B -plays badly; he should have passed the knave. For, A has shown four -more trumps, and only one other trick is required. Hence, if A has ace -or king of spades, the game is won to a moral certainty; if not, no -good is got by covering. - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. A Y B Z↷ - 9♢ 10♢ 4♢ 8♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. A Y↷ B Z - 6♣ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. A↷ Y B Z - Kg♡ A♡ 7♡ 3♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 4 - - 8. A Y↷ B Z - 7♣ 5♠ 6♢ 6♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 5 - - 9. A↷ Y B Z - 4♡ 2♡ 8♡ Qn♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 5 - - 10. A Y B Z↷ - 9♣ 5♡ Knv♡ 7♠] - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--A, with the lead, remains with the last trump and -king, knave of diamonds. He (Trick 11) leads the trump; but, whatever -he plays, - - YZ win the odd trick. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Z's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. - Kg ♠|Knv, 8, 5 ♠|Qn, 9 ♠ - Kg, 4 ♡|Ace, 5, 2 ♡|Knv, 10, 9, 8, 7 ♡ - Kg, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 2 ♣|Qn, 4, 3 ♣|Ace, Knv ♣ - Kg, Knv, 9 ♢|Ace, Qn, 10, 2 ♢|7, 6, 4, 3 ♢ - -A plays well throughout, but he cannot prevent the result. His lead of -the trump at Trick 3 to show his strength, and to tell his partner to -make one trick certain if he has the chance, is unlucky, as it puts the -adversaries on the only tack for saving the game. - - -HAND XXVIII. - -_See_ Treating long suits like short ones, pp. 142, 143. - -[Illustration: B'S HAND. - - A, Qn, 10, 2 ♠ - Kg, 5, 4, 3, 2 ♡ - Kg, 3 ♣ - Qn, Knv ♢ - -Score: AB, one; YZ, love. - -Nine of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Z A↷ Y B - 4♢ 3♢ 7♢ Knv♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. Z A Y B↷ - 4♠ Kg♠ 5♠ 2♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 0 - - 3. Z A↷ Y B - 6♠ 7♠ Knv♠ Qn♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 0 - - 4. Z A Y B↷ - 8♠ 3♠ 2♣ 10♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 0 - - 5. Z A Y B↷ - 9♠ 5♣ 6♡ A♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 1 - - 6. Z A Y B↷ - 6♢ 2♢ A♢ Qn♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 2 - - 7. Z A Y↷ B - 4♣ 7♣ A♣ 3♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 2 - - 8. Z A Y↷ B - Qn♣ 8♣ 9♣ Kg♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 3 - - 9. Z A Y B↷ - 9♡ 7♡ A♡ Kg♡] - -REMARK (Trick 9).--Deschapelles' Coup. B can count A's hand, three -diamonds and two hearts, for the ten, nine of clubs are clearly with Y -(_see_ Tricks 7 and 8). B therefore leads the king of hearts (_see_ p. -142). If he makes the usual lead of a small heart, he wins a trick less -as the cards happen to lie. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 4 - - 10. Z A Y↷ B - 6♣ 5♢ 10♣ 2♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 11. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 5 - - 11. Z A Y↷ B - 8♢ 9♢ Knv♣ 3♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 12. - - TRICKS {AB, 7 YZ, 5 - - 12. Z A Y↷ B - 10♡ Qn♡ 8♡ 4♡] - -TRICK 13.--A makes the king of diamonds; and - - AB score two by cards and two by honours. - -If Y, at Trick 4, discards a heart, he saves the game. Nevertheless, -his proper discard is the club (_see_ pp. 104-5). - - -THE HANDS. - - (B's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, 7, 3 ♠|Knv, 5 ♠|9, 8, 6, 4 ♠ - Qn, 7 ♡|Ace, 8, 6 ♡|Knv, 10, 9 ♡ - 8, 7, 5 ♣|Ace, Knv, 10, 9, 2 ♣|Qn, 6, 4 ♣ - Kg, 9, 5, 3, 2 ♢|Ace, 10, 7 ♢|8, 6, 4 ♢ - - -HAND XXIX. - -_See_ Refusing to win the second round of a suit, p. 143. - -[Illustration: Z'S HAND. - - Kg, 9, 7, 6, 4 ♠ - A ♡ - A, 6 ♣ - Knv, 10, 9, 6, 3 ♢ - -Score: AB, four; YZ, two. - -Four of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. A↷ Y B Z - Knv♡ 4♡ 3♡ A♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. A Y B Z↷ - 2♠ A♠ 3♠ 6♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 3 - - 3. A Y↷ B Z - 10♠ 8♠ 5♠ Kg♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 3 - - 4. A Y B Z↷ - 3♣ 8♡ Knv♠ 7♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. A Y B↷ Z - 4♣ 9♡ Qn♠ 9♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. A Y B↷ Z - 2♡ 2♢ 10♡ 6♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. A Y B↷ Z - 5♡ 4♢ 7♡ 4♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 5 - - 8. A Y B Z↷ - Kg♢ A♢ 5♢ 6♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 5 - - 9. A Y↷ B Z - 6♡ 8♢ Qn♢ 3♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 6 - - 10. A Y B↷ Z - 7♣ 2♣ Qn♣ A♣] - -TRICKS 10 to 13.--Z brings in the diamonds; and - - YZ win three by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Z's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. - 10, 2 ♠|Ace, 8 ♠|Qn, Knv, 5, 3 ♠ - Kg, Qn, Knv, 6, 5, 2 ♡|9, 8, 4 ♡|10, 7, 3 ♡ - Kg, 7, 4, 3 ♣|10, 9, 8, 2 ♣|Qn, Knv, 5 ♣ - Kg ♢|Ace, 8, 4, 2 ♢|Qn, 7, 5 ♢ - -At Trick 4, A having already shown his suit does not discard from it, -as there is still a possibility of bringing it in (_see_ pp. 104-6), -and his king of clubs is sufficiently protected even after the discard. - -If Z parts with the last trump at Trick 6, and leads diamonds, A, on -the second round of diamonds, will unguard his king of clubs, knowing -his partner to have a heart to lead him (_see_ fall of the heart suit, -Tricks 1, 4, and 5), will bring in all the hearts, and win the odd -trick. - - -HAND XXX. - -_See_ Refusing to win the second round of a suit, pp. 143, 144. - -[Illustration: B'S HAND. - - A, Qn, Knv ♠ - 8, 4 ♡ - A, 7, 2 ♣ - A, Qn, Knv, 5, 2 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Ten of hearts turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Z A↷ Y B - 4♢ 6♢ 3♢ Knv♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 1 - - 2. Z A Y B↷ - 5♡ 7♢ 8♢ A♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. Z↷ A Y B - 3♡ 7♡ Qn♡ 4♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 3 - - 4. Z A Y↷ B - 2♡ 9♡ Kg♡ 8♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 4 - - 5. Z A Y↷ B - Kg♣ 4♣ 6♣ 2♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 5 - - 6. Z↷ A Y B - A♡ Knv♡ 2♠ 2♢] - -REMARK (Trick 6).--B has next to no chance of bringing in the diamonds. -He therefore plays to protect his short suits (_see_ pp. 104-6). - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 6 - - 7. Z↷ A Y B - Knv♣ 10♣ 5♣ 7♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 6 - - 8. Z↷ A Y B - 3♣ Kg♢ 8♣ A♣] - -REMARK (Trick 7).--B refuses to win this trick. The three of clubs is -clearly in Z's hand (_see_ fall of the club suit, Tricks 5 and 7), and -the two long trumps. The remaining clubs are evidently in Y's hand. If, -therefore, B parts with the ace of clubs while Z has a club to lead, AB -lose the game, unless A has the king of spades; and if A has that card, -B loses nothing by passing this trick, as Z, having only one more club, -must hold three spades. - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 7 - - 9. Z A Y B↷ - 6♡ 9♢ 10♢ Qn♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 7 - - 10. Z↷ A Y B - 4♠ 3♠ 9♠ Knv♠] - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--B (Trick 11) leads the last diamond, and forces Z. Z -(Trick 12) has only spades to lead; B makes ace, queen of spades; and - - YZ score two by cards and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - -(B's hand is given above). - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - 10, 8, 7, 3 ♠|9, 5, 2 ♠|Kg, 6, 4 ♠ - Knv, 9, 7 ♡|Kg, Qn ♡|Ace, 10, 6, 5, 3, 2 ♡ - 10, 4 ♣|Qn, 9, 8, 6, 5 ♣|Kg, Knv, 3 ♣ - Kg, 9, 7, 6 ♢|10, 8, 3 ♢|4 ♢ - - -HAND XXXI. - -_See_ Declining to draw the losing trump, pp. 144, 145. - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - Qn, Knv, 9, 6, 3 ♠ - Qn, 7, 5 ♡ - A ♣ - Qn, Knv, 9, 8 ♢] - -Score: AB, love; YZ, three. - -Ace of diamonds turned up. - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 7♠ 10♠ A♠ 6♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. Y B Z↷ A - A♡ 6♡ 10♡ 5♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 3 - - 3. Y↷ B Z A - 4♢ 2♢ A♢ 8♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 4 - - 4. Y B Z↷ A - Kg♢ 10♢ 5♢ Knv♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 4 - - 5. Y↷ B Z A - 9♡ 8♡ 3♡ Qn♡] - -REMARK.--It is evident that Z's lead was from king, knave, ten, &c., -and that B has no more hearts. Y returning the nine, and the two not -falling, must have the two single, and the other hearts are with Z. - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. Y B Z A↷ - 6♢ 2♠ 3♢ 9♢] - -REMARK.--The case now arises contemplated at p. 145. A has the best -trump and the lead; Y the losing trump. Y also has one card of his -partner's established suit (_see_ Remark, Trick 5). A therefore (Trick -7) does not draw the trump. - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. Y B Z A↷ - Kg♠ 5♠ 4♠ Qn♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 6 - - 8. Y↷ B Z A - 2♡ 3♣ Knv♡ 7♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 6 - - 9. Y B Z↷ A - 2♣ 8♠ Kg♡ Qn♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 7 - - 10. Y B Z A↷ - 7♢ 6♣ 4♡ Knv♠] - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--Y has nothing but clubs to lead. A wins the three -tricks; and - - YZ win the odd trick. - -If, at Trick 7, A draws the trump, YZ win two by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, 7 ♠|10, 8, 5, 2 ♠|Ace, 4 ♠ - Ace, 9, 2 ♡|8, 6 ♡|Kg, Knv, 10, 4, 3 ♡ - Kg, Qn, 4, 2 ♣|Knv, 9, 8, 6, 3 ♣|10, 7, 5 ♣ - Kg, 7, 6, 4 ♢|10, 2 ♢|Ace, 5, 3 ♢ - - -HAND XXXII. - -_See_ Throwing high cards to place the lead, pp. 147-149. - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - Knv, 9, 7, 3 ♠ - Qn, 6, 5 ♡ - 8, 7, 6, 4 ♣ - Kg, 4 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Five of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 5♠ 4♠ 2♠ 3♠] - -REMARK.--B has no more spades. - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. Y↷ B Z A - Qn♣ 3♣ 5♣ 4♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 3 - - 3. Y↷ B Z A - Knv♣ Kg♣ A♣ 6♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 4 - - 4. Y B Z↷ A - 10♣ 2♡ 2♣ 7♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 4 - - 5. Y↷ B Z A - 7♡ 3♡ 8♡ Qn♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. Y B Z A↷ - Kg♡ A♡ 5♢ 6♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. Y B↷ Z A - 10♡ Knv♡ 9♣ 5♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 6 - - 8. Y B Z↷ A - 6♢ 2♢ A♢ Kg♢] - -REMARK (Trick 8).--Well played by A. He sees that if he obtains the -lead on the second round of diamonds he must continue the spade suit, -a course demonstrably fatal to him, unless his partner has the queen -of diamonds together with the long hearts (_see_ fall of hearts, Trick -7). By throwing the king to the ace A avoids the lead, and saves the -game if his partner has either queen or knave of diamonds (as may be -seen by placing the cards), unless the adversaries continue the spade -suit, when the game cannot be saved, by any course of play. This clever -_coup_ occurred in actual play. - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 6 - - 9. Y B Z↷ A - 9♢ Qn♢ Knv♢ 4♢] - -TRICKS 10 to 13.--B brings in the hearts, winning two more tricks; A -makes his trump; and - - YZ score the odd trick and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, 10, 8, 6, 5 ♠|4 ♠|Ace, Qn, 2 ♠ - Kg, 10, 7 ♡|Ace, Knv, 9, 4, 3, 2 ♡|8 ♡ - Qn, Knv, 10 ♣|Kg, 3 ♣|Ace, 9, 5, 2 ♣ - 9, 6 ♢|Qn, 8, 3, 2 ♢|Ace, Knv, 10, 7, 5 ♢ - -At Trick 2, B does not cover (_see_ p. 88). - - -HAND XXXIII. - -_See_ Throwing high cards to place the lead, pp. 147-149 - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - A, 4, 2 ♠ - A, Qn ♡ - 8, 3, 2 ♣ - Kg, Qn, 7, 6, 4 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Nine of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - A♢ 8♢ 3♢ Kg♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 1 - - 2. Y↷ B Z A - Knv♠ 3♠ 5♠ A♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. Y B Z A↷ - 5♢ 9♢ 2♢ Qn♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. Y B Z A↷ - 10♢ 4♣ 7♣ 4♢] - -REMARK.--Y has the knave of diamonds. - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. Y B Z↷ A - Kg♣ Qn♣ 6♣ 2♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. Y↷ B Z A - 10♣ 2♡ Knv♣ 3♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. Y B Z↷ A - 5♣ 3♡ 9♣ 8♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 6 - - 8. Y B Z↷ A - 7♠ 6♠ Qn♠ 2♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 7 - - 9. Y B Z↷ A - 8♠ 9♠ Kg♠ 4♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 7 - - 10. Y B Z↷ A - 4♡ 5♡ 10♡ A♡] - -REMARK (Trick 10).--A plays very well in putting on the ace. He wants -two more tricks besides his ace of hearts to save the game. The last -trump and best diamond are against him. It is clear, therefore, if A -has the lead after the second round of hearts (when he must lead a -diamond), he loses the game. It is also clear that unless B has king, -knave, and a small heart, the game is gone. - -[Illustration: TRICK 11. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 7 - - 11. Y B Z A↷ - 6♡ Kg♡ 8♡ Qn♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 12. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 7 - - 12. Y B↷ Z A - 7♡ Knv♡ 9♡ 6♢] - -YZ score two by cards and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Knv, 8, 7 ♠|10, 9, 6, 3 ♠|Kg, Qn, 5 ♠ - 7, 6, 4 ♡|Kg, Knv, 5, 3, 2 ♡|10, 9, 8 ♡ - Kg, 10, 5 ♣|Qn, 4 ♣|Ace, Knv, 9, 7, 6 ♣ - Ace, Knv, 10, 5 ♢|9, 8 ♢|3, 2 ♢ - -At Trick 2, Y is in difficulties. His strong suit has been led by his -right-hand adversary. Under these circumstances, he leads from his -strongest weak suit. - -At Trick 6, Y's play in continuing the trump is open to criticism. His -better lead seems to be knave of diamonds. Z wins his partner's ten of -trumps in order to draw all the trumps. It is very bad play, for if Z -passes the ten, and Y leads the knave of diamonds, the game is certain. -This is an example of the very common error of winning partner's trick. -It should seldom be done, and only if a positive advantage can be -well-nigh demonstrated from doing it. - -At Trick 11, the advantage of winning partner's trick--when judiciously -done--is shown. B, seeing A's anxiety to get rid of the lead, rightly -conjectures that A has two more diamonds. He therefore takes the only -course to save the game, by winning his partner's queen of hearts. - -[Illustration] - - -HAND XXXIV. - -Echo of the Call (_see_ p. 128). - -[Illustration: Z'S HAND. - - 9, 7, 6, 2 ♠ - 9, 8, 5, 3 ♡ - - 7, 6, 5, 4, 2 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Eight of hearts turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. A↷ Y B Z - A♠ 10♠ 4♠ 2♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. A↷ Y B Z - Qn♠ 3♠ 5♠ 7♠] - -REMARK (Trick 2).--Y has called for trumps. Z, having four trumps -himself, commences to echo his partner's call. - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. A↷ Y B Z - 8♠ 7♡ Kg♠ 6♠] - -REMARK.--Z completes the echo of the call. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 1 - - 4. A Y↷ B Z - A♡ 10♡ 4♡ 5♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. A↷ Y B Z - Knv♠ Knv♡ 6♣ 9♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. A Y↷ B Z - 2♡ Kg♡ 6♡ 3♡] - -REMARK (Trick 6).--Z having echoed, Y has no hesitation in leading -trumps again after being forced a second time. - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. A Y↷ B Z - 8♢ Kg♢ Knv♢ 2♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 5 - - 8. A Y↷ B Z - 9♢ A♢ 7♣ 4♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 5 - - 9. A Y↷ B Z - 10♢ 3♢ 8♣ 5♢] - -TRICKS 10 to 13.--A (Trick 10) leads queen of diamonds, which analysis -shows is rather better than a club, though, as the cards happen to lie, -his lead is immaterial. Y trumps the diamond, and - - YZ score three by cards and two by honours. - - * * * * * - -But for the echo, the game might have been missed. If after being -forced a second time, at Trick 5, Y deems it prudent not to continue -trumps, and leads two rounds of diamonds, B makes a small trump, and -the game is saved. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Z's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. - Ace, Qn, Knv, 8 ♠|10, 3 ♠|Kg, 5, 4 ♠ - Ace, 2 ♡|Kg, Qn, Knv, 10, 7 ♡|6, 4 ♡ - Knv, 4, 3 ♣|10, 5, 2 ♣|A, Kg, Qn, 9, 8, 7, 6 ♣ - Qn, 10, 9, 8 ♢|Ace, Kg, 3 ♢|Knv ♢ - -[Illustration] - - -HAND XXXV. - -Leading losing trump, to place the lead. - -[Illustration: Y'S HAND. - - Knv, 10, 9, 8 ♠ - Knv, 9, 7, 6, 3, 2 ♡ - Knv ♣ - Kg, 2 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -King of hearts turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. B Z A↷ Y - 3♢ 6♢ A♢ 2♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 1 - - 2. B Z A↷ Y - 4♢ 7♢ Knv♢ Kg♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. B Z A Y↷ - A♡ 5♡ 10♡ 6♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. B↷ Z A Y - 10♢ 4♡ 5♢ Knv♣] - -REMARKS (Tricks 3 and 4).--Y leads fourth-best; Z echoes; but as the -cards lie, it so happens that the position of the hearts would be -independently marked after Trick 5. - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. B Z↷ A Y - 2♠ Kg♡ Qn♡ 2♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. B Z↷ A Y - 3♣ A♣ 2♣ 8♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. B Z↷ A Y - 5♣ Kg♣ 4♣ 9♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 6 - - 8. B Z↷ A Y - 9♣ 6♣ 10♣ 3♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 7 - - 9. B Z A Y↷ - 3♠ A♠ Qn♠ Knv♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 8 - - 10. B Z↷ A Y - 4♠ 7♣ Qn♣ 9♡] - -REMARK (Trick 10).--Well played by Y. He can count his partner's hand, -viz., the eight of trumps (_see_ Remark, Trick 4, and the fall of the -hearts, Tricks 3, 4, and 5), the last club, and a losing spade, as -Z having put on the ace of spades (Trick 9), cannot have the king. -Y therefore trumps with the nine, and (Trick 11) leads the seven of -hearts to put the lead in Z's hand. Z (Trick 12) leads the club, to -which Y discards the ten of spades; and - - YZ win five by cards. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Y's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Qn ♠|Kg, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2 ♠|Ace, 6 ♠ - Qn, 10 ♡|Ace ♡|Kg, 8, 5, 4 ♡ - Qn, 10, 4, 2 ♣|9, 5, 3 ♣|Ace, Kg, 8, 7, 6 ♣ - A, Qn, Knv, 9, 8, 5 ♢|10, 4, 3 ♢|7, 6 ♢ - -At Trick 4, B should have led a spade. A having shown at least five -diamonds by leading ace, then knave (_see_ p. 66), the diamond is sure -to be trumped, and it may force the weak trump hand, or may allow one -adversary to discard and the other to trump. - - -HAND XXXVI. - -Echo after a force (_see_ p. 129). - -[Illustration: B'S HAND. - - A, Qn, 9, 6, 4 ♠ - Knv, 7 ♡ - 8, 6 ♣ - A, Qn, 4, 3 ♢ - -Score: AB, three; YZ, four. - -Two of spades turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. Z A↷ Y B - Kg♡ 6♡ 2♡ Knv♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. Z↷ A Y B - Kg♣ 3♣ 2♣ 8♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 2 - - 3. Z↷ A Y B - Qn♣ 3♠ 4♣ 6♣] - -REMARK.--B has called. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 3 - - 4. Z A↷ Y B - Kg♠ 8♠ 10♠ Qn♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 4 - - 5. Z↷ A Y B - 9♡ 10♡ A♡ 8♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 5 - - 6. Z A Y↷ B - Kg♢ 5♢ 6♢ 3♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. Z↷ A Y B - 7♢ 2♢ 10♢ Qn♢] - -REMARK.--A has echoed. He therefore had at least four trumps originally. - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 5 - - 8. Z A Y B↷ - 2♠ 5♠ Knv♠ A♠] - -REMARK.--The remaining trump is in A's hand. But for the echo, it might -be in Z's hand. - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 5 - - 9. Z A Y B↷ - 5♣ 9♢ 8♢ A♢] - -REMARK (Trick 9).--B can now lead ace of diamonds, without fear of its -being trumped (_see_ Remark, Trick 8). If the position of the other -trump were uncertain, the lead of the ace of diamonds would be wrong. -For, by leading nine of trumps, B can make certain of saving the -game (_see_ score); whereas, if Z has a trump, and trumps the ace of -diamonds, B loses the game, as Y will then make a diamond. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 5 - - 10. Z A Y B↷ - 3♡ 7♠ Knv♢ 4♢] - - * * * * * - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--B makes his three trumps, and - - AB win the game. - - -THE HANDS. - - (B's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - 8, 7, 5, 3 ♠|Knv, 10 ♠|Kg, 2 ♠ - Qn, 10, 7, 6, 5 ♡|Ace, 4, 2 ♡|Kg, 9, 3 ♡ - 3 ♣|Knv, 9, 4, 2 ♣|A, Kg, Qn, 10, 7, 5 ♣ - 9, 5, 2 ♢|Knv, 10, 8, 6 ♢|Kg, 7 ♢ - -[Illustration] - - -HAND XXXVII. - -Coup of compelling a discard, same in principle as the Vienna Coup. - -[Illustration: Y'S HAND. - - 7, 3 ♠ - 6, 5 ♡ - A, Knv, 5, 3, 2 ♣ - A, Kg, Qn, 8 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -King of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. B Z A↷ Y - Kg♡ 3♡ 8♡ 6♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. B↷ Z A Y - A♡ 4♡ 2♡ 5♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. B↷ Z A Y - 5♢ 2♢ 9♢ Qn♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. B Z A Y↷ - 9♣ Kg♣ 6♣ 3♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 2 - - 5. B Z↷ A Y - Qn♣ 7♣ 8♣ Knv♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. B↷ Z A Y - Kg♠ A♠ 4♠ 3♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 4 - - 7. B Z↷ A Y - 3♢ 4♣ 10♣ A♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 5 - - 8. B Z A Y↷ - 4♢ Knv♢ 9♡ Kg♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 6 - - 9. B Z A Y↷ - 6♢ 5♠ 10♡ 5♣] - -REMARK (Trick 9).--Well played by Y. He can count B's hand as follows: -ten and two small diamonds; queen of spades (_see_ Trick 6--the lead of -the king could only be from king, queen); and one other card, probably -a small spade, for had B another heart he would most likely have -continued his partner's original lead, instead of changing the suit. Y -now leads a trump in hopes that B will discard the small spade, when Y -will lead the seven of spades to throw the lead into B's hand, and B -will be obliged to lead a diamond up to Y's tenace. - -B, however, discards a diamond. Y continues his tactics (_see_ Trick -10), leading another trump. This compels another discard from B. If -B discards the small spade, Y leads the losing spade; if B discards -another diamond, Y establishes the diamonds, and in either case wins -the game. This fine _coup_ occurred in actual play. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 7 - - 10. B Z A Y↷ - 2♠ 6♠ 8♠ 2♣] - - * * * * * - -TRICKS 11 to 13.--Y (Trick 11) leads the spade. B is obliged (Trick 12) -to lead a diamond; and - - YZ score three by cards and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - - (Y's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Knv, 9, 8, 4 ♠|Kg, Qn, 2 ♠|Ace, 10, 6, 5 ♠ - Qn, 10, 9, 8, 2 ♡|Ace, Kg ♡|Knv, 7, 4, 3 ♡ - 10, 8, 6 ♣|Qn, 9 ♣|Kg, 7, 4 ♣ - 9 ♢|10, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 ♢|Knv, 2 ♢ - -At Trick 10, B should notice that he must lose the game if he retains -the queen of spades. His only chance of saving the game here is to -discard the queen of spades, in hopes of finding his partner with two -tricks in spades, or with a trick in spades and hearts. If A has not -these cards, the game is lost. - -[Illustration] - - -HAND XXXVIII. - -Grand Coup (_see_ pp. 151-155). - -[Illustration: B'S HAND. - - A, Kg ♠ - 6 ♡ - Qn, Knv, 7, 6, 5, 4 ♣ - Kg, 5, 4, 3 ♢ - -Score: Love-all. - -Ace of clubs turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 0 - - 1. Z A↷ Y B - 4♡ Kg♡ 3♡ 6♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 0 - - 2. Z A↷ Y B - 7♡ Qn♡ 5♡ 4♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 1 - - 3. Z A↷ Y B - 10♣ A♡ 8♡ 3♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 2 - - 4. Z↷ A Y B - 2♢ 6♢ A♢ 5♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. Z A Y↷ B - A♣ 2♡ Knv♡ 6♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 3 - - 6. Z↷ A Y B - Qn♢ 10♢ 9♢ Kg♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 3 - - 7. Z A Y B↷ - 7♢ Kg♣ 2♣ Qn♣] - -REMARK.--The fall of the king shows that the remaining clubs are in Y's -hand. - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 3 - - 8. Z A↷ Y B - 8♢ 10♡ 9♡ 4♣] - -REMARK.--Well played by B. All the hearts are out; the remaining -diamonds are in Z's hand (_see_ fall of the diamonds, Tricks, 2, 3, -4, 6, and 7), and all the clubs are in Y's hand. Y must therefore have -three trumps and two spades. If B discards a spade to this trick, he -cannot avoid leading trumps twice up to Y. In that case Y will make two -tricks in trumps, saving the game, as will be apparent by so playing -the cards. The result is otherwise if B trumps his partner's best -heart. He can then lead out ace and king of spades, to which Y must -follow suit; and by continuing with the five of clubs (the nine, eight, -and three are in against him), B secures the tenace, and wins the game. - - * * * * * - -TRICKS 9 to 13.--B (Tricks 9 and 10) leads spades, and (Trick 11) the -six of clubs. B makes the last two tricks, and - - AB score three by cards and two by honours. - - -THE HANDS. - - (B's hand is given above.) - - A'S HAND. | Y'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - 9, 5, 4, 3, 2 ♠|Qn, 6 ♠|Knv, 10, 8, 7 ♠ - Ace, Kg, Qn, 10, 2 ♡|Knv, 9, 8, 5, 3 ♡|7, 4 ♡ - Kg ♣|9, 8, 3, 2 ♣|Ace, 10 ♣ - 10, 6 ♢|Ace, 9 ♢|Qn, Knv, 8, 7, 2 ♢ - -At Trick 4, Z leads his lowest diamond, though holding five, because -strength in trumps is declared against. (_See_ Appendix A). - - -HAND XXXIX. - -Grand Coup (_see_ pp. 151-155). - -[Illustration: A'S HAND. - - 6, 4, 3 ♠ - A, 8 ♡ - Knv, 10, 7, 6, 2 ♣ - 6, 4, 2 ♢ - -Score: Four-all. - -Knave of diamonds turned up.] - - -THE PLAY. - -[Illustration: TRICK 1. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 1 - - 1. Y B Z A↷ - 3♣ Kg♣ A♣ 6♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 2. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 2 - - 2. Y B Z↷ A - 2♠ 7♠ A♠ 3♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 3. - - TRICKS {AB, 0 YZ, 3 - - 3. Y B Z↷ A - Kg♠ 5♠ 10♠ 4♠] - -REMARK.--B has called. - -[Illustration: TRICK 4. - - TRICKS {AB, 1 YZ, 3 - - 4. Y↷ B Z A - Qn♡ 9♡ 2♡ A♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 5. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 3 - - 5. Y B Z A↷ - 5♢ Qn♢ Knv♢ 6♢] - -REMARK.--B has three of trumps. - -[Illustration: TRICK 6. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 4 - - 6. Y B↷ Z A - 4♣ 9♣ Qn♣ 2♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 7. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 5 - - 7. Y B Z↷ A - 9♠ 8♠ Qn♠ 6♠] - -[Illustration: TRICK 8. - - TRICKS {AB, 2 YZ, 6 - - 8. Y B Z↷ A - 10♡ 4♡ Kg♡ 8♡] - -[Illustration: TRICK 9. - - TRICKS {AB, 3 YZ, 6 - - 9. Y B Z↷ A - Knv♡ 3♢ 3♡ 4♢] - -REMARK.--A plays a masterly _coup_ in trumping with the four. He argues -that B, having a weak hand, would not call for trumps with less than -five trumps, two honours. If so, B has a trump too many, and Y must -make a trick in trumps, unless B can play the _Grand Coup_ with the -three of trumps (_see_ Remark, Trick 5). - -B undertrumps his partner, the _Grand coup_. - -[Illustration: TRICK 10. - - TRICKS {AB, 4 YZ, 6 - - 10. Y B Z A↷ - 7♢ 8♢ 5♡ 2♢] - -[Illustration: TRICK 11. - - TRICKS {AB, 5 YZ, 6 - - 11. Y B↷ Z A - 8♣ 5♣ 6♡ 10♣] - -[Illustration: TRICK 12. - - TRICKS {AB, 6 YZ, 6 - - 12. Y B Z A↷ - 9♢ 10♢ Knv♠ Knv♣] - - and AB win the odd trick. - - -THE HANDS. - - (A's hand is given above.) - - Y'S HAND. | B'S HAND. | Z'S HAND. - Kg, 9, 2 ♠|8, 7, 5 ♠|Ace, Qn, Knv, 10 ♠ - Qn, Knv, 10 ♡|9, 4 ♡|Kg, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2 ♡ - 8, 4, 3 ♣|Kg, 9, 5 ♣|Ace, Qn ♣ - Kg, 9, 7, 5 ♢|Ace, Qn, 10, 8, 3 ♢|Knv ♢ - -At Trick 5 B can place all the remaining trumps; hence he undertrumps -his partner at Trick 10. Though his play is very good, A's _coup_ -in trumping with the four, so as to render B's _coup_ possible, is -entitled to the palm. Hence, A's hand heads the example. - -At Trick 9, Z ought to lead knave of spades, on which Y should discard -eight of clubs, when YZ win the game. - -[Illustration] - - - - -APPENDIX A. - -AMERICAN LEADS. - - -Since the appearance of the previous Edition of this work, American -Leads have been the subject of much discussion. - -American Leads propose a systematic course of play when opening and -continuing the lead from the strong suit, as follows:-- - - -LOW CARD LED. - -_When you open a strong suit with a_ LOW CARD _lead your_ FOURTH-BEST. - -When a four-card suit is opened with a low card, the _lowest_ is -the card selected. Instead of calling this the lowest, call it the -_fourth-best_. - -When a five-card suit is opened with a low card, the _penultimate_ -card is selected. Instead of calling this the penultimate, call it the -_fourth-best_. - -When a six-card suit is opened with a low card, lead the -_ante-penultimate_. Instead of calling this the _ante-penultimate_, -call it the _fourth-best_. - -And so on for suits of more than six cards. Every suit of four or more -cards, opened with a low card, is to be treated, on the first lead, as -though there were no cards below the fourth-best in the leader's hand. - -Example:-- - - |Lead| - From Qn, 10, 8, | 7, | - " Qn, 10, 8, | 7, | 6 - " Qn, 10, 8, | 7, | 6, 4 - " Qn, 10, 8, | 7, | &c., &c., &c. - -By following this method, you show your partner, as regards a -strong suit which you open with a low card, that you _invariably_ -hold _exactly three_ cards higher than the one first led; and not -infrequently what those cards are. - - -HIGH CARD LED FOLLOWED BY LOW CARD. - -_When you open a strong suit with a_ HIGH CARD, _and next lead a_ LOW -CARD, _lead your_ ORIGINAL FOURTH-BEST. - -When ace is led from ace and four or more small cards, after leading -the ace, lead the original fourth-best, _i.e._, the card you would have -led if opening with a small card. Thus, in trumps, with ace, knave, -nine, eight, seven, an advanced player would begin the eight. In plain -suits, the ace would be first led. The second lead of an American -Leader would be the eight, the original fourth-best, and not the seven. - -By following this method, you inform your partner that you _invariably_ -remain with _exactly two_ cards higher than the second card led, as -shown by the following tabulated example:-- - - Lead| |Then| - From Ace,| Knv, 9,| 8, | 7 - " Ace,| Knv, 9,| 8, | 7, 5 - " Ace,| Knv, 9,| 8, | 7, 5, 3 - " Ace,| Knv, 9,| 8, | &c., &c., &c. - -By leading in this way you not infrequently tell your partner what your -remaining high cards are. Thus, with the above combination, if king, -queen come out on the second round, and your partner holds the ten, he -knows to a certainty that you command the suit, a fact about which he -would have been in doubt had you continued with the lowest. - -The same rule, when a high card is followed by a low card, applies -to king led from king, queen, and small ones, when the king wins the -trick; and to ten, led from king, knave, ten and one or more small -ones, when the ten wins the trick. These are all the possible cases. -With king, knave, ten, nine, if the nine wins the first trick, the -leader goes on with a high card. - - -HIGH CARD LED FOLLOWED BY HIGH CARD. - -_When you remain with_ TWO HIGH INDIFFERENT CARDS, _lead the_ HIGHER -_if you opened a_ SUIT OF FOUR; THE LOWER _if you opened a_ SUIT OF -FIVE _or more_. (_See_ Analysis of Leads in Detail, p. 64). - -The typical example is the combination of ace, queen, knave, and one or -more small cards. With four in suit, ace, then queen is led. But with -more than four in suit, the knave is led after the ace, because then, -if your partner remains with king and one small card, you are strong -enough to invite him to win your trick in order to unblock your long -suit. - -In the same way, if queen is led from queen, knave, ten and small, -you proceed with the knave, holding only ten and one small. But, with -knave, ten and more than one small, you continue with the ten, the -lower of two indifferent high cards, to induce your partner to win it, -and so to unblock your suit, should he remain with ace and one small -one, or with king and one small one. - -Consequently, if your partner is an American Leader, and on the second -round of your suit, you lead the higher of two high indifferent cards, -he will count your strong suit to have consisted of _four cards_ -exactly. On the other hand, when on the second round, you lead the -lower of two high indifferent cards, he will count _at least three_ -of your strong suit still in your hand. As it is advantageous to your -partner to be able to count your hand in this way, whether he has -blocking cards or not, you should always pursue the same system. Thus: -you lead ten, from king, knave, ten, &c. The ten forces the queen. You -obtain the lead again. Your king, knave are now high indifferent cards. -If you lead the king, your partner knows you remain with knave and at -most one small card of the suit. If you lead the knave, your partner -knows you remain with king and at least two small ones. - -Or, you lead knave, from king, queen, knave, and two or more small -ones. On leading the suit again, if you continue with king, your -partner counts queen, and exactly two small ones in your hand. If you -continue with queen, your partner counts king and more than two small -ones in your hand (_see_ p. 68). - -Before deciding which of two or more high cards to lead, be sure -whether they are _indifferent_ cards. This information you can obtain -by consulting the Analysis of Leads (p. 64). When, in the Analysis, the -second lead is given without any qualification, the high cards are not -indifferent. - -Three objections are urged against American Leads by players who oppose -their adoption. The first is, - - -_That they complicate the game._ - -Even were this stricture true, it is no objection to an intellectual -game that it exercises the minds of the players. But it has hardly any -foundation in fact. All an American Leader asks his partner to observe -is:-- - -That, when he originally leads a low card he holds three of the suit -higher than the card led. - -That, when he originally leads a high card and next a low one, he still -holds two cards higher than the second card led. And, - -That, when he originally leads a high card, and follows it with a high -card, he indicates, in many cases, to any one who knows the Analysis of -Leads (as every whist player ought), whether his strong suit consisted -of four or of more than four cards. - -The second objection is, - - -_That they seldom affect the result._ - -The answer is that American Leads add little which is new to the game. -They only consolidate the received practice, and extend a law of -uniformity to cases not previously provided for. - -The third objection is, - - -_That the information afforded may be of more use to the opponents than -to the leader's partner._ - -No doubt it may. But, under other whist conditions, experience tells -us that it is advantageous, in the long run, to convey information of -strength, notwithstanding its publication to the whole table. It is in -the highest degree improbable that a player will be at a disadvantage -by imparting too much information. - -It should be borne in mind that American Leads, in their integrity, -assume not merely _an_ original lead, but _the_ original lead of the -hand,--the very first lead of all. When a player obtains the lead, -for the first time, after one or more tricks have been played, he may -open his strong suit in the same way as though he were _the_ original -leader. On the other hand, he may deem it advisable to open a weak -suit; or to lead through a strong one, or up to a weak one; or, if -great strength in trumps has been declared against him, may wish to -conceal the fact that his best suit is only a very long one of small -cards (_see_ Hand IX, Tricks 6 and 7); or, if late in the hand, he may -conclude that the time for precise exhibition of strength is past and -gone (_see_ Hand XIII, Tricks 8 and 9, and Hand XXIV, Tricks 5 and 6). -These, however, are matters of judgment, for which no hard and fast -rule can be laid down. - - [For demonstrations of the working of American Leads, and for - Illustrative Hands, _see_ "Whist Developments," by "Cavendish." - London: THOS. DE LA RUE and Co.] - - - - -APPENDIX B. - -THE PLAIN-SUIT ECHO. - - -All whist players are aware that it is advisable to get rid of the -command of their partner's long suit. But no general rules have been -laid down to further this end. It has been left, for the most part, to -the ingenuity of the individual to decide for himself, on the spur of -the moment, how and when unblocking should be attempted. - -Assuming an original lead of a high card from a plain suit of four or -more cards, the third hand may think fit to win his partner's trick in -order to free the suit. With regard to knave led, the play of the third -hand, holding ace, &c., is well known. And there are other cases, such -as the play of the third hand, holding ace, knave only, when king is -led originally; but these are too elementary for discussion here. - -If the third hand does not endeavour to win the first trick in his -partner's suit, he is instructed to play his lowest card. This is, no -doubt, sound, except where the third hand holds four cards exactly of -his partner's suit, and he may block it should the lead have been from -more than four cards. Then he should sometimes retain in his hand the -lowest of his four cards, and play the next higher one. It is the -object of the Plain-Suit Echo to determine the cases, in which this -play is advisable. - -The typical example is that of ace led originally by a strong suit -player. The second hand follows suit. The third hand holds king, queen, -knave, deuce of the suit. The lead was from at least five cards. If the -third hand is not to block his partner's suit, he must play the knave -to the ace. If the fourth hand follows suit, it is impossible to lose -by playing as above proposed; and, even if the fourth hand renounces, -it is only possible to lose when the lead was from five cards exactly, -and the four cards accompanying the ace are all very small ones. - -Again:--The original leader (a strong suit player), leads queen of a -plain suit. - -The third hand holds nine, eight, seven and a very small one. He may -block the suit by playing the very small one; if the lead was from -queen, knave, ten, he cannot possibly lose by playing the seven to the -queen; and, if the lead was from more than four cards he may gain. - -It would occupy too much space to detail all the cases in which it is -advisable to follow the plan set forth in the examples, and to enter -into all the possible consequences that may ensue. - - [For a full examination of the working of the Plain-Suit Echo, and - for Illustrative Hands, the advanced player is referred to "Whist - Developments," by "Cavendish." London: THOS. DE LA RUE and Co.] - - - - -APPENDIX C. - -ON THE ORIGINAL LEAD OF KING. - - -The Analysis of Leads, undertaken in order to ascertain the cases in -which the third hand should unblock his partner's suit, showed that -king led originally conveys less information to partner than the -lead of any other high card. It is the only case in which the lead -of a high card is made without at least five in suit, or without the -accompaniment of at least two other high cards. - -Hence the student was told[48] that when a king is led originally, -he must not attempt to unblock the suit on the first round; and this -recommendation is quite sound. - -It seemed strange that when ace, queen, knave, or ten is led -originally, the third hand, with four exactly in suit, should retain -his lowest card for two rounds; but that, when king is led, he should -abandon these tactics. The conclusion forced on the Author was, that -king should never be led originally, when the leader desires to invite -his partner to unblock. - -The cases where the leader desires his partner to unblock, are those in -which the original lead is from more than four cards, the third hand -at the same time holding four of the suit exactly, as explained in -Appendix B, p. 287. - -Therefore, the argument on the previous pages being admitted, king -should never be led originally from a suit of more than four cards; -and it almost follows that king should always be led from a suit of -four cards exactly, which contains an ace, king, or a king, queen -combination. - - -_Ace, king, queen, knave, and one or more small._ - -Lead knave, in all suits. - -Holding more than two small, follow knave with queen; holding two -small, follow knave with king; holding one small, follow knave with ace. - - -_Ace, king, queen, knave, only._ - -Lead king, then knave, in all suits. - -Ace, queen, exactly, are marked in the leader's hand. - - -_Ace, king, queen, and more than one small._ - -Lead queen, in all suits. - -Holding more than two small, follow queen with king; holding two small, -follow queen with ace. - - -_Ace, king, queen, and one small._ - -Lead king, then queen, in all suits. - -Ace and at most one small, are marked. - - -_Ace, king, and more than two small._ - -Lead ace, then king, in plain suits. - -In trumps the same, holding seven trumps; with less than seven trumps, -lead fourth best. - - -_Ace, king, and two small._ - -Lead king in plain suits; the smallest in trumps. - - -_King, queen, knave, ten, and small (including the nine)._ - -Lead ten in all suits. - -(_a_). If ten wins the trick:-- - -Holding more than two small, follow ten with knave; holding two small, -follow ten with queen; holding one small, follow ten with king. - -(_b_). If ten forces ace:-- - -Holding more than one small, follow ten with knave; holding one small, -follow ten with queen. - -In case _b_, ten cannot be followed with king, as then partner would be -doubtful as to the position of the queen. - - -_King, queen, knave, ten, only._ - -Lead king, then ten, in all suits. - -Queen, knave, exactly, are marked in the leader's hand. - -Here the leader runs the risk, in plain suits, of being blocked if his -partner holds ace, and one small one, originally. There is a conflict -of advantages and disadvantages; in favour, the Author believes, of -the lead of king, if the suit contains only four cards (_compare_ p. -67, bearing in mind that, when that was written, the lead of any card -rather than a king, from suits of more than four cards, had not been -the subject of consideration). - - -_King, queen, knave, more than one small._ - -Lead knave, in all suits. - -Holding more than two small, follow knave with queen; holding two -small, follow knave with king. - - -_King, queen, knave, one small._ - -Lead king, then knave, in all suits. - -If king forces ace, or if partner holds ace, the leader, on the -appearance of the knave, is marked with queen and one small. If ace is -not forced, the presumption is that the leader remains with ace, queen, -exactly (_see_ lead from ace, king, queen, knave). - - -_King, queen, ten, and more than one small, in trumps._ - -Lead queen. - -If queen wins the trick, follow with fourth best _remaining in hand_. -King is marked; so, exclude the king, and on second lead continue with -the fourth best of the small cards. - -Sooner or later, the leader will be marked with at least five trumps -originally, including king, ten; or, if he has not the ten, with at -least seven trumps originally. - -If queen forces ace, on the appearance of the king, the leader is -marked with at least five trumps originally (one being the ten); or, if -he has not the ten, with at least seven trumps originally. - - -_King, queen, ten, and one small, in trumps._ - -Lead king. - -Sooner or later, the leader will be marked with exactly four trumps -originally, including queen, ten. - - -_King, queen, and more than two small._ - -Lead queen. - -If queen wins the trick, follow with fourth best remaining in hand -(_compare_, lead from king, queen, ten, and more than one small, in -trumps). - -If queen forces ace, on the appearance of the king, the leader is -marked with more than four originally. - -In trumps, the same, holding seven trumps; with less than seven trumps, -lead fourth best. - - -_King, queen, two small._ - -Lead king, in plain suits. - -On the appearance of the ace, the leader is marked with queen and at -most two small. - -In trumps, lead lowest. - - * * * * * - -Granted that the third player will not trump an honour led originally -(and he will seldom lose by passing, even if weak in trumps), the -foregoing leads are clearly advantageous, as they enable the third -player to employ the unblocking system, and assist him in counting his -partner's hand. - - * * * * * - -The mode of leading, here set forth, has been tried by a number of good -players, and has been generally approved. It is, therefore, strongly -recommended to the consideration of advanced players, assuming -always that the leader's partner is himself an advanced player. -Notwithstanding the strong opinion in its favour entertained by the -Author, it is still retained in an Appendix, that it may be tested by -further trial before being positively asserted as a substantive part of -the game. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[48] "Whist Developments" by "Cavendish." London: THOS. DE LA RUE and -Co. - -[Illustration] - - THOS. DE LA RUE AND CO., PRINTERS, BUNHILL ROW, LONDON. - - * * * * * - - MAY BE HAD OF ALL STATIONERS. - - THE - "ISOBATH" CONSTANT-LEVEL INKSTAND - - (PATENTED) - - CONSTRUCTED ON A NEW PRINCIPLE - - OFFERING UNIQUE ADVANTAGES. - -[Illustration: Adapted for all Countries and all Climates. - -Made in a variety of useful and ornamental forms. - -The Float is so weighted and poised as always to keep the Ink on the -same level, whatever quantity may be contained in the Reservoir. 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- margin-bottom: 5em; - font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif} - -/* Easy Epub/Headings */ - -.ph1, .ph2, .ph3, .ph4 { text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; } -.ph1 { font-size: xx-large; margin: .67em auto; } -.ph2 { font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; } -.ph3 { font-size: large; margin: .83em auto; } -.ph4 { font-size: medium; margin: 1.12em auto; } - -.xxsmall {font-size: xx-small;} -.xsmall {font-size: x-small;} -.small {font-size: small;} -.medium {font-size: medium;} -.large {font-size: large;} -.xlarge {font-size: x-large;} - -/* Case Study: Title Pages */ - -div#titlepage { - text-align: center; - page-break-before: always; - page-break-after: always; -} -div#titlepage p { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; - font-weight: bold; - line-height: 1.5; - margin-top: 3em; -} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} - -/* Easy Epub/Cover */ - -.covercaption {font-weight: bold; font-size: small;} -@media handheld { - .covercaption { display: none; } -} - -div.tnotes {background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em;} -.covernote {visibility: hidden; display: none;} -@media handheld { - .covernote {visibility: visible; display: block;} -} - .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - .poem span.i6 {display: block; margin-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cavendish on Whist, by Henry Jones - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Cavendish on Whist - 18th edition - -Author: Henry Jones - -Release Date: January 25, 2016 [EBook #51039] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAVENDISH ON WHIST *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, Colin Bell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="tnotes covernote"> - <p>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span></p> - -<h1>FRONTISPIECE.</h1> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/imagefrontc.jpg" width="700" height="312" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>RUFF and HONOURS (from the Compleat Gamester 1680).</p> - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i6">"Lastly, observe the Women with what grace<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They sit, and look their Partners in the face,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who from their eyes shoot Cupids fiery darts;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thus make them lose at once their Game and Hearts."<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> -<div id="titlepage"> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 416px;"> -<img src="images/imagetitlec.jpg" width="416" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - - - -<div class="bbox"> -<h1><span class="medium">THE</span><br /> - -<span class="xlarge">LAWS AND PRINCIPLES</span><br /> - -<span class="xsmall">OF</span><br /> - -<span class="red">WHIST</span><br /> - -<span class="medium">STATED AND EXPLAINED</span><br /> - -<span class="xsmall">AND ITS</span><br /> - -<span class="large">PRACTICE ILLUSTRATED</span><br /> - -<span class="xsmall">ON</span><br /> - -<span class="medium red">AN ORIGINAL SYSTEM</span><br /> - -<span class="xsmall">BY MEANS OF</span><br /> - -<span class="large">HANDS PLAYED COMPLETELY THROUGH.</span></h1> - - -<p class="small">BY</p> - -<p class="red xlarge">"CAVENDISH."</p> - -<p>EIGHTEENTH EDITION.</p> - -<p class="red">LONDON:</p> - -<p class="large">THOS. DE LA RUE & CO.</p> - -<p>1889.</p> -</div> -<p class="xxsmall">ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.</p></div> -</div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center p6">PRINTED BY</p> - -<p class="center">THOMAS DE LA RUE AND CO., BUNHILL ROW,</p> - -<p class="center">LONDON. -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>DEDICATION TO THE NINTH EDITION.</h2> - - -<p class="center">TO</p> - -<p class="center">JAMES CLAY, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, M.P.</p> - -<p class="center">(Chairman of the Whist Laws Committee of the Arlington Club, 1864,)</p> - -<p class="center">This Book</p> - -<p class="center">IS</p> - -<p class="center">CORDIALLY DEDICATED</p> - -<p class="center">BY</p> - -<p class="center">HIS SINCERE FRIEND, -</p> - -<p class="right"> -THE AUTHOR.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>DEDICATION TO THE TENTH EDITION.</h2> - - - -<div class="center"> -<div class="bbox">To the memory<br /> - -OF<br /> - -JAMES CLAY</div></div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.</h2> - - -<p>It has often occurred to the Author that there are two -principal defects in the existing treatises on the game -of Whist—the one that the principles of play are, in -general, laid down as so many isolated and arbitrary -conventions, the reasons upon which such principles -are based being seldom, if at all, and scarcely ever -fully, stated; the other, that suitable illustrations, by -which alone the principles can be brought forcibly -home and fixed in the memory, are almost entirely -wanting. The present work is an attempt to supply -these deficiencies. With regard to the latter, the -Author feels that nothing, in point of illustration -of principles, can be so instructive as a selection of -hands played completely through, and accompanied -by copious explanations. The idea, it is believed, as -applied to Whist, is a new one, though a similar plan -has long been in use in treatises on Chess.</p> - -<p>It has not been deemed necessary to occupy space -by detailing the mode of playing and of scoring, as -this information can be readily acquired at the table. -The reader is, therefore, credited with this elementary -knowledge, and is conducted at once to the General -Principles, which he is advised to consider carefully -before proceeding to the Hands.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>PREFACE TO THE SIXTEENTH EDITION.</h2> - - -<p>The attention of the Reader is particularly directed -to Appendix A, explanatory of American Leads. The -Author is firmly convinced that American Leads are -founded on true principles of whist play, and they -therefore have his hearty approval. But, he hesitates -to insist upon these leads in the body of the -"Principles," as they have not yet met with universal,—and, -perhaps, hardly with general,—acceptance.</p> - -<p>The advanced player is also invited to consider, -with care, Appendix B, which treats briefly of The -Plain-Suit Echo.</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>PREFACE TO THE EIGHTEENTH EDITION.</h2> - - -<p>The advanced player is invited to consider, with -care, Appendix C, which treats of the leads from -ace, king, and from king, queen suits.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>PAGE</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Laws Of Whist</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Etiquette Of Whist</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Cases And Decisions</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Historical</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">PART I.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">GENERAL PRINCIPLES.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">THE FIRST HAND OR LEAD.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Original Leads</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Leads From Strong Suits</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">" <span class="smcap" style="margin-left:1em;">From Sequences</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">" <span class="smcap" style="margin-left:1em;">Analysis Of, In Detail</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">" <span class="smcap" style="margin-left:1em;">From Weak Suits</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">" <span class="smcap" style="margin-left:1em;">At Advanced Periods</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Returned Leads</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">THE SECOND HAND.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Play of the Second Hand</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">" <span style="margin-left:5em;">"</span> <span class="smcap" style="margin-left:5em;">With Strong Suits</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">" <span style="margin-left:5em;">"</span> <span class="smcap" style="margin-left:5em;">With Sequences</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">" <span style="margin-left:5em;">"</span> <span class="smcap" style="margin-left:5em;">Analysis Of, In Detail</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">THE THIRD HAND.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Play of the Third Hand when the Lead is from Strong Suits</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Play of the Third Hand when the Lead is from Weak Suits</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Finessing</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">THE FOURTH HAND.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Play Of The Fourth Hand</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Command Of Suits</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Underplay</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Discarding</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Conversation of the Game</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">TRUMPS.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Management Of Trumps</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Leading Trumps</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Asking For Trumps</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Trumping</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Forcing</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Playing to the Score</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Drawing Inferences</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Coups</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">PART II.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Hands</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">APPENDIX A.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">American Leads</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">APPENDIX B.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Plain-Suit Echo</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">APPENDIX C.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">On The Original Lead Of King</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<div class="chapter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>THE LAWS OF WHIST.<br /> - -BY PERMISSION, <em>VERBATIM</em> FROM THE CLUB CODE.<br /> - -THE FOOT NOTES ARE ADDED BY THE AUTHOR.</h2> - - -<h3>THE RUBBER.</h3> - -<p>1. The rubber is the best of three games. If the -first two games be won by the same players, the -third game is not played.</p> - - -<h3>SCORING.</h3> - -<p>2. A game consists of five points. Each trick, -above six, counts one point.</p> - -<p>3. Honours, <em>i.e.</em>, Ace, King, Queen, and Knave of -trumps, are thus reckoned:</p> - -<p>If a player and his partner, either separately or -conjointly, hold—</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<ol><li>The four honours, they score four points.</li> -<li>Any three honours, they score two points.</li> -<li>Only two honours, they do not score.</li> -</ol> -</div> - -<p>4. Those players, who, at the commencement of a -deal, are at the score of four, cannot score honours.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> - -<p>5. The penalty for a revoke<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> takes precedence -of all other scores. Tricks score next. Honours -last.</p> - -<p>6. Honours, unless claimed before the trump card -of the following deal is turned up, cannot be -scored.</p> - -<p>7. To score honours is not sufficient; they must -be called at the end of the hand; if so called, -they may be scored at any time during the -game.</p> - -<p>8. The winners gain—</p> -<div class="center"> -<ol> -<li>A treble, or game of three points, when their -adversaries have not scored.</li> - -<li>A double, or game of two points, when their -adversaries have scored less than three.</li> - -<li>A single, or game of one point, when their -adversaries have scored three, or four.</li> -</ol> -</div> - -<p>9. The winners of the rubber gain two points -(commonly called the rubber points), in addition to -the value of their games.</p> - -<p>10. Should the rubber have consisted of three -games, the value of the losers' game is deducted -from the gross number of points gained by their -opponents.</p> - -<p>11. If an erroneous score be proved, such mistake -can be corrected prior to the conclusion of the game -in which it occurred, and such game is not concluded -until the trump card of the following deal has been -turned up.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> -<p>12. If an erroneous score, affecting the amount of -the rubber,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> be proved, such mistake can be rectified -at any time during the rubber.</p> - - -<h3>CUTTING.</h3> - -<p>13. The ace is the lowest card.</p> - -<p>14. In all cases, every one must cut from the same -pack.</p> - -<p>15. Should a player expose more than one card, he -must cut again.</p> - - -<h3>FORMATION OF TABLE.</h3> - -<p>16. If there are more than four candidates, the -players are selected by cutting: those first in the -room having the preference. The four who cut the -lowest cards play first, and again cut to decide on -partners; the two lowest play against the two -highest; the lowest is the dealer, who has choice of -cards and seats, and, having once made his selection, -must abide by it.</p> - -<p>17. When there are more than six candidates, -those who cut the two next lowest cards belong -to the table, which is complete with six players; -on the retirement of one of those six players, -the candidate who cut the next lowest card -has a prior right to any after-comer to enter -the table.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> - -<h3>CUTTING CARDS OF EQUAL VALUE.</h3> - -<p>18. Two players cutting cards of equal value,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> -unless such cards are the two highest, cut again; -should they be the two lowest, a fresh cut is -necessary to decide which of those two deals.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> - -<p>19. Three players cutting cards of equal value -cut again; should the fourth (or remaining) card -be the highest, the two lowest of the new cut are -partners, the lower of those two the dealer; should -the fourth card be the lowest, the two highest are -partners, the original lowest the dealer.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> - - -<h3>CUTTING OUT.</h3> - -<p>20. At the end of a rubber, should admission be -claimed by any one, or by two candidates, he who -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>has, or they who have, played a greater number of -consecutive rubbers than the others is, or are, -out; but when all have played the same number, -they must cut to decide upon the out-goers; the -highest are out.</p> - - -<h3>ENTRY AND RE-ENTRY.</h3> - -<p>21. A candidate wishing to enter a table must -declare such intention prior to any of the players -having cut a card, either for the purpose of commencing -a fresh rubber, or of cutting out.</p> - -<p>22. In the formation of fresh tables, those candidates -who have neither belonged to nor played at -any other table have the prior right of entry; the -others decide their right of admission by cutting.</p> - -<p>23. Any one quitting a table prior to the conclusion -of a rubber, may, with consent of the other three -players, appoint a substitute in his absence during -that rubber.</p> - -<p>24. A player cutting into one table, whilst belonging -to another, loses his right<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> of re-entry into that -latter, and takes his chance of cutting in, as if he -were a fresh candidate.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> - -<p>25. If any one break up a table, the remaining -players have the prior right to him of entry into any -other, and should there not be sufficient vacancies -at such other table to admit all those candidates, -they settle their precedence by cutting.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> -<h3>SHUFFLING.</h3> - -<p>26. The pack must neither be shuffled below the -table nor so that the face of any card be seen.</p> - -<p>27. The pack must not be shuffled during the play -of the hand.</p> - -<p>28. A pack, having been played with, must neither be -shuffled, by dealing it into packets, nor across the table.</p> - -<p>29. Each player has a right to shuffle, once only, -except as provided by Rule 32, prior to a deal, after -a false cut,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> or when a new deal<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> has occurred.</p> - -<p>30. The dealer's partner must collect the cards for the -ensuing deal, and has the first right to shuffle that pack.</p> - -<p>31. Each player, after shuffling, must place the -cards, properly collected and face downwards, to the -left of the player about to deal.</p> - -<p>32. The dealer has always the right to shuffle -last; but should a card or cards be seen during -his shuffling or whilst giving the pack to be cut, -he may be compelled to re-shuffle.</p> - - -<h3>THE DEAL.</h3> - -<p>33. Each player deals in his turn; the right of -dealing goes to the left.</p> - -<p>34. The player on the dealer's right cuts the pack, -and in dividing it, must not leave fewer than four -cards in either packet; if in cutting, or in replacing -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>one of the two packets on the other, a card be -exposed,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> or if there be any confusion of the cards, -or a doubt as to the exact place in which the pack -was divided, there must be a fresh cut.</p> - -<p>35. When a player, whose duty it is to cut, has -once separated the pack, he cannot alter his intention; -he can neither re-shuffle nor re-cut the cards.</p> - -<p>36. When the pack is cut, should the dealer shuffle -the cards, he loses his deal.</p> - - -<h3>A NEW DEAL.</h3> - -<p>37. There must be a new deal<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>—</p> -<div class="center"> -<ol> -<li>If, during a deal, or during the play of a hand, -the pack be proved incorrect or imperfect.</li> - -<li>If any card, excepting the last, be faced in the -pack.</li> -</ol> -</div> - -<p>38. If, whilst dealing, a card be exposed by the -dealer or his partner, should neither of the adversaries -have touched the cards, the latter can claim a new -deal; a card exposed by either adversary gives that -claim to the dealer, provided that his partner has not -touched a card; if a new deal does not take place, the -exposed card cannot be called.</p> - -<p>39. If, during dealing, a player touch any of his -cards, the adversaries may do the same, without losing -their privilege of claiming a new deal, should chance -give them such option.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> - -<p>40. If, in dealing, one of the last cards be exposed, -and the dealer turn up the trump before there is -reasonable time for his adversaries to decide as to a -fresh deal, they do not thereby lose their privilege.</p> - -<p>41. If a player, whilst dealing, look at the trump -card, his adversaries have a right to see it, and may -exact a new deal.</p> - -<p>42. If a player take into the hand dealt to him -a card belonging to the other pack, the adversaries, on -discovery of the error, may decide whether they will -have a fresh deal or not.</p> - - -<h3>A MISDEAL.</h3> - -<p>43. A misdeal loses the deal.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> - -<p>44. It is a misdeal<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>—</p> -<div class="center"><ol> -<li> -Unless the cards are dealt into four packets, -one at a time in regular rotation, beginning -with the player to the dealer's left.</li> - -<li>Should the dealer place the last (<em>i.e.</em>, the -trump) card, face downwards, on his own, -or any other pack.</li> - -<li>Should the trump card not come in its regular -order to the dealer; but he does not lose -his deal if the pack be proved imperfect.</li> - -<li>Should a player have fourteen<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> cards, and -either of the other three less than thirteen.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></li> - -<li>Should the dealer, under an impression that he -has made a mistake, either count the cards -on the table, or the remainder of the pack. - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></li> - -<li>Should the dealer deal two cards at once, or -two cards to the same hand, and then deal -a third; but if, prior to dealing that third -card, the dealer can, by altering the position -of one card only, rectify such error, he may -do so, except as provided by the second -paragraph of this Law.</li> - -<li>Should the dealer omit to have the pack cut -to him, and the adversaries discover the -error, prior to the trump card being turned -up, and before looking at their cards, but -not after having done so.</li> -</ol> -</div> - -<p>45. A misdeal does not lose the deal if, during the -dealing, either of the adversaries touch the cards prior -to the dealer's partner having done so, but should the -latter have first interfered with the cards, notwithstanding -either or both of the adversaries have -subsequently done the same, the deal is lost.</p> - -<p>46. Should three players have their right number -of cards—the fourth have less than thirteen, and not -discover such deficiency until he has played any of -his cards,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> the deal stands good; should he have -played, he is as answerable for any revoke he may -have made as if the missing card, or cards, had been -in his hand;<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> he may search the other pack for it, -or them.</p> - -<p>47. If a pack, during or after a rubber, be proved -incorrect or imperfect, such proof does not alter any -past score, game, or rubber; that hand in which the -imperfection was detected is null and void; the dealer -deals again.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> - -<p>48. Any one dealing out of turn, or with the -adversary's cards, may be stopped before the trump -card is turned up, after which the game must proceed -as if no mistake had been made.</p> - -<p>49. A player can neither shuffle, cut, nor deal for his -partner, without the permission of his opponents.</p> - -<p>50. If the adversaries interrupt a dealer whilst -dealing, either by questioning the score or asserting -that it is not his deal, and fail to establish such claim, -should a misdeal occur, he may deal again.</p> - -<p>51. Should a player take his partner's deal, and -misdeal, the latter is liable to the usual penalty, and -the adversary next in rotation to the player who ought -to have dealt then deals.</p> - - -<h3>THE TRUMP CARD.</h3> - -<p>52. The dealer, when it is his turn to play to the -first trick, should take the trump card into his hand; -if left on the table after the first trick be turned and -quitted, it is liable to be called;<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> his partner may -at any time remind him of the liability.</p> - -<p>53. After the dealer has taken the trump card into -his hand, it cannot be asked for;<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> a player naming it -at any time during the play of that hand is liable to -have his highest or lowest trump called.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> - -<p>54. If the dealer take the trump card into his hand -before it is his turn to play, he may be desired to lay -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>it on the table; should he show a wrong card, this -card may be called, as also a second, a third, &c., -until the trump card be produced.</p> - -<p>55. If the dealer declare himself unable to recollect -the trump card, his highest or lowest trump may be -called at any time during that hand, and, unless it -cause him to revoke, must be played; the call may be -repeated, but not changed, <em>i.e.</em>, from highest to lowest, -or <i lang="la">vice versâ</i>, until such card is played.</p> - - -<h3>CARDS LIABLE TO BE CALLED.</h3> - -<p>56. All exposed cards are liable to be called, and -must be left<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> on the table; but a card is not an -exposed card when dropped on the floor, or elsewhere -below the table.</p> - -<p>The following are exposed<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> cards:—</p> -<div class="center"> -<ol> -<li>Two or more cards played at once.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></li> - -<li>Any card dropped with its face upwards, or in -any way exposed on or above the table, -even though snatched up so quickly that -no one can name it.</li> -</ol> - -</div> -<p>57. If any one play to an imperfect trick the best -card on the table,<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> or lead one which is a winning card -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>as against his adversaries, and then lead again,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> or -play several such winning cards, one after the other, -without waiting for his partner to play, the latter may -be called on to win, if he can, the first or any other of -those tricks, and the other cards thus improperly -played are exposed cards.</p> - -<p>58. If a player, or players, under the impression -that the game is lost—or won—or for other reasons—throw -his or their cards on the table face upwards, -such cards are exposed, and liable to be called, each -player's by the adversary; but should one player alone -retain his hand, he cannot be forced to abandon it.</p> - -<p>59. If all four players throw their cards on the -table face upwards, the hands are abandoned; and -no one can again take up his cards. Should this -general exhibition show that the game might have -been saved, or won, neither claim can be entertained, -unless a revoke be established. The revoking players -are then liable to the following penalties: they cannot -under any circumstances win the game by the result -of that hand, and the adversaries may add three -to their score, or deduct three from that of the -revoking players.</p> - -<p>60. A card detached from the rest of the hand so -as to be named is liable to be called; but should the -adversary name a wrong card, he is liable to have a -suit called when he or his partner have the lead.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> - -<p>61. If a player, who has rendered himself liable to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>have the highest or lowest of a suit called, fail to play -as desired, or if when called on to lead one suit, lead -another, having in his hand one or more cards of that -suit demanded, he incurs the penalty of a revoke.</p> - -<p>62. If any player lead out of turn, his adversaries -may either call the card erroneously led—or may call -a suit from him or his partner when it is next the turn -of either of them<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> to lead.</p> - -<p>63. If any player lead out of turn, and the other -three have followed him, the trick is complete, and the -error cannot be rectified; but if only the second, or -the second and third, have played to the false lead, -their cards, on discovery of the mistake, are taken -back; there is no penalty against any one, excepting -the original offender, whose card may be called—or -he, or his partner, when either of them<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> has next the -lead, may be compelled to play any suit demanded by -the adversaries.</p> - -<p>64. In no case can a player be compelled to play a -card which would oblige him to revoke.</p> - -<p>65. The call of a card may be repeated<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> until such -card has been played.</p> - -<p>66. If a player called on to lead a suit have none of -it, the penalty is paid.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> -<h3>CARDS PLAYED IN ERROR, OR NOT PLAYED -TO A TRICK.</h3> - -<p>67. If the third hand play before the second, the -fourth hand may play before his partner.</p> - -<p>68. Should the third hand not have played, and the -fourth play before his partner, the latter may be called -on to win, or not to win the trick.</p> - -<p>69. If any one omit playing to a former trick, and -such error be not discovered until he has played to -the next, the adversaries may claim a new deal; -should they decide that the deal stand good, the -surplus card at the end of the hand is considered -to have been played to the imperfect trick, but does -not constitute a revoke therein.</p> - -<p>70. If any one play two cards to the same trick, or -mix his trump, or other card, with a trick to which it -does not properly belong, and the mistake be not -discovered until the hand is played out, he is answerable -for all consequent revokes he may have made.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> If, -during the play of the hand, the error be detected, the -tricks may be counted face downwards, in order to -ascertain whether there be among them a card too -many: should this be the case they may be searched, -and the card restored; the player is, however, liable -for all revokes which he may have meanwhile made.</p> - - -<h3>THE REVOKE.</h3> - -<p>71. Is when a player, holding one or more cards of -the suit led, plays a card of a different suit.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> - -<p>72. The penalty for a revoke:—</p> -<div class="center"> -<ol> -<li>Is at the option of the adversaries, who, at the -end of the hand, may either take three -tricks from the revoking player<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>—or deduct -three points from his score—or add three to -their own score;</li> - -<li>Can be claimed for as many revokes as occur -during the hand;</li> - -<li>Is applicable only to the score of the game -in which it occurs;</li> - -<li>Cannot be divided, i.e., a player cannot add -one or two to his own score and deduct one -or two from the revoking player;</li> - -<li>Takes precedence of every other score, <em>e.g.</em>,—The -claimants two—their opponents nothing—the -former add three to their score—and -thereby win a treble game, even should the -latter have made thirteen tricks, and held -four honours.</li> -</ol> -</div> - -<p>73. A revoke is established, if the trick in which it -occur be turned and quitted, <em>i.e.</em>, the hand removed -from that trick after it has been turned face downwards -on the table—or if either the revoking player or his -partner, whether in his right turn or otherwise, lead -or play to the following trick.</p> - -<p>74. A player may ask his partner whether he has -not a card of the suit which he has renounced; should -the question be asked before the trick is turned and -quitted, subsequent turning and quitting does not -establish the revoke, and the error may be corrected, -unless the question be answered in the negative, or -unless the revoking player or his partner have led -or played to the following trick.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> -<p>75. At the end of the hand, the claimants of a -revoke may search all the tricks.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> - -<p>76. If a player discover his mistake in time to save -a revoke, the adversaries, whenever they think fit, may -call the card thus played in error, or may require him -to play his highest or lowest card to that trick in -which he has renounced;—any player or players who -have played after him may withdraw their cards and -substitute others: the cards withdrawn are not liable -to be called.</p> - -<p>77. If a revoke be claimed, and the accused player -or his partner mix the cards before they have been -sufficiently examined by the adversaries, the revoke is -established. The mixing of the cards only renders -the proof of a revoke difficult, but does not prevent the -claim, and possible establishment, of the penalty.</p> - -<p>78. A revoke cannot be claimed after the cards -have been cut for the following deal.</p> - -<p>79. The revoking player and his partner may, -under all circumstances, require the hand in which -the revoke has been detected to be played out.</p> - -<p>80. If a revoke occur, be claimed and proved, bets -on the odd trick, or on amount of score, must be -decided by the actual state of the latter, after the -penalty is paid.</p> - -<p>81. Should the players on both sides subject themselves -to the penalty of one or more revokes, neither -can win the game; each is punished at the discretion -of his adversary.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> - -<p>82. In whatever way the penalty be enforced, under -no circumstances can a player win the game by the -result of the hand during which he has revoked; he -cannot score more than four. (<em>Vide</em> Rule 61.)</p> - - -<h3>CALLING FOR NEW CARDS.</h3> - -<p>83. Any player (on paying for them) before, but -not after, the pack be cut for the deal, may call for -fresh cards. He must call for two new packs, of -which the dealer takes his choice.</p> - - -<h3>GENERAL RULES.</h3> - -<p>84. Where a player and his partner have an -option of exacting from their adversaries one of -two penalties, they should agree who is to make -the election, but must not consult with one another -which of the two penalties it is advisable to exact; -if they do so consult they lose their right;<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> and if -either of them, with or without consent of his partner, -demand a penalty to which he is entitled, such -decision is final.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>This rule does not apply in exacting the penalties for a -revoke; partners have then a right to consult.</p></div> - -<p>85. Any one during the play of a trick, or after the -four cards are played, and before, but not after, they -are touched for the purpose of gathering them together, -may demand that the cards be placed before their -respective players.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> -<p>86. If any one, prior to his partner playing, should -call attention to the trick—either by saying that it is -his, or by naming his card, or, without being required -so to do, by drawing it towards him—the adversaries -may require that opponent's partner to play the -highest or lowest of the suit then led, or to win -or lose<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> the trick.</p> - -<p>87. In all cases where a penalty has been incurred, -the offender is bound to give reasonable time for -the decision of his adversaries.</p> - -<p>88. If a bystander make any remark which calls -the attention of a player or players to an oversight -affecting the score, he is liable to be called on, by -the players only, to pay the stakes and all bets on -that game or rubber.</p> - -<p>89. A bystander, by agreement among the players, -may decide any question.</p> - -<p>90. A card or cards torn or marked must be either -replaced by agreement, or new cards called at the -expense of the table.</p> - -<p>91. Any player may demand to see the last trick -turned, and no more. Under no circumstances can -more than eight cards be seen during the play of -the hand, viz.: the four cards on the table which -have not been turned and quitted, and the last -trick turned.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <em>Vide</em> Law 72.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <em>e.g.</em> If a single is scored by mistake for a double or treble, or -<i lang="la">vice versâ</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> In cutting for partners.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <em>Example.</em> A three, two sixes, and a knave are cut. The two -sixes cut again, and the lowest plays with the three. Suppose at the -second cut, the two sixes cut a king and a queen, the queen plays -with the three. -</p> -<p> -If at the second cut a lower card than the three is cut, the -three still retains its privileges as original low, and has the deal -and choice of cards and seats.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <em>Example.</em> Three aces and a two are cut. The three aces cut -again. The two is the original high, and plays with the highest of -the next cut. -</p> -<p> -Suppose at the second cut, two more twos and a king are drawn. -The king plays with the original two, and the other pair of twos -cut again for deal. -</p> -<p> -Suppose instead, the second cut to consist of an ace and two knaves. -The two knaves cut again, and the highest plays with the two.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <em>i.e.</em>, his prior right.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> And last in the room (<em>vide</em> Law 16).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <em>Vide</em> Law 34.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <em>Vide</em> Law 37.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> After the two packets have been re-united, Law 38 comes into -operation.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <em>i.e.</em>, the same dealer must deal again. <em>Vide</em> also Laws 47 and 50.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Except as provided in Laws 45 and 50.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <em>Vide</em> also Law 36.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Or more.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> The pack being perfect. <em>Vide</em> Law 47.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <em>i.e.</em>, until after he has played to the first trick.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <em>Vide</em> also Law 70, and Law 44, paragraph iv.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> It is not usual to call the trump card if left on the table.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Any one may inquire what the trump suit is, at any time.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> In the manner described in Law 55.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Face upwards.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Detached cards (<em>i.e.</em>, cards taken out of the hand but not dropped face -upwards on the table, or dropped face downwards on the table), are only -liable to be called, if named; <em>vide</em> Law 60.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> If two or more cards are played at once, the adversaries have a -right to call which they please to the trick in course of play, and -afterwards to call the others.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> And then lead without waiting for his partner to play.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Without waiting for his partner to play.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <em>i.e.</em>, the first time that side obtains the lead.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <em>i.e.</em>, the penalty of calling a suit must be exacted from whichever of -them next first obtains the lead. It follows that if the player who leads -out of turn is the partner of the person who ought to have led, and a suit -is called, it must be called at once from the right leader. If he is allowed -to play as he pleases, the only penalty that remains is to call the card -erroneously led.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <em>i.e.</em>, whichever of them next first has the lead.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> At every trick.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <em>Vide</em> also Law 46.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <em>Vide</em> also Law 61.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> And add them to their own.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <em>Vide</em> Law 77.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> In the manner prescribed in Law 72.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> To demand any penalty.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <em>i.e.</em>, refrain from winning.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p></div></div> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>ETIQUETTE OF WHIST.</h2> - - -<p>The following rules belong to the established Etiquette -of Whist. They are not called laws, as it is -difficult—in some cases impossible—to apply any -penalty to their infraction, and the only remedy is to -cease to play with players who habitually disregard -them.</p> - -<p>Two packs of cards are invariably used at Clubs: -if possible this should be adhered to.</p> - -<p>Any one, having the lead and several winning cards -to play, should not draw a second card out of his -hand until his partner has played to the first trick, -such act being a distinct intimation that the former -has played a winning card.</p> - -<p>No intimation whatever, by word or gesture, should -be given by a player as to the state of his hand, or -of the game.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> - -<p>A player who desires the cards to be placed, or -who demands to see the last trick,<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> should do it for -his own information only, and not in order to invite -the attention of his partner.</p> - -<p>No player should object to refer to a bystander who -professes himself uninterested in the game, and able -to decide any disputed question of facts; as to who -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>played any particular card—whether honours were -claimed though not scored, or <i lang="la">vice versâ</i>—etc., etc.</p> - -<p>It is unfair to revoke purposely; having made a -revoke, a player is not justified in making a second in -order to conceal the first.</p> - -<p>Until the players have made such bets as they wish, -bets should not be made with bystanders.</p> - -<p>Bystanders should make no remark, neither should -they by word or gesture give any intimation of the -state of the game until concluded and scored, nor -should they walk round the table to look at the -different hands.</p> - -<p>No one should look over the hand of a player -against whom he is betting.</p> - - -<h3>DUMMY</h3> - -<p>Is played by three players.</p> - -<p>One hand, called Dummy's, lies exposed on the -table.</p> - -<p>The laws are the same as those of Whist, with the -following exceptions:—</p> -<div class="center"> -<ol> -<li>Dummy deals at the commencement of each -rubber.</li> - -<li>Dummy is not liable to the penalty for a -revoke, as his adversaries see his cards: -should he<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> revoke and the error not be -discovered until the trick is turned and -quitted, it stands good.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></li> - -<li>Dummy being blind and deaf, his Partner is -not liable to any penalty for an error -whence he can gain no advantage. Thus, he -may expose some, or all of his cards, or -may declare that he has the game, or trick, -&c., without incurring any penalty; if, -however, he lead from Dummy's Hand when -he should lead from his own, or <i lang="la">vice versâ</i>, a -suit may be called from the hand which -ought to have led.</li> -</ol> -</div> - - -<h3>DOUBLE DUMMY</h3> - -<p>Is played by two players, each having a Dummy or -exposed hand for his partner. The laws of the game do -not differ from Dummy Whist, except in the following -special law: There is no misdeal, as the deal is a -disadvantage.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The question "Who dealt?" is irregular, and if asked should not -be answered.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Or who asks what the trump suit is.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <em>i.e.</em> Dummy's hand. If Dummy's partner revokes, he is liable to the -usual penalties.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> And the hand proceeds as though the revoke had not been discovered.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p></div></div> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>CASES AND DECISIONS.</h2> - - -<p>Card laws are intended to effect two objects: 1. To -preserve the harmony and determine the ordering of -the table. Such, for example, are the laws in the -previous code, which regulate scoring, cutting, shuffling, -&c. and the miscellaneous rules included under -the head of Etiquette. 2. To prevent any player -from obtaining an unfair advantage.</p> - -<p>The word "unfair" must be taken in a restricted -sense. It does not mean intentional unfairness. This -is not to be dealt with by laws, but by exclusion from -the card table. In deciding cases of card law, the -offender should be credited with <i lang="la">bonâ fides</i>. It follows -from this, that offences should not be judged by the -intention of the player, but by the amount of injury -which his irregularity may inflict on the opponents.</p> - -<p>In a perfect code, there should be a penalty for all -errors or irregularities, by which the player committing -them, or his side, <em>might</em> profit; and on the -other hand there should be no penalty for errors by -which he who commits them, <em>cannot possibly</em> gain an -advantage.</p> - -<p>Penalties should be proportioned as closely as -possible to the gain which might ensue to the offender. -For instance: if the third hand has not played and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> -the fourth plays before his partner, the second hand is -informed whether or not his partner is likely to win -the trick. The law, therefore, provides that the -adversaries shall be entitled to call on the second -player either to win the trick, or not to win it, whichever -they please. Say, the fourth hand plays an ace -out of turn. The second hand may be required to -win the trick. If he has none of the suit he must -trump it. In the opposite case, if the fourth hand -plays a small card, and the second is called on not to -win the trick, he must play a small card also. In this -manner, the second player is prevented from benefiting -by the irregular information afforded him. Other -offences are legislated against in a similar way, the -point kept in view throughout being, that no player -shall be allowed to profit by his own wrong doing.</p> - -<p>However carefully a code is drawn up, it will not -unfrequently happen in practice, that cases occur -which are but imperfectly provided for. Such cases -should be referred for decision to some arbitrator. -The arbitrator will find himself materially assisted by -keeping well before him the two great objects with -which the laws have been framed.</p> - -<p>The following general rules will also be found -useful in guiding him to just decisions:</p> - -<p>Where two or more players are in fault, it should -be considered with whom the first fault lies, and how -far it induced or invited the subsequent error of the -adversary.</p> - -<p>Questions of fact should be settled before the case -is referred, either by a majority of the players, or, if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> -they are divided in opinion, by an onlooker agreed to -by both parties, the decision of this referee being -final.</p> - -<p>When the facts are agreed to they should be written -down, and the written statement submitted to the -judge, who should return a written answer.</p> - -<p>Should it so happen that a case is referred, wherein -the players are divided in opinion as to the facts, the -arbitrator will do well to decline to give a decision. -The disputants, however, may be reminded that the -player whom it is proposed to punish is entitled to -the benefit of reasonable doubt.</p> - -<p>Questions of interpretation of law should be -decided liberally, in accordance with the spirit rather -than the letter of the law. On the other hand, -the arbitrator should bear in mind the great inconvenience -of a lax interpretation of card laws, and, -having made up his mind as to the intention of -the law, should decide all cases with the utmost -strictness.</p> - -<p>The following cases, with decisions, selected from a -large number which have been brought under the -author's notice as having occurred in actual play, are -given in exemplification of the foregoing remarks.</p> - - -<h3>CASE I.</h3> - -<p>The play of the hand shows that AB (partners) -hold no honour. The hand is therefore abandoned -and the adversaries (YZ) score the game. It is then -discovered that Y has only twelve cards, and one of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> -the honours is found on the floor. AB then object -to the score on the ground that YZ only "held" -three honours (<em>vide</em> Law 3).</p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—YZ are entitled to score four by honours. -Y is not obliged to play with his cards in his hand. -Besides, the game having been abandoned, Law 59 -comes into operation. The penalty for playing with -twelve cards is laid down in Law 46. Y is liable for -any revoke he may have made.</p> - - -<h3>CASE II.</h3> - -<p>AB claim "the game" and score it. After the -trump card of the following deal is turned up, YZ -object that AB have not claimed honours (<em>vide</em> Laws -6 and 7).</p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—The honours were claimed within the -meaning of the law. The objection to the score, if -made really in ignorance of how it accrued, should -have been taken at once. YZ should not wait the -completion of the deal, so as to entrap AB on a mere -technicality.</p> - -<p><em>Note.</em> This is a good instance of interpretation -in accordance with the spirit of the law. Laws -should never be so construed as to inflict a wholly -unnecessary wrong, as would happen in this case -were the law insisted on literally. The intention of -Law 7 is to require AB to draw attention to the -claim; and this is sufficiently done by the claim of -"the game."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> - - -<h3>CASE III.</h3> - -<p>Y throws down his hand and claims "the game." -B (Y's adversary) thinking that Y is referring only -to the tricks, says, "You are not game." Y then -marks four. After the trump card of the following -deal is turned up, A remarks, "if Y had scored his -honours, he would have been game." Y then claims -the game, on the ground that he made the claim in -time, and only withdrew it in consequence of B's -contradiction. Is Y entitled to score the game?</p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—No. Y's claim of "the game" is -irregular. He is bound to state in what way he wins -it (<em>vide</em> Law 6). There is no evidence that Y was -referring to his honours when he claimed the game, -but rather the contrary, as he afterwards withdrew his -claim and said nothing about honours.</p> - -<p><em>Note.</em> This is an example of two players being in -fault. It seems hard on Y that he should suffer -through B's mistake; but it must be borne in -mind that the confusion was introduced by Y's own -irregularity, and that the omission to score honours -was due to his subsequent forgetfulness.</p> - -<p class="center">Compare with Case II. -</p> - - -<h3>CASE IV.</h3> - -<p>At the conclusion of the deal the trump card comes -to the hand on the dealer's left. The dealer requests -the players to count their cards. The player to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> -dealer's left appropriates a packet of cards lying a -little to his own right hand, between himself and the -dealer, and finds twelve cards in it. The other hands -each contain thirteen. The dealer now claims the hand -with twelve cards in it as his hand. Must the players -accept the hands thus given to them, or is it a misdeal?</p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—It is a misdeal. The fault is entirely -with the dealer. If he deals so carelessly that there -is any doubt as to the ownership of the hands, he -must apportion them, and having once done so, he -must not shift the hands about, so as to make a hand -with twelve cards in it fall to himself.</p> - - -<h3>CASE V.</h3> - -<p>Y throws down his cards, remarking, "We have -lost the game." On this, A and B (Y's adversaries) -throw down their cards. Z retains his hand. AB -plead that they were misled by Y and that therefore -they are not liable to Law 58.</p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—A's, Y's, and B's hands are exposed, and -must be left on the table to be called, each player's by -the adversary. Z is not bound to abandon the game -because his partner chooses to do so. Consequently, -Y's remark does not bind Z. A and B ought to keep -up their cards, until they have ascertained that both -adversaries have abandoned the game.</p> - -<p><em>Note.</em> The written law is sufficient to decide this -case (<em>vide</em> Law 58); but inasmuch as the irregularity -in question is a fertile source of disputes, the case has -been deemed worthy of insertion.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> - - -<h3>CASE VI.</h3> - -<p>When it comes to the last trick of a hand, it appears -that the player who has to lead has no card. What is -to be done?</p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—(<em>a</em>) If either of the other players remains -with two cards, it is a misdeal (<em>vide</em> Law 44, paragraph -iv). (<em>b</em>) If the other players have their right number -of cards, the missing card should be searched for (<em>vide</em> -Law 70) and when found assigned to the leader, who is -liable to Law 46. (<em>c</em>) If the missing card cannot be -found, the tricks may be searched to find what card is -wanting, and the absent card assumed to have belonged -to the player who had but twelve cards.</p> - -<p><em>Note.</em> It may seem that decision <em>c</em> is severe on a -player playing <i lang="la">bonâ fide</i> with an imperfect pack. But -each player should protect himself, by counting his -hand before he plays. His playing to the first trick -signifies his acceptance of the hand. If he accepts an -imperfect one he must take the consequences.</p> - - -<h3>CASE VII.</h3> - -<p>Towards the end of a hand a spade is led. The -third hand, when it comes to his turn to play, lays -down the ace of trumps (hearts) and says "There's -the game." He then throws his hand on the table. -The hand contains several spades. Is it a revoke?</p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—It is a question of fact. If the card was -exposed in order to save time, it is not a revoke. But<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> -if the ace of trumps was played to the trick it is a -revoke, the subsequent throwing down of the cards -being an act of play, equivalent to playing to the -following trick (<em>vide</em> Law 73).</p> - - -<h3>CASE VIII.</h3> - -<p>The adversary cuts the pack to the dealer, but -without his consent, <em>i.e.</em>, without the dealer's presenting -it to be cut. Is it too late to claim a revoke in -the previous hand? (<em>vide</em> Law 78).</p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—It is too late for the player who cut or -for his partner to claim a revoke, but not too late for -the adversaries.</p> - - -<h3>CASE IX.</h3> - -<p>A player revokes, and on discovering the revoke -before the hand is played out, says in explanation, "I -never saw the card; it was hidden behind my king of -diamonds"—the king of diamonds being still in his -hand.</p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—The king of diamonds is constructively an -exposed card, and the adversaries may require that it -be laid on the table to be called.</p> - - -<h3>CASE X.</h3> - -<p>Y leads out of turn. B (Y's adversary) says to his -partner, "Shall we call a suit or not?" B's partner -gives no answer. Is the asking the question a consultation -within the meaning of Law 84, although no -answer is made to it?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—Yes. It is the very question Law 84 is -framed to prevent. B by the question shows that he -is in doubt as to the policy of calling a suit, and thus -affords information he has no right to give. Further -than this, a reply by word of mouth is not necessary -to constitute a consultation. Silence is an answer. -The knowledge that a partner is indifferent may convey -information that B has no right to extract.</p> - -<p><em>Note.</em> The usual formula is "Will you exact the -penalty, or shall I?" This question does not bring -the player under the operation of Law 84.</p> - - -<h3>CASE XI.</h3> - -<p>A leads and the other three players follow suit. A -plays another card (it not being his lead) and proceeds -to gather the five cards into one trick. On being told -of it, A explains that his attention has been diverted, -and that he thought he had not played to the trick. -The adversaries claim to be entitled to the penalties -for leading out of turn, on the ground that the penalty -should depend, not on the actual intention of the -player, but on his possible intention.</p> - -<p><em>Decision</em>—A has not led out of turn; he has merely -exposed a card. The abstract principle pleaded by -the adversaries is quite sound, but it does not apply -to this case. A's word must be taken as correctly -representing the fact that he played a second time to -one trick.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>WHIST.<br /> - -HISTORICAL.</h2> - - -<p>The early history of Whist is involved in obscurity. -All games of high character become perfected by -degrees; and Whist, following this rule, has been -formed by gradual development. As early as the -beginning of the sixteenth century, a card game -called <em>triumph</em> or <em>trump</em> was commonly played in -England. This game in its chief feature, viz., the -predominance of one particular suit, and in its -general construction, was so similar to Whist, that -no one can doubt it to have been the game from -which Whist grew.</p> - -<p>There were two distinct games called trump. -<em>Triomphe</em> or <em>French ruff</em> was very like écarté, only -there was no score for the king; Trump or <em>English -ruff-and-honours</em> closely resembled Whist.</p> - -<p>Berni ("<cite>Capitolo del Gioco della Primera</cite>," Rome, -1526), enumerates several games at cards; among -them are <em>trionfi</em>, played by the peasants; and <em>ronfa</em>, -the invention of which is attributed to King Ferdinand.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> - -<p><em>Triumphus Hispanicus</em> is the subject of a "Dialogue" -written in Latin and French by Vives, a Spaniard -(d. 1541).</p> - -<p><em>La triomphe</em> and <em>la ronfle</em> are included by Rabelais -(first half of sixteenth century) in the long list of some -two hundred and thirty games played by Gargantua.</p> - -<p>In "A Worlde of Wordes or Most copious and -exact <em>Dictionarie</em> in Italian and <em>English</em> collected by -John Florio, 1598," <em>ronfa</em> is defined as "<em>a game at -cardes called ruffe or trumpe</em>;" and under <em>trionfo</em> we -find "<em>triumph. * * * Also a trump at cards, or the -play called trump or ruff</em>."</p> - -<p>There is no evidence to show whether the above -were the foreign or native form of trump. Douce, -in his "Illustrations of Shakespeare," concludes, from -finding <i lang="fr">la triomphe</i> in Rabelais' list, that we derived -the game of trump from a French source. But it -seems more probable, from the non-appearance of -English ruff-and-honours in the <cite>Académie des Jeux</cite>, -and from the distinction drawn in Cotton's "Compleat -Gamester" between "English ruff-and-honours" and -"French ruff" (<i lang="fr">la triomphe</i> of the <cite>Académie</cite>), that -the game referred to by Berni, Vives, Rabelais, and -Florio, was not the same game as English ruff-and-honours, -for which a purely English origin (as the -name implies) may be claimed.</p> - -<p>How and when trump or English ruff-and-honours -originated cannot now be ascertained. It was played -at least as early as the time of Henry VIII., for it -was taken by Latimer to illustrate his text, in the first -of two sermons "Of the Card," preached by him at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> -Cambridge, in Advent, about the year 1529. He -mentions the game under its original and corrupted -appellations, and clearly alludes to its characteristic -feature, as the following extract will show.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"And where you are wont to celebrate Christmass in -playing at Cards, I intend, with God's grace, to deal unto -you Christ's Cards, wherein you shall perceive Christ's -Rule. The game that we play at shall be the Triumph, -which, if it be well played at, he that dealeth shall win; -the Players shall likewise win, and the standers and -lookers upon shall do the same. * * * You must mark -also, that the Triumph must apply to fetch home unto -him all the other Cards, whatsoever suit they be of. * * * -Then further we must say to ourselves, 'What requireth -Christ of a Christian man?' Now turn up your Trump, -your Heart (Hearts is Trump, as I said before) and cast -your Trump, your Heart, on this card."</p></div> - -<p>Later in the century trump is often referred to. In -"Gammer Gurton's Nedle, made by Mr. S., Mr of -Art [Bishop Still] 1575," the second piece performed -in England under the name of a comedy (performed -at Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1566), Old Dame -Chat thus invites some friends to a game:—</p> - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"<span class="smcap">Chat</span>. What diccon: come nere, ye be no straunger,<br /></span> -<span class="i6">We be fast set at trumpe man, hard by the fyre,<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Thou shalt set on the king, if thou come a litte nyer.<br /></span> -<span class="i6">* * * * * * *<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Come nether, Dol, Dol, sit downe and play this game,<br /></span> -<span class="i6">And as thou sawest me do, see thou do even the same<br /></span> -<span class="i6">There is 5. trumps beside the Queene, y<sup>e</sup> hindmost y<sup>u</sup> shalt finde her<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> -<span class="i6">Take hede of Sim glover's wife, she hath an eie behind her."<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>In Eliot's "Fruits for the French" (1593), trump -is called "a verie common alehouse game;" and Rice, -in his "Invective against Vices" (printed before -1600), observes that "renouncing the trompe and -comming in againe" (<em>i.e.</em>, revoking intentionally), is a -common sharper's trick. Decker, in "The Belman -of London" (1608), speaks of "the deceites practised -(euen in the fairest and most ciuill companies) at -Primero, Saint, Maw, Tromp, and such like games."</p> - -<p>The game of trump is also mentioned by Shakespeare -in "Antony and Cleopatra," Act iv., scene 12 -(first published 1623).</p> - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"<span class="smcap">Ant.</span> My good knave, Eros, now thy Captain is<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Even such a body; here am I Antony;<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Yet cannot hold this visible shape, my <em>knave</em>.<br /></span> -<span class="i6">I made these wars for Egypt; and the <em>Queen</em>,—<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Whose <em>heart</em> I thought I had, for she had mine;<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Which, whilst it was mine, had annex'd unto 't<br /></span> -<span class="i6">A million more, now lost,—she, Eros, has<br /></span> -<span class="i6"><em>Packed cards</em> with Cæsar, and <em>false-played</em> my glory<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Unto an enemy's <em>triumph</em>."<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The repeated punning allusions to card-playing in -this passage leave no doubt as to the reference in the -last word. Douce ("Illustrations") points out its -real meaning, and ridicules Ben Jonson's derivation -of the word trump from <em>tromper</em>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> - -<p>There is abundant evidence to show that trump is a -corruption of the word triumph. In addition to the -instances already given, the following may be quoted: -In Cotgrave's "Dictionarie of the French and English -Tongve" (1611), <em>Triomphe</em> is explained as "<em>the Card-game -called Ruffe or Trump; also the Ruffe or Trump -at it</em>." Minsheu, in "The Guide unto Tongues" -(1617), gives, "The <span class="smcap">Trumpe</span> <i lang="la">in cardes. Triumfo, ita -dict</i>: quod de <i lang="la">cæteris chartis</i> triumphare videatur, -<i lang="la">quod illis sit præstantior</i>." Seymour, in his "Court -Gamester" (1719), says—"The Term <em>Trump</em> comes -from a Corruption of the Word <em>Triumph</em>; for -wherever they are, they are attended with Conquest." -Ash ("Dictionary, 1775") has "Triumph (<em>s. from the</em> -Lat. triumphus). * * * A conquering card, a trump; -<em>but this sense is now become obsolete</em>. Trump (<em>s. from</em> -triumph)."</p> - -<p>The derivation of the word <em>ruff</em> or <em>ruffe</em> has caused -much speculation. The previous quotations show -that it is the same word as <em>ronfa</em> (Ital.) and <em>ronfle</em> (Fr.), -and that it is synonymous with the English triumph -or trump. Even at the present day many Whist -players speak of ruffing, <em>i.e.</em>, trumping; and, in the -expression a cross-ruff, the word ruff is preserved to -the exclusion of the word trump.</p> - -<p>The game of <em>ruff-and-honours</em>, if not the same as -trump or ruff, was probably the same game, with the -addition of certain advantages to the four highest -cards of the trump suit. Rabelais includes in his list -a game called "<i lang="fr">les Honneurs</i>," but whether it had any -affinity to ruff-and-honours is doubtful. In "Shufling,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> -Cutting, and Dealing, in a Game at Pickquet: being -Acted from the Year, 1653. to 1658. By O.P. [Oliver -Protector] and others; With great Applause." (1659), -the "Old Foolish Christmas Game with <em>Honours</em>" is -mentioned. Some writers are of opinion that trump -was originally played without honours; but as no description -of trump without honours is known to exist, -their view must be taken as conjectural. In 1674, -Charles Cotton, the poet, published a description of -ruff-and-honours in "The Compleat Gamester: or -Instructions How to play at Billiards, Trucks, -Bowls, and Chess. Together with all manner of -usual and most Gentile <span class="smcap">Games</span>, either on Cards or -Dice." Cotton gives a drawing of the game of -"English Ruff and Honours," (see frontispiece) and -thus describes it:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"At Ruff and Honours, by some called Slamm, you have -in the Pack all the Deuces, and the reason is, because four -playing having dealt twelve a piece, there are four left for -the Stock, the uppermost whereof is turn'd up, and that -is Trumps, he that hath the Ace of that Ruffs; that is, he -takes in those four Cards, and lays out four others in their -lieu; the four Honours are the Ace, King, Queen, and -Knave; he that hath three Honours in his own hand, his -partner not having the fourth sets up Eight by Cards, -that is two tricks; if he hath all four, then Sixteen, that -is four tricks; it is all one if two Partners make them -three or four between them, as if one had them. If the -Honours are equally divided among the Gamesters of each -side, then they say Honours are split. If either side are -at Eight Groats he hath the benefit of calling Can-ye, if he -hath two Honours in his hand, and if the other answers -one, the Game is up, which is nine in all, but if he hath -more than two he shows them, and then it is one and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> -same thing; but it he forgets to call after playing a trick, -he loseth the advantage of Can-ye for that deal.</p> - -<p>"All Cards are of value as they are superiour one to -another, as a Ten wins a Nine if not Trumps, so a Queen, -a Knave in like manner; but the least Trump will win -the highest Card of any other Card [suit]; where note -the Ace is the highest."</p></div> - -<p>This game was clearly Whist in an imperfect form. -Whist is not mentioned by Shakespeare, nor by any -writer (it is believed) of the Elizabethan era. It is -probable that the introduction of the name <em>whist</em> or -<em>whisk</em> took place early in the seventeenth century.</p> - -<p>The first known appearance of the word in print is -in the "Motto" of Taylor, the Water Poet (1621). -Taylor spells the word whisk. Speaking of the -prodigal, he says:—</p> - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"The Prodigals estate, like to a flux.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Mercer, Draper, and the Silkman sucks:<br /></span> -<span class="i4">* * * * * * *<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He flings his money free with carelessnesse:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">At Novum, Mumchance, mischance, (chuse ye which)<br /></span> -<span class="i0">At One and Thirty, or at Poore and rich,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ruffe, slam, Trump, nody, whisk, hole, Sant, New-cut."<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The word continued to be spelt whisk for about -forty years. The earliest known use of the present -spelling is in "Hudibras the Second Part" (spurious) -published in 1663:—</p> - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"But what was this? A Game at Whist<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Unto our <em>Plowden-Canonist</em>."<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>After this, the word is spelt indifferently, whisk or -whist. In "The Compleat Gamester" (1674 and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> -subsequent editions) Cotton says, under playing the -cards at "Picket," "the elder begins and younger -follows in suit as at Whisk." But he uses the other -spelling in his chapter on the game itself. He observes, -"Ruff and Honours (<em>alias</em> Slamm) and Whist, are -Games so commonly known in <em>England</em> in all parts -thereof, that every Child almost of Eight Years old -hath a competent knowledge in that recreation."</p> - -<p>After describing ruff-and-honours (see the passage -quoted, pp. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>), Cotton adds, "Whist is a game -not much differing from this, only they put out the -Deuces and take in no stock; and is called Whist -from the silence that is to be observed in the play; -they deal as before, playing four, two of a side * * * -to each Twelve a piece, and the Trump is the bottom -Card. The manner of crafty playing, the number of -the Game Nine, Honours and dignity of other Cards -are all alike, and he that wins most tricks is most -forward to win the set."</p> - -<p>Cotton's work was afterwards incorporated with -Seymour's Court-Gamester (first published 1719). -The earlier editions contain no Whist, but after the -two books were united (about 1734), Seymour says, -"Whist, vulgarly called whisk. The original denomination -of this game is Whist, [here Seymour is -mistaken] or the silent game at cards." And again, -"Talking is not allowed at Whist; the very word -implies 'Hold your Tongue.'"</p> - -<p>Dr. Johnson does not positively derive Whist from -the <i lang="la">interjectio silentium imperans</i>; he cautiously explains -Whist to be "a game at cards, requiring close<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> -attention and silence." Nares, in his "Glossary," has -"Whist, an interjection commanding silence;" and he -adds, "That the name of the game of Whist is derived -from this, is known, I presume, to all who play or do -not play." Skeat ("Etymological Dictionary of the -English Language, 1882") gives, "Whist, hush, -silence; a game at cards * * * named from the -silence requisite to play it attentively."</p> - -<p>Chatto, however, ("Facts and Speculations on the -Origin and History of Playing Cards, 1848"), suggests -that whisk is derived by substitution from ruff, both -of them signifying a piece of lawn used as an ornament -to the dress.</p> - -<p>The best modern etymologists are of opinion that, -whisk and whist, being, like whisper, whistle, wheeze, -hush and hist, words of imitative origin, it makes no -difference which form is first found. So the received -derivation from silence, having a good deal of evidence -in its favour, may be accepted until some more conclusive -arguments than Chatto's are brought against it.</p> - -<p>While Whist was undergoing the changes of name -and character already specified, there was for a time -associated with it another title, viz., swabbers or -swobbers. Fielding, in his "History of the life of -the late Mr. Jonathan Wild, the Great," records that -when the ingenious Count La Ruse was domiciled -with Mr. Geoffrey Snap, in 1682, or, in other words, -was in a spunging-house, the Count beguiled the -tedium of his in-door existence by playing at Whisk-and-Swabbers, -"the game then in the chief vogue." -Swift, in "The Intelligencer" (No. v, Dublin, 1728),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> -ridicules Archbishop Tenison for not understanding -the meaning of swabbers. "There is a known Story of -a <em>Clergy-Man</em>, who was recommended for a Preferment -by some great Man at Court, to A. B. C'T. -His Grace said, he had heard that the <em>Clergy-Man</em> -used to play at Whisk and Swobbers, that as to -playing now and then a Sober Game at Whisk for -pastime, it might be pardoned, but he could not digest -those wicked Swobbers, and it was with some pains -that my Lord <em>S——rs</em> could undeceive him." Johnson -defines swobbers as "four privileged cards used -incidentally in betting at Whist." In Captain Francis -Grose's "Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue" -(1785), swabbers are stated to be "The ace of hearts, -knave of clubs, ace and duce of trumps at Whist." The -Hon. Daines Barrington (writing in 1786), says that at -the beginning of the century, whisk was "played with -what were called <em>Swabbers</em>, which were possibly so -termed, because they, who had certain cards in their -hand, were entitled to take up a share of the stake, -independent of the general event of the game." This -was probably the true office of the swabbers, the -etymology of the word showing it to be allied to sweep, -swoop, swab, swap, and to be first cousin to sweepstakes. -Swabbers soon went out of general use, but they -may still linger in some local coteries. R. B. Wormald -writes thus respecting them in 1873:—Being driven -by stress of weather to take shelter in a sequestered -hostelry on the Berkshire bank of the Thames, he found -four persons immersed in the game of Whist: "In -the middle of the hand, one of the players, with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> -grin that almost mounted to a chuckle, and a vast -display of moistened thumb, spread out upon the -table the ace of trumps; whereupon the other three -deliberately laid down their hands, and forthwith -severally handed over the sum of one penny to the -fortunate holder of the card in question. On enquiry, -we were informed that the process was technically -known as a 'swap' (qy. swab or swabber), and was -<i lang="fr">de rigueur</i> in all property constituted whist circles."</p> - -<p>After the swabbers were dropped (and it is probable -that they were not in general use in the eighteenth -century), our national card game became known simply -as Whist, though still occasionally spelt whisk. The -Hon. Daines Barrington ("Archaeologia," Vol. viii.) -says, that Whist in its infancy was chiefly confined to -the servants' hall. That the game had not yet become -fashionable is evident from the disparaging way in -which it is referred to by writers of the period. In -Farquhar's comedy of "The Beaux's Stratagem" -(1707), Mrs. Sullen, a fine lady from London, speaks -in a contemptuous vein of the "rural Accomplishments -of drinking fat Ale, playing at Whisk, and smoaking -Tobacco." Pope also classes Whist as a country squire's -game, in his "Epistle to Mrs. Teresa Blount" (1715)—</p> - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"Some Squire, perhaps, you take delight to rack,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Whose game is Whisk, whose treat a toast in sack."<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Thomson, in his "Autumn" (1730), describes how -after a heavy hunt dinner—</p> - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"Perhaps a while, amusive, thoughtful Whisk<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Walks gentle round, beneath a cloud of smoak,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Wreath'd, fragrant, from the pipe."<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> -<p>Early in the century the points of the game rose -from nine to ten ("nine in all," Cotton, 1709; "ten -in all," Cotton, 1721; "nine in all," Cotton, 1725; -"ten in all," Seymour, 1734, "rectified according to -the present standard of play"). Every subsequent -edition of Seymour (with which Cotton was incorporated) -makes the game ten up. It seems likely -that, simultaneously with this change, or closely -following it, the practice of playing with the entire -pack instead of with but forty-eight cards obtained. -This improvement introduced the <em>odd trick</em>, an element -of the greatest interest in modern Whist.</p> - -<p>At this period (early part of the eighteenth century) -there was a mania for card playing in all parts of -Europe, and in all classes of society, but Whist had -not as yet found favour in the highest circles. Piquet, -Ombre, and Quadrille, were the principal games of -the fashionable world. But about 1728, the game of -Whist rose out of its comparative obscurity.</p> - -<p>A party of gentlemen (according to Daines Barrington), -of whom the first Lord Folkestone was one, used -at this date to frequent the Crown Coffee-house, in -Bedford Row, where they studied Whist scientifically. -They must have made considerable progress in the -game, to judge by the following rules which they laid -down:—"Lead from the strong suit; study your -partner's hand; and attend to the score."</p> - -<p>Shortly after this, the celebrated <span class="smcap">Edmond Hoyle</span>, -the father of the game, published his "Short Treatise" -(1742-3). About Hoyle's antecedents, but little is -known. He was born in 1672; it is said he was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> -educated for the bar. It has been stated that he was -born in Yorkshire, but this is doubtful. At all events, -the author, by personal enquiry, has positively ascertained -that he did not belong to the family of Yorkshire -Hoyles, who acquired estates near Halifax <em>temp.</em> -Edward III. It has also been stated that Hoyle was -appointed registrar of the prerogative court at Dublin, -in 1742. This, however, is unlikely. At that time, -Hoyle was engaged in writing on games, and in -giving lessons in Whist, and he was probably living -in London. At all events, the only known genuine -copy of the first edition of the "Short Treatise" (in -the Bodleian), was published in London; and Hoyle -afterwards resided in Queen Square. The name -Edmund or Edmond is common in both the Yorkshire -and Irish families of Hoyle; and probably one -Hoyle has been mistaken for another.</p> - -<p>Internal evidence shows that Hoyle originally drew -up notes for the use of his pupils. His early editions -speak of "Purchasers of the <cite>Treatise</cite> in Manuscript, -disposed of the last Winter," and further state that -the author of it "has fram'd an <em>Artificial Memory</em>, -which takes not off your Attention from your Game; -and if required, he is ready to communicate it, upon -Payment of one Guinea. And also, he will explain -any <em>Cases</em> in the Book, upon Payment of one Guinea -more." The cheap spurious editions lament that there -was "a Treatise on the Game of <em>Whist</em> lately dispersed -among a <em>few</em> Hands at a <em>Guinea</em> Price;" that it was to -be procured with no small difficulty; and that the -public lay under imposition and hardship in not being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> -able to get the book under a guinea, and by its being -reserved only in a few hands.</p> - -<p>No doubt, the circulation of these surreptitious -copies induced Hoyle to print the manuscript, and -to register the "Short Treatise" at Stationers' Hall -in November, 1742.</p> - -<p>The treatise ran through five editions in one year, -and it is said that Hoyle received a large sum for the -copyright. This last statement, however, requires -verification; at all events, Hoyle continued for years -to sign every copy personally, as the proprietor of the -copyright. This was done in order to protect the -property from further piracy, as the address to the -reader shows.</p> - -<p>The following is a facsimile of Hoyle's signature, -taken from the fourth edition:—</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0044.jpg" width="700" height="182" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>In the fifteenth edition the signature is impressed -from a wood block, and in the seventeenth it was -announced that Mr. Hoyle was dead. He died in -Welbank (Welbeck) Street, Cavendish Square, in -August, 1769, aged 97.</p> - -<p>One effect of Hoyle's publication was to draw forth -a witty skit, entitled "The Humours of Whist. A -Dramatic Satire, as Acted every Day at <em><span class="smcap">White</span>'s</em> and -other <em>Coffee-Houses</em> and <em>Assemblies</em>." (1743). The -pamphlet commences with an advertisement mimicking<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> -Hoyle's address to the reader. The prologue to the -play is "supposed to be spoke by a waiter at White's."</p> - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"Who will believe that Man could e'er exist,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who spent near half an Age in studying <em>Whist</em>?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Grew gray with Calculation—Labour hard!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As if Life's Business center'd in a Card?<br /></span> -<span class="i2">That such there is, let me to those appeal,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who with such liberal Hands reward his Zeal.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Lo! <em>Whist</em> he makes a science, and our Peers<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Deign to turn <em>School Boys</em> in their riper Years."<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The principal characters are Professor Whiston -(Hoyle), who gives lessons in the game of Whist; Sir -Calculation Puzzle, a passionate admirer of Whist, -who imagines himself a good player, yet always loses; -Sharpers, Pupils of the Professor, and Cocao, Master -of the Chocolate-house. The sharpers are disgusted -at the appearance of the book.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"<em>Lurchum.</em> Thou knowest we have the Honour to be -admitted into the best Company, which neither our Birth -nor Fortunes entitle us to, merely for our Reputation as -good Whist-Players.</p> - -<p><em>Shuffle.</em> Very well!</p> - -<p><em>Lurch.</em> But if this damn'd Book of the Professor's -answers, as he pretends, to put Players more upon a Par, -what will avail our superior Skill in the Game? We are -undone to all Intents and Purposes. * * * We must bid -adieu to <em>White's</em>, <em>George's</em>, <em>Brown's</em>, and all the polite -Assemblies about Town, and that's enough to make a Man -mad instead of thoughtful.</p> - -<p><em>Shuf.</em> Damn him, I say,—Could he find no other -Employment for forty Years together, than to study how -to circumvent younger Brothers, and such as us, who live -by our Wits? A man that discovers the Secrets of any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> -Profession deserves to be sacrificed, and I would be the -first, <em>Lurchum</em>, to cut the Professor's Throat for what he -has done, but that I think I have pretty well defeated the -malevolent Effect of his fine-spun Calculations.</p> - -<p><em>Lurch.</em> As how, dear <em>Shuffle</em>? Thou revivest me.</p> - -<p><em>Shuf.</em> I must confess the Publication of his Treatise -gave me at first some slight Alarm; but I did not, -like thee, <em>Lurchum</em>, indulge in melancholy desponding -Thoughts: On the contrary, I called up my Indignation -to my Assistance, and have ever since been working upon -a private Treatise on <em>Signs</em> at <em>Whist</em>, by way of counter -Treatise to his, and which, if I mistake not, totally -overthrows his System."</p></div> - -<p>On the other hand, the gentlemen are in raptures.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"Sir <em>Calculation Puzzle.</em> The progress your Lordship -has made for the time you have study'd under the -Professor is wonderful.—Pray, has your Lordship seen the -dear Man to-day?</p> - -<p>Lord <em>Slim</em>. O yes.—His Grace sate him down at my -House, and I have just lent him my Chariot into the City.—How -do you like the last edition of his Treatise with the -Appendix,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> Sir <em>Calculation</em>? I mean that sign'd with -his Name.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> - -<p>Sir <em>Cal.</em> O Gad, my Lord, there never was so excellent -a Book printed.—I'm quite in Raptures with it—I will -eat with it—sleep with it—go to Court with it—go to -Parliament with it—go to Church with it.—I pronounce -it the Gospel of Whist-Players; and the Laws of the -Game ought to be wrote in golden Letters, and hung up -in Coffee-houses, as much as the Ten Commandments in -Parish Churches.</p> - -<p>Sir <em>John Medium</em>. Ha! Ha! Ha! You speak of the -Book with the Zeal of a primitive Father.</p> - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> - -<p>Sir <em>Cal.</em> Not half enough, Sir <em>John</em>—the Calculations<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> -are so exact! * * * his Observations<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> are quite masterly! -his Rules<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> so comprehensive! his Cautions<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> so judicious! -There are such Variety of Cases<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> in his Treatise, and the -Principles are so new, I want Words to express the -Author, and can look on him in no other Light than as a -second <em>Newton</em>."</p></div> - -<p>The way in which Sir Calculation introduces Hoyle's -Calculations of Chances is very amusing.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"Sir <em>John</em>. 'Twas by some such laudable Practices, I -suppose, that you suffered in your last Affair with -Lurchum.</p> - -<p>Sir <em>Cal.</em> O Gad, No, Sir <em>John</em>—Never any thing was -fairer, nor was ever any thing so critical.—We were nine -all. The adverse Party had 3, and we had 4 Tricks. All -the Trumps were out. I had Queen and two small Clubs, -with the Lead. Let me see—It was about 222 and -3 Halves to—'gad. I forgot how many—that my Partner -had the Ace and King—let me recollect—ay—that he had -one only was about 31 to 26.—That he had not both of -them 17 to 2,—and that he had not one, or both, or -neither, some 25 to 32.—So I, according to the Judgment -of the Game, led a Club, my Partner takes it with the -King. Then it was exactly 481 for <em>us</em> to 222 against <em>them</em>. -He returns the same Suit; I win it with my Queen, and -return it again; but the Devil take that <em>Lurchum</em>, by -passing his Ace twice, he took the Trick, and having 2 -more Clubs and a 13th Card, I gad, all was over.—But -they both allow'd I play'd admirably well for all that."</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> - -<p>The following passage from the same pamphlet -mentions the Crown—probably the Crown Coffee-house—and -it has been inferred from this that Hoyle -himself might have been one of Lord Folkestone's -party.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"<em>Young Jobber</em> [A pupil of the Professor's]. Dear, Mr. -<em>Professor</em>, I can never repay you.—You have given me -such an Insight by this Visit, I am quite another Thing—I -find I knew nothing of the Game before; tho' I can -assure you, I have been reckoned a First-rate Player in -the City a good while—nay, for that Matter, I make no -bad figure at the <em>Crown</em>—and don't despair, by your -Assistance, but to make one at <em>White's</em> soon."</p></div> - -<p>Hoyle is also spoken of in his professional capacity -in "The Rambler" of May 8, 1750. A "Lady that -has lost her Money" writes, "As for Play, I do think -I may, indeed, indulge in that, now I am my own -Mistress. Papa made me drudge at Whist 'till I was -tired of it; and far from wanting a Head, Mr. <em>Hoyle</em>, -when he had not given me above forty Lessons, said, -I was one of his best Scholars."</p> - -<p>Again, in "The Gentleman's Magazine" for -February, 1755, a writer, professing to give the autobiography -of a modern physician, says, "<em>Hoyle</em> -tutor'd me in the several games at cards, and under -the name of guarding me from being cheated, insensibly -gave me a taste for sharping."</p> - -<p>In the middle of the eighteenth century, Whist was -regularly played in fashionable society. In "Tom -Jones," Lady Bellaston, Lord Fellamar, and others, -are represented as indulging in a rubber. Hoyle also -comes in for notice in the following passage in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> -same work: "I happened to come home several Hours -before my usual Time, when I found four Gentlemen -of the Cloth at Whisk by my fire;—and my <em>Hoyle</em>, -sir;—my best <em>Hoyle</em>, which cost me a Guinea, lying -open on the Table, with a Quantity of Porter spilt on -one of the most material Leaves of the whole Book. -This, you will allow, was provoking; but I said -nothing till the rest of the honest Company were gone, -and then gave the Fellow a gentle Rebuke, who, -instead of expressing any Concern, made me a pert -Answer, 'That Servants must have their Diversions as -well as other People; that he was sorry for the -Accident which had happened to the Book; but that -several of his Acquaintance had bought the same for -a Shilling; and that I might stop as much in his -Wages, if I pleased.'"</p> - -<p>In an epic poem on "Whist," by Alexander Thomson, -which appeared in 1791, Hoyle was thus invoked—</p> - -<div class="center"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"<span class="smcap">Whist</span>, then, delightful <span class="smcap">Whist</span>, my theme shall be,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And first I'll try to trace its pedigree,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And shew what sage and comprehensive mind<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Gave to the world a pleasure so refin'd:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then shall the verse its various charms display,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which bear from, ev'ry game the palm away;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And, last of all, those rules and maxims tell,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which give the envied pow'r to play it well.<br /></span> -<span class="i2">But first (for such the mode) some tuneful shade<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Must be invok'd, the vent'rous Muse to aid.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Cremona's poet shall I first address,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who paints with skill the mimic war of chess,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And India's art in Roman accents sings;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or him who soars on far sublimer wings,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Belinda's bard, who taught his liquid lay<br /></span> -<span class="i0">At Ombre's studious game so well to play?<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> -<span class="i2">But why thus vainly hesitates the Muse,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In idle doubt, what guardian pow'r to chuse?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">What pow'r so well can aid her daring toil,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As the bright spirit of immortal Hoyle?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">By whose enlighten'd efforts Whist became<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A sober, serious, scientific game;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To whose unwearied pains, while here below,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The great, th' important privilege we owe,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That random strokes disgrace our play no more,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But skill presides, where all was chance before.<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Come then, my friend, my teacher, and my guide,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where'er thy shadowy ghost may now reside;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Perhaps (for Nature ev'ry change defies,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nor ev'n with death our ruling passion dies)<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With fond regret it hovers still, unseen,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Around the tempting boards array'd in green;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Still with delight its fav'rite game regards,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And tho' it plays no more o'erlooks the cards.<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Come then, thou glory of Britannia's isle,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On this attempt propitious deign to smile;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Let all thy skill th' unerring page inspire,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And all thy zeal my raptur'd bosom fire."<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Hoyle's name also finds a place in Don Juan. -Byron, in saying that Troy owes to Homer what -Whist owes to Hoyle, scarcely does justice to Hoyle, -who was rather the founder than the historian of -Whist.</p> - -<p>The "Short Treatise" appeared just in the nick of -time, when Whist was rising in repute, and when -card-playing was the rage. The work became the -authority almost from the date of its appearance.</p> - -<p>In 1760, the laws of the game were revised by the -members of White's and Saunders's Chocolate-houses, -then the head quarters of fashionable play. These -revised laws (nearly all Hoyle) are given in every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> -edition of Hoyle from this date. Hoyle's laws, as they -were called, guided all Whist coteries for a hundred -and four years; when the Arlington (now Turf) and -Portland Clubs, re-revised the code of the Chocolate-houses. -The code agreed to by the Committees of -both Clubs was adopted in 1864; it shortly found -its way into all Whist circles, deposed Hoyle, and is -now (1874) the standard by which disputed points -are determined.</p> - -<p>One of the chief seats of card-playing, and consequently, -of Whist-playing, during the eighteenth -century, was Bath. Even Mr. Pickwick is depicted -playing Whist there with Miss Bolo, against the -Dowager Lady Snuphanuph and Mrs. Colonel Wugsby, -in a passage too well known to require quotation. -Mr. Pickwick's visit was at a date when the chief -glories of Bath had departed. Hoyle's first edition, -it will be remembered, was published at Bath, as also -was Thomas Mat[t]hews' "Advice to the Young Whist -Player" (about 1805)—a sound and useful contribution -to Whist literature.</p> - -<p>Early in this century, the points of the game were -altered from ten to five, and calling honours was -abolished. It is doubtful whether this change was -for the better. In the author's opinion Long Whist -(ten up) is a far finer game than Short Whist (five up); -Short Whist, however, has taken such a hold, that -there is no chance of our reverting to the former game. -According to Clay ("Short Whist," 1864), the alteration -took place under the following circumstances: -"Some sixty or seventy years back, Lord Peterborough<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> -having one night lost a large sum of money, the friends -with whom he was playing proposed to make the game -five points instead of ten, in order to give the loser a -chance, at a quicker game, of recovering his loss. The -late Mr. Hoare, of Bath, a very good whist-player, and -without a superior at piquet, was one of this party, -and has more than once told me the story. The new -game was found to be so lively, and money changed -hands with such increased rapidity, that these gentlemen -and their friends, all of them members of the -leading clubs of the day, continued to play it. It -became general in the clubs—thence was introduced -in private houses—travelled into the country—went -to Paris, and has long since * * entirely superseded -the whist of Hoyle's day."</p> - -<p>Long Whist had long been known in France, but it -was not a popular game in that country. Hoyle has -been several times translated into French. Whist was -played by Louis XV., and under the first Empire was -a favorite game with Josephine and Marie Louise. It -is on record ("Diaries of a Lady of Quality," 2nd Ed. -p. 128), that Napoleon used to play Whist at Würtemburg, -but not for money, and that he played ill -and inattentively. One evening, when the Queen -Dowager was playing against him with her husband -and his daughter (the Queen of Westphalia, the wife -of Jerome), the King stopped Napoleon, who was -taking up a trick that did not belong to him, saying, -"<i lang="fr">Sire, on ne joue pas ici en conquérant.</i>" After the -restoration, Whist was taken up in France more -enthusiastically. "The Nobles," says a French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> -writer, "had gone to England to learn to Think, and -they brought back the thinking game with them." -Talleyrand was a Whist player, and his <em>mot</em> to the -youngster who boasted his ignorance of the game is -well known. "<i lang="fr">Vous ne savez pas le Whiste, jeune -homme? Quelle triste vieillesse vous vous préparez!</i>" -Charles X. is reported to have been playing Whist -at St. Cloud, on July 29, 1830, when the tricolor -was waving on the Tuileries, and he had lost his -throne.</p> - -<p>It is remarkable that the "finest Whist player" -who ever lived should have been, according to Clay, -a Frenchman, M. Deschapelles (born 1780, died -1847). He published in 1839 a fragment of a -"<cite>Traité du Whiste</cite>" which treats mainly of the laws, -and is of but little value to the Whist player.</p> - -<p>Before leaving this historical sketch, a few words -may be added respecting the modern literature of the -game. So far as the present work is concerned, its -<i lang="fr">raison d'être</i> is explained in the preface to the first -edition. How far it has fulfilled the conditions of its -being, it is not for the author to say. It was followed, -however, by three remarkable books, which call for a -short notice.</p> - -<p>In 1864, appeared "Short Whist," by J. C. (James -Clay). Clay's work is an able dissertation on the -game, by the most brilliant player of his day. He was -Chairman of the Committee appointed to revise the -Laws of Whist in 1863. He sat in Parliament for -many years, being M.P. for Hull at the time of his -death, in 1873.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> - -<p>In 1865, William Pole, F.R.S., Mus. Doc. Oxon, -published "The Theory of the Modern Scientific -Game of Whist," a work which contains a lucid -explanation of the fundamental principles of scientific -play, addressed especially to novices, but of considerable -value to players of all grades. In 1883, Dr. Pole -issued another volume, called "The Philosophy of -Whist." This is an essay on the scientific and intellectual -aspects of the modern game. It is divided -into two parts, "The Philosophy of Whist Play" -and "The Philosophy of Whist Probabilities," the -latter having been strangely neglected since the -publication of Hoyle's "Essay towards Making -the Doctrine of Chances Easy" (1754).</p> - -<p>These books exhibit the game both theoretically and -practically, in the perfect state at which it has arrived -during the two centuries that have elapsed since Whist -assumed a definite shape and took its present name.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> "The author of this treatise did promise if it met with approbation, to -make an addition to it by way of Appendix, which he has done accordingly."—<em>Hoyle.</em></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Authorised as revised and corrected under his own hand.—<em>Hoyle.</em></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> "Calculations for those who will bet the odds on any points of the -score," &c.—"Calculations directing with moral certainty, how to play -well any hand or game," &c.—<em>Hoyle.</em></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> "Games to be played with certain observations," &c.—<em>Hoyle.</em></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> "Some general rules to be observed," &c.—"Some particular rules to -be observed," &c.—<em>Hoyle.</em></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> "A caution not to part with the command of your adversaries' great -suit," &c.—<em>Hoyle.</em></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> "With a variety of Cases added in the Appendix."—<em>Hoyle.</em></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p></div></div> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>PART I.<br /> - -GENERAL PRINCIPLES.</h2> - - -<h3>INTRODUCTORY.</h3> - -<p>Before entering on an analysis of the general -principles of the Game of Whist, it is advisable to -explain shortly on what foundation these principles -rest; for it might be supposed that a demonstration -of the propositions contained in these pages is about -to be offered; that the chances for and against all -possible systems of play have been calculated; and -that the one here upheld can be proved to be certainly -right, and all others certainly wrong. Such a view -would be altogether erroneous. The problem is far -too intricate to admit of being treated with mathematical -precision. The conclusion that the chances -are in favour of a certain line of play is not arrived -at by abstract calculation, but by general reasoning, -confirmed by the accumulated experience of practised -players. The student must not, therefore, expect -absolute proof. He must frequently be satisfied if the -reasons given appear weighty in themselves, and none -weightier can be suggested on the other side; and -also with the assurance that the method of play recommended -in this work is for the most part that which, -having stood the test of time, is generally adopted.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h3>THE FIRST HAND OR LEAD.</h3> - - -<p>The considerations that determine the most advantageous -card to lead at the commencement of a hand -differ from those which regulate the lead at other -periods; for, at starting, the Doctrine of Probabilities -is the only guide; while, as the hand advances, each -player is able, with more or less certainty, to draw -inferences as to the position of some of the remaining -cards. The number of the inferences, and the certainty -with which they can be drawn from the previous -play, constantly increase; hence it not unfrequently -happens that, towards the termination of a hand, the -position of every material card is known.</p> - -<p>In treating of the lead, it will be most convenient to -begin by examining the principles which govern the -original lead. The application of these principles -will require to be somewhat modified in the case of -trumps, as will appear hereafter.</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>1. LEAD ORIGINALLY FROM YOUR STRONGEST -SUIT.</h4> - - -<p>The first question that arises is, Which is the -strongest suit? A suit may be strong in two distinct -ways. 1. It may contain more than its proportion of -<em>high</em> cards. For example, it may contain two or more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> -honours—one honour in each suit being the average -for each hand. 2. It may consist of more than the -average <em>number</em> of cards, in which case it is a -numerically strong or long suit. Thus a suit of four -cards has numerical strength; a suit of five cards -great numerical strength. On the other hand a suit -of three cards is numerically weak.</p> - -<p>In selecting a suit for the lead, numerical strength -is the principal point to look to; for it must be borne -in mind that aces and kings are not the only cards -which make tricks; twos and threes may become -quite as valuable when the suit is <em>established</em>—<em>i.e.</em>, -when the higher cards of the suit are exhausted. -To obtain for your own small cards a value that does -not intrinsically belong to them, and to prevent the -adversary from obtaining it for his, is evidently an -advantage. Both these ends are advanced by choosing -for your original lead the suit in which you have the -greatest numerical strength; for you may establish a -suit of this description, while, owing to your strength, -it is precisely the suit which the adversary has the -smallest chance of establishing against you. A suit -that is numerically weak, though otherwise strong, is -far less eligible.</p> - -<p>Suppose, for example, you have five cards headed -by (say) a ten in one suit, and ace, king, and one -other (say the two) in another suit. If you lead from -the ace, king, two suit, all your power is exhausted as -soon as you have parted with the ace and king, and -you have given the holder of numerical strength a -capital chance of establishing the suit. It is true that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> -this fortunate person <em>may</em> be your partner; but it is -twice as likely that he is your adversary, since you -have two adversaries and only one partner. On the -other hand, if you lead from the five suit, though your -chance of establishing it is slight, you, at all events, -avoid assisting your adversary to establish his; the -ace and king of your three suit, still remaining in -your hand, enable you to prevent the establishment of -that suit, and may procure you the lead at an advanced -period of the hand. This we shall find as we proceed -is a great advantage, especially if, in the course of -play, you are left with all the unplayed cards, or <em>long -cards</em>, of your five suit.</p> - -<p>The best suit of all to lead from is, of course, one -which combines both elements of strength.</p> - -<p>In opening a suit, there is always the danger of -finding your partner very weak, or of leading up to a -<em>tenace</em> (<em>i.e.</em>, the best and third best cards, or the -second best guarded) in the hand of the fourth player. -If you lead from a very strong suit, these dangers -are more than compensated for by the advantages just -explained; if your best suit is only moderately strong, -the lead is not profitable, but rather the reverse. If all -your suits are weak, the lead is very disadvantageous. -The hand, however weak, must hold one suit of four -at least, and this, if only headed by a ten or a nine, -should generally be chosen. Being unable to strike -the adversary, you take the best chance of not assisting -him.</p> - -<p>It follows that a suit consisting of a single card is a -very disadvantageous one to lead from; yet no lead is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> -more common, even among players of some experience. -The reason assigned in favour of this lead is the possibility -of making small trumps. But it is important -to observe, that you stand very nearly as good a -chance of making trumps by waiting for some one -else to open the suit. If the suit is opened by the -strong hand, your barrenness will not be suspected; -you will be able, if necessary, to win the second round, -while you will be free from the guilt of having sacrificed -any high card your partner may have possessed -in the suit, or of having assisted in establishing a suit -for the adversary. Again, your partner, if strong in -trumps, will very likely draw yours, and then return -your lead, imagining you led from strength. If, -indeed, he is a shrewd player, he will, after being -taken in once or twice, accommodate his game to -yours; but he can never be sure of the character of -your lead, and may often miss a great game by not -being able to depend upon you. If you have great -numerical strength in trumps, the evils of a single-card -lead are lessened; but in this case, as will -hereafter be shown, it is generally right to lead -trumps. In the opinion of the author, it may be laid -down as an axiom, that in plain suits (<em>i.e.</em>, in suits -not trumps) the original lead of a single card is in no -case defensible.</p> - -<p>Many players will not lead from a strong suit if -headed by a tenace; preferring, for instance, to lead -from ten, nine, three, to ace, queen, four, two. They -argue, that by holding up the ace, queen suit, they -stand a better chance of catching the king. So far<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> -they are right; but they purchase this advantage too -dearly; for the probable loss from leading the weak -suit may be taken as greater than the probable gain -from holding up the tenace.</p> - -<p><em>Which card of the strong suit should be led originally?</em>—The -key to this problem is furnished by the -remark, that it conduces to the ultimate establishment -of a suit to keep the high or commanding cards of it -in the hand that has numerical strength. In the suit -of your own choosing, you are presumably stronger -than your partner; it is therefore undesirable at once -to part with your high cards. Hence it is best, in -general, to lead the smallest. Your partner, actuated -by a desire to assist in establishing your strong suit, -will play his highest card to your lead (<em>see</em> Play of -Third Hand, p. 92), and, if he fails to win the trick, -will, at all events, force a higher card from the fourth -player, and so help to clear the suit for you. Another -reason in favour of leading the lowest is, that it increases -your chance of making tricks in the first two -rounds. For in the first round of a suit the second -hand generally puts on his smallest card, as will be -seen hereafter. If, therefore, you originally lead the -smallest, holding ace and others, the first trick will, -in all probability, lie between your partner and the -last player; and since there is no reason why the -fourth player should hold a better card than the third, -it is nearly an even chance that your partner wins the -trick. It is certain (bar trumping) that you win the -second round; therefore, if the suit is led this way, -it is about an even chance that you make the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> -two tricks. But if you lead out the ace first, it is two -to one against your making the second trick, for the -adversaries have two hands against your partner's one, -and either may hold the king. A third reason for -leading the lowest of your suit is, that your partner -may prove utterly weak in it; and in this case it is -important that you keep a commanding card, to stop -the adversary from establishing it.</p> - -<p>It follows, when you lead a small card originally, -that your partner should conclude you have led from -numerical strength.</p> - -<p>There are three exceptions to the rule of originally -leading the lowest of a strong suit.—1. When you -lead from ace with four or more small ones. In this -case it is considered best to begin with the ace, lest it -should be trumped on the second round. 2. When -your suit contains a strong sequence, it is best to lead -one of the sequence, in order to prevent the adversaries -from winning the first trick with a very small card. -3. When you lead from a suit of more than four cards -(not headed by ace and not containing a strong -sequence), the fourth-best card is led, for reasons to be -afterwards explained. (<em>See</em> Appendix A, pp. <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-6.)</p> - -<p>When you intend to lead from a sequence, the card -to be selected depends on the nature of the sequence, -namely, whether it is a <em>head</em> sequence or an <em>under</em> -sequence. By a head sequence is meant a sequence -of the highest cards of your suit, <em>i.e.</em>, of the cards -heading your suit; thus, such a suit as queen, knave -ten, six, contains a head sequence of queen, knave, -ten. Sequences that do not head your suit are under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> -sequences; thus ace, queen, knave, ten, is an example -of an under sequence of queen, knave, ten. You -should—</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>2. LEAD THE HIGHEST OF A HEAD SEQUENCE</h4> - -<p class="center">(<em>Except as specified in the Analysis of Leads, pp. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-71</em>).</p> - - -<p>For, otherwise, your partner is uncertain where the -highest lies, and you and he may play two winning -cards where one would have sufficed. For instance, -if, with queen, knave, ten, you lead the ten, your -partner may put the king on it, but he certainly -would not on the queen. In addition to this, if there -is any <em>finessing</em> to be done in the suit, it can only be -by your partner. By finessing is meant playing an -inferior card though holding a higher one of the suit, -not in sequence with the card played. Thus, to continue -the illustration of the sequence of queen, knave, -ten. You lead the queen. Your partner has the ace -and others. He will not put it on, but will finesse by -playing his smallest card; and if the king lies to your -left, that card is completely hemmed in. Had you -led the ten, your partner would have put on the ace, -and the king have been freed.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, if you lead from an under -sequence, you should lead the lowest, the reason being -that, in this case, you wish your partner to put on his -highest card. For example, with king, ten, nine, -eight, you should lead the eight and not the ten, as -if your partner's highest card is the knave, you wish -him to put it on that he may not afterwards block -your suit by retaining a commanding card of it. Or,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> -suppose your partner's best card is the queen, the lead -of the ten would probably induce him to finesse, and -thus give the adversary a chance of making the knave -the first round, and of retaining the ace in hand, -although you and your partner hold two honours in -the suit. If your partner puts on the queen, you are -still able to finesse the nine when the suit is returned, -and this is much more advantageous than your partner's -passing the ten. In the first place, the finesse is postponed -to the second round, when, more cards having -been played, you have more data to guide you as -to the policy of making the finesse; and, in the next -place, if you have a choice as to whether you or your -partner shall finesse in your strong suit, it is, as a rule, -more advantageous for you to do it. For, as already -explained, it conduces to the establishment of a suit -for the strong hand to retain the command of it, and for -the presumably weak hand to play his highest cards.</p> - -<p>With sequences neither at the top nor at the -bottom of a suit (<em>intermediate</em> sequences), the card to -lead is the lowest of the intermediate sequence.</p> - -<p>Players who adopt American Leads will, however, -select the fourth-best card when leading a low card -from suits of more than four cards, whether or not the -suit contains an under sequence, or an intermediate -sequence (with the sole exception of ten, led from -king, knave, ten, and small). Thus, from king, knave, -ten, nine, whether accompanied by the eight or by -smaller cards, they lead the nine; and so on for -other combinations. (<em>See</em> Appendix A, pp. <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-6).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>ANALYSIS OF LEADS IN DETAIL.</h4> - -<p class="center">(<em>See</em> also Appendix A, pp. <a href="#Page_281">281</a>-6, and Appendix C, pp. <a href="#Page_289">289</a>-94.)</p> - - -<p>[The following analysis should be familiarly known by -every player, not only that he himself may follow it, but -also that he may form a correct idea of the cards the other -players hold, by observing what they lead.]</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, king, queen, knave (in trumps).</em></h5> - -<p>Lead knave, then ace.</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead queen after ace.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead king after ace.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, king, queen, knave (in plain suits).</em></h5> - -<p>Lead king, then knave.</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead queen after -knave.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead ace after knave.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, king, queen, with or without small ones (in trumps).</em></h5> - -<p>Lead queen.</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead king after queen.</p> - -<p>With only four or three in suit, lead ace after queen.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, king, queen, with or without small ones (in plain -suits).</em></h5> - -<p>Lead king, then queen.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, king, knave, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead king, then ace.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> - -<p>Sometimes it is right, more especially in trumps, to -lead king, then to change the suit, and to finesse the -knave on the return, particularly if queen is turned up -to your right. With more than five trumps it is seldom -advisable to wait for the finesse. No positive rule -can be laid down, either for trumps or plain suits.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, king, and small (in trumps).</em></h5> - -<p>Lead king, then ace, if you have at least five small -ones. Otherwise, lead a small one (the fourth-best if -an American Leader).</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, king, and small (in plain suits).</em></h5> - -<p>Lead king, then ace.</p> - -<p>King is led before ace to inform your partner that -you hold the winning card of your suit, in case you -should think fit to change the suit, or in case the -fourth player should have none of it. If your partner -has none, he should not trump, for, even if you do not -hold the ace, you want the adversary to play it, that -he may not retain the winning card of your suit.</p> - -<p>When opening a plain suit, headed by ace, king, -<em>after having been forced</em> to trump, lead the ace first. -If you begin with the king, and your partner happens -to have none of the suit, he might trump the king, in -order to lead again the suit you have already trumped.</p> - -<p>If intermediate cards fall and you remain with the -command and the next best, you inform your partner -of the fact by continuing with the next best. Thus:—You -lead king from ace, king, knave, etc. To the -king, your partner drops the queen. You should next -lead the knave.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, queen, knave, ten, with or without others.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead ace, then ten, even though one of your others -is the nine.</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead knave after ten.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead queen after ten.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, queen, knave, and small.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead ace.</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead knave after ace.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead queen after ace.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, queen, ten, &c. (in trumps).</em></h5> - -<p>If knave is turned up to your right, lead queen.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace and small ones (in trumps).</em></h5> - -<p>Lead ace, if you have seven in suit, and then a -small one (the original fourth-best if an American -Leader).</p> - -<p>Lead a small one (the fourth-best if an American -Leader), with less than seven in suit.</p> - -<p>Obvious variations, taking into account the trump -card, are omitted. It is assumed, <em>e.g.</em>, that, if your -partner has turned up the king, you would lead a -small one from ace, queen, knave, &c., or from ace -and any number of small cards.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace and small ones (in plain suits).</em></h5> - -<p>Lead ace, with five or more in suit.</p> - -<p>Lead a small one after ace (the original fourth-best -if an American Leader).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> - -<p>Lead lowest, with only four in suit, the cards being -of a lower denomination than in the leads already -enumerated.</p> - - -<h5><em>King, queen, knave, ten, with or without others.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead ten, even though one of your others is the -nine.</p> - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>a.</em>) If ten wins the trick:—</p> - -<p>With more than five in suit, lead knave after ten.</p> -<p>With five in suit, lead queen after ten.</p> -<p>With only four in suit, lead king after ten.</p> - - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>b.</em>) If ten forces ace:—</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead knave after ten.</p> -<p>With only four in suit, lead queen after ten.</p> - -<p>The common practice is (or was) to lead queen -after ten, in all cases, to inform your partner that the -lead was from king, queen, knave, ten, and not from -king, knave, ten. But, if the ten wins the trick, the -mere fact of continuing with a high card informs your -partner that the lead was from king, queen, knave, -ten; for, with the only other combination from which -ten is first led, (viz., king, knave, ten), if the ten -wins, the next lead is a small card.</p> - -<p>If the ten forces the ace, and your partner can give -you credit for not leading a losing card when you -hold a winning one, he is informed, by the second lead -of any high card but the king, that you led from king, -queen, knave, ten. Therefore, queen and knave are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> -high indifferent cards, and you select the knave to -show five or more originally; the queen to show four -exactly (<em>see</em> Appendix A).</p> - - -<h5><em>King, queen, knave, and more than one small.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead knave.</p> - -<p>With more than five in suit, lead queen after knave.</p> - -<p>With only five in suit, lead king after knave.</p> - - -<h5><em>King, queen, knave, and one small one.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead king, then knave.</p> - -<p>If the king wins the first trick it is not safe to go -on with a small one, ace being sometimes held up by -the adversary, especially in trumps.</p> - - -<h5><em>King, queen, and small ones (in trumps.)</em></h5> - -<p>Lead king, if you have seven in suit, or if one of -your small ones is the ten.</p> - -<p>Lead a small one (the fourth-best if an American -Leader), with less than seven trumps, and not holding -the ten.</p> - -<p>If king is led, and it wins, after king lead a small -one (the original fourth-best if an American Leader).</p> - - -<h5><em>King, queen, and small ones (in plain suits).</em></h5> - -<p>Lead king.</p> - -<p>If the king wins, after king lead a small one (the -original fourth-best if an American Leader).</p> - - -<h5><em>King, knave, ten, nine, with or without small ones.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead nine, even though you also hold the eight.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>a.</em>) If nine wins the trick:—</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead ten after nine.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead knave after nine.</p> - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>b.</em>) If nine forces queen, or both queen and ace:—</p> - -<p>With more than five in suit, lead ten after nine.</p> -<p>With five in suit, lead knave after nine.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead king after nine.</p> - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>c.</em>) If nine forces ace, but not queen, king must -be led after nine. Then (third lead),</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit originally, lead ten -after king.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead knave after king.</p> - - -<h5><em>King, knave, ten, with one or more small ones.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead ten.</p> - -<p>If the ten wins the trick, lead a small one after ten -(the original fourth-best if an American Leader).</p> - -<p>If the ten forces the queen, or both queen and ace:</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit lead knave after ten.</p> - -<p>With four in suit, lead king after ten.</p> - -<p>If the ten forces the ace, and not the queen, king -must be led after ten.</p> - - -<h5><em>King, knave, nine, &c. (in trumps).</em></h5> - -<p>If ten is turned up to your right, lead knave.</p> - - -<h5><em>King and small ones.</em></h5> - -<p>From all strong suits headed by king, other than -those already enumerated, lead a small one (the fourth-best -if an American Leader).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> - - -<h5><em>Queen, knave, ten, nine, with or without others.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead queen, then nine, even though one of your -others is the eight.</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead ten after nine.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead knave after nine.</p> - - -<h5><em>Queen, knave, ten, and small.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead queen.</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead ten after queen.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead knave after queen.</p> - - -<h5><em>Queen, knave, nine, &c. (in trumps).</em></h5> - -<p>If ten is turned up to your right, lead queen.</p> - - -<h5><em>Queen, knave, and small ones.</em></h5> - -<p>From all strong suits headed by queen, knave (or -by queen), other than those already enumerated, lead -a small one (the fourth-best, if an American Leader).</p> - -<p>From queen, knave, nine (six or more in suit), if an -American Leader, lead fourth-best. If not, lead -queen.</p> - - -<h5><em>Knave, ten, nine, eight, with or without small, ones.</em></h5> - -<p><em>In trumps</em>, if queen or king is turned up to your -left, lead knave. Otherwise, <em>in trumps</em> or <em>plain suits</em>,</p> - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>a.</em>) If the second hand is known to adopt the -practice, even though numerically weak in -the suit, of not covering an honour with an -honour (other than the ace, <em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>), -lead eight.</p> - -<p>With more than five in suit, lead nine after eight.</p> - -<p>With five in suit, lead ten after eight.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead knave after eight.</p> - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>b.</em>) If the second hand adheres to the old practice -of covering an honour with an honour -when numerically weak in the suit, lead -knave, then eight. And</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead nine after eight.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead ten after eight.</p> - - -<h5><em>Knave, ten, nine, and small.</em></h5> - -<p><em>In trumps</em>, if king or queen is turned up to your -left, lead knave. Otherwise, <em>in trumps</em> or <em>plain suits</em>,</p> - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>a.</em>) If the second hand, when numerically weak, -does not cover an honour with an honour -(other than ace), lead a small one (the -fourth-best if an American Leader).</p> - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>b.</em>) If the second hand, when numerically weak, -covers an honour with an honour, lead -knave. And,</p> - -<p>With more than four in suit, lead nine after knave.</p> - -<p>With only four in suit, lead ten after knave.</p> - - -<h5><em>Knave, ten, eight, &c. (in trumps).</em></h5> - -<p>If nine is turned up to your right, lead knave.</p> - - -<h5><em>Knave, ten, and small ones.</em></h5> - -<p>From all strong suits headed by knave, ten (or by -knave), with the exceptions enumerated, lead a small -one (the fourth-best if an American Leader).</p> - - -<h5><em>Suits of four or more cards without an honour.</em></h5> - -<p>Lead a small card (the fourth-best if an American -Leader).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>3. LEAD THE HIGHEST OF A NUMERICALLY -WEAK SUIT.</h4> - - -<p>When it is your fate to open a numerically weak -suit, your object should be to do as little harm as -possible. You cannot expect to win many tricks, so -you must do all you can to assist or <em>strengthen</em> your -partner by leading high or strengthening cards; for, -by leading the highest of a suit numerically weak, you -take the best chance of keeping the strength in your -partner's hand, should he happen to hold it.</p> - -<p>You will not often be driven to open a weak suit -originally, as one of your suits must contain as many -as four cards. But it may so turn out that your four-card -suit is composed of very small cards indeed, in -which case you might prefer to open a suit containing -better cards, though numerically weaker. Every one -can see that ace, king, queen, is a better suit to open -than five, four, three, two; but, as you descend in one -scale and ascend in the other, there comes a point -where the two descriptions of strength nearly or quite -balance. With hands containing only a suit of four -small cards—say none higher than the seven or eight, -and suits of three cards of higher value—the choice is -sometimes difficult. Also, with hands in which your -only four-card suit is the trump suit, you might sometimes -deem it advisable to open one of the other suits, -as a smaller evil than leading a trump. As a rule, -when you are in doubt, stick to the general principle, -and lead from your four-card suit, even though it is the -trump suit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> - -<p>Whenever you decide on opening a suit of but -three cards, choose, if possible, one in which you hold -a sequence which may be of benefit to your partner, -as queen, knave, ten; queen, knave, and one small -one; knave, ten, and one other, and so on, and lead -the highest. If you have no sequence, lead from -your strongest weak suit. Thus, two honours not in -sequence, and one small one, is a better lead than ace -and two small ones, or king and two small ones. -These, again, should be chosen in preference to queen -and two small ones. When leading from a numerically -weak suit that contains ace, king, or queen, but no -sequence, if you have any indication from the previous -play that your partner is strong in the suit (as will be -explained in Section 4), lead the highest. But having -no guide as to his strength lead the lowest. You run -the risk of making your partner think you have led -from numerical strength; but, on the other hand, by -leading out the high card, you at once give up the -command of the suit, and, unless your partner has -strength in it (the chances being against this), you -leave yourself at the mercy of the opponents.</p> - -<p>The case is different with numerically weak suits -headed by a knave or a lower card. Of these suits you -should lead the highest; by retaining such a card as the -knave you would scarcely ever be able to stop the adversaries -from establishing the suit, should they be strong -in it; and, by leading out the high card, you do all -you can to aid your partner, should he have strength.</p> - -<p>Ace and one other, king and one other, or queen -and one other, are very bad suits to lead from. By<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> -holding them up you and your partner stand a better -chance of making tricks in the suit; and if it should -be the adversaries' suit (the chances being two to one -that it is) you keep the power of obstructing it and of -obtaining the lead at advanced periods of the hand. -If you lead from ace, king only, lead ace, then king.</p> - -<p>It follows that when you lead a high card in the -first round of a suit, and in the next drop a lower one -(subject to the rules respecting leads from sequences -and the lead from suits of five or more cards), your -partner should infer you have led from a weak suit. -Thus, suppose you lead a nine, which is called an -equivocal card, as it comes from both strong and -weak suits. If in the second round your partner -can infer that you hold a higher card, he knows you -have led from strength. But if in the second round -you lead (say) the eight, your partner may be equally -certain that the former card was the highest of your -weak suit.</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>4. AVOID CHANGING SUITS.</h4> - - -<p><em>When you obtain the lead after one or more tricks -have been played, the question arises whether or not you -should open a fresh suit.</em> If you have had the lead -before, it is generally advisable to pursue your original -lead, for you thus take the best chance of establishing -the suit, and you open a fresh suit to a disadvantage.</p> - -<p>The fall of the cards in the previous rounds may -cause you to alter your game. Thus, the previous -play may have already established your suit, or may -have so nearly established it as to justify you in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> -leading trumps, as hereafter explained; or your partner -may have shown a very strong suit, or a strong -trump hand, which may modify your game. Again, -your partner may prove utterly weak in your suit; -you would then often discontinue it, unless holding -the winning cards or a strong sequence, because, -with these exceptions, your continuing it gives the -adversary the opportunity of finessing against you, -and of cutting up your suit; or you may sometimes -discontinue a suit if you expect it will be trumped -(as will be further explained in Sections 13-16); but, -failing such indications, it is best, as a rule, to pursue -the original lead.</p> - -<p>If you have not had the lead before, it is in most -cases advisable to open your strong suit, when you -possess <em>great</em> strength in any suit, for you open such -suit to advantage; but with weak or only moderately -strong suits, which you open to a disadvantage, you -would, as a rule, do better to return your partner's -original lead, or to lead up to the weak suit of your -right-hand adversary, or through the strong suit of -your left-hand adversary. When in doubt as to -opening your own suit or returning your partner's, -you should, as a general rule, be guided by your -strength in trumps. With a strong trump hand play -your own game; with a weak trump hand play your -partner's game.</p> - -<p>If your partner has had a lead, and you are -thoroughly conversant with the system of leading -developed in Sections 2 and 3, and with the Analysis -of Leads (pp. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-71), you know by the value of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> -card he has led whether he is strong or weak in that -suit, unless he has led an equivocal card, which is led -from both strong and weak suits. In this case, if -you have no evidence from your own hand, or from -the fall of the cards, you presume, with a good -partner, that he has led from strength. But you -mostly have some evidence; for instance, if he leads -a ten originally, he has led from king, queen, knave, -ten; from king, knave, ten; or the highest of his -suit. If you hold—or either adversary plays—king -or knave, you know that your partner has led the -highest of his suit. But, in the absence of these -cards, and especially if the ten wins the first round, -or falls to the ace or queen, you may conclude that -your partner's lead was from strength, and you would -do perfectly right to return it.</p> - -<p>When you have won the first trick in your partner's -lead cheaply, you must be cautious in returning it, as -the strength must be between your partner and your -right-hand adversary. For example, say A, Y, B, Z, -are the four players, and that they sit in this order -round the table, so that A leads and Z is last player. -If A leads a small card of a plain suit, Y plays a -small one, and B (third player) puts on his best card, -the queen, which wins the trick, it is clear that Z can -have neither ace nor king; A cannot have them both, -or he would have led one, therefore Y must have one -of them at least; and, if B returns the lead, he leads -up to Y's strength, and may cut up his partner's suit.</p> - -<p>By observing the card led by either adversary, you -can similarly tell whether he has led from strength or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> -weakness; so also you can judge from the card played -third hand by the adversary whether he is weak, it -being presumed that the third player puts on his -best. It is advantageous to lead up to a weak suit, -because you compel the second hand to put on a -high card, or give your partner the opportunity of -finessing. It is generally less advantageous to lead -through a strong suit, unless you are sure that -the second hand is not <em>very</em> strong, and that the -fourth hand is weak. Otherwise, by continuing the -suit, you may be establishing it for the adversary, -and getting rid of the command of it from your -partner's hand.</p> - -<p>In discussing leads from weak suits it was supposed, -for the sake of convenience, that the leader had no -indication from the play to guide him. But in practice, -in by far the greater number of cases, weak suits are -opened late in a hand when inference from previous -play has given an insight into the strength or weakness -of the several players. Thus, you commence with -your strong suit; your partner fails to show any -strength in it. After several other tricks are played -you get the lead again, remaining with (say) king and -two others of your first lead. You do not wish to -take one of the guards from your king, and you do -not deem it advisable to lead a card which your -partner may be obliged to trump. You therefore -try another suit. By this time you know, either -by the adversaries' leads what their strong suits are, -or by the players' discards (<em>i.e.</em>, by the cards they -throw away when not able to follow suit,) what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> -their weak suits are, as will be explained under -discarding. Guided by these indications, you make -choice of a suit for your second lead in which your -partner is probably strong, and under such circumstances -you would, as a rule, lead the highest of -the suit of your second choosing, if numerically weak -in it.</p> - -<p>When you have led a strengthening card, and it -wins the trick, you can rarely do better than continue -with your next highest. For example: from queen, -knave, and three you lead the queen, which goes -round. It hardly requires to be stated that you -make the best use of your suit by continuing with -the knave. When your strengthening card does not -win, the course of the play is the only guide as to -whether you should continue the suit. The application -of the considerations advanced in this Section -will generally inform you where the strong and weak -suits lie, and you will act accordingly, giving your -partner his strong suit, or, if he has not shown -one, leading up to the weak suit of the right-hand -adversary, or through the strong suit of the left-hand -adversary.</p> - -<p>It has several times been assumed that it is -advantageous to have the lead at advanced periods -of a hand; we now see one principal reason why -it is so. The leader knows by observation where -the strong and the weak suits lie, and he will -generally be able to make use of this knowledge -in assisting his partner, or in obstructing his opponents.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> - -<p>The principles explained in the preceding pages -apply mainly to the original lead, or to leads early in -a hand. They apply also to leads generally; but, at -advanced periods of the hand, and towards its close, -their application is frequently modified by inferences -from the previous play, and by the state of the score. -Examples of departure from the rules here laid down -will be presented in the illustrative hands.</p> - -<p>In the second round of a suit—</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>5. RETURN THE LOWEST OF A STRONG SUIT, -THE HIGHEST OF A WEAK SUIT.</h4> - - -<p>When you return your partner's lead, the card you -should choose to lead the second round depends on -the number of cards of the suit you have remaining. -Thus, if you remain with three cards, you must have -had four at first. You therefore had strength in the -suit, and you should return the smallest of the three -remaining cards, agreeably to the principle that with -strength it is to your advantage to retain the command -in your own hand. If you remain with two cards -only, you should return the higher one, to strengthen -your partner; and, similarly, if you have discarded -one of a four-suit, and are left with two only <em>at the -time you return it</em>, you have destroyed the numerical -power of your suit, and should therefore treat it as a -weak suit, and return the higher card of the two -remaining in your hand.</p> - -<p>The advantages of this principle are numerous. In -the case that you and your partner are both numerically -strong, the return of the lowest prevents him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> -from finessing in a suit which must be trumped third -round. Further, if your hand is weak, you naturally -return a suit in which you infer that your partner is -strong. You then return a strengthening card to get a -high card of your partner's strong suit out of his way, -and you enable him to finesse if he thinks proper, and -so to keep the command of his suit in his own hand.</p> - -<p>It is true that with two small cards only (say the -five and the six) you do not strengthen your partner -by returning the six. But there is a collateral advantage -in keeping to the rule even with small cards—<em>you -enable a good partner to calculate how many you -have left of the suit</em>, and often where the remainder of -it lies. Thus, your partner leads a small card of a -suit of which you have king, three, and two. You, as -third player, put on the king. If you return the suit, -you return the three, and not the two, when it ought -to be inferred, either that you have returned the -smallest of a suit of four or more, or that you have no -more of the suit left, or the two only. When your -two comes down in the third round it ought to be -certain that you have no more. If your partner has -confidence in you, he can often calculate what you -have left before the third round is played; thus, in -the above instance, your partner, not having the two -himself, and seeing that it does not drop from the -adversaries, concludes, with tolerable certainty, that -you remain, after the second round, with the two and -no more.</p> - -<p>There are two exceptions to the rule of play above -stated: 1. When you hold the winning card you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> -return it, whatever number of cards you hold, lest it -should be trumped the third round, or, your partner, -imagining it to be against him, should finesse; and -2. When you hold the second and third best, in plain -suits, you return the highest. Thus, suppose you -have queen, knave, ten, and one small one of a suit of -which your partner leads a small one, you (third hand) -put on the ten, which is won by (say) the ace. If -you afterwards return the suit, you should return the -queen, for you not only force out the king, if against -you, but you also do not block your partner's suit, -should he have led from great numerical strength, say -five cards to the nine, an advantage which you lose -by returning the small one.</p> - -<p>It should also be observed that, occasionally, when -you return your adversary's strong lead, you do not -lead the higher of two remaining cards, especially if -you hold the second best guarded. For example, you -are A; Y is your left-hand adversary. Y has led a king, -which was won by the ace, leaving Y with the queen -and others. You remain with knave and one small -one. If you are driven to return this suit, you should -return the small one. The queen will probably be put -on second hand, and you will remain with the best.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h3>THE SECOND HAND.</h3> - - -<p>In the first round of a suit, you should generally,</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>6. PLAY YOUR LOWEST CARD SECOND HAND.</h4> - - -<p>You presume that the first hand has led from -strength, and, if you have a high card in his suit, -you lie over him when it is led again; whereas, if you -play your high card second hand, you get rid of a -commanding card of the adversary's suit, and, when -it is returned, the original leader finesses against you. -Besides this, the third player will put on his highest -card, and, if it is better than yours, you have wasted -power to no purpose.</p> - -<p>If, however, you have a sequence of high cards, you -should put on one of the sequence second hand, for, if -you pass the trick altogether, the third hand may win -with a very low card, or, with his low card, may force -a high one from your partner. The chief objection to -playing an unsupported high card does not apply, as -the leader cannot successfully finesse against you in -the next round.</p> - -<p>With a moderate sequence, such as queen, knave—knave, -ten—ten, nine—you play the lowest of the -sequence if you are numerically weak; but, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> -more than three cards of the suit, you pass a small -card led, agreeably to the principle already discussed—that -in weak suits you play to strengthen -your partner, but in strong ones you leave him to -help you. For instance: the leader (A) has king, -ten, nine, eight, seven of a suit; the second player -(Y) has queen, knave, and one small one; the fourth -player (Z) has ace and two small ones. A leads a -small card; Y should play the knave; if he does not, -the card led forces Z's ace. It is true that this -happens also if Y passes with queen, knave, and two -small ones; but Y, in this case, has a guard to his -queen and knave, and is left with the two winning -cards after the second round of the suit.</p> - -<p>With a sequence lower than ten, nine, there is no -advantage in putting on one of the sequence; so the -lowest should then be played second hand, in conformity -with the general principle.</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>7. PLAY THE LOWEST OF A SEQUENCE.</h4> - - -<p>When you do not head a trick, you throw away -your lowest card to economise your strength. Thus, -with queen and two small ones, you would not throw -the queen to king led. It is an error to suppose that -it is of no consequence which card you play when you -hold only small cards or cards in sequence. It is not -of much consequence as regards merely the chance of -making tricks; but it is of great importance in affording -information to partner.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> - -<p>Thus, suppose the players to be as before, A, Y, B, -Z. A leads the three of a suit, Y plays the five, B -the four. It ought to be certain that B has no more -of the suit, it being presumed that he, not being able -to head the trick, throws away his smallest. If he -afterwards plays the two, and it turns out that he previously -played the four <em>through carelessness</em>, his partner -loses confidence, and gives up all hopes of drawing -correct inferences from his play.</p> - -<p>The principle applies equally to cards in sequence. -Thus, say queen is led, and you (second hand) hold ace -and king; if you put on the king, your partner gains -the very important information that you have the ace -also. For queen is not led from ace, queen, &c., so -the leader cannot have the ace; the third hand cannot -have it, or he would win the king; and the fourth, not -having it himself, infers that you have it. If you put -on the ace, not only could he not tell that you hold the -king, but would assume that it lay with the leader's -partner. The principle, though stated for the sake of -convenience in respect of the second hand, applies to -the third and fourth hands also. (For a fuller examination -of this point <em>see</em> Section 12.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>ANALYSIS OF PLAY OF SECOND HAND -IN DETAIL.</h4> - -<p class="center">(<em>See</em> Note on Analysis of Leads, p. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.)</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, king, queen, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Play lowest of ace, king, queen sequence.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, king, knave, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Play king (but <em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>).</p> - -<p>On the second round of the suit, it becomes a -matter of judgment whether you should play ace or -finesse knave. No positive rule can be laid down.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, king, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Play king.</p> - -<p>In trumps it is sometimes right to pass, leaving the -chance of the first trick to your partner.</p> - -<p>Obvious alterations on account of the trump card -are omitted. It is clear that, with ace, king, &c., if your -partner has turned up the queen, you should play a -small one; and that, with ace, king, knave, if your -right hand adversary has turned up the queen, you -should play the knave; and so on for other cases.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, queen, knave, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Play lowest of queen, knave sequence.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, queen, ten, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>In trumps, play ten, or with cards in sequence, the -lowest of the ten sequence.</p> - -<p>In plain suits, if strong enough in trumps to lead -them, play ten, or lowest of sequence; if weak in -trumps, play queen (but <em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>).</p> - -<p>With ace, queen, ten only, play ten, whether strong -in trumps or not.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, queen, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Small card led.</p> - -<p>In trumps, play a small one.</p> - -<p>In plain suits, with five in suit, play a small one if -strong in trumps; the queen if weak in trumps.</p> - -<p>Knave led.</p> - -<p>Play ace. It is useless to cover with the queen, as -the leader cannot hold the king (<em>see</em> Analysis of Leads).</p> - -<p>These instructions assume ordinary original leads -from strength. If ace or queen is turned up, some -players lead knave, from king, knave, ten. If you -know this is the practice of your right hand adversary, -you should exercise your judgment as to covering with -ace or queen.</p> - -<p>Also towards the close of a hand, knave might be -led from king, knave for various reasons, perhaps as -the best chance of saving or winning the game or a -point, or as a false card. No rule can be laid down -for such cases.</p> - -<p>Ten or nine led.</p> - -<p>Play queen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p> - - -<h5><em>Ace, knave, ten, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>In trumps, play ten, or with cards in sequence with -the ten, the lowest of the sequence.</p> - -<p>In plain suits, play a small one.</p> - -<p>The reason for the difference is that, in trumps a -small card may be led from king, queen, &c.; but in -plain suits, not. Hence as, in plain suits, the king or -queen must be in the third or fourth hand, your -strength would be wasted by covering.</p> - - -<h5><em>Ace and small ones.</em></h5> - -<p>Play a small one.</p> - -<p>As before observed, the original lead of a small card -from strength is assumed.</p> - -<p>If, after several tricks have been played, you -particularly want the lead, or you suspect the possibility -of a lead from a single card, or one trick is of -importance, you would often be right to play the ace. -Again, no rule can be laid down.</p> - - -<h5><em>King, queen, knave, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Play the lowest of the king, queen, knave sequence.</p> - - -<h5><em>King, queen, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Small card led.</p> - -<p>Play queen.</p> - -<p>In trumps it is sometimes right to pass, unless you -hold ten also, or only three in suit.</p> - -<p>Knave led.</p> - -<p>The usual practice is to cover with the queen. But, -it can be shown by calculation that, if the lead is from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> -knave, ten, nine, and small, more is gained than lost, -in the long run, by passing.</p> - -<p>The best lead from knave, ten, nine, &c., is disputed; -and so also is the question of covering.</p> - - -<h5><em>King, knave, ten, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Play the lowest of the knave, ten sequence.</p> - - -<h5><em>Queen, knave, ten, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Play ten, or lowest of sequence.</p> - - -<h5><em>Knave, ten, nine, &c.</em></h5> - -<p>Play nine, or lowest of sequence.</p> - - -<h5><em>Queen, knave, and small; knave, ten, and small; -ten, nine, and small.</em></h5> - -<p>Play as directed at pp. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-3.</p> - - -<h5><em>Covering or passing second hand.</em></h5> - -<p>If an honour is led, and you have the ace, as a rule -play the ace.</p> - -<p>If an honour is led, and you hold an honour, not -the ace, pass as a rule.</p> - -<p>It was formerly the practice to cover an honour with -an honour, if numerically weak. Calculation shows -more is gained than lost, in the long run, by passing. -But, if a strengthening card is led, late in a hand, it -would often be right to cover. No positive rule can -be laid down for the play of the second hand -under such circumstances. When you have the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> -<em>fourchette</em> it is almost always right to cover. Thus, -if knave is led, and you hold queen, ten, &c., put -on the queen.</p> - -<p>If a ten is led, and you hold queen and one small -one, play queen. The lead is probably from king, -knave, ten, &c., and the queen may save your partner's -ace. With queen and two small ones, or with other -combinations not enumerated as those with which a -high card should be played second hand, pass.</p> - -<p>If a nine is led, and you hold king and one small -one, play king. The leader must have opened an ace -suit (either ace, queen, ten, nine, or ace, knave, ten, -nine), assuming him to have led from a suit of four -cards. The same applies if you hold king, nine, and -eight is led.</p> - -<p>If a medium card is led from a suit of at least four -cards, three being higher than the card led, and you -hold cards that (together with the leader's cards) make -up a sequence, cover with the lowest card you can. -For example:—The original lead is an eight. You -(second hand) hold ace, king, ten, with or without -small ones. If the lead was from queen, knave, nine, -eight, as is most probable, and the ten is put on, it -will win the trick.</p> - -<p>Again: the original lead is a seven. You hold ace, -queen, knave, eight. If the seven is the lowest of a -four card suit, the lead must have been from king, ten, -nine, seven. Therefore, the eight put on will win the -trick.</p> - -<p>The same applies, if the leader of an ace follows -with a medium card. For example:—Ace is led<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> -originally. The next lead of an American Leader is, -say, the eight. You had originally king, queen, ten, -four, and you played the four to the ace. The leader -must hold knave, nine and small. You should, therefore -play the ten. And, observe, the play would be -the same, if the second lead of a player who does not -follow the American system were the seven, as then he -must hold knave, nine, eight.</p> - -<p>If a small card is led, and you hold an honour and -a small card, pass the trick as a rule; for by putting -on the honour you expose your weakness, and enable -the original leader to finesse against you on the second -round. The principal general exception to playing -a small card second hand, is when the circumstances -of the hand cause you to seize any chance of getting -the lead, as when you want to stop a lead of -trumps, or to lead trumps yourself. Then it is -often right to play a high card second hand, when -unsupported by another high card.</p> - -<p>Also, in trumps, if king or queen is turned up, and -you hold it singly guarded (<em>i.e.</em>, if you have only one -other trump), it is generally advisable to put on the -turn-up, second hand. And if you hold king or queen, -singly guarded, and a superior honour is turned up to -your right, you should play the king or queen.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>In the second round of a suit, if you have the -winning card, you should—in plain suits—generally -put it on second hand, subject to a finesse that will -certainly be successful; but in trumps there are many -cases in which you should not, especially if you have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> -numerical strength in trumps, and a good hand besides. -Your winning trump must make, and, by passing the -second round, you perhaps enable your partner to win -with a third best trump—or even a smaller one—yourself -retaining the command.</p> - -<p>If, when led through in the second round of a suit, -you conclude from the previous fall of the cards that -the second best card is to your right, it is sometimes -advisable to put on the third best. You thus save -your partner's hand if he holds the best. For instance: -if knave is led in the first round, and your partner -(then second player) puts on king, which wins the -trick, it is clear (if the ten is your best) that your -partner has the ace, for the third player could not win -the king, and the leader could not have led from ace, -knave. If your right-hand adversary afterwards -returns the suit through you, you should put on the -ten in order to save your partner's ace.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h3>THE THIRD HAND.</h3> - -<p class="center">(<em>See</em> also "Whist Developments." <span class="smcap">De La Rue</span> & Co.)</p> - - -<p>In the first round of a suit, you should generally</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>8. PLAY YOUR HIGHEST CARD THIRD HAND,</h4> - - -<p>in order to strengthen your partner. You presume -that he leads from his strong suit, and wants to get -the winning cards of it out of his way; you, therefore, -do not finesse, but play your highest, remembering -that you play the lowest of a sequence.</p> - -<p>With ace, queen (and, of course, ace, queen, knave, -&c., in sequence) you do finesse, for, in this case, the -finesse cannot be left to your partner. In trumps you -may finesse ace, knave, if an honour is turned up to -your right. Some players finesse knave with king, -knave, &c.; but it is contrary to principle to finesse in -your partner's strong suit.</p> - -<p>If your partner leads a high card originally, you -assume it is led from one of the combinations given -in the Analysis of Leads (pp. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-71), and your play -third hand must be guided by a consideration of the -combination led from. With ace, you pass queen led; -you are then in much the same position as though a -small card were led, and you finessed with ace, queen.</p> - -<p>Knave, led originally, is from king, queen, knave, &c. -(some players lead knave from knave, ten, nine, &c.) -In either case, if you hold ace with one small card, -play the ace; with more than one small card, pass -(<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>). If your only honour is the king, you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> -should pass knave led. For, the second hand having -passed, you assume ace to be to your left (p. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>). -Should the queen be there also, you waste the king by -covering; and if queen is to your right, the knave -forces the ace.</p> - -<p>Ten may be led originally from king, queen, knave, -ten, or from king, knave, ten, &c. If you hold ace, -you should put it on; but if you hold queen, you -should pass. Holding both ace and queen, your play -depends on whether you wish to obtain the lead on -the first round of the suit.</p> - -<p>If your partner opens a suit, late in a hand, with a -high card, your play, third hand, will depend on your -judgment of the character of the lead. If it is probable -that your partner has led from a weak suit, you will -often be right to finesse king, knave, &c., or to pass his -card altogether, so as not to give up the entire command -of the suit. Thus, if ten is led and you hold ace, knave, -&c., it is clear that the card led is the highest your -partner holds in the suit. You therefore pass, and unless -both king and queen are to your left, you remain -with the tenace. Similar remarks apply to a forced lead -of knave, when you hold ace, ten, &c. If you have considerable -strength in a suit in which a strengthening -card is led, you must be guided by your strength in -trumps. Thus, your partner leads knave from a weak -suit, and you hold ace, king, and small ones. You -may, as a rule, pass the knave if you are strong in -trumps, but not if weak.</p> - -<p>In the second round of a suit, if you (third player) -hold the best and third best cards, and you have no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> -indication as to the position of the intermediate card, -your play should again depend on your strength in -trumps. If weak in trumps, secure the trick at once; -if strong in trumps, and especially if strong enough to -lead a trump (<em>see</em> Management of Trumps, pp. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-24), -should the finesse succeed, it is generally right to -make it. If you hold second and fourth best, you -may nearly always finesse; for you conclude that the -winning card is over you in the fourth hand, since your -partner has not led it, and the second player has not -put it on. If the third best lies over you also, you -cannot prevent the tenace from making, and your only -chance, therefore, is to finesse. Thus, if you lead a -small card from queen, ten, and two small ones, your -partner wins the first trick with the king, and returns -a small one. The ace is certainly to your left; you -therefore finesse the ten, for if your left-hand adversary -holds ace and knave he must make them both; but, -otherwise, your ten forces the ace, and you are left -with the best. In trumps, the winning card is often -held up by the adversary, but you must submit to this -contingency, and generally finesse.</p> - -<p>It is of no use to finesse against your right-hand -adversary in a suit in which he has shown weakness. -For instance, if the second hand has none of the suit -led, and does not trump it, you (third hand) should not -finesse a major tenace (<em>i.e.</em>, the best and third best cards). -This often occurs in the second or third round of a suit; -also, if your partner (third player) has won a trick very -cheaply, and the suit is returned, it is rarely of any use -to finesse if you have the winning card.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> - -<p>In some few positions, however, it is necessary to -finesse, even if the second player holds nothing. Thus, -your partner leads a knave, and the second hand renounces -(<em>i.e.</em>, does not follow suit); if you (third -player) hold king, it is useless to cover, as ace, queen -in the fourth hand must make. Again, you have king, -and two small trumps; your partner leads a small one; -the second hand renounces. If you want one trick to -win or save the game, you (third player) play a small -trump, when the fourth player will be obliged to lead -up to your king guarded.</p> - -<p>The state of the game and of the score will often -direct as to a finesse late in a hand. Thus, if you -hold a winning card, and want one trick to save or -win the game, of course you should not run any risk. -A finesse against even one card is generally wrong, if, -by playing otherwise, you prevent the adversary from -scoring three or five. A finesse is almost always bad, if -by not finessing you insure the odd trick, as that makes -a difference of two to the score. In the opposite case, -a finesse is generally right (sometimes even against -more than one card), if its success gives you the odd -trick, or puts you at the score of three or five.</p> - -<p>The considerations as to finessing and the course of -play generally, that come in as the hand proceeds, are -so complicated, and depend so much on inferences from -previous play, and on the state of the score, that one -can scarcely do more than to state a few broad rules, -and to add some examples. Illustrations of the conduct -of the hand at advanced periods will be found in Sections -17 and 18 (pp. <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-155), and more in the hands.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h3>THE FOURTH HAND.</h3> - - -<p>The fourth player having, with a few exceptions, -merely to win the trick, if against him, his play -involves no further development of general principles.</p> - -<p>The exceptional cases, where the fourth hand should -not win the trick though he can, or should win his -partner's trick in order to get the lead, depend so -much on the previous fall of the cards, that they can -best be illustrated in the hands.</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>THE COMMAND OF SUITS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(<em>See</em> also Appendix B., pp. <a href="#Page_287">287</a>-8.)</p> - - -<p>In the foregoing chapters it has been incidentally -stated that you should</p> - - -<h5>9. KEEP THE COMMAND OF YOUR ADVERSARY'S -SUIT: <span class="smcap">AND</span><br /> - -10. GET RID OF THE COMMAND OF YOUR -PARTNER'S SUIT.</h5> - -<p>The reasons will be obvious to those who are -familiar with the previous pages; in the first case, -you obstruct the adversaries' suits, and prevent their -establishing them; in the second case, you assist in -clearing the suit for your partner.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> - -<p>Thus, with ace and queen only of a suit led by your -partner, if you win with the queen, play out the ace at -once; but, if the suit is led by your adversary, keep -the ace in your hand. If you play out the winning -card of the opponent's suit in hopes of trumping the -next round, which is often done by those who play a -trumping game, you do just what the adversaries -want; for the lead of the ace gives them valuable -assistance towards bringing in their suit when trumps -are out.</p> - -<p>Though the advantage of getting rid of the command -of a suit, of which your partner has declared numerical -strength, is recognised theoretically, the application of -the principle is much neglected in practice. In order -to get rid, at the proper moment, of the command of -your partner's suit, a thorough knowledge of the -Analysis of Leads is requisite, as the following examples -will show:—1. Your partner leads ace, originally, of -a plain suit. He has led from ace, queen, knave, &c., -or from a suit of five cards at least. You have four of -the suit, say ten, nine, eight, two. To his ace, you -should play the eight, not the two. All follow suit, -and your partner continues with knave, or with a small -card. You now know for certain that he led from -five at least. You should play the nine, even if the -second hand puts on a winning card or a trump. -When the suit is led again, you should play the ten. -Your partner is left with two small cards, and you do -not block his suit; if you had played two, eight, nine, -it is very probable that you would keep the command -of the suit with the ten. 2. If instead of ten, nine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> -eight, two, you held, say, ten, nine, three, two, and -your partner leads ace and a small one, you should -similarly play the nine on the second round. 3. If -your partner led from ace, queen, knave and one -small one (as you will be informed by his leading -queen after ace), you cannot block the suit; but, if -you have played the eight to the ace, as in Example 1, -you must still play the nine to the queen, or you -have called for trumps (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>). You lose -nothing by this, as you and your partner still retain -the winning cards of the suit. If on the third round -you find it necessary to play your small card, you -have not called for trumps (<em>see</em> Appendix B, -pp. <a href="#Page_287">287</a>-8). 4. Similarly, you have king, queen, -and two small cards of a plain suit of which your -partner leads ace and a small one. All follow suit -to the ace; the second hand trumps the small one. -You should play the queen, and to the third round -the king. 5. Your partner leads knave of a plain -suit originally, from king, queen, knave, and at least two -small cards. The second hand plays a small card. You -(third hand) hold ace, &c. Whether or not you should -put on the ace, depends on the number of small cards -you hold. Having only one small card, you should play -the ace, that you may not block the suit. Having more -than one small card, you pass the knave. Suppose -the knave wins the trick, and your partner continues -with king or queen. If you now remain with ace and -one small card, you should put on the ace; but, if -you have ace and two small cards left, you should -pass again, as you still have the power of getting rid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> -of the command on the third round. 6. To continue -the previous example. Say the two rounds of your -partner's suit have resulted in the fall of seven cards -of it, and that you still have ace and a small one left. -Your adversary now leads the suit a third time, that -his partner may trump it. You should play the ace, -keeping the small card of the suit of which your -partner will still hold two cards. 7. If your -partner leads a small card of a plain suit originally, -and you can tell from the fall of the cards that the -card led was not his absolute lowest, you know he led -from a suit of more than four (<em>see</em> Analysis of Leads), -and if you had four originally, you should be prepared -to get rid of the command on the subsequent rounds. -For example:—Your partner leads eight. All follow -suit, and the queen falls. On obtaining the lead -again, your partner leads the six, showing that he -led from at least five cards. Ace comes out. One -adversary does not follow suit. You held, originally, -knave, five, four, three, and have played the three and -the four. Your partner now has the lead again, and -leads the king of his suit. You, holding knave and -one small one, would play very badly to retain the -knave. You should throw the knave on the king, -and your partner's suit is freed. 8. Your hand -contains four cards, viz., ace and one small spade -(spades not having been led), and two losing diamonds; -your partner has nothing but spades, of which he leads -the king. If you pass it you cannot make more than -two tricks, for the winning diamonds are against you -in one hand; but, if you win your partner's king, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> -return the small one, and your partner has led from -king, queen, you still win two tricks, and get a chance -of making three or four.</p> - -<p>A collateral advantage of playing as advised, is that a -good partner will often know how many of his suit you -still have in hand. Thus, he leads knave, which you -pass; he continues with queen, which you win. It -ought to be a certainty that you remain with one small -card of his suit and no more. If you pass again, it -should be equally certain, when your ace comes down -in the third round, that you have one small card of -the suit in hand. Again: your partner leads ace and -knave; knave is won by the adversary with the king. -You, holding ten, nine, eight, deuce, have played eight -and nine of the suit. If the winner of the trick does -not lead a trump, your partner would infer, with tolerable -certainty, that you remain with the deuce and ten -of his suit, as no one is asking for trumps (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>) -and no one has played the deuce in two rounds.</p> - -<p>In trumps, the case is somewhat different, as you -cannot block your partner's trump suit. It is then only -advisable to get out of his way, if you see from the fall -of the cards that it is essential he should proceed with -trumps. Thus: with ace and one small trump you would -not put ace on his knave led, unless very desirous of -three rounds of trumps immediately. Moreover, in -trumps, your partner can count your hand in another -way; for with four trumps you would echo, as will be -fully explained under Management of Trumps (p. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>).</p> - -<p>You help your partner to get rid of the command -of your suit by leading the lowest of a sequence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> -notwithstanding that it heads your suit, when you -want him to win your card if he can. For this reason -you lead ten from king, queen, knave, ten; ace, knave -from ace, queen, knave, and at least two small cards; -and so on. In this last case, if your partner has king, -whether he should put it on your knave, or not, -depends on how many small cards of the suit he holds. -If, when you lead knave, he remains with king and -one small one, he should win the knave with the king; -but if he has king and two small ones remaining, he -should pass the knave, for precisely the same reasons -as those given in the previous examples. Again, -suppose you are left with knave, ten, and others of a -suit, of which your partner can only have king and -another (ace and queen being out), though it is uncertain -whether he does hold the king. You would -cause him to get rid of the king by leading the ten; -whereas, if you led the knave, he probably would not -part with the king.</p> - -<p>Experienced players frequently endeavour to steal a -trick, or to obtain the entire command of a suit (<em>i.e.</em>, to -keep a sufficient number of winning or commanding -cards in it to make every trick), by <em>underplaying</em>. -Underplay is keeping up the winning card, generally -in the second round of a suit, by leading a low card, -though holding the best.</p> - -<p>Thus, suppose a small trump is led, and you (fourth -player) hold ace, knave, and two small ones, and you -win with one of the small ones. If, at a later period -of the hand, you return a small trump, you will very -likely cause your left-hand adversary to believe that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> -your partner has the ace; consequently, if your left-hand -adversary has the king, he may not put it on; -your partner will win the second round with the queen, -and you will retain the command of the trump suit.</p> - -<p>Underplay is an extempore stratagem depending on -observation of the previous fall of the cards, and, -therefore, best capable of explanation by examples. -Thus: A, finding his partner strong in trumps, leads -the seven. The king is put on by Y (second hand), -which B (third hand) wins, holding ace, queen, ten, -nine, eight. It is evident to B that A's seven was his -highest trump, as the only higher one in is the knave, -and A would never lead the seven from knave, seven. -The king having been put on second hand, B concludes -that Y, in all probability, holds at most one small -trump more. The knave is, to a moral certainty, in -Z's hand. B, by leading the eight in the second -round, will probably win the trick, and unless Z had -four trumps originally, will catch the knave with the -queen in the third round. (Further examples of underplay -occur in the hands.)</p> - -<p>Players should be on their guard against this -manœuvre, particularly when second hand, in the -second round of a suit, they hold the second best -card guarded, and the adversary has been playing a -strong game (as by leading trumps), and is left with -the long trump, or is certain to be able to obtain the -lead again. Then it is often right for the second -hand to stick on a singly-guarded second best card, -especially if that is the only chance of making it. In -the case stated in the previous paragraph, Z's only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> -chance of making the knave, if singly guarded, is to -put it on second hand. For, if the queen with small -ones is in A's hand, A is sure to finesse on the return -of the suit by his partner. Again, take this case: A -leads the six of diamonds; Y, with knave, ten, and a -small one, puts on the ten; B plays the king, and Z -wins it with the ace. Presently, A obtains the lead -again, and leads the eight of diamonds. A, having -led the lowest of his suit in the first round, it may be -inferred that he has led from a strong suit—headed in -this case by the queen—and that he is underplaying -with, probably, queen and nine in his hand. Y should -observe this, and in the second round should win the -eight with the knave.</p> - -<p>Refusing to play the winning card in the first and -second rounds of a suit—commonly called <em>holding up</em>—is, -in fact, a species of underplay. For example:—1. -Trumps are led by the player to your left; the -third player wins with the ace, and returns the suit -through your hand. If you are left with king and -one or more small ones, you should play a small one, -unless the circumstances of the hand are such that -you deem it advantageous to stop the trump lead. -The original trump leader, not knowing but that the -king is in your partner's hand, will probably finesse, -and your partner thus has a chance of making the -third best trump, even though unguarded. If your -partner has neither second nor third best trump, no -harm is done, as you will then probably make but -one trick in the suit, however you play. 2. Again, -ten tricks are played, and each player is left with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> -three cards of a suit not opened. If the second -player puts on the queen (from which it may be -inferred that he holds the king also), the third hand -should not cover with the ace. For, by winning the -trick, he must lead up to king guarded; but, by -passing it, he leaves the lead with the second player, -and takes the best chance of making two tricks. -3. One more example will suffice: A has the last -trump, and ace, ten, and three small cards of a suit -not led. The adversary now leads the king, and -follows with the queen of that suit. A should pass -them both; by so doing he will probably make three -tricks in the suit if the cards are equally divided.</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>DISCARDING.</h4> - - -<p>When you cannot follow suit, you should</p> - - -<h5>11. DISCARD FROM YOUR WEAKEST SUIT.</h5> - -<p>You weaken a suit by discarding from it, and lessen -the number of long cards you might otherwise establish -and bring in (<em>i.e.</em>, make tricks with if trumps are -out, and you obtain the lead after the establishment -of your suit). On the other hand, you do but little -harm by throwing from a suit in which you are already -weak. Your partner should understand that your first -or <em>original discard</em> is from your <em>weakest suit</em>, just as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> -he understands that your original lead is from your -strongest suit.</p> - -<p>But, as in the case of leads, you are sometimes -obliged to lead from a weak suit, or to make a forced -lead, so sometimes you have to make a <em>forced discard</em>. -Forced discards require much more careful consideration -than they generally receive.</p> - -<p>It is clear that if the opponents declare great -strength in trumps (by leading trumps or asking for -them, as will be fully explained in Section 13), that -your chance of bringing in a suit is practically <em>nil</em>. -You should therefore, in such cases, abandon the -tactics you would otherwise adopt, and play to guard -your weaker suits, by discarding from your best protected -suit, which is generally your longest suit. You -must, in fact, play a defensive game.</p> - -<p>If this system of discarding is comprehended by the -two players who are partners, it follows, as a matter of -course, that <em>when trumps are not declared against you, -your partner will assume you are weak in the suit you -first discard</em>; but, <em>when trumps are declared against -you, he will give you credit for strength in the suit from -which you originally throw away</em>. This is most important, -as it affects his subsequent leads. In the -first case, he will refrain from leading the suit from -which you have discarded; in the second, he will, -unless he has a very strong suit of his own, select for -his lead the suit in which you have shown strength by -your discard.</p> - -<p>It is commonly said, "Discard from your strong suit -when the adversary leads or calls for trumps." But<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> -this is a very imperfect and misleading aphorism. If -you have no indications from the play, and are obliged -to discard to an adverse trump lead or call, you should -discard from your best protected suit. But, if you -have, or if the fall of the cards shows that your -partner has, sufficient strength in trumps to outlast -the adversary, the discard should be from the weak -suit. Thus: Y, second player, calls for trumps (<em>see</em> -p. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>), and B, third player, also calls. The discards -of A and Z should be from their weak suits. For -though, on the one hand, great strength in trumps is -declared against them, on the other hand great -strength is also declared with them. Again: Z -deals and turns up nine of clubs. A (the original -leader) leads a small club; Y follows suit; B puts on -ace; Z plays king. This shows that Z has a sequence -of queen, knave, ten, nine of trumps; and therefore -that, though A has led a trump, he has anything but -the command of the suit. B returns the trump; Z -wins; Y has no more trumps. His discard should be -from his weakest suit. The following case is less -easy:—The adversary (A) leads a tierce major in -trumps, eleven trumps come out, and your partner -(Y) must have knave of trumps to save the game. -You now credit your partner with the command of -trumps, though the adversary has led them; and if -either you (Y) or your partner (Z) has to discard, the -discard should be from the weakest suit (<em>see</em> Hand -XII.) Similar remarks apply if a strengthening trump -is led by an adversary from weak trumps and good -cards in plain suits.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> - -<p>It must be borne in mind that it is only your -original discard which is directive. Having once discarded, -you cannot undo your work by any number -of discards from another suit. Also, having once led -a suit, you have declared strength in it; and subsequent -discards from that suit do not alter the fact that -it was originally your strongest suit.</p> - -<p>It is dangerous to unguard an honour, or to blank -an ace; and, also, to discard a single card when the -game is in an undeveloped stage, as it exposes your -weakness almost as soon as the suit is led. But, -when you see that there is a probability of strength -in trumps on your side, direct your partner to your -strong suit by all the means in your power, and -unhesitatingly unguard an honour, or throw a single -card. Of course, if strength in trumps is against -you, these are the very last cards you should think of -throwing away.</p> - -<p>When your left-hand adversary will have the lead -next round, if you discard from a suit in which you -hold a tenace, you may possibly induce him to lead -that suit up to you. You must be on your guard -against this ruse, and not necessarily lead up to the -discard of your right-hand opponent.</p> - -<p>The same principle applies to trumping as to discarding. -The weaker you are in trumps, the better it -is for you to make a little one by trumping, as will be -further explained in Section 14.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>THE CONVERSATION OF THE GAME.</h4> - - -<h5>12. AFFORD INFORMATION BY YOUR PLAY.</h5> - -<p>It has several times been assumed in the preceding -pages that you should convey information by your -play. The question naturally arises, <em>How is it that a -player gains any advantage by publishing information -to the table?</em> It is often argued, and with much show -of reason, that as almost every revelation concerning -your hand must be given to the whole table, and that -as you have two adversaries and only one partner, you -publish information at a disadvantage. No doubt this -argument would have considerable force if you were -compelled to expose the whole of your hand. But -you possess the power, to a great extent, of selecting -what facts shall be announced and what concealed.</p> - -<p>Experienced players are unanimous in admitting -that it is an advantage to inform your partner of -strength in your own suits, though some advise concealment -of strength in suits in which the adversaries -have shown strength. Thus, with ace, king, second -hand, the usual play is to put on the king. The third -hand does not win the king, and hence the leader is -able to infer that the ace of his strong suit is against -him. But, if you put on the ace second hand, you -prevent the leader from discovering where the king of -his suit lies. It is, however, found that two honours -in the adversary's suit constitute sufficient strength to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> -make it advantageous in the long run to proclaim -your force; while, with less strength, it is not easy to -mystify the opponents prejudicially; so that, on the -whole, it seldom happens that a balance of gain results -from the adoption of deceptive play.</p> - -<p>Occasionally, however, a false card may be played -with a special object. For instance: ace is turned up -to your right, and, when the dealer gets in, he leads a -small trump. If you, second hand, have king, queen -only, you would be justified in playing the king, in -hopes of inducing the trump leader to finesse on the -return of the suit. Or, take this case: your left-hand -adversary leads originally the five of his strong suit, -from king, ten, seven, five. Your partner plays the -six; third hand plays ace. You, holding queen, knave, -nine, eight, four, three, play the three. Your right-hand -opponent now leads trumps; all the trumps come -out. The player to your right next returns the deuce -of his partner's suit. The original lead being from a -four-card suit, king, ten, seven, remain in the leader's -hand. If you play knave, the original leader will -place queen in your hand, and will hesitate to go -on with the suit. But, if you play queen, he will put -knave and at least one small one in his partner's -hand. Then if, under this impression, he continues -the suit, you bring it in.</p> - -<p>It is in most cases unquestionably disadvantageous -to you that the whole table should be aware of your -being very weak in a particular suit, and, consequently, -information of weakness should be withheld as long as -possible. If you are led up to fourth hand in such a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> -suit, or if your partner opens the suit with a small -card, of course the disclosure is inevitable; but until -one of these events happens your poverty can generally -be kept out of sight. It may happen that you are -occasionally forced to lead a weak suit yourself; and -in this event the least disadvantage, on the whole, is -to tell the truth at once, by first leading the highest -of it. Your partner apprised of the state of your -hand, by the fall of your smaller card in the subsequent -round, will probably deem it prudent to strive -by defensive tactics to avert total defeat in that suit, -rather than to contend single-handed against the -combined strength of the opponents. But, at critical -points of the game, it is often right to conceal -weakness. Thus, towards the end of a hand, it is -necessary that your partner should make a couple -of tricks in an unopened suit, of which you hold two -or three little cards. You should lead the lowest. If -you lead the highest, the adversaries will suspect your -weakness at once, and will be sure of it on the second -round. Their efforts will then be directed to preventing -your partner from making the required tricks -in that suit. Your left-hand adversary will not -finesse; and if your partner is led through, your -right-hand adversary merely covers, or plays the lowest -card he has, higher than the one you first led.</p> - -<p>When your partner has exhibited weakness in one -or more suits, you would frequently be justified in -playing a false card. You are driven to rely solely on -yourself, and are entitled to adopt every artifice your -ingenuity can suggest in order to perplex the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> -side. The consideration that you may mislead your -partner will no longer influence you, as you know him -to be powerless for good or for evil.</p> - -<p>You inform your partner by following the recognised -practice of the game, as by leading from your strong suit -originally, by leading the highest of a sequence, by following -suit with the lowest of a sequence, and so forth. -If you adhere to this you will soon acquire a reputation -for playing a straightforward intelligible game; and -this character alone will counterbalance the disadvantage -which will sometimes attach to the fact that you -have enabled the adversaries to read your hand. If -your partner knows that you play at random and -without method, he will be in a state of constant uncertainty; -and you almost preclude him from executing -any of the finer strokes of play, the opportunities for -which generally arise from being able to infer with -confidence the position of particular cards. The extreme -case of two skilled players against two unskilled -ones amounts almost to this, that towards the close of -a hand the former have the same advantage as though -they had seen each other's cards, while the latter have -not.</p> - -<p>It follows that when you are unfortunately tied to -an untaught partner, especially if at the same time you -are pitted against observant adversaries, you should -expose your hand as little as possible, particularly in -respect of minor details.</p> - -<p>It will become apparent, on consideration, that the -question of the advisability of affording information is -more or less intimately connected with every card that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> -is played. It is, therefore, of extreme importance to -ascertain whether the practice is advantageous or the -reverse. The arguments just adduced are doubtless -in favour of the practice of affording information by -the play; but it must be admitted that by far the -strongest authority for it is that experienced players, -by their settled opinions, reject the opposite course.</p> - -<p>The instructed player frequently selects one card in -preference to another with the <em>sole</em> object of affording -information. When the principle is carried thus far, -the play becomes purely conventional. For example: -you naturally win a trick as cheaply as possible; if, -fourth hand, you could win with a ten, you would not -waste an ace. But suppose you hold knave and ten, -which card should then be played? The knave and -ten in one hand are of equal value, and therefore to -win with the knave would be no unnecessary sacrifice -of strength. Nevertheless, you extend to such cases -the rule of winning as cheaply as possible, and you -play the ten for the mere purpose of conveying information. -This is a simple instance of pure convention. -Again: the system of returning the higher of two -losing cards (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>) when they are both small -cards, is purely conventional. To take another case: -after two rounds of your four-card suit, you are left -with two losing cards, say the six and the seven, and -you, having the lead, are about to continue the suit; -you should lead the six, not the seven, in accordance -with the rule that you lead the lowest card of a suit, -except with commanding strength. This being the -convention, if you lead the seven, your partner will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> -infer that you cannot hold the six, and will suppose -that you led from a three-card suit, in consequence of -exceptional circumstances; if he is a good player he -will miscount all the hands, probably to your mutual -discomfiture.</p> - -<p>Whist conventions, it will be observed, are in -accordance with, and are suggested by, principle. -Indeed, all the established conventions of the game -are so chosen as to harmonise with play that would -naturally be adopted independently of convention. The -aggregation of the recognised rules of play, including -the established conventions, constitute what in practice -is called the Conversation of the Game of Whist.</p> - -<p>It must not be overlooked that unsound players -often deceive unintentionally, and all players sometimes -with intention. It is, therefore, necessary to be on -your guard against drawing inferences too rigidly.</p> - -<p>There are some ways of conveying information -which have not been explained. For example: if you -have the complete command of a suit, you can publish -the fact by discarding the highest of it; the presumption -being that you would never throw away a winning -card with a losing one in your hand. If you discard -a second-best card of a suit of which your partner does -not know you to hold a long sequence, you ought to -have no more of the suit, for with the best also you -would discard that, and with a smaller one you would -discard that. By winning with the highest, and -returning the lowest of a sequence (more especially -fourth hand), you show that you have the intermediate -cards. Thus, with ace, king, queen, fourth hand, if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> -you desire to continue the suit, and at the same time -to show that you still remain with the winning -card, you would win with the ace and return the -queen. Again, as long as you keep the turn-up card -in hand, your partner knows where it is; so, having -turned up a nine and holding the ten, trump with the -ten in preference. This rule, however, is liable to -exceptions. With very small trumps, of equal value, -trumping with the higher card may be mistaken for an -exhibition of four or five trumps; also, if you are weak -in trumps, and the adversaries have shown strength in -them, it is not advisable to keep the turn-up card; -for, if the adversaries know you have it in your hand, -they will draw it, whereas, if you play it, they may be -uncertain as to your holding another. If you open a -suit of ace, king only, it must be a forced lead. You -then adopt the rule of leading the highest of a -numerically weak suit, and first lead the ace. This -shows your partner (unless you have already been -forced, when you lead the ace before king for other -reasons), that you have no more of the suit. Also, -by leading the lowest of a head sequence of winning -trumps (subject, if an American Leader, to a selection -of card in order to show number), you convey -information. Thus, you lead a small trump, partner -plays queen, won with king. You remain with ace, -knave, ten. On obtaining the lead, you continue with -the ten, and, when it wins, you have shown two by -honours (unless ace is held up, which is unlikely). If -you continue with ace, as in plain suits, your partner -can tell nothing about the knave and ten. You may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> -pursue the same method in plain suits when your -partner has no more trumps, and with any head -sequence when you want him to win the trick, or are -sure he cannot, and also when the fourth hand has -already renounced in the suit led.</p> - -<p>A most valuable mode of conveying very precise -information of strength is within the reach of players -who think fit to adopt <em>American Leads</em> (<em>see</em> Appendix -A). As the propriety of these leads is questioned by -some players, it may be stated that they form a -beautiful system which is in full harmony with the -established principles of whist play.</p> - -<p>With regard to the American system when leading -a high card of your strong suit after a high card, no -one disputes the propriety of leading ace, then queen, -from ace, queen, knave, and one small card; and of -leading ace, then knave, from ace, queen, knave, and -more than one small card. In the case of the four-card -suit, you select the higher card to tell your -partner not to play the king, as you have not sufficient -numerical power to defend the suit single-handed. -In the case of a suit of more than four cards, you -select the lower card that your partner may not retain -the command of your suit, and may play the king, -should he happen to have held king and two small -ones originally. For a similar reason, it is obvious -that with queen, knave, ten, and one small card, you -should follow queen with knave; with queen, knave, -ten, and more than one small card, you should follow -queen with ten.</p> - -<p>Now, here is a germ of a principle of play.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> -Holding two high indifferent cards, and only four of -your suit, your second lead is the higher card; holding -more than four, your second lead is the lower -card.</p> - -<p>For the sake of uniformity, you should pursue the -same plan in all cases where, after your first lead, you -remain with two high indifferent cards. Thus, your -original lead is a ten, from king, knave, ten, and one -or more small cards. The queen is played to your ten. -You have the lead again, and it is immaterial, so far -as establishing the suit is concerned, whether you -proceed with the king or with the knave. But, if -your practice is uniform, and in accordance with the -practice which obtains in the case of ace, queen, -knave, and of queen, knave, ten, you can inform your -partner whether you led from a suit of four cards or -of more than four cards. If you continue with the -king, the higher of two indifferent cards, you led from -king, knave, ten, and one small card; if you continue -with the knave, the lower of two indifferent cards, you -led from king, knave, ten, and more than one small -card.</p> - -<p>With regard to the American system, when opening -your strong suit with a low card, those who have -already adopted the <em>penultimate lead</em> from suits of five -cards, will have no difficulty in again discovering the -germ of a principle of play. The fourth-best card of -your suit is led from suits of four cards, and from -suits of five cards.</p> - -<p>You have only to apply the same rule to suits of -more than five cards, and to lead your fourth-best<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> -card. You then pursue a uniform practice, and at the -same time convey valuable information. (<em>See</em> Appendix -A).</p> - -<p>As an illustration, take this suit—queen, ten, nine, -eight. You lead the eight. Now suppose your suit -to be queen, ten, nine, eight, three. You still lead -the eight. Now add one more card. Your suit -is queen, ten, nine, eight, three, two. You should -still lead the eight. No doubt, a careful player would -lead the eight, as a card of protection, even if -American leads had never been thought of. With -lower cards, such as queen, nine, eight, seven, three, -two, it is possible a careful player might lead the -seven; and with still lower cards, where is he to stop? -The knot is cut by the very simple and uniform rule -of leading the fourth-best, without reference to the -possibility of its being a card of protection.</p> - -<p>With regard to the lead of a high card followed by -a low card, when the American system is followed, the -low card selected should be the original fourth-best. -(<em>See</em> Appendix A).</p> - -<p>The more the American system is examined, the -more thorough and perfect it will be found. Care, -however, must be taken, with leads late in a hand, -not to confuse a fourth-best lead with a forced lead of -the highest card of a weak suit. The American rule -only applies, in its integrity to the original lead,—or -after one or more tricks have been played, to the -original lead of the player's own choice, (<em>See</em> Appendix -A). Also, it may be, that the leader, with very -strong cards in all plain suits, starts by leading a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> -strengthening trump. The uncertainty of the real -character of the lead, in this case, is no doubt -unfavourable; but, the advantage of frequently being -able to give information of great numerical strength -far outweighs this occasional danger.</p> - -<p>Information as to the number of trumps you hold -can be similarly communicated when you have -more than four trumps, by trumping with the fourth-best -and then leading the fourth-best of those -remaining. This rule, however, is subject to rather a -large exception. When your fourth-best trump is a -medium card, such as an eight, trumping with the -eight may imperil a trick later on. For instance: -with such cards as king, knave, nine, eight, three, a -careful player would rightly trump with the three and -lead the eight. For the time, you do not inform your -partner as to number, because the eight is too -valuable a card to get rid of, and the information -might be purchased too dearly. Also, when about to -lead high trumps after a force, there is no occasion to -run any risk by trumping with any but the lowest, as -the high cards led will of themselves indicate how -many trumps you now hold (not how many you held -originally). If you take a force with any trump but -the lowest, and do not lead a trump, when your lowest -is afterwards played it only signifies that you had at -least five trumps originally, and your play does not -constitute a call for trumps. (<em>See</em> p. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h3>TRUMPS.</h3> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>THE MANAGEMENT OF TRUMPS.</h4> - - -<p>The Management of Trumps is, perhaps, the most -difficult of the problems presented to the Whist-player. -Before discussing the special uses of trumps, -it may be observed that in some few hands trumps are -led like plain suits, because they are your strongest -suit, and you prefer leading them to opening a weak -suit. The principles already discussed, which guide -us to the most favourable chances for making tricks -in a suit, apply to trumps equally with other suits. -The privilege, however, enjoyed by the trump suit of -winning every other, causes some modifications of detail -(noticed at pp. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-71, and at pp. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-88); for, since the -winning trumps <em>must</em> make tricks, you play a more -backward game in the trump suit. Thus, with ace, -king, and small trumps, you lead a small one, by -which you obtain an increased chance of making -tricks in the suit, and you keep the command of it, -and must have the lead after the third round, the -advantage of which will be presently explained. Even -if your partner is so weak in trumps that the opponent -wins the first trick very cheaply, but little (if -any) harm accrues; for the opponent then has to open -a suit up to you or your partner.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the great majority of hands, trumps are applied -to their special uses, viz.: 1. To disarm the opponents, -and to prevent their trumping your winning-cards; -and 2. To trump the winning cards of the adversaries. -In order to comprehend when trumps may be most -profitably applied to the first, and when to the second, -of these uses, we must first clearly perceive the objects -aimed at throughout the hand, viz.: to establish a suit, -to exhaust the adversaries' trumps, and to retain the -long trump, or a certain winning card with which to -get the lead again, for the purpose of bringing in the -suit; also to endeavour to obstruct similar designs of -the opponents. It follows that you should</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>13. LEAD TRUMPS WHEN VERY STRONG IN -THEM.</h4> - - -<p>It cannot be too strongly impressed that <em>the primary -use of strength in trumps is to draw the adversaries' -trumps for the bringing in of your own or your partner's -long suit</em>. With great strength in trumps (five or -more), you may proceed at once to disarm the opponents, -and lead trumps without waiting to establish -a suit. For, with five trumps or more, the chance of -your succeeding in drawing the other trumps, and -of being left with the long trumps is so considerable, -that you may then almost always lead trumps, whatever -your other cards. The exceptional hands are -principally those which contain five trumps without -an honour, and five small cards of a plain suit; or -five trumps without an honour, and four middling -cards of one plain suit together with four bad cards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> -of another plain suit. But if the adversaries are at -the score of three, you should lead a trump with -these hands, as your partner must have two honours, -or very good cards out of trumps, for you to save the -game.</p> - -<p>If you are at the score of three, the adversaries -being love, one, or two, you should not lead a trump -merely because you have five trumps with two honours, -if they are unaccompanied by a very strong suit, -or by good cards in each suit. For here, if your -partner has an honour, you probably win the -game in any case; and if he has no honour you open -the trump suit to a disadvantage. Some good players, -however, do not allow this to be an exceptional case. -The turn-up card may sometimes cause you to refrain -from leading trumps from five. Thus: you have king, -ten, nine, six, and four of spades (trumps); ace, -queen, and three small diamonds; and three small -hearts. You are four, and the ace of spades is -turned up. In the opinion of most players, the ace -of diamonds is the best original lead; but, if an ace -were not turned up, you should lead a trump.</p> - -<p>It is often said, even by pretty good players, -"Strength in trumps is no reason for leading them, -unless you have a good suit as well." If both you -and your partner are devoid of good cards you cannot -make tricks; but should your partner hold one good -suit out of the three, you will very likely bring it in -for him by leading from strength in trumps. For, -even if you have a poor hand out of trumps, you will -discover in the course of play (<em>i.e.</em>, by the suits led or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> -discarded by the other players), what your partner's -suit is, and will be able to lead it to him each time -you get the lead with your long trumps. Besides, if -your hand is weak out of trumps, you are placed in -the disadvantageous position of leading from a weak -suit unless you lead trumps.</p> - -<p>You should not be deterred from leading trumps -because an honour is turned up to your right, nor -necessarily lead them because the same happens to -your left; either is proper if the circumstances of the -hand require it, but neither otherwise. To illustrate -this proposition, take this hand: ace, queen, and three -small spades (trumps), three small hearts, three small -clubs, and two small diamonds. The king of spades -is turned up fourth hand. The best lead is disputed; -but the author has no hesitation in advising the lead -of a small trump, notwithstanding that there is a -certain finesse over the king. A little consideration -will render this apparent. By leading the trump suit -originally, you obtain the advantages just enumerated, -and make the dealer open a suit up to your partner. -Your partner, as soon as he gets the lead, will return -the trump, and you thus obtain the command of -trumps whether the king was forced out in the first -round or not.</p> - -<p>Bearing in mind the severe consequences of leaving -the adversary with the long trump, you must be -cautious in leading trumps from less than five; four -trumps and a moderate hand not justifying an original -trump lead. You should, instead, lead your strong -plain suit, and if you establish it, and the adversaries do<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> -not meantime show any great strength, as by leading or -calling for trumps (pp. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-127), you may then, with -four trumps, mostly venture a trump lead. With -strength in trumps you may generally finesse more -freely in the second and third rounds of trumps than -you would in plain suits. In plain suits an unsuccessful -finesse may result in the best card being -afterwards trumped, which cannot happen in trumps. -Moreover, by finessing, you keep the winning trump, -and so obtain the lead after the third round. This is -especially important when you have a suit established -and but four trumps. Here you should, generally, not -merely finesse in the second round, but hold up the -winning trump, and sometimes at this juncture refuse -to part with it even if the trump lead comes from the -adversary.</p> - -<p>An example will render this more clear. The -leader (A) has ace, and three small trumps, a strong -suit, headed by ace, king, queen, and a probable trick, -say king and another, in a third suit. A should, in -the writer's judgment, lead a trump. If B (A's partner) -wins the first trick in trumps, and returns a strengthening -trump, A, as a rule, should not part with his ace. -When A or B obtain the lead again they play a third -round of trumps, which, being won by the ace, enables -A, by leading his tierce major, to get a force (<em>i.e.</em>, to -compel one of his adversaries to trump in order to win -the trick), in which case nothing short of five trumps -in one hand against him can prevent A's bringing in -his suit. You must be prepared for similar tactics on -the part of the adversaries, and not conclude that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> -have not the best trump because they suffer you to -win the first or second round.</p> - -<p>With a well protected hand containing four trumps, -two being honours, a trump may be led originally. -For here the chance of gaining by the trump lead may -be taken as greater than the chance of losing. Thus -with queen, knave, and two small trumps, a four suit -with an honour, say for example, knave, ten, nine, and -a small one, king guarded in the third suit, and queen -guarded in the fourth, a small trump if it finds partner -with an honour is by no means unlikely to win the -game. If partner turns out very weak in trumps the -leader must alter his plan, and, instead of continuing -the trump lead, play to make three, five or seven tricks -according to the fall of the cards in plain suits.</p> - -<p>Trump leads, without strength in trumps, can only -be right in consequence of some special circumstance -in the state of the game, or of the score. For instance, -great commanding strength in all the plain suits may -call for a trump lead; or it may be necessitated to stop -a <em>cross-ruff</em> (<em>i.e.</em>, the alternate trumping by partners of -different suits, each leading the suit in which the other -renounces), in which case it is generally advisable to -take out two rounds if possible; so with the winning -trump you play it out, whatever your others are. -Again, if you have a wretched hand and you are love -to three or four, you assume that the game is lost, -unless your partner is very strong; and if he <em>is</em> very -strong, the trump is the best lead for him. This -doctrine is frequently carried to excess, as, by concealing -your weakness, you often stand a better chance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> -of saving a point, if not the game, than by at once -exposing it. If, therefore, you have one four suit, -headed by an honour, you would generally do better -to choose that.</p> - -<p>The trump lead is so much more important than -any other that you should almost always return your -partner's lead of trumps <em>immediately</em>, except he has led -from weakness, when you are not bound to return it -unless it suits your hand.</p> - -<p>If you find one of the adversaries without a trump, -you should mostly proceed to establish your long suit, -and abstain from drawing two trumps for one; to say -nothing of the probability that the adversary who has -not renounced is unusually strong in trumps. Besides, -when he has the lead, he will very likely lead trumps -in order to draw two for one; and it is more advantageous -to you that the lead should come from him. -On the other hand, if your partner has no trump, it is -often right to endeavour to weaken the adversaries by -continuing even their trump lead.</p> - -<p>It is a common artifice, if you wish a trump to be -led, to drop a high card to the adversary's lead, to -induce him to believe that you will trump it next -round, whereupon the leader will very likely change -the suit, and perhaps lead trumps. Thus, if he leads -king (from ace, king, and others), and you hold queen -and one other, it is evident that you cannot make the -queen. If you throw the queen to his king, he may -lead a trump to prevent your trumping his ace; but if -he goes on with the suit, and you drop your small -card, it may fairly be inferred that you have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> -endeavouring to get him to lead a trump. Your partner -should now take the hint, and, if he gets the lead, lead -trumps; for if you want them led, it is of little consequence -from whom the lead comes. By a conventional -extension of this system to lower cards it is understood -that, whenever you throw away an <em>unnecessarily</em> high -card, it is a sign (after the smaller card drops) that you -want trumps led. This is called <em>asking for trumps</em> or -<em>calling for trumps</em>.</p> - -<p>When you ask for trumps, you command your -partner to abandon his own game, and to lead a -trump; and you promise him, in return, if he has -reasonably good cards, either to win the game or to -make a considerable score. It has been laid down, -that the minimum strength in trumps which justifies -you in issuing such an order to your partner is four -trumps, two being honours, or five trumps, one being -an honour, accompanied by such cards in your own or -your partner's suits that you are reasonably secure of -not having a suit brought in against you. This rule, -however, only applies to an <em>original</em> ask. If you -have had the lead, and have not led a trump, or if you -have had an opportunity of asking and have not -asked, and you then ask for trumps at a later period -of the hand, the ask is not a command, like an original -one, nor does it necessarily imply the possession of the -minimum strength above stated. It merely means that, -from the fall of the cards, you consider a trump -lead would be very advantageous. For example: you -hold ace and a small spade; king, ten, and two small -hearts (trumps); queen and two small clubs; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> -knave, ten and two other diamonds. You lead a small -diamond; your partner plays the queen; the fourth -hand plays the ace. A small club is now led through -you. You should ask for trumps.</p> - -<p>When your partner asks for trumps, and you have -four or more at the time you obtain the lead, lead -the smallest, unless you have the ace, or three honours, -or queen, knave, ten; if you have only two or three -trumps when you obtain the lead, lead from the -highest downwards, whatever they are.</p> - -<p>Before answering the ask, be sure that the higher -card, previously dropped, is <em>unnecessarily</em> high. For -instance a higher card is often played before a lower, -to show that you command the suit, or that you hold -the intermediate cards, or to get out of your partner's -way. It is very important to distinguish between -covering second hand and discarding an unnecessarily -high card. For example: with knave, ten, and one -other (say the three), it is usual to play the ten second -hand on a small card. When your three comes down -in the next round, it is not an ask for trumps, unless -your partner can infer that you do not hold the knave. -Moderate players, who know of the ask, never consider -this; so with them the choice of the least evil is -generally not to cover, for you otherwise run the -terrible risk of having a strengthening trump led to -you with a weak hand. To ask for trumps, second -hand, with knave, ten, and one other, you must play -the knave.</p> - -<p>When your partner leads a trump, or asks for -trumps, if you have numerical strength in trumps, you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> -should ask at the first opportunity. This is called -the <em>echo of the call</em>, though it is made use of also in -response to a lead.</p> - -<p>The advantages of the echo are manifold. Your -partner being strong in trumps may hesitate to take -a force, but your echo enables him to do so without -fear, and to persevere with the trump lead. Or, your -partner may be in doubt after the second round of -trumps as to the policy of playing a third. But if -he can count two more trumps in your hand he will -be directed. Thus: eight are out, your partner has -three more; you have echoed. He will know that the -other two are in your hand, and will not draw two for -none, as without the echo, he might do.</p> - -<p>The negative advantage of the echo should not be -overlooked. Thus: to take the same case of eight -trumps being out, and the leader with three more -trumps. You (his partner) have had the chance of -sounding an echo, but have not done so. The leader -knows that you have not both the remaining trumps, -and he will regulate his game accordingly.</p> - -<p>To your partner's trump lead you echo in the trump -suit; the same if partner calls, and you are forced. -Thus: you have eight, seven, five, two of trumps; -your left-hand adversary leads king, ace of a suit of -which you only hold one. Your partner calls. You -echo, by trumping with the five, and you then lead -the eight. On the second round of trumps, when -your deuce falls, the echo is completed. Your partner -knows that you have one more trump, either the six -or the seven. If you had not echoed, he might not be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> -able to tell for certain whether you hold another trump -or not. (<em>See</em> Hands XXXIV., XXXV.)</p> - -<p>If you have four trumps and are forced, and your -partner then leads or asks for trumps, you should -echo, notwithstanding that you no longer have -numerical strength. This case can best be illustrated -by an example. (<em>See</em> Hand XXXVI.)</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The use of strength in trumps being to disarm the -opponents, it follows that you should as much as possible -husband your strength for that purpose. Therefore -when second player,</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>14. DO NOT TRUMP A DOUBTFUL CARD IF -STRONG IN TRUMPS.</h4> - - -<p>By a doubtful card is meant a card of a suit of -which your partner <em>may</em> have the best.</p> - -<p>Whether you should trump or refuse to trump a -doubtful card depends almost entirely on your strength -in trumps. It has already been mentioned that it is -an advantage to trump when you are weak, for you -thus make a little trump, which is not available for -the other uses of trumps, and which, if not used for -trumping, will presently be drawn by the strong hand. -It is conversely a disadvantage to trump a doubtful -card when you are strong in trumps, for by trumping -you weaken your numerical power, and diminish the -probability of your bringing in a suit. If, instead of -trumping, you throw away a losing card, you inform -your partner that you have strength in trumps, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> -also, by your discard, what your strong suit is; and -if your partner has any strength in the suit led, you -leave him in a favourable position.</p> - -<p>If you refuse to overtrump, or to trump a certain -winning card, your partner should conclude either that -you have no trump, or more probably four trumps and -a powerful hand besides. If he concludes that you -are reserving your trumps to bring in a suit, he should -assist you by leading trumps as soon as he can. A -refusal to be thus forced is seldom requisite if you -have more than four trumps; with six you are mostly -strong enough to trump and to lead trumps; with -five you may do the same, if your suit is established; -but if not, it is generally best to take the force, and to -lead your suit.</p> - -<p>The situations in which it is most necessary to -refuse to overtrump your right-hand adversary, or to -refuse to trump a winning card, occur when you have -four trumps and a very strong suit, or a suit established -early in a hand. For then, by trumping, you -prejudice your chance of bringing in the suit in order -to secure one trick. By refusing to part with a -trump in these cases, you obtain the advantages just -enumerated, at the time when they are most likely to -become of service; and, where you refuse to overtrump, -your adversary is left with one trump less, by -which your hand is strengthened.</p> - -<p>Many players run into the extreme of always refusing -to be forced by a winning card when they are strong -in trumps. The situations, however, just indicated, -are almost the only ones in which it answers to hold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> -up; and these even are liable to several exceptions. -For instance:—1. You should not persist in refusing -to be forced if you find that the adversary has the -entire command of his suit. 2. You should not refuse -if your partner evidently intends to force you; and, -3. You should not refuse to overtrump if you have -reason to believe that your left-hand adversary is -strong in trumps.</p> - -<p>With an untaught partner it is useless to refuse to -trump; he will not understand it, but will continue -to force you. With such, the best course is rather to -make tricks when you can than to play for a great -game.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>From what has just been said, it is evidently an -advantage to</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>15. FORCE A STRONG TRUMP HAND OF THE -ADVERSARY.</h4> - - -<p>For you thereby take the best chance of preventing -his making use of his trumps for bringing in a suit. -If he refuses to take a force, keep on giving it to him.</p> - -<p>For instance, if he passes your king (led from king, -queen, &c.), and the king wins, continue the suit, and -so on. Some players can never be brought to understand -this; they do not like to see their winning cards -trumped, and therefore frequently change their suit or -even lead trumps when an adversary refuses to be -forced.</p> - -<p>It now hardly requires to be stated that it is bad -play intentionally to force a weak adversary, and still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> -worse to lead a suit to which both adversaries renounce, -as the weak will trump and the strong get rid -of a losing card.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>If you have numerical strength in trumps, you are -justified in forcing your partner, relying on your own -strength to disarm the opponents. But</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>16. DO NOT FORCE YOUR PARTNER IF YOU ARE -WEAK IN TRUMPS.</h4> - - -<p>For you thus weaken him, and leave it in the -power of the antagonists to draw all the trumps, and -bring in their suit. If, then, a good partner refrains -from forcing you, you may be sure he is weak; on the -other hand, if he evidently <em>intends</em> to force you (as by -leading a losing card of a suit he knows you must -trump), you may assume that he is strong in trumps, -and you should take the force willingly, even though -you do not want to be forced, depending on his strength -to exhaust the adversaries' trumps.</p> - -<p>You may, however, though weak, force your partner -under these circumstances. 1. When he has already -shown a desire to be forced, or weakness in trumps, -as by trumping a doubtful card, or by refraining from -forcing you. 2. When you have a cross-ruff, which -secures several tricks at once, and is therefore often -more advantageous than trying to establish a suit. -3. Sometimes when you are playing a close game, -as for the odd trick, and often when one trick saves -or wins the game or a point. And 4. Sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> -when great strength in trumps has been declared -against you.</p> - -<p>If your partner leads a thirteenth card, or a card -of a suit in which he knows that both you and the -fourth player renounce, your play must depend on -your partner's strength in trumps. If he is strong, -he wants you to put on your best trump, either to -make the trumps separately, or to force out one or -two high ones, to leave himself with the command. -If he is weak in trumps, he wants you to pass the -card, that the fourth player may obtain the lead, and -lead up to your hand. No general rule can be given -as to the course to be pursued with regard to thirteenth -cards. You must judge of the leader's intention by -the score and the previous fall of the cards.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>PLAYING TO THE BOARD.</h4> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>17. PLAY TO THE SCORE;<br /> - -AND<br /> - -18. WATCH THE FALL OF THE CARDS, AND DRAW -YOUR INFERENCES AT THE TIME.</h4> - - -<p>These two all-important principles have already been -mentioned as causing differences in the play. The -commonest form in which the former is presented to us -is this: at the score of Love-all five tricks save the -game against two by honours. It is often right, therefore, -when two by honours have been declared against -you, to go for the fifth trick by leading off a winning -card, or by putting one on second or third hand.</p> - -<p>To explain further what is meant by playing to the -score, put yourself in this situation. Four trumps -remain in, the adversaries have two winning trumps, -it being uncertain whether they are in one hand or -divided; you have the two losing trumps, two forcing -cards, and the lead; you can only play correctly by -referring to the score. Thus, if the adversary is at -four, and you have won five, or even six tricks, your -game would be to secure two tricks by forcing; for if -you play a trump and the two against you are in the -same hand, you lose the game. But suppose you are -at the point of two, and the adversaries are not at -four, and you have won six tricks, your game would -be to risk the trump; for if you bring down the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> -trumps you win the game; but by playing to force -you make certain of scoring only four. By applying -this mode of reasoning you will often be directed as -to a finesse late in a hand. (Further illustrations of -playing to the score occur in the hands.)</p> - -<p>For simple examples of drawing inferences at the -time of the fall of the cards take the following:—1. -You lead a small card from ace, knave, &c.; your -partner wins with the queen; you should <em>immediately</em> -(<em>i.e.</em>, before another card is led) infer that the king -cannot be with your right-hand adversary. Hence, on -the return of the suit, you would not finesse the knave. -2. You are second player, and a suit is led in which -you have king, ten, and one small one. You play the -small one. The third hand plays the queen, which is -won with the ace. You should <em>at once</em> infer that the -third hand cannot have the knave, and that you may -safely finesse the ten next round.</p> - -<p>You will greatly assist your memory by systematically -recording inferences in the above manner. In -addition to this you should apply your knowledge of -the principles to noting important points, not attempting -too much at first. Begin by counting the trumps -as they fall, and notice, at all events, the honours, and -remember the turn-up card. By degrees you will find -yourself able to recollect the ten and nine, and then -the smaller trumps. Next attend to the suit led -originally by each player, and watch in the second -round whether the lead was from strength or weakness. -Try also to remember the fall of the cards in -your own strong suit, that you may know when it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> -is established. Beyond this, experience will enable -you to judge what to retain and what to reject in each -hand; so that, with practice, you will acquire what -may be termed <em>whist memory</em> which will enable you, -without any great effort, to recollect the principal -features of every hand.</p> - -<p>The fall of the cards may, one time or another, -modify nearly every rule of play. A player who -simply follows rule, and fails to grasp the situations -in which rule should be departed from, is a mere -machine without intelligence. General principles only -apply to the general case; to apply them to particular -cases, observation, inference, and judgment are essential. -Thus, in the Analysis of Leads, it appears that -the card which should be led in trumps often differs -from the card which should be led in plain suits. -The reason is given at p. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>. But it will be clear -to any one who reads between the lines, that plain -suits should be led like trumps, if all the remaining -trumps are in the leader's or his partner's hands; or, -if all the trumps are out, and the leader or his partner -has certain cards of re-entry in other suits.</p> - -<p>As another example, take the case of returned leads. -A leads a small card; the second hand plays a small -card; B (third hand) puts on the eight; the fourth -hand wins with the queen. When B gets the lead he -returns the knave. It is evident that B must have -the ten and the nine. Here two principles appear to -conflict. One rule is, with four originally return the -smallest; the other rule is convey information to your -partner. When a player has thus to choose between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> -two rules, he must use his intelligence, in order to -decide under which rule his greater advantage lies. -In the example given, the return of the knave cannot -deceive partner as to the number of cards held in the -suit; if he takes the trouble to think, he will at once -perceive that the rule as to returned leads has been -departed from, in order to convey information.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The three following Examples further illustrate -cases where playing to the board is involved.</p> - - -<h5>CASE I.</h5> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0137_a.jpg" width="700" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<div class="center"> -<ul><li>A 9♣, 4♣, 3♣, 2♣</li> -<li>Y A♣, Qn♣, Knv♣, 5♣</li> -<li>B 8♠, Kg♣, 8♣, 7♣</li> -<li>Z 9♠, 7♠, 6♣, <span class="red">9♦</span></li> -</ul> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>Score: AB, three; YZ, four. Spades trumps.</p> - -<p>AB have six tricks and have played two by honours.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> -It is known from the fall of the cards that A has no -trump; also that Z has the long diamond. A to lead.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Play and Remarks.</span>—A leads a small club. -Y puts on the ace second hand. In order to save (and -win) the game, Y and his partner must win every trick -(see statement of score and of fall of the cards). Y sees -that to do this Z must have two of the three remaining -trumps. This being so, Z can have but one club, and -Y therefore puts on the ace of clubs second hand.</p> - -<p>For other illustrations <em>see</em> Hands VIII and XV.</p> - - -<h5>CASE II.</h5> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0138_a.jpg" width="700" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<div class="center"> -<ul><li>A Qn♠, 8♠, <span class="red">2♥</span></li> -<li>Y 7♠, <span class="red">7♥</span>, <span class="red">10♦</span></li> -<li>B 9♠, <span class="red">Knv♦</span>, <span class="red">7♦</span></li> -<li>Z Knv♠, 10♠, 3♠</li> -</ul> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>Score: AB want two tricks to save the game. -Hearts trumps. A to lead.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> - -<p>A knows Y to have the best heart; also B to have -the best diamond and weak spades.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Play and Remarks.</span>—A leads the queen of -spades, and then the losing trump. A takes the only -chance of winning two tricks. To accomplish this -Y must hold one spade and one diamond, as will -appear by placing the unknown cards in any other -way. A therefore plays on the assumption that Y -holds a spade and a diamond in addition to the trump -which is declared in his hand.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>For another illustration of leading a losing trump -to place the lead <em>see</em> Hand XXXV.</p> - - -<h5>CASE III.</h5> - -<p>It is the duty of a player to make the game as -easy to his partner as he can. The play often depends -on the sort of partner. For example:—you -lead the ten from king, queen, knave, ten, only, or -from king, knave, ten, &c. Suppose the lead to -be from the former combination, and that your ten -forces the ace from the fourth hand. You obtain -the lead again. The proper lead now is the queen. -(<em>See</em> Analysis of Leads, p. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>). But, with an indifferent -partner, the better lead is the king, as he -may not have drawn the correct inference from the -first lead, and knowing the queen is not the best, he -may trump it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> - -<p>However good your partner may be, you should not -put him into unnecessary difficulties. For example:—</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0140_a.jpg" width="700" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<div class="center"> -<ul><li>B Knv♣, <span class="red">Knv♦</span>, <span class="red">10♦</span>, <span class="red">4♦</span></li> -<li>Z 6♠, 7♣, <span class="red">5♦</span>, <span class="red">2♦</span></li> -<li>A Qn♠, 10♠, <span class="red">Knv♥</span>, <span class="red">7♥</span></li> -<li>Y Knv♠, 3♠, <span class="red">Kg♥</span>, <span class="red">9♥</span></li> -</ul> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>Spades trumps. Y can count two hearts, and queen, -ten of spades in A's hand, and a small spade in Z's -hand. A to lead.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Play and Remarks.</span>—A leads the seven of -hearts. Y should put on the king, though certain of -being able to win with the nine. For, if Y wins with -the nine, he compels Z to play a coup, viz., to trump -the best heart, in order to get the lead through the -queen, ten of spades; but, if Y wins with the king and -leads the losing heart, it requires no ingenuity on Z's -part to trump it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h4>COUPS.</h4> - - -<p>There is no Whist principle which should not be -occasionally violated, owing to the knowledge of the -hands derived from inference during the play. Some -of the more frequent of the cases, <em>where a general -rule can be given for departing from rule</em>, may -advantageously close this Section.</p> - - -<h5>LEADING FROM WEAKEST SUIT.</h5> - -<p>It is advisable in most cases where the game is -desperate, and where it is clear that your partner -must be strong in your weak suit to save the game, -to lead your weakest suit, notwithstanding Principle 1 -(p. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>). Your partner should finesse deeply in the -suit you lead him, and should not return it, but, -actuated by motives similar to yours, should lead his -weakest suit, in which you should finesse deeply, and -continue your weak suit, and so on.</p> - -<p>For example: AB (partners) lead trumps. They -win the first three tricks, and show four by honours, -and three more trumps remain in A's hand. Consequently, -if AB win another trick, they win the game. -Y or Z now has the lead for the first time. <em>His lead -should be from his weakest suit</em>, on this principle: if -his partner has not the command of it, or a successful -finesse in it, the game is lost. Say Y leads, and Z -wins the trick. Z should not return Y's lead, but -should similarly lead his weakest suit.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>For an illustration of this coup, <em>see</em> Hand XXVII.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> - - -<h5>TREATING LONG SUITS LIKE SHORT ONES, -AND VICE VERSÂ.</h5> - -<p>It often happens towards the end of a hand, that an -unplayed suit, of which the leader holds (say) four -cards, can only go round twice, <em>e.g.</em>, there may be two -trumps left in in one of the opponents' hands. In -such a case, if your suit is headed by queen or knave, -you should treat it as a suit of two cards only, and -lead your highest, as this gives the best chance of -making two tricks in the suit.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>In the reverse case, where a suit can only go -round once, it is obvious that a small card should -be led, so as not to tempt partner to finesse. Thus, -holding queen and one small card of an unplayed -suit, which you are about to lead, all the opponents' -cards but one being winning cards, the proper lead is -the small card.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>For an illustration <em>see</em> Hand XXII.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>There is another case, known as <em>Deschapelles' coup</em>, -where the proper card to lead is not determined by -the leader's numerical power in the suit. It is this: -all the adversaries' and partner's trumps are exhausted, -and the leader's partner remains with an established -suit. If the leader (not having any of his partner's -suit left) is obliged to open a fresh suit headed by -king, queen, or knave, he should lead the highest -card, irrespective of the number of cards he holds in -the suit, that being the best chance of subsequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> -procuring the lead for his partner in case his only card -of entry in that suit should be an honour, not the ace.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>For an illustration of this coup, <em>see</em> Hand XXVIII.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Deschapelles' coup often succeeds in practice, but -it may generally be defeated by an attentive player. -When the above-described position of the cards -occurs, the adversary, if he has the ace of the fresh -suit led, should not put it on first round. The suit -will, in all probability, be continued with a low card, -when the third player will most likely be compelled -to play his highest, which will be taken by the ace; -and, having lost the card of re-entry, he never brings -in his suit, unless he gets the lead in some other way.</p> - - -<h5>REFUSING TO WIN THE SECOND ROUND -OF A SUIT.</h5> - -<p>This is a case of by no means infrequent occurrence. -For example: one of the adversaries has a -long suit declared in his favour, which is led a -second time. Only one trump remains in, which -is in the hand of the second or fourth player. As -a rule, the second round of the suit should not be -trumped. The third round will probably exhaust -the adverse hand, which is numerically weak in the -suit. If it so happens that the player who is -numerically strong in it has no card of re-entry in -any other suit, he will then never bring in his long -suit, as his partner, whose hand is exhausted, cannot -lead it again, should he get the lead after the third<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> -round. If there is a card of re-entry in the hand of -the player who has numerical strength, he must bring -in the suit, whether the second round is trumped -or not.</p> - -<p><em>See</em> Hand XXIX for an illustration of this position.</p> - -<p>A similar rule applies, but less frequently, when -one adversary has the long trumps, and his partner -a long suit nearly established.</p> - -<p>For an illustration of this position, <em>see</em> Hand XXX.</p> - - -<h5>DECLINING TO DRAW THE LOSING TRUMP.</h5> - -<p>When all the trumps are out but two, and the -leader remains with the best trump, the losing trump -being in the hand of his adversary, the natural and -obvious play is to draw the last trump.</p> - -<p>But there is a class of cases in which the trump -should not be drawn as a matter of course, viz., if one -adversary has a long suit established, and his partner -has a card of that suit to lead.</p> - -<p>The case usually happens in this way: YZ (partners) -lead a suit, and after two rounds establish it. They -then lead trumps from a suit of four trumps (<em>see</em> p. -<a href="#Page_123">123</a>). Eleven trumps come out, and A (YZ's adversary) -has the lead and the best trump, one of the -opponents having the losing trump. The question -then arises, Should A draw the trump?</p> - -<p>A should draw the trump if he has also an established -suit; or, if B (A's partner) has an established -suit, and A can put the lead into B's hand. For, in -these two cases, A or B cannot do better than bring in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> -their suit. Again, A should draw the trump, if the -adversary who has a suit established (say Z) has also -the losing trump, for then, if either Y or Z has a card -of re-entry in either of the other two suits, Z cannot -be prevented from bringing in his established suit. -Lastly, A should draw the trump if Y (Z's partner) has -the losing trump, and Z has, declared in his hand, two -cards of re-entry. The last case may be dismissed as -of but little practical use, as, at the time when A has -to decide whether he will draw the trump, he will -seldom know enough about the remaining cards to be -positive that Z has two cards of re-entry.</p> - -<p>In the above cases, A, by not drawing the trump, -makes his adversaries a present of a trick.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, A should not draw the trump if -one opponent (Z) has an established suit, which Y (Z's -partner) can lead, the losing trump being in Y's hand. -And, it is especially incumbent on A not to draw the -trump, if either he or his partner has a suit which will -probably be established by leading it, and if A can -infer from the fall of the cards that Y has <em>only one card</em> -of his partner's established suit in his hand, subject, of -course, to the qualifications already noted.</p> - -<p>The point aimed at in not drawing the trump, is, -first to get the commanding card of A's or B's long -suit out of the adverse hand. Y or Z thus obtains the -lead, and continues the established suit, which A -trumps with the winning trump. If, now, Z has no -card of re-entry in the fourth—or unopened—suit, he -never brings in his established suit, Y not having -another card of it to lead.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> - -<p>The case is difficult to carry when stated thus -generally; for an illustration, <em>see</em> Hand XXXI.</p> - - -<h5>REFUSING TO OVERTRUMP.</h5> - -<p>Cases often happen where it is not advisable to -overtrump. Most of these depend on the fall of the -cards and on inferences from the play (<em>see</em> Hands -XXIII, XXIV), and cannot be generalised. But there -is one case in which it is <em>never right</em> to overtrump, viz., -when three cards remain in each hand, and one player -holds the second and third best trumps, with one of -which he trumps the card led. If the player to his -left has the best and fourth best trumps, he can never -gain anything by overtrumping, and may lose a trick, -as the following example shows:—</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0146_a.jpg" width="700" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<div class="center"> -<ul><li>Y <span class="red">9♦</span>, <span class="red">4♦</span>, <span class="red">10♥</span></li> -<li>B 9♠, 8♠, Knv♣</li> -<li>Z Kg♠, 6♠, <span class="red">A♦</span></li> -<li>A 3♠, <span class="red">8♥</span>, <span class="red">7♥</span></li> -</ul> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> - -<p>The position of the trumps (spades) is known. A -leads a heart, B trumps it. If Z overtrumps he loses -the other two tricks, but if he throws the ace of -diamonds he wins the other two tricks.</p> - -<p>This rule for not overtrumping cannot be laid down -absolutely when there are more than three cards in -hand; but when only four trumps remain in, second -and third best against best and fourth, it is so frequently -advisable not to overtrump, that the player -should consider well the position of the remaining -cards before overtrumping.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>For an illustration of this case, <em>see</em> Hand XXV.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Since it is so often right not to overtrump under these -circumstances, it follows that when the case arises the -player who holds second and third best should, as a -rule, attempt to defeat the coup by playing a false -card—<em>i.e.</em>, he should trump with the higher card in -hopes of deceiving his left hand opponent as to the -position of the third best trump.</p> - - -<h5>THROWING HIGH CARDS TO PLACE THE -LEAD.</h5> - -<p>This coup presents itself in a variety of forms; the -following are selected as likely to be of use.</p> - -<p>Whenever you are left at the end of a hand with the -tenace in trumps (either best and third best, or second -best guarded) over the player to your right, and two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> -other cards, both being cards of the suit led by him, -you, second hand, should <em>always</em> throw the highest -card of his lead to that trick. You can never lose -by so doing, and may win. For example: you have -nine and five of the suit led. Throw the nine. For, -in the second round of the suit, it may so happen that -you get the lead with the nine. If the cards lie thus, -for instance:—</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0148_a.jpg" width="700" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<div class="center"> -<ul><li>Y 9♣, 5♣, <span class="red">A♥</span>, <span class="red">10♥</span></li> -<li>B Knv♣, <span class="red">Qn♦</span>, <span class="red">8♦</span>, <span class="red">6♦</span></li> -<li>Z Kg♣, Qn♣, 8♣, 3♣</li> -<li>A A♣, 6♣, <span class="red">Kg♥</span>, <span class="red">7♥</span></li> -</ul> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>Y has the tenace in hearts (trumps) over A. A -leads ace of clubs. If Y does not throw the nine, and -Z plays carelessly and fails to win Y's nine in the next -round, YZ lose a trick. Of course, Z ought to win -the second round, but it is Y's duty to render it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> -impossible for Z not to do so (<em>see</em> Remarks on making -it easy to Partner, p. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>).</p> - -<p>The typical example of this coup is the case where -the leader plays the ace, and the second player has -king guarded, as in the following example:—</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0149_a.jpg" width="700" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<div class="center"> -<ul><li>Y A♠, Knv♠, <span class="red">Kg♦</span>, <span class="red">2♦</span></li> -<li>B</li> -<li>Z</li> -<li>A Kg♠, 10♠, <span class="red">A♦</span>, <span class="red">4♦</span></li> -</ul> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>Spades trumps. There are only four spades in, and -Y knows that A has the king, ten. B's and Z's cards -are immaterial.</p> - -<p>A leads the ace of diamonds. If Y plays the two -of diamonds he can only make two tricks; but, if he -throws the king to the ace, he still makes two tricks, -and, if his partner has the queen of diamonds, he -makes three tricks.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>This coup may be similarly played in plain suits. -For an illustration <em>see</em> Hand XXXII.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> - -<p>The following fine coup (which occurred in actual -play) exemplifies a similar, but more complicated, -case:—</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0150_a.jpg" width="700" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<div class="center"> -<ul><li>Y Kg♣, 5♣, 3♣, 2♣</li> -<li>B 9♣, 6♣, <span class="red">10♥</span>, <span class="red">8♥</span></li> -<li>Z A♣, Qn♣, <span class="red">Qn♥</span>, <span class="red">9♥</span></li> -<li>A Knv♣, 10♣, 8♣, 7♣</li> -</ul> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>Score: YZ require every trick. Hearts trumps. -It is known that the trumps lie between B and Z.</p> - -<p>A leads a club; Y and B play small clubs. Z, -knowing that B holds the second best trump guarded, -takes the only chance of saving the game, by winning -the first trick in clubs with the ace, and returning -the queen. Y, seeing his partner's anxiety to get -rid of the lead, rightly conjectures him to hold the -major tenace in trumps. He, therefore, wins his -partner's queen of clubs with the king, and saves -the game.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> - -<p>It being known that the remaining trumps lie between -B and Z, Y would be right to win the second round -of clubs under all circumstances of the score.</p> - -<p>For another illustration of this coup, <em>see</em> Hand -XXXIII.</p> - -<p>On a similar principle, the leader not infrequently -leads a losing plain card, or a losing trump, at the end -of a hand, in order to place the lead. For illustrations, -<em>see</em> Case II, p. <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, and Hands XVI, XVII, -and XXXV.</p> - - -<h5>THE GRAND COUP.</h5> - -<p>The <em>Grand Coup</em> consists in throwing away a superfluous -trump. At the first glance it appears impossible -to have a superabundance of trumps; but cases sometimes -happen where a player has <em>a trump too many</em>. -To get rid of this trump—as by undertrumping a -trick already trumped by your partner, or by trumping -a trick which he has won, or which you know he may -win—is to play the <em>grand coup</em>.</p> - -<p>The opportunity for playing the <em>grand coup</em> generally -happens in this way. Two rounds of trumps come -out, leaving five trumps in, two in the hand of (say) -B, and three in the hand of Z (the player to his left). -If B has the best and third best trumps, or the second -best guarded, and trumps are not led again, nor used -for trumping, it is clear that at the eleventh trick Z -must obtain the lead, and must lead up to the tenace -in trumps. If, before the eleventh trick, Z trumps a -trick of his partner's (or, in the case of only seven -trumps coming out in two rounds, undertrumps a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> -trick already trumped by his partner), and the lead at -the eleventh trick can thus be kept in—or put into—Z's -partner's hand, the <em>grand coup</em> comes off, as in the -following example:—</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0152_a.jpg" width="700" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<div class="center"> -<ul><li>Y Qn♠, <span class="red">5♥</span>, <span class="red">3♥</span>, 6♣</li> -<li>B 10♣, 7♣, <span class="red">5♦</span>, <span class="red">3♦</span></li> -<li>Z <span class="red">Knv♥</span>, Knv♣, 9♣, 5♣</li> -<li>A 8♠, 6♠, <span class="red">10♦</span>, <span class="red">9♦</span></li> -</ul> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>Clubs trumps. Z knows that B has ten and -another trump. A leads the ten of diamonds; Y -trumps with the six of clubs; Z undertrumps with -the five. If he retains his three trumps, and B refuses -to trump the queen of spades next led by Y, Z loses a -trick in clubs.</p> - -<p>The opportunity for playing the <em>grand coup</em> is often -missed. A player should always be on the look-out -for it when he has five trumps, especially if a trump is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> -led to his right. It should be added also, that if -the player who attempts it retains a high card in -his hand, he may be just as badly off as though he -remained with three trumps. Thus, holding three -trumps against two, and ace and another card of -another suit, it is not sufficient that he disposes of -one of his trumps; he should also get rid of his -ace (<em>see</em> Remarks on Throwing High Cards to place -the Lead, pp. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-151). The following example will -render this more clear:—</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0153_a.jpg" width="700" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<div class="center"> -<ul><li>Y <span class="red">Knv♥</span>, <span class="red">5♥</span>, 5♣, <span class="red">Knv♦</span></li> -<li>B <span class="red">Qn♥</span>, <span class="red">6♥</span>, <span class="red">A♦</span>, <span class="red">5♦</span></li> -<li>Z <span class="red">Qn♦</span>, <span class="red">10♦</span>, <span class="red">9♦</span>, <span class="red">8♦</span></li> -<li>A 8♣, <span class="red">Kg♦</span>, <span class="red">7♦</span>, <span class="red">6♦</span></li> -</ul> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>Hearts trumps. B has already got rid of his superfluous -trump. A leads the eight of clubs. B should -throw the ace of diamonds to it. For, if B has the -lead after the next trick, he might just as well have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> -kept his third trump. If A has the king of diamonds, -B wins a trick by discarding the ace; and, if A has -not the king, B loses nothing by throwing the ace.</p> - -<p>An exception to this rule is when A has winning -cards to go on with. Thus, if A had another club, B -need not discard the ace of diamonds. This is too -obvious to require working out.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The following is another aspect under which the -<em>grand coup</em> may present itself:—</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/image0154_a.jpg" width="700" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<div class="center"> -<ul><li>Y 7♣, <span class="red">9♦</span>, <span class="red">6♦</span>, <span class="red">5♦</span></li> -<li>B 8♠, <span class="red">Kg♥</span>, <span class="red">Qn♥</span>, <span class="red">Knv♥</span></li> -<li>Z Qn♠, <span class="red">5♥</span>, <span class="red">4♥</span>, Qn♣</li> -<li>A <span class="red">Knv♦</span>, <span class="red">10♦</span>, <span class="red">8♦</span>, <span class="red">7♦</span></li> -</ul> -</div> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>Hearts trumps. It is known that B has king, -queen, knave of trumps, and a losing spade or club—but -uncertain which.</p> - -<p>A leads the knave of diamonds. B trumps it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> - -<p>Z should throw away a small trump, undertrumping B -in order to keep two winning queens. If he discards -a queen, he must do so at random, and perhaps throw -away the suit of which B has the small one. By discarding -his useless trump (which B would proceed to -draw) he defers parting with either queen till after the -next round, when the fall of the cards may assist him. -B now leads a trump, and Y discards the losing club. -B then leads another trump, and Z now knows that he -ought to keep the spade. This case actually occurred -in the presence of the writer, but Z, instead of undertrumping, -discarded the wrong queen at random, and -eventually lost the rubber in consequence.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>For further illustrations of the <em>Grand Coup</em>, <em>see</em> -Hands XXXVIII and XXXIX.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>If the foregoing principles are reflectively perused, it -will be seen that they mould the Theory of Whist into -a harmonious whole. The Theory of Whist tells you -how to play your own hand to the greatest advantage, -how to assist your partner, and how to weaken and to -obstruct your opponents; in short, it teaches how to -take the best chance of making the greatest number -of tricks. This knowledge constitutes a <em>sound</em> player. -If to theoretical perfection you add the power of accurate -observation, and of acute perception, together with -a thorough comprehension of the whist capacities of -partners and of opponents, you have all the elements -necessary to form a Master of the Science.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>PART II.<br /> - -HANDS.</h2> - - -<p>The following hands are given in illustration of the -general principles discussed in Part I. The plan -adopted in the arrangement of the hands is to imitate -closely the circumstances of actual play. Thus, at -starting, one player's hand is known, together with -the score and the turn-up card. Each player is then -caused to play a card in his turn, and at the end of -the trick, the one player whose hand is known makes -observations, and draws inferences from the play, as -though he were at the whist table.</p> - -<p>A, Y, B, and Z, are the four players throughout. -They are placed at the table in the above order, A and -B being partners against Y and Z. A is the first -leader, and Z the dealer. In "the play" the cards of -each trick are placed in the order in which the players -sit round the table, the card played by the person -whose hand is under consideration being the one -nearest to the reader. The capital letter by each card -shows to which player it belongs.</p> - -<p>All the players are supposed to follow the ordinary -rules of play, as laid down in Part I. Thus, each -player is credited with leading originally from his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> -strongest suit, and with leading the card of it indicated -in the Analysis of Leads (pp. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-71); with -playing the lowest of a sequence when not leading; -with returning the highest of a numerically weak -suit, the lowest of a strong suit, and so on.</p> - -<p>It has been remarked by critics, that the players -are often made to play badly. Most of the hands -are taken from actual play; but, independently of -this, illustrations of indifferent play, with comments, -are obviously of value, as showing the kind of errors -that are likely to be made, and how and why to avoid -them.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND I.</h3> - -<p class="center">Trump lead from four trumps on establishment of suit. -</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0158_a.jpg" width="700" height="332" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Qn♠, 10♠, 5♠, 3♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥</li> -<li>A♣, 7♣, 6♣, 3♣</li> -<li class="red">Kg♦, Knv♦, 9♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Two of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0158_b.jpg" width="700" height="648" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—A leads from -his strongest suit (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>). -Having no sequence, he leads -the lowest card of the suit -(<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>).</p> - -<p>The fall of the queen and -ace in this round, leaves A -with the winning diamonds and a small one. His suit is -virtually established (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0158_c.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -Qn♣ 4♣ 5♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—A plays his -lowest card second hand -(<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>).</p> - -<p>B allowing the queen to -win, may be presumed not -to have the king.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0159_a.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—It is unlucky -that A is obliged to win his -partner's queen. The king -of hearts is most probably -in B's hand, as it is not -likely that B has only one -heart, and with queen and -small ones B would pass.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0159_b.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B Z A↷<br /> -4♠ Kg♠ 2♠ 3♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—This is an instructive -trump lead. A, at -the first start, with but four -trumps, and only one heart, -would not have been justified -in leading a trump. -But, his strong suit being -established, and his partner -having (probably) the best -heart, his game is now to lead trumps. Consider carefully -the Management of Trumps (pp. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-23), and apply the -arguments there made use of to the present situation.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0159_c.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -A♠ 7♠ 8♠ 10♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 5).—A finesses the ten (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_93">93</a>-94).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0159_d.jpg" width="700" height="627" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> 6♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0160_a.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -<span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0160_b.jpg" width="700" height="662" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y B Z A↷<br /> -6♠ <span class="red">7♦</span> 9♠ Qn♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0160_c.jpg" width="700" height="656" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> Knv♠ <span class="red">Kg♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remarks.</span>—At Trick 9, A forces the best trump, and -remains with the thirteenth to bring in the diamond. If -Z refuses the force, A (Trick 10) leads nine of diamonds -and (Trick 11) the losing trump.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0160_d.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">2♥</span> 9♣ 2♣ 7♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p>At Trick 10, if A plays ace of clubs he will be left with -a losing club. By passing, he gives B a chance of winning -the trick, and cannot lose even if Y has king of clubs. It -has been suggested that Z's best lead, at Trick 10, is king -of clubs, on the chance of catching ace and knave; but -Z's play is not under examination.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Tricks 11 to 13.—Whatever B leads, A makes the -remaining tricks, and</p> - -<p class="center">AB win three by cards. -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 9, 8, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 9, 8, 7, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, Qn, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>10, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Knv, 9, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, 10, 8, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Qn, 8, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND II.</h3> - -<p class="center">Trump lead from four moderate trumps. -</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0161_a.jpg" width="700" height="326" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Knv♠, 10♠, 7♠, 5♠</li> -<li class="red">Kg♥, 6♥</li> -<li>A♣, 8♣, 6♣</li> -<li class="red">A♦, 10♦, 9♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Two of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0161_b.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0161_c.jpg" width="700" height="649" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0162_a.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Z A Y B↷<br /> -2♠ Kg♠ A♠ 5♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 3).—B has four trumps, and defence in -hearts and clubs, his partner's suit is established, and no -adverse strength in trumps has been exhibited. B therefore -leads trumps. (Consider carefully the arguments at -pp. <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, respecting leads from four trumps, and apply -them to this case.) To judge when to lead from four -moderate trumps is an important point in the game, -which hands such as this are given to illustrate and -explain.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0162_b.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -9♣ 5♣ Kg♣ A♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0162_c.jpg" width="700" height="637" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Z A Y B↷<br /> -6♠ 8♠ Qn♠ 10♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0162_d.jpg" width="700" height="631" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -10♣ 7♣ Qn♣ 6♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0163_a.jpg" width="700" height="646" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -9♠ Knv♣ 2♣ 8♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0163_b.jpg" width="700" height="666" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -<span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 9 to 13.—Z leads knave of hearts which B wins. -B draws the two trumps (if he remembers down to the -seven) and brings in the diamonds, and</p> - -<p class="center">AB win two by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(B's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>9, 6, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>5, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>10, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, Qn, Knv, 9, 8, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, Qn, 4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>10, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Qn, 6, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 2, A leads his original fourth-best diamond -(<em>see</em> Appendix A). In this hand it is immaterial whether -A makes the American lead or not.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND III.</h3> - -<p class="center">A simple elementary hand, save in one point which -demands strict attention to the rule respecting returned -leads (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-81).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0164_a.jpg" width="700" height="328" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Qn♠, Knv♠, 10♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">Qn♥, 6♥</li> -<li>A♣, 9♣, 8♣, 3♣</li> -<li class="red">9♦, 3♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, 2; YZ, Love.</p> - -<p>Knave of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0164_b.jpg" width="700" height="661" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -5♠ 4♠ 3♠ A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—A leads from -his strongest suit (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>). -Holding ace, queen, knave, -ten, he leads out ace and ten -(<em>see</em> Analysis of Leads, p. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0164_c.jpg" width="700" height="657" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y B Z A↷<br /> -6♠ 8♠ Kg♠ 10♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—A continues -his suit (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>).</p> - -<p>As the cards happen to -lie A would have been able -to make a successful finesse -against the king of spades. -But A, not having seen Z's hand, can only play on general -principles.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0165_a.jpg" width="700" height="637" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0165_b.jpg" width="700" height="659" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0165_c.jpg" width="700" height="657" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0165_d.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y B Z A↷<br /> -6♣ Qn♣ 4♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 6).—A has now the command of his -suit, and four trumps. The adversaries have not shown -any particular strength in trumps, either by leading them -or by calling for them, though they have had the opportunity -of doing both, and A therefore assumes that the -trumps are pretty evenly divided, and leads a trump (<em>see</em> -pp. <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>). A is not deterred from opening the trump -suit because an honour was turned up (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_122">122</a>).</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>B's winning the trick with the queen shows that Z has -not got the king.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0166_a.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -10♣ 7♣ 5♣ A♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 7).—B returns his partner's lead of -trumps (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>).</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>This is the important trick of the hand. Note the card -returned by B, the seven, and if in doubt as to the fall of -the trumps, look at the previous trick (<em>see</em> Law 91, p. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>). -In that trick, the small clubs that fall are the three, six, -and four, and in the present one, the seven, five, and ten. -Nobody having played the two, A may place it by inference -in B's hand, for the adversaries not winning the trick may -be supposed to play their lowest cards. Assuming B to -hold the two, it may be inferred that he has that card and -no other left in the suit. For he returns the seven, a -higher card than the two; and the rule is to return the -higher of two remaining cards, the lowest if holding more -than two (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>. Consider carefully the example given -there, and apply it to the present situation).</p> - -<p>The king and knave are therefore in the opponents' -hands, and divided. Z has the knave (which he turned -up), and he has not the king, as he could not win the -queen in the previous trick. Y must consequently hold it.</p> - -<p>It may be objected that this train of reasoning is too -close and elaborate to serve the purpose of inexperienced -players. It is, perhaps, a little difficult for an elementary -hand; but the careful observance of the rule of play -respecting returned leads is so important, that it has been -deemed advisable to insist strongly upon it. Of course, -when playing with those who do not attend to the conversation -of the game, all pains bestowed on working out -the position of the cards from such data as the preceding -is so much trouble thrown away.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0166_b.jpg" width="700" height="649" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y B Z A↷<br /> -Kg♣ 2♣ Knv♣ 8♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> - -<p>Assuming, then, that A's partner can be depended on -to play according to rule, it is morally certain that the -trumps are evenly divided, and that a third round will -leave A with a long trump to bring in his spades. -Accordingly, A leads the eight of clubs (<em>see</em> Trick 8, -above).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0167_a.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 10 to 13.—B (Trick -10) leads a small diamond, -though, as the cards happen -to lie, his lead is immaterial. -A trumps the diamond, -and brings in the -spades; and</p> - -<p class="center">AB win three by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>8, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, 7, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 10, 8, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, 7, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 10, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, 7, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Knv, 5, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Kg</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv, 8, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Qn, 10, 7, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND IV.</h3> - -<p class="center">An instructive hand, illustrative of playing to -the score.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0168_a.jpg" width="700" height="318" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Kg♠, 9♠, 5♠, 4♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, Knv♥, 4♥</li> -<li>Kg♣, 6♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">Qn♦, Knv♦, 4♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Queen of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0168_b.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -Knv♠ 7♠ 3♠ 4♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—A leads from -his strongest suit (<em>see</em> p. -<a href="#Page_56">56</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0168_c.jpg" width="700" height="631" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—It may be inferred -that hearts are Y's -strongest suit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0169_a.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 3).—A having found his partner weak in -spades (<em>see</em> Trick 1), does not continue his suit (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0169_b.jpg" width="700" height="654" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0169_c.jpg" width="700" height="640" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Presuming the -players are to be depended -on for following the elementary -rules of the game, -it is clear from the fall of -the cards that Y holds the -remaining heart, the nine. -B drops the ten, so he ought -not to have the nine, the -rule being to play the lowest card when not able to win the -trick. Z ought not to have another heart, for he returned -the six (<em>see</em> Trick 4), and now plays the three. Having -returned the higher card he can hold no more (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0169_d.jpg" width="700" height="659" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—It is evident -that Z, dropping the ten, -will trump the next round -of diamonds. Nevertheless, -A's game is to continue the -diamond (Trick 7), to give -Z the lead, and to make B -last player.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0170_a.jpg" width="700" height="637" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span> 4♣ <span class="red">4♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 7).—Y, dropping the nine of diamonds, -may be taken to have no more, as, not being able to -win the trick, he is assumed to play his smallest. The -remaining diamonds are therefore with B.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0170_b.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -2♠ 5♣ A♠ 5♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0170_c.jpg" width="700" height="646" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -3♣ Knv♣ A♣ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Z, with ace, -queen, second hand (<em>see</em> his -hand below), follows the -usual rule (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>). It is -open to argument whether -Z should depart from rule -in this case. But Z's hand -is not the one under examination.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0170_d.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -Qn♠ <span class="red">5♦</span> 6♠ Kg♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—The fall of the -queen of spades from Y -shows A that the two remaining -spades are in Z's -hand. Z's third card is the -queen of clubs, which he -turned up.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 11.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0171_a.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -11. Y B Z A↷<br /> -8♣ 7♣ Qn♣ Kg♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 12.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0171_b.jpg" width="700" height="640" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 7<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -12. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">9♥</span> 10♣ 8♠ 9♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 12).—A's lead here is instructive. He -knows his partner (B) has one diamond and no spade and -no heart (<em>see</em> Tricks 5, 7, and 10). B's other card must therefore -be a club (trump). If it is the best trump, A wins two -by cards by leading a trump. But if it is not the winning -trump, a trump lead loses the odd trick. It is better to -make certain of the odd trick than to risk losing it for the -chance of winning two by cards; for the odd trick makes -a difference of two to the score. A therefore properly -ensures the odd trick by forcing his partner (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_134">134</a>).</p> - -<p>Suppose the score to be AB three, and YZ one. Then -A would be justified in leading the trump at Trick 12. -For, if B has the ten, AB win two by cards and the game; -and, if B has not the ten, AB lose the odd trick; the score -remaining AB three, YZ two. It is better to run the risk -of this score for the sake of the game, than to make certain -of scoring only four and of leaving the adversaries at one.</p> - -<p class="center">AB win the odd trick. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, Knv, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, 10, 8, 6, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 9, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>10, 8, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, 6, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 8, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Knv, 10, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 7, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Kg, 8, 5, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the following hands the comments will be fewer, -it being assumed that explanations of ordinary play -are unnecessary.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND V.</h3> - -<p class="center">Illustrative of the advantage of returning the -highest of a short suit.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0172_a.jpg" width="700" height="327" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, 9♠, 6♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">4♥, 2♥</li> -<li>Kg♣, 10♣, 7♣, 4♣</li> -<li class="red">8♦, 6♦, 4♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Three of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0172_b.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -6♣ A♣ 2♣ 4♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0172_c.jpg" width="700" height="646" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -8♣, Knv♣, 5♣, 7♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 2).—A's finesse here is justifiable, because -he has strength in trumps (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_94">94</a>). With only three -trumps, A's better play would be to secure the trick at once.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0173_a.jpg" width="700" height="649" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -9♣ 3♣ Qn♣ Kg♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Note the advantage -of the return of the -strengthening card at Trick -2, in accordance with General -Principle 5 (p. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>). The -command is left with the -presumably strong hand; -and the queen is completely -hemmed in. It is true the -queen might have been in -Y's hand. In that case the -queen must make whatever -card is returned. A similar -position occurs at Trick 9.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0173_b.jpg" width="700" height="649" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B Z A↷<br /> -4♠ Qn♠ Kg♠ 2♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—A did not lead -the trump at first; but now -he does so for these reasons: -he has the long card of his -suit; trumps are his strongest -suit (p. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>); and the -adversaries have had the -opportunity of calling for -trumps (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>), -and have not made use of -it, which is negative evidence -that there is no very -great strength of trumps in -one hand.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0173_c.jpg" width="700" height="661" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0173_d.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0174_a.jpg" width="700" height="657" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">4♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 7).—A being strong in trumps passes -the doubtful card (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0174_b.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0174_c.jpg" width="700" height="660" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -7♠ 10♠ 3♠ 6♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 10 to 13.—B leads -the five of spades, which -brings down all the outstanding -trumps. A makes -the thirteenth club and the -trump; the adversary makes -the king of diamonds (<em>see</em> -the hands below).</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">AB win two by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8, 7, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Qn, 10, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, Knv, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 10 7, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 8, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, Kg, 9, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 8, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 10, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Kg, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND VI.</h3> - -<p class="center">Playing to the score.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0175_a.jpg" width="700" height="325" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, 8♠, 6♠, 5♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, Kg, Qn♥, 2♥</li> -<li>Qn♣, Knv♣</li> -<li class="red">8♦, 6♦, 4♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Two of diamonds turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0175_b.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -A♣ 4♣ 2♣ Knv♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0175_c.jpg" width="700" height="630" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -3♣ 10♣ Kg♣ Qn♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0176_a.jpg" width="700" height="649" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -<span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0176_b.jpg" width="700" height="626" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0176_c.jpg" width="700" height="646" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> 2♠ <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0176_d.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. B Z A Y↷<br /> -Kg♠ 3♠ 4♠ A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 6).—The lead here is the point in the -hand. Y has three tricks up; there is a whole suit (clubs) -against him, and his adversary B has called for trumps (<em>see</em> -Tricks 3 and 4). It is, consequently, Y's duty to make five -tricks (which save the game if Z has an honour) as quickly -as possible. He therefore leads the ace of spades to make -the fourth trick, and (Trick 7) forces his partner (though -without any strength of trumps in his own hand, <em>see</em> -pp. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>) to make the fifth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0177_a.jpg" width="700" height="664" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0177_b.jpg" width="700" height="663" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -8. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -5♣ Knv♠ Qn♠ 5♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 9 to 13.—A leads a trump (the knave, <em>see</em> his -hand below), in obedience to the call, and</p> - -<p class="center">AB score two by cards and two by honours. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Y's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td> Kg</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td> Knv, 10, 9, 7, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 8, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td> 7, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td> Knv, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 9, 7, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td> Ace, 8, 6, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td> 10, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td> Ace, Kg, 10, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td> Qn, 9, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>At Trick 2, B, with the club suit well nigh established -(assuming his partner to have led from strength), and four -trumps, two honours, should risk a trump lead. He cannot -lose the game; and if his partner has an average hand, a -trump lead will, in all probability, give AB a good score. -As a matter of fact it would win the game, but that proves -nothing.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND VII.</h3> - -<p class="center">The lead of the fourth-best (<em>see</em> Appendix A), and -counting the hands (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-17).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0178_a.jpg" width="700" height="327" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Qn♠, 10♠</li> -<li class="red">Ace, Qn♥, 6♥, 5♥, 4♥</li> -<li>9♣, 8♣</li> -<li class="red">Knv♦, 6♦, 5♦, 3♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, love; YZ, four.</p> - -<p>Eight of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0178_b.jpg" width="700" height="650" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -4♠, 5♠, 9♠, 10♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0178_c.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. A Y B Z↷<br /> -Kg♠, A♠, 7♠, Qn♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 2).—Z's better play would be to open the -heart suit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0179_a.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -3. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0179_b.jpg" width="700" height="658" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -4. A Y B Z↷<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0179_c.jpg" width="700" height="670" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -5. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0179_d.jpg" width="700" height="630" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -Kg♣ 3♣ Qn♣ 8♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0179_e.jpg" width="700" height="624" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -A♣ 4♣ 2♣ 9♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0179_f.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -8. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -Knv♠ 6♣ 6♠ <span class="red">4♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0180_a.jpg" width="700" height="651" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -9. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -2♠ <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—It is now clear -that Y led from five hearts -originally (<em>see</em> his lead, -Trick 3, and p. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>). Consequently, -YZ have all the -remaining hearts between -them.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0180_b.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -10. A Y B Z↷<br /> -<span class="red">9♦</span> 7♣ <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Z can count -his partner's hand, viz., three -more hearts (<em>see</em> Remark, -Trick 9) and one other card, -either the deuce of diamonds -(<em>see</em> the fall of the diamonds, -Tricks 4 and 5), or a trump. -If Y has the diamond, it -matters not what Z leads, as B must then hold four -trumps. Z therefore assumes that his partner has another -trump, and plays to force him.</p> - -<p>But if Z could not tell that Y has three hearts, or rather -could tell that he has only two, Z's proper lead at -Trick 10 would be the ace of hearts. For then B must -have a heart, and if Z leads a losing diamond, B discards -his heart on it, and wins the game.</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Z's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Knv, 8, 4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>9, 7, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, 10, 9, 7, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>8, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Kg</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>7, 6, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, Knv, 10, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 9, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Kg, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 6, B should play to force his partner in hearts -instead of leading trumps.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND VIII.</h3> - -<p class="center">Playing to the score and to the fall of the cards.</p> - -<p class="center">Game won in spite of partner's bad play.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0181_a.jpg" width="700" height="326" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>10♠, 9♠</li> -<li class="red">8♥, 4♥, 3♥</li> -<li>Kg, Qn♣, 8♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">A♦, Knv♦, 8♦, 5♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, one; YZ, three.</p> - -<p>Eight of hearts turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0181_b.jpg" width="700" height="651" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -6♠ A♠ 4♠ 9♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0181_c.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -2. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0182_a.jpg" width="700" height="630" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -Qn♠ <span class="red">2♥</span> Kg♠ 10♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0182_b.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0182_c.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">8♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Drawing two -for one.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0182_d.jpg" width="700" height="632" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -Knv♠ <span class="red">Kg♥</span> 8♠ <span class="red">5♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0182_e.jpg" width="700" height="621" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -6♣ 4♣ 7♣ Qn♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0182_f.jpg" width="700" height="637" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -8. A Y B Z↷<br /> -2♠ 8♣ A♣ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Y must have -knave.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0183_a.jpg" width="700" height="652" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -9. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -<span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 9).—Z manages to win the game, in -spite of his partner, by putting on ace second hand and -leading a club.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0183_b.jpg" width="700" height="645" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -10. A Y B Z↷<br /> -3♠ 3♣ 9♣ Kg♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—Z (Trick 11) leads a club; Y makes -two more tricks in clubs, and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win two by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Z's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, Knv, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, 8, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Qn, Knv</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, 7, 6, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>10, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Knv, 10, 5, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, 9, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Qn</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>7, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 9, 6, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 3, Y plays badly to trump the doubtful spade -(<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>). At same trick, B plays well to get rid of the -command of his partner's suit (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>), as A, from the -lead, must have knave of spades, and Z, from the previous -fall of the cards, must have the ten single.</p> - -<p>At Trick 4, Y's continuing the trump is bad, after ruining -his numerical strength. For he has no particular strength -out of trumps (<em>see</em> his hand), and his partner is evidently -very weak in trumps.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> - -<p>As the cards happen to lie, if Z does not put on ace of -diamonds second hand at Trick 9, A brings in the spades, -and YZ lose the game instead of winning it.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND IX.</h3> - -<p class="center">Counting the cards.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0184_a.jpg" width="700" height="309" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Qn♠, Knv♠, 8♠, 7♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, 7♥</li> -<li>9♣, 7♣, 4♣, 3♣</li> -<li class="red">7♦, 6♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Five of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0184_b.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -3♠ 2♠ 5♠ A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0184_c.jpg" width="700" height="630" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y B Z A↷<br /> -Kg♠ 9♠ 10♠ Knv♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0185_a.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0185_b.jpg" width="700" height="621" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—B has led from -a suit of at least five diamonds.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0185_c.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -<span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0185_d.jpg" width="700" height="648" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -Kg♣ 10♣ A♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0185_e.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -4♠ Qn♣ 2♣ 4♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0185_f.jpg" width="700" height="640" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span> 5♣ <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 8).—Well played by A. He can count -B's hand. The ten of diamonds is marked in Y's hand, so -B has two diamonds and three hearts. Therefore B must -have had four hearts originally, and as it is not the game -to put on knave, second hand, with four, holding less than -three honours (<em>see</em> Trick 3 and Analysis of Play of Second -Hand, p. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>), B must hold both king and queen of hearts.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 9 to 13.—B leads king, queen of hearts, to which -A discards clubs. A makes his three trumps, and</p> - -<p class="center">AB score three by cards and two by honours. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 6, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>9, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>10, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 9, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, Qn, Knv, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>8, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 8, 6, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 9, 5, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 8, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Kg, Knv</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 7, Z does not lead his original fourth-best, as -great strength in trumps is declared against him. (<em>See</em> -Appendix A.)</p> - -<p>At Trick 8, Y's play is difficult. He might have noticed -that his best chance of winning the game is for A to hold -only winning hearts and a losing club; and this being so, -Y should not lead a diamond.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND X.</h3> - -<p class="center">Counting the hands. Simple instance of -departure from rule.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0187_a.jpg" width="700" height="319" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, 9♠, 7♠, 4♠</li> -<li class="red">Qn♥, 6♥, 5♥, 3♥</li> -<li>A♣, 3♣</li> -<li class="red">Kg♦, 9♦, 5♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Six of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0187_b.jpg" width="700" height="662" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -4♣ Qn♣ 10♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0187_c.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -3♠ 5♠ 2♠ A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0188_a.jpg" width="700" height="631" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. B Z A Y↷<br /> -8♠ 10♠ Kg♠ 4♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0188_b.jpg" width="700" height="625" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -4. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -7♣ 6♣ Knv♣ A♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0188_c.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. B Z A Y↷<br /> -Qn♠ 6♠ <span class="red">2♥</span> 7♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0188_d.jpg" width="700" height="627" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -8♣ 9♣ Kg♣ 9♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0188_e.jpg" width="700" height="660" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0188_f.jpg" width="700" height="640" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -8. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -<span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0189_a.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -9. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> 2♣ <span class="red">9♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 9).—The lead of ace, followed by knave, -indicates a five card suit, headed by ace, queen, knave, and -a desire that partner, if he holds the king, should put it on -second round (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>). But in this case Y can count the -hands, and therefore departs from rule, and does not put -on the king. Z has a trump, and three diamonds, the ten -guarded being in B's hand. If Y follows rule and puts on -king of diamonds, he loses a trick in diamonds; by passing -the knave, he ensures five by cards.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0189_b.jpg" width="700" height="661" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 8</span><br /> -<br /> -10. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -<span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—Whatever Y leads, Z makes the remaining -tricks, and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win five by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Y's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Qn, 8, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 10, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 9, 7, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, 10, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Knv, 10, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>8, 7, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, 9, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 8, 7, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, Qn, Knv, 6, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 2 Z's trump lead is rather forward, but justifiable -with his hand at the score of love-all, especially as Y -must hold the ace of clubs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XI.</h3> - -<p class="center">Discarding, and playing to the score.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0190_a.jpg" width="700" height="320" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Qn♠, 7♠, 6♠</li> -<li class="red">Qn♥, 9♥, 6♥</li> -<li>Qn♣, 8♣, 4♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">7♦, 3♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Six of hearts turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0190_b.jpg" width="700" height="658" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0190_c.jpg" width="700" height="651" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span></span><br /> -<br /> -2. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Y has called -for trumps.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0191_a.jpg" width="700" height="659" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0191_b.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span></span><br /> -<br /> -4. A Y B Z↷<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0191_c.jpg" width="700" height="662" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0191_d.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span> 3♣ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0191_e.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -3♠ <span class="red">9♦</span> 7♣ 6♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0191_f.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -8. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -8♠ <span class="red">3♥</span> 2♠ 7♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 9 to 13.—Y (Trick 9) leads a spade. He is -directed to the spade suit by Z's <em>original discard</em> of a -club at Trick 6 (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>), notwithstanding that Z has -since discarded two spades. Z plays properly to keep his -queen of clubs guarded after his first discard, as he only -wants at most two tricks besides the two trumps which he -knows to be in Y's hand. Y, at Trick 8, leads a heart to -show he has all the other hearts, as it is possible that the -best heart may be held up by the adversary. Y thus tells -Z not to finesse if he has one trick certain (<em>see</em> score).</p> - -<p>Z puts on the ace of spades, at Trick 9, as that card and -the two trumps in Y's hand make the game. If Z finesses -he only scores four, as will be seen by referring to the -hands below. Z's play would not be right if he had only -five tricks up, as he would then want one more trick to win -the game. In that case he should finesse. This is a good -illustration of playing to the score.</p> - -<p class="center">YZ score three by cards and two by honours. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Z's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 9, 8, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 10, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 8, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>10, 7, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 9, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Knv, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, 10, 7, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Kg, 10, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Qn, 9, 8, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 3, A is justified in risking a force on his -partner, though weak in trumps himself. Strength in -trumps has been adversely declared by the call (<em>see</em> -pp. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>), and there is nothing to show that B has -not the queen of diamonds.</p> - -<p>At Trick 4, it is doubtful whether A should cover the -strengthening card led (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XII.</h3> - -<p class="center">Discarding.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0193_a.jpg" width="700" height="314" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Qn♠, 9♠, 7♠</li> -<li class="red">Kg♥, 10♥, 6♥, 5♥</li> -<li>Qn♣, 6♣, 5♣</li> -<li class="red">10♦, 4♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, love; YZ, four.</p> - -<p>Two of diamonds turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0193_b.jpg" width="700" height="672" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0193_c.jpg" width="700" height="660" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0194_a.jpg" width="700" height="657" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -3. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span> 7♣ <span class="red">10♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 3).—The knave of diamonds, and therefore -the command of trumps, is marked in Y's hand.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0194_b.jpg" width="700" height="654" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -4. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -Kg♠ 4♠ 3♠ 7♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0194_c.jpg" width="700" height="618" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -5. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -A♠ 6♠ 5♠ 9♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0194_d.jpg" width="700" height="626" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -6. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -2♠ <span class="red">2♥</span> Knv♠ Qn♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0194_e.jpg" width="700" height="648" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -7. A Y B Z↷<br /> -Kg♣ A♣ 8♣ Qn♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0194_f.jpg" width="700" height="626" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -8. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> 5♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 7).—Z properly concludes, as his partner -has command of trumps (<em>see</em> Remark, Trick 3), that his -discard (Trick 6) was from his weakest suit, notwithstanding -the adverse trump lead, and therefore Z leads -clubs. If Z mistakes the character of his partner's discard, -and leads a heart, he loses the game (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-6, and -apply the rules of play there stated to the present -situation).</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 9 to 13.—Y brings in the clubs (<em>see</em> his hand -below), and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win the odd trick. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Z's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Kg, 10, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 8, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, 9, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Qn, Knv, 8, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>King, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 10, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>9, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Kg, Qn, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv, 9, 8, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>7, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 7, A is right to cover the queen of clubs (<em>see</em> -p. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XIII.</h3> - -<p class="center">Getting rid of the command of partner's suit (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0196_a.jpg" width="700" height="317" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Kg♠, 10♠, 5♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, 6♥, 5♥</li> -<li>9♣, 8♣, 3♣</li> -<li class="red">10♦, 9♦, 8♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Five of hearts turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0196_b.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -Qn♣ Kg♣ A♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0196_c.jpg" width="700" height="654" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -<span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0197_a.jpg" width="700" height="653" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0197_b.jpg" width="700" height="648" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—<em>See</em> p. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0197_c.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0197_d.jpg" width="700" height="658" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -10♣ <span class="red">10♥</span> 7♣ 8♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0197_e.jpg" width="700" height="657" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -7. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -2♣ <span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">10♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0197_f.jpg" width="700" height="622" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -8. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -9♠ 6♠ A♠ 5♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0198_a.jpg" width="700" height="652" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -9. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -Knv♠ 7♠ 2♠ Kg♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0198_b.jpg" width="700" height="645" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -10. A Y B Z↷<br /> -4♣ <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—Z (Trick 11) leads deuce of diamonds. -Y makes two tricks in diamonds (note the advantage to -YZ of Z's having got rid of the command).</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win the odd trick. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Z's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>8, 7, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 10, 9, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, 7, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, Knv, 10, 6, 5, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>7, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, Qn, Knv, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Kg, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 2, Z plays the turn-up card (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_114">114</a>).</p> - -<p>At Trick 3, B passes the nine of trumps. If the tenace -is against him covering does no good; and there is a -reasonable chance that the ace will fall.</p> - -<p>At Trick 6, B, having found A weak in trumps, and the -whole diamond suit being declared against him, alters his -tactics, and does not continue trumps.</p> - -<p>At Trick 7, Y plays properly in attempting to force the -strong trump hand, keeping knave of hearts with which -to trump clubs. If B refuses the first force he wins two -or three by cards, as the cards happen to lie. But he -cannot place the diamonds, and probably his best play is -to trump.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XIV.</h3> - -<p class="center">Finessing.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0199_a.jpg" width="700" height="319" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>7♠, 6♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">Kg♥, Knv♥, 9♥, 7♥, 6♥, 4♥</li> -<li>Knv♣</li> -<li class="red">10♦, 7♦, 6♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Four-all.</p> - -<p>Ten of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0199_b.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0199_c.jpg" width="700" height="622" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -2♣ 6♣ Qn♣ Knv♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0200_a.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -Knv♠ A♠ 3♠ 2♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0200_b.jpg" width="700" height="661" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -4♣ 5♣ 10♣ 6♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0200_c.jpg" width="700" height="653" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -Qn♠ 9♠ 5♠ 7♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0200_d.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> {AB, 3, YZ, 3<br /> -<br /> -6. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -Kg♠ 9♣ 8♠ <span class="red">6♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0200_e.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -A♣ 3♣ Kg♣ <span class="red">4♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0200_f.jpg" width="700" height="656" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -4♠ 7♣ 10♠ <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0201_a.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -<span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 9).—A's -finesse is unlucky. He has -no indication as to the position -of the queen. <em>The finesse -must not be judged by -the result.</em> It is generally -right against one card if the -success of the finesse wins -the game.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 10 to 13.—YZ make two tricks in diamonds -(<em>see</em> their hands below); and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win the odd trick. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Qn, Knv, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>10, 8, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>8, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, Qn, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Knv, 8, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Qn, 9, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 6, Y's lead is not well judged. He knows his -partner to hold king of clubs single, and his object should -be to prevent the two trumps from being drawn together. -Y's best lead appears to be queen of hearts; and if it -wins, a diamond.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XV.</h3> - -<p class="center">Counting the hands, and refusing a finesse.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0202_a.jpg" width="700" height="323" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Kg♠, Knv♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, Kg♥, 2♥</li> -<li>6♣, 4♣</li> -<li class="red">8♦, 4♦, 3♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>King of hearts turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0202_b.jpg" width="700" height="634" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 1).—A has not both king and queen of -diamonds, or he would have led one. B has not either -king or queen of diamonds, or he would have played one -of them instead of the ace. Therefore, Y must have one -of those cards. Z draws this inference <em>at the time</em>. It will -not be of any use to him until near the end of the hand.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0202_c.jpg" width="700" height="631" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -5♣ 7♣ A♣ 4♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0203_a.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -8♣ Qn♣ 3♣ 6♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—B has led from -exactly five clubs (<em>see</em> Appendix -A).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0203_b.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—The ace would -be an echo (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0203_c.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. A Y B Z↷<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0203_d.jpg" width="700" height="654" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. A Y B Z↷<br /> -3♠ 5♠ 4♠ Kg♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 6).—The policy of this lead is doubtful. -Players are apt to show their suits in this manner. But it -is clear, the opponents having led diamonds and clubs, -that if Z has strength in any suit it is in spades. The -objections to showing a suit in this way are: 1, that it -may be trumped the first round; 2, that partner may -have only one card of it. In the latter case he cannot -return the lead, and must open or continue another suit -to a disadvantage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0204_a.jpg" width="700" height="654" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. A Y B Z↷<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Y has the long -trump.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0204_b.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -8. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -9♣ Kg♣ 2♣ <span class="red">3♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0204_c.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -9. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -8♠ 9♠ 6♠ A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 9).—Z's play in not finessing is very good. -He can count Y's hand, thus: Y has no more clubs (<em>see</em> -Remark, Trick 3), he has the last trump, and three other -cards. These cards must either be queen, ten of spades, -and a diamond, in which case Z's play does not matter; or -the nine returned by Y must be his best spade, in which -case he can only have one more, as he would return the -higher of two remaining cards (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>), and his other -cards must then be two diamonds. Therefore, assuming -the case in which Z's play does matter (<em>i.e.</em>, of Y's nine -being his best spade), Y's diamond must be guarded.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0204_d.jpg" width="700" height="646" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 8</span><br /> -<br /> -10. A Y B Z↷<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span> 10♣ <span class="red">8♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> - -<p>Consequently, Z, by not finessing, makes sure of the -game. He requires one more trick besides the ace of -spades and his partner's trump, and this trick Y is certain -to make in diamonds if Z leads through A's hand (<em>see</em> -Remark, Trick 1).</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 10 to 13.—Z (Trick 10) leads a diamond, and, -however A plays,</p> - -<p class="center">YZ score three by cards and two by honours. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Z's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 8, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>9, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>10, 7, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 7, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Qn, 10, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>9, 8, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 8, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, Qn, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 10, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Knv, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Qn, 10, 9, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>As the cards happen to lie, YZ only score four if Z -finesses at Trick 9, and A plays properly. A, on winning -this trick with the queen of spades, should see that his -only chance of making two more tricks is to be led up to -in diamonds. He should therefore (Trick 10) lead the -seven of diamonds, which Y is compelled to take, and AB -save the game.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XVI.</h3> - -<p class="center">Leading losing card to place the lead -(<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-151).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0206_a.jpg" width="700" height="323" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Qn♠, Knv♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, Kg♥, 9♥, 3♥</li> -<li>Knv♣, 8♣, 6♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">Knv♦, 5♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Ten of hearts turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0206_b.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span>, <span class="red">Kg♦</span>, <span class="red">8♦</span>, <span class="red">5♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0206_c.jpg" width="700" height="630" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0207_a.jpg" width="700" height="651" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -2♠ 10♠ 3♠ Knv♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Y has the king -of spades.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0207_b.jpg" width="700" height="623" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Z A Y B↷<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—It is probable -that A is weak in trumps, -as he refused to force his -partner in diamonds. Nevertheless, B leads a trump, as -he is well provided in spades, and has some defence in the -club suit.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0207_c.jpg" width="700" height="681" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0207_d.jpg" width="700" height="657" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Z A Y B↷<br /> -<span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> 4♠ <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 6).—The queen of hearts must be in -Z's hand, as A returned the four and now plays the two, -and Y renounces.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0208_a.jpg" width="700" height="648" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Z A Y B↷<br /> -3♣ Kg♣ A♣ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0208_b.jpg" width="700" height="630" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -7♣ 5♣ Qn♣ 6♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0208_c.jpg" width="700" height="645" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 7<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -10♣ <span class="red">2♦</span> 4♣ Knv♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0208_d.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 7<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Z A Y B↷<br /> -6♠ <span class="red">3♦</span> 9♣ 8♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 10).—B leads the losing club to throw -the lead into Y's hand. Y will then be obliged to lead a -spade, as he has no other suit. Z will have to follow suit, -or will be forced with the queen of trumps, and B will -make the ace of spades and the last trump.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—Y (Trick 11) leads a spade, B puts on -the queen, and</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center">AB score three by cards and two by honours. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(B's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 9, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, 8, 5, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>6, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Qn, 10, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 9, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>10, 7, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Kg, 6, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Qn, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 9, 7, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 8, Y should underplay in clubs.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XVII.</h3> - -<p class="center">Leading losing card to place the lead (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-151).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0209_a.jpg" width="700" height="317" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Qn♠, 10♠, 5♠</li> -<li class="red">10♥, 3♥</li> -<li>9♣, 5♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">Qn♦, Knv♦, 6♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, love; YZ, one.</p> - -<p>Four of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0209_b.jpg" width="700" height="633" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -3♠ 2♠ 7♠ Qn♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0209_c.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0210_a.jpg" width="700" height="664" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -10♣ 4♣ 7♣ 9♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0210_b.jpg" width="700" height="650" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -4. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -6♠ Knv♠ Kg♠ A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0210_c.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -5. B Z A Y↷<br /> -3♣ Kg♣ 8♣ 5♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0210_d.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -6. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -6♣ A♣ Knv♣ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0210_e.jpg" width="700" height="667" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -7. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0210_f.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -8. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -<span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0211_a.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -9. B Z A Y↷<br /> -4♠ <span class="red">4♥</span> Qn♣ <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0211_b.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 8</span><br /> -<br /> -10. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -<span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span> 8♠ 10♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 11.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0211_c.jpg" width="700" height="670" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 8</span><br /> -<br /> -11. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> 9♠ 5♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 11).—Y -leads the losing spade to put -the lead into A's hand (<em>see</em> -fall of the spades, Tricks 1, -4, and 10), and so compel A -to lead hearts up to Z. At -this score (YZ, one) this is -the best chance of four by -cards. If the score were -YZ, love, Y should lead a -heart, as leading the spade -gives up all chance of five -by cards.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 12 and 13.—Z has ace, queen of hearts; and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win four by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Y's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 9, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>6, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 9, 7, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 8, 5, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, Knv, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>10, 6, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Kg, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 8, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, Kg, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 4, B, having a weak hand, plays his partner's -game, in preference to planning an attack for himself by -opening his own poor suit of four to the knave.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XVIII.</h3> - -<p class="center">Underplay.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0212_a.jpg" width="700" height="316" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Kg♠, 10♠, 6♠</li> -<li class="red">Knv♥, 10♥, 5♥, 4♥, 3♥</li> -<li>Kg♣, 7♣</li> -<li class="red">Kg♦, 6♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Six of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0212_b.jpg" width="700" height="652" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -3♠ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0212_c.jpg" width="700" height="659" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. A Y B Z↷<br /> -<span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0213_a.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -3. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -4♣ A♣ 6♣ 7♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0213_b.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -4. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -2♣ 10♣ 9♣ Kg♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 4).—Y has led from ace, queen, knave, -ten; and B, the weak trump hand, has no more clubs.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0213_c.jpg" width="700" height="656" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -5. A Y B Z↷<br /> -2♠ Knv♠ 4♠ 6♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 5).—Z underplays in trumps. To continue -hearts, with queen, king marked against him (<em>see</em> -Trick 2), or to open diamonds, would be very disadvantageous, -so a trump lead is forced, more especially as Y has -command of clubs, and B is about to trump that suit. The -lead of ace or king of trumps would leave the lead with -Z, who would then still be in a difficulty as to his next -lead. Further, it is of importance to endeavour to place -the lead in Y's hand, that he may continue clubs. Also, if -the underplay succeeds, it is not at all unlikely that YZ -will win the game.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0213_d.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -6. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -5♣ Qn♣ <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">3♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0214_a.jpg" width="700" height="645" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -7. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -8♣ Knv♣ <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 8 to 13.—Z makes -ace, king of trumps, and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win the game. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Z's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 7, 5, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>9, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Qn, 9, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8, 5, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Qn, Knv, 10, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>9, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Qn</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 5, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv, 9 8, 7, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 5, if A puts on queen of spades, second hand, -he saves the game. May be, a very shrewd player would -have seen through the position, including the importance -of preventing Y from getting the lead if possible; but A -can hardly be blamed for passing, as it is unlikely that -both ace and king of spades are in Z's hand.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XIX.</h3> - -<p class="center">Underplay, and playing to the score.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0215_a.jpg" width="700" height="323" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Knv♠, 10♠, 7♠, 3♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, Kg♥, 8♥, 6♥, 5♥</li> -<li>A♣, 3♣</li> -<li class="red">Kg♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Four of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0215_b.jpg" width="700" height="650" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -9♣ Qn♣ 6♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0215_c.jpg" width="700" height="650" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -<span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0216_a.jpg" width="700" height="645" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. B Z A Y↷<br /> -6♠ Qn♠ Kg♠ 3♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 3).—Y is justified in playing a forward -game. He has four trumps (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>), ace of the -opponent's suit, and a fine heart suit: and his partner has -declared strength in diamonds by choosing that suit for his -original lead.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0216_b.jpg" width="700" height="628" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -4. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -2♣ 4♣ 5♣ A♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0216_c.jpg" width="700" height="631" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. B Z A Y↷<br /> -8♠ 2♠ A♠ 10♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0216_d.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -<span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 6).—Y is justified in playing a false card -here, notwithstanding General Principle 12 (p. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>). The -heart is a forced lead, and the card led (the ten) is obviously -A's best. Y's scheme is to take another round -of trumps, and then to underplay in hearts (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>); so -he puts on the ace to deceive B as to the position of the -king.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0217_a.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. B Z A Y↷<br /> -9♠ 4♠ 5♠ Knv♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0217_b.jpg" width="700" height="648" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -8. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 9 to 13.—Z leads the king of clubs, to which Y -discards the two of diamonds. Z then leads the knave of -hearts, on which Y puts the king; the queen falls (<em>see</em> the -hands below); Y brings in the hearts; and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win five by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Y's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Kg, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>9, 8, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Qn, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Qn, 7, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 9, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 8, 7, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>10, 9, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, Qn, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, 8, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 9, 7, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Qn, Knv, 5, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>A and B both play the hand badly. At Trick 6, A, in -the face of an adverse trump lead and the command of his -suit (clubs) against him, should lead the ace of diamonds -to make the third trick and save the game. At Trick 8, B -should put on his queen of hearts. He is fairly taken in -by Y's dark play at Trick 6; but he ought not to have -allowed himself to be so. He should have argued that Y, -who has been playing a very strong game, would not be -likely to put on ace second hand merely for the purpose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> -of getting the lead or of making sure of a trick. Further, -if A's lead was a forced one, from weakness (hearts being -the only suit in which B can be strong), Z is sure to finesse -if he has king, knave, or even king, nine. So B's best -chance of making the queen is to put it on (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>).</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XX.</h3> - -<p class="center">Defensive trump lead, and playing to the score.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0218_a.jpg" width="700" height="325" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Kg♠, Knv♠, 5♠</li> -<li class="red">Qn♥, 8♥, 2♥</li> -<li>Qn♣, 10♣, 5♣, 3♣</li> -<li class="red">Qn♦, 7♦, 5♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Nine of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0218_b.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -6♣ Kg♣ 4♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 1).—A defensive trump lead, to avoid -opening a three card suit.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0218_c.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -7♣ A♣ 8♣ 5♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0219_a.jpg" width="700" height="650" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -<span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0219_b.jpg" width="700" height="668" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -Knv♣ 2♣ 9♣ 10♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 4).—A's finesse is unlucky. He is, however, -clearly justified in not parting with the command of -trumps, as, even if the finesse does not succeed, he remains -with the last trump, will be led up to in one of his -guarded suits, and will, in all probability, bring in his -partner's diamonds.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0219_c.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0219_d.jpg" width="700" height="659" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0220_a.jpg" width="700" height="654" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0220_b.jpg" width="700" height="651" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">10♥</span> 10♠ 6♠ Qn♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 9 to 13.—A leads the queen of diamonds, and -finds his partner with the entire command of diamonds -(<em>see</em> B's hand below).</p> - -<p class="center">AB score three by cards and two by honours. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8, 7, 4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>10</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 9, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 10, 9, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>7, 6, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 7, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Kg, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>9, 8, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>A, Kg, Knv, 4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 9, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>It may be observed that Z loses the game by bad play at -Trick 7. The fall of the cards in Tricks 5 and 6 shows -that A has the queen of hearts, and Y the king. Z should -therefore, at Trick 7, lead the ace of spades to make the -fourth trick, and then the heart, making the fifth trick -and saving the game.</p> - -<p>At Trick 8, if Y leads a spade and Z does not finesse, the -game may be saved. To finesse at that point would be -very bad play, as the ace of spades makes the fifth trick. -But Y's play at Trick 8, though unfortunate, is not wrong;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> -for Y cannot tell that Z has the ace of spades; indeed, the -presumption is that he has not, or he would have led it. -Y properly plays to force the long trump, and to make -his partner fourth player.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXI.</h3> - -<p class="center">An ill-judged call for trumps, and a well-judged third -round, notwithstanding the adverse strength.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0221_a.jpg" width="700" height="332" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Kg♠, 5♠, 4♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, Qn♥, 10♥, 8♥</li> -<li>5♣, 3♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">Qn♦, 10♦, 6♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Four-all.</p> - -<p>Queen of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0221_b.jpg" width="700" height="653" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -6♣ 10♣ A♣ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0221_c.jpg" width="700" height="627" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0222_a.jpg" width="700" height="685" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -4♣ Knv♣ 2♠ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Z has called -for trumps.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0222_b.jpg" width="700" height="663" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -Knv♠ 6♠ A♠ 4♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0222_c.jpg" width="700" height="645" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -8♠ Kg♣ 7♠ Kg♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—The fall of the -spades (<em>see</em> Tricks 3, 4, and -5) shows that the three is -in Y's hand.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0222_d.jpg" width="700" height="662" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Z A Y B↷<br /> -9♠ 8♣ 3♠ 5♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—It is seldom -right to continue trumps -when led by the opponents; -but this is an exceptional -case. B plays well in drawing -two trumps for one, as it is evident that if Y and -Z make their trumps separately they must win the odd -trick.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0223_a.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0223_b.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Z A Y B↷<br /> -7♣ 9♣ <span class="red">4♥</span> 5♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0223_c.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">3♥</span> Qn♣ <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0223_d.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -10♠ <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—Whatever Z leads, B makes ace, queen -of hearts; and</p> - -<p class="center">AB win the odd trick. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(B's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, 7, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Qn, Knv, 10, 9, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 6, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>7, 5, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, Knv, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Qn, Knv, 10, 9, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>7, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv, 9, 5, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Kg, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p> - -<p>Z's call for trumps is ill-judged, especially at the score -of four-all. The whole club suit is declared against him, -as Y, putting on ace, second hand, can have no more. If -Z does not call, he wins the game easily.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXII.</h3> - -<p class="center">Returned lead, and refusing a force.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0224_a.jpg" width="700" height="333" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, 10♠, 9♠, 4♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">10♥, 6♥, 3♥</li> -<li>9♣</li> -<li class="red">A♦, Qn♦, 8♦, 7♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, one; YZ, love.</p> - -<p>Knave of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0224_b.jpg" width="700" height="632" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -3♠ Qn♠ 6♠ 4♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0224_c.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -8♠ 7♠ Knv♠ A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 2).—B has the five of spades, and Y the -king. A, therefore, does not continue the trump, but -leaves the small spade in his partner's hand.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0225_a.jpg" width="700" height="658" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0225_b.jpg" width="700" height="654" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -<span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0225_c.jpg" width="700" height="667" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">9♦</span> 2♣ <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0225_d.jpg" width="700" height="662" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♦</span> 5♠ <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">8♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0225_e.jpg" width="700" height="660" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -A♣ 4♣ 7♣ 9♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0225_f.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -Kg♠ 3♣ <span class="red">7♥</span> 2♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0226_a.jpg" width="700" height="628" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -Qn♣ 5♣ 8♣ <span class="red">3♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 9).—A knows B has two more clubs -(<em>see</em> Tricks 7 and 8, and p. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>). A, therefore, desires to -leave the lead with Y, that he may go on with another -club, and so clear B's suit.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0226_b.jpg" width="700" height="631" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 7<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -Kg♣ 6♣ Knv♣ 9♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 11.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0226_c.jpg" width="700" height="634" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 8<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -11. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 11).—A -leads his smallest heart, as -he does not want to tempt -B to finesse (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>). B -has ace, queen of hearts (<em>see</em> -his hand below), but he does -not finesse, as the ace of -hearts, last club, and A's -trump make every trick.</p> - -<p class="center">AB win four by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 8, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Qn, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8, 5, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, Qn</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, Knv, 9, 7, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Kg, Qn</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>10, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Knv, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 9, 6, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Kg, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>5, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p> - -<p>Y should play queen of clubs at Trick 7, and ace of clubs -at Trick 9, when A will not have sufficient materials for -his <em>coup</em>, as he will be uncertain as to the position of the -best club. Y gives his adversary too much information -by playing book (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_113">113</a>). When the adversaries have -command of trumps, it is often advisable, towards the -end of a hand, to play so as not to enable them to count -the cards.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXIII.</h3> - -<p class="center">Refusing to overtrump.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0227_a.jpg" width="700" height="320" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>10♠, 5♠, 3♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">Kg♥, 10♥, 2♥</li> -<li>3♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">A♦, 4♦, 3♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Three-all.</p> - -<p>Five of diamonds turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0227_b.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -8♠ Knv♠ <span class="red">6♦</span> 2♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0227_c.jpg" width="700" height="649" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> 5♣ <span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0228_a.jpg" width="700" height="665" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0228_b.jpg" width="700" height="657" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -4♣ Kg♣ 9♣ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0228_c.jpg" width="700" height="693" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -7♣ A♣ Qn♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0228_d.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -8♣ Knv♣ <span class="red">5♦</span> 3♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 6).-A does not overtrump. This is -the sort of <em>coup</em> for which no rule can be laid down in -a book, as it depends entirely on the state of the game -and the previous fall of the cards. A sees, that his only -chance of two by cards is for the remaining trumps to be -divided, and for him to be able to get two rounds before -he loses the command of hearts. If then his partner has -ace, queen of spades, he may win the game against two -by honours.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0229_a.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0229_b.jpg" width="700" height="633" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">8♦</span> 6♣ <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0229_c.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">9♦</span> 4♠ <span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0229_d.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -10♣ 6♠ <span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—Z leads a heart which A wins. A -leads a spade, and finds his partner with ace, queen; and</p> - -<p class="center">AB win two by cards (which score before honours). -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 9, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, Qn, Knv, 7, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc br"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 9, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 7, 5, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 8, 7, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Kg, Knv, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc br"></td> - <td>Kg, Qn, Knv, 10, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXIV.</h3> - -<p class="center">Refusing to overtrump.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0230_a.jpg" width="700" height="325" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Kg♠, 7♠, 6♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, 9♥, 7♥, 6♥, 5♥, 4♥</li> -<li>5♣, 3♣</li> -<li class="red">Qn♦, 7♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Four-all.</p> - -<p>Five of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0230_b.jpg" width="700" height="631" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -<span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0230_c.jpg" width="700" height="633" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -10♣ 6♣ A♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0231_a.jpg" width="700" height="661" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -3. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -2♣ <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0231_b.jpg" width="700" height="656" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -4. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -4♣ <span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> Kg♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0231_c.jpg" width="700" height="654" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0231_d.jpg" width="700" height="664" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -6. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0231_e.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -7. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -Qn♣ 5♠ 7♣ 5♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0231_f.jpg" width="700" height="656" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -8. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -8♠ <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span> 6♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0232_a.jpg" width="700" height="645" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -9. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -<span class="red">10♥</span> 10♠ 8♣ <span class="red">5♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0232_b.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -10. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -Knv♣ <span class="red">8♦</span> 2♠ <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 10).—Y's play in not overtrumping is -very good. He counts the hand thus: to save the game Z -must hold ace, queen, or ace, knave of spades; his third -card is evidently the remaining diamond. A has the nine -of clubs (<em>see</em> fall of the club suit in Tricks 2, 7, and 9), and -two trumps. B has two trumps, one being queen or knave -(<em>see</em> Trick 9), and king, knave of clubs. If the cards -remaining in each hand are placed face upwards on the -table, and the uncertain cards, viz., the nine, four, and -three of trumps are given two to A, and one to B, it will -be seen that, if Y overtrumps with the seven, he cannot -make the requisite three tricks; but that, if he leaves the -lead with A, YZ make the remaining tricks.</p> - -<p>It may be added, that if, at Trick 10, A discards his club, -and keeps his three little trumps together, leaving the trick -to B, AB must win the odd trick if B leads a trump at -Trick 11 after trumping. This A might have reckoned.</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Y's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Qn, 9, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 10, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, 10, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Qn, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, 9, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, Qn, Knv, 10, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Knv, 10, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXV.</h3> - -<p class="center"><em>See</em> Refusing to overtrump, pp. <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0233_a.jpg" width="700" height="314" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Qn♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, 8♥, 2♥</li> -<li>9♣, 8♣, 5♣, 4♣</li> -<li class="red">Kg♦, 6♦, 3♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, three; YZ, love.</p> - -<p>Seven of hearts turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0233_b.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -A♠ 8♠ 4♠ Qn♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0233_c.jpg" width="700" height="633" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -3♣ 7♣ Knv♣ 4♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0234_a.jpg" width="700" height="648" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -6♣ <span class="red">6♥</span> A♣ 5♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0234_b.jpg" width="700" height="649" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -3♠ Knv♠ 5♠ 2♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0234_c.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -10♠ Kg♠ 6♠ 8♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0234_d.jpg" width="700" height="631" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0234_e.jpg" width="700" height="675" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Z A Y B↷<br /> -10♣ <span class="red">9♥</span> 2♣ 9♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0234_f.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0235_a.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0235_b.jpg" width="700" height="646" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -Kg♣ 9♠ <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">3♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 10).—B can count A's hand—viz., a -spade and two diamonds. Therefore, if B overtrumps he -cannot possibly win two more tricks.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 11.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0235_c.jpg" width="700" height="656" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -11. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -<span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">9♦</span> Qn♣ <span class="red">6♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 12 and 13.—Z -leads a trump (he has only -trumps in hand), and B -makes ace and eight.</p> - -<p class="center">AB win two by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(B's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Knv, 9, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>6, 5, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, 10, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 9, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Qn, 10, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 7, 5, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Qn, Knv, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, 10, 6, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, Knv, 9, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, 10, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p> - -<p>The end play of this hand is difficult. At Trick 9, Y -leads three of hearts in preference to the queen, as he can -count an honour single in A's hand. At Trick 10, A's -best lead is doubtful. At Trick 10, also, probably Y -should trump with the queen (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>); but even then, -B must place ten of hearts in Y's hand.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXVI.</h3> - -<p class="center">Counting the hands, and consequent departure from -rule.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0236_a.jpg" width="700" height="326" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>4♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, Kg, Qn♥, 10♥, 2♥</li> -<li>8♣, 7♣</li> -<li class="red">Kg♦, 10♦, 8♦, 7♦, 3♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, three; YZ, one.</p> - -<p>Five of diamonds turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0236_b.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0236_c.jpg" width="700" height="629" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -<span class="red">2♦</span> 2♣ <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0237_a.jpg" width="700" height="645" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -Qn♠ A♠ 3♠ 4♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0237_b.jpg" width="700" height="627" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -3♣ A♣ Kg♣ 7♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0237_c.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -4♣ 10♣ <span class="red">4♦</span> 8♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0237_d.jpg" width="700" height="629" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -7♠ 6♠ 2♠ <span class="red">8♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0237_e.jpg" width="700" height="629" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0237_f.jpg" width="700" height="659" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -8. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -9♣ Qn♣ 5♠ <span class="red">10♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 7).—This is strong illustration of a -case for departing from rule. Y can count two more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> -trumps, and three more spades in A's hand (<em>see</em> A's leads, -Tricks 3 and 6, and p. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>). It is clear that A can have -at most two hearts; consequently, if Y leads his tierce -major in hearts, he must lose the game, as the opponents -have two by honours. But, if Y can give his partner the -lead, and Z has four more clubs, or the winning club, and -A makes the mistake of trumping it, YZ may make every -trick, and win the game.</p> - -<p>Y would be right to play as he does even if A had led -from only four spades. With a strong trump hand declared -against, and a long weak suit, it is doubtful whether A -should not have led the deuce of spades at Trick 3 (<em>see</em> -Appendix A); but the hand is given as it was played.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 9 to 13.—Z continues to lead clubs (<em>see</em> his -hand below), and whether A passes or trumps,</p> - -<p class="center">YZ score four by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Y's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 9, 5, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, Qn, 10, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>9, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>9, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>A, Qn, Knv, 10, 6, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Qn, 9, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXVII.</h3> - -<p class="center"><em>See</em> Leading from weakest suit, p. <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0239_a.jpg" width="700" height="315" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, 10♠, 7♠, 6♠, 4♠, 3♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">Qn♥, 6♥, 3♥</li> -<li>5♣</li> -<li class="red">8♦, 5♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, three; YZ, four.</p> - -<p>Five of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0239_b.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -8♣ 3♣ A♣ 5♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0239_c.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -Kg♣ 4♣ Knv♣ 2♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0240_a.jpg" width="700" height="657" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -2♣ Qn♣ <span class="red">3♦</span> 3♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—By the first -discard Z shows his strong -suit to be spades. In an -ordinary hand, Z might -afterwards throw a diamond. -But here, Y must -be strong in diamonds, in -order to save the game; -and it is important for Z -to keep the power of leading -that suit more than -once.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0240_b.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -Kg♠ Knv♠ Qn♠ A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—B covers the -honour, because the lead -was from weakness. B -plays badly; he should -have passed the knave. -For, A has shown four -more trumps, and only one -other trick is required. -Hence, if A has ace or -king of spades, the game is -won to a moral certainty; -if not, no good is got by -covering.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0240_c.jpg" width="700" height="684" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. A Y B Z↷<br /> -<span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0240_d.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -6♣ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0241_a.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0241_b.jpg" width="700" height="637" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -8. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -7♣ 5♠ <span class="red">6♦</span> 6♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0241_c.jpg" width="700" height="628" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -9. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0241_d.jpg" width="700" height="627" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -10. A Y B Z↷<br /> -9♣ <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> 7♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—A, with the lead, remains with the -last trump and king, knave of diamonds. He (Trick 11) -leads the trump; but, whatever he plays,</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win the odd trick. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Z's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 8, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Qn, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 10, 9, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Knv</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Knv, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 10, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>7, 6, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p> - -<p>A plays well throughout, but he cannot prevent the -result. His lead of the trump at Trick 3 to show his -strength, and to tell his partner to make one trick -certain if he has the chance, is unlucky, as it puts the -adversaries on the only tack for saving the game.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXVIII.</h3> - -<p class="center"><em>See</em> Treating long suits like short ones, pp. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0242_a.jpg" width="700" height="330" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Qn♠, 10♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">Kg♥, 5♥, 4♥, 3♥, 2♥</li> -<li>Kg♣, 3♣</li> -<li class="red">Qn♦, Knv♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, one; YZ, love.</p> - -<p>Nine of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0242_b.jpg" width="700" height="629" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0242_c.jpg" width="700" height="650" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Z A Y B↷<br /> -4♠ Kg♠ 5♠ 2♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0243_a.jpg" width="700" height="683" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -6♠ 7♠ Knv♠ Qn♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0243_b.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Z A Y B↷<br /> -8♠ 3♠ 2♣ 10♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0243_c.jpg" width="700" height="672" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Z A Y B↷<br /> -9♠ 5♣ <span class="red">6♥</span> A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0243_d.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Z A Y B↷<br /> -<span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0243_e.jpg" width="700" height="666" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -4♣ 7♣ A♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0243_f.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -Qn♣ 8♣ 9♣ Kg♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0244_a.jpg" width="700" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Z A Y B↷<br /> -<span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 9).—Deschapelles' Coup. B can count -A's hand, three diamonds and two hearts, for the ten, -nine of clubs are clearly with Y (<em>see</em> Tricks 7 and 8). -B therefore leads the king of hearts (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>). If he -makes the usual lead of a small heart, he wins a trick less -as the cards happen to lie.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0244_b.jpg" width="700" height="631" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -6♣ <span class="red">5♦</span> 10♣ <span class="red">2♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 11.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0244_c.jpg" width="700" height="623" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -11. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -<span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span> Knv♣ <span class="red">3♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 12.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0244_d.jpg" width="700" height="615" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 7<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -12. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -<span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Trick 13.</span>—A makes the king of diamonds; and</p> - -<p class="center">AB score two by cards and two by honours. -</p> - -<p>If Y, at Trick 4, discards a heart, he saves the game. -Nevertheless, his proper discard is the club (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-5).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(B's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 7, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>9, 8, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, 8, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 10, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 10, 9, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 9, 5, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, 10, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>8, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXIX.</h3> - -<p class="center"><em>See</em> Refusing to win the second round of a suit, p. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0245_a.jpg" width="700" height="323" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Kg♠, 9♠, 7♠, 6♠, 4♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥</li> -<li>A♣, 6♣</li> -<li class="red">Knv♦, 10♦, 9♦, 6♦, 3♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, four; YZ, two.</p> - -<p>Four of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0245_b.jpg" width="700" height="628" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0245_c.jpg" width="700" height="628" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. A Y B Z↷<br /> -2♠ A♠ 3♠ 6♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0246_a.jpg" width="700" height="672" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -3. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -10♠ 8♠ 5♠ Kg♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0246_b.jpg" width="700" height="653" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -4. A Y B Z↷<br /> -3♣ <span class="red">8♥</span> Knv♠ 7♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0246_c.jpg" width="700" height="667" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -4♣ <span class="red">9♥</span> Qn♠ 9♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0246_d.jpg" width="700" height="649" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -<span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> 6♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0246_e.jpg" width="700" height="655" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -<span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> 4♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0246_f.jpg" width="700" height="621" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -8. A Y B Z↷<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0247_a.jpg" width="700" height="658" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -9. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0247_b.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -10. A Y B↷ Z<br /> -7♣ 2♣ Qn♣ A♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 10 to 13.—Z brings in the diamonds; and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win three by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Z's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Qn, Knv, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Qn, Knv, 6, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>9, 8, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>10, 7, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 7, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>10, 9, 8, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, Knv, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, 8, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Qn, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 4, A having already shown his suit does not -discard from it, as there is still a possibility of bringing -it in (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-6), and his king of clubs is sufficiently -protected even after the discard.</p> - -<p>If Z parts with the last trump at Trick 6, and leads -diamonds, A, on the second round of diamonds, will -unguard his king of clubs, knowing his partner to have -a heart to lead him (<em>see</em> fall of the heart suit, Tricks -1, 4, and 5), will bring in all the hearts, and win the -odd trick.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXX.</h3> - -<p class="center"><em>See</em> Refusing to win the second round of a suit, -pp. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0248_a.jpg" width="700" height="321" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Qn♠, Knv♠</li> -<li class="red">8♥, 4♥</li> -<li>A♣, 7♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">A♦, Qn♦, Knv♦, 5♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Ten of hearts turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0248_b.jpg" width="700" height="623" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0248_c.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Z A Y B↷<br /> -<span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0249_a.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -<span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0249_b.jpg" width="700" height="616" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -<span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0249_c.jpg" width="700" height="630" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -Kg♣ 4♣ 6♣ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0249_d.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -<span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> 2♠ <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 6).—B has next to no chance of bringing -in the diamonds. He therefore plays to protect his short -suits (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-6).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0249_e.jpg" width="700" height="619" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -Knv♣ 10♣ 5♣ 7♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0249_f.jpg" width="700" height="627" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -3♣ <span class="red">Kg♦</span> 8♣ A♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 7).—B refuses to win this trick. The -three of clubs is clearly in Z's hand (<em>see</em> fall of the club -suit, Tricks 5 and 7), and the two long trumps. The -remaining clubs are evidently in Y's hand. If, therefore, -B parts with the ace of clubs while Z has a club to lead, -AB lose the game, unless A has the king of spades; and if -A has that card, B loses nothing by passing this trick, as -Z, having only one more club, must hold three spades.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0250_a.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Z A Y B↷<br /> -<span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0250_b.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -4♠ 3♠ 9♠ Knv♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—B (Trick 11) leads the last diamond, -and forces Z. Z (Trick 12) has only spades to lead; B -makes ace, queen of spades; and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ score two by cards and two by honours. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(B's hand is given above).</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 8, 7, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>9, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 9, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, Qn</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, 10, 6, 5, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, 9, 8, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, Knv, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 9, 7, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 8, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXXI.</h3> - -<p class="center"><em>See</em> Declining to draw the losing trump, -pp. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0251_a.jpg" width="700" height="326" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Qn♠, Knv♠, 9♠, 6♠, 3♠</li> -<li class="red">Qn♥, 7♥, 5♥</li> -<li>A♣</li> -<li class="red">Qn♦, Knv♦, 9♦, 8♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: -AB, love; YZ, three.</p> - -<p>Ace of diamonds turned up.</p> -</div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0251_b.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -7♠ 10♠ A♠ 6♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0251_c.jpg" width="700" height="634" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0252_a.jpg" width="700" height="649" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0252_b.jpg" width="700" height="646" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0252_c.jpg" width="700" height="677" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—It is evident -that Z's lead was from -king, knave, ten, &c., and -that B has no more hearts. -Y returning the nine, and -the two not falling, must -have the two single, and -the other hearts are with -Z.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0252_d.jpg" width="700" height="698" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">6♦</span> 2♠ <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—The case now -arises contemplated at p. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>. -A has the best trump and -the lead; Y the losing trump. -Y also has one card of his -partner's established suit -(<em>see</em> Remark, Trick 5). A -therefore (Trick 7) does not -draw the trump.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0253_a.jpg" width="700" height="652" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B Z A↷<br /> -Kg♠ 5♠ 4♠ Qn♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0253_b.jpg" width="700" height="618" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">2♥</span> 3♣ <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">7♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0253_c.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -2♣ 8♠ <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0253_d.jpg" width="700" height="617" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> 6♣ <span class="red">4♥</span> Knv♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—Y has nothing but clubs to lead. -A wins the three tricks; and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win the odd trick. -</p> - -<p>If, at Trick 7, A draws the trump, YZ win two by -cards.</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>10, 8, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, 9, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>8, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, Knv, 10, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, Qn, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Knv, 9, 8, 6, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>10, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 7, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXXII.</h3> - -<p class="center"><em>See</em> Throwing high cards to place the lead, -pp. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-149.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0254_a.jpg" width="700" height="320" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Knv♠, 9♠, 7♠, 3♠</li> -<li class="red">Qn♥, 6♥, 5♥</li> -<li>8♣, 7♣, 6♣, 4♣</li> -<li class="red">Kg♦, 4♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Five of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0254_b.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -5♠ 4♠ 2♠ 3♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—B has no more -spades.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0254_c.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -Qn♣ 3♣ 5♣ 4♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0255_a.jpg" width="700" height="640" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -Knv♣ Kg♣ A♣ 6♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0255_b.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -10♣ <span class="red">2♥</span> 2♣ 7♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0255_c.jpg" width="700" height="633" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0255_d.jpg" width="700" height="627" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0255_e.jpg" width="700" height="626" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -<span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> 9♣ <span class="red">5♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0255_f.jpg" width="700" height="624" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 8).—Well played by A. He sees that if -he obtains the lead on the second round of diamonds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> -he must continue the spade suit, a course demonstrably -fatal to him, unless his partner has the queen of diamonds -together with the long hearts (<em>see</em> fall of hearts, Trick 7). -By throwing the king to the ace A avoids the lead, and -saves the game if his partner has either queen or knave of -diamonds (as may be seen by placing the cards), unless -the adversaries continue the spade suit, when the game -cannot be saved, by any course of play. This clever <em>coup</em> -occurred in actual play.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0256_a.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 10 to 13.—B -brings in the hearts, winning -two more tricks; A -makes his trump; and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ score the odd trick and two by honours. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 10, 8, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 10, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 9, 4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, Knv, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, 9, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Qn, 8, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 10, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 2, B does not cover (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXXIII.</h3> - -<p class="center"><em>See</em> Throwing high cards to place the lead, -pp. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-149</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0257_a.jpg" width="700" height="323" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, 4♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, Qn♥</li> -<li>8♣, 3♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">Kg, Qn♦, 7♦, 6♦, 4♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Nine of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0257_b.jpg" width="700" height="628" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0257_c.jpg" width="700" height="640" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -Knv♠ 3♠ 5♠ A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0258_a.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0258_b.jpg" width="700" height="622" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">10♦</span> 4♣ 7♣ <span class="red">4♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Y has the -knave of diamonds.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0258_c.jpg" width="700" height="667" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -Kg♣ Qn♣ 6♣ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0258_d.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -10♣ <span class="red">2♥</span> Knv♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0258_e.jpg" width="700" height="652" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -5♣ <span class="red">3♥</span> 9♣ 8♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0258_f.jpg" width="700" height="624" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -7♠ 6♠ Qn♠ 2♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0259_a.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -8♠ 9♠ Kg♠ 4♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0259_b.jpg" width="700" height="629" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 10).—A plays very well in putting on -the ace. He wants two more tricks besides his ace of -hearts to save the game. The last trump and best -diamond are against him. It is clear, therefore, if A -has the lead after the second round of hearts (when he -must lead a diamond), he loses the game. It is also -clear that unless B has king, knave, and a small heart, -the game is gone.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 11.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0259_c.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -11. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 12.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0259_d.jpg" width="700" height="618" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -12. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">6♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p class="center">YZ score two by cards and two by honours.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>10, 9, 6, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, Qn, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>7, 6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, Knv, 5, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>10, 9, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 10, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Knv, 9, 7, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Knv, 10, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>9, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 2, Y is in difficulties. His strong suit has -been led by his right-hand adversary. Under these circumstances, -he leads from his strongest weak suit.</p> - -<p>At Trick 6, Y's play in continuing the trump is open to -criticism. His better lead seems to be knave of diamonds. -Z wins his partner's ten of trumps in order to draw all the -trumps. It is very bad play, for if Z passes the ten, and -Y leads the knave of diamonds, the game is certain. This -is an example of the very common error of winning partner's -trick. It should seldom be done, and only if a -positive advantage can be well-nigh demonstrated from -doing it.</p> - -<p>At Trick 11, the advantage of winning partner's trick—when -judiciously done—is shown. B, seeing A's anxiety -to get rid of the lead, rightly conjectures that A has two -more diamonds. He therefore takes the only course to -save the game, by winning his partner's queen of hearts.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXXIV.</h3> - -<p class="center">Echo of the Call (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0261_a.jpg" width="700" height="320" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>9♠, 7♠, 6♠, 2♠</li> -<li class="red">9♥, 8♥, 5♥, 3♥</li> - -<li class="red">7♦, 6♦, 5♦, 4♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Eight of hearts turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0261_b.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -A♠ 10♠ 4♠ 2♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0261_c.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -Qn♠ 3♠ 5♠ 7♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 2).—Y has called for trumps. Z, having -four trumps himself, commences to echo his partner's call.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0262_a.jpg" width="700" height="632" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -8♠ <span class="red">7♥</span> Kg♠ 6♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Z completes -the echo of the call.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0262_b.jpg" width="700" height="621" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -4. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0262_c.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. A↷ Y B Z<br /> -Knv♠ <span class="red">Knv♥</span> 6♣ 9♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0262_d.jpg" width="700" height="634" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 6).—Z having echoed, Y has no hesitation -in leading trumps again after being forced a second time.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0262_e.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0262_f.jpg" width="700" height="626" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -8. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> 7♣ <span class="red">4♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0263_a.jpg" width="700" height="665" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -9. A Y↷ B Z<br /> -<span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> 8♣ <span class="red">5♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 10 to 13.—A -(Trick 10) leads queen of -diamonds, which analysis -shows is rather better than -a club, though, as the cards -happen to lie, his lead is -immaterial. Y trumps the -diamond, and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ score three by cards and two by honours. -</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>But for the echo, the game might have been missed. If -after being forced a second time, at Trick 5, Y deems it -prudent not to continue trumps, and leads two rounds of -diamonds, B makes a small trump, and the game is saved.</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Z's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Qn, Knv, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>10, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, 5, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, Qn, Knv, 10, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>6, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>10, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>A, Kg, Qn, 9, 8, 7, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 10, 9, 8</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, Kg, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXXV.</h3> - -<p class="center">Leading losing trump, to place the lead.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0264_a.jpg" width="700" height="319" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>Knv♠, 10♠, 9♠, 8♠</li> -<li class="red">Knv♥, 9♥, 7♥, 6♥, 3♥, 2♥</li> -<li>Knv♣</li> -<li class="red">Kg♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>King of hearts turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0264_b.jpg" width="700" height="637" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -<span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0264_c.jpg" width="700" height="652" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -2. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0265_a.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0265_b.jpg" width="700" height="624" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -<span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> Knv♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remarks</span> (Tricks 3 and 4).—Y leads fourth-best; Z -echoes; but as the cards lie, it so happens that the position -of the hearts would be independently marked after Trick 5.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0265_c.jpg" width="700" height="658" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -2♠ <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0265_d.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -3♣ A♣ 2♣ 8♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0265_e.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -5♣ Kg♣ 4♣ 9♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0265_f.jpg" width="700" height="591" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -8. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -9♣ 6♣ 10♣ <span class="red">3♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0266_a.jpg" width="700" height="637" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -9. B Z A Y↷<br /> -3♠ A♠ Qn♠ Knv♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0266_b.jpg" width="700" height="657" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 8</span><br /> -<br /> -10. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -4♠ 7♣ Qn♣ <span class="red">9♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 10).—Well played by Y. He can count -his partner's hand, viz., the eight of trumps (<em>see</em> Remark, -Trick 4, and the fall of the hearts, Tricks 3, 4, and 5), the -last club, and a losing spade, as Z having put on the ace -of spades (Trick 9), cannot have the king. Y therefore -trumps with the nine, and (Trick 11) leads the seven of -hearts to put the lead in Z's hand. Z (Trick 12) leads the -club, to which Y discards the ten of spades; and</p> - -<p class="center">YZ win five by cards. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Y's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, 8, 5, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 10, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>9, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Kg, 8, 7, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>A, Qn, Knv, 9, 8, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>7, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 4, B should have led a spade. A having -shown at least five diamonds by leading ace, then knave -(<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>), the diamond is sure to be trumped, and it may -force the weak trump hand, or may allow one adversary -to discard and the other to trump.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXXVI.</h3> - -<p class="center">Echo after a force (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0267_a.jpg" width="700" height="320" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Qn♠, 9♠, 6♠, 4♠</li> -<li class="red">Knv♥, 7♥</li> -<li>8♣, 6♣</li> -<li class="red">A♦, Qn♦, 4♦, 3♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: AB, three; YZ, four.</p> - -<p>Two of spades turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0267_b.jpg" width="700" height="650" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0267_c.jpg" width="700" height="646" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -Kg♣ 3♣ 2♣ 8♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0268_a.jpg" width="700" height="629" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -Qn♣ 3♠ 4♣ 6♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—B has called.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0268_b.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -Kg♠ 8♠ 10♠ Qn♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0268_c.jpg" width="700" height="630" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -<span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0268_d.jpg" width="700" height="633" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">3♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0268_e.jpg" width="700" height="635" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—A has echoed. -He therefore had at least -four trumps originally.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0268_f.jpg" width="700" height="623" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Z A Y B↷<br /> -2♠ 5♠ Knv♠ A♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—The remaining -trump is in A's hand. -But for the echo, it might -be in Z's hand.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0269_a.jpg" width="700" height="644" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Z A Y B↷<br /> -5♣ <span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 9).—B can now lead ace of diamonds, without -fear of its being trumped (<em>see</em> Remark, Trick 8). If the -position of the other trump were uncertain, the lead of the -ace of diamonds would be wrong. For, by leading nine -of trumps, B can make certain of saving the game (<em>see</em> -score); whereas, if Z has a trump, and trumps the ace -of diamonds, B loses the game, as Y will then make a -diamond.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0269_b.jpg" width="700" height="649" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Z A Y B↷<br /> -<span class="red">3♥</span> 7♠ <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">4♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—B makes his three trumps, and</p> - -<p class="center">AB win the game. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(B's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8, 7, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 10, 7, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, 9, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Knv, 9, 4, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>A, Kg, Qn, 10, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 5, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv, 10, 8, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Kg, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXXVII.</h3> - -<p class="center">Coup of compelling a discard, same in principle as -the Vienna Coup.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0270_a.jpg" width="700" height="319" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>7♠, 3♠</li> -<li class="red">6♥, 5♥</li> -<li>A♣, Knv♣, 5♣, 3♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">A♦, Kg, Qn♦, 8♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>King of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0270_b.jpg" width="700" height="641" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. B Z A↷ Y<br /> -<span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0270_c.jpg" width="700" height="616" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -<span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0271_a.jpg" width="700" height="651" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -<span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0271_b.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. B Z A Y↷<br /> -9♣ Kg♣ 6♣ 3♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0271_c.jpg" width="700" height="652" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -5. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -Qn♣ 7♣ 8♣ Knv♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0271_d.jpg" width="700" height="653" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. B↷ Z A Y<br /> -Kg♠ A♠ 4♠ 3♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0271_e.jpg" width="700" height="658" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -7. B Z↷ A Y<br /> -<span class="red">3♦</span> 4♣ 10♣ A♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0271_f.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -8. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">4♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0272_a.jpg" width="700" height="666" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -9. B Z A Y↷<br /> -<span class="red">6♦</span> 5♠ <span class="red">10♥</span> 5♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark</span> (Trick 9).—Well played by Y. He can count -B's hand as follows: ten and two small diamonds; queen -of spades (<em>see</em> Trick 6—the lead of the king could only be -from king, queen); and one other card, probably a small -spade, for had B another heart he would most likely have -continued his partner's original lead, instead of changing -the suit. Y now leads a trump in hopes that B will -discard the small spade, when Y will lead the seven of -spades to throw the lead into B's hand, and B will be -obliged to lead a diamond up to Y's tenace.</p> - -<p>B, however, discards a diamond. Y continues his tactics -(<em>see</em> Trick 10), leading another trump. This compels -another discard from B. If B discards the small spade, -Y leads the losing spade; if B discards another diamond, -Y establishes the diamonds, and in either case wins the -game. This fine <em>coup</em> occurred in actual play.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0272_b.jpg" width="700" height="658" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 7</span><br /> -<br /> -10. B Z A Y↷<br /> -2♠ 6♠ 8♠ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 11 to 13.—Y (Trick 11) leads the spade. B is -obliged (Trick 12) to lead a diamond; and</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center">YZ score three by cards and two by honours. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(Y's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Knv, 9, 8, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Kg, Qn, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, 10, 6, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, 10, 9, 8, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Ace, Kg</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 7, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 8, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Qn, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, 7, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>10, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 10, B should notice that he must lose the game -if he retains the queen of spades. His only chance of -saving the game here is to discard the queen of spades, in -hopes of finding his partner with two tricks in spades, or -with a trick in spades and hearts. If A has not these -cards, the game is lost.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXXVIII.</h3> - -<p class="center">Grand Coup (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-155).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0274_a.jpg" width="700" height="321" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>A♠, Kg♠</li> -<li class="red">6♥</li> -<li>Qn♣, Knv♣, 7♣, 6♣, 5♣, 4♣</li> -<li class="red">Kg♦, 5♦, 4♦, 3♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Love-all.</p> - -<p>Ace of clubs turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0274_b.jpg" width="700" height="648" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">6♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0274_c.jpg" width="700" height="646" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 0</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">7♥</span> <span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">4♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0275_a.jpg" width="700" height="634" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -10♣ <span class="red">A♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span> <span class="red">3♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0275_b.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -<span class="red">2♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span> <span class="red">A♦</span> <span class="red">5♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0275_c.jpg" width="700" height="630" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Z A Y↷ B<br /> -A♣ <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">Knv♥</span> 6♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0275_d.jpg" width="700" height="632" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Z↷ A Y B<br /> -<span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span> <span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">Kg♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0275_e.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Z A Y B↷<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> Kg♣ 2♣ Qn♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—The fall of the -king shows that the remaining -clubs are in Y's hand.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0275_f.jpg" width="700" height="624" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Z A↷ Y B<br /> -<span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> 4♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—Well played by -B. All the hearts are out; -the remaining diamonds are -in Z's hand (<em>see</em> fall of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> -diamonds, Tricks, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7), and all the clubs are -in Y's hand. Y must therefore have three trumps and -two spades. If B discards a spade to this trick, he cannot -avoid leading trumps twice up to Y. In that case Y will -make two tricks in trumps, saving the game, as will be -apparent by so playing the cards. The result is otherwise -if B trumps his partner's best heart. He can then lead -out ace and king of spades, to which Y must follow suit; -and by continuing with the five of clubs (the nine, eight, -and three are in against him), B secures the tenace, and -wins the game.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricks</span> 9 to 13.—B (Tricks 9 and 10) leads spades, and -(Trick 11) the six of clubs. B makes the last two tricks, -and</p> - -<p class="center">AB score three by cards and two by honours. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(B's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9, 5, 4, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Qn, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Knv, 10, 8, 7</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ace, Kg, Qn, 10, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Knv, 9, 8, 5, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>7, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>9, 8, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10, 6</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, 9</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Qn, Knv, 8, 7, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 4, Z leads his lowest diamond, though holding -five, because strength in trumps is declared against. (<em>See</em> -Appendix A).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>HAND XXXIX.</h3> - -<p class="center">Grand Coup (<em>see</em> pp. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-155).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A's Hand.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0277_a.jpg" width="700" height="319" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<ul><li>6♠, 4♠, 3♠</li> -<li class="red">A♥, 8♥</li> -<li>Knv♣, 10♣, 7♣, 6♣, 2♣</li> -<li class="red">6♦, 4♦, 2♦</li> -</ul> - -<p>Score: Four-all.</p> - -<p>Knave of diamonds turned up.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h4>THE PLAY.</h4> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 1.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0277_b.jpg" width="700" height="642" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 1</span><br /> -<br /> -1. Y B Z A↷<br /> -3♣ Kg♣ A♣ 6♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 2.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0277_c.jpg" width="700" height="630" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 2</span><br /> -<br /> -2. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -2♠ 7♠ A♠ 3♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 3.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0278_a.jpg" width="700" height="637" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 0<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -3. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -Kg♠ 5♠ 10♠ 4♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—B has called.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 4.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0278_b.jpg" width="700" height="620" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 1<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -4. Y↷ B Z A<br /> -<span class="red">Qn♥</span> <span class="red">9♥</span> <span class="red">2♥</span> <span class="red">A♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 5.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0278_c.jpg" width="700" height="637" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 3</span><br /> -<br /> -5. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">5♦</span> <span class="red">Qn♦</span> <span class="red">Knv♦</span> <span class="red">6♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—B has three of -trumps.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 6.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0278_d.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 4</span><br /> -<br /> -6. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -4♣ 9♣ Qn♣ 2♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 7.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0278_e.jpg" width="700" height="639" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 5</span><br /> -<br /> -7. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -9♠ 8♠ Qn♠ 6♠<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 8.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0278_f.jpg" width="700" height="627" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 2<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -8. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">10♥</span> <span class="red">4♥</span> <span class="red">Kg♥</span> <span class="red">8♥</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 9.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0279_a.jpg" width="700" height="628" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 3<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -9. Y B Z↷ A<br /> -<span class="red">Knv♥</span> <span class="red">3♦</span> <span class="red">3♥</span> <span class="red">4♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Remark.</span>—A plays a masterly <em>coup</em> in trumping with -the four. He argues that B, having a weak hand, would -not call for trumps with less than five trumps, two -honours. If so, B has a trump too many, and Y must -make a trick in trumps, unless B can play the <em>Grand -Coup</em> with the three of trumps (<em>see</em> Remark, Trick 5).</p> - -<p>B undertrumps his partner, the <em>Grand coup</em>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 10.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0279_b.jpg" width="700" height="640" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 4<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -10. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">7♦</span> <span class="red">8♦</span> <span class="red">5♥</span> <span class="red">2♦</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 11.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0279_c.jpg" width="700" height="636" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 5<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -11. Y B↷ Z A<br /> -8♣ 5♣ <span class="red">6♥</span> 10♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption bt"><p><span class="smcap">Trick 12.</span></p></div> -<img src="images/image0279_d.jpg" width="700" height="643" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p> -<span class="smcap">Tricks</span> <span class="overunder">AB, 6<br />YZ, 6</span><br /> -<br /> -12. Y B Z A↷<br /> -<span class="red">9♦</span> <span class="red">10♦</span> Knv♠ Knv♣<br /> -</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center">and AB win the odd trick. -</p> - - -<h4>THE HANDS.</h4> - -<p class="center">(A's hand is given above.) -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="THE HANDS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Y's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">B's Hand.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc br"><span class="smcap">Z's Hand.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 9, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>8, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - <td>Ace, Qn, Knv, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br">♠</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Qn, Knv, 10</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>9, 4</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - <td>Kg, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♥</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8, 4, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Kg, 9, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - <td>Ace, Qn</td> - <td class="tdc br">♣</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kg, 9, 7, 5</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Ace, Qn, 10, 8, 3</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - <td>Knv</td> - <td class="tdc br"><span class="red">♦</span></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>At Trick 5 B can place all the remaining trumps; hence -he undertrumps his partner at Trick 10. Though his play -is very good, A's <em>coup</em> in trumping with the four, so as to -render B's <em>coup</em> possible, is entitled to the palm. Hence, -A's hand heads the example.</p> - -<p>At Trick 9, Z ought to lead knave of spades, on which Y -should discard eight of clubs, when YZ win the game.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/imageendclargec.jpg" width="700" height="274" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>APPENDIX A.<br /> - -AMERICAN LEADS.</h2> - - -<p>Since the appearance of the previous Edition of this -work, American Leads have been the subject of much -discussion.</p> - -<p>American Leads propose a systematic course of -play when opening and continuing the lead from the -strong suit, as follows:—</p> - - -<h3>LOW CARD LED.</h3> - -<p><em>When you open a strong suit with a</em> <span class="smcap">LOW CARD</span> <em>lead -your</em> <span class="smcap">FOURTH-BEST</span>.</p> - -<p>When a four-card suit is opened with a low card, -the <em>lowest</em> is the card selected. Instead of calling -this the lowest, call it the <em>fourth-best</em>.</p> - -<p>When a five-card suit is opened with a low card, -the <em>penultimate</em> card is selected. Instead of calling -this the penultimate, call it the <em>fourth-best</em>.</p> - -<p>When a six-card suit is opened with a low card, -lead the <em>ante-penultimate</em>. Instead of calling this the -<em>ante-penultimate</em>, call it the <em>fourth-best</em>.</p> - -<p>And so on for suits of more than six cards. Every -suit of four or more cards, opened with a low card, is -to be treated, on the first lead, as though there were -no cards below the fourth-best in the leader's hand.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p> - -<p>Example:—</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="LOW CARD LED"> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc bl br">Lead</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">From Qn, 10, 8,</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">7,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">" Qn, 10, 8,</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">7,</td> - <td> 6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">" Qn, 10, 8,</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">7,</td> - <td> 6, 4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">" Qn, 10, 8,</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">7,</td> - <td> &c., &c., &c.</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>By following this method, you show your partner, as -regards a strong suit which you open with a low card, -that you <em>invariably</em> hold <em>exactly three</em> cards higher -than the one first led; and not infrequently what -those cards are.</p> - - -<h3>HIGH CARD LED FOLLOWED BY LOW CARD.</h3> - -<p><em>When you open a strong suit with a</em> <span class="smcap">HIGH CARD</span>, -<em>and next lead a</em> <span class="smcap">LOW CARD</span>, <em>lead your</em> <span class="smcap">ORIGINAL -FOURTH-BEST</span>.</p> - -<p>When ace is led from ace and four or more small -cards, after leading the ace, lead the original fourth-best, -<em>i.e.</em>, the card you would have led if opening -with a small card. Thus, in trumps, with ace, knave, -nine, eight, seven, an advanced player would begin -the eight. In plain suits, the ace would be first led. -The second lead of an American Leader would be the -eight, the original fourth-best, and not the seven.</p> - -<p>By following this method, you inform your partner -that you <em>invariably</em> remain with <em>exactly two</em> cards -higher than the second card led, as shown by the -following tabulated example:—</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="HIGH CARD LED FOLLOWED BY LOW CARD"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr br"> Lead</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc bl br">Then</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr br">From Ace,</td> - <td> Knv, 9,</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">8,</td> - <td> 7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr br">" Ace,</td> - <td> Knv, 9,</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">8,</td> - <td> 7, 5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr br">" Ace,</td> - <td> Knv, 9,</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">8,</td> - <td> 7, 5, 3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr br">" Ace,</td> - <td> Knv, 9,</td> - <td class="tdc bl br">8,</td> - <td> &c., &c., &c.</td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></p> - -<p>By leading in this way you not infrequently tell -your partner what your remaining high cards are. -Thus, with the above combination, if king, queen -come out on the second round, and your partner holds -the ten, he knows to a certainty that you command -the suit, a fact about which he would have been in -doubt had you continued with the lowest.</p> - -<p>The same rule, when a high card is followed by a -low card, applies to king led from king, queen, and -small ones, when the king wins the trick; and to ten, -led from king, knave, ten and one or more small ones, -when the ten wins the trick. These are all the possible -cases. With king, knave, ten, nine, if the nine wins -the first trick, the leader goes on with a high card.</p> - - -<h3>HIGH CARD LED FOLLOWED BY HIGH CARD.</h3> - -<p><em>When you remain with</em> <span class="smcap">TWO HIGH INDIFFERENT -CARDS</span>, <em>lead the</em> <span class="smcap">HIGHER</span> <em>if you opened a</em> <span class="smcap">SUIT OF -FOUR</span>; <span class="smcap">THE LOWER</span> <em>if you opened a</em> <span class="smcap">SUIT OF FIVE</span> <em>or -more</em>. (<em>See</em> Analysis of Leads in Detail, p. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>).</p> - -<p>The typical example is the combination of ace, -queen, knave, and one or more small cards. With -four in suit, ace, then queen is led. But with more -than four in suit, the knave is led after the ace, -because then, if your partner remains with king and -one small card, you are strong enough to invite him to -win your trick in order to unblock your long suit.</p> - -<p>In the same way, if queen is led from queen, -knave, ten and small, you proceed with the knave, -holding only ten and one small. But, with knave,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> -ten and more than one small, you continue with the -ten, the lower of two indifferent high cards, to induce -your partner to win it, and so to unblock your suit, -should he remain with ace and one small one, or with -king and one small one.</p> - -<p>Consequently, if your partner is an American -Leader, and on the second round of your suit, you lead -the higher of two high indifferent cards, he will count -your strong suit to have consisted of <em>four cards</em> -exactly. On the other hand, when on the second -round, you lead the lower of two high indifferent -cards, he will count <em>at least three</em> of your strong suit -still in your hand. As it is advantageous to your -partner to be able to count your hand in this way, -whether he has blocking cards or not, you should -always pursue the same system. Thus: you lead ten, -from king, knave, ten, &c. The ten forces the queen. -You obtain the lead again. Your king, knave are now -high indifferent cards. If you lead the king, your -partner knows you remain with knave and at most one -small card of the suit. If you lead the knave, your -partner knows you remain with king and at least two -small ones.</p> - -<p>Or, you lead knave, from king, queen, knave, and two -or more small ones. On leading the suit again, if you -continue with king, your partner counts queen, and -exactly two small ones in your hand. If you continue -with queen, your partner counts king and more than -two small ones in your hand (<em>see</em> p. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>).</p> - -<p>Before deciding which of two or more high cards to -lead, be sure whether they are <em>indifferent</em> cards. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> -information you can obtain by consulting the Analysis -of Leads (p. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>). When, in the Analysis, the second -lead is given without any qualification, the high cards -are not indifferent.</p> - -<p>Three objections are urged against American Leads -by players who oppose their adoption. The first is,</p> - - -<h3><em>That they complicate the game.</em></h3> - -<p>Even were this stricture true, it is no objection to -an intellectual game that it exercises the minds of the -players. But it has hardly any foundation in fact. -All an American Leader asks his partner to observe -is:—</p> - -<p>That, when he originally leads a low card he holds -three of the suit higher than the card led.</p> - -<p>That, when he originally leads a high card and next -a low one, he still holds two cards higher than the -second card led. And,</p> - -<p>That, when he originally leads a high card, and -follows it with a high card, he indicates, in many -cases, to any one who knows the Analysis of Leads (as -every whist player ought), whether his strong suit -consisted of four or of more than four cards.</p> - -<p>The second objection is,</p> - - -<h3><em>That they seldom affect the result.</em></h3> - -<p>The answer is that American Leads add little which -is new to the game. They only consolidate the -received practice, and extend a law of uniformity to -cases not previously provided for.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p> - -<p>The third objection is,</p> - - -<h3><em>That the information afforded may be of more use to the -opponents than to the leader's partner.</em></h3> - -<p>No doubt it may. But, under other whist conditions, -experience tells us that it is advantageous, in the long -run, to convey information of strength, notwithstanding -its publication to the whole table. It is in the highest -degree improbable that a player will be at a disadvantage -by imparting too much information.</p> - -<p>It should be borne in mind that American Leads, -in their integrity, assume not merely <em>an</em> original lead, -but <em>the</em> original lead of the hand,—the very first lead -of all. When a player obtains the lead, for the first -time, after one or more tricks have been played, he -may open his strong suit in the same way as though -he were <em>the</em> original leader. On the other hand, he -may deem it advisable to open a weak suit; or to -lead through a strong one, or up to a weak one; or, if -great strength in trumps has been declared against him, -may wish to conceal the fact that his best suit is only -a very long one of small cards (<em>see</em> Hand IX, Tricks 6 -and 7); or, if late in the hand, he may conclude that -the time for precise exhibition of strength is past and -gone (<em>see</em> Hand XIII, Tricks 8 and 9, and Hand -XXIV, Tricks 5 and 6). These, however, are matters -of judgment, for which no hard and fast rule can be -laid down.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>[For demonstrations of the working of American Leads, -and for Illustrative Hands, <em>see</em> "Whist Developments," -by "Cavendish." London: <span class="smcap">Thos. De La Rue</span> and Co.]</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>APPENDIX B.<br /> - -THE PLAIN-SUIT ECHO.</h2> - - -<p>All whist players are aware that it is advisable to -get rid of the command of their partner's long suit. -But no general rules have been laid down to further -this end. It has been left, for the most part, to the -ingenuity of the individual to decide for himself, on -the spur of the moment, how and when unblocking -should be attempted.</p> - -<p>Assuming an original lead of a high card from a -plain suit of four or more cards, the third hand may -think fit to win his partner's trick in order to free the -suit. With regard to knave led, the play of the third -hand, holding ace, &c., is well known. And there -are other cases, such as the play of the third hand, -holding ace, knave only, when king is led originally; -but these are too elementary for discussion here.</p> - -<p>If the third hand does not endeavour to win the -first trick in his partner's suit, he is instructed to -play his lowest card. This is, no doubt, sound, -except where the third hand holds four cards exactly -of his partner's suit, and he may block it should the -lead have been from more than four cards. Then he -should sometimes retain in his hand the lowest of his -four cards, and play the next higher one. It is the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> -object of the Plain-Suit Echo to determine the cases, -in which this play is advisable.</p> - -<p>The typical example is that of ace led originally by -a strong suit player. The second hand follows suit. -The third hand holds king, queen, knave, deuce of -the suit. The lead was from at least five cards. If -the third hand is not to block his partner's suit, he -must play the knave to the ace. If the fourth hand -follows suit, it is impossible to lose by playing as -above proposed; and, even if the fourth hand -renounces, it is only possible to lose when the lead -was from five cards exactly, and the four cards -accompanying the ace are all very small ones.</p> - -<p>Again:—The original leader (a strong suit player), -leads queen of a plain suit.</p> - -<p>The third hand holds nine, eight, seven and a very -small one. He may block the suit by playing the -very small one; if the lead was from queen, knave, -ten, he cannot possibly lose by playing the seven to -the queen; and, if the lead was from more than four -cards he may gain.</p> - -<p>It would occupy too much space to detail all the -cases in which it is advisable to follow the plan set -forth in the examples, and to enter into all the possible -consequences that may ensue.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>[For a full examination of the working of the Plain-Suit -Echo, and for Illustrative Hands, the advanced player -is referred to "Whist Developments," by "Cavendish." -London: <span class="smcap">Thos. De La Rue</span> and Co.]</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>APPENDIX C.<br /> - -ON THE ORIGINAL LEAD OF KING.</h2> - - -<p>The Analysis of Leads, undertaken in order to ascertain -the cases in which the third hand should unblock his -partner's suit, showed that king led originally conveys -less information to partner than the lead of any other -high card. It is the only case in which the lead of a -high card is made without at least five in suit, or -without the accompaniment of at least two other high -cards.</p> - -<p>Hence the student was told<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> that when a king is led -originally, he must not attempt to unblock the suit on -the first round; and this recommendation is quite -sound.</p> - -<p>It seemed strange that when ace, queen, knave, -or ten is led originally, the third hand, with four -exactly in suit, should retain his lowest card for -two rounds; but that, when king is led, he should -abandon these tactics. The conclusion forced on -the Author was, that king should never be led -originally, when the leader desires to invite his -partner to unblock.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></p> -<p>The cases where the leader desires his partner to -unblock, are those in which the original lead is from -more than four cards, the third hand at the same time -holding four of the suit exactly, as explained in -Appendix B, p. <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</p> - -<p>Therefore, the argument on the previous pages -being admitted, king should never be led originally -from a suit of more than four cards; and it almost -follows that king should always be led from a suit of -four cards exactly, which contains an ace, king, or a -king, queen combination.</p> - - -<h3><em>Ace, king, queen, knave, and one or more small.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead knave, in all suits.</p> - -<p>Holding more than two small, follow knave with -queen; holding two small, follow knave with king; -holding one small, follow knave with ace.</p> - - -<h3><em>Ace, king, queen, knave, only.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead king, then knave, in all suits.</p> - -<p>Ace, queen, exactly, are marked in the leader's hand.</p> - - -<h3><em>Ace, king, queen, and more than one small.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead queen, in all suits.</p> - -<p>Holding more than two small, follow queen with -king; holding two small, follow queen with ace.</p> - - -<h3><em>Ace, king, queen, and one small.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead king, then queen, in all suits.</p> - -<p>Ace and at most one small, are marked.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><em>Ace, king, and more than two small.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead ace, then king, in plain suits.</p> - -<p>In trumps the same, holding seven trumps; with -less than seven trumps, lead fourth best.</p> - - -<h3><em>Ace, king, and two small.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead king in plain suits; the smallest in trumps.</p> - - -<h3><em>King, queen, knave, ten, and small (including the nine).</em></h3> - -<p>Lead ten in all suits.</p> - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>a</em>). If ten wins the trick:—</p> - -<p>Holding more than two small, follow ten with -knave; holding two small, follow ten with queen; -holding one small, follow ten with king.</p> - -<p class="hangindent">(<em>b</em>). If ten forces ace:—</p> - -<p>Holding more than one small, follow ten with -knave; holding one small, follow ten with queen.</p> - -<p>In case <em>b</em>, ten cannot be followed with king, as -then partner would be doubtful as to the position of -the queen.</p> - - -<h3><em>King, queen, knave, ten, only.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead king, then ten, in all suits.</p> - -<p>Queen, knave, exactly, are marked in the leader's -hand.</p> - -<p>Here the leader runs the risk, in plain suits, of -being blocked if his partner holds ace, and one small -one, originally. There is a conflict of advantages and -disadvantages; in favour, the Author believes, of the -lead of king, if the suit contains only four cards -(<em>compare</em> p. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, bearing in mind that, when that was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> -written, the lead of any card rather than a king, from -suits of more than four cards, had not been the -subject of consideration).</p> - - -<h3><em>King, queen, knave, more than one small.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead knave, in all suits.</p> - -<p>Holding more than two small, follow knave with -queen; holding two small, follow knave with king.</p> - - -<h3><em>King, queen, knave, one small.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead king, then knave, in all suits.</p> - -<p>If king forces ace, or if partner holds ace, the leader, -on the appearance of the knave, is marked with queen -and one small. If ace is not forced, the presumption -is that the leader remains with ace, queen, exactly -(<em>see</em> lead from ace, king, queen, knave).</p> - - -<h3><em>King, queen, ten, and more than one small, in trumps.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead queen.</p> - -<p>If queen wins the trick, follow with fourth best -<em>remaining in hand</em>. King is marked; so, exclude the -king, and on second lead continue with the fourth -best of the small cards.</p> - -<p>Sooner or later, the leader will be marked with at -least five trumps originally, including king, ten; or, -if he has not the ten, with at least seven trumps -originally.</p> - -<p>If queen forces ace, on the appearance of the king, -the leader is marked with at least five trumps originally -(one being the ten); or, if he has not the ten, with at -least seven trumps originally.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><em>King, queen, ten, and one small, in trumps.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead king.</p> - -<p>Sooner or later, the leader will be marked with -exactly four trumps originally, including queen, ten.</p> - - -<h3><em>King, queen, and more than two small.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead queen.</p> - -<p>If queen wins the trick, follow with fourth best -remaining in hand (<em>compare</em>, lead from king, queen, -ten, and more than one small, in trumps).</p> - -<p>If queen forces ace, on the appearance of the king, -the leader is marked with more than four originally.</p> - -<p>In trumps, the same, holding seven trumps; with -less than seven trumps, lead fourth best.</p> - - -<h3><em>King, queen, two small.</em></h3> - -<p>Lead king, in plain suits.</p> - -<p>On the appearance of the ace, the leader is marked -with queen and at most two small.</p> - -<p>In trumps, lead lowest.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Granted that the third player will not trump an -honour led originally (and he will seldom lose by -passing, even if weak in trumps), the foregoing leads -are clearly advantageous, as they enable the third -player to employ the unblocking system, and assist -him in counting his partner's hand.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The mode of leading, here set forth, has been tried -by a number of good players, and has been generally -approved. It is, therefore, strongly recommended to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> -the consideration of advanced players, assuming -always that the leader's partner is himself an advanced -player. Notwithstanding the strong opinion -in its favour entertained by the Author, it is still -retained in an Appendix, that it may be tested by -further trial before being positively asserted as a -substantive part of the game.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> "Whist Developments" by "Cavendish." London: -<span class="smcap">Thos. De La Rue</span> and Co.</p></div></div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 276px;"> -<img src="images/imageendcsmallc.jpg" width="276" height="155" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">THOS. DE LA RUE AND CO., PRINTERS, BUNHILL ROW, LONDON. -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph3">MAY BE HAD OF ALL STATIONERS.</p> - -<p class="ph1">THE -"ISOBATH" CONSTANT-LEVEL INKSTAND</p> - -<p class="center">(PATENTED)</p> - -<p class="ph3">CONSTRUCTED ON A NEW PRINCIPLE</p> - -<p class="ph2">OFFERING UNIQUE ADVANTAGES. -</p> - -<div class="caption"><div class="figleft" style="width: 672px;"> -<img src="images/image0295_a.jpg" width="672" height="680" alt="" /> -</div> -<div class="figright" style="width: 476px;"> -<img src="images/image0295_b.jpg" width="476" height="680" alt="" /> -</div> -<p class="ph4">Adapted for -all Countries and -all Climates.</p> - -<p class="ph4">Made in a variety -of useful and -ornamental forms.</p> - -<p class="left">The Float is so weighted and poised as always to keep the Ink on the same -level, whatever quantity may be contained in the Reservoir. The Mechanism cannot -get out of order, as all the materials used are entirely unaffected by Ink.</p></div> - -<p>I.—It provides a small <span class="smcap">Dipping Well</span> in which the Ink is always -maintained at the <span class="smcap">same Uniform Depth</span>. Every dip of Ink taken up -by the pen is at once automatically replaced from the Reservoir within, -until the supply of Ink has been exhausted.</p> - -<p>II.—It contains a <span class="smcap">Large Reservoir of Ink</span> (about ⅕-pint), which, -from its being completely enclosed, is protected from all access of dust -or insects, as well as from evaporation, and is thus kept in perfect condition -for an indefinite period.</p> - -<p>III.—It secures a great economy of Ink; much saving of time and -trouble, as regards cleaning and replenishing; and the same convenient -"dip of Ink" is always obtainable without thought or trouble; whilst -inky fingers and an ill-supplied pen are alike avoided.</p> - -<p>IV.—The <span class="smcap">Ink is Always Ready</span>; <span class="smcap">Always of the Right Depth</span> -for dipping; <span class="smcap">Always Fresh</span>, and <span class="smcap">Clear</span> for use.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p class="ph3">PRICES, from FIVE SHILLINGS to TWO GUINEAS.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>Wholesale only of the Sole Manufacturers</em>,</p> - -<p class="ph2">THOS. DE LA RUE & Co., Bunhill Row, LONDON. -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph4">NOW READY.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph3">A NEW WORK ON WHIST.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>8vo., Cloth. Price 1s. 6d.</em></p> - -<p class="ph1">WHIST-PERCEPTION</p> - -<p class="center">ILLUSTRATED BY MEANS OF</p> - -<p class="ph2">END-HANDS</p> - -<p class="ph3">FROM ACTUAL PLAY.</p> - -<p class="center">BY</p> - -<p class="ph2">"B.W.D." & "CAVENDISH."</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">IMPORTANT WORK ON PATIENCE.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>Demy, Oblong 4to., Cloth, Gilt. Price 16s.</em></p> - -<p class="ph1">PATIENCE GAMES.</p> -<p class="center">BY</p> -<p class="ph2">"CAVENDISH"</p> - -<p class="center">(<em>AUTHOR OF "THE LAWS & PRINCIPLES OF WHIST," &c., &c.</em>)</p> - -<p class="ph3">WITH EXAMPLES PLAYED THROUGH.</p> - -<p class="ph4">ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS DIAGRAMS,<br /> - -PRINTED IN COLOURS. -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph4">PUBLISHED BY THOS. DE LA RUE & CO. LONDON,<br /> -AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.</p> - -<p class="ph2">WORKS BY "CAVENDISH."</p> - -<p class="ph4">THE STANDARD WORK ON WHIST.</p> - -<p class="center"><em>18th Edition. 8vo. Cloth, Gilt Extra. Price 5s. Greatly enlarged and -revised throughout. Handsomely printed in Red and Black.</em></p> - -<p class="ph3">THE LAWS & PRINCIPLES OF WHIST.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>3rd Edition. 8vo. Cloth, Gilt Extra. Price 5s. Handsomely printed -in Red and Black.</em></p> - -<p class="ph3">WHIST DEVELOPMENTS:<br /> -AMERICAN LEADS AND THE PLAIN-SUIT ECHO.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>6th Edition. 8vo. Cloth, Gilt Extra. Price 3s. 6d.</em></p> - -<p class="ph3">THE LAWS OF PIQUET,</p> - -<p class="ph4">ADOPTED BY THE "PORTLAND" AND "TURF" CLUBS.</p> - -<p class="ph4">EDITED BY "CAVENDISH:"<br /> -WITH A TREATISE ON THE GAME, BY "CAVENDISH."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>3rd Edition. 8vo. Cloth, Gilt Extra. Revised throughout. Price 2s. 6d.</em></p> - -<p class="ph3">THE LAWS OF ÉCARTÉ,</p> - -<p class="ph4">ADOPTED BY THE "TURF" AND "PORTLAND" CLUBS.<br /> -WITH A TREATISE ON THE GAME, BY "CAVENDISH."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>2nd Edition 8vo. Cloth, Gilt Extra. Price 1s. 6d.</em></p> - -<p class="ph3">ROUND GAMES AT CARDS.</p> - -<p class="ph4">BY "CAVENDISH."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>8vo. Cloth, Gilt Extra. Price 1s. 6d.</em></p> - -<p class="ph3">THE LAWS OF RUBICON BÉZIQUE.</p> - -<p class="ph4">ADOPTED BY THE "PORTLAND" CLUB.</p> - -<p class="ph4">EDITED BY "CAVENDISH."<br /> -WITH A TREATISE ON THE GAME, BY "CAVENDISH."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>8th Edition. 8vo. Cloth, Gilt Extra. Price 1s.</em></p> - -<p class="ph3">THE GAME OF LAWN TENNIS</p> -<p class="ph4">(WITH THE AUTHORIZED LAWS). -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph3">PUBLISHED BY THOS. DE LA RUE & CO. LONDON,<br /> -AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph1">THE POCKET SERIES.<br /> -<span class="smcap">By "Cavendish."</span> Price 6<em>d.</em> each.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph2">WHIST (3)—GUIDE; LAWS; LEADS. IMPERIAL. -BÉZIQUE (with New Laws). POLISH BÉZIQUE. -ÉCARTÉ. EUCHRE. SPOIL-FIVE. CRIBBAGE. -CALABRASELLA. SIXTY-SIX. -DOMINOES. CHESS. DRAUGHTS. BACKGAMMON.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph3">THE STANDARD WORK ON BILLIARDS.<br /> -<em>5th Edition. Carefully revised. Crown 8vo. Cloth. Price 10s. 6d.</em></p> - -<p class="ph2">BILLIARDS.<br /> -By J. BENNETT, <span class="smcap">Ex-Champion</span>. Edited by "<span class="smcap">Cavendish</span>."<br /> -With upwards of 200 Illustrations.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph3">CLAY ON WHIST.</p> - -<p class="center"><em>Improved Edition. Cap. 8vo. Cloth, Gilt Extra. Price 3s. 6d.</em></p> - -<p class="ph2">LAWS OF SHORT WHIST,</p> -<p class="ph3">By J. L. BALDWIN;</p> - -<p class="ph2">AND A TREATISE ON THE GAME,</p> -<p class="ph3">By JAMES CLAY.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>5th Edition. Enlarged and Improved. Cap. 8vo. Cloth, Gilt Ex. Price 3s. 6d.</em></p> - -<p class="ph2">THE PHILOSOPHY OF WHIST.</p> - -<p class="ph3"><span class="smcap">By Dr. POLE,</span> F.R.S.</p> - -<p class="center">An Essay on the Scientific and Intellectual Aspects of the Modern Game.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><em>By the same Author. Handsomely Printed on a Card. Price 3d.</em></p> - -<p class="ph2">PHILOSOPHICAL WHIST RHYMES. -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph3">MANUFACTURED BY THOS. DE LA RUE & CO.<br /> -AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph2">PATENT PLAYING CARDS.</p> - -<p class="center">MOGULS (<span class="smcap">or Best Quality</span>), HARRYS (<span class="smcap">or Second Quality</span>), and -the cheaper kinds of HARRYS and HIGHLANDERS, with Round or -Square Corners, in great variety.</p> - -<p class="center"><em>The round-cornered cards are cut by improved machinery to an absolute -uniformity in size and shape.</em></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph2">"DEXTER" PLAYING CARDS,</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">With Patent Index-Pips, Rounded Corners, and Enamelled -Faces. Extra Thin.</span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph2">"PIGMY" PLAYING CARDS.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Best Quality, highly Enamelled Backs, in Assorted Tints.</span></p> - -<p class="center">Enclosed in neat Sliding Boxes, each containing Two Packs.</p> - -<p class="center"><em>Adapted for the Game of</em> "<span class="smcap">Patience</span>." <em>Price 1s. per Box.</em></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph2">"PATIENCE" PLAYING CARDS.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Best Quality.</span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Highly Enamelled Backs, in Assorted Tints, and Index-Pips.</span></p> - -<p class="center">Enclosed in neat Boxes, each containing Two Packs.</p> - -<p class="center">IN A GREAT VARIETY OF STYLES. PRICES FROM 2/6.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph2">"MIDGET" TOY PLAYING CARDS.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Tinted Backs, Assorted.</span> Each Pack enclosed in a neat Tuck Case.</p> - -<p class="center">PRICE 2<em>d.</em> PER PACK.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph2">BÉZIQUE PLAYING CARDS,</p> - -<p class="ph4">IN BOXES, FOR TWO, THREE, OR FOUR PLAYERS.</p> - -<p class="center">With Markers, and "<span class="smcap">Guide</span>" by "<span class="smcap">Cavendish</span>."</p> - -<p class="center">IN A GREAT VARIETY OF STYLES. PRICES FROM 2/6 TO 63/- -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph3">PUBLISHED BY THOS. DE LA RUE & CO. LONDON,<br /> -AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS.</p> - -<p class="ph1">DE LA RUE'S<br /> -INDELIBLE DIARIES<br /> -AND<br /> -RED-LETTER CALENDARS. -</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph2">POCKET DIARIES. -</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">De La Rue's Improved Indelible Diaries and Memorandum -Books</span>, in three sizes, fitted in Velvet, Russia, Calf, Turkey Morocco, -Persian, or French Morocco cases; plain or richly gilt, with gilt clasps or -elastic bands, in a great variety of styles. All these Diaries are fitted -with electro-gilt indelible pencils. Also supplied in enamelled paper covers.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="tdc" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="POCKET DIARIES"> - <tr> - <td>A </td> - <td>size</td> - <td>3⅛ by 1⅛ </td> - <td>inches.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>B</td> - <td>"</td> - <td>3¾ by 2½ </td> - <td>"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>C</td> - <td>"</td> - <td>4½ by 2¾ </td> - <td>"</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p class="ph2">CONDENSED DIARIES & ENGAGEMENT BOOKS,</p> - -<p>In three sizes (A, B, & C, as above), and in a great variety of Plain and -Ornamental leather cases; they are also published in enamelled paper -covers, suitable for the Card Case or Purse.</p> - -<p class="ph2">COMPANION MEMORANDUM BOOKS.</p> - -<p>For use with the Condensed Diaries; A, B, & C sizes, as above.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>N.B.—All Condensed Diary and Calendar Cases (except the Tuck) are fitted with -an extra elastic band for the reception of these books.</p></div> - -<p class="ph2">HALF-CROWN DIARY.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">De La Rue's Improved Diary and Memorandum Book</span>; for Library -or Counting-house use. E size, 7⅝ by 4¾ inches.</p> - -<p class="ph2">POCKET CALENDARS.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">De La Rue's Red-Letter Calendars and Almanacs</span>, in two sizes -(A & B, as above), in enamelled paper covers, suitable for the Card -Case or Pocket Book. Also interleaved; and in Russia, Persian, and -French Morocco cases.</p> - -<p class="ph2">"FINGER-SHAPED" CONDENSED DIARIES.</p> - -<p>In elegant sliding cases, extra gilt. Adapted for the Pocket or Reticule.</p> - -<div id="transnote"> - - -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</h2> - - -<p>Used a CLOCKWISE TOP SEMICIRCLE ARROW, ↷, to indicate the lead in the hand illustration comments.</p> - -<p>Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors.</p> - -<p>Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.</p> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cavendish on Whist, by Henry Jones - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAVENDISH ON WHIST *** - -***** This file should be named 51039-h.htm or 51039-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/0/3/51039/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, Colin Bell and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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