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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08d8b69 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #51022 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51022) diff --git a/old/51022-0.txt b/old/51022-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ddd4203..0000000 --- a/old/51022-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8519 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Brittany, by Sabine Baring-Gould - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Brittany - -Author: Sabine Baring-Gould - -Illustrator: J. Wylie - -Release Date: January 24, 2016 [EBook #51022] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BRITTANY *** - - - - -Produced by David Edwards, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - BRITTANY - - - - - THE LITTLE GUIDES - - - CAMBRIDGE AND ITS COLLEGES - OXFORD AND ITS COLLEGES - ST PAUL'S CATHEDRAL - THE TEMPLE - WESTMINSTER ABBEY - - THE ENGLISH LAKES - THE MALVERN COUNTRY - SHAKESPEARE'S COUNTRY - SNOWDONIA - - BEDFORDSHIRE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE - BERKSHIRE - BUCKINGHAMSHIRE - CAMBRIDGESHIRE - THE CHANNEL ISLANDS - CHESHIRE - CORNWALL - CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND - DERBYSHIRE - DEVON - DORSET - DURHAM - ESSEX - GLOUCESTERSHIRE - HAMPSHIRE - HEREFORDSHIRE - HERTFORDSHIRE - THE ISLE OF WIGHT - KENT - LANCASHIRE - LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLAND - LINCOLNSHIRE - LONDON - MIDDLESEX - MONMOUTHSHIRE - NORFOLK - NORTHAMPTONSHIRE - NORTHUMBERLAND - NOTTINGHAMSHIRE - OXFORDSHIRE - SHROPSHIRE - SOMERSET - STAFFORDSHIRE - SUFFOLK - SURREY - SUSSEX - THE EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE - THE NORTH RIDING OF YORKSHIRE - THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE - WARWICKSHIRE - WILTSHIRE - - NORTH WALES - SOUTH WALES - KERRY - BRITTANY - NORMANDY - ROME - SICILY - -[Illustration: CALVARY, PLOUGASTEL] - - - - - BRITTANY - - - _By_ - - S · BARING · GOULD - - - _With Illustrations by_ - - J · WYLIE - - - AND FROM PHOTOGRAPHS - - AND THREE MAPS - - - I rather would entreat thy company, - To see the wonders of the world abroad, - Than living dully sluggardiz'd at home, - Wear out thy youth with shapeless idleness. - - _Two Gentlemen of Verona_ - Act I. Sc. i. - - - LONDON - METHUEN & CO. LTD. - _36 Essex St. Strand_ - - - _Third Edition_ - - - - - _First Published_ _July 1902_ - _Second Edition_ _April 1914_ - _Third Edition_ _1921_ - - - - -PREFACE - - -Brittany can hardly claim the attention of the tourist as a -superlatively beautiful country. The way in which trees are clipped -and tortured out of shape disfigures the sylvan landscape; and of -mountain scenery there is none. The ranges of the Montaignes Noires -and the Monts d'Arrez are insignificant. Yet the valleys are pretty, -but never grand. The charm of Brittany is to be found in the people -and in the churches. The former with their peculiar costumes, and -their customs are full of interest, and the latter are of remarkable -beauty and quaintness. The ordinary tourist will hardly see much of the -costume unless he attends a _pardon_, the Patron of the Irish peasant; -the patronal feast at some chapel frequented only on the day of the -pardon. But the student of men and manners will find much to interest -him at such a gathering. The churches are of extraordinary beauty, -they are for the most part of granite, but of a fine-grained granite -that lends itself to elaborate carving. And the kersanten stone is -employed, a dark volcanic product that is undercut and preserves its -sharpness through centuries, and is employed for carving of lace-like -delicacy. The coast scenery is fine, but not of the finest description, -and varies very greatly from the granite cliffs of Finistère to -the sandy _dunes_ of the Morbihan. The towns are not comparable to -those of Normandy for the number and richness of their mediæval -domestic buildings, but are set in far more charming surroundings. -The cathedrals are, for the most part small, Quimper and S. Pol de -Léon and Tréguier have the finest, but these are of a French type, -whereas the village churches possess a stamp peculiar to Brittany, -where spared. Unhappily a passion has possessed the people of late to -pull down their ancient churches and build new Houses of God in very -questionable taste. In the diocese of Vannes the modern architecture is -execrable, but the architects of Quimper are of a vastly higher type. -They follow the old lines, and imitate what is good, whereas in the -Côtes du Nord and in Morbihan, the modern work is insufferably vulgar -and bad. The whole country teems with prehistoric antiquities, but -these will only interest those who have made such monuments a special -study; nevertheless Carnac and Locmariaquer and Gavr' Inis cannot fail -to impress the ordinary traveller with a sense of astonishment at the -majesty of the rude architecture of a lost and mysterious people of -whom almost nothing is known, and whose one religious idea seems to -have been, the cult of the dead. - -The people are intensely religious. Religion is their passion; and -the efforts made by the Republican government to tread it down, and -to de-Bretonise the people, have only intensified their religious and -national enthusiasm. The Breton peasant is said to have a hard head. -He is obstinate and resists outside pressure to alter his creed or -his customs. The old Royalist tendency of the Breton is a thing of -the past. He is content to be under a republic, if the republic will -only leave him alone. Fishing and shooting may be obtained on easy -terms, and both are good. The roads are excellent for the cyclist, -and the costumes and the architecture present inexhaustible subjects -for the camera. The inns are always clean, the charges are moderate, -and the fare very passable. No part of Europe is so accessible, and -contains so much of interest in varied directions as Brittany. It is -a delightful land for a brief visit, it is full of matter for study -by one who can make there a prolonged stay. The climate is mild, and -not so rainy as the West of England and Wales. The kindly people will -always treat a traveller with gracious courtesy. But Brittany, it must -be remembered, is divided into two very distinct portions, that in -which only French is spoken, and that in which the language is Breton, -closely akin to Welsh. And of Brittany, by far the most interesting -portion is Finistère, where old costumes and old customs are clung to -more tenaciously than elsewhere. - - S. B. G. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - I. GENERAL FEATURES AND GEOLOGY 1 - - II. BOTANY 6 - - III. HISTORY 11 - - IV. ANTIQUITIES 24 - - V. THE PARDONS 26 - - VI. ICONOGRAPHY 29 - - VII. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 31 - - DESCRIPTION OF PLACES IN BRITTANY, - ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY 36-238 - - INDEX OF PLACES 239 - - INDEX OF SUBJECTS 244 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS - - - CALVARY, PLOUGASTEL _Frontispiece_ - - PAGE - - GEOLOGICAL MAP OF BRITTANY 1 - - MAP OF BRITTANY SHOWING LIMITS OF BRETON - TONGUE 11 - - FOUGÈRES 16 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - THE BRIDGE, AURAY 40 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - STE. ANNE D'AURAY 42 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - THE LINES OF ERDEVEN 57 - - THE LINES OF CARNAC 68 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - N.D. DE LA FONTAINE, DAOULAS 82 - - S. SAUVEUR, DINAN 84 - - TOWER, DINARD 87 - - PLOARÉ 92 - - S. FIACRE 97 - - FOUGÈRES 100 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - LA ROCHE AUX FÉES, ESSÉ 112 - - THE COURT, JOSSELIN 113 - - CALVARY AND OSSUARY, S. THÉGONNEC 123 - - MORLAIX 146 - - CHURCH AND OSSUARY, TRÉGASTEL 150 - - PONTCROIX 173 - - N.D. DE CONFORT 174 - - IN QUIMPER 180 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - THE CATHEDRAL, QUIMPER 182 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - LOCRONAN 183 - - QUIMPERLÉ 186 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - THE CATHEDRAL, RENNES 188 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - S. BRIEUC 196 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - LE KREISKER, S. POL DE LÉON 205 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - TRÉGUIER CATHEDRAL 217 - - VANNES 226 - (_From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris._) - - MAP OF BRITTANY 238 - - [Illustration: GEOLOGICAL MAP OF BRITTANY - SHOWING THE GRANITE AND ERUPTIVE ROCKS DOTTED] - - - - -BRITTANY - - - - -I. GENERAL FEATURES AND GEOLOGY - - -Brittany, the extreme Western promontory of the North of France, -comprises the five departments of Côtes-du-Nord, Ille-et-Vilaine, -Finistère, Morbihan, and Loire-Inférieure. It is distinguished into -Upper and Lower Brittany. In the former the French language is spoken, -in the latter the Breton, and French is an acquired tongue. - -The back-bone of Upper Brittany is the chain of the Menez that runs -from East to West, and then branches, forming on the North the -Montagnes d'Arrée, and on the South, the Montagnes Noires. The system -may be likened to a hay-fork or a pair of tongs, where the prongs of -the fork form the above-named ranges. The whole rests on an elevated -plateau that slopes to the sea North and West, and on the South dies -down into the plain of the Vilaine and the Loire. - -On the North this plateau is seamed by the rivers that have cut narrow -valleys and ravines through which they make their way to the sea. Such -are the Rance, the Gouet, the rivière de Morlaix, with the result -that there is no coast-road, and the traveller passes along the main -arteries of traffic at some distance from the sea, catching a glimpse -of it only once at the Anse d'Iffinac, and has to branch off from it -to the coast so as to make acquaintance with the bold and picturesque -coast. - -The mountain range is nowhere high, and rarely reaches a thousand feet. -The highest point is the Mont Saint Michel which attains to slightly -over 1200 ft. The freshman arriving at Cambridge asked where was the -Gogmagog range, and was told that he might see it when an intervening -cart got out of the way. Owing to the ridges rising out of an elevated -plateau, they are almost as insignificant as the Gogmagogs. However, -the Menez-hom most nearly attains to the dignity of a mountain, as it -stands above the Bay of Douarnenez, reaches however only to 990 ft. - -Along the Western confines of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, the -Menez spreads out into high tableland sown with lakelets acting as -feeders to the Vilaine. - -The Monts d'Arrée, starting from the Coat-an-Noz in Côtes-du-Nord, -extend to the peninsula of Crozon, they attain their highest point at -the Mont S. Michel, and decline as they approach the sea. They rarely -rise 300 ft. above the tableland on which they are planted, and this -prevents them from having an imposing appearance. - -The Montagnes Noires flank the central plain on the South. Their -maximum height is 1050 ft. After running S.W., they bend abruptly -towards the N.W., and terminate in the Menez-hom in the Crozon -peninsula. - -In the Morbihan, the Lande de Lanvaux, running from W. to N.E., extends -50 kilometres, and rises to the height of from 240 to 320 ft. between -the basins of the Claye and the Arz which unite at Redon to feed the -Vilaine. - -The North coast of Brittany is eaten into bays from which the sea -retreats to considerable distances, and is fringed with reefs and -islands. It is a favourite resort of Parisians, throughout its stretch, -from Dinard to Plestin. - -The West of this peninsula is torn into shreds of promontories with -deep inlets between them. The promontories of S. Mathieu, Crozon, -Sizun, and Penmarch are bald, but bold. Below the point of Penmarch -the coast rapidly trends S.E. and alters in character; it loses its -bleak desolation and ragged rocky nature, and forms landlocked seas, as -those of Belz and the Morbihan; and the rocks make way for sand-dunes. -The island chain that constitutes a natural breakwater to the bay of -Quiberon is the wreckage of the barrier of another inland sea, broken -up by the Atlantic surges. South of the mouth of the Loire the island -of Noirmoutier stretches almost sufficiently far out to enclose another. - -The plateau formation of the country is not conducive to beauty, and -its lovely sites must be sought in the valleys, and its wildest scenes -on the coast. The deep cleft ravine of the Rance, the sweet valley of -the Elorn, that of the Aulne, canalised, the Blavet, the Laïta and the -Arz, will richly repay tracing upward. - -The promontories of Crozon and Sizun till of late years were bare and -untilled, and heath-grown; but the use of sardine heads as manure has -given a great impetus to agriculture, and the demand for fir balks for -the South Welsh mines has caused the planting of vast tracts with the -Austrian pine. - - * * * * * - -The geological structure of Brittany is simple. It consists of an -immense upheaval of granite through beds of Silurian and Cambrian -schist. Rare deposits of lime occur in the folds of these beds. Dykes -of quartz and diorite have traversed the schist and granite, and the -face of the country is spotted with eruptions of igneous matter. It is -as though the crust had been full of blowholes through which the molten -diorite had rushed to the surface. The presence of quartz or diorite in -the neighbourhood can always be recognised by the employment of one or -the other to metal the roads. - -The granite extends from the bay of Mont Saint Michel to the extreme -point of Finistère and reappears in the isles beyond; it is interrupted -only here and there by the sedimentary beds. The Châteaulin district, -however, and the basin between the prongs of the mountain fork, are all -of Cambrian and Silurian beds. But from the Pointe du Raz the granite -extends almost uninterruptedly to the Rhone. - -The Brittany granite is for the most part fine grained and soft, so -that it lends itself easily to be carved, and has been freely employed -in churches and secular buildings from the 11th century. But it is -readily corroded by the weather, and this has given to denuded surfaces -a smooth and rounded shape, and has taken the angles off exposed masses -that form tors, and has occasioned the fall of many into utter ruin. - -A band of syenite runs from near Lamballe to Cap Fréhel, where it forms -magnificent cliffs. Syenite again comes to the surface at Trégastel -and on the coast north of Morlaix. The Monts d'Arrée are of Cambrian -schist and furnish slates here and there of good quality. Taking a -section across the inner basin, the granite is quitted at Plounéour, -then the ridge of Cambrian schist is reached, after crossing the -culminating point of S. Michel, which is of Cambrian sandstone; when we -reach S. Herbot we are on Silurian beds. Continuing our course south, -the sandstone makes way for slaty schists, and to this succeeds the -grauwacke of Brasparts. The Montagnes Noires belong to the Silurian -system. - -The Kersanton stone, so extensively employed for figure and foliage -sculpture in Lower Brittany, is an amphibolite with mica freely -comminuted and distributed through the substance. It is very dark in -colour, and hardens with exposure. It comes from quarries to the south -of the Rade de Brest. - -An interesting deposit is the tertiary limestone of S. Juvat beside the -Rance. It is of no great extent, but is of vast commercial importance. -The bed is composed of an agglomerate of shells and bones. In places it -lies under a deposit of as much as 45 ft. of sand. It is a veritable -mine of wealth in a country so destitute of lime as is Brittany. - -A mineralogical curiosity is the staurotides found at Baud, Scaer, -and in various places about the Blavet. The peasants attach a -superstitious value to them as marked with the cross, and in some -they affect to recognise the nails. They are often sold on stalls -at a Pardon. They are formed by trapdykes that have penetrated the -schist, and fused and run together some of its constituents, which have -afterwards crystallised, sometimes as parallel prisms, at others as set -transversely forming the ordinary or the S. Andrew's Cross. - - - - -II. BOTANY - - -The botany of Brittany is little varied owing to the slight variation -in the soil and subsoil, schist and granite. It is but in rare spots -where occurs limestone that the flora is different. It may be roughly -divided into the class of plants that affect the inland districts and -the moors, and that which flourishes on the seaboard. The flora of a -slate and granitic region, whether in Scotland, Cornwall or Brittany, -is much the same. In the Guérande, where there are extensive marshes, -an interesting collection may be made of aquatic plants, both those -living in sweet water bogs and those that grow in brackish water. - -A complete flora cannot be here attempted; a brief account must -suffice, with indications as to the habitat of the rarer specimens. - -As one leaves the Loire, pre-eminently the mouth of the Vilaine, it -is easy to note the gradual disappearance of many plants that are -common south of them. A few that abound there may still occur, but as -stragglers and stunted. And this contrast becomes more striking the -further north we go. The cause of the poverty of the Breton flora is -the uniformity of the soil and the absence of calcareous rocks, and -this deprives us of an entire series of plants that abound in Normandy -although the climate there is more rigorous. A small number does exist, -but only, as already intimated, where there are pockets of limestone, -or else on the seaboard, where they can feed on the wreckage of shells -cast up by the sea, and carried inland by the gales with the sand. - -The following is a list of the plants found in calcareous soil in -Brittany:-- - - Fumaria parviflora. - Diplotaxis muralis. - " viminea. - Arabis sagitata. - Lepidium campestre. - Thlaspi perfoliatum (L. Inf.). - Helianthemum vulgare. - Althæa hirsuta (L. Inf.). - Silene inflata. - Anthylis vulneraria. - Astragallus glycyphyllis (Ren.). - Potentilla verna. - Galium spurium. - " tricorne (L. Inf.). - Dipsacus pilosus (Ren.). - Scabrosa columbaria. - Cirsium acaule. - " eriophorum (L. Inf. Rennes). - Centaurea scabiosa. - Podospermum laciniatum. - Chlora perfoliata. - Lithospermum officinale. - Anchusa italica. - Cynoglossum pictum (Ren.). - Salvia sclarea. - " pratensis (L. Inf.). - Stachys germanica (L. Inf.). - Stachys annua. - " recta (L. Inf.). - Ajuga Chamæpitys. - Potamogeton Hornemanni (Rennes). - Orchis pyramidalis. - " hircina. - " palustris. - Ophrys aranifera. - " apifera. - Juncus obtusiflorus. - Carex nitida. - " paludosa (L. Inf.). - Avena putescens. - Bromus erectus. - " arvensis. - Equisetum Telmateia. - Adianthum Capillus Veneris. - -The maritime region is more rich and interesting, and in addition to -such as may be found in limestone districts already registered, the -following is given as a list of plants that grow in sand:-- - - Glaucium luteum. - Silene Otites. - " conica. - Spergula nodosa. - Medicago minima. - Ononis repens. - Ornithopus compressus. - Vicia lathyroides. - Buplevrum aristatum. - Corrigiola litteralis. - Asperula cynanchica. - Graphalium luteo-album. - Chondrilla juncea. - Cynanchum vincetoxicum. - Linaria supina. - Salix repens. - Asparagus officinalis. - Allium sphærocephalum. - Muscari cornosum. - Koeleria cristata. - Aira canescens. - Testuca uniglumis. - Geranium sanguineum. - Trifolium strictum. - Rosa pimpinelli folia. - Epilobium parvi florum. - Herniaria glabra. - Oenanthe Lachenalii. - Salvia verbenaca. - Samolus Valerandi. - Thesium humifusum. - Carex punctata. - -Brittany, as already intimated, possesses no true mountains, only -elevated moorland. There are consequently to be found there no true -mountainous plants. Lycopodium Selago is rare on a few elevated spots; -Viola palustris and Polystichum oreopteris belong to a submountainous -district. The only exceptional plant is a peculiar form of Silene -maritima that grows on the summit of all the rocks of the Monts d' -Arrée. This range was once doubtless covered by forest, as is shown by -the presence on it of Vaccinium myrtillus, a plant that lives in the -shade of trees, and which lingers on, in a stunted condition, although -the sheltering boughs are long departed. - -The following is a list of some of the plants of Lower Brittany that -are rare in the departments of Finistère, Morbihan, and Côtes-du-Nord, -omitting the names of those already given as pertaining to calcareous -soils and the seaboard sands:-- - - Thalictrum flavum. - Fumaria micrantha. - Raphanus maritimus. - Crambe maritima. - Cochlearia anglica. - Helianthemum umbellatum. - Viola palustris. - Astrocarpus Clusii. - Arenaria montana. - Lavatera arborea. - Ervodium maritimum. - Ulex Galii. - Adenocarpus complicatus. - Trifolium Michelianum. - " angustifolium. - Lupinus reticulatus. - Potentilla vaillantii. - Pyrus aucuparea. - Scleranthus perennis. - Eryngium viviparum (sp.). - Torilio heterophylla. - Sium angustifolium. - Œnanthe pimpinelloides. - Peucedanum officinale. - Linosyris vulgaris. - Artemisia gallica. - Crepis setosa. - Erica vagans. - " setosa. - Linaria pelisseriana. - " supera. - Teucrium scordium. - Statice rariflora. - Plantago carinata. - Quercus toza. - Zostera nana. - Epipactis palustris. - Malaxis paludosa. - Gladiolus illyricus. - Pancratium maritimum. - Juncus obtusiflorus. - Eriophorum vaginatum. - " gracile. - Carex teretiuscula. - " triformis. - Polypogon littoralis. - Agrostis spica venti. - Cynosurus echinatus. - Isoetes Delalandei. - -These in addition have been noted in Finistère:-- - - Diplotaxis muralis. - Astragallus Bayonensis. - Pyrus aucuparea. - Cineraria spathulæfolia. - Gentiana campestris (sp.). - Erythria diffusa. - Lithospermum prostratum (sp.). - Anchusa italica. - Galeopsis versicolor (sp.). - Teucrium scordium. - Urtica membranacea (sp.). - Triglossum Barrilieri. - Orchis palustris. - Narcissus reflexus (sp.). - Scilla verna. - Juncus squarosus. - Scerpus cœspitosus. - Eriphorbium vaginatum. - Carex dioica. - " punctata. - Crypsis aculeata. - " schœnoides. - Bromus velutinus. - Lycopodium selago (sp.). - Grammitis leptophylla (sp.). - Polystichum oreopteris. - Hymerophyllum tunbridgense (sp.). - -These also in the Côtes-du-Nord:-- - - Erodium botrys. - Selinum curvifolia. - Cirsium acaule. - Gentiana amarella (sp.). - Symphytum tuberosum. - Eufragia latifolia. - Polygonum bistorta (sp.). - Paris quadrifolia. - Aira flexuosa. - -Côtes-du-Nord has the advantage of the limestone bed of S. Juvat, -where many of the plants given in the first list may be gathered. -Ille-et-Vilaine is still more favourably situated for calcareous rocks. -There is a considerable basin south of Rennes, with a corresponding -flora, generally known to botanists as the limestone tract of S. -Jacques. - -Such plants as are common throughout the country have not been included -in the lists. - - [Illustration: MAP OF BRITTANY SHOWING LIMITS OF BRETON TONGUE] - - - - -III. HISTORY - - -Brittany, whose ancient name was Armorica (Ar môr, by the sea), and -which was known to the Britons and Irish as Llydau, was originally -peopled by the race of the Dolmen-builders, a brown eyed and dark -haired people, who strewed it with their monuments. To them followed -the Gauls, blue eyed and with flaxen hair; these latter were -divided into five tribes that occupied severally the departments of -Ille-et-Vilaine (Redones), with their capital at Rennes; Côtes-du-Nord -(Curiosoliti), with their headquarters at Corseul, near Dinan; -Finistère (Osismi), their capital of Carhaix; Morbihan (Veneti), with -their centre at Vannes; Loire Inférieure (Nanneti), with a capital at -Nantes. - -These tribes were subjugated by Cæsar, and the Veneti almost -exterminated by him. Under the Romans, the culture and the language -of the conquerors were rapidly assimilated. Christianity took root at -Rennes and Nantes and Vannes, but almost nothing was done for the rural -population, which probably still spoke its agglutinative tongue akin -to the modern Basque. The stately bishops of these Gallo-Roman cities -confined themselves to ministering to the cultured residents within -their walls, and in villas scattered along the coast. The Gallo-Roman -population had dwindled to an incredible extent, under the exactions -of the imperial tax-gatherers, so that all the country residences fell -into ruin, and the impoverished Gallo-Romans withdrew into the towns. -But early--very early in the 5th century, fleets of British settlers -came over, flying from the swords of Picts and Scots, and occupied the -land about the mouth of the Loire. By 469 they were so numerous as to -be able to send a contingent of twelve thousand men to the assistance -of the Romans against the Visigoths. - -As a consequence of the Saxon invasion of Britain the immigration -grew, and the dispossessed islanders sought and found a new home in -the Armorican peninsula, where they established themselves under their -own princes, with their own institutions, civil and ecclesiastical, -and their own tongue. Thenceforth Armorica ceased to be so called, and -received the name of Lesser Britain, and the current language became -British, identical with that now spoken in Wales, and spoken till -the 17th century in Cornwall as well. Contact with France along the -East has gradually thrust back the Breton language, but it is still -spoken from Guingamp, in a slanting line to the mouth of the Loire. -Two British kingdoms were formed, Domnonia and Cornubia; the former -included the Côtes-du-Nord and Finistère above the river Elorn, and -Cornubia or Cornouaille was the district below that river, the basin -between the Monts d'Arrée and the Montagnes Noires, and stretched to -the river Ellé at Quimperlé. All the department of Morbihan was the -Bro-Weroc, a county, but the British chief did not call himself its -king, probably because the colonists did not get hold of Vannes, the -capital, which they enveloped but left unmolested. - -At first the British colonists admitted their allegiance to their -native princes in Britain, who certainly came over, and were granted -certain lands as the royal _dominium_ in the newly settled land. Thus -we have Geraint, King of Devon, with his palace in Belle Ile, and -portions of the newly-acquired territory on the Blavet, in Morbihan, -and near Matignon, in Côtes-du-Nord. His son Solomon, or Selyf, as -was his British name, also came over, and is said to have fallen at -Langollen, probably whilst endeavouring to enforce taxes on the native -original pagan inhabitants. - -But as the insular power of the Britons was broken, the colonists -considered themselves independent, and acknowledged a loose and -ill-defined submission to the Frank kings at Paris, who, however, left -them to be governed by their native rulers. - -But not only did Britons settle in the land. Large numbers of Irish -arrived from Ossory and Wexford, at the close of the 5th century, and -settled along the west and north coast. No traces of them are found -south of Hennebont, or west of Guingamp, but all the coastline of -Cornouaille and Léon was studded thick with them. - -Now only was a serious attempt made to convert the native population. -The chiefs who came over were attended or followed by their brothers -and cousins who were ecclesiastics, and these were granted lands on -condition that they educated the young of the freeborn colonists of the -tribe, and ministered in sacred matters to the tribesmen. - -The work of the evangelisation of Ireland seems to have sent a thrill -through Brittany, and to have been taken up there with energy. -Missionary colleges were formed by some of the assistants of Patrick, -which should serve as training places for those who were to assist in -carrying on the apostolic work in Ireland. - -The principal _Irish_ founders in the country were:--Fiacc, Bishop -of Sletty, called in Breton Vi'ho; Tighernac, Bishop of Clogher and -Clones, in Breton Thégonnec; Eugenius, Bishop of Ardstraw, in Breton -Saint Tugean; Senan, Abbot of Inniscathy (Breton Seny), Setna, his -disciple, in Breton Sezni; Conleath, Bridget's domestic bishop, in -Breton Coulitz, Ronan and Brendan. - -The principal _British_ founders were:--Cadoc, Brioc, Tugdual, -Leonore, Paulus Aurelianus, Curig, Caradoc, Gildas, and his crippled -son Kenneth; David, Samson, Malo, Arthmael, Meven, and Mancen or -Mawgan--this latter closely allied with the Irish mission. Nonna, -mother of S. David, Ninnoc, Noyala, and disciples of S. Bridget, -established institutions for the education of the daughters of the -freemen of the tribe to which the schools were attached. - -In 845, Nominoe, who had been invested with the lieutenancy of -Brittany by Louis the Pious, led a revolt against Charles the Bald, -and established the independence of Brittany that lasted till the -Duchess Anne brought it under the French crown, 1491. From the close -of the 9th century, and throughout the 10th, the coast was ravaged by -the Northmen, Frisians and Danes, and the insecurity inland caused -the desertion of the country and the flight of the monks carrying the -relics of their founders to walled towns in the heart of France. That -Brittany should thus fall a prey to these invaders was largely due to -the divisions that existed among its princes, who could not or would -not combine against the common foe. At length Alan, Count of Vannes, -did succeed in rallying the Britons, and defeated the Northern pirates, -which secured rest for fifteen years. For the first time under him did -the Gallo-Roman towndwellers consent to make common cause with the -descendants of the British colonists. - -On the death of Alan (907) the Northmen reappeared, and a great many -Bretons under Count Matthuedoi of Poher fled to England and threw -themselves on the protection of Athelstan. - -In 938, Alan Barbetorte, godson of Athelstan, returned from England -and drove out the Normans. Nantes was in such complete ruin that when -Alan sought to reach the fallen altar of the cathedral church, there to -offer up his thanks for victory gained, he was constrained to hew his -way to it through a thicket of thorns and brambles. - -After the expulsion of the Northmen Brittany was reorganised. Hitherto -the colonists had been divided into tribes, each of which was a _plou_, -and no Gallo-Roman could enter into one such. But after the victories -of Alan Barbetorte the plous were not reconstructed, and the feudal -system succeeded to that which was tribal. - -Brittany was now broken up into a hierarchy of counties and -seigneuries, and the king abandoned the royal title and contented -himself with that of duke. The great counties were those of Léon, -Cornouaille, Poher, Porhoët, Penthièvre, Rennes and Nantes. Five barons -defended the eastern frontier, holding their fiefs under the Count -of Rennes; these were Châteaubriant, la Guerche, Vitré, Fongères and -Combourg. The whole vast inland forest was given to the Counts of -Rennes, it was Porhoët. It was divided into two parts. In the east the -seigneuries of Gael, Loudéac and Malestroit were created as fiefs. -In the west there was but a single seigneurie, that of Porhoët; the -viscount lived at Josselin. Later it was broken up and gave birth to -the viscounty of Rohan. - - [Illustration: FOUGÈRES] - -The old kingdom of Cornouaille became a county with vassal barons at -Pont l'Abbé, Pont Croix, the abbot of Landevennec, and the viscount of -Le Faou. In the interior were the viscounts of Poher and Gourin. - -The old kingdom of Domnonia was divided into three counties, Léon, -Penthièvre and Tréguier. - -The Ducal crown did not long remain in the family of Alan Barbetorte. -After internecine war lasting forty years, Conan, Count of Rennes, -assumed the title (990), and the dukes of his house spent their time -in fighting and crushing their own kinsmen. Geoffrey I. had married a -Norman wife, and he had by her two sons, Alan and Eudo. In 1034 Eudo, -jealous and ambitious, demanded of his brother a share in the duchy. -Alan gave him the counties of Tréguier and Penthièvre, and thus Eudo -became the ancestor of that great and dangerous family of Penthièvre, -which maintained undying rivalry with the ducal house, and made of -Brittany a field of civil war for centuries. Conan II. succeeded as -a child of three months, and his uncle ruled in his name, aided by -the Normans. When Conan came of age, he had to fight against Eudo; -he invaded Normandy, but was cut off by poison. When William the -Conqueror became King of England, Brittany was nipped between France -and Normandy, and became an object of ambition to both, and a common -battlefield. - -For five hundred years this continued. Brittany writhed and strove for -her independence, and had no desire to become either a province of -France or an English colony. The war broke out under Duke Hoel in 1076 -when he invoked the aid of Philip I. against William the Conqueror. -However, under Alan Fergant and Conan III. the land had rest for eighty -years, and then the trouble began again with renewed violence. Conan's -death in 1148 gave rise to a war of succession that lasted eight years. -Conan IV. assisted by the English succeeded in establishing himself in -the ducal seat, and he favoured the English in every way. Henry II. of -England married his son Geoffrey Plantagenet to Constance, daughter -of Conan IV., the heiress of Brittany, and Geoffrey was crowned at -Rennes in 1169. This was of advantage so far that it introduced Norman -civilisation into a duchy that was backward and barbarous. The churches -built in the 12th century were erected by architects of the Norman and -French schools. Such are the cathedrals of S. Pol-de-Léon and S. Malo -and the churches of Guérande. Geoffrey died in 1187, and his son Arthur -fell into the hands of his uncle, King John, who had him murdered at -Rouen (1203). Constance did not die broken-hearted and despairing, as -represented by Shakespeare, but married Guy de Thouars, and had by him -a daughter and heiress, who was married to Pierre de Dreux. - -We may pass over the ensuing history till we reach John III. who died -in 1341, without issue, and who, hating his half-brother, Jean de -Montfort, bequeathed the succession to his niece Jeanne de Penthièvre, -whom he married to Charles de Blois, nephew of Philip VI. of France. -This was the signal for the outbreak of the terrible and desolating -War of the Succession of the two Jeannes. In it, neither of those most -interested were for the most part of the time leaders of their hosts. -At the outset Jean de Montfort was taken prisoner (1342), and was kept -in prison till his health was broken, and he was discharged only to -die (1345). But his intrepid wife Jeanne of Flanders carried on the -conflict. At the Battle of La Roche-Derrien (1347) Charles of Blois was -captured and conveyed a prisoner to England, and the conduct of the war -fell to his wife Jeanne. The English espoused the side of Montfort, -and the French that of Charles of Blois. The success of the battle of -La Roche was followed by the signal victory of Mauron (1352). The war -dragged on, and Charles was released in 1356, to renew the contest with -fresh cruelty. He had now as his best assistant Bertrand du Guesclin, -an heroic and honourable soldier, and one of the best captains France -has produced. But in the decisive battle of Auray (1364) Charles was -killed, and Du Guesclin taken prisoner. A few months later, Jean de -Montfort the younger was recognised duke under the title of John IV. -But the war was not at an end. Now that Charles was dead, the Bretons -of Penthièvre rallied about Oliver de Clisson, and the old strife -continued under other names. - -The country was ravaged by Companies, under commanders who passed from -one side to the other as suited their convenience. John IV. attempted -to have Clisson assassinated in Paris (1392). The attempt failed, -and served only to exasperate Clisson and aggravate the war. It was -resolved into a family vendetta. In 1420 Oliver de Clisson, grandson of -Charles de Blois, and of Oliver, treacherously obtained possession of -John V. and imprisoned him. A war ensued, and before the duke could be -liberated, much blood was shed; as the cause of the Penthièvre family -was not, on this occasion, espoused by France, it was crushed and the -apanage of Penthièvre was confiscated. - -Francis I. (1442-50) conceived an animosity against his brother Gilles -de Bretagne whom he accused of favouring the English. He delivered him -over to his mortal enemy, who starved the unhappy prince to death. -Pierre II. succeeded, but as he died without issue, as well as Francis, -the succession passed to Arthur of Richmond their uncle. He was -succeeded by Francis II. who died in 1488, leaving an heiress, Anne, -who married first Charles VIII. of France (1491), and on the death of -Charles (1498) married Louis XII., and thus, the duchy was finally -united to the crown of France. - -The Reformation made no way with the people of Brittany, but was -embraced by the Rohan, the Rieux, the Laval, and other noble lords, -who coveted the estates of the Church. The chateaux of Blain and Vitré -were for a while centres of Huguenot propaganda in Brittany. The -province would, however, have remained at peace, but that its governor, -the Duke de Mercœur was a devoted adherent to the house of Guise, and -he proposed to make of Brittany a stronghold of the League. When Henry -IV. came to the throne in 1589, he was a Calvinist. There were three -parties in Brittany mutually antagonistic, the Leaguers supported from -Spain, the Huguenots and the Royalists. The city of Rennes, without -abandoning the Faith remained true to Henry IV. Nantes became the -headquarters of the League. The Huguenots, from Vitré, and the castles -of the family of Rohan, swept the country ravaging and burning. Nine -years of war ensued between 1589 and 1598. A swarm of brigands placed -themselves under the flag of the League, or of the King or of the -Bible, and wrought intolerable misery. Moreover, the peasants, maddened -by their sufferings, rose against all alike, besieged the castles -indiscriminately and massacred every man in harness. Brittany was -almost depopulated, and wolves preyed on human corpses in the open day. -One of the worst ruffians of this period was Fontenelle, a cadet of the -Breton family of Beaumanoir. He sacked Roscoff, Carhaix, and ravaged -the diocese of Tréguier. But his worst atrocities were committed at -Pont l'Abbé and Penmarch, which was once a flourishing town rivalling -Nantes, but which has never recovered the butcheries there committed -by Fontenelle, and its ruined houses have never been rebuilt. The -atrocities committed by him at Pont l'Abbé defy description. He -delighted in seating his victims on iron chairs and broiling them to -death, or in immersing them in mid-winter in vats of ice-cold water, -and thus leaving them to perish in dungeons. In some parishes visited -by him, where the population had numbered a thousand adults, he reduced -it to twelve. To the miseries produced by civil war succeeded a Black -Death, which almost completed the depopulation. Fontenelle was taken -in 1598, but pardoned; he was arrested for fresh crimes in 1602, and -slowly tortured to death. - -The province remained in peace till 1675, when taxation became so -burdensome, that the people rose in insurrection. It was put down with -great barbarity. - -We pass on to the Revolution, and to the noble stand made by the Breton -peasantry against the bloodthirsty ruffians, who had grasped the reins -of power. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity in the mouths of these -latter meant Tyranny, Robbery and Massacre. Again the soil of Brittany -was drenched in blood. The curés were hunted like wild beasts, and when -caught were hung, guillotined or shot. Under the Terror the moderate -Breton deputies who belonged to the party of the Girondins had to fly -for their lives. The Convention sent down into Brittany Carrier and -others, the scum of humanity to "purify" the country. Twenty eight -Girondists were guillotined at Brest. Anyone who was held suspect was -at once sent to his death. The Loire at Nantes was choked with the -bodies of inoffensive men, women and children, drowned in the Noyades. - -The _Chouans_, as the peasants were called who rose against their -tyrants, were commanded in Morbihan by Cadoudal. In July, 1795, an -English fleet disembarked several regiments of French _emigrés_. Hoche -came upon them, and exterminated all in cold blood, to the number of -952. Nantes and S. Brieuc were taken by the peasants, but the firm hand -of Bonaparte now held the reins, and put down all opposition. Cadoudal -was guillotined. - -At the present day, Brittany is still the stronghold of Catholicism in -France. As to the rights of legitimists, Orleanists or Bonapartists, -the peasants concern themselves little, but to touch their religion is -to touch them to the quick. The Republican Government does all in its -power to destroy the cohesion of the Breton people, and its attachment -to the Faith of its Fathers. The masters have been forbidden to employ -the Breton language in the schools, and in 1901 an order was addressed -by Waldeck Rousseau to all the Bishops and Clergy of Lower Brittany -forbidding them to preach in the language understood by the people, -on pain of withdrawal of their stipends: an order that has been very -properly disregarded. - -Meanwhile national or rather provincial feeling is deepening and -intensifying. Opposition only makes the Breton the more stubborn. -The Breton has not much ambition. All he asks is to be left alone -to work out his own destiny, strong in his religious convictions, -"Français--oui, mais Breton avant tout." - - - - -IV. ANTIQUITIES - - -The prehistoric remains that abound in Brittany consist of _Dolmens_, -_i.e._ a certain number of stones set on end rudely forming a chamber, -and covered with one or more capstones. - -The _Allée Couverte_ is a dolmen on a large scale. Both served as -family or tribal ossuaries. - -The _Menhir_ is a single standing stone; the _alignment_ is a number of -these uprights often in parallel lines, extending some distance. - -The _cromlech_ according to the signification accorded to it in France -is a circle of standing stones. - -The _lech_ is the lineal descendant of the menhir. It is a stone often -bearing an inscription, or a rude cross, set up by the British or Irish -settlers. The lech is sometimes round. - -_Tumuli_ and _Camps_ are numerous, but they are not often referred to -in the following pages. - -Of _Roman remains_, there are relics of an aqueduct near Carhaix, and -there have been numerous villas uncovered, notably near Carnac, but -these are almost all recovered with earth. The most remarkable Roman -monument extant is the Temple of Mars, a fragment near Corseul. - -The _Venus_ of Quinipili, a Roman Gallic idol, shall be spoken of under -the head of Baud. - -Of early churches,--earlier than the 10th cent. there are none, there -are but the crypt of Lanmeur and perhaps the arches and piers of -Loconnolé near Morlaix, and possibly the Western arches of Plouguer by -Carhaix that can be attributed to the 10th century. After that come -considerable remains of _Romanesque_ churches, beginning with the plain -unmoulded round arch resting on plain rectangular piers, and gradually -becoming enriched. (11th century and beginning of 12th.) - -_First pointed_, with lancet windows, no tracery, and arches struck -from two centres. (Middle of 12th century and beginning of 13th.) - -_Second pointed_ or _Geometrical_. Tracery becomes rich in windows, but -always of a geometrical design. (Middle of 13th century and throughout -14th.) - -_Third pointed_ or _Flamboyant_. Tracery like flame, recurving, -gradually all cusping abandoned. Arches employed in ornamentation -struck from four centres. (15th century and beginning of 16th.) - -_Rénaissance._ At first classic detail with Gothic outline, and tracery -in its last decay. At last all tracery abandoned, and design stiffens -and loses all Gothic feeling. (Middle of 16th century to middle of -17th.) - -_Baroque._ Round headed windows, no tracery, clumsy mouldings, no -taste whatever, but barbarous enrichment. (End of 17th century and -18th.) - - - - -V. THE PARDONS - - -The Pardons are the religious gatherings of the people, not often in -the towns, but about some chapel on an island, on a hill top, in a -wood. There may be seen the costumes in all their holiday beauty. - -A Pardon begins with vespers on the night before the Feast. Pilgrims -arrive for that, and sleep in the church, the chapel, under hedges. -They sing their cantiques or hymns till they sing themselves to sleep. -The first mass is said at 3 A.M. and the true pilgrims communicate till -the last has received, when they depart. An ordinary visitor arriving, -say at 10 A.M., will hardly see a single pilgrim. The rest come to -join in the devotions. They attend mass, take part in the afternoon (3 -P.M.) procession, and buy memorials, and ribbons, and sweetstuff, and -pictures at the stalls. - -Almost every Pardon has a character of its own, and a description -of one by no means attaches to all. In Côtes-du-Nord the Pardon is -only found genuine in the Breton speaking portion, elsewhere it has -degenerated into an ordinary village feast. - -Sometimes, and in some places, there is an evening procession carrying -lighted candles, in some a bonfire figures lighted by a figure of an -angel which descends from the chapel or church spire. At some there -are wrestling and games in the afternoon, at others there is dancing, -but usually all is quiet and the peasants disperse after the afternoon -procession. - -By the sea, the arrival of the boats with maidens in white and banners -is a pretty sight; at one Pardon, the sailors proceed, barefooted in -their shirts, in performance of a vow, when delivered in a storm. - -A visitor who desires to be present at one of the most popular Pardons -should secure rooms a month beforehand, and even then he may be -dispossessed if the Government or military authorities have seized -on the occasion of a Pardon to billet a regiment on the place, an -experience the writer has twice had to undergo. - -Another quarter century will probably see the last of the Pardons. -It will not be due to the decay of the religious feeling among the -people--that need not be feared--but to Governmental opposition, and -the indecent behaviour of the tripper, which will perhaps induce the -clergy to discourage them. (Matt. vii. 6.) A word to the invariably -courteous and kindly curé will often secure for the visitor a place -of vantage in the gallery, and it is only due to him to ask if he -objects to a snap-shot with the kodak at the procession. To photograph -a man when engaged in his devotions, or a woman making her painful -pilgrimage barefooted is not calculated to impress the peasant with -the good-feeling of the English visitor. The Breton is tender-hearted -and sensitive, and should ever be respected. At a great Basse-Bretagne -Pardon and fair, one may wander till late among the thousands gathered -there, enjoying themselves on merry-go-rounds and at shooting stalls, -and see no horseplay, no rudeness, no drunkenness. - -At a Pardon one sees and marvels at the wondrous faces of this -remarkable people:--the pure, sweet and modest countenances of the -girls, and those not less striking of the old folk. "It is," says -Durtal (_En Route_), "the soul which is everything in these people, and -their physiognomy is modelled by it. There are holy brightnesses in -their eyes, on their lips, those doors to the borders of which the soul -alone can come, from which it looks forth and all but shows itself." - -Goodness, kindness, as well as a cloistral spirituality stream from -their faces. One incident may be noticed to show of what stuff their -charity consists. After the wreck of the _Drummond Castle_ when the -bodies were washed up on the Ile-Molène, the women readily gave up -their holiday costumes--costumes which it takes a girl twenty years of -economies to acquire--and in these they clothed and buried the dead -women washed ashore. - -The Pardons in the Bigauden district are the most showy. The Bigaudens -delight in bright colours, but they are not a religious or a moral -people, and they do not exhibit the fervent and deep-seated piety of -the genuine Bretons. The Bigaudens occupy the promontory of Sizun and -Pont l'Abbé. This people, peculiar in appearance and distinct in -character from the Bretons, are supposed to belong to the primitive -population of Ivernians before the coming of the British colonists. -They are looked on with mistrust, if not aversion by the Bretons, whom -they can generally over-reach in a bargain. - - - - -VI. ICONOGRAPHY - - -It may interest some travellers to be able to identify some of the -more common Saints of Brittany whose statues are to be found in the -churches, chapels, and over the Holy Wells. A few of the Roman Saints -are added who are thrusting the native ones from their niches. - -Ste. Anne, with the B.V.M. at her side, sometimes with her on one arm -and Christ on the other. - -S. Armel, in a brown habit, with a cap on his head, an amice over the -right shoulder, with a dragon whom he holds by a stole. - -Ste. Aude or Haude, as a damsel carrying her head. - -S. Bieuzy, as a monk with his head cleft. - -S. Brioc, as a bishop with a wolf licking his feet. - -S. Budoc, as a bishop with a barrel at his side. - -S. Cadoc, as an abbot holding a bell. - -S. Corentin, as a bishop carrying a fish. - -S. David, as an archbishop with archiepiscopal crozier. - -S. Edern, as a monk riding on a stag. - -S. Efflam, in ducal habit, with sceptre, treading on a dragon. - -S. Fiacre, in brown habit, holding a spade. - -S. Fingar, Eguinger, or Guingar, as a prince, with sword and palm -branch. - -S. Gildas, in monastic habit, with a snarling dog at his feet. - -S. Gwen Teirbron, seated, with crown, and three breasts, her children -on her knees or at her feet. - -S. Gwénole (Winwaloe), as an abbot, no special symbol. - -S. Haude, a damsel carrying her head. - -S. Herbot, as an anchorite with an ox at his feet. - -S. Hervé, as a blind monk, a boy or a wolf at his side. - -S. Meliau, as a king or duke, bearing sword and palm branch, or sceptre. - -S. Melor, a boy with one hand and one foot cut off. - -Ste. Ninnoc, in robes as a nun, a stag at her feet. - -Ste. Noyala, as a princess holding her head in her hands. - -S. Paul of Léon, in episcopal habits, treading on a dragon, and with a -bell in his hands. - -S. Samson, as archbishop. - -S. Solomon, in royal robes, and with a dagger in his breast. - -S. Thégonnec, as a bishop with a cart drawn by wolves. - -S. Theilo, as an abbot or bishop riding on a stag. - -S. Tujean, as a bishop with a mad dog at his side. - -S. Vincent Ferrier, in monastic habit, holding a trumpet, and with -wings. - -S. Yves, in a white robe with long sleeves and doctor's bonnet, giving -judgment sometimes between a rich suitor and a poor man. - -S. Anthony of Padua, as a Franciscan, with the Child Jesus on one arm. - -S. Barbara, with a tower at her side. - -S. Cornelius, as Pope, with an ox at his feet. - -S. Eligius, as bishop, with a horse at his side. - -S. Isidore, dressed as a Breton peasant in bragoubraz (baggy breeches), -holding a sickle. - -S. Joseph, aged and holding a lily, sometimes with the Child Jesus on -his arm. - -S. Roch, as a pilgrim showing a wound in one leg. - - - - -VII. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS - - -In the humblest village one may reckon on obtaining good meals, but not -always on having dry sheets. It is not customary to air the latter, -and except in hot dry weather, it is well to be on one's guard in this -matter. Water should never be drunk. Too frequently it is drawn from -the well in the yard, and is contaminated. Coffee in out of the way -parts, even at such headquarters as Carhaix, is not coffee at all, -but roast lupin berries.[1] The ordinary charge for déjeuner at 11.30 -is 2.50, with cider and coffee, and 3 francs for dinner at 7 p.m. But -in second class inns is 50 centimes less. A bed is usually 1.50 or 2 -francs. Sanitary arrangements are rudimentary. Usually one can rely -on freedom from vermin, but it is well to be provided with a small -bottle of oil of lavender, a preservative against bugs; but it will be -needed exceptionally only. The commercial traveller is all pervading. -He is sometimes interesting, occasionally objectionable, if a _farceur_ -usually the latter. On entering a café or railway carriage, it is -customary to raise the hat, so also in leaving. For Maps get those of -the État Majeur, 57 Brest, 73 Châteaulin, 60 Dinan, 41 Lannion, 88 -Lorient, 58 Morlaix, 117 Nantes, 40 Plouguerneau, 74 Pontivy, 87 Pont -l'Abbé, 72 Quimper, 90 Redon, 75 Rennes, 59 S. Brieuc, 42 Tréguier, 89 -Vannes, 102 Belle Ile, 56 Ouessant. Of these each has 4 sheets, N.W., -N.E., S.W., S.E., except these--102 Belle Ile has a single sheet, S.E., -Lannion has only N.E., S.W., S.E., 56 Ouessant has only N.E., 87 Pont -l'Abbé only N.E., Tréguier only N.W., S.W., S.E. - - [1] This is mixed with chicory, and is very liable to upset the - stomach. - -Each sheet costs about 25 centimes or 2½d. The same can be had in -colours at 1 franc per sheet, but there is no great advantage in these -latter. - -In this book routes have not been given, as there is such a diversity -of manner of travelling in these days, some going by train, and some by -bicycle and motor car. For the latter the best map is that published -by the cycling club, as it gives the roads that are suitable, and the -hills are all indicated. The line adopted in this book has been to -give the chefs-lieux d'arrondissement, and a few other places that are -suitable as centres, and to indicate what is to be seen within an easy -range all round. - -Less details have been given relative to the Department of -Ille-et-Vilaine, at least as to certain portions of it which do not -offer much of interest to encourage a visit, and with regard to Loire -Inférieure only the truly Breton region of Guérande and S. Nazaire has -been included. - -The following list of headquarters is recommended, whence excursions -may be made radiating on all sides. Places of little moment and regions -that need not occupy a visitor's time are omitted. - - _Côtes-du-Nord._--DINAN. Thence Lamballe, Plancoet, Ploubalay, Dol, - Jugon, Becherel. - - GUINGAMP. Thence Belle-Ile, Pontrieux, Plouagat, Bourbriac. - - LANNION. Thence Perros-Guirec, Plestin. - - LOUDÉAC. Thence Uzel, Plouguenast, La Chèze, Mur. - - PAIMPOL. Thence Lézardrieux, Pontrieux, Plouha and Iles de Bréhat. - - PLOUARET. Thence Plestin, Begard and Belle-Ile. - - ROSTRENEN. Thence S. Nicolas du Pélem, Maël Carhaix, Goarec. - - S. BRIEUC. Thence Etables, Châtelaudren, Quintin, Lamballe. - - TRÉGUIER. Thence Lézardrieux, La Roche-Derrien. - - _Finistère._--AUDIERNE. The Cap Sizun. - - BREST. Thence S. Rénan, Ploudalmezeau, Lannilis, Plabennec, and - Ouessant. - - CHÂTEAULIN. Thence Crozon, Le Faou, Pleyben. - - CHÂTEAUNEUF-LE-FAOU. Thence Pleyben and Montagnes Noires. - - HUELGOËT. The Montagnes d'Arrée. - - LANDERNEAU. Thence Daoulas, Ploudiry, Sizun, and the Montagnes d'Arrée. - - LANDIVISIAU. Thence S. Thégonnec, Plouzévédé, Ploudiry and Sizun. - - LESNEVEN, the coast by Plounéour-trez. - - MORLAIX. Thence Lanmeur, Taulé, Plouigneau, S. Thégonnec. - - PONT-AVEN. Concarneau, Fouesnant. - - PONT L'ABBÉ, the Penmarch peninsula. - - PLOUDALMEZEAU, Lannilis, and the coast. - - S. POL-DE-LÉON. Plouescat and the Ile-de-Batz. - - QUIMPER may be made a centre for much, owing to several lines of - railway diverging from it. Briec, Rosporden, Douarnenez, Pont Croix, - Plougastel S. Germain, Pont l'Abbé. - - QUIMPERLÉ. Thence Bannalec, Pont-aven, Pont Scorff. - - _Morbihan._--AURAY. Thence Pluvigner, Belz, Carnac, Quiberon. - - BAUD. Thence Pluvigner, Locminé and the Blavet River. - - GRAND-CHAMP. Thence the Landes de Lanvaux, and S. Jean de Brévelez. - - HENNEBONT. Thence Pont Scorff, Plonay, Lorient, Port Louis. - - LA FAOUËT. Thence Gourin and Guéméné. - - PLOERMEL. Thence Josselin, Mauron, Guer, La Trinité-Porhoet. - - PONTIVY. Thence Cleguerec, Guéméné, the Blavet valley, Mur, Rohan. - - ROCHEFORT-EN-TERRE. Thence Elven, and the Lande de Lanvaux, - Malestroit, la Gacelly, Questembert. - - VANNES. The Morbihan, and Sarzeau, Elven and Grand Champ. - - _Ille-et-Vilaine._--BECHEREL. Thence Tinténiac, Hédé. - - DINARD. Thence S. Malo, Cancale, S. Servan, Châteauneuf, Dol. - - DOL. Thence Combourg. - - FOUGÈRES. Thence Louvigné, S. Briac-en-Congles, S. Aubin-du-Cormier. - - MONTFORT. Thence S. Méen and Montauban. - - REDON. Thence Allaire, la Gacilly, Pipriac, Fougeray, S. Nicolas. - - RENNES. Thence Mordelles, Guichen, Château-Giron, Janzé. - - VITRÉ Thence Châteaubourg and Argentré-du-Plessis. - - _Loire Inférieure._-GUÉRANDE. La Grande Brière and the Saltmarshes. - - LE CROISIC. Sea coast and Saltmarshes. - - S. NAZAIRE, mouth of the Loire. - - - - -_Contractions_ - - - Arr. = Arrondissement. - C.N. = Côtes-du-Nord (Department). - Chl. = Chef-lieu. - Com. = Commune. - F. = Finistère (Department). - I.V. = Ille-et-Vilaine (Department). - L.I. = Loire Inférieure (Department). - M. = Morbihan (Department). - N.D. = Notre Dame. - P. = Pardon. - * = A convenient staying place whence to - make excursions, and where are - tolerable inns. - - -_Cheflieux and Surroundings_ - -ARGENTRÉ (I.V.) chl. arr. Vitré. In the neighbourhood are many small -lakes, forming one of the arms of the Vilaine, one of the sources -of which is in the forest of Pertré. The château de _Plessis_ is of -the 15th cent. and has been restored. In it is a portrait of Mme. de -Sevigné by Mignard. The circular chapel is of the 17th cent. - -At _Primel_ is a chapel of the 15th cent. A calvary is in the parish -churchyard. - -At _Etrelles_ the church is of the beginning of the 16th cent. - -ARZANO (F.) chl. arr. Quimperlé. An uninteresting place, but some -pretty scenery on the Ellé and Isole. The neighbourhood is best visited -from Quimperlé. - -* AUDIERNE (F.) a com. of Pontcroix. A large fishing village, at the -mouth of a tidal creek, into which flows the insignificant Goujen. The -entrance to the harbour is dangerous. The river front of the village or -town is occupied almost wholly by _buvettes_. Sardines are here tinned. -The church, originally dedicated to S. Rumon, the same as S. Ronan, -has been transferred to the patronage of S. Raymond Nonnatus. It is -well-situated, and of renaissance period, but has preserved an earlier -internal arcade. The south porch is of the usual 16th cent. type in -Lower Brittany, but with renaissance details. Ships are carved over the -church. The tower with gallery is mean. A curious recess with stoup -outside the W. end, with broken circle above it. An old house in the -street bears the date 1668. Audierne swarms with children who pester -the visitor with begging. It is an unattractive place, but has good -inns, and forms a centre for an interesting district. _See also_ Pont -Croix. - -At _Primelin_ is the Chapel of S. Tugean (a Saint Antianus) in a -hamlet, surrounded with trees. It is a noble structure throughout, -in the flamboyant style. A noble south porch with statues within of -six apostles. The tower without spire is early flamboyant, and has a -curious side turret with spire. The W. doorway is good with the four -doctors of the church above it. The N. transept is double, divided by -round pillars surmounted by Doric capitals. The carved wood roof of -the chancel and N. transept deserve notice. Rich rococo altarpieces. -Paintings (1705) about the baptistery. A good statue of S. Tugean -represents him with a mad dog on one side and a boy kneeling on the -other. The Saint is patron against hydrophobia. Outside the chapel is -a cell into which were thrust those who had been bitten, and were not -cured. They were communicated with the Host, thrust to them at the end -of a stick, and there left to die. S. Tugean's key is preserved in the -church. The P. on the last Sunday in June is very famous. Near the -windmill is a small dolmen, or rather a kistvaen, the cover of which -has been lifted and propped on small stones. This was used by lepers to -lie in, expecting a cure. - -_Plogoff_ has a church of the 16th cent., but possesses remains of -an earlier period, pillars with Romanesque capitals. The Chapel of -S. Collodec (Kenan, B. of Duleek) has a pretty spire, and a carved -granite cross. P. 1st Sunday in July. The Pardon at the Chapel of N.D. -de Bon Voyage is on the 3rd Sunday in July. The Enfer de Plogoff is -a chasm into which the sea enters. The Pointe du Raz rises 240 feet -above the sea, which is here rarely at rest. It commands a fine view -of the stretch of coast from the Pointe to S. Mathieu on the north, -and to Penmarch on the south. The _Ile de Seine_ lies nine miles away -to sea, west of the Pointe du Raz, the passage is dangerous on account -of the currents. It possesses little to attract a visitor, a couple of -menhirs, called the Fistillerien or the Gossips, and a dolmen. - -The _Baie des Trépassés_ takes its name from the number of dead bodies -washed ashore in it after a wreck. A Byzantine writer speaks of this -bay and tells a curious story about it. He says that here the boatman -was called up at the dead of night to convey passengers to the Ile de -Seine. He took his oars and launched his boat, and heard a sound as of -people entering his barque, but saw no one. The boat settled deep in -the water, and he rowed over with his invisible burden. On reaching -the Isle of Seine, he could hear the passengers disembark, and coins -were cast to him, but still those whom he had ferried over remained -invisible. He had, in fact, conveyed the souls of the dead to the Isle -of the Dead. And this strange occurrence took place repeatedly. - -The _Etang de Laoual_ is supposed to cover the cursed city of Is, where -Ahes, daughter of King Grallo, carried on high revelry and debauch. The -wrath of heaven was kindled, and the sea overwhelmed the city. Remains -of a Roman city remain at _Troguer_, and this was the termination of -the Roman road from Carhaix (Vorganium). At the Chapel of S. They (the -Cornish S. Day) the P. is on the 1st Sunday in July. - -_Cleden-Cap-Sizun._ The coast here is bold, and there are numerous -prehistoric monuments. At _Goulien_ is a menhir 18 ft. high, and there -are remains of a Roman camp. - -_Beuzec-Cap-Sizun._ The church (S. Budoc) has a fine 16th cent. tower. -Near the hamlet of Kerbanalec is an allée couverte. The holy well of -Ste. Azenora (the Cornish Sennara), mother of S. Budoc, is supposed to -have the peculiarity of filling with milk the breasts of any man who -drinks thereof. Mothers nursing their children frequent it. P. at N.D. -de la Clarté on the Sunday after the 15th August. - -* AURAY (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. On a height above the river of Auray -and the harbour. The river is a tidal creek, very unsavoury when in -flow or when left dry. A large export of pine logs takes place hence -to Cardiff for the mines. There are several old houses in the town, -especially by the bridge. The halles have a vast roof on bold timber -work. The Church of S. Gildas was built in 1636, and is utterly -Italian, except for the vaulting. The south entrance is not without -merit. The Church of S. Goustan dates from the 16th century. In the -chapel of the Pêre Eternel is rich carved stall work derived from the -Chartreuse. - - [Illustration: THE BRIDGE, AURAY] - -Within an easy stroll from Auray is the _Chapel de Ste. Avoye_. Here, -according to legend, the Saint, who is the same as the Cornish S. Ewe, -arrived in a stone boat from Britain. The chapel is surrounded by a -few farmhouses and trees. It is a renaissance structure. The W. -tower consists of only three sides, two bold buttresses carried up a -great height, with a back, sustaining a pent-house roof, which in turn -supports a spirelet of slate. The arrangement is probably unique. There -was a porch below, but it has fallen. The tracery has been removed from -the windows, and some good stained glass sold. Within is a fine but -late screen with the twelve apostles on one side and cardinal virtues -and other allegorical figures on the other. In the nave is a piece of -the so-called "boat of S. Avoye," in which she is supposed to have -come over. Actually it is, probably, a large grinder for corn polished -within. On it are cut three symbols, one a cross, one like a T, and the -third like I. Children that are delicate are placed in the "Boat" to -recover strength. Over the altar is a painting representing S. Avoye in -prison fed by the B. V. Mary. There are two Pardons, the principal on -the 1st S. in May, the second on the 3rd S. in September. Outside the -chapel are stone benches along the wall. In Breton the Saint is Santez -Avé. - -_Ste. Anne d'Auray_ is a great pilgrimage resort, with a pretentious -modern church in nondescript style intended for renaissance, 1866-75, -with bad glass. In 1623 a peasant dug up an image, probably of one of -the Deæ Matres of Gallo-Roman times, so common in Brittany, at a place -called Ker-anna. He jumped to the conclusion that it represented the -mother of the B. Virgin. The Carmelites heard of it and resolved on -making capital out of it; they ran it with great success and built a -convent and church on the spot in 1645. The statue was destroyed in -1790, but the cult continues unabated. The Pardon is on the Sunday -after July 26, and attracts vast crowds. In front of the church is a -Santa Scala copied from that at Rome, and indulgenced with nine years -for every step ascended by pilgrims on their knees. A large tank -receives the miraculous spring of S. Anne, and is dominated by her -statue. The pilgrims sing lustily the cantique of Ste. Anne d'Auray to -this air:-- - - [Illustration: Musical score] - -There is here a statue of the Duc de Chambord (1891) in bronze, flanked -by those of Bayard, Du Guesclin, Ste. Geneviève, and Joan of Arc. - - [Illustration: STE. ANNE D'AURAY] - -The _Chartreuse_ near the Auray railway station is now a deaf and -dumb asylum. It occupies the site of the battle in which, in 1364, -Jean de Monfort defeated and killed Charles de Blois. He founded -the monastery, but only a small portion of the old structure remains. -Here is the chapel, on the N. side of the church, in which rest the -bodies of the royalists who had been landed from English transports -at Quiberon, and whom Hoche and his republican soldiers shot down in -cold blood to the number of 952 between 1st and 25th August 1795. The -butchery took place not far from the Chartreuse, and the bodies were -buried on the spot since called le Champ des Martyrs. In 1814 they were -transferred to this chapel erected to contain them. It was completed in -1829. In the midst of the chapel is the mausoleum of white marble. - -The chapelle expiatoire is situated at a quarter of an hour's walk from -the Chartreuse and is in the Greek style, and is on the site of the -massacre. Near by is a cross commemorative of Montfort's victory over -Charles de Blois. - -_Plougoumelin._ The parish church modern and bad. The Chapel of N.D. de -Becquerel has a fine west porch of the Breton commingling of flamboyant -and renaissance. An unfailing spring issues from under the wall of the -apse. The water is thought to cure diseases of the mouth. Several lechs -are in the parish. One called the Pierre du Serment is about 4 ft. 6 -in. long, is in the churchyard and lies prostrate. Another is between -the parsonage and the cemetery, and a third, round, with three hollows -sunk in it, is at the presbytère. A tumulus by the river of Auray at -Le Rocher covers an allée couverte. There are six others, smaller, in a -line with it running from S.W. to N.E. They have yielded copper vessels -and flint weapons, and belong to the intermediate age, before alloy was -introduced for the formation of bronze. - -_Crach._ Here in the commune are numerous prehistoric remains. Rather -over a mile from Auray on the road to Crach is a fine dolmen, the -coverer 22 ft. long, and having on it a circle of hollows. Other -dolmens at Keryn, Kergleverit, and Parq-er-Gueren, near the Chapel -of S. Jean. Several menhirs on the common. The Château de Plessisker -is of the 17th cent. P. at Crach on the 1st S. in July. _See also_ -Locmariaquer. - -BAIN (I.V.) chl. arr. Redon, on the Route nationale from Rennes to -Nantes. In the cemetery a cross of the 16th cent. Château de la Noé of -the 15th cent. By a little lake are the remains of a castle converted -into a farmhouse. - -* BAUD (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy. A district in which much hemp is grown -and cordwaining is carried on. The women wear coiffes like sunbonnets, -and sabots with leather toe-pieces and straps neatly embroidered. The -church, a mean structure of 1687, is about to be pulled down. It is -dominated by the far more stately Chapel of N.D. de la Clarté of the -16th cent. Vaulted throughout with very peculiar straight groining and -vaulting in the S. aisle. The chapel has an apse, the tracery has been -removed from the windows and the old stained glass got rid of to make -way for sad modern rubbish. The tower is later than the chapel and is -unfinished. A huge ducal crown of Brittany is suspended in the apse. -The crown is closed above, a right claimed by the dukes. P. 2nd July. - -In the woods of the old château of Quinipili (guide advisable) is the -rude granite statue of the famous Venus of Quinipili removed from -Castannec on the Blavet. It is 6 ft. high, with the hands crossed -over the breast and with a sort of stole hanging down in front, and a -band about the head on which are cut IIT. The statue, which received -idolatrous worship, was transferred in 1695 to Quinipili, by Count -Pierre de Lannion, along with a huge granite basin that stood before -it. He set it up on a pedestal in his grounds and cut a pseudo-classic -inscription on the base. As the original statue was indecent, he set -a sculptor to alter it, and probably the stole is due to this man's -chisel. - -_Camors._ There are two dolmens in the forest, and an allée couverte -at Kerpenru. Of menhirs, one is on the lande of Penher, three at -Kerguelen, a stone-row of twenty uprights at Kernoul. Seven menhirs -in the wood at Floranges, and six in the forest of Camors. At -Porhoet-er-Saleu, are the remains of the castle of Conmore, Count of -Poher, and regent of Domnonia. He is regarded as the Bluebeard of -Brittany, although he was actually only thrice married, to the sister -of Jonas, King of Domnonia, to that of Meliau, King of Cornouaille, -and lastly to Triphena, daughter of Weroch, Count of Vannes. This -latter marriage was effected by the persuasion of S. Gildas. Conmore, -however, so ill-treated his wife that she ran away to her father at -Vannes. Gildas, who was at the time at Castannec, was furious with -Conmore, and local legend asserts, that he came before this castle, -gathered up a handful of earth, and casting it against the walls cursed -it, that it should never again be inhabited. S. Triphena is invoked -in the neighbourhood by women with troublesome husbands, and little -wooden crosses may be found on the site of the castle set up by them -in token that they have made a vow to S. Triphena to rid them of their -annoyance. The church of Camors is dedicated to S. Senan, abbot of -Iniscathy. - -_Guénin._ The church is of 1773. The Chapel of N.D. de Menez-guen is -flamboyant but late, 1577, with alterations made in 1604 and 1751. It -is a cross church with a central tower. One descends by several steps -into the chapel. Lean and lanky girls go to it and pray for fat to be -laid on. P. 1st S. in July. Pilgrims take water from the fountain to -give to their cattle. - -_Questinic._ Chapel of S. Mathurin, P. 2nd S. in May. Chapel of -Locmaria, renaissance 1574, a cross church with central tower and -spire, and some old glass. - -_Bieuzy._ The station of _S. Nicolas des Eaux_ gives access to several -points of historical and architectural interest. The train from Auray -to Pontivy cuts by a tunnel through a neck of land round which the -river Blavet makes a great loop. This loop was occupied in Roman times -by a walled town Sulim, of which numerous remains have been found; -and the sides are so precipitous that no enemy could attack it, save -on the north. The road from the station to Bieuzy has been engineered -by a great sweep up the height, but the pedestrian can ascend to the -Chapel of La Trinité by a sharp scramble, and by clinging to the broom -and heather. This finger of land, almost surrounded by the river on -all sides, was covered with ruins in the beginning of the 6th cent. -S. Gildas came hither from Rhuys about the year 530, and founded a -little colony of monks where is now the hamlet of Castannec. Finding -that there was a gross image of Venus among the ruins that the people -worshipped, he and Budoc (Bieuzy) his disciple threw it down and -rolled it along to their monastery and built their wall over it. -The image remained buried thus under the wall till the ruin of the -monastery by the Northmen, and perhaps for some time after. Castannec -was never restored to any extent, by the returned monks of Rhuys. -In 1125 Castannec was made into a parish, and the church was where -is now the Chapel of La Trinité, and it was served by the monks of -Redon, but the population was small and the revenue insufficient, and -was united to Bieuzy. Then it was that in removing the remains of the -old priory the image of the Venus was restored to light, and at once -received a religious cult from the peasants, who called it Groah en -Goard, the Woman of la Couarde, which is the name of the promontory. -It was placed near a large basin scooped out of granite, and in this -women came to bathe, invoking the assistance of the Venus of Couarde. -In 1661 a mission was held at Baud, and the missioners besought Count -Claude of Lannion to destroy the idol. He had it accordingly rolled -down the hillside into the river. However, the peasants fished it up -and replaced it in 1664. Then the Bishop of Vannes interfered, and at -his request the Count sent masons to smash it. They, however, contented -themselves with injuring one arm and one of the breasts and again -rolled it down into the Blavet. In 1695, Pierre de Lannion, who had -succeeded his father, drew it forth from the water and had it conveyed -to Baud to ornament his château of Quinipili; and there it remains to -the present day with the granite basin before it, but not in quite the -same condition, for, as has been said already, the Count employed a -sculptor to work the statue over and give it a more decent appearance. - -Near the Chapel of Ste. Trinité a path leads to the hermitage of S. -Gildas. It is advisable to obtain a child as guide. The Saint with -his disciple Budoc, or Bieuzy, was wont to retire to a cave under an -overhanging rock beside the Blavet during Lent, and at certain times -when he desired to be private. He built up the face of the cave and -divided it into two parts, one for himself and one for Bieuzy. A -chapel was added in the Middle Ages, and this was restored in 1837. -It consists of two parts, and is under the rock in a most picturesque -situation. The bell is attached to the rock. The structure is of the -15th cent., but the E. window and an arch are 1st pointed (perhaps the -window is due to the restorer) and there are rude windows round-headed, -that may possibly be of a still earlier date. An arch divides the -chapel into two with an altar in each. In the outer chapel, on a -pedestal, is the bell-stone of Gildas, a slab of diorite, on which -stands a couple of pebbles, and when the stone is struck with these -it rings. At Mass on the day of the Pardon, Whitsun-Monday, and on -S. Gildas's day, Jan. 29, the bell-stone is used for ringing at the -Sanctus, Elevation and Communion. On the left side of the principal -altar is a block of rock and masonry used for the pain bénit, which -is distributed among the pilgrims. There was another bell-stone, that -of S. Bieuzy himself, but this was carried away, and broken in the -transaction, by a seigneur of Kervèno in 1660, but the rector reclaimed -it and in 1702 succeeded in recovering it, and it is now placed in the -churchyard of S. Bieuzy near the cross. The church of Bieuzy has a -modern spire and nave. The choir and transepts are renaissance of 1560. -There are three superb stained glass windows of this date in the apse -representing the scenes of the Passion; one subject, the Risen Lord, -appearing as a gardener to the Magdalen, deserves notice. The S. door -of the church is flamboyant with a flamboyant window above. A S. door, -blocked in the choir, has some lovely flamboyant foliage on it. There -is a picturesque renaissance house opposite the church. It is worth the -visitor noticing the type of well in all this district. The structure -of granite for the support of the drum for the chain is very striking, -and there is an excellent example in a yard near the E. end of the -church at Bieuzy. A few yards from the village is the Holy Well with a -niche for the Saint. The water is sought for those who are off their -heads. - -Returning to the station, _S. Nicolas des Eaux_ is next visited. The -chapel is in a very dilapidated condition. It is a flamboyant cruciform -structure (1524) with a fine double doorway and with foliage about it, -and with late flamboyant tracery in some of the windows, but from most -it has been hacked away. - -_S. Nicodème_ is perhaps the most beautiful example of flamboyant in -Morbihan. It was completed in 1539, and a bell bears the date 1507 -which is about the date of the spire and tower. The west entrance under -the tower is peculiarly bold and beautiful, with its lace work fringed -arch. A flight of steps leads down to the chapel, and on the left is -a singular Holy Well, composed of three gabled structures united at -the back. The date on this well is 1608, but it is impossible to hold -this to be the true indication of its erection, and must commemorate -a reparation, for the character of the sculpture and the general -design are of a century earlier, and in its quaintness and originality -indicate the same master hand that had planned and drawn the marvellous -tower and spire. The three fountains are to (1) S. Gamaliel with an ox -at his side and a biniou player; (2) S. Nicodemus with a human-headed -ox by him; and (3) S. Abibo with a horseman at his side. Hard by is an -immeasurably inferior Holy Well to S. Cornelius, constructed in 1790. - -The chapel itself is not equal in beauty to tower and spire. It -contains a minstrel gallery of stone in the N. transept. The -altarpieces are bad rococo. Two little oxen are stuck up against the -N. wall of the chancel to commemorate the success of an invocation to -S. Cornély. There is a very curious retable at the side representing -the Resurrection. S. Nicodemus is represented carrying a napkin, three -nails and with a heraldic wreath about his head. Most of the windows -have had their tracery removed. The Pardon here is very famous and -largely attended. The first Saturday in August is held as a great fair -here, and at it girls sell their hair. Young women wearing black caps -and not coiffes are such as have parted with their natural ornament. On -the Sunday following is the Pardon. An angel descends from the gallery -of the spire and sets fire to a great pile of brushwood and firework -hoops. - -_Bubry._ The church is modern and bad, near it are two lechs, one with -four equal faces, and the other has a cross pattée on two faces. The -ossuary is full of skulls arranged in order. In the "place" is a great -granite basin fed with water from the fountain of S. Helen. The Chapel -of S. Yves is five kilometres to the south of this village, and is in -a jumble of flamboyant and renaissance. The date 1598. This chapel -drew so many pilgrims, and such abundant donations, that the near-by -Seigneur de Kernivinen became jealous, and going to the chapel one -day of the Pardon, fell on the rector and boxed his ears, because he -refused to give up to him a share of the spoil. This was in 1630. He -was put into the ecclesiastical court and condemned to restore 10,000 -livres which he had carried off from the chapel, and to pay a fine of -2000 which was to be given to the hospital. P. of Ste. Helene, 4th S. -in July. This is spoken of as well attended. - -_Melrand._ The Chapel of Locmaria is fine. It has a bold, square tower -surmounted by a spire: it is all of flamboyant work with a few details -showing that the renaissance was at hand. The E. window, partly hidden -by a retable of 1680, contains in twelve tableaux scenes from the Life -and Passion of our Lord. In the N. transept window is a fine Jesse -tree, in one of the S. transept the angelic salutation. Near the chapel -is a Holy Well of 1574. P. at Guellouët in Melrand, 1st Sunday in July. - -BECHEREL (I.V.) chl. arr. Montfort. On high ground. In the church a -Romanesque font. Old gateway, 16th cent. House of the Little Sisters -of the Poor is here. The headquarters or Mother-House. _Les Iffs_ -has a church of the 15th cent. containing nine windows of superb -stained glass, the finest in the Department. The tower is of the 16th -cent. On a height is the Château de Montmuran of various dates. In -the chapel, Du Guesclin was dubbed knight in 1354. He married Jeanne -de Laval, granddaughter of the Countess of Montmuran, for whom he -defended the castle against the English. The E. window of the chapel -is good early flamboyant and contains fine old glass. The château is -very picturesque. The Château de Caradeuc, partly ancient, in a park -with fine trees, and well kept, has within, among other paintings, two -Murillos. - -BEGARD (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp. A Cistercian abbey was founded -here in 1130 by Stephen III., Count of Penthièvre. It was rebuilt in -the 17th century, except the Romanesque church. It is now a lunatic -asylum. According to local tradition, Begard was first settled by such -ragged hermits that the place was called after them, a settlement of -"Beggars." A menhir is at Kergouézennic 18 ft. high. - -_Kermoroch._ The chapel of Langoerat, 1373, has in it stained glass and -paintings. There are ruined castles at Perrier and Leshorz. - -_Pedernec._ A ruined castle at Runangoff. The Chapel of N.D. de Lorette -dates from 1514. A 16th cent. manor house at Kermathaman. A menhir 25 -ft. 6 in. high. - -BELLE ILE (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp. Prettily situated in the valley of -the Guindy. The church is modern, the old church is turned into halle. -The Chapel of Locmaria is made into the cemetery chapel. It stands on -a rocky height above the river and the road to Trégrom. It is late -flamboyant, the pillars are surrounded by stone seats. The W. door has -boldly carved foliage in coarse granite. The roodscreen, with figures -and foliage in the panels of the gallery, has been removed to the W. -end. - -_Plounevez-Moedec_ on very high ground, traversed by the main road from -Paris to Brest, straight as a bowstring. The church has a 2nd pointed -arcade and E. windows and N. aisle. The rest flamboyant. The gallery -at the W. end is one removed from the chapel of Keramanach, with the -vaulting wantonly taken away. The tower, renaissance, has been restored -recently. The chapel of _Keramanach_ (S. Fiacre) may be visited equally -well from Belle Ile or from Plouaret. It is late 2nd pointed with -square end, E. window and S.E. window of same period, as also N. aisle. -There are remains of good stained glass in the windows. The porch has -rich 16th cent. groining. The W. bell turret has a gallery. The chapel -contains a fine alabaster reredos of the 15th cent., each panel has -been let into a wooden frame. On the road from Plounevez to Trégrom is -a menhir 30 ft. high. - -_Locquenvel._ Church of 15th and 16th cents. with stained glass -representing the legend of S. Envel. - -BELZ (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. In very desolate country. The road -from Auray runs through plantations of Austrian pine grown for the -Welsh collieries, or over furzy moors. Belz itself is an utterly -uninteresting place, with an ugly church, and a ruinous but large -chapel near it. Belz lies, however, near the curious inland sea of -Etel, and was formerly head of a pou or pagus. A mile and a half -beyond Belz is the hamlet of S. Cadou, occupied entirely by fishermen -and their families. The women wear scarlet petticoats which they take -care to display. A stone causeway 140 ft. leads to the _Isle of S. -Cadou_ and his chapel. S. Cadoc, son of Gwynllyw, King of Gwent or -Monmouthshire, arrived here about 525 and founded a monastery and -school on the island. To facilitate the passage and repassage of his -pupils he constructed the causeway, having learned the art of dyking at -Llancarvan. It was here, pacing it with Gildas, that they discussed the -salvability of Virgil. Cadoc, who loved that author, could not believe -that he was lost, but Gildas held the harsher view. As they talked, -Cadoc turned over his Virgil to point out some remarkable passages, -probably the prophecy of the Incarnation, to his friend, when the wind -swept the volume out of his hand into the sea. He slipped in rushing -to recover it, and some pieces of iron in the causeway are supposed to -indicate where his foot slid. Only with difficulty did Cadoc recover -the precious book. The chapel has an early Romanesque apse, with rudely -carved capitals to the pillars supporting the chancel arch. The chapel -was much spoiled at its alteration in 1842. In the S. transept is the -stone bed of S. Cadoc with a receptacle under it, in which strange -sounds are thought to be heard. These are due to the echo of the waves -and winds. The gallery of the flamboyant screen has been removed to the -W. end. In the nave are four paintings. (1) S. Cadoc arriving at the -isle; (2) S. Cadoc settling on it; (3) Pirates land and he protests -that he has nothing; (4) Cadoc departing, with the inscription:-- - - Oratoire mon œuvre adieu, dit-il pleurant, - Belz t'oublierai je? Non. Il cingla de céans. - -P. S. after 21st Sept. Numerous megalithic remains are to be found -about Belz. A menhir at Kervoen, another at Mélionec; remains of an -allée couverte 30 ft. long at Kernours; a dolmen in good condition -at Kerlutu; others at Kerhuen, Kervoen and Kerlourd. At Crubelz in a -tumulus is a chamber of masonry nearly 11 ft. high. Roman bricks were -found in it, and it would seem to have been constructed in Gallo-Roman -times, but in accordance with earlier traditions and usages. - - [Illustration: LINES OF ERDEVEN] - -_Locoal_, on an arm of the sea of Etel, united to the mainland by -a causeway like that at S. Cadou. Locoal was a locus penitentiæ of -S. Gudeval or Gurval, Bishop of Aleth. He scooped out a cave and -dwelt therein. Disciples came to him to the number of 188. To protect -themselves against the high tides they erected the dykes that still -remain. At length, desiring greater retirement in his extreme old -age, Gudeval retired with seven disciples into the forest of Camors, -where he died in 640. Some lechs remain; one near the cemetery is 4 -ft. high, with a cross cut on it in relief, surmounted by a circle and -cross. Another on the way from Locoal to Mendon, 7 ft. 6 in. high, -with two crosses cut on it, bears on it the words CRUX PROSTLON; it is -the tombstone of the wife of Count Pasquitien, the murderer of King -Solomon. She died in 875. The parish church was burnt by the Spaniards -in 1592, and again accidentally in 1765. - -_Etel_, at the mouth of the channel that connects the inland sea with -the ocean, is a small port partly closed by a rock and by moving sands. -Near the village is a dolmen with seven supporters. A little further on -is one with five. - -_Erdeven_ (Ar deven = on the sand-downs). All this district is covered -with wind-blown sands. The most remarkable prehistoric monument is the -alignment of Kerzerho, which extends over two miles and a quarter, and -is composed of 1030 stones, with, however, gaps caused by pilferers. -Unhappily the stones are still being broken up and carried away. The -lines are on the S. and S.E. of the village. After passing an isolated -menhir and a ruined cairn, the rows are reached running east. Then -comes a gap where the stones have been carried off to build walls, -but presently they reappear, the blocks smaller. Then ensues another -hiatus, and then another succession of ranges of fine stones stretching -to a tumulus. The northern line reaches to a tumulus, the Mané Bras. On -the summit are the ruins of two dolmens, with traces of an enclosing -circle of uprights. To the east of Kerangre is another group of -monoliths. At Mané Groh are two dolmens. The dolmen of Corcomo is the -finest in Morbihan. - -_Plouhinic._ Near Kerfourchen two fallen dolmens and a menhir. From the -windmill to the west alignments running S.E. Near the Mill of Gueldra -the lines recommence in eight rows, and may be traced to Kervué and -Kervelhué. - -BOURBRIAC (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp. The church is in part Romanesque, -and possesses a crypt. The windows are of 15th cent. The tower 1635. At -Tanvedou is a tumulus enclosing a dolmen. - -_S. Adrien._ Chapel of Avangour, 1576, with marble retable of same -period. - -_Cadout_ (S. Illtyd). Church of 14th and 15th cents., with a sculptured -retable. On high ground the manor house of Bois-de-la-Roche, 15th cent. -restored. - -BRÉHAT (ISLE DE) (C.N.). Opposite Roscoff lighthouses. On the Isle of -Lavré the remains of a Celtic monastery have been traced, consisting -of a group of bee-hive huts and an oblong chapel. One hut is fairly -perfect, and is kept in repair as a sea mark. In the church is -preserved a piece of oriental silk called the stole of S. Pol de Léon. - -* BREST (F.) chl. d'arrond. Was a fishing village about a mediæval -castle on the site of a Roman camp, till Cardinal Richelieu resolved -on giving to France the command of the seas, when he fixed on Brest -for a great dockyard, 1631. His undertaking was not followed up by -Mazarin, but Colbert pursued it with energy, and extensive works were -executed. Thanks to this great minister and to Admiral Duquesne, -Brest became a naval and military port of the first class. The Breton -parliament had not relished the undertaking, and forbade the delivery -of timber to the royal works, and ordered the cessation of the forging -of cannon, but the royal will was supreme, and the opposition of the -parliament disregarded. The port was extended, and the rocks blasted; -barracks, storehouses, workshops, were created, and fine quays were -constructed. Vauban fortified it, Recouvrance was united to Brest by -a turning bridge. From Brest issued a fleet of 80 ships of the line -under Tourville in the naval campaigns of 1690 and 1691. In 1694 an -Anglo-Dutch fleet in vain attempted an attack on Brest. In the 18th -cent. its quays and fortifications were extended. Granite basins were -constructed capable of receiving vessels of 120 guns. Dajot, whilst -engaged on the defences of the place, constructed the terrace planted -with elms, that gives such a fine view of the harbour. Issuing from -Brest, the fleet commanded by d'Orvilliers met, July 27, 1778 the -English fleet off Ouessant. A French convoy was guarding a fleet of -vessels laden with grain from America, when it was attacked by Admiral -Howe. The French were under Admiral Villaret de Joyeuse. The English -fleet, which had been in quest, had been for four days unable to find -the French owing to fog. The engagement took place on the 27th July. -There were 26 French men-of-war and 35 English. - -After Trafalgar Napoleon abandoned the ambition of making France a -great naval power, and it was not till under Napoleon III. that fresh -activity was displayed at Brest. - -The harbour is perhaps the finest in Europe. It is 36 kilometres in -circumference, and is entered only through the channel of the Goullet, -illumined by five lighthouses. - -The castle of the 13th cent., on a precipitous rock, is flanked by -seven towers; the two largest are on the N.E., and the entrance is -between them. The tower of Azenore belongs to the end of the 12th -cent., and takes its name from the mother of S. Budoc, who was daughter -of the Count of Léon, and married to the Count of Goelo. The tower -of Caesar of the 12th cent., that des Anglais is of 1374, that de la -Madelaine is of the 15th cent., as is also the donjon. - -Brest, apart from its dockyard, is a very uninteresting place. The -Church of S. Louis (1692-1778) is ugly, with modern stained glass in -the French style representing Breton saints. But Brest may be made a -centre for some interesting excursions, as to _Landevennec_, which is -more easily reached from Brest by steamer than by road. - -_Landevennec_ is where a very important abbey was founded by S. -Winwaloe, in French Guenolé, at the beginning of the 6th century. The -Saint had settled first in the islet of Tibidy, but finding the place -too strait for him, came to Landevennec, where King Grallo granted him -lands in a warm and sheltered situation, under a hill that cut off -the blasts from the Atlantic. The ruins are in private grounds, but -visitors are admitted. The abbey church is of the 11th cent., and is -without transepts, but has a large chapel of a later date built on at -one side. In a crypt is the reputed tomb of King Grallo. The monastic -buildings were rebuilt in the 17th century. The Grève des Anglais is -so called because it was here that landed an expedition against Brest -which failed, because betrayed to the French Court by Marlborough and -Godolphin. The consequence was that eight hundred British soldiers fell -into a trap and were butchered to the last man. - -_Goueznou._ Here is the sole church near Brest that possesses any -archæological value. But it is a really remarkable edifice. It has the -finest apse in the Department, next to Lampaul-Guimiliau, containing -three great gabled late flamboyant windows. The church also possesses -a tower with two galleries crowned by a spire. The porch was begun -in 1643, and belongs to the same family as those of Landerneau and -Trémaouézan. It was finished in 1644, so that there was no long delay -in its completion. The main body of the church was constructed in -1607-15. About ten paces west of the church is the monumental fountain -of the Saint. It consists of a tank in an enclosure surrounded by -stone seats for the accommodation of bathers. On the south side is -a small altar surmounted by a niche, that contains a statue of S. -Gouezenou. P. Ascension Day. _Lambezellec_, with a modern church, has a -much frequented Pardon on the 2nd S. in August. _Plouzané._ Lechs and -menhirs. P. Sunday nearest 10th Aug. - -_Guipavas._ The church possesses a porch enriched internally with -statues, 1565. - -_Le Conquet._ Modern church, but with glass of the 16th cent. preserved -in it. In it is the tomb of Michel de Nobletz, a famous Jesuit, born -1577, died 1654, whose beatification is proposed. He laboured in Lower -Brittany to turn the people from their pagan superstitions. On the -promontory of Kermorvan two dolmens and a circle of upright stones. - -_Plougonvelen._ Fine coast scenery. Here, in an imposing position above -the sea, are the ruins of the Abbey of S. Mathieu. The monastery was -destroyed at the Revolution. The church (1152-1208) was much altered -in the 14th and 15th cents. The abbey was founded in the 6th cent. -by S. Tanguy. Near it is now a lighthouse. Of the parish church the -only portions that are ancient are the porch and the N. transept. P. -Sunday nearest 21st Sept. Off the promontory can be seen the clusters -of islands leading in a N.W. direction to _Ouessant_. Of these the Ile -de Banque, le Guéménés, and the Ile Molène are the principal. Ouessant -and these islands can be reached from Conquet, a steamer leaving there -thrice a week. The _Ile Molène_ is only three-quarters of a mile long -and about half-a-mile wide, and contains 570 inhabitants. Property in -it is minutely subdivided. It was here that the bodies were washed -ashore after the wreck of the _Drummond Castle_ on June 16, 1896. The -_Ile d'Ouessant_ is about seven miles long and three broad; plenty of -fresh water is found on the island, that contains 2280 inhabitants. It -was here that Paulus Aurelianus, a native of Glamorganshire, landed -when migrating from Britain at the head of a considerable party. He, -however, did not remain above two or three years in the island, and -then crossed over to the mainland. The church Lampaul (Lann-Paul) on -Ouessant was founded by him. The cliffs are abrupt, and the rocks -pierced with caves and natural arches. The island produces potatoes, -and gives good feed to sheep. It is in process of being extensively -fortified for the protection of Brest. - -BROONS (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. Bertrand du Guesclin was born here in -1320. The castle has completely disappeared, but a column has been -erected on the site in commemoration of the fact. - -_Sevignac._ The Château of Brondineuf of the 12th cent. is well -preserved. - -CANCALE (I. V.) chl. arr. S. Malo. A little port, and a favourite -watering place. It is noted for its oysters. During one part of -the year nearly all the male population is absent on the banks of -Newfoundland engaged in the cod-fisheries. The rochers de Cancale are -a mass of granite rising precipitously above the sea not far from the -mainland. Much granite is quarried at Cancale. The church of S. Méen is -modern. - -* CARHAIX (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin. An old Roman town, Vorganium, -lies high and in dreary country. Scanty remains of a Roman aqueduct are -pointed out. The church (S. Tremor) is modern and good, with a fine -East window; the tower is of 1529-35, with a West doorway, the carving -of foliage on which is deserving of notice. More interesting is the -church of Plouguer, originally very early in the 11th cent., containing -some arches and piers and clerestory windows. It was enlarged in the -16th cent. (1574), and was ruthlessly mutilated in the 18th when the -flamboyant tracery was hacked out of the windows, and the screen was -demolished. The tower is remarkably fine, with bold splayed belfry -windows. It was intended to support a spire which was never added. -There is a handsome old house in the town of carved stone and timber. -P. at S. Roque last S. but one in August. - -_Carnoet_ on very high ground. Here is the _peniti_ or place of retreat -of Gildas with a chapel, by the river, and high up in a clump of trees -under a camp that dates from the invasion of Brittany by the Northmen, -is a curious chapel of S. Gildas of late flamboyant melting into -renaissance. It has a W. spirelet, gallery and two bells, the spirelet -sustained on an arch. Within, sunk in the pavement, is an 11th cent. -sarcophagus, reputed to be the bed of S. Gildas, who died in 570. In -the N. aisle is a range of six stages of fowl hutches. On the Pardon, -29th Jan., the peasants make offerings of fowls and horsehair; the -former are put into these hutches where they cluck and cackle through -mass, and then are sold by auction for the benefit of the chapel and -its maintenance. The camp above is an admirable typical example of the -Norseman fortress, consisting of a tump, hollowed out in the middle, -that sustained a wooden superstructure; and a base-court. - -_Cleden-Poher_ has a large church of the middle of the 16th cent., but -with alterations made in 1689, at which date the sacristy was built. -It has a fine west porch, and in the apse a good flamboyant window in -six bays with a column up the centre against which, within, stands -a statue. In a Chapel of N.D. de Cleden the vault is covered with -paintings of the 18th cent. The high altar has a retable into which -are let sculptured panels of the 16th cent., and others, representing -the seven sacraments, are about the apse. The venerated image of N.D. -dates from the 14th cent. The Calvary in the graveyard is of 1575. At -the N.E. corner of the churchyard is an ossuary, transition between -flamboyant and renaissance. P. 15th Aug. - -_Treffrin_ (C.N.) possesses a fine Roman camp at Kermoisan, with -remains of a tower in it. The Church of N.D. is of 1580, the porch of -1582, richly decorated, and contains niches within containing statues -of the twelve apostles; the corbels supporting them are all different -in design. - -_Locarn._ The church is of the 12th cent. with additions and -alterations of the 16th. It contains the tomb of the patron, S. -Harn, in granite, 14th cent. The east window has stained glass of -1572 representing scenes of the Passion. The pulpit is renaissance, -syrens occupy the angles. There is a Holy Well with an early statue -of the Saint above it. A Calvary, the base ornamented with sculptured -dolphins. In the presbytère is a magnificent silver-gilt processional -cross of the 16th cent. In the parish are several menhirs, at Quellence -Buis, Loquevel, Grand Follezon, etc., but of no great height. - -_Le Moustoir_ (C.N.). Church of 1507, in the shape of a T. The cornice, -on which rests the vault, represents grotesque figures and groups. The -E. window retains its old glass, representing the Life of the Virgin. -In the tracery are the four great prophets. On the N. side a fireplace -for heating the water for baptism. - -_Maël Carhaix_ (C.N.). On the Place is a Roman military milestone -with inscription stating that it was erected in the reign of Septimius -Severus. The Church of S. Pierre (1530) has old stained glass -representing the Fathers of the Church and Bishops. The glass is of the -same date as the church. At Maël Carhaix is the cave whence issues the -spring that supplied Vorganium with water by an aqueduct. - -* CARNAC, com. of Quiberon. Noted for the vast numbers of its -prehistoric monuments. It lies on the low flat shores of the Baie de -Quiberon, and is a great place for the cultivation of oysters. To -obtain a good general view of the place it is well to ascend first of -all the Mont S. Michel, a huge cairn piled up over a natural elevation -of granite. It is oblong in shape and rises to about 60 feet. On the -summit is a chapel of the Archangel, with an old granite cross. The -mound was dug into in 1863 when a dolmen was discovered that contained -over a hundred polished stone axes, a necklace, and other objects of -the early bronze age. Further excavation in 1890 has disclosed another -dolmen, in which, along with some stone implements, were two bronze -buttons. The cairn is built up carefully of stones laid in order over -a sheet of pebbles, and above them more of the same and of seaweed -had been spread, and then above this fresh stones have been piled. -From the summit the alignments of Carnac can be seen on the north. To -visit these latter the following course should be pursued. Take the -road to Ker Malvezin, and in a few minutes, on a bit of rising ground -on the left is seen a dolmen on which a cross has been erected. Very -soon after the road traverses the lines of Le Menec. There are still -standing eleven of these rows and they run from E.N.E. to W.S.W. The -total length is 3510 feet, and there are 1169 stones in them. The -tallest of them is 13 feet high, but the majority from 3 to 4 feet. -It is well to turn to the left and pursue the rows to the western -extremity where is a semi-circular enclosure, evidently not in its -original condition, and it is doubtful whether it be not a modern -erection made out of stones pilfered from the rows to form a farm -enclosure attached to the farm of Le Menec. - - [Illustration: THE LINES OF CARNAC] - -Having retraced our steps to the road, we cross it and follow the -avenues of upright stones till we reach and cross another road, that -to Ploemel. The road has broken through the lines, which continue -only a few yards to the east, and then are brought to a conclusion -by blocking stones, that is to say, slabs set at right angles to the -lines. From this point ensues a gap for about 345 yards where is a -little plantation of Austrian pines, a stone quarry, and some furzy -enclosures. The lines are not, however, wholly interrupted; a few -upright stones and several that are prostrate testify that there was -some continuation. We follow a new road through the plantation and -between walls till we come abruptly on a fresh cluster of stones, and -these the largest we have yet seen. This is the commencement of the -Kermario group. These started from several tumuli enclosing dolmens, -but of such only one, an allée couverte pertaining to the southernmost -line, remains. The lines though mutilated are instructive. They start -from this allée couverte and run about 250 yards to a pair of blocking -stones, planted at right angles to the rows. The Kermario alignments -run N.E. up a hill crowned by a disused windmill that has been -constructed out of the blocks, then they continue some way till walls -and a wood interrupt their course. Ten rows remain, and the number of -the standing stones is 982. The largest of the menhirs is prostrate; -apparently it had been purposely thrown down to form a coverer to a -Gallo-Roman grave that has been discovered beneath it. What is of -special interest is the fact that a Roman camp was formed in these -lines, and that those who constructed the camp made use of the stones -for their wall of enclosure, breaking up some, and employing others -in their original position where it served their purpose. From the -easternmost end of the Kermario group occurs an interruption of about -398 yards, and then we come upon a third set of stone rows, that of -Kerlescant, which stretches 885 yards, but is much mutilated about the -village. Thirteen lines can be traced containing 540 stones, but there -were others, some 40, that lie to the north, and are the poor remains -of another series of stone rows. On the east again the alignment is -supposed to describe a curve towards the north, and then recommence and -run east again to the Crach estuary. Near the rows is also a ruined -allée couverte. The whole extent of rows cannot be estimated as short -of 4½ miles. - -Poor fragments of other alignments remain at Ste. Barbe, near a couple -of windmills by the station of Plouharnel, and again, and remains of a -stone circle by the dolmen of Keriaval. The dolmens are very numerous, -but not in the commune of Carnac to the extent that they are in the -adjoining parishes. An enumeration of them may be omitted here, as -at Carnac for a franc at the Musée Milne may be had a serviceable -little book, "Carnac et ses Monuments," by M. Le Rouzic, with a map. -One word of caution must however be given--not to accept the wild -theories promulgated relative to dolmens and alignments. A close and -scientific comparative study of these monuments has led to a pretty -certain determination as to their purposes. The dolmens and allées -couvertes were sepulchres, family or tribal; and the alignments consist -of stones erected by members of the tribe or families belonging to the -tribe in honour of the several dead who were laid in the dolmens. The -stone circles were either places where the dead were burned and funeral -feasts were held, or were places of tribal gatherings for palavers; -generally they served both purposes. Isolated menhirs were either -memorials to the dead, or boundary marks between tribal lands. All -dolmens were originally buried under cairns or tumuli. - -The parish church at Carnac was rebuilt in 1639 and has a well -proportioned tower and spire, with spirelets at the angles. Above the -west door is a statue of S. Cornelius, who throughout Lower Brittany is -the patron of horned beasts, as S. Eloi (Eligius, B. of Noyon) is of -horses. On the north side is an extravagant baroque porch, with a stone -crown or baldachin above it. The fountain of S. Cornély is west of the -church. A tramway now connects Carnac with Belz and Erdeven. - -The Pardon of S. Cornély takes place on Sept. 13, and is a curious -sight. Cattle are brought to the church and offered to S. Cornély, and -those thus offered are sold afterwards by auction, and are eagerly -bought. - -_Plœmel._ East of S. Cado is a menhir standing and two others fallen; -east of S. Laurent by the roadside a menhir leaning, opposite a stone -cross. In the tumulus of Mané-Bodgad near Kermarquer, a sepulchral -chamber. The church has been rebuilt and is a despicable structure. In -the cemetery is a lech fallen. Another found there has been trimmed and -set on the top of the tower. - -_Plouharnel._ The largest dolmen in the Department is that of -Corconneau in this parish. It measures 6 feet high inside, and is -25 feet long. Four hundred paces to the east are the remains of an -alignment composed of 21 menhirs. To the south the ground is strewn -with ruined dolmens and menhirs either fallen or standing, relics of -alignments that have been plundered. At Ste. Barbe, to which allusion -has already been made, some 30 stones remain of an alignment, and the -remains of a stone circle. At Vieux Moulin are six standing stones, -and a little further the dolmens of Mané-Rémor and Runmeur. Further -north at Kernevez a dolmen that has had its coverer displaced, and at -Cosquer two or three more. On descending to the south at Runesto a -dolmen half buried, and at Kerguvat, on the way to Carnac, a dolmen -with a gallery. Between the village and the station is the tumulus of -Rondossec that contains three dolmens, one of which when explored gave -up two gold torques. The church is modern and bad. - -For _Erdeven_ see under Belz. - -CAULNES (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. Once a Roman station. Relics found -there are preserved in the Mairie. The church has undergone great -alterations. The tower was rebuilt in the 18th cent., but the old W. -entrance of the 16th cent. was preserved. - -_Guitée._ Alignments of quartz blocks standing on others in which are -cavities that have been found to contain ashes. There are five rows and -run N. and S. One has in it 15 stones fallen, and 7 standing; one of -them is 11 feet high. Another, a blocking stone, is 15 feet high. The -second row has 12 stones fallen, and 2 upright; one of the prostrate -blocks measures 15 feet 6 inches. The third line has 11 stones, all -prostrate. The fourth line consists of 7 stones standing and 4 fallen. -One of those erect is 18 feet 6 inches high. - -CHÂTEAUBOURG (I.V.) chl. arr. Vitré. The church has a renaissance -portal. There are remains of a priory of the 14th cent. converted into -a private house. - -CHÂTEAUGIRON (I.V.) chl. arr. Rennes. Ruins of a castle. Two towers -fairly well preserved. - -CHÂTEAULIN (F.) chl. d'arr. Prettily situated on the Aulne which is -canalised, so as to connect Brest with Nantes. The hills rise to a -considerable height above Châteaulin, as here the Monts d'Arrée and -the Montagnes Noires draw together, the latter to be prolonged into -the Peninsula of Crozon. But though prettily planted, there is not -much of interest in the town. The church (S. Idumet) is modern and -unsatisfactory. On a rock on the right bank of the river is the site -of the castle that has been completely destroyed. The chapel however -remains. The piers and arches are of the 12th cent. The tower is -renaissance and is beautifully proportioned. The archway into the -churchyard is 16th cent., and the cross and ossuary of the same period. -P. 1st Sunday in Sept. From Châteaulin the _Menez-hom_ (990 ft.) may -be visited for the sake of the view over the Rade de Brest and the Bay -of Douarnenez. Ste. Marie du Menez-hom is a chapel (1574-91), with -renaissance bell tower. The iron gate to the churchyard is of 1730, the -Calvary of 1544. - -_S. Nic_, most picturesquely situated, has a quaint granite church of -the prevailing style of fusion of Gothic with renaissance. - -_S. Ségal_ (Cadwalader). In this parish the Chapel of S. Sebastian -is of the dimensions of a church. It possesses some old glass. The -Calvary is of the same type as that at Ste. Marie du Menez-hom. It -consists of a cross with a double pair of arms beneath; on the topmost -are SS. Mary and John, on the lower Roman soldiers on horseback. P. -Sunday after 22nd July. - -_Loperec._ The church (S. Bridget) has a spire of 1668, and an -interesting Calvary of 1552. The porch dates from 1586, with niches -containing statues of the twelve apostles, these carved in 1615. In -the church is some fine work of the barbaric style of Louis XIV., -especially the retable of the altar of the Rosary. P. last Sunday in -August. - -_Cast._ Has a Holy Well of the 15th cent., much resorted to, especially -on the Pardon, 2nd Sunday in May. At Lelzach are menhirs. The Mur -du Diable is a wall rudely constructed of blocks not set in mortar, -probably prehistoric. - -_Quéménéven_ (S. Ouen, who has displaced S. Eugene, B. of Ardstraw). -In this parish is the Chapel of Kergoat, one of the most renowned and -favourite places of pilgrimage in Lower Brittany. The great Pardon is -on the Sunday after the 15th August. - -* CHÂTEAUNEUF-DU-FAOU (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin. A picturesquely -situated town on the Aulne. The well timbered heights of the Montagnes -Noires rise to the south. The castle has disappeared, and its site is -occupied by the hideous modern chapel of N.D. des Portes in a parody -of Romanesque. The very interesting 16th cent. chapel was destroyed -to make way for this monstrosity. However, the beautiful doorway -(1430) has been preserved. The Pardon, very largely attended, with -a procession bearing candles on the eve, is on the last Sunday in -August. The parish church (S. Theilo, B. of Llandaff) has been rebuilt -and is successful. The tower of the old church, 17th. cent., remains. -The patron has been relegated to a place of no consideration in the -S. transept to make room for saints more modern and in the Roman -Martyrology. - -_Spezet._ The interesting Chapel of N.D. du Crann is of 1502, and -possesses seven magnificent stained glass windows of 1548. There are -chapels of S. Tudy, P. 3rd Sunday in July, and S. Bridget, P. Sunday -after the Ascension. But the P. at N.D. du Crann, the most important, -is on Trinity Sunday. - -_Landeleau._ The church (S. Theilo) is fine and has a porch of 1540. P. -Monday in Whitsun Week. - -CHÂTEAUNEUF (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo, on the high road from S. Malo to -Dinan. It is near the estuary of the Rance but is not on it. The castle -has been almost wholly destroyed and a modern castle built on the site. -The parish church, which is small, has a picturesque tower and some -flamboyant windows. - -_S. Suliac_ possesses an interesting church of the 13th century. It -contains the tomb of the Saint Tysilio, as the Welsh call him, who -is the reputed author of the original History of the Britons, from -which Geoffrey of Monmouth drew some of the facts which he embroidered -with elaborate fiction. He was the son of Brocwel, King of Powys. On -his father's death, an elder son succeeded to the principality, but -reigned only two years and died childless. Thereupon the widow proposed -to marry Tysilio, and take him out of his monastery to become King of -Powys. Tysilio had no inclination either for the lady or for the crown, -and refused. His sister-in-law was exasperated and so harassed him and -his monastery, that he deemed it expedient to quit Wales. He came to -Brittany and landed at Aleth (S. Servan) and founded a monastery where -is now Saint Suliac. On the death of his sister-in-law he returned to -Wales, and became Bishop of S. Asaph in succession to Asaph, who was -his first cousin. In his old age he seems to have retired to die in his -Breton Monastery. - -CHÂTELAUDREN (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. The castle, originally a Roman -camp, was the residence of Aldor or Audrien, prince of the British -colonists who settled here. The castle was destroyed in 1808. It is -now in private grounds, prettily situated above a little tarn. The -parish church is modern, but on the height above the town is N.D. du -Tertre, a church, 2nd pointed but with a flamboyant east window. There -are remains of old glass. There is a 2nd pointed stone altar of S. -Margaret. The spire was added later and there are internal buttresses. -The wooden ceiling is covered with paintings. Near the chapel is a -picturesque 16th cent. mansion. In the parish church alabaster bas -reliefs of the 16th cent. are preserved in the sacristy. - -_Bocqueho_, on the main road to Quintin, has a flamboyant Chapel of -N.D. de Pitié with stained glass of the period representing scenes of -the Passion. - -CHÈSE, LA (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac. There are halles of the 17th cent., -and a church of the 18th. - -_La Ferrière._ The church is partly of the 13th and partly of the 14th -cent. The south chapel is of the 16th, with good glass of 1546 and -1551. Ruins of the abbey of Lantenac, founded in 1150; a portion of the -cloisters remain, and a chapel of the 15th cent. - -_Plèmet._ Chapel of S. Lubin of the 16th cent. with contemporary glass. -In one window the legend of S. Lubin; in another the life of S. John -the Baptist. - -CLEGUEREC (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy. Church modern, but in the churchyard -a cross of the 17th cent. In the Chapel of S. Morvan is the tomb of the -Saint, a rude granite sarcophagus. Near the church, by the roadside, -is a lech with crosses cut on it. In the chapel of the Baptist is -16th cent. glass. Several allées couvertes are in the parish. One at -Parc-er-bé, near the hamlet of Rotherbaz, 36 ft. long. At Bod-er-Mohet -remains of another, 72 ft. long, divided into compartments within. Near -by a menhir 12 ft. high. P. at S. Gildas, 1st S. in May. P. at S. -Jean, S. after the 24th June. That at S. Anne 4th S. in July. Pretty -lake at Ste. Brigitte. - -COMBOURG (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo. Church modern and very bad. The -castle belongs to the Châteaubriant family, and is shown on Wednesdays. -It is a structure of the 14th and 15th cents., and has been carefully -restored. It stands above a little lake in a picturesque situation, and -has good grounds and trees about it. In the dining-room is a bust of -Françoise de Foix, who was the wife of the Count of Châteaubriant. The -count was compelled to be at Court, but long refused to allow his wife -to appear there, and only yielded when Francis I. insisted upon it. The -King fell desperately in love with her, and made her his mistress. The -count was forced to swallow his rage, but when the fickle king turned -to Mlle. d'Helly, afterwards Duchesse d'Etampes, then he carried her -back to Châteaubriant where he starved her to death. The castle is -supposed to be haunted by an old Châteaubriant with a wooden leg and -by his black cat. The author of Réné and Athalie spent much time here -in his youth, and his room and chair are shown. A ruined dolmen is at -Chevot. - -_S. Leger._ Church of the 15th cent. A prehistoric monument goes by the -name of La Chaise de Saint Leger. - -_Cugnon._ A menhir called La Pierre longue, 20 ft. high. - -CONCARNEAU (F.) chl. arr. Quimper. A fishing port, where sardines are -tinned. It is also a resort of artists. Concarneau is picturesquely -situated on a bay, and is divided into the New and the Old Town, the -former very modern and uninteresting. The Ville Clos occupies an islet -and is enclosed by walls flanked by towers. Entrance is obtained by -three gates: the principal is to the west and is defended by two great -towers, and has a drawbridge. Some parts of the fortifications date -from the 14th century. One large bastion is attributed to the Duchess -Anne. There is an aquarium in the place, and the studios of the Breton -artists should be visited. The Chapel of N. Dame de Bon Secours is of -the 15th cent. Two kilometres distant to the N.E. is the Château de -Kerjolet, rebuilt and given to the Department in 1890 by the Countess -Chaveau-Narishkine. It contains a museum in which are preserved -specimens of all the coiffes and costumes of Lower Brittany, as well -as antiquities prehistoric and mediæval. The factories for tinning -sardines may be inspected. The costume about Concarneau is pretty, and -the place is noted for the good looks of the women. - -_Lanriec._ Here is an allée couverte, here is also a cromlech, or -circle of standing stones. P. 2nd Sunday in September. - -_Trégunc._ Numerous prehistoric monuments. A fine menhir at Ker ar -Gallon, another 30 ft. high. A stone circle 248 ft. in diameter. A -dolmen on the Lande de Kerlan 24 ft. long. P. de S. Marc, the S. after -25th April. P. de N.D. de Bon Secours, 3rd S. in September. P. of S. -Philibert, last S. in August, and that of S. Elizabeth the ensuing -Sunday. - -CORLAY (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac. Church of S. Elouan of 1576. Old Holy -Well. The Chapel of S. Anne was built in 1198, destroyed in the war -of the two Jeannes, and rebuilt in 1485, and dismantled in 1599. On -the Lande de la Justice foundations remain of the old gallows; allée -couverte, called Le Tombeau de Gargantua, near the hamlet of Faouët, on -the road to Uzel. - -_Haut Corlay._ Near the village is the Men Bixiquet, a menhir 9 feet -high. North of the Tertre aux Colombs, a rectangular fortification -enclosing tumuli, a vast number of others are outside. - -_Plussulien_ (S. Sulien). The church is of the 16th cent. The Holy Well -of S. Sulien is of the 16th cent. as well. The Chapel of the N.D. de -Saleon of the 15th cent. - -CROISIC, LE (L.I.), chl. arr. S. Nazaire. A little port and bathing -place. It is here that Cæsar stood to watch the naval fight between -Brutus and the Venetian fleet, which resulted in the complete -destruction of the latter. The Venetii had large vessels with leather -sails, whereas the Romans had galleys. The success of the latter was -wholly due to the failure of wind to fill the Venetian sails and enable -the great ships to move. By this means the Roman galleys were enabled -to attack each huge hulk separately, and the Venetian fleet was thus -destroyed piece-meal. After this Cæsar in cold blood slaughtered all -the nobles, and sold all the population he could lay his hands on -into slavery. Le Croisic lies on a slight elevation that runs as a -ridge banking out the Loire from the low tract of salt marsh on the -other or inland side. N.D. de la Pitié (1494-1507) has a N. porch of -1528, and a tower of the 17th cent. The Chapel of S. Goustan is partly -Romanesque, and has a miraculous Holy Well near it. A marine hospital -for scrofulous children is at Le Croisic. - -_Batz_, on the same ridge as Le Croisic, is also a sea-bathing place -and in much resort. The church (S. Winwaloe) is of the 15th and 16th -cents., with a stately tower rebuilt in 1677. The pillars of the -earlier 13th cent. church remain. The church was restored in 1866. In -Batz is a little museum in which are preserved the old costumes of the -district. - -_Pouliquen_ (The White Pool), also a sea-bathing place. On the rock of -Penchâteau is a chapel containing a 15th cent. alabaster bas-relief. - -CROZON (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin. The bleak promontory of Crozon -spreads out to the west and forms the headland of Camaret, then -intervenes the bay de la Chèvre, and to the north the headland of -Crozon. The church (1602-15) contains a retable representing the -martyrdom of the Theban Legion. The spire is modern. There is a stone -circle at Tyahurey in the midst of a vast lande, a dolmen at Rostudet, -and stone rows at Kercolleoch and Landaoudec. The coast to Morgat is -fine, much gnawed into by the Atlantic, and full of caverns. There are, -however, good stretches of sand. Dinant takes its name from the rocks -that shoot up like walls and towers of a fortress. The bay of Dinant is -beautiful, and here also are many caves, notably that of the Korrigans -or water-sprites. P. Sunday after 29th June. - -_Camaret_ is a little port given over to the sardine fishing and to the -tinning. The Chapel of Rozmadou dates from 1560. At Toulinquel is a set -of stone rows. At Kerloch a little lake. The Benediction of the Sea -takes place on the 3rd Sunday in June. - -_Lanveoc_ (S. Fiacc, B. of Sletty). Here are prehistoric remains. P. -Sunday nearest to 26th July. - -DAOULAS (F.) chl. arr. Brest. An Augustinian abbey was founded here -in 1170. To this period belong the body of the church and portions of -the choir. A porch was added in renaissance times. Glass of the Breton -school of the 16th cent. remains in the church windows. The cloister -is Romanesque, and of the same date as the foundation of the abbey. -Semi-circular arches rest on columns alternately single and coupled, -and with early foliage in the capitals, and with ornamented bases. In -the midst of the cloister is a basin also of the 12th cent. Chapel -of B.V.M. 1550, and Chapel of S. Anne 1667. Daoulas is at the head -of a long tidal creek, between hills, in a pretty situation. The -Kersanton stone, so largely used for sculpture in the churches of Lower -Brittany in the 16th and 17th cents., is quarried not far from here. - - [Illustration: N.D. DE LA FONTAINE, DAOULAS] - -_L'Hôpital Comfront._ A commandery of the Knights of S. John was here. -The church is in the common transition style between flamboyant and a -renaissance, with an open bell tower for two bells and a side turret, -disengaged with cupola, containing the stair. The west front has a -doorway much like that at Rumengol. In the church is a statue of S. -Barbe of 1511. P. Easter Monday. - -_Irvillac._ Church with a renaissance tower and spire. P. des Reliques -3rd Sunday in July. P. des Marches, with wrestling, 3rd Sunday in -October. - -* DINAN (C.N.) chl. d'arrond. In a picturesque situation, 225 feet -above the Rance which flows through a gorge to the sea, between granite -cliffs broken by bays down which flows abundant foliage. The town is -walled round on all sides save that on which is the railway station. -Three gates remain, and a postern of the castle. The original castle -stood in a different position, and was called the Château de Gan. It -has disappeared, and a vulgar and pretentious modern house occupies -its site. The present castle was erected in 1458 and 1480. Of the -twenty-four towers which originally surrounded the town fifteen remain -in a more or less ruinous condition. Portions of the wall date from -the 13th cent. The most picturesque portion of the town is the Rue -de Jerzual leading to the old port on the Rance, in which are many -ancient houses. In some parts are houses with arcades. The Tour de -l'Horloge, singularly picturesque, is of the 15th cent. The Church of -S. Sauveur is in part Romanesque, the lower portion of the west front -to the bottom of the window, and the S. side of the nave. But the N. -aisle, transepts and choir are flamboyant inclining to renaissance. The -central slated crown to the tower is singularly beautiful in outline -and proportion. There is one window in the N. aisle which contains -old glass. A chapel contains the heart of Du Guesclin. The Church of -S. Malo is late flamboyant of the 16th cent. throughout, except the -S. transept front, which is renaissance. The W. window is modern, and -remarkably bad in design. The church contained good old glass of the -period, which the curé sold, and has supplied its place with utter -rubbish. The Chapel of S. Joachim outside the Porte S. Malo is mainly -Romanesque of the 11th cent. It was chapel to a priory. At Ste. Esprit -is a granite cross sculptured with figures on the site occupied by the -Earl of Lancaster when investing Dinan. Near this is a large lunatic -asylum, with beautiful grounds, to which admission is accorded. The -chapel built by the lunatics, if architecturally bad, is effective -after its fashion, and well intended. From the Porte S. Malo a pretty -walk, planted with limes, leads to La Fontaine, a chalybeate spring in -a deep valley. A noble viaduct connects Dinan with Lanvallay. In -summer an expedition may be made by boat or steamer to the Chapel of -S. Hubert, an expedition well repaying the trouble. The Château de la -Garraye is of the 16th cent., prettily situated, falling annually into -more complete ruin. That of La Conninais, however, is kept up. A tower -and the chapel are late flamboyant, but the main building is a century -later. - - [Illustration: S. SAUVEUR, DINAN] - -_Léhon_ has a ruined castle on the height, and by the river the remains -of a priory. The church, of the 13th cent., has been restored; the -ugly east window is modern, and the stained glass is all bad. In the -churchyard is the Romanesque doorway of the parish church, which was -pulled down when the priory church was put in order. - -_Corseul._ The ancient capital of the Curiosoliti, with Roman remains, -notably a temple of Mars, of very peculiar construction, an apsidal -chapel with a huge extended peristyle before it, like a cloister. The -parish church, a wretched modern structure, contains a Roman cippus. -In a picturesque situation is the Château de Montfilant, of the 12th -cent., with to the N. traces of a prehistoric camp. In the farmhouse -on the site of the castle are some statues, one of 16th cent., of S. -Agatha carrying her amputated feet, and another of S. Anne of the 17th -cent. - -_S. Helan._ The church has some old glass in the E. window, -representing the saint, who with six other Irish bishops visited S. -Remigius at Rheims in 509. On their way, after having landed at -the mouth of the Rance, they founded churches along their route up -the river. At La Ganterie on the road to Dol, at the 8½ kilometre -milestone, a little to the left is a ruined allée couverte, on the site -of a prehistoric workshop for tools. The site is interesting not to the -archæologist alone, but also to the mineralogist. The stones of which -the dolmen is composed are diorite, and the material of which the tools -were fashioned is the silex in the granite fused by a dyke of diorite -which has run it into flint clots. The tools here fabricated were of a -rude description. - -_S. Samson._ A fine menhir at La Tremblaye, in a little wood, 30 -ft. high, but inclining, as it was undermined by treasure seekers. -According to popular superstition, if re-erected, Dinan would perish -by a flood. A delightful walk may be taken from S. Samson to Dinan, -by a road that leads down to the river, and comes out by the mouth -of the glen of La Fontaine. From it the grand view of Dinan with its -spires and viaduct may be obtained. The Rance at this point formerly -swept round a rocky peninsula, but this was cut through and the course -rectified, when the river was canalised. The walk may be extended by -taking in _Taden_, where are the neglected tombs of the Count and -Countess de la Garaye. At their own desire they were buried among the -poor, to whom they had devoted their lives, in the churchyard. - - [Illustration: TOWER, DINARD] - -_Trigavou_, between this place and Pleslin, is a wrecked series of -alignments. Though a monument historique, the peasants have been -recently blowing up the stones with gunpowder, and the remains are in -too great disorder to be planned. In the church on a beam is a carving -that represents a hare which when pursued by hunters took refuge in the -sacred edifice. - -_Le Hinglé_, a walk of a mile and a half from the station, takes to the -Château of Chalonge, with a tower and picturesque gables. It is being -well restored by the proprietor. - -DINARD-SAINT ENOGAT (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo. Picturesquely situated -on an indented coastline opposite S. Malo, and connected by a tramline -with S. Lunaire and S. Briac. It is a favourite resort for wealthy -Americans during the summer, and has a casino, where those who like -to lose their money may do so. Bathing is best obtained at S. Lunaire -where are good sands. Scanty remains of a priory founded in 1324. The -chapel in ruins contains a colossal statue of the Virgin and child of -the 15th cent. An old house, traditionally supposed to have been once -occupied by the Black Prince, has a couple of picturesque towers with -conical roofs and gables. A house quaintly decorated with numerous -statues of saints. - -_S. Lunaire_ has an excellent beach. Lodging houses are extending -rapidly along the coast from Dinard to S. Briac, and in process of -time there will be a continuous line of houses. The modern church -is portentously vulgar, but the little old church has been happily -spared. It has a low slated tower at the junction of the transepts. -Within is the tomb of the saint, who was son of Hoel and Pompeia, -and born in South Wales. His father was founder of Llanhywel in -Pembrokeshire, and his mother lies buried at Langoat near La Roche -Derrien. He was brother of S. Tugdual the founder of Tréguier, and -nephew of S. Brioc. The story goes that he left his portable altar -behind him in Wales, and that two doves crossed the sea bringing it to -him in their beaks. On his tomb a dove is represented with the slab in -its beak. The fact on which this legend is founded is probably that -his sisters, crossing later, brought to him what he had forgotten. One -sister was called Sceva, Ste. Sève as she is now called. Another story -told of him is that when he settled at this spot on the coast, with -his monks, to his dismay it was discovered that seed corn had been -forgotten. Then Leonore knelt in prayer, and presently a robin was seen -perched on a stone with an ear of wheat in its beak which it let fall -when scared. The grains were sown, and on the following year all the -produce of the little harvest, and eventually all the district round, -derived its wheat from "Robin Redbreast's Corn." - -_S. Briac._ Situated above a picturesque bay partly closed by an islet. -It has a little port. The church is modern except the tower, which is -renaissance. An extensive alignment existed here, extending to the -headland above the sea, but the exigences of builders have almost if -not wholly destroyed it. The saint from whom the place takes its name -was an Irishman, a native of Ulster, who joined Tugdual and Leonore -in South Wales and followed them to Brittany. Briac was given a site -for a monastery where now stands the town of Bourgbriac, where is his -Holy Well. He soon made of it a flourishing school for missionaries, -who were sent throughout the district. After many years he went on -pilgrimage to Rome, and on his way back halted at Arles, where he -remained two years. Then he returned to Brittany, where he died at an -advanced age about 570, and was buried at Bourgbriac. - -On the further side of the river is Lancieux; the church contains a -Roman cippus but is otherwise destitute of interest and will shortly -be rebuilt. The vast bay west of Lancieux is divided in twain by the -tongue of land on which is S. Jacut. Here the tide goes out as much -as 5 kilometres. To the north of the promontory of S. Jacut are the -islands of Les Ebbiens on which is a battery. - -Off Dinard is the fortified isle of _Cézambre_, but visitors are not -suffered to land there. Here was a monastery founded by S. Brendan -about 524, and when S. Malo arrived from South Wales, he was hospitably -received by Festivus, the Irish monk left there in charge. A Chapel of -S. Brendan was much resorted to by girls in want of husbands, who vowed -candles to the Irish saint if he would supply them with a suitor. But -since the military authorities have denied access to the island, the -damsels have had to aspire at home. - -DOL (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo. A dull town, formerly a cathedral city, -and for three hundred years seat of an archbishop. The few old houses -in the town are not particularly interesting. The former cathedral, now -parish church (S. Samson), belongs for the most part to the 13th cent. -The west part is flanked by two towers of the 14th and 15th centuries. -That to the south has retained some remains of the original Romanesque -church. King John of England burnt the church. At the crossing of -the transepts a third tower of the 13th cent. was begun but never -completed. The N. side of the church formed part of the fortifications -of the town, and the wall of the chapels of the choir is surmounted by -a crenilated parapet. The choir has a square east end like an English -church, and with a magnificent 2nd pointed or geometrical E. window -full of glass of the same period, badly restored. It represents the -Last Judgment, scenes of the Passion, and the Life of S. Samson. The -pillars of the nave belong to the original Romanesque church. After -it was burnt they were retained, but disengaged columns were grouped -about them and bound to the cylinders by bands of iron. Those in the -side aisles are meaningless, supporting nothing. Behind the high altar -is the Chapel of S. Samson. In the wall at the side are openings into -a chamber into which the insane were admitted, and kept for a while -enclosed near the tomb of the Saint, in hopes of a cure. In the N. -transept is the sadly defaced tomb of Bishop Thomas James (1504) and -of his brother, a canon. It was a peculiarly rich piece of renaissance -work, by the Florentine family of Juste, two brothers of which were -brought to Dol to execute it. After its completion they settled at -Tours. It was barbarously mutilated at the Revolution. The S. transept -has a rich porch, the statuary in which has been recently restored. - -About a mile and a half out of Dol on the Combourg road is the Pierre -du Champ Dolent, a menhir 27 feet high above ground and sunk nearly as -many feet beneath the surface. It is dwarfed by a huge crucifix planted -on the top. Near by is _Carfeuntin_ with a hideous modern church -replacing one of the 13th that has been wantonly destroyed. Here is the -Holy Well of S. Samson. - -_Mont Dol_ is a height rising out of the great marsh of Dol, that was -overflowed by the sea in 709. This was a prehistoric site and numerous -flint weapons are there found. The church of the 11th, 12th and 15th -centuries contains curious mural paintings. - -DOUARNENEZ (F.) chl. arr. Quimper. Prettily situated on a tidal creek -that has its mouth almost closed by the Isle of Tristan. The railway -station is high above the town and the ravine is crossed by a viaduct. -The town itself is given up to sardines and is pervaded by bad odours. -It has a very bad modern church. That of S. Helene is of the 17th -cent. with glass of the period. The Chapel of S. Michel is of 1664 and -has a painted ceiling. Douarnenez was the headquarters of the brigand -Fontenelle during the wars of the League. He had his castle on the -island of Tristan where he crowded his prisoners into the dungeons so -dense that they could not lie down, and kept them there till they died, -in a condition of indescribable filth. As one died, he made the rest -throw him out at the window into the sea. Some, who he thought might -ransom themselves, he placed in metal chairs over slow fires, others -he left in bitter winter weather immersed to their necks in barrels of -cold water. He carried on his barbarities, not for any cause, though -he professed himself to be a leaguer. He warred on all alike for the -sake of rapine and out of wanton love of slaughter. He was finally -broken on the wheel in 1602. Douarnenez is connected by rows of houses -with _Ploaré_, where is a fine church very late flamboyant resolving -itself into renaissance, and typical of a style very general throughout -Finistère. A singular feature is to be noted in the pinnacles about -the spire. Two of these have tall crocketed spirelets, but taste was -changing whilst the tower was approaching completion, and the two -other pinnacles are truncated Italian lanterns. The tower was begun -in 1555. The side aisles are gabled over the aisle windows, and as -usual in Breton churches there is no clerestory. The buttresses are -surmounted by pinnacles that are crowned with cupolas. The cusping has -gone from the tracery, a sure mark of decay of the style. There is a -fine porch with niches, but no statues. A fireplace and chimney for -heating the water for baptisms, shows that this usage was carried on to -the latter half of the 16th cent. As we shall see under Le Juch there -is a later example. - - [Illustration: PLOARÉ] - -_Poullan._ The church (S. Cadvan) is flamboyant verging into -renaissance. It has a thin tower with two galleries, and a pretty -porch. The side aisles are peculiarly narrow. The capitals of the -pillars are quaintly carved. The octagonal vestry is of the 17th cent. -Several dolmens. A menhir near the seamark at Kermenhir. P. 1st S. in -September. - -_Le Juch._ Renaissance tower. Fireplace in the church for warming the -water for baptism, as late as 1710. The east window has in it 16th -cent. glass representing the Crucifixion. - -_Guengat._ A small late flamboyant church. Ossuary adjoining the porch -1557. Owing to the fall of the tower in 1700, the church was restored -in 1706. It contains some fine glass of the 16th cent. representing the -Last Judgment and the Passion. The date is 1571. The porch flamboyant. -Curious uncouth and late tracery in two gabled windows beside the -porch. The third has flamboyant tracery. A Calvary in the churchyard -is of the 16th cent. In the presbytère are preserved a beautiful -chalice, and a processional cross of 1584. P. de S. Ivy, 2nd S. in May. -Patronal feast last S. in August. - -_Kerlaz._ Church (S. Germain) picturesque and interesting. It has -a crocketed spire with subsidiary turrets and spirelets partially -detached. The church contains old glass in the east window representing -scenes of the Passion and S. John the Baptist presenting the donor and -a canon. Font of 1567, tower 1660, Calvary 1645, lychgate 1558. - -ELVEN (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. The Chapel of S. Germain is of the 16th -cent. At the door is a sarcophagus supposed to be that of S. Germain. -This Germanus is probably not the Great Bishop of Auxerre, but the -nephew of S. Patrick, who was tutor of S. Brioc, and finally apostle of -the Isle of Man. Elven is a good place whence to explore the Lande de -Lanvaux. This upland ridge is strewn with prehistoric remains, dolmens -and menhirs, notably La Loge aux Loups, a dolmen; an allée couverte Le -Léty, a menhir at Carhaix, another at Villeneuve. An allée couverte -at Villepierre, two dolmens in the wood at Coetby and two menhirs -called Baboun et Baboune at the outskirts of the wood of Lanvaux. At -S. Guyomard a menhir 22 feet high. At Plaudren beside the road, La -Quenouille, about 18 feet high. Near it numerous remains of dolmens -and fallen menhirs. Another group at Plaudren, a fallen menhir, 16 -feet high, and two others prostrate of less height, an allée couverte -called Mein-gouarec near a curious rock shaped like a crouching lion. - -ETAPLES (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. A watering-place in some repute -with good sands. The church is of the 15th cent., but with a tower of -1786. Etaples is in the ancient county of Goelo. - -_Lantec._ The parish church (S. Oswald) is a mean modern structure. -How the great Northumbrian king should come to be here commemorated -is hard to understand. He is represented over the altar as a chubby, -smirking boy. The Chapel of N.D. de la Cour is a noble structure of -1460, of the finest and purest flamboyant, before it became degenerate -and adulterated with Italian detail. Chancel and side aisles are -vaulted. The nave has modern wood vaulting. The superb east window is -filled with the finest stained glass, silvery in tone, with the colour -set in it as jewels, after the English school, and entirely different -from the prevailing Breton character of glass which, like the French, -is overladen with colour. The modern glass in some of the windows is -bad as bad can be. The tracery of the chancel windows is admirable. -There is a second stained window, old, in the S. transept. In the -chapel is the tomb of Guillaume de Rosmadec, 1608, in kersanton stone. -P. 16th August, when pilgrim fishermen make the circuit of the chapel -barefooted and in their shirts alone. - -_S. Quay_ is a watering place. - -LE FAOU (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin, at the head of a long arm of the -sea. It is reached from Henvec station. The church is of the 16th cent. -late flamboyant, with a slender unsatisfactory tower, 1626-40. The -porch is of 1593, with statues of the apostles. - -_Rumengol._ The story goes that as King Grallo was riding with S. -Winwaloe from Is, which had been overwhelmed by the sea, and reached -the hill that commanded the valley, he saw a fire on the height -opposite, and found that the pagan inhabitants were holding a sacrifice -on the rou-men-goulon, the Red Stone of the Dawn. He vowed to build -there a church. This is represented in the E. window. The church is -late flamboyant with renaissance detail. The porch is of the usual type -and contains, over the door, an adoration of the Magi. A hundred paces -to the east is the Holy Well. In the little structure is a bas-relief -of the Annunciation, and statues of S. Winwaloe and S. Fiacre. One -of the most largely attended Pardons of Brittany takes place here on -Trinity Sunday, the pilgrims arrive over night and sleep in the church. - -* LE FAOUËT (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy. Fine timber and slate Halles. -The church of the 16th cent. is of little interest, but the chapels of -Ste. Barbe, S. Fiacre, and S. Nicolas in Prisiac, are well deserving -of a visit and a study. Ste. Barbe is planted on a rock above a pretty -valley, and is reached by a staircase of stone. A bridge connects the -upper platform with another chapel, that of S. Michel. The wooden -belfry is on the platform above. The chapel of Ste. Barbe is of fine -flamboyant work, 1489. The structure is curious: there is no nave, -it is composed of long transepts and a small budding chancel. It was -vaulted in 1512. Some very fine old glass remains, side by side with -some very villainous modern stuff. Below, in the valley, is the well of -Ste. Barbe. The P. of Ste. Barbe is on the last Sunday in June. - - [Illustration: S. FIACRE] - -S. Fiacre is a superb example of the architecture of the 15th cent. The -main spire, with its flamboyant gallery, is corbelled out on the west -gable and is tied by two flying buttresses to two smaller towers with -spirelets. The S. porch is vaulted and has niches within. The chapel -contains very fine glass of 1550, but falling to pieces and fragments -detaching themselves with every storm. The subjects represented are -the Nativity, the Passion, and the legend of S. Fiacre. A roodscreen -of 1480 has been badly "restored" and painted. The condition of -the magnificent glass is disgraceful. The chapel is a "monument -historique," so that the curé can do nothing to it, and the State will -do nothing for its preservation. The foliage carving in granite is -admirable for its boldness. The Chapel of S. Nicolas in Prisiac has a -very fine roodscreen, quite perfect and untouched, covered with curious -paintings; it is, however, later than that at S. Fiacre. There is here -also some good old glass. The chapel is in a sad condition of neglect. -It possesses a broken wheel set with bells for ringing by pilgrims -to call the attention of the Saint to their prayers. Le Faouët may be -reached from either Gourin or Quimperlé. The P. at S. Fiacre is on the -4th Sunday in July. S. Caradec Trégomel, a splendid late Gothic chapel, -one of the finest monuments of 15th cent. in Brittany. - -* FOUESNANT (F.) chl. arr. Quimper, with nice sands. A pleasant -holiday resort. The costumes of the women are very pretty. The church -is Romanesque, but was frightfully maltreated in the 18th cent., when -large round-headed windows were introduced. The tower was struck by -lightning and rebuilt at the same time. The piers are 11th cent. From -above them rise pilasters that sustain relieving arches under which -are the clerestory windows. The capitals have byzantine-looking work -on them. The Chapel of Ste. Anne, in the midst of trees, was built in -1685, and has a tower for two bells and spire between two detached -turrets surmounted by cupolas. This chapel is the object of visit when -the Pardon takes place on July 28. Peasants and girls in white arrive -by water in boats with their crosses and banners. - -_S. Evarzec._ Here was a commandery of the Knights of Malta at Moustoir -(13th cent.). A dolmen and menhir. - -_Goueznach._ A ruined allée couverte. Chapel of N.D. de Bonsecours, P. -Sept. 8. Chapel of S. Cado, P. Sept 25; that of Ste. Barbe, P. June 5. - -_Benodet._ A favourite bathing resort. The church (S. Thomas à Becket) -was erected in his honour in 1241, seventy-one years after his death. -But it has undergone much alteration and enlargement. All that remains -of the original church are two bays of the apse. The foliage of the -capitals has all the freshness and charm of work of that period. - -_Perguet_ (S. Bridget) was formerly the mother church of Benodet, but -now the relations are reversed. Externally, on the N. side may be seen -Romanesque work, and the small windows of the period. The S. side has -been completely transformed by the addition of a little ossuary and -a porch and a transept of the 16th cent. But on entering the church -the early character of the building becomes manifest. The arcades of -the nave and the chancel arch are of the 12th cent. The three bays -on the north are bold and rectangular, and, as at Fouesnant, support -relieving arches that enclose the clerestory windows. This is all 11th -cent. But the chancel arch shows distinct signs of the coming on of -the reign of the pointed style. The choir is flamboyant. Here also the -Byzantine character of the ornamentation of the 11th cent. capitals may -be observed. The east window contains 16th cent. glass, and represents -the Crucifixion. Among the statues in the church are S. Bridget and -S. Patrick, but the latter has been altered into S. Paternus. In this -church is a fireplace for warming baptismal water. The tower is of -1595. On the highway from Quimper to Benodet is the Holy Well of N.D. -de Drenec. The basin is surmounted by a niche containing a statue of -Our Lady of Pity. In times of drought the parishioners of Ergué Armel -come here to pray for rain; but those of Clohars Fouesnant go in quest -of it to Petit Ergué. - -_La Forest Fouesnant._ This pretty little church is planted near the -sea. The spire is bracketed out above the west gable, and contains a -stone cage for bells. The Calvary is the earliest in the Department and -is of the 16th cent. In the presbytère is a noble chalice of the first -half of the 16th cent. - -* FOUGÈRES (I.V.) chl. d'arrond. Picturesquely situated on a hill -above the Nançon. Originally a frontier town between Brittany and -France, it has preserved its venerable fortifications, but they are -crowded in by buildings. The castle was founded in the 11th cent., -destroyed in 1166, rebuilt in 1176, has been restored. It is planted on -a rock, and was flanked by ten towers including those that commanded -the entrance. It is divided into four distinct portions, the avantcour, -the main court, the donjon, and the postern court. The entrance is -between three towers of the 12th cent. The keep was destroyed in 1630. -It rose in the midst of the second court, flanked by three towers -that still remain, that of Melusine dates from 1242. The Church of S. -Sulpice was rebuilt in 1410, but the nave and tower were not completed -till 1490. The slate spire leans. The choir, begun in the 16th cent., -was not completed till 1765. The Church of S. Leonard was erected -1407-44, but underwent alterations in 1586-1637, and contains fragments -of old glass. Altogether Fougères is a most interesting place, and -rivals Vitré. - - [Illustration: FOUGÈRES] - -In the Forest of Fougères is a fallen dolmen, Pierre du Tresor, also an -alignment of 80 stones, called Le Cordon des Druides, near the ruins of -a convent founded in 1440. - -LA GACILLY (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. Near the town on the road to -Malestroit, a menhir 15 ft. high, La Roche Piqué, and near it another -of the same height but fallen. On the Lande de Signé E. of Gacilly a -circular camp and the slope of the hill is pitted with excavations. The -parish church was formerly chapel to the castle and was of 14th cent., -but was altered and enlarged 1626-31. - -The Chapel of S. Jugon, 4 kilometres W.N.W. Jugon was a peasant boy who -led a devout life. P. Whitsun-Monday. Peasants take little bags of seed -to have it blessed at the end of Mass. This is then mingled with what -is to be sown. - -_Cournon._ A fine dolmen, La Tablette. One of the coverers was broken -in 1820. W. is a menhir 9 ft. high, further W. other blocks that may be -the remains of an alignment. - -_Les Fougerêts._ A pretty gorge with grottoes in the sides called Les -Chambres du Coucou. - -_S. Congard_ (Cyngar) near Bignac. An allée couverte measuring 43 ft. -long and 4 ft. 6 in. high within. It has five coverers, of which one -only has fallen. A menhir near the wood of Misny. The Chapel of N.D. -de Quimper is an object of pilgrimage on Whitsun-Monday, and here, -possibly, may still be heard the barking of the pilgrims, an hysterical -phenomenon, that formerly accompanied the Pardon of Josselin. At -Wesley's revivalist meetings a similar phenomenon was noticed. - -* GUINGAMP (C.N.). A pleasantly situated town in green surroundings, -with the little river Trieux flowing through it. The finest view of -the town with the towers of the church is from the garden of the Hôtel -de France, whence water, foliage and old buildings group admirably. -The Church of N.D. de Bonsecours is indebted to a miraculous image for -the lavish expenditure upon it. This image stands in the N. porch, and -has been accorded a gold crown from the Pope, and has been profusely -"indulgenced." The church was formerly the chapel of the Counts of -Ponthièvre. It was rebuilt in the 14th and 15th cents. and added to -in the 16th. The church consists of a nave with four aisles, double -transepts and an ambulatory round the choir. The transept and S. -transept front are of the 12th cent. The central tower and spire of -the 13th. To the same period belong the tower and turret on the N.W. -The arcade on the N. of the nave is of the 13th cent. On the S. side -the arcade is renaissance. In the spandrils are the cardinal virtues -sculptured in relief, and corbels support statues. Above the arcade -is a triforium consisting of three ranges. Above the arcade on the -north side the triforium is of the 14th cent. The choir is composed -of four bays of the 15th cent. The apse is of the same date. A -curious feature is the carrying of the triforium across the church -above the chancel arch. The transepts are lighted by rose windows of -the 14th cent. The principal porch containing the miraculous image is -closed by a grating and converted into a chapel; it contains modern -statues of the apostles. The W. doorway is a magnificent specimen of -renaissance work. Owing to the windows being all filled with modern -coloured glass overloaded with colour, the interior cannot be well seen -except on sunny days. The vaulting of the choir is sustained by flying -buttresses within the church. The fine S.W. tower is an excellent but -unfinished work of the renaissance. In the market-place is a leaden -fountain of the renaissance. A few picturesque old houses remain. The -P. is on the 1st Sunday in July. A procession with torches takes place -on the Saturday night, and bonfires are lighted in the Place. After -the religious ceremonies follow dances. N. of Guingamp on a height is -the little Chapel of S. Lambert with some early 11th cent. work, but -for the most part it was transformed in the 18th cent. The abbey of -Ste. Croix is of the 16th cent., but the church has the piers of the -transept of the 13th. - -_Grâces._ The church is entirely flamboyant of 1508, and a typical -specimen. All the aisle windows are under gables. The baptistery is of -the end of the 16th cent. The relics of Charles de Blois are preserved -here. - -_Pedernec._ A menhir 25 ft. high. On one face three cup-hollows. The -church was rebuilt in 1847, but the S. side aisle and arcade and a good -rose window in the transept, of the 16th cent., have been preserved. -Also a delicately carved roodscreen, out of its proper place. - -_Coadout._ An allée couverte at Pen-poul-ar-hus, destroyed in 1863, -except for three stones, has one much polished. On this, according to -local tradition, S. Illtyd and S. Briac were wont to meet and pray -together, and it contains hollows supposed to have been worn by their -knees. - -_Pommeret-le-Vicomte._ Remains of a dolmen at Kerbic, one coverer and -four supports still in situ. The church is of various periods. The -oldest portion is the east end, and is of the 14th cent. with a large -window. The tower and spire of 1712. In the graveyard a Calvary of the -15th cent. with a pulpit at its base. The Chapel of N.D. du Paradis is -interesting, 16th cent., with a Calvary of the same period, with the -apostles carved in relief on the octagonal base. - -GOURIN (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy. An unattractive spot with poor hotel -accommodation. Hence conveyances may be had to Le Faouët. At Kerbiguet -a menhir 12 feet high and two others prostrate. The parish church is -of 1500 with a tower of 1745. Numerous chapels are scattered over the -parish: that of S. Hervé to the N.E. is of the 16th cent. and has -stained glass representing saints, and scenes in our Lord's life. - -_Langonnet._ A menhir at Bodéro, 13 feet high. The parish church -has flamboyant windows and doorways, but a few pillars of the 12th -cent. remain. The tower is modern. On the S. side of the church is an -ossuary. In the cemetery a lech. The chapel of the Trinity, 1500-68, -with fine old glass representing the Jesse tree, the Passion, and the -Last Judgment, and the Life of the Virgin. The abbey of Langonnet was -founded in 1130 and is on the bank of the Ellé. It is converted into a -reformatory. Chapel of N.D. de la Pitié, P. 15th Aug. - -_Le Saint_ (S. Samuel). Partly Romanesque, but with flamboyant windows. -The chapel of S. Adrian is an object of pilgrimage. - -GRAND-CHAMP (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. On the north the Lande de Lanvaux, -which was once crowded with megalithic remains. Many still are to be -seen. A fine dolmen is on a rocky elevation a kilometre N. of Locperet. -The capstone measures 16 feet long. Numerous menhirs further on in the -direction of Croix-de-bois, perhaps the relics of an alignment. The -church (S. Tugdual) has been destroyed and replaced by a structure -of 1866. At Locperet is a flamboyant Chapel of S. Bridget. Another -of N.D. de Burgo is of 1528 and 1538, and near it a Holy Well. P. at -Locmaria-Grandchamp on Aug. 10th; at Moustoir des Fleurs on the 4th S. -in August. At Grand-Champ itself on the 2nd S. in Sept. - -_Locqueltas._ A menhir, called Le Fuseau de la Femme de Gargantua, -15 feet high. At _Plaudren_ another 18 feet high, and bearing the -same name. It is near the road to Josselin on the Lande. The whole -neighbourhood is strewn with remains of dolmens and with fallen menhirs. - -GUÉMÉNÉ (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy. Anciently Kemenet-Guegnant, owes its -origin to a castle of Guegnant, nephew of Alan Canhart, who erected it. -The fief passed to the family of Rohan. The castle was converted into a -prison for English soldiers in 1792. It is now a ruin. - -_Silfiac._ A Chapel of S. Laurent of the 16th cent. with curious -carvings; near it the Holy Well of S. Nodez, which is supposed to cure -corns, and other maladies of the feet. - -_Langoelan._ A dolmen on the E. of the hamlet of Villeneuve and in an -islet of the Scorff. The church is flamboyant. Le Merzer marks the -spot where Selyf or Solomon, King of Devon and Cornwall, coming to -Armorica to see his domains there, encountered the pagan natives and -was murdered by them. He was son of Geraint, who fell at Langport in -Somersetshire in 522, fighting against the Saxons. His wife was S. -Gwen, sister of Nonna, mother of S. David, and he was the father of S. -Cuby. The Chapel of S. Solomon has been destroyed. - -* GUÉRANDE (L.I.) chl. arr. S. Nazaire. An interesting town -surrounded by its machicolated walls of granite, erected in 1431 by -John V., and flanked by ten towers. There are four gates; that of S. -Michel is a veritable fortress in itself defended by two lofty towers. -The Church of S. Aubin is of the 12th and 16th cents., and has two -porches, and an external pulpit of stone of the 16th cent. Within the -church the pillars have carved Romanesque capitals. There is good -glass of the 16th cent. N.D. la Blanche is a graceful chapel, erected -in 1348 by Jean de Montfort. A menhir with cup-markings at Escoblac. -Dolmens at Kerléour, Kerlo, and Sandun. A circle of stones at Kerbourg. -Guérande is a good place for a botanist to stay at who desires to study -the flora of the saltmarshes on one hand, and of the Grande Brière on -the other. The production of salt goes on largely in the salines, and -is carried on by private owners. It requires about 40 consecutive dry -days between June and September to evaporate the water. The annual -production averages 6600 tons. The Grande Brière is divided into 17 -communes, and is a vast freshwater peat bed occupying the basin of an -ancient lake. - -_S. Lyphard_ was a Roman station at the point where the lake of La -Brière formerly discharged into the sea. The church is of the 11th -cent. The peasants of the Bruyère wear a peculiar costume, and are true -Bretons. - -LA GUERCHE (I.V.) chl. arr. Vitré. The church, of which portions belong -to the 13th and 14th cents., contains some old stained glass. At 2 -kilometres to the S. is the Church of Rannée, in part Romanesque. - -GUICHEN (I.V.) chl. arr. Redon. Old chateaux at Gaylieu and -Gressillonnoye. - -HÉDÉ (I.V.) chl. arr. Rennes. Ruins of the castle on a rock. The church -is Romanesque. _S. Gaudran_, good glass of the 17th cent. in the -church, and two silver reliquaries of the 12th cent. - -HENNEBONT (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. Prettily situated on the river -Blavet. The town is divided into the Ville Clos within its ancient -walls and the new town. A bridge connects them. The old town was -fortified by Duke Jean I. (1237-86). It played a signal part in the War -of Succession. Jean de Montfort had secured the place. At the end of -May 1342, Charles of Blois laid siege to it. Within was the Countess -Jeanne, who held out with determination, set fire to the camp of the -enemy, and leaving the town unperceived threw herself into Auray, -where she gathered reinforcements which she introduced into Hennebont -without the feeble Charles being aware what she was about. At last -provisions failed, and the magistrates insisted on capitulation. The -countess entreated for a couple of days' delay, and at the last moment -saw gleaming in the west on the sea the sails of an English fleet sent -to her relief. Charles hastily retreated, but again a few months later -laid siege to the place. He was, however, again repulsed. The parish -church (N.D. de Paradis) on the further side of the river. It is the -principal monument in Hennebont, and was erected in 1514-24, and is -consequently flamboyant before it sank in debasement. The W. front is -light and graceful and has a porch and a tower flanked by a couple -of turrets tied to it by galleries sustained on flying buttresses. -The spire rises to 150 feet. The choir ends in an apse lighted by two -stages of windows. A procession takes place on the last Sunday in Sept. -in commemoration of the cessation of an epidemic in 1699. The chapel of -S. Antoine is partly Romanesque. - -_Kervignac._ A fine dolmen near the road from Hennebont to Landévant. -On the south, near Kermadio, is another. A third, small, near Lopriac. -This is one of the most ancient parishes in the diocese of Vannes. It -is mentioned as early as the 6th cent. At this time a cloud of locusts -came down on the country, and the Count Weroch, fearing famine, sought -Gunthiern, a refugee king of Gwent, who had settled at Quimperlé and -was in great repute for his austerities. Gunthiern gave water he had -blessed to the envoys of Weroch, and this drove the locusts away. In -return for this favour, Weroch granted to Gunthiern the plou of Vineac. -The Chapel of N.D. de la Clarté is of the 15th cent. That of S. Laurent -contains some remains of the screen. A Holy Well of S. Gildas is still -in request in the hamlet of Kanden. - -* HUELGOAT (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin. A picturesquely situated -townlet at the extremity of a lake that discharges amongst masses of -granite down a ravine. The ruinous condition of the granite is not due -to earthquake or to glacial action as supposed by some, but to its -composition. It contains a large amount of soluble silicate of potass. -This disappears under the action of the rain and the granite crumbles -away. Huelgoat is four miles from the nearest railway station. The -road is through the valley of the Argent, between pine-clad hills. The -granite here encounters the schist. The church is a mean renaissance -structure, but the Chapel of N.D. des Cieux is more interesting. It is -of the 16th cent. and contains some old glass of the period. A camp on -a height above the town is attributed to King Arthur. - -_S. Herbot._ A chapel in the parish of Loqeffret is a picturesque -structure at the roots of the Monts d'Arrée. A stream here falls in -a pretty cascade 400 feet over rocks, and at no great distance from -the chapel are the inconsiderable remains of the renaissance Château -de Rusquec. The Chapel of S. Herbot is actually a large church and -merits attentive study. It possesses a fine square tower without spire -or pinnacles. The date is 1516. The W. front is fine. Throughout, the -carving of the granite is admirable, the foliage is treated with great -boldness. The tower of S. Herbot seems to have served as a model for -that of Carhaix, which is a few years later. On the south is a deep -porch also well sculptured, with the apostles within, and 24 little -statues in the arcade of the entrance. The date of the porch is 1498. -The apse is flamboyant like the rest of the church, but the buttresses -are later additions in 1618 and 1619. The interior is adorned with a -beautiful renaissance screen and returned stalls, but no roodloft. On -the W. face the twelve apostles, on that inside the minor prophets and -the sibyls. In the chancel is the tomb of the Saint, a hermit of whom -nothing authentic is known. It is a work of the 15th cent. There are -some old stained glass windows. That on the S. at the E. end represents -S. Yves between a rich man and a poor suitor. The date is 1556. The -central window contains the story of the Passion, that on the N., S. -Laurence on the gridiron. The date 1556, which is also probably that -of the central window. Outside the screen are two altars piled up -with cows' tails. These are offered to the Saint. Formerly they were -hung about the sanctuary. There is a little ossuary on the W. side of -the porch. The E. window is of earlier character than the rest in the -church, and is of the same character as that of Pont l'Abbé with a -transom supporting a rose. Most of the windows testify to the decline -of flamboyant, when the flames assume a tadpole form and the lights are -uncusped. In the churchyard is a Calvary. - -_Brennilis_ has a church with tower and W. façade of 1485. There -are two windows of good old glass representing the Conception, S. -Christopher, and a monk. Also the life of the Virgin. The church -possesses a processional cross of 1650. - -JANZÉ (I.V.) chl. arr. Rennes. The church is partly Romanesque. In the -suburbs a menhir with a hole cut in the face to receive an image of the -B.V.M. - -_Essé._ Here is one of the finest covered avenues in Brittany. It -consists of a main structure with an ante-chamber, and is divided -within into compartments. The total length is 43 feet. - - [Illustration: LA ROCHE AUX FÉES, ESSÉ] - -JOSSELIN (M.) chl. arr. Ploermel. The capital of the ancient county -of Porhoet (Poutre-coet = the land beyond the wood). The story goes -that once upon a time a workman here found an image of the Virgin in -a bramble bush. As it soon established its character as miraculous, -a town sprang up about the sanctuary. Guethenoc, Count of Porhoet, -planted a castle here and called it after his son, who completed his -father's work in 1053. The castle became the headquarters of the counts -and then dukes of Rohan. The original castle had been taken in 1168 -by Henry II. of England, and utterly destroyed, but it was rebuilt by -Eudes II. in 1173, and was held throughout the War of Succession by the -partisans of Charles de Blois. In 1370 it was acquired by Olivier de -Clisson, when fresh fortifications were added, notably the keep. Alan -IX. Viscount, (1429-62) constructed the beautiful front towards the -court. Richelieu had the towers and about half the castle blown up, in -1629, and in 1760 the duke himself pulled down two more towers. -What remains of the castle has been most carefully and tastefully -restored by the present duke, who graciously allows it to be shown to -visitors. The front to the river which bathes its walls is furnished -with three towers resting on the rock, and gives some idea of what the -castle must have been when complete. The inner façade that looks upon -what was the Cour d'honeur is a superb example of domestic architecture -in the 15th cent., already under the influence of renaissance ideas. -The ten gables of the dormer windows are connected by a balustrade -of the richest design, greatly varied, but repeating the device of -the Rohans, A Plus. The Church of Notre Dame was originally late -Romanesque, and still retains pillars and a window of the period, -but the bulk of the church is much posterior. The choir and lateral -chapels and the crossing of the transepts date from 1390-1407. The rest -of the church is later still. The N. transept was added in 1491. In -this church, in 1351, the Franco-Breton company of Thirty made their -communion before meeting in deadly combat the Anglo-Bretons of the -same number at the cross of Mi-voie. They made a vow before the statue -of S. Cadoc that still remains in the church. In Notre Dame is the -tomb of Olivier de Clisson, 1507, who married Marguerite de Rohan. An -"indulgenced" procession takes place here on Whitsun-Monday. Formerly -it was accompanied by barking women, taken with hysterical excitement -which made them utter sounds like the barking of dogs. This phenomenon -first appeared in 1728 and was renewed annually. Nothing of the sort -takes place now. The bold square tower is of the 17th cent. with -picturesque slate cap. A new tower and spire are being added at the E. -end. This is well enough, if the old tower be left, and the grouping -will be effective; but if the latter be pulled down as is proposed, the -new spire will be a poor substitute. Inside the church on the right -hand is a niche containing a skull to which the peasants make offerings -of grain, to cure headaches. None know whose skull it is, but it has -recently been enclosed in a wooden silvered bust of S. Laurence. - - [Illustration: THE COURT, JOSSELIN] - -The priory church of Ste. Croix is of the 11th cent. Romanesque. S. -Martin's was erected in the 12th cent. and is now a ruin. In 1793 -the Republican garrison of Josselin swept the country to capture the -priests, and was fallen upon and defeated by the exasperated peasantry. -In 1795 they burned the church of Guegon and smashed the Calvary, but -were again attacked and driven off by the peasants. - -The famous Battle of the Thirty took place on the _Lande de Mi-Voie_, -between Ploermel and Josselin. The English-Bretons were under Captain -Bramber or Bemborough, and the French-Bretons under the Sire de -Beaumanoir, governor of Josselin. Although it has been regarded as a -battle between English and French, there were actually but three or -four of English nationality on the De Montfort side, the rest were -Gascons, Angevins and Flemings. Success would perhaps have been with -the Anglo-Bretons, had not one of the French perfidiously violated the -rules laid down before the engagement, mounted his horse and by this -means broke the Anglo-Breton line. - -The country around is well-wooded and pretty. The town is dirty and -ruinous. - -_Guegon._ The church is in the late Romanesque of the 12th cent., when -the style was in transition to 1st pointed. The south aisle is of 1560 -and late flamboyant. In a window is stained glass representing the -apostles; it is of 1563. The tower and spire were the loftiest in the -diocese, but were struck by lightning in 1705. - -_S. Servan._ To this parish Gobrian, Bishop of Vannes, retired in 717 -and here died in 725. He was buried in his oratory. A village grew up -about his tomb that bore his name. This is now a chapelry, and the -chapel is of the 11th cent. with additions of the 15th cent. The nave -is floored, forming an upper chamber which served as a hospital for the -sick seeking health at the tomb of the Saint. - -JUGON (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. A prettily situated town at the junction -of two valleys, each occupied formerly by a lake and dominated by -a strong castle at the fork. One of the lakes has been drained and -the castle has been destroyed. The church has nave and S. tower, 2nd -pointed and good. There is a curious W. doorway. Choir and transepts -are flamboyant. The church has been "restored" in execrable taste. The -road from Jugon to Dinan runs over high and dreary country, moors only -partially reclaimed. - -LAMBALLE (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. A little town in a plain dominated -by a ridge of granite that runs to the east and is crowned at its W. -termination by the beautiful Chapel of Notre Dame, and by a windmill -at the E. termination. In Lamballe are some picturesque old houses, -and there is a haras for the improvement of the breed of horses in -Brittany. The town possesses three churches, one of which is Notre -Dame, and was a chapel of the counts of Penthièvre, and is by far the -finest in the town, but it is now only occasionally that divine service -is performed in it. - -The parish church of S. Jean is of the late middle pointed style, -1425, with an octagonal tower of 1420 at the base, but much later at -the crown. The church has been atrociously mutilated, all the tracery -cut out of the windows in the 18th cent. to be replaced by an iron -framework to sustain the glass. The Church of S. Martin was of early -Romanesque of the beginning of the 11th cent., but the arches to the -east show the beginning of the pointed style. The S. transept possesses -a good middle pointed geometric window. The tower was begun in 1551 and -became purely renaissance before completion. The quaint wooden porch -was added in 1519. - -The Church of Notre Dame is a magnificent structure, and richly repays -a close study. The most ancient portions are the N. transept, with -lancet windows, the noble gateway and the W. front, together with the -arcade of the nave. But the side aisles are late flamboyant. The choir -and S. transept were erected by Charles de Blois and are admirable -examples of 2nd or middle pointed architecture at its very best. The -choir is vaulted but not the nave. To sustain the vault on the S. side -are buttresses within the church forming side chapels and pierced -with delicate tracery. There is a double triforium. The choir has a -square end lighted by a noble E. window, very tall and of only four -lights. The clustered pillars on the S. side of the choir and the piers -sustaining the central tower are remarkably fine. There is a little -flamboyant screen with a renaissance organ-case above it in the S. -aisle of the choir. - -_S. Aaron._ On the Lande du Chêne-hut is an allée couverte composed of -13 stones, three of which are coverers, and two others lie in the soil. -The whole is 30 feet long. - -_Meslin._ Five allées couvertes on the Lande du Gras. One is in the -middle of the Lande, one just below the mill, a third in the Champ des -Caves, a fourth at Bourdonnais. In the Lande du Gras is a menhir 10 -feet high. - -* LANDERNEAU (F.) chl. arr. Brest. An excellent centre for many -interesting excursions. The town is commercial and thriving. It -possesses a few old houses and a quaint mill. The Church of S. Houardon -has been rebuilt, but the beautiful tower and superb porch have been -preserved. The date of the porch is 1604, and the tower is of much the -same date. Landerneau was a great artistic centre in the 16th and 17th -cents., and its architects and sculptors erected the splendid work -in the Elorn valley and the region around. The style they created is -very original and deserves attention. They delighted in adorning the -churches with noble porches, bold, and often with the gable crowned -with a spirelet. Within, niches hold statues of the twelve apostles. -When all other detail is Italian, the foliage remains of flamboyant -character. The second church in Landerneau is that of S. Thomas à -Becket, 1607, small and uninteresting. To the W. is an ossuary of 1632 -converted into a habitation. The valley of the Elorn presents many -scenes of considerable beauty. The rocks are of white quartz breaking -through the leafy covert of the hills. - -_Pencran._ A steep ascent of a mile leads to this very interesting -church, with fine porch and two calvaries and a spire. The date of the -porch is 1553. The sculpture here in Kersanton stone is peculiarly rich -and delicate. Among the groups of figures may be distinguished Adam and -Eve, and the serpent, the expulsion from Paradise, Cain and Abel, Adam -delving whilst Eve spins, the Ark and the drunkenness of Noah. In the -tymphanum is the Nativity, much mutilated. Within the church are the -Descent from the Cross and the Mater dolorosa, groups carved in 1517. - -_La Roche Maurice._ In a most picturesque situation, the church -embowered in trees on a height above the river, and a ruined castle -on a rock of white quartz. The castle belonged to the dukes of Rohan -whose eldest sons bore the title of Princes de Léon, on account of the -large family possessions in Léon. The church has a slim tower with -double galleries and two sets of open bell cages, and is an excellent -typical example of a style very common in the Department of Finistère. -Its date is 1589. The porch with some fine foliage in Kersanton stone -is of 1530-40. In the churchyard is a good ossuary of 1640. On it is -represented Death darting at all sorts and conditions of men, with the -inscription "Je vous tue tous." At the entrance to the churchyard are -three pillars that support the cross of Christ and the two thieves. -Within the church the magnificent east window with its stained glass of -1539 at once arrests the eye. It represents the story of the Passion -and reproduces that in S. Mathieu at Quimper, and that in the church -of Tourch. After the stained glass, the screen attracts attention. It -is renaissance and is the sole example left in its proper position -in a parish church in the dioceses of Léon and Quimper. P. Ascension -Day. But at Pontchrist, a ruined renaissance church by the river in a -picturesque situation, on the 4th S. in July. - -_La Martyr._ This was the scene of the murder of Solomon, King of -Brittany, in 874. Solomon had assassinated his cousin Erispoe, who was -king, before the altar of the church of Penpont, and so won the crown -for himself. He was a contemptible creature. He proceeded to buy off -the Northmen and to promise to pay tribute to Charles the Bald, and -undertook to undo all the ecclesiastical organisation formed by Nominoe -and surrender the jurisdiction over the Breton sees to the Archbishop -of Tours, if the Pope would absolve him of the murder. But this was -too much for the Bretons to endure, they rose in revolt, headed by -Pasquitien, son of the assassinated king, and Solomon, finding himself -deserted on all hands, fled with his son towards the coast, hoping to -take refuge in England. But he was overtaken where is now La Martyr, -where he had taken sanctuary in the church, dragged forth along with -the boy and both were killed (874). For some unaccountable reason the -Bretons have regarded this despicable murderer as a saint. The tower of -the church belongs to the 13th cent. The entrance to the churchyard -is by a triumphal arch adorned with statuary. This is the earliest -of the kind in the country and belongs to the 16th cent. The porch -is remarkable for its style and for the delicacy and richness of the -sculpture. It belongs to the latter part of the 15th cent. The ossuary -is of 1619 and is attached to the porch. The interior of the church is -of the 14th cent. It had originally a fine screen in Kersanton stone, -that has been destroyed, but the basement of the parclose screens -remains. Four stained windows of 1567 represent the Passion, the -Crucifixion, the Resurrection, the Noli me tangere, the apparition of -the risen Christ to His mother, and the Ascension. Also the death, -assumption and coronation of the Virgin, and a Jesse tree. The Duke and -Duchess of Rohan are represented as the donors. The church possesses a -magnificent reliquary of the renaissance period. P. on the 2nd S. in -July. A great horse fair follows, lasting three days. - -_S. Divy._ This church possesses a ceiling painted with a series of -subjects from the life of S. David. P. Sunday after Ascension and 2nd -S. in September. - -_Dirinon_ (S. Nonna). The name signifies the steps of Nonna. The church -stands on very high ground. It is in the usual style of transition -between flamboyant and renaissance (1588-93). A chapel in the -churchyard contains the tomb of S. Nonna, mother of S. David, and wife -of Sandde, grandson of Ceredig, who drove the Irish out of S.W. Wales -and gave its name to Cardigan. The tomb, however, is a work of the 15th -cent. At a little distance from the village is her well (1623). At the -further end of the village is that of S. David. P. 2nd S. after Trinity. - -_Plougastel._ The costumes of this district are very picturesque. -The men wear blue or violet jackets and three waistcoats and sashes. -The church is modern, but in the churchyard is a marvellous Calvary -(1602-4) consisting of an arcade under a platform crowded with statues, -and a frieze surrounds it, carved with subjects in bas-relief. P. at -La Fontaine Blanche, Easter Monday and the 15th August; at S. Jean on -the 24th June. By the Chapel of S. Guénolé is a rude stone, against -which barren women rub themselves in the hope of becoming mothers. - -* LANDIVISIAU (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. A small town on the high -road from Morlaix to Brest. It forms an excellent starting point for -several interesting excursions. The church is modern, but has a tower -and spire of 1590, partaking of the fault of all those in Léon and -Cornouailles of this period. It is thin and pinched. The date of the -superb porch is 1554. It is an interesting study, as it serves as a -link between those of pure flamboyant and such as are true renaissance. -About the great arch are subjects from the Old Testament. Within are -the twelve apostles; the corbels supporting them are curious and -varied; symbolical. For instance, one represents two drunken soldiers -carrying off two girls, one carrying a mirror, another a sceptre, -signifying that damsels with vanity or arrogance fall an easy prey. In -the cemetery outside the town is an ossuary, date about 1620. In the -town is the Holy Well of S. Divisiau, almost buried among houses. It -supplies a large public washing basin. Two ranges of an arcade surmount -it, containing ten panels that have come from some tomb of the 16th -cent. Landivisiau, with its comfortable hotel, is a good starting-place -for excursions to places where the accommodation is not all that could -be desired. - - [Illustration: CALVARY AND OSSUARY, S. THÉGONNEC] - -_S. Thégonnec._ This place is richly deserving of a visit with its -church, and churchyard overcrowded with piles of granite, Calvary -and ossuary and triumphal arch. The last mentioned is of 1587 and -is cumbrous but effective. These triumphal arches first made their -appearance at the close of the Gothic period. This is wholly Italian in -character. The ossuary adjoins it and belongs to a later period, but -is far purer in design, 1676-7. The façade is very rich and beautiful. -Within in a crypt is a Holy Sepulchre, life sized figures of 1702. -The Calvary dates from 1610 and represents scenes of the Passion. -The oldest portion of the church is the west doorway with the little -bell-turret rising above it; this dates from 1563. At a later date the -huge tower was erected on the south with a porch in its basement, built -between 1599 and 1610, the statues added in 1632. Above the porch is -the statue of S. Thégonnec (To-quessnac, a disciple of Paul of Léon). -The window tracery is modern and does not faithfully represent the old -tracery. The nave was built in 1777. The furniture of the church is -interesting. The pulpit, though late, is fine. A niche with shutters -painted with scenes from the Saint's life contains a statue of the -patron. Opposite is another statue of the B.V.M. with painted shutters. -The tower is heavy, and the effect of chamfering the angles very -unpleasing. To support the gallery the angles of the tower are very -massive, buttresses are added and between them the wall is reduced, -and the gallery sustained on heavy corbels. The platform is surmounted -by a dome and lantern and little side pepper-boxes. The interior effect -of the church is rich and harmonious in gold and colour, if somewhat -barbaric. - -_Locmelar_ is reached by ascending a pretty valley that contains an -affluent of the Elorn. The church is late flamboyant, with apse and -gables. The porch is of the common type of the period and contains -statues of the apostles. There is a Calvary. The tower dates from 1656. -Over a side altar is a painting representing in a series of groups the -legend of S. Hervé, a blind bard saint who contributed greatly to the -downfall of Conmore, acting in conjunction with Gildas and S. Samson. - -_Bodilis._ The tower of this church was erected when Gothic -architecture was in its decline. It is surmounted by a spire with -spirelets at the angles rising from a gallery. The porch is of 1570, -and is of unusual beauty. Within are the apostles; below the niches -runs a band of marvellous richness of sculpture and great variety. The -font is surmounted by a baldachin in Kersanton stone of 1680. P. on -Ascension Day. - -_S. Servais._ This church has an early renaissance tower with double -galleries and two bell cages, the whole surmounted by a spire and -pinnacles. The body of the church is of the latter half of the 17th -cent. The graveyard cross has sculptured scenes on it, and there is an -ossuary like that at Landivisiau. - -_Guimiliau._ Annually numerous tourists visit this village to see its -very remarkable ecclesiastical monuments, its church, porch, sacristy, -calvary, and the little Chapel of Ste. Anne. The porch rivals that of -Bodilis and Landerneau. The doorway into the porch has a series of -biblical scenes in sculpture in the mouldings. The date is 1617. The -voluted keystone alone proclaims the abandonment of Gothic for Italian -architecture. To the west side of the porch is attached an ossuary, -the roof supported by columns. The sacristy was erected in 1683. The -Calvary consists of a mass of masonry, pierced by arches in the angle -buttresses, the whole sustaining a frieze covered with sculptured -figures, and the platform above crowded with statues. The whole -surmounted by the cross with SS. Mary and John at the sides. The groups -are very curious and represent soldiers and peasants of the close of -the 16th cent. The Calvary was erected in 1581. Near the Calvary is -the mortuary chapel of Ste. Anne, 1648. The interior of the church -contains a magnificent baldachino over the font in carved oak; it was -constructed in 1675. The organ case is of much the same date, the -pulpit of 1677. The church possesses two embroidered banners of 1678. -Guimiliau (Vicus Miliai) has as patron Miliau, King of Cornouaille, -who was basely assassinated by his brother Rivold in 537, who also -mutilated his nephew Melor, by amputating a hand and a foot, and -finally by having him murdered by his foster-father, whom he had bribed -to do the deed. - -There is a Holy Well of S. Miliau outside the village. - -_Lampaul-Guimiliau._ The great tower of this church (S. Paul of Léon) -was founded in 1573, and is very lofty and surmounted by a spire which -has remained incomplete. The porch is fifty years older. Within are the -apostles in very quaint niches. The sculpture of the Holy Water Stoup -and of the inner doorway is remarkably rich. The font is of 1651, and -is surrounded and surmounted by a baldachino of 1650. The pulpit, that -is late, is a fine piece of wood carving. The east end of the choir -terminates in an apse with gables. The Calvary, triumphal arch, and -ossuary belong to 1668. P. 1st S. in May. At the Chapel of S. Anne, S. -after 15th August. - -_See also_ Lambader and Plouneour-Menez. - -* LANMEUR (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. The church surmounts a crypt that -is very curious and rude, and is attributed to the 10th cent. In this -crypt was once the tomb of S. Melor (_see under_ Guimiliau), whose -body was transferred in the 9th cent. by refugee Bretons to Amesbury. -There is a fountain in the crypt. Of the upper church only four piers -and a small door belong to the original building. Near the church is -the Romanesque Chapel of Kernitron (12th cent.). It is a cross church -with a bold central tower. Some of the windows are late. The P. of -Kernitron is on the 15th August. - -_S. Jean du Doigt_ is a complete and interesting collection of -structures such as were wont to be grouped about a parish church. There -is first the monumental church itself, in the midst of a graveyard -entered by a triumphal arch, a Holy Well, a Calvary, an ossuary, and -an open oratory, where mass is celebrated before an enormous crowd on -the occasion of the Pardon, and, finally, the church possesses a rare -collection of precious ornaments, such as belong to no other parish -in the diocese. The triumphal arch is of the 15th cent. The Holy Well -is in the churchyard, and is a noble renaissance structure composed -of a large basin, with two superposed vessels, from which heads of -angels spout water. The whole is surmounted by a group representing -the Baptism of Christ. Almost in face of this is a pretty oratory of -1574, very elaborately and quaintly sculptured. The tower is surmounted -by spire and spirelets covered with lead. The east end of the church -has in it a noble rose window. At the foot of the tower is an ossuary, -and a second of 1618 is on the S.W. The S. porch has a parvise chamber -above the doorway. The interior is rich, and the inner doorway is -surmounted by a statue of the Baptist in a Gothic niche with wings. The -church was commenced in 1440, and was completed in 1513, so that it -belongs to an excellent period of flamboyant, of which unfortunately -examples are few. Internally the exaggerated height of the pillars -as compared with the arches deserves notice. The treasury is -extraordinarily rich in chalices, reliquaries, and a processional cross -of the 16th cent. A reliquary of the finger of S. John is of 1429. The -P. is on the 24th June, and draws vast crowds of pilgrims. The object -of the cult is a finger of the Baptist, which is supposed to have its -nail pared annually. It was stolen from some chapel in Normandy by -a native of Plougasnou, who successfully conveyed it to his native -village. There is, of course, not a particle of evidence worth a rush -that substantiates the relic as genuine. - -_Plougasnou_ has an interesting church on a storm-beaten coast. The -interior is Romanesque, but the exterior dates from 1574. It has a -tower of 1582. A curious Chapel of N.D. de Lorette with caryatides is -shaped like an old Lycian tomb. - -_Guimaec._ Here are two cromlechs or stone-circles. - -LANNILIS (F.) chl. arr. Brest. The church modern and bad. The tower is -of 1774, in the true Léon style, and interesting as showing to how late -a date the style continued. It has two galleries for four bells, and -spire with ample spirelets. The line is carried on to the sea, where -there is a watering place at _Abervach_. The coast is not remarkable, -but there are good sands. - -_Plouguerneau._ On the east is the site of Tolente, a town that was -completely destroyed by the Northmen in 875. P. of Tréminach on 1st -S. after the 10th Aug. P. of S. Cava on the last S. in August; at S. -Michel on the last S. in September. - -_Locbrévelaire._ The valley of the Abervach is here pretty. The place -is mainly of interest to the geologist. The whole hill on which -Locbrévelaire stands is composed of Tertiary Oligocene, the ruins of -granite, and is of a spongy nature, full of kaolin and with lumps -and bands of quartz undissolved, and much mica. It is quarried for -road-making, but the quartz alone is of value for that purpose. Almost -certainly below this spongy mass a bed of kaolin would be found. The -church (S. Brevelaire = S. Brendan) lies on one side of the valley in -a lap of the hills, and opposite are the noble woods and park of the -Château de Liscoat. The church contains an arcade of the 11th cent., -very rude. The S. wall is 17th cent. The tower of the same. There is, -in the churchyard wall, a Holy Well surmounted by a statue of the -Saint. S. Brendan, afterwards Abbot of Clonfert, was forced to leave -Ireland in 520, owing to his having unintentionally caused the death of -one of his pupils, and he spent seven years away from it, during which -time he founded a monastery on the island of Cézambre, opposite S. -Malo, and another in a different part of Brittany. This latter may be -Locbrévelaire. - -* LANNION (C.N.) chl. d'arr. A picturesquely situated town on the -Guer that reaches the sea seven kilometres below. The tide reaches -as far as Lannion, and it has a little port. The Church of S. Jean de -Balay consists of a nave and four aisles under one roof, and without -clerestory and without transepts. It is lighted through side windows -under gables. These windows are of various periods. One is of the -14th cent., others of the 16th, and there are instructive examples -of the debased tracery of the 17th. In the market place are some -picturesque old houses. By the river is a fine pile of buildings now -used as a hospital. Particularly noticeable is a rich late window, -an attempt--and an expiring one--to design a rose with flowing and -beautiful tracery. In another twenty or thirty years, as may be seen in -the windows of S. Jean de Balay on the N. side, the skill was wholly -lost. Divided from Lannion by a deep valley is the Church of Brévelenz. -The east part and crypt are Romanesque. There is a good early pointed -porch. An ossuary and a mortuary chapel are in the graveyard. The -pinnacles, one a chimney to the fireplace for heating baptismal water, -at the porch are peculiar. - -_Loquivy_ is in a charming situation. The church (S. David) is -interesting. In the churchyard is a noble renaissance fountain, and -outside the graveyard a Holy Well, flamboyant, surmounted by a statue -of the patron saint of Wales. The church is of the 16th cent. An old -carved oak retable representing the Adoration of the Magi and a crowd -of other figures is in the baptistery. - -_Ploubezre._ The church was rebuilt in 1851, but the fine tower is of -1577. Within have been preserved two Romano-byzantine capitals from -the old church, and one window of the 14th cent. remains. The chapel -of _Kerfons_ is flamboyant, and is in the form of a T. One of the -gables bears the date 1559. The magnificent roodscreen is of 1533. -It is a beautiful example of good flamboyant work, with apostles and -other figures on the gallery on one side, and tracery on the other. The -castle of _Coetfrec_ occupies the summit of a hill above the Guer. Four -towers remain, and the castle is in a tolerable condition. The court is -looked into by the windows of the state apartments, in one of these, a -fireplace with bold chimney-piece, remains. The Château de _Kergrist_ -is a ruin, complete. _Tonquedec_ is another old castle in a most -picturesque situation. On the N. is the donjon, which is reached by a -door high up in the wall. The Chapel of S. Gildas is of 15th cent., -with the legend of the Saint within in sculptured oak. - -LANVOLLON (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. Reached by carrier from -Châtelaudren, is a dull town with one curious old house in it at the -junction of two streets; it is of wood and plaster, the wood covered -with carving. The church (S. Vollon = Foelan) belongs internally to the -14th cent., and has a good E. window, but externally the church has -been sadly maltreated by incompetent "restorers." - -* LESNEVEN (F.) chl. arr. Brest. An uninteresting place in itself, -but headquarters to one attending the Pardon at Folgoët. Its fine -halles of the 15th or 16th cent. has been destroyed to make way for a -"place" with a statue in the midst of a General Floh, of bronze. When -this statue was sent down, and the Mayor opened the case, to his dismay -he found it was green. So he set his wife, cook, and house-maid to -sandpaper and scrape it, till it shone as gold, and then had it hoisted -to its pedestal, and it was solemnly unveiled. But the artist, who -beheld it thus burnished, was furious, and complained to the prefêt and -the authorities at Paris, and orders came to the Mayor to take down the -statue and restore to it the green rust. He was obliged accordingly to -re-erect the scaffold and crane, and have General Floh transferred to -his own house again, where he expended some barrels of cider over him -to reinvest him in verdigris. The church is very ugly, but it has a -late renaissance porch in the basement of the tower on the N. side. - -The branch line is carried on to _Brignogan_, which is a -watering-place, and where there is a fine menhir 30 ft. high, the most -remarkable in the Department. At _Plounéour-trez_ the church is new, -but the old tower and spire are retained till they also can be pulled -down and replaced by something more in proportion with the new church. -The windows represent scenes in Breton history. The coast is not fine, -the sandy shore slopes very gently into the waves. But the good bathing -is an advantage. - -_Folgoët._ This famous pilgrimage church was founded in the 14th cent. -when an imbecile youth died who could say no other words than Ave -Maria, Salaun a zepre bara, or Salaun wants bread. A lily grew out of -his grave and it was concluded accordingly that he was a saint. This -was in 1358. At the west end are two towers. That on the north is -admirably proportioned with spire and angle spirelets of the period, -1365, when Jean de Montfort laid the first stone. That on the S. -was never finished. It is surmounted by an upper stage with Ionic -pillasters added in the 17th cent. The S. side has a noble porch and -transept, the E. wall of which is a continuation of that of the choir. -The E. and S. transept windows are examples of the geometric style -in Brittany, a rose resting on a transom. Within the stone screen is -formed of three compartments, and though fine, is certainly inferior -to such as are in wood. A spring wells up under the high altar and is -conveyed to a Holy Well outside. La Doyenne is a picturesque building -with turrets erected by Anne of Brittany, converted into Mairie and -school. The P. is on the 7th and 8th September, and begins with vespers -and a procession bearing candles; many beautiful costumes may be seen -on this occasion. - -The processions arrive with banners for High Mass, singing this hymn. - - [Illustration: Musical score with lyrics - - Pa-tronez dous ar Fol-goat, Hor mam ak non - I-troun, An dour en non da-ou-lagat Ni no-ped a ga-toun! - Har-pit an I-liz san-tel! A-vel-di-roll-a - ra Tenn ok hir eo ar brezel! Ar peoc'h, O ma-ri-a!] - -_Goulven._ The church is late flamboyant with a fine renaissance tower -and porch within which are the apostles. Side by side may be seen -a doorway of the earlier and of the later periods. There is a fine -painted 16th cent. reredos in the church to a side altar. The gallery -of the roodscreen has been made into a west gallery. About a mile -distant is the Holy Well, with a stone trough at the side in which -patients were placed and given a bath in the miraculous water. No such -an attempt to recover health has however been made of late years. There -is a chapel at the Peniti of S. Goulven at a little distance. A double -dolmen at a junction of two lanes has been much injured, several of -the stones that composed one of the chambers, and perhaps an enclosing -circle, have been employed for the hedge. The P. is on June 30, the -costumes then seen are very rich, and the parish possesses very fine -old embroidered banners then produced. - -_Treflez._ Tomb of 16th cent. of S. Elfleda or Ediltruda, daughter of -Oswy, King of Northumberland, and Abbess of Whitby. She died in 715, -but how her body comes to be at Treflez passes knowledge. - -_Guiseny._ Church of S. Sezni (Setna or in Cornwall, Sithney) -renaissance. There is a N. late flamboyant porch. Curious early Calvary -with four figures on the branches. P. 3rd Sunday in September. - -LÉZARDRIEUX (C.N.) chl. arr. Lannion, on a little tidal port, between -Pampol and Tréguier. An excursion may be made to the Ile Modez. _See_ -Bréhat. - -LOCMARIAQUER (M.) com. in arr. Auray. A most interesting place that -seems to have been crowded with monuments of the prehistoric dead, -and although destruction has been carried on for two thousand years, -many still remain. Locmariaquer is situated on a spit of land between -the estuary of Crach and the Rivière de la Trinité, but it is itself -split by the creek of S. Philibert. The shores that are low are covered -far inland at the high tides, and the sea has gained considerably on -the land. Roman constructions noted in 1727 are now permanently under -water. A camp in the hamlet of Lannbric is now eaten into by the waves. -The principal prehistoric monuments are the Mané-er-hroeg, south of the -village; a tumulus containing a dolmen that was explored in 1863 and -yielded 103 polished stone axes, a collar of callais, and a jade ring. -Near it was found a slab on which are mysterious markings representing -cartouches, celts with handles, and other symbols unexplained. On the -summit of the tumulus were found coins of Tiberius and Trajan. The -tumulus of Mané Lud to the N.E. of the village contained two skeletons, -one a case of carnal interment, the other had been burnt. At the W. end -of the tumulus is a sepulchral chamber led to by a passage, and here -also are carvings. Between this tumulus and the village is the huge -dolmen called Table des Marchands. On the stone at the back are also -carvings. Close to this is the longest menhir known. It is 64 ft. long, -but was struck by lightning, thrown down and broken into four pieces. -In a field near the village is the Mein Rutal, another dolmen of -considerable size. West of the village and near the sea are the remains -of an allée couverte, 74 ft. long, called Les Pierres plates. On this -also are inexplicable carvings, next to those on Gavr Inis, the most -remarkable in the country. There are smaller dolmens at Pont-el-leu, -Kercadoret-er-Gal, Coetcourzo, Kerhan, Porher, Kerlud, Locperhet, -Pont-er-vel, Kervéres, Kerdaniel, Kervoch, and Cocordeau; and menhirs -at Kerpenhir, Bronso, Porher, Mané-er-hroeg, Kerguelvan and Lannbric. -Locmariaquer was a Roman station. P. 1st Sunday in July; that of S. -Philibert on the 3rd Sunday in August. - -LOCMINÉ (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy (Locus Monachorum). A considerable -district was here made over to Gildas who founded a monastery where -now stands the village of Moustoir. Owing to the ravages of the -Northmen the monks of S. Gildas de Rhuys and of Locminé fled into -Berry. They returned in 1001, and set about restoring their ruined -monasteries, but the old site at Moustoir was not rebuilt upon; the -abbey was transferred to Locminé. The parish church and the Chapel of -S. Columbanus are side by side, in communication through an arch. The -latter owes its origin to some relics of S. Columbanus having been -brought hither. The chapel is late flamboyant, but has a 17th cent. -tower, under it an earlier doorway with mutilated tracery above it. The -parish church has a slated spire, that of S. Columbanus is surmounted -by a small cupola. A quaint ossuary of good renaissance work is on -the N. side. The east window of the chapel contains 16th cent. glass -representing the life of S. Columbanus in four groups, but in a very -poor condition. East of the chapel is the beautiful Chapel of N.D. de -Plasquer, of the finest flamboyant work. The W. doorway has disengaged -pinnacles and some curious carving. The E. window tracery forms three -fleurs-de-lys. Within is a pretty flamboyant credence in the N. chapel -under the tower. In a corner thrown aside is a noble carved oak statue -of S. Gildas of the 15th cent. with his symbol, a snarling dog, at his -side. P. 31st June, but that of Locminé is the Sunday nearest 27th -June and lasts three days. - -_Remungol_ has a Holy Well near the church, a work of the 16th cent. - -LORIENT, chl. d'arr. A port. The town is composed of Lorient itself, -a fortified place, and the Faubourg of Kérentrech, where a suspension -bridge crosses the Scorff. Lorient owes its origin to the East India -Company. That company, created in 1664, was in quest of a port. The Duc -de la Meilleraye offered Port Louis, and in 1666 royal authority was -granted to the company to form there quays, factories and storehouses. -The village founded by La Compagnie de l'Orient took thence its name. -The company having got over a financial crisis in 1669 bought up land -in the neighbourhood. In 1712 the settlement comprised 700 families; -it was raised to be a parish in 1709. In 1717 the company began to -build and lay out quays and form basins on a grand scale, and in 1739 -Lorient attained the dignity of being accounted a town. In 1745, the -company had reached its highest point of prosperity, and had become -a veritable maritime power, with 35 frigates in the harbour. Its -flag was blue charged with a fleur-de-lys _or_, and it had as device -Florebo quocunque ferar. English jealousies were aroused, and in -1746 an English fleet anchored in the Bay of Pont-du. Seven thousand -men were disembarked under General Sinclair and summoned the town to -surrender. As this was refused it was besieged, but after a few days -General Sinclair withdrew without having effected anything. Curiously -enough, the garrison had resolved on surrender, and sent to notify -their purpose to the general, but found that the English had departed. -The company failed, partly through internal dissension, mainly through -the loss of Bengal, which was secured by the English in 1753. From -this time the fortunes of the company declined, and at last it became -bankrupt in 1769. It was then that Lorient passed to the Crown. The -town is supremely uninteresting, and no visitor will stay in it except -under constraint. - -_Port Louis._ The Church of N.D., 1665. The citadel of the 18th cent., -at one time served as a prison to Louis Napoleon. - -_Ploemeur._ A circle of standing stones 20 ft. in diameter surrounds -a tumulus, on the top of which is a dolmen fallen, thrown down by -clumsy excavators. Near Kerroch a dolmen, the table sustained by -three uprights, and near it the supporter of another. On the S. some -menhirs, the remains of an alignment. At Kerpape, near the powder mill, -another dolmen. At the Pointe du Tallut a menhir 12 ft. high, and near -it another fallen. Ploumaur, the Great Tribe, was one of the largest -parishes in the diocese; it was settled by S. Ninnoc, supposed to have -been a daughter of the King of Brecknock. Her double monastery for -both sexes was destroyed by the Northmen, and it was not rebuilt till -the 12th cent. The church contains Romanesque work, but the tower was -built in 1686, and the chancel was altered and disfigured in 1783. P. -1st Sunday in May. The Chapel of N.D. de Larmor was built in 1506, the -tower and spire added in 1615. It was a great place of pilgrim resort -till S. Anne d'Auray drew away the seamen who were wont to resort to -Larmor. The benediction of the sea takes place on the 24th June. - -_Plouhinec._ On the N. near Kerfourches two ruined dolmens and a -menhir. The W., near the mill of Keronsine, alignments running parallel -with the coast. Near Kersur a small menhir and four dolmens. At the -mill of Gueldro the alignments recommence in seven or eight rows, and -run on to Keroué and Kervelhué. At Magouer a tumulus with a dolmen and -a group of menhirs, most of them fallen, and others have been split and -used for building purposes. - -_Kervignac._ On the N. a fine dolmen near the road to Hennebont. -Another to the south near Kermado. - -_Nostang._ S. of the village near the river Etel an alignment of 19 -menhirs. For _Ile de Groix_, _see under_ Pont-aven. - -LOUVIGNÉ DU DESERT (I.V.) chl. arr. Fougères. Church (S. Padarn) of -the 15th cent. with a tower of 1702. A circle of upright stones. The -Château of Monthorion with tombs of Raoul II. de Fougères (1194) and -Françoise de Foix in the chapel. - -MALESTROIT (M.) chl. arr. Ploermel. The castle is on an islet of the -Saudraye; it was constructed in the 11th cent. No traces of it now -remain, or none of any importance. The town, built under the shadow of -the castle, was fortified in 1463. It was attacked with fury by the -League, but always resisted the enemy, till a third siege by Mercœur in -1592, but two months later it was retaken by the Royalists. Now all the -walls are gone. The place retains a number of old houses, one of these -near the parish church has on it grotesque figures, as a sow spinning, -a hunter playing the horn, with beside him a hare performing on the -biniou; a man beating his wife, etc. The church (S. Giles) consists of -two churches side by side and in different styles. One retains remains -of a Romanesque original. The rest is of 1511-31, and some good glass -is in the windows, representing Jesus among the Doctors, the Baptism, -the Passion, etc. The Chapel of S. M. Magdalen is partly Romanesque. - -MATIGNON (C.M.) chl. arr. Dinan. The parish church is modern but the -Chapel of S. Germain is the old parish church and has a Romanesque -doorway. - -_S. Cast_, a watering place with good sands. In 1758, the English fleet -under Admiral Howe, after having bombarded S. Malo and burnt Dol, -disembarked a body of men here. The Duc d'Aiguillon, then governor of -Brittany, hastened to the spot, and in spite of the fire of the fleet -defeated and almost exterminated the invaders. A monument marks the -site of the windmill in which the duke watched the engagement. - -_Pléboulle._ The Templar church is of the 16th cent. except the apse -which is earlier. Remains of the octagonal tower of Montbrun on a rock, -commanding a sweep of the river Frémeur. - -_Plévenon._ In this commune is the noble headland of Cap Fréhel, of old -red sandstone. Here is a lighthouse. The Fort de Latte is on a point -of rock in the sea 5 kilometres from Cap Fréhel, and entered by two -bridges cast over precipices 300 ft. deep. Facing the fort is a rude -stone 9 ft. high surmounted by a cross, probably a menhir. - -MAURON (M.) chl. arr. Ploermel. Stands on high ground, watered by the -Yvel and Doeft, which unite above Ploermel in the pretty lake of Le -Duc. In 1352 the Castle of Mauron was held by Bentley with a body of -Anglo-Bretons. The Marshal d'Offemont, at the head of an army of the -adherents of Charles de Blois, resolved on taking the place. Bentley -marched out against him and obtained a complete victory. Thirteen -lords fell, among them the Marshal and the Viscount de Rohan. A -hundred and forty knights also succumbed. The Parish Register, 1591, -is headed:--"Baptismal Register of Mauron made after the Prince of -Darkness with the English and the lancequenects of his company had -passed. They spent the Sunday here, September 8, 1591, pillaged and -plundered all they could lay hands on in the church, and carried off -the baptismal register--on which account this book is now begun." The -church is modern but retains some old carving in panels of the 16th -cent. near the porch on the S. side, and in the sacristy is a painting -of the crucifixion of 1682. - -_S. Lery._ A church of the 15th cent. except the chancel which is -modern. In a chapel of the S. transept of flamboyant date is some fine -old glass representing the marriage of the Duchess Anne with Charles -VIII. of France. On the north of the nave is the tomb of S. Lery, and -on it the Saint is represented with a pastoral staff in his hand, -a book in the other, and his feet resting on a hare. S. Lery was a -native of Wales who crossed over to Armorica and was well received -by Judicael. As he desired a retreat, the Queen turned Ilogan, an -Irish saint, out of his, and gave his lair warm to Lery, who had no -compunction in receiving it. He died in the 7th cent. - -MERDIGNAC (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac, stands on the road from Loudéac -to S. Méen. West of the town is the fortified enclosure of the Vielle -Court. Excavations have shown that the wall was vitrified. - -_S. Launeuc_ near a pretty lake. Here are the ruins of the Castle of -Hardouinaye almost destroyed, where Gilles de Bretagne was starved to -death in 1450. Gilles had been left by his father a sum of money, and -he complained to his brother, Duke Francois I., and asked to be given -some fief in the duchy. But Francis refused his request and threw in -his teeth that he favoured the English rather than the French. Gilles -married the heiress of Châteaubriant and Dinan. Arthur de Montauban, -Marshal of Brittany, who had desired the heiress for himself, was -thereby made his mortal enemy. He determined on his destruction, and to -effect this spread calumnies against Gilles, to the effect that he was -purposing to introduce the English into Brittany, and he obtained leave -from Francis to arrest him in his Castle of Guildo. This he effected -whilst Gilles was engaged on a game of tennis. He carried him off to -Dinan, where was Francis, who refused to see his brother. Francis I. -requested the parliament of Brittany to condemn Gilles unheard. At its -refusal to do so, he handed him over to Arthur de Montauban to make -away with, and the Marshal hurried him away to Hardouinaye and left him -to die of starvation in its dungeon. - -MUZILLAC (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. Church of Bourg Peaul with side aisles, -Romanesque, and with a slated tower. Chancel 1505. The very rich and -curious Calvary was restored in 1894. - -_Billiers._ Here are the remains of the Cistercian Abbey of N.D. de -Prières, founded in 1252. The church was pulled down in 1715 to make -way for a hideous structure in the taste of the period. - -_Noyal Muzillac._ The church (S. Noyala) was rebuilt in 1850, but the -transepts and chancel of the 15th cent. remain. The tower was struck -by lightning in 1630 and rebuilt. The Château de Keralio, of the 15th -cent., is in ruins. - -MONTAUBAN (I.V.) chl. arr. Montfort. A modern church. The castle on the -edge of the forest is of the 14th and 15th cents., and was once the -seat of a powerful family to which it gave its name. - -MONTCONTOUR (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc, still possesses remnants of its -ancient walls. The church (S. Mathurin) is mainly of the 16th cent.; -the spire is covered with lead. Six windows retain magnificent old -glass representing the life of the Saviour, that of S. John Baptist, -the legend of S. Barbara, that of S. Yves, remains of a Jesse tree, and -the legend of S. Mathurin (1535). Montcontour lies on very high ground, -and commands a magnificent view. S. Mathurin is much sought by pilgrims -who have the highest belief in his powers. The P. is on the eve of -Whitsunday with procession carrying lights, and on Whitmonday, with -dancing. - -_Trébry._ A dolmen at Ville-Valen, consisting of four supports and a -coverer. - -_Trédaniel._ The Chapel of N.D. du Haut is mainly of the 14th cent., -and has a fine porch of the 16th. - -MONTFORT (I.V.) chl. d'arr. At the junction of the Mieu and the Garun. -A great round tower of the 15th cent. and a portion of wall adjoining -are all that remain of the ancient ramparts. The Church of S. Jean -Baptiste is modern, but contains retables of the 17th cent. The remains -of the Abbey of S. Jacques, founded in 1152, has a church of the 14th -cent. and buildings of the 18th. In the hospital of S. Lazare is an -altar of the 13th cent. To the S.E. of the tower on the edge of the -forest of Coulon is a prostrate menhir called Le Grés de S. Méen. - -MORDELLES (I.V.) chl. arr. Rennes, on the Meu. - - [Illustration: MORLAIX] - -* MORLAIX (F.) chl. d'arr., is situated in a deep cleft valley at the -junction of the Jarlot and Qufflent, and has a tidal port. The town is -spanned and dwarfed by the magnificent viaduct of the railway to Brest. -The town has only one interesting church, S. Melaine (1489-1574). A -flight of steps leads to the west door. The S. porch is fine. The -baldachino of the font is of 1660, and the organ and gallery are of -about the same date and rich. Morlaix contains a number of picturesque -houses with galleries about interior courts. The newels of the stairs -are often effectively carved. Admission to some may be obtained by -application at the door. In the Rue des Nobles is the house of the -Duchesse Anne, erected in 1500. The church of the Dominican Convent, -founded in 1237, is desecrated. A floor has been introduced at the -height of the capitals of the pillars, the basement is made into a -lumber chamber, and the upper storey into a museum. It possesses a -beautiful window of the 13th cent., a transom sustaining a rose, lights -below the transom cusped and sustaining trefoils. This window deserves -a study. By descending the Rue des Vignes and turning to the right, -the Rue des Fontaines is reached where are two Holy Wells. At N.D. -des Fontaines a wall is enriched with tracery under an arch, above -which is a delicately beautiful rose window. At this spot, according -to legend, S. Drennael, disciple of Joseph of Arimathea, preached, and -set up an image of the B. Virgin. The chapel, which formed a portion of -a Carmelite church, has been ruined along with the church. The tower -of S. Mathieu was built in 1548. On the right bank of the river is the -Fontaine des Anglais that marks the spot where, in 1522, six hundred -English, who had disembarked to attack the town, were surprised when -asleep, and killed. The town was taken by the English in 1532. To guard -against surprise, the castle of Le Taureau was constructed on an island -at the entrance to the estuary. - -For objects of interest in the neighbourhood, _see_ under _Taulé_. - -MUR (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac. Two menhirs by the road from Mur to -Corlay, one at Botrain is a rude quartz block, square and tapering to -a point 12 ft. high. The church is modern. The Chapel of Ste. Suzanne, -1760, has the legend of the Saint painted on the ceiling. - -_Caurel._ By the road from Pontivy to Guingamp, at the hamlet to -Belaire, is a menhir of slaty schist 15 ft. high. On the Lande de -Caurel another slate menhir 10 ft. high, and five others prostrate. -Another on the same Lande 15 ft. high and shaped like a rectangular -blade, a niche has been cut in it and a cross planted on the top. On -the Lande de Belaire an allée couverte of slate rock 25 ft. long, -composed of six slabs set on end supporting three coverers. There are -others in ruins hard by. The church dates from 1654. - -_S. Guen._ Church of the 18th cent. A Calvary of the 15th cent. with -a stone seat at the foot. The Chapel of S. Tugdual of the 14th cent. -contains the remains of a rood screen. - -PAIMPOL (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. An important fishing place, the -headquarters of the Iceland fleet. The whole of this portion of -Côtes-du-Nord facing east formed anciently the county of Goelo. The -"Icelanders" fleet starts on February 20, and is absent till the -autumn. As many as 180 vessels leave Paimpol and the other little ports -on the Bay of S. Brieuc for this annual fishing in the polar seas. The -blessing of the fleet takes place with solemnity before it departs. -Paimpol is the scene of Pierre Lotti's novel, "Pécheur d'Islande." The -church of 1525 has a fine flamboyant east window. There are several old -houses in the streets. The isle of _Bréhat_ may be visited, _see under_ -Bréhat. - -_Kerfot._ The oldest parts of the church are of the 14th cent., but the -rest from 1514 to 1682. Remains of the roodscreen have been converted -into a pew. - -_Kerity._ Fine ruins of the Abbey of _Beauport_, an unique example in -Brittany of a monastic establishment that has preserved its original -buildings of the 13th cent. All the rest were rebuilt in the 17th and -18th cents. The roof of the church has fallen in. The abbey consists -of a series of buildings about a cloister; on the N. are kitchen and -refectory over the cellars; S. is the church; E. the dormitory and -infirmary of the monks and the chapterhouse; W. the abbot's house. - -LE PALAIS (M.) chl. arr. Lorient, in the island of Belle Ile. It has -a citadel constructed by Vauban. The old walls remain. A military -hospital and a reformatory for young criminals are at Le Palais. -The castle of Foulquet commands the little port of that name. The -church (S. Géran) bears as its dedication the name of the heroic -king of British Domnonia, who fell at Langport in Somersetshire in -522 fighting the Saxons. He had a fleet in the Severn, and his wife -was the beautiful Enid, whose story has been revived by Tennyson in -the Idylls of the King. The Bretons having forgotten who he was have -identified him now with S. Senan of Iniscathy and then with S. Curig, -and represent him as a bishop. - -* PERROS GUIREC (C.N.) chl. arr. Lannion. The church has a Romanesque -nave with semi-circular arches resting on the N. side on capitals with -cable mouldings. The arcade on the S. side is somewhat later. The -chancel is early pointed, with an extraordinary east window of the 17th -cent., an instance of the complete extinction of the skill to design -and power to execute stone tracery. There is a Romanesque S. door. Of -the windows one is middle pointed, one flamboyant, and one debased 17th -cent., all in the S. aisle. The tower at the W. end and the porch under -it with open tracery are quaint. - -N.D. de la Clarté is a delightful example of flamboyant work at its -best, 1414. The little harbour of Perros Guirec is illumined by five -lighthouses on account of its dangerous character, and there are five -more on the Sept Iles. The sandy cove of _Trestraou_ has a town built -round its lap that lives only in the bathing season, at all other times -it is uninhabited. - -_S. Quay._ The church has no side aisles but double transepts, and is -good 2nd pointed. The W. tower is good renaissance of 1732. - -_Ploumanach_, a fishing village among rocks, is only curious on account -of the oratory of S. Kirec (Curig) on a rock in the bay, surrounded at -every tide. The pillars and pillasters are of the 11th cent. - -_Trégastel._ The village is situated about a mile from the coast, -which is composed of masses of weather-worn granite in strange forms, -among and against which modern residences have been run up for the -accommodation of lodgers during the bathing season. On the highest -point of ground inland a Calvary has been erected of masses of granite -piled up, surmounted by a cross, whence a fine view is obtained of the -coast and the Sept Iles. The Church of Trégastel is of the 13th cent. -with work of the 16th, and a very villainous, debased window at the -east end of the 17th cent. The pretty ossuary adjoining the porch is -renaissance. - - [Illustration: CHURCH AND OSSUARY, TRÉGASTEL] - -_Pleumeur-Bodou._ Beside the road from the village to Ile Grande is a -fine menhir 24 ft. high, the summit shaped into a cross, and the face -sculptured with the instruments of the Passion. In the _Ile Grande_ is -an allée couverte, composed of fourteen supporters and two coverers. -It is surrounded by a circle of stones. The Chapel of S. Samson is of -the 16th cent. with a spirelet on an octagonal turret. The E. window is -flamboyant. - -_Trébeurden._ Nine menhirs within sight of one another. One is a -hundred paces (S.) from the windmill of Trévern, and is 7 ft. high; -another is on the Lande de Véades of the same height; a third is a -hundred paces from this, and is 12 ft. high; a fourth at the Château -de Kerrariou, 7 ft. 6 in. high; a fifth between Kerrariou and the -windmill, broken; a sixth near Bologne, 10 ft. high; a seventh W. of -the preceding and at the edge of the shore, 10 ft. high; the eighth -near Bonne Nouvelle, 7 ft.; the last is near the peninsula of Toënnou, -about the same height. There is a fine dolmen on the Ile Milliau, -measuring 28 ft. long, covered by three slabs on eleven supporters; -another is on the shore at Prajou-menhir, half fallen, 34 ft. long, -composed of twenty-one supporters and four coverers; a third is at -Kevellec, four stones support a single coverer; a fourth in ruins is -near the Chapelle du Christ. The chapel has a lancet window of the 12th -cent. The parish church is very villainous, 1835. - -_Trévou-Tréguignec._ Three menhirs in the Ile Balanec, and a partly -ruined dolmen near the modern Château de Boisriou. Seven uprights -support two coverers. - -PIPRIAC (I.V.) chl. arr. Redon. A dull, uninteresting place. - -_Guipry._ At Fougères is an alignment of seven upright stones. In the -Lande de Godier is an ancient camp. N.D. de Bon-Port, 1644, is resorted -to by pilgrims. - -_Saint Just._ On the Lande de Cojoux several megalithic monuments, and -on that of Tréal an allée couverte, called La Grotte aux Fées, 40 ft. -long. - -PLANCOET (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. Pleasantly situated on the tidal -Argenton, which above the turn flows through a pleasant picturesque -valley. Plancoet (Plou-lann-coet = the Clan of the Church in the Wood), -has a modern vulgar church. In a little lake 3 kilometres from the -town are the scanty remains of the Château de la Tour de la Vache, -13th cent., consisting of one square tower. From Plancoet several -interesting excursions may be made. - -_Crehen._ The allée couverte of La Ville-Génouan is 42 ft. long, and is -composed of eleven supporters on the N. and twelve on the S., and five -covering stones. It is the finest example in the Department, and is in -private grounds. - -_Landebia._ The church has been restored. It possesses a curious -bénitier of granite supported by human figures, and has animals carved -on the bowl. A house has a fine portal of the 16th cent. A Calvary -of the same date with several groups of figures. Another cross dated -1545, called la Croix de S. David. In the village is a house called -Presbytère des Templiers. - -The visitor will probably start from Landebia to visit the Château _de -la Hunaudaye_ in the parish of Plédeliac. The ruins of this magnificent -castle are extensive. The castle dates from 1578, except one tower that -is over a century earlier. It is a pentagon flanked by five towers -at the angles, and surrounded by deep ditches. Why so strong a pile -should have been planted where the ground does not in any way lend -itself to defence is hard to see. The state hall and staircase were -especially fine, but are far gone in ruin. The earliest tower has about -the entrance from the court some rude carvings, executed perhaps by a -prisoner on the jamb of the door on which light fell. The date of this -carving is early 17th cent. Near the hamlet of Hazardine is a coarse -menhir 16 ft. high and 30 ft. in circumference. The ruins of the Abbey -of Saint Aubin des bois are scanty. The chapel is of the end of the -15th cent. - -PLEINE-FOUGÈRES (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo. Destitute of interest. - -PLÉLAN LE PETIT (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. On high bleak country, mostly -moor and only partially reclaimed. - -PLÉNEUF (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc, reached from Lamballe. In the -parish is the favourite seaside resort of Val-André. Except the sea and -the coast, there is nothing of interest at Pléneuf. - -_Erguy._ An old Roman station, Rheginea, and numerous substructures -of Gallo-Roman times have been uncovered here, also a mosaic pavement -found and destroyed in 1835 by the boor to whom the land belonged. -Numerous finds of Roman coins are made here. At the northern headland -of the Lande de la Garenne is a prehistoric coast castle. - -_Planguenoual._ The church is partly Romanesque, partly 13th cent. -The bénitier shows signs of having been systematically employed as a -knife-sharpener. - -* PLESTIN LES GRÈVES (C.N.) chl. arr. Lannion. Fine sands. The tide -recedes here to a great distance. Plestin (Plou-Jestin) owes its origin -to an Irish emigrant Efflam, who settled here with a colony of his -countrymen in the 6th cent. He found that a British settler was there -before him, Jestin, probably the son of Geraint, prince of Devon. He -came to terms with him without a quarrel, the arrangement being that -one should rule the secular and the other the ecclesiastical tribe. -Plestin before this would seem to have been a Gallo-Roman town, as -numerous remains as well as coins indicate. The church, much altered, -contains the tomb of S. Efflam, of the 16th cent. The porch is of 1575, -and contains statues of the twelve apostles. The Chapel of S. Jacut of -the 16th cent. has some old glass. Near the Chapel of S. Efflam (1620) -is his Holy Well. - -_Plou Miliau_ was the plebs or tribal land of Miliau, King of -Cornouaille, who was murdered by his brother Rivold. The church is in -debased Gothic of 1602. - -_Plouzélambre._ The church is of the 15th and 16th cents., with -flamboyant windows. The tower of 1753. In the church a fine renaissance -carved oak retable, with seven groups of figures on it, representing -scenes of the Passion. In the churchyard a pretty ossuary of granite -of the 17th cent. An oratory, consisting of a vault sustained by four -columns, is called Le Réposoir. Ruins of the Château of Kerbané of the -15th cent. - -_Trédez._ A menhir 13 ft. high, with another near it that has fallen, -that measured 24 ft. Near the Château de Coatredrez another, 19 ft. -high. At Lan Saliou another of about the same height. In the church is -a triptych representing a Jesse tree. The font has a fine baldachino of -carved oak, of the 17th cent. The Chapel of Loquémeau is of the 16th -cent., except one window in the N. transept, of the 14th. The frieze -within is fantastically carved. - -_Trémel._ A menhir at Kerguiniou, 16 ft. high, and near by a dolmen. -The church is of the 16th cent., with apse; the porch has within -statues of the apostles. - -_Plufur._ Church of 1764; but it retains remains of a retable of -the 16th cent. Sculptured scenes in relief of the Passion. In the -churchyard is the Chapel of S. Yves, 17th cent., with paintings on the -ceiling. The Chapel of S. Nicolas forms a latin cross, and has seven -flamboyant windows. - -_S. Michel-en-Grèves._ The Chapel of S. Geneviève has an early rude -altar, and remains of a 16th cent. screen. - -PLEYBEN (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin. The noble church (S. Germain) of -1564 exhibits the transition from Gothic to Italian style. The church -is regarded as one of the most beautiful ecclesiastical monuments -in Finistère. From whatever point of view seen, the grouping of the -towers, though so different in character, is most pleasing. The -principal tower is tall and square, with a balustrade to the platform -on the summit, and on this platform rises a cupola crowned by a -lantern, and there are four lesser lanterns at the corners. The tower -exhibits the renaissance style fully developed, yet it was constructed -only twenty years after the rest of the church, which is instinct with -Gothic feeling. The second tower was raised in 1588-91, and is in the -late flamboyant style. It is graceful and quaint. The stair to the -bellcage is carried up in a turret detached save for a flying gallery -supported on a couple of arches. The fine porch dates from 1588-91, -and contains statues of the apostles. It is surrounded by a cordon of -niches, shallow but lofty, and forming an exterior enrichment. The -statuary is stiff, but not without character. The east end of the -church is an apse, with gables over the windows, which are flamboyant. -That over the high altar contains old glass representing the story of -the Passion, 1564. The wooden waggon roof of the church is supported on -a cornice quaintly carved. A curious little box for the holy oils is in -the sacristy. The ossuary of Pleyben is the earliest in the Department; -separate from the church. It belongs to the 16th cent. The Calvary of -1650 consists of four great spurs sustaining a central platform on -vault and arches. The platform is crowded with figures in 28 groups, -representing the scenes of the Nativity and the Passion, and, above -all, as the 29th, is the Crucifixion. The Chapel of Lannelec, two -kilometres distant, is in itself uninteresting, but contains curious -statues and sculptures. The P. at Pleyben is on the 1st Sunday in -August. - -* PLOERMEL (M.) chl. d'arr. The town stands but a little distance -from the pretty lake of Le Duc, surrounded with trees. It occupies -rising ground and has in its midst a magnificent church (1511-1602) -chiefly remarkable for its collection of 16th century glass. This -represents--1. Jean l'Epervier, Bishop of S. Malo, kneeling before the -B.V.M. and S. Michael; 2. dated 1533 is Pentecost, a superb piece of -colouring; 3. the Life of S. Armel; 4. a Jesse tree, the finest of all; -5. the Passion; 6. the Death and Assumption of the B.V.M.; 7. a window -of 1602 contains diverse subjects; and 8. the Last Supper. Beside these -old windows some modern glass is "a thing to shudder at not to see." -Indeed the French do not seem in glass painting to have got beyond -the crude stage of English beginnings forty years ago. The church -is throughout flamboyant, except the west tower. Under an enormous -arch, that includes a flamboyant window, is a double entrance to the -N., with rich figure carving over it representing sacred subjects, -the Annunciation, the Nativity, and the Flight into Egypt, etc. But -the buttress on the W. was carved when the religious Gothic feeling -was dead, and it is covered with renaissance sculpture, where only -buffoonery and paganism find expression. Syrens, monsters, a cobbler -sewing up his wife's mouth, a woman pulling off her husband's hat, a -sow playing a bagpipe, two nude figures, one on the back of the other, -each blowing a horn, etc., form the decoration. At a little distance -from the town on the Vannes road, about a hundred yards on one side in -a pretty situation, is the Holy Well of S. Armel, of the 17th cent. -Ploermel is the headquarters of the Frères Lammenais, who carry on the -religious instruction of the boys in almost every parish in Brittany, -and in other parts of France as well, and the colonies, in opposition -to the godless governmental schools. From Ploermel the visitor will -probably go on to Josselin, _which see_. - -PLOEUC (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. Several menhirs, but some of them -are broken. The church is of 1752. Ploeuc lies high. - -_Plaintel._ A remarkable menhir 15 feet high planted point downward. -Church of 1759. - -PLOUAGAT (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp, near Châtelaudren. In the -churchyard a Christian lech bearing the inscription VORMVNI. Ruins of -the priory of N.D. des Fontaines, some portions of which go back to -Romanesque, but the major portion belongs to the 15th cent. - -_Goudelin._ The Chapel of N.D. de l'Ile was founded in the 15th cent. -and contains a statue of S. Eligius dressed in Breton _bragou-bras_. - -_Lanrodic._ Le Vieux Château de Perrun is a good example of a camp, -probably of the Northmen invaders and devastaters of Brittany or of the -Merovingians. The embankment was revetted with blocks of quartz not set -in mortar. The new château is a fine mediæval ruin. It is surrounded by -a deep moat and possesses a cylindrical tower with machicolation. All -the rest of the original castle has disappeared, but in the midst of -the court is a château built at the time of the renaissance, but that -was burnt and gutted at the Revolution. It has, however, preserved its -façade and some of its fine chimney-pieces. Among the fallen masses of -sculpture may be seen a fragment of a verse of Virgil. "Quid pius Æneas -tanto dabit indole dignum." - -_S. Pever._ Ruins of the Château of Avauguer on a promontory above the -Trieux and the lake. The chapel is of the 13th and 14th cents. and -contains remains of an alabaster retable of the 16th cent. - -* PLOUARET (C.N.) chl. arr. Lannion, at the junction of the branch -line to Lannion. A prettily situated little town in a well-wooded -country and with charming walks about it up the rocky broom-covered -valleys. The neighbourhood teems with objects of interest, and it -makes excellent headquarters for interesting excursions. The church is -curious. It consists of nave and side-aisles all under one enormous -roof and lighted through aisle windows under gables. It is flamboyant -and has a square E. end that contains a fine window of geometric -tracery, but not of 2nd pointed date, apparently, judging from the -stiffness and lack of skill in the treatment. It looks like an attempt -of a flamboyant architect to revive the earlier style. The tower is -dated 1554, when it was begun, but in style it is later, and is an -admirable example of a renaissance tower at its best period. The -mountain, visible to the south is the _Menezbré_, from the top of which -the Seven Saints cursed Conmore, with the result that the Usurper of -Domnonia was deserted on all sides as one "fey" and was killed in 555. - -_Loquivy-Plougras._ The fine Chapel of S. Emilion, the largest example -of its kind in the Department, is of the 16th cent. It was begun in -1516 and the tower added in 1566. - -For the beautiful chapel of _Keramanachx_, _see_ under _Plonevez -Moedec_, and for _Tonquedec_, _see_ Lannion. - -_Trégrom._ At Keranscot is a menhir 19 feet high called Menbras. At -300 paces from it is another 10 feet high. The church (S. Brendan -of Clonfert) has been judiciously restored. It is 2nd pointed and -is very prettily situated. The S. aisle was intended to be vaulted, -but only the vaulting shafts remain. The S. porch has good 2nd -pointed mouldings, and over it is an interesting statue of the Irish -traveller-saint who discovered Madeira and the Canaries. The W. turret -is for two bells. A quaint four-light square-headed window lights the -baptistery. Brendan was forced to leave Ireland, owing to his having -accidentally caused the death of a pupil, and he spent seven years in -exile. Following the sun at midsummer, he reached Iceland, but did not -remain there. The story of his voyages was embroidered by fancy, and -converted into an Irish version of Sinbad the Sailor; but the greater -part of his time of exile was spent in Brittany, where he founded -two monasteries, one on the isle of Cézambre opposite S. Malo, and -the other in the land of Heth, the site of which is not determined, -but it was probably _Lanvellec_, which is also dedicated to him. The -church there is modern, but in the churchyard is an elegant 16th cent. -ossuary. Near the road from Plouaret to Keramanach is the curious -chapel of _S. Carré_, built in 1697. It is a typical example of the -period, all the detail is Italian, but the Gothic feeling is present -in the main lines. E. of it is the Holy Well of the same period, well -preserved. The P. at S. Carré is on Whitsunday. - -_Vieux Marché._ The church is a huge modern flamboyant structure, -successful except for the mean, pinched tower. The flamboyant doorway -of the original church has been inserted at the west end of the new -church, and some quaint carvings are preserved at the N. doorway. A -pretty walk up the glen of about three miles leads to the chapel of the -Sept-Saints, a cruciform structure erected in 1702, with a S. transept -over a dolmen that serves as crypt, and with an altar in it to the -Seven Sleepers. At S. Marcel at some little distance from Plouaret is a -mutilated statue of a Roman horseman trampling on a half human monster, -that receives a religious cult. Although the heads have been knocked -off, and the clergy set their faces strongly against this devotion, the -peasantry still have recourse to the image. Those paralysed are hoisted -upon the back of the horse, and quite as well authenticated cases of -cure are produced there as at some of the approved shrines. - -PLOUBALAY (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. Modern church. Ruins of the Château -de Crochais. - -_S. Jacut-de-la-Mer._ The site of an ancient abbey founded by Gwethenoc -and Jacut, brothers of S. Winwaloe, at the beginning of the 6th cent. -The brothers in Breton mythology replaced the Heavenly Twins of classic -mythology, and were wont to be seen when invoked steering a vessel -that was in danger of being overwhelmed and wrecked at sea. The abbey -was given over in commendam to favourites at court, and the few monks -left in it without supervision led such idle and worthless lives that -the feeling of the country was roused against them, and when the -Revolution broke out, the peasants tore down the monastery to its very -foundations so as to leave of it no trace whatever. There is now a -conventual establishment at S. Jacut that receives boarders for the -bathing season. The tower of Ebihens on an island was built in 1697. - -_Trégon._ An allée couverte called Les Vielles Hautières is near -the high road, and is 48 ft. long. Fourteen uprights sustain seven -capstones. About 400 paces from this is a fallen dolmen. A vulgar -modern church takes the place of an early Romanesque structure. - -_Château de Guildo._ The old Castle is a ruin, in which Gilles de -Bretagne was playing a game of tennis when snatched away, by order of -his brother, Francis I., to be starved to death at La Hardouinais. - -* PLOUDALMEZEAU (F.) chl. arr. Brest. The church was rebuilt in 1857, -but the tower remains of 1775. Ploudalmezeau is in the old Pays d'Ach, -and the British refugees swarmed hither, landing in the estuaries of -the Aber Vrach, Aber Benoit, and the Aber Iltut. P. of S. Bridget, 15th -August. - -_Lampaul Ploudalmezeau._ Remains of an allée couverte, and by the -roadside from Ploudalmezeau a menhir trimmed into shape and surmounted -by a cross between two others of very early character. The church (S. -Pol de Léon) is very charmingly situated among trees, and the tower -is not of the type of renaissance so common. It more resembles that -of Pleyben, and is remarkably well proportioned and dignified. It -has a gallery above the porch, another at the summit of the tower, -and curious flying buttresses support the turrets at the angles, and -a cupola in the centre surmounted by a lantern on three stages. The -church itself is late flamboyant. The porch is wide and enriched with -Ionic pillars, within it is vaulted, and the groins meet in a pendant. -A curious statue in the S. transept represents the Virgin and child. -She is trampling on the Devil, who tauntingly upholds the fatal apple. -Good metal-work encloses the baptistery. The N. aisle has been rebuilt. -There is a Holy Well, but without character, in the churchyard. - -_Landunevez._ La Four is a rock rising 200 ft. above the sea, and is -supposed to indicate the point where the Ocean begins and the Channel -ends. Fine ruins of the castle of Trémazan, where was born Tanguy du -Châtel, who died 1449. He was one of the Generals of Charles VI. and -Charles VII. After the Battle of Agincourt, things did not run as -smoothly as represented by Shakespeare. The French Court was torn by -factions. At the head of one was Jean sans Peur, Duke of Burgundy; at -the head of the other the Armagnacs, the partisans of the Dauphin. In -place of combining against the victorious English, they were engaged in -murderous affrays between themselves. One night the Burgundians fell on -and slaughtered the Armagnacs in the streets of Paris, and the Dauphin -was only saved by Tanguy du Châtel, who smuggled him off to Milan. The -Constable of France and the Chancellor were both murdered, and the -massacre lasted three days. Richard, fourth brother of Duke John V. of -Brittany, at great risk secreted and carried off Marie d'Anjou, wife -of the Dauphin. The Duke of Brittany entered Paris and put a term to -the horrors that were being perpetrated. Meanwhile the English were -advancing, and burning the towns on their march. At length the Duke of -Burgundy and the Dauphin agreed to meet and come to terms at Montereau. -But no sooner were they face to face than they burst into mutual -recrimination. This so exasperated Tanguy, that with an axe he split -the skull of the Duke. This fresh crime threw the Burgundians into the -arms of the English. The war was concluded by the Treaty of Amiens, -1423. At Landunevez are a dolmen, and at Argenton a menhir 18 ft. high. -Patronal feast 3rd Sunday in Sept., P. of Kersaint Ascension Day and -Aug. 15th; P. of S. Gonvel, 2nd Sunday in Sept., and P. of S. Samson, -3rd Sunday in July. - -_Plourin._ The church (S. Budoc) is entirely modern, but excellent, -the tower and spire are specially well proportioned. The E. flamboyant -window is very good. Two old picturesque houses are near the church. -Within the church is the pulpit from the old church of carved oak -representing scenes from the legend of S. Azenore and her son Budoc. At -Kergraden are two menhirs, one 30 ft. high, the other 24 ft. P. Sunday -nearest to Aug. 7. - -_Plouguin._ Modern church. The château of Lesven possesses a painting -over the altar in which is represented S. Gwen, her three breasts -disguised by the central breast being made into a gilded disc, dressed -in the costume of a lady of the beginning of the 17th cent. presenting -her son Winwaloe to S. Corentin, who gives him the habit. Fragan, -husband of Gwen Teirbron, is also represented in the painting as a -knight in armour. The parish takes its name from Gwen, and her husband -gives his name to the neighbouring parish of S. Fragan. In a marsh are -the ruins of an oratory, where, according to local tradition, Winwaloe -as a child practised the ascetic life. For _Lanrivoaré_ see S. Rénan. - -PLOUESCAT (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. A menhir, 21 ft. high. - -_Plounevez Lochrist._ In this parish is the interesting chapel of -Lochrist with its 13th cent. tower, bold and massive, and surmounted -by a spire very different in character from the flimsy barley-sugar -constructions of the 16th cent. and the beginning of the 17th. The -chapel itself is modern. - -PLOUGUENAST (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac. New and bad parish church, -but happily the old one has been left, and contains some old glass, -representing the Crucifixion, Entombment, and Pentecost. The altar -rails are made out of the old roodloft gallery front, and bear -representations of the apostles. Chapel of the Rosary 16th cent. -Château de Touche Brondineuf, a stronghold of the 15th cent. - -_Plémy._ A menhir, 12 ft. high, near Drény, on the road to Uzel. Two -more of 9 ft. high at 300 paces thence. An old maison forte of the 16th -cent. at Vaucles. At Ville Pierre remains of an Huguenot preaching -station, a platform sustained on cylindrical pillars. Some of the great -nobles of Brittany, casting covetous eyes on the church property, -embraced the reform and encouraged the Calvinist preachers. But the -people would have none of them. - -_Langast._ The Church (S. Gall) of the 16th cent. has some old glass in -the east window. - -PLOUHA (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. Modern uninteresting church. Four -kilometres off is the Chapel of _Kermaria_, erected at different times. -The first four arches belong to the 13th cent. The others as well -as the S. porch and transept are flamboyant. This chapel contains a -Dance of Death, in fresco, but now sadly faded. There are twenty-two -subjects, each figure is attended by a skeleton. Above the Dance are -eight prophets, seated. The chandeliers are of hammered iron. - -_Lanleff_ has a circular Romanesque church in ruins. It belongs to the -11th or early 12th cent. A portion of the external wall has fallen, -exposing the arcade. Much fanciful stuff was published relative to this -church early last century. It was supposed to have been a pagan temple. -Near it is a well, the water issues from a three-lobed opening. Above -is a stone marked with seven circles. The story goes that a woman here -sold her child to the devil for seven pieces of silver, of which these -circles are the memorial. - -PLOUIGNEAU (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. A menhir and a prehistoric camp. P. -Ascension Day followed by dancing and a fair. P. at the chapel of S. -Eloi 3rd Sunday in June. - -_Plougonven._ A calvary of the 17th cent. A fallen dolmen and three -menhirs. - -PLOUZÉVEDE (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. In this commune is the very -interesting chapel of Berven, with a beautiful tower. It stands by the -highway from S. Pol de Léon to Lesneven, which runs mainly over the old -Roman road, and was that taken by S. Paulus Aurelianus when he came -from the land of Ach to the town that now bears his name. The entrance -to the churchyard is by a triumphal arcade, the arches separated and -sustained by Corinthian pillars. The beautiful tower and spire were -built in 1567. The rood screen is late, 17th cent., and on it are four -panel paintings. The tower sustains two galleries and superposed bell -chambers. The whole surmounted by a lantern. It is of the same type as -that of Rorcoff, but is more elegant. It is later than the church. - -_Plouvorn._ The church is modern, but the chapel of _Lambader_ is most -interesting, as containing the only 16th cent. flamboyant screen that -has been spared in the department. It is singularly rich and delicate. -The date is 1481. The tower and spire resemble those of Creisker, -but on a smaller scale and with the same fault. The chapel has been -carefully restored. P. on Whit-Monday. - -_S. Vougai._ Church (S. Fiacc of Stetty) of the 16th cent. The château -of _Kerjean_ is a fine example of a late flamboyant and renaissance -castle. After having been in ruins, it has been repurchased by a -descendant of the ancient family to which it originally belonged, and -is being gradually restored. One wing was destroyed by fire in the -18th cent., the rest was wrecked at the Revolution. It is called the -Versailles of Finistère. - -PLUVIGNER (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. This was the centre of a vast -district comprising nine parishes, that formed the "plou" of Fingar, an -Irish settler, who, after having established himself here with a number -of colonists, returned to Ireland to fetch more, but was carried by -contrary winds into S. Ives' Bay in Cornwall, where the native prince -Tewdrig fell on him and murdered most of the party. The place where -he was killed is Gwinear. The church of Pluvigner is a vast building -erected in 1545. The tower and spire, however, date from 1781. Numerous -lechs are in the churchyard, and one is at the door of the mairie. The -Holy Well of S. Guinger (Fingar) is of the 16th cent., a little way out -of the village. According to the legend Fingar was hunting when he came -to the well, and looking in saw his face reflected in the water. "On -my word," said he; "I'm an uncommonly handsome man, too good-looking -to be anything but a saint," and this effected his conversion. He -renounced the world and dedicated his beauty to religion. The chapel -of S. Fiacre is of 1453, with additions of 1640. In the transept is a -richly carved flamboyant altarpiece. The chapel of S. Beuzy marks the -spot where that favourite disciple of Gildas, flying with a mortal -wound in his head, passed the night on his way to Rhuys. The chapel is -of 1593. - -* PONT-AVEN (F.) chl. arr. Quimperlé. The costume of the women in -this district is peculiarly charming. The broad quilled collars and -the white coiffe, with a pink ribbon behind the lace, serve to show -off a pretty face to advantage. Pont-aven is a favourite resort of -artists, and some of their work may be seen in a much frequented -hotel there. Moreover, the scenery about Pont-aven is pleasing, and -it serves as a better headquarters than Concarneau, where the smell -of the sardine pickling is offensive, and produces in some stomachic -trouble. Pont-aven is picturesquely situated on the Aven, the same name -as our Affon, Awne, and Avon, and at the foot of two hills crowned with -granite rocks that have been rounded by the action of the weather, -which dissolves the silicate of potass in it, when the other matters, -mica, felspar, hemblend, and quartz fall away in gravel and sand. A -huge rock in the river facing the quay is called la Roche Forme. Below -Pont-aven the river widens into an estuary and forms a port. Near -the mouth of the river is the sanatorium of Kerfarny. There are two -menhirs in the commune, one 15 feet and the other 16 feet high, one at -Kérangosquer, and the other on the lande de Kervéquilen. About four -kilometres down the river is the château du Hénan of the 15th and 16th -cents. At _Riec_ are some dolmens. - -_Nizon._ Here are the fine 15th cent. ruins of the castle of -Rustéphan flanked by turrets. Several dolmens are scattered over the -neighbourhood, and menhirs as well, of which one is 21 feet high. - -_Nevez._ About two miles to the east of the village are the important -remains of the château of Hénan, of the 15th cent., much altered in the -16th cent., with a keep some 75 feet high, machicolated. A dolmen is -here whose capstone measures 45 feet in length, and 27 feet in breadth, -and 6 feet thick. It has been converted into a smith's shop. At Nizon -there are two Pardons, that of N.D. de Kergomet on the 1st Sunday in -May; the other at N.D. de Trémalo on the 2nd Sunday in September. At -Pont-aven the patronal feast is on the 3rd Sunday in September, and -the P. of S. Mathurin on the 2nd Sunday in May. At Nevez the patronal -feast is on the 2nd Sunday after Easter; the Pardon de S. Barbe, the -2nd Sunday in August; that of S. Nicolas the 1st Sunday of September; -that of Trémorvézen the 2nd Sunday in September. The P. of S. Mathieu -on the last Sunday in September: that of the Rosary Sunday in October, -and there are fêtes and a fair on the Monday following. Perhaps the -best is that of _Bélon_ on the river of that name, which flows into the -sea close to the mouth of the Aven. Here is a grand procession on Sept. -8th, and very picturesque costumes may be seen. Near Belen is N.D. de -Lanriot, a fine chapel; and in a most lovely situation is de Moustoir. -Between Pont-aven and de Trinité in a wood is a dolmen. It is actually -in the parish of Moëlan or Maelon, in which the Pardon of S. Roch is -held on Aug. 15, and that of S. Philibert on the second Sunday after. -Excursions may be made by boat from Pont-aven to the isles of _Glenan_, -a veritable archipelago, and to the more distant _Ile de Groix_. This -was the island to which Gunthiern, the first settler at Quimperlé, was -wont to retire, and where there is a chapel that contains a statue -of him. He was a native of Southern Wales, and his name is identical -with Vortigern. But who he really was is very uncertain. In summer -there is communication daily by a little steamboat with Lorient. An -arm of the sea called le Coureau separates the isle from the mainland. -The population is composed entirely of fishermen, and it has a little -harbour, the port Tudy. The island coast is honeycombed with caves; it -also possesses numerous prehistoric monuments. On the N. the tumulus -of Moustéro and the menhir of Quelhuit, and the dolmens more or less -ruined of S. Tudy and of Porte Mélite. On the E. the menhir of the Fort -de la Croix. On the S. the dolmens of Locmaria and S. Nicolas and -the tumulus of Kervédan, surmounted by a menhir, and near Kervédan on -the shore the remains of an enclosure called the fort des Romains. As -there are hotels on the island, a day or two can be very comfortably -spent there. - -_Le Pouldu_ (the Black Pool) is a bathing place, where the climate is -singularly warm, and plants that flourish in the south of France here -stand the winter. - - [Illustration: PONT-CROIX] - -* PONT-CROIX (F.) chl. arr. Quimper. This little town is far more -attractive than Audierne, and is better suited to stay at for a visit -to the numerous objects of interest in the peninsula. It is built about -a remarkable abbey church, one of the finest in Finistère, and with the -noblest tower and spire in Brittany. Most of these towers and spires -look like hot-house growths, and are over-weighted by their spires. -But the tower of Pontcroix is solid and in perfect proportion to its -spire. The church also presents admirable examples of 2nd pointed -architecture, notably its unique S. porch. The spire is of the same -period. The S. transept had a window of the same, _circ._ 1380, but the -tracery has been hacked away and replaced by feeble weedy flamboyant. -Of the other flamboyant windows, one is well designed, two are under -acute gables. The church has an apse (flamboyant) with six windows. On -entering the sacred building, the surprised visitor finds himself in a -Romanesque church, but of a late period, 1160. The pillars are spindly -and tall, and sustain round arches. It is Romanesque at its last gasp, -and without its original vigour and massiveness. A very ugly feature -is the inner member of the arch, which is sustained on corbels resting -on the capitals. The arcade of the sanctuary is of the 13th cent. The -piers supporting the central tower were Romanesque, but were encased at -a late period, when the spire was added. Some stained glass is of the -15th cent. - -A walk or drive may be taken to N.D. de Confort on the Quimper road; -it is 16th cent. with a graceful spirelet above a double gallery and a -turret at the side to give access to the bells. The Calvary is of the -same period, purer in design and better in detail than the overcrowded -Calvaries of Guimiliau and Plougastel. In the chapel is a Wheel of -Fortune set with bells, which the pilgrims set in motion so as to -summon the Saint to hearken to their prayers. At Meilars is another -Calvary, also a dolmen. Half-way between _N.D. de Confort_ and Poullan -is the admirable Chapel of _Kerinec_ with its Holy Well and a Calvary -consisting of a cross above a preaching platform. The great charm of -this chapel lies in its interior, which is very beautiful. Further on -is _Poullan_ buried in trees (S. Cadvan), a transition church between -flamboyant and renaissance, with a thin oblong tower and a good porch. -There is no chancel arch. Nave and aisles have boarded ceilings. The -granite capitals are rudely carved. The side aisles very narrow, the -pillars tall, sustaining small pointed arches. An octagonal 17th cent. -baptistery. There is a menhir near the seamark at Kermenhir, and there -are dolmens in the parish. The country is barren, planted with Austrian -pine, but is being brought under cultivation by the use of sardine -heads as manure. The coast to Cap Sizun is bold and fine. _Beuzec Cap -Sizun._ Church (S. Budoc) with tower of the 16th cent. A fine coast. -P. at N.D. de Confort, 1st Sunday in July. P. of Kerinec, 3rd Sunday -in July. P. at Poullan, 1st Sunday in Sept. P. at N.D. de Clarté in -Beuzec, on the Eve of Rogation Sunday. - - [Illustration: N.D. DE CONFORT] - -* PONTIVY (M.) chl. d'arr. A busy town, very modern and vastly ugly -in its modern portion, but with a few picturesque bits in the old town. -In the new Pontivy is the hideous Church of S. Joseph, about as bad in -architecture as the perversity of ignorance could design. The church in -the old town in decadent flamboyant, is bad of its kind. The tracery -had been removed from the windows, and has been replaced by new stuff -of no character except feebleness. The W. tower is octagonal with a -spire surmounting it. The castle has been in part destroyed, but two -faces remain with singularly low drums of towers. In it is now the -museum. The costume of the neighbourhood of Pontivy in the women is not -remarkable, but that of the men is picturesque, white jackets bordered -and ornamented with black velvet. - -In the cemetery outside Pontivy is a menhir surmounted by a cross. The -spire of _N.D. de la Houssaye_ beyond the cemetery is an interesting -specimen of the flamboyant architecture of the beginning of the 15th -cent. It was built in 1438, but the tower, which is quite in the -Breton renaissance character, was actually built as late as 1750. It -is curious as showing to how late a date the Gothic feeling hung on in -Brittany. - -_Noyal-Pontivy._ The church has a 14th cent. tower and spire. The porch -is flamboyant. On one side within are apostles, on the other, curious -subjects, The Baptism, an Angel holding a pair of blue breeches whilst -Christ is in the water, a naked man carrying his head upside-down, and -some other subjects not easily made out. The church has been carefully -restored. The early flamboyant E. window has the date cut on the -splay. The vaulting of nave and chancel is modern. In the N. transept -is fine old glass representing the Annunciation, Nativity, Shepherds -and Angels, Adoration of Shepherds, Circumcision, Flight into Egypt, -Massacre of the Innocents; also the Bearing of the Cross, the Veronica, -Crucifixion and Entombment from another window. In the nave is a -curious painted retable of S. Maurice de Clohars, who d. 1191, and who -was born in this parish. Noyala was one of the largest parishes in the -diocese of Vannes, and Pontivy was a chapelry in it. _S. Géran_, now a -daughter church, was probably originally the head of a plou of Geraint, -King of Domnonia. But now he is forgotten and replaced by S. Guirec. -In this parish the canal between Nantes and Brest forms a series of -backwaters and lochs. The Chapel of SS. Dredeneau is near the line and -the canal. It is a cruciform building of flamboyant period, but of no -architectural interest. It however contains a good 16th cent. statue -of S. Bridget, and statues of the Brothers Dredeneau. According to the -legend they were two princes who were murdered, and their bodies thrown -into a marsh on the further side of the canal, where they were found -by a pig. The figures are rude; one holds a book on which is written: -"Ce Saint à combatu jusqu'à la mort pour la loi de Dieu, et n'a pas -craint les menaces des infidèles parceque sa foi etait fondée sur la -pierre." The Holy Well of the saints is in very good order and bears -their statues. P. 4th Sunday after Easter; at S. Géran, 3rd Sunday in -October; at Noyala, July 6th. - -_Stival._ At the entrance to the village is the Holy Well of S. -Meriadoc, late flamboyant to renaissance. The church is cross-shaped -with a slated spire, and has no aisles. It has a boarded and painted -roof, and the chancel is covered with paintings representing the legend -of S. Meriadoc. The fine stained glass is in a deplorable condition. -The E. window contains a Jesse tree. There are saints in the other -windows. In the churchyard are a large late cruciform chapel and an -ossuary. - -_Locmalo._ The superb Chapel of _N.D. de Quelven_ is an object of one -of the most popular Pardons in Morbihan, on August 15. W. tower, -transepts and gabled apse are all of late flamboyant. In the tower is -a very fine rose window to the bell-chamber. The proportions of tower -and spire are not however satisfactory, and the chapel imposes on one -by its rich detail rather than by its broad features. It resembles S. -Nicodème in Plumilliau, but the tower is very inferior. There are three -porches, one under the tower and two to the south. The tower is half -a century older than the body of the church. Choir and transepts are -vaulted. There is a plain stone gallery for the minstrels in the S. -aisle. In two windows in the choir is fine contemporary glass, a Jesse -tree and the apostles. The rest of the glass is modern garish rubbish. -The granite carving of the church is poor owing to the coarse quality -of the stone. - -PONT SCORFF (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. The Scorff divides the town into -two parts, the upper and the lower towns, united by two bridges. The -Church of S. Albin is of 1610 with additions in 1710. One town was -the religious, the other the secular. The religious one was Les-Albin -(the Court of Albin), and here was born S. Albinus, who became Bishop -of Angers in 529 and died in 550. P. 1st S. in March. P. of S. Yves, -Sunday after 10th May. P. of S. Nicodème 3rd Sunday in September. - -_Quevin_ (Coet-quen, the white wood). A menhir 16 ft. high, to the -west a Calvary with fifteen figures. A Holy Well, and Chapel of S. -Eloi, 16th cent., in the village, but altered in 18th cent. The -parish church is modern. S. Nicodème, late flamboyant chapel of 1578. -La Trinité, 16th cent., but with a tower of 1771. P. 7th Sunday after -Trinity. - -PORT LOUIS (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. The Church of N.D. was built in -1665. The Chapel of S. Pierre contains a statue of S. Elisha found in -the sea at the beginning of the 17th cent., to which the Pope accorded -sundry indulgences. Port Louis was but a small fishing village called -Locperan till the beginning of the 17th cent. It possesses a citadel -and a marine hospital. P. at Locmalo 26th July. - -QUESTEMBERT (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. Here, in 888, Alan I., Count of -Vannes, encountered the Northmen and slaughtered 12,000 of them. Hardly -400 escaped to their ships. In consequence of this victory, Alan was -proclaimed Duke of Brittany. Some crosses mark the spot where the -battle raged. La Croix Rochue has a weapon like a halbert cut on it. La -Croix Tuaint is marked with five nail heads and a small cross. La Croix -à la Poèle also has nail heads. The parish church is modern, 1863. In -the churchyard a fine Calvary. The Chapel of S. Michel is flamboyant. -In the Chapel of N.D., an old Templar church, is a Romanesque font -employed as a bénitier. The town possesses some old houses and halles -of 1675; also a cylindrical tower with two heads on it called Quest and -his wife. - -QUIBERON (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. A favourite watering place on a sandy -strip of land, some twelve miles long, and only one and a half wide. -The sea has gained considerably here. An alignment of menhirs now -leads into the water. The granite rock is everywhere under blown sand -that shifts with every gale. A menhir is at the point of Beg-conguel, -and there are remains of a cromlech (stone circle) at Beg-lann, and -ruins of two dolmens at Manémeur. Two dolmens at Kerniscot, an allée -couverte at Croh-collé, and the remains of an alignment at the Mill -of Kerbournec, and two more dolmens at Port-blanc. But what is most -interesting here is the prehistoric necropolis at Belle-vue, Be-ker-Nôz -and another in the Isle of Thénec. The graves are stone chests, in -which the skeletons are crouched, but occasionally extended. The sand -has preserved the bones, which have lost nothing but their gelatine. An -early Christian cemetery has also been discovered at Kerné. In 1795 an -English squadron disembarked 3000 émigrés here, and they were joined -by numerous peasants. Hoche defeated them, and swept the peninsula, -driving together all who remained. The prisoners were then all shot -down in cold blood, some at Quiberon, some at Auray, and the rest at -Vannes. - - [Illustration: IN QUIMPER] - -* QUIMPER (F.) chl. d'arr. This beautiful town is situated at the -junction of the Stier and the Odet, and is the seat of a bishop. The -diocese of S. Pol de Léon has been united to that of Quimper. It is at -a distance of fifteen miles from the sea, but has a small port. It is a -bright and thriving city, and is the seat of the manufacture of the -Breton faience, a pretty ware copied from old Rouen, but with original -developments. The old walls are almost gone. Quimper is dominated on -the south by a lofty well-timbered hill. It has charming esplanades by -the sides of the Odet. In the town are several old houses. The great -glory of the place is however the Cathedral of S. Corentin. The choir -dates from the end of the 13th cent. The transepts and nave belong to -the 15th. The twin spires are modern and excellent. The architect, -M. Bigod, took that of Pontcroix as his pattern, and could not have -done better. The erection of these spires was due to the town folk -consenting to a duty of a sou a pound being charged on all the butter -brought into market. The choir leans considerably to the left, and the -junction with the transepts is awkwardly effected. It is said that -this deflection was due to the spongy nature of the soil which did not -allow of the choir being built in the same axis as the nave. This, -however, does not explain it, as the nave was erected subsequent to the -choir. At the summit of the W. gable is a statue of King Grallo. This -W. front is fine, but the modern filling in of the doorway is weak. A -S. side entrance is altogether exquisite. There is, however, nothing -really characteristic of a local school in the cathedral; it follows -the traditions of the Isle of France, but has not the loftiness, often -exaggerated, of some of those magnificent cathedrals. The beautiful -lady-chapel is in the purest geometrical style. The choir has an -apsidal termination. The clerestory windows are filled with old glass -representing saints, but the modern glass is detestable. The third -chapel on the N. side contains memorials of a supposed miracle, a -crucifix that emitted drops of blood when a man perjured himself before -it. The high altar is a mass of silver gilt, decorated in a style -suitable to a restaurant rather than to a church. There is a good, -restored, bishop's chapel. The Church of S. Mathieu has been rebuilt -and has a modern spire. The fine stained glass representing the scenes -of the Passion in the east window has been retained; it is of the 16th -cent. The musée should be visited. Besides containing an admirable -collection of paintings, many by Breton artists, it has a large group -of lay-figures dressed in the various costumes of Léon and Cornouaille, -representing a marriage. Nor should the visitor omit a call on M. -Villard, who has an extensive collection of really artistic photographs -of Breton costumes and architecture. Quimper market should be visited -on Saturday, when various costumes may be seen, the white quilted -collars of the Pont-aven district, and the curious head dresses of the -Bigauden women. - -_Locmaria_ is only a stroll down the left bank of the Odet, and there -may be seen a very beautiful example of a Romanesque church with -central tower, transepts and apse. - - [Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL, QUIMPER] - -Quimper forms an admirable centre for a number of excursions, as branch -lines run thence to Pont l'Abbé and to Pont Croix and Audierne. -The great horse fair is on April 15. The patronal feast at the -cathedral is on August 15; the P. at Locmaria is on the Sunday after -December 12. - -_Plogonnec_, a very interesting late flamboyant church with a -renaissance tower. It has magnificent old glass in the windows, -representing the Last Judgment, the Story of the Cross, the -Transfiguration, and some Celtic Saints, S. Cadoc with a bell, S. -Edern, son of Vortigern, riding on a stag, and S. Theilo, Bishop of -Llandaff, also mounted on a stag. There is a pretty flamboyant Chapel -of S. Theilo in the parish, and this last window was removed from it. -P. at S. Thegonnec's Chapel, Ascension Day; at that of Loretto, 2nd -Sunday in August; at that of S. Albin on the last Sunday in September; -the P. at the parish church on the last Sunday in July. - - [Illustration: LOCRONAN] - -_Locronan._ Once a thriving little town living on its looms, but -since weaving has been done by steam, its prosperity has gone, and -many houses are in ruins. Those that remain occupied are all of -granite, and some, if not all, old. The church has the Chapel of S. -Ronan on its south side opening out of it by a couple of arches. All -is flamboyant. The church had a spire that was struck by lightning -in 1806 and fell, carrying away pinnacles and the lace-like parapet -on the N. side. On this N. side is a little chapel with a graceful -flamboyant window in the gable, and saints in niches at the sides. The -E. window of the chancel is full of old glass in confusion, but is -about to be restored. On the pulpit is the legend of S. Ronan in ten -compartments. The mouldings of the arcades and of the great belfry -windows are poor. The P. is on Trinity Sunday, but every sixth year is -the Grand Tromenie, which is observed with great concourse of people -from all parts. A procession leaves the church at 2.30 P.M. and winds -with banners and hymn-singing round the mountain on the slope of which -Locronan is built. Descending a narrow street leads to the renaissance -Chapel of S. Eloi and a Holy Well of the same date. The tomb of S. -Ronan is in the chapel beside the parish church. - -_Plonevez-Porzay_ has a very villainous modern church that has replaced -one that was old and full of interest. The porch has however been -preserved. P. 2nd Sunday in August. _Ste. Anne-de-la-Palue_ in this -parish is a great resort of pilgrims, and the Pardon there is largely -attended. It is on the last Sunday in August. The P. of N.D. de la -Clarté is on the 2nd Sunday in September. - -_Quéménéven._ The Chapel of Kergoat is an object of pilgrimage, and the -Pardon there is very greatly thronged, and interesting costumes may be -seen there. The P. is on the Sunday after August 15. - -_S. Venec_, a chapel half-way between Quimper and Châteaulin, is -interesting. It contains a statue of the Threebreasted Gwen, and of her -sons, Gwethenoc, represented as a Knight, and Winwaloe. There are also -here a good Calvary and a pretty Holy Well. - -_Ergué Gaberic._ A fine menhir. A chapel of the Templars. The P. at -Kerdevot is greatly frequented. It is on the 2nd Sunday in September. - -_Pluguffan._ Only deserving of a visit on the occasion of its Pardon, -which is on the 2nd Sunday in September, where fine costumes may be -seen. - -* QUIMPERLÉ (F.) chl. d'arr. An interesting and picturesque town on -the Laïta formed of the junction of the Ellé and the Isole. The abbey -church of Ste. Croix and the town about it is in the basin, but the -Church of S. Michel and the upper town is on the hillside with steep -streets, some ascended by steps. The buildings of the abbey have been -converted into municipal offices and Mairie. The church is circular and -Romanesque. A tower had been constructed on the four central drums, but -they showed signs of giving way, and the tower had to be taken down -and the church rebuilt, but exactly on the ancient lines. There is a -crypt beneath the lady-chapel. The carved corbels outside the apse are -curious. A fine renaissance retable has been mutilated and plastered -against the west wall. In the crypt is the tomb of S. Gurlois. S. -Michel stands up boldly on the summit of the hill, on the right side of -the Laïta, sustained on massive substructures. The nave is 2nd pointed. -There are no aisles to the nave. The grand central tower and choir with -its aisles are flamboyant. There is an exquisite window of that style -on the N. side and a superb N. porch, but the E. window is in very bad -renaissance. The east end is supported on two huge buttresses that -are pierced with arches for the roadway. The west end of the church -is built against, with houses, and does not seem ever to have had a -western entrance. - -Some quaint bits of street architecture may be found by penetrating -into the narrow lanes. The Church of S. Columbanus is in ruins. A -pretty walk out of the town leads to the little chapel of the Château -of Rosgrande, with apse at each end. It contains a renaissance -roodscreen, with subjects from sacred history and pagan mythology -indiscriminately carved on it. In the chapel are two 14th cent. statues -of S. Cadoc and S. Yhuel, the grandson of Gildas, afterwards Bishop -of Llandaff, who spent his youth in Brittany. Fishing and charming -walks are to be had in the valleys of the Ellé and Isolle. The visitor -will find this the best headquarters for excursions to Le Faouët, 21 -kilometres, and down the river to Pouldu. Patronal Feast at Quimperlé -on the 2nd Sunday in May and on the 3rd September. P. at Lothea, Easter -Tuesday and Trinity Sunday. Pardon des Oiseaux at Toulfouen, Whitsun -Monday. - - [Illustration: QUIMPERLÉ] - -The forest of _Clohars-Carnoet_ envelops the ruins of one of Conmore's -castles, but it was rebuilt in the 15th cent. On the right bank of the -Laïta, in a sheltered position, are the fine ruins of the Abbey of S. -Maurice, founded in 1170. The chapter house is of the 14th cent. -and 15th cent. A chapel that has been restored contains a good bronze -Christ of the 17th cent. P. Whitsun Monday. P. at Clohars on the 15th -August. - -* QUINTIN (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. In pretty woodland country. A -menhir called La Roche-longue in a field near the town, 21 ft. high. -The church is modern, but it retains some old glass. In the street of -N.D. is a granite house of 1611. Another old house dates from 1560. -Remains of the castle built in the 15th cent., which was replaced by -another, never completed, in the 17th cent. The modern château contains -a fine gallery of family portraits and Gobelin tapestries. In the -cemetery is an ossuary of the 17th cent. - -REDON (I.V.) chl. d'arrond. Above the junction of the Vilaine and Oust, -at the foot of a hill, commanded by the ruined Château de Beaumont. -Redon was a great abbey founded by King Nominoe and S. Convoyon. Here -was held the council that deposed the Frank bishops of Rennes, Nantes -and Vannes. The church was ruined at the Revolution, and all that -remains of it are the W. tower and spire and the choir with a portion -only of the nave. The tower now stands isolated. The nave is of the -14th cent. It was originally Romanesque. A transept is of the 12th -cent. and there is a stunted central tower at the crossing. The choir -ends in an apse and is of the 13th cent. and is fine. The high altar -and the pulpit were given to the church by Richelieu. On the N. side -of the choir is a fortified chapel of the 15th cent. In one of the side -chapels is a tomb supposed to be that of Duke Francis I. The abbey -buildings are occupied by the Institute of S. Sauveur. The cloisters -are of the 17th cent. The canal from Nantes to Brest cuts the town in -two and is crossed by a bridge. - -The centre of the chestnut trade, the "marron." The trees are kept -small and pruned, and are not suffered to exhaust themselves in -producing a superabundance of fruit. The marron is much larger than the -common "châtain." - -* RENNES (I.V.). Capital of the Department, and the ancient capital -of the duchy of Brittany. It is composed of two towns separated by the -Vilaine. On the right bank is the Upper Town. Rennes was burnt down -in 1720, and was rebuilt in the ugly style of the period, and in grey -granite. The river has been embanked and carried in a straight course -through the town. There are no fine buildings on the embankments. -The most pretentious structure on the left bank, between the station -and the river, is the lycée, with a chapel in a nondescript style. -Several bridges, all mean in character, cross the river. On the right -bank are the most important buildings. The cathedral is a hideous -structure commenced in 1787 and completed in 1844. The two side doors -and the niches at the west end belong to the earlier building and -are renaissance. Within, the arch has been studiously avoided. Eight -enormous red marble pillars on each side of the nave sustain the -heavy vault and the clerestory. Their bases are but 6 feet apart. The -interior has been richly decorated with gold and colour, but nothing -can relieve the cumbrousness and gloom of the internal appearance. - - [Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL, RENNES] - -One of the old gates of the town, the Porte Mordelaix, remains, but -it is not particularly picturesque, and a few old houses escaped the -fire and have not yet been pulled down. To the east of the cathedral is -the Church of S. Sauveur, even more ugly than the former. In a small -street opening from the river opposite the Hotel Moderne is the one -architectural gem possessed by the town, the Chapel of S. Yves, now -desecrated into a store-house. It is of the end of the 15th cent., and -all the details, where not broken, are of exquisite beauty. Observe -the N. door with its niches and the W. front. The Church of S. Germain -is late and poor flamboyant, much altered in late renaissance times. -The springing of the nave vaulting remains, and has been grotesquely -finished off with scrolls. There is fine old glass, but in utter -confusion, in the E. window. The large window of the S. transept -contains fine glass representing the life of the Virgin below and -saints and legendary incidents above in a series of 24 subjects. - -S. Melaine is the church of a once famous abbey. Transepts and -choir-arch are early Romanesque. The nave is 2nd pointed. The base of -the tower is early 1st pointed, but has been refaced in the worst taste -in baroque times; to this has been added in modern days an octagonal -lantern and dome, and to complete the unsightliness and absurdity of -the whole composition, the cupola is surmounted by an enormous gilt -statue of the B. Virgin. Within may be noted the clumsy junction of the -older and newer work in the second arch on the south side. The tracery -in the side aisles of the nave has been cut away, but the clerestory -windows of one light are delicate and refined. The clerestory of the -choir is earlier, the E. wall and window have been reconstructed, and -the tracery in the side aisles restored or modern. In the S. transept -is a wax figure of S. Severina, whose bones from the Roman catacombs -are preserved in this church. This wax figure receives a considerable -cult. Adjoining the church is the Thabor with pleasant walks and -grounds, on the highest point of the town. The botanical gardens -adjoin. The Palais de Justice was begun as the seat of the Parliament -of Brittany in 1618 and was completed in 1654. The façade is of the -Tuscan order. The decoration of the interior was confided to four -eminent artists in the reign of Louis XIV., and it has undergone rich -decoration of late years. Rennes possesses good open places, as well -as the broad esplanades by the river banks. Its museums and library -are also well stored. The picture gallery contains a large collection -of paintings, some really good, a Jordæns, a Paul Veronese, and a De -Crayer. - -RETIERS (I.V.) chl. arr. Vitré. Four miles to the S.E. is a menhir -called La Pierre de Richebourg. - -LA ROCHE-DERRIEN (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc, is prettily situated -on the Jaudy, at the highest point to which the tide reaches. Of -the castle hardly anything remains. The church has a spire of late -13th cent. The S. porch, formerly adorned with statues, is bold. The -church has vast double transepts of 1435, and flamboyant windows and -extraordinary gargoyles. Inside is a barbarous elaborately carved oak -altarpiece of late renaissance and of no merit. La Roche was the scene -of the battle fought in 1347, when Charles de Blois was taken prisoner -by the English. - -Near La Roche is _Langoat_, the church like a converted railway -station, but it contains the tomb of Alma Pompeia, the mother of S. -Tugdual, who died in the 6th cent., but the tomb was erected in 1470. -She is represented on it recumbent; and at the sides are subjects in -bas-relief relative to her story. These have been reproduced in bad -modern glass in the E. window. In the church may be seen a statue of S. -Tugdual habited as a pope. This is due to a curious blunder. His monks -were wont to call him Pabu, or father. A late writer of his legend -supposed that this meant that he was papa--the pope, and so fabricated -a story to explain it, how that Tugdual went to Rome and arrived when -the see was vacant, and was elected pope; how that after a very few -years he wearied of the burden, and a flying horse was sent from -heaven which conveyed him through the air back to Brittany. - -_Prat._ The Château of Coatelan is a rectangular building of the -beginning of the 16th cent., and is an interesting, well-preserved -example of a maison forte of the period. Within are some good -chimney-pieces. At the top of one of the turrets is an oven for baking -bread. - -_Pommerit Jaudy._ On the Coat-nevez, a conical hill, is a camp, -probably of the Northmen invaders. The château is mainly of the 16th -cent, and has granite chimney-pieces. - -_Cavan._ The church (S. Cheron) is of the 15th cent, and has a spire -flanked by two stair-turrets surmounted by domes. This is of 1684. - -_Berhet._ The church (S. Bridget) is modern. The Chapel of N.D. -de Confort has flamboyant windows, the tracery in those at the -side forms hearts. Within is a carved oak retable representing the -Passion, Resurrection and Assumption. In the chapel is a Sant-e-roa, -or Holy Wheel, hung with bells, and this is rung during mass, and -by pilgrims desirous of calling the B.V. Mary's attention to their -petitions. Similar wheels are at Quemperven, Locarn, Laniscat in the -Côtes-du-Nord, at S. Nicolas de Prissiac in Morbihan, and at N.D. de -Confort, near Pontcroix in Morbihan. P. last Sunday in September. - -* ROCHEFORT EN TERRE (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. A picturesquely situated -little town on schist rocks above the Arz. The scenery of the valley -is pleasing and it has become, like Pont-aven, headquarters of artists. -Considerable ruins of the castle exist, and there are several old -houses in the town. Rochefort was never walled in. Nevertheless it -was furnished with gates in the 18th cent. The Church of N.D. de la -Tronchaye having been erected on a slope to the south causes the N. -side to appear buried. This side was altered in 1533. In the choir are -oak stalls of 1590 and 1592. S. Roque, on a height near the town, was -erected in 1527 in consequence of a vow made by the people who were -decimated by a plague. It was ruined at the Revolution, but has been -rebuilt, 1854. A fair is held at Rochefort on the 2nd Tuesday in every -month. Rochefort affords good quarters whence excursions may be made -to visit the prehistoric monuments scattered over the Lande de Lanvaux -and Haut Branbien. The menhirs are for the most part higher than -those of Carnac, but unhappily a great many of them are fallen. These -collections of megalithic remains have never been properly investigated -and planned, and have not been visited like those of Carnac and -Locmariaquer and Erdeven. - -_Pluherlin_ on the Lande de Haut Branbien, N. of Rochefort, has many of -these strewn over the commune. A menhir 15 feet high is in the Lande -de Lanvaux beside the road to Pleucadeuc. Great havoc has been wrought -throughout this neighbourhood among the churches; the interesting -old structures have been wantonly torn down to make place for the -exhibition of the incompetence of Vannes architects. - -ROSPORDEN (F.) chl. arr. Quimper. In a pretty situation by a lake -that is, however, traversed by the line from Quimper to Vannes, and -that from Rosporden to Carhaix. The church has a fine tower and -well-proportioned spire of the 13th cent. On the S. side is a porch, -one of the oldest in Finistère. The church contains a rude statue -of Our Lady, much venerated. It was turned out of the church into -the graveyard in 1870, to make way for one more artistic; but the -parishioners rose in indignation and forced the curé to replace it. A -statue of S. Barbara is erected on a fragment of the ancient Calvary -that has been destroyed. P. of S. Eloi, 2nd Sunday in July. Patronal -Feast, Aug. 15. - -ROSTRENEN (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp, on the slope of a hill, with a -great square in the midst, about which are old houses of the 16th and -17th cents. The parish church is modern, but retains a transept of the -14th cent. and a choir and tower of the 18th. The S. porch has in it -statues of the apostles. - -_Glomel._ The finest menhir in the Department is near the hamlet of -Menhir, and is 25 feet high. Another is in the Bois de Coatcourcaral, -10 feet high. The church is of the 14th cent. with a flamboyant east -window. Side windows under gables. N.D. de Trégernan has lost its -tower, pulled down in 1842. The chapel has some good glass in it and -possesses a Calvary. - -_Kergrist-Moelo._ The parish church is of the 16th cent., with a square -pinnacled tower and a rich porch of 1554. - -SAINT AUBIN D'AUBIGNÉ (I.V.) chl. arr. Rennes. On the line from Dol to -Rennes, a place devoid of interest. - -SAINT AUBIN DE CORMIER (I.V.) chl. arr. Fougères. The church has a nave -of the 14th cent. The rest is of the 16th. This was the scene of the -battle fought in 1488, which dealt the last blow to the independence -of Brittany. The Sire d'Albret at the head of 14,000 men entered the -duchy as one of the suitors for the hand of Anne of Brittany, and he -was supported by Henry VII. of England. Maximilian, King of the Romans, -another pretender, hastened to enforce his claims as well. The King -of France sent an army into the duchy which took Châteaubriant and -Fougères and encountered that of Francis II. of Brittany at S. Aubin on -the 28th July 1488. The French cavalry broke the ranks of the Breton -infantry. Six thousand of these latter fell. The Duke of Orleans, -afterwards Louis XII. and the Prince of Orange were taken prisoners. -They were shut up in a cellar still shown under the Hôtel du Commerce. - -SAINT BRICE-EN-COGLES (I.V.) chl. arr. Fougères. Here are two châteaux, -one La Roche Portal of the time of Henry IV. - -* SAINT BRIEUC. Capital of the DEpartment of Côtes-du-Nord. Is a -dull town situated on the Gouet to which a long descent leads and -where is the tidal port. The estuary is between steep hills. The -city is the seat of a bishop. It contains a number of picturesque -old houses of carved wood with plaster between. The cathedral is low -and disappointing externally, but not without dignity within. The -only remains of the earlier church is the wall from the apse to the -transepts that has been pierced to form chapels. In it are half pillars -with capitals of a Romanesque character. The tower of S. Brieuc was -formerly fortified and still preserves its loopholes for bowmen, but -they have been blocked. This is of the 13th cent. The apse is of the -14th cent. with a triforium. The date is 1335-55. The lady-chapel is of -the same period. The fine rose window of the S. transept is of the 15th -cent., so is the Chapel of S. Guillaume, composed of two bays separated -by tall cylindrical pillars without capitals but with the vaulting -ribs springing out of them. The southern tower, with indications of -fortification, belongs to the same century. The rose window between the -towers is of the 16th cent. The stained glass and mural decorations -in the spandrils of the arches of the apse are bad as bad can be. The -organ case is composed of panels dated 1540. The plain leaded windows -are far more pleasing than the garish stuff with which they are being -replaced. In the church is the tomb of S. William, bishop of S. Brieuc. -He was the son of Oliver Pinchon and was born at Saint Alban near -Lamballe. He was elected bishop in 1220, and soon quarrelled with -Pierre Mauclerc, Duke of Brittany, who drove him from his see, and he -was obliged to take refuge at Poitiers. He returned to his diocese in -1230, and at once began the rebuilding of his cathedral, but died in -1234. He was an amiable, harmless man, and very considerate to the poor -and suffering. - - [Illustration: S. BRIEUC] - -The chapel and fountain of S. Brieuc, on the height to the N.W., are -flamboyant and picturesque. On the S. side of the altar is a descent -to the cave to which the Saint was wont to retire for prayer. Brioc -was the son of an Irish occupant of Cardigan and a Saxon wife. He was -educated by the Armorican S. Germain, a nephew of S. Patrick, who -afterwards became Apostle of the Isle of Man. On the expulsion of the -Irish from S.W. Wales Brioc left with a large number of followers and -arrived at the mouth of the Gouet, where a kinsman, by marriage, Rigual -had already settled, and he gave him the land where is now the city -of S. Brieuc, and where had been a Gallo-Roman town. He died about -the middle of the 6th cent. In the Rue Fardel is a house dated 1572. -The modern churches in the town are architectural monstrosities. The -Chapel of N.D. de l'Esperance is vastly pretentious, but wretched -architecturally. The clerestory is filled with stained glass -representing Breton Saints. Patronal Feast, S. Brieuc, 1st May. The -valley of the Gouet may be followed down to the mouth, and an ascent -made to the Tour de Cesson, which has Roman substructions, but was -built up and altered at various times. - -At _Ploufragan_ is an allée couverte, buried in brambles. The church is -modern with a spindly tower and spire. - -At _La Méaugon_ is a fine railway viaduct in two stages. The church has -in one window a small but admirably drawn representation of the patron -saint S. Meugaint, and a carved granite Calvary in the churchyard. Some -remains of the screen removed to the west end. - -_Pledran._ A vitrified fort. The vitrification was done by fires -lighted in the depth of the wall. As the result was not satisfactory, -the face outwards was subsequently banked up. - -SAINT JEAN BRÉVELAY (M.) chl. d'arr Ploermel. On the side of the road -to Vannes, near Kerdramel, are two menhirs. A kilometre west of le -Moustoir, on the Lande de Coh-Coet, a large dolmen formed of three -blocks only; the coverer is 18 feet long. It has the ruins of an allée -couverte leading to it. A kilometre south of it is a menhir 18 feet -high. The natives of this district fled to England from the Northmen in -the 9th cent., and brought back with them, when returning some relics -of S. John of Beverley, Archbishop of York, who died in 721. - -_Plumelec._ Between Trégoët and Kersimon is an allée couverte. In the -coppice of Château Béauce a large dolmen called Migourdy, which on -being explored yielded fragments of a figure of Venus Anadyomene, -and a coin of Diocletian, showing that it had been utilised for some -unknown purpose in historic times. It is supposed that the place owes -its name to S. Meletius, B. of London, who died in 624, and that the -refugees to England brought back his relics. But this is not probable; -it must have been called plou after a founder of the clan, and the -title of plou would hardly have attached to relics. The church is -modern; the Chapel of S. Aubin is of 1513, and has some curious carving -on the capitals, a fox preaching to geese, etc. Above the N. transept -rises a slated spire. - -_Guéhenno._ A modern church, but the porch of 1547 has been preserved. -In the graveyard is a fine Calvary of the 16th cent., the finest in -Morbihan. On it are numerous single figures as well as groups. It was -taken down and buried at the time of the Revolution, so as to preserve -it, and was restored in 1855. The Republican ruffians burnt the church. -P. on 1st Sunday in September. - -SAINT MALO (I.V.) chl. d'arr. Occupies the old island of S. Aaron. It -is now united to Rocabey by an embankment, the Sillon, along which -runs a tramline. The town is walled in and a pleasant walk is on them; -the circuit of the walls may thus be made. The castle is of the 15th -cent.; it is square with flanking towers. Six gates give admission to -the town, in which the streets are very narrow and odorous, and the -houses lofty. At the highest point of the island, but smothered among -houses, is the Chapel of S. Aaron (Aelhaiarn). This Welsh hermit -occupied the island when S. Malo arrived. The cathedral is of the -14th cent. The choir is very English in character, with a square east -end. The nave is of the 12th cent. but W. front and sides have been -entirely Italianised. The fine central spire was added in 1859, and -was the gift to the town of Napoleon III. The tide at S. Malo rises to -an extraordinary height. At ebb by a causeway the islets of le Grand -and le Petit Bey can be reached. On the nearest are ruins of a castle, -and the tomb of Châteaubriant. On the further is a fort that is not -occupied. In the offing is the island of Cézambre. Here S. Brendan, -when obliged to quit Ireland, founded a monastery, in or about 524; -and when S. Malo arrived about a quarter of a century later, he was -well received by the abbot and monks on it. There are a cave and a -chapel of S. Brendan on the island. But the Government has extended the -fortifications on Cézambre and no one without a special authorisation -is now allowed to set foot on the island. In S. Malo there are a little -museum and a passable library in the Hôtel de Ville. The Breton museum -in the Cassino should be visited. It contains good specimens of local -carved oak, and chambers fitted with lit-clos, and figures in costume. -A flying bridge invented by a native, who invested all his capital in -it, connects S. Malo with S. Servan. S. Servan, Dinard, Paramé, are -watering places. - -_S. Servan._ The cité marks the site of the ancient city of Aleth and -the substructions of the early cathedral have been discovered there. -The seat of the bishopric was removed from Aleth to S. Malo by S. John -of the Grate, the Bishop in 1142. The reason for the change was the -insecurity of Aleth, whereas it was possible to thoroughly fortify the -island of Aaron. - -_Paramé_ is a watering place, with a low shelving shore, facing north -and miserably cold in winter, dusty in summer, and detestable at all -times, except to such as frequent the gaming tables. - -SAINT MÉEN (I.V.) chl. arr. Montfort. A dull town in uninteresting -country. It was the seat of an abbot, head of an important abbey in the -Middle Ages. In 1554, S. Samson of Dol, who was engaged in working up -a revolt against Conmore the Regent of Domnonia, sent his nephew Mevan -across the great central forest to Vannes, probably to consult with -Gildas, and to ascertain whether any assistance could be obtained from -Count Weroch. On his way, Mevan lighted on a clearing in the forest, -where now stands the little town bearing his name. In this clearing -lived a British colonist, named Cadvan, who welcomed him and invited -him to establish a lann hard by and take over the religious charge of -his colony. Mevan agreed, and when Cadvan died, as he had no children, -he bequeathed the whole of his plou to Mevan as well as the lann -already granted. This was the origin of the abbey, and around the abbey -grew the town. The abbey is now turned into a petit séminaire. The -nave of the church was pulled down in 1771. The tower belongs to the -end of the 12th cent. The transept is of the 13th cent. The choir is of -the 14th cent. In the church is the tomb of S. Méen or Mevan, a granite -sarcophagus. A pretty chapel of the 12th cent. turned into a sacristy. -A Holy Well of S. Méen. - -* SAINT NAZAIRE (L.I.) chl. d'arr. Is the seventh most important -port in France and is situated at the extremity of a promontory of a -gneiss rock that runs along the bank of the Loire. There is nothing of -antiquity in the place, which is wholly modern and built on a stiff and -formal plan, the houses rivalling each other in ugliness. But there is -one curious object in it, an enormous dolmen in the midst of a square, -that has been spared, and has given its name to the street leading to -it. Five lighthouses guard the entrance of the Loire. From S. Nazaire -a visit may be paid to La Grande Brière, a vast turf deposit, once an -inland lake. The peculiar costume has almost disappeared, only the -women retaining their coiffe. The population of all this district is -British, and the descendants of the very earliest immigrants. The -hair is for the most part fair, the eyes grey or blue. Formerly the -Breton tongue was spoken throughout this district, but it is now spoken -by only about 400 persons in the neighbourhood of Batz by Croisic. -Curiously enough, the villagers of Batz regard themselves as of -different blood from the rest, and to be descendants of Scandinavian -pirates who were suffered to settle there. Till quite recently it was -an unheard of event for a young man of Batz to marry a girl of what he -regarded as the Breton villages. That in colour of hair and eyes there -should be no distinction does not militate against the tradition, for -the pure blooded Celt is as fair as the Scandinavian. - -SAINT NICOLAS DU PÉLEM (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp. A menhir in the -forest of Kerhuel, and another near Kerhuel, 9 ft. high. In the valley -of Prat-roury another, fusiform, about 11 ft. high. The old Roman -road from Aleth to Carhaix ran through this parish, and it remains in -fairly perfect condition in several places. On a height is the camp -of Dzillon near Kerimard, circular with a tump hollowed out within, -certainly a Norseman burh. The Château de Pélem is in ruins, but two -of the towers are standing. The Church of S. Nicolas has got very fine -restored stained glass of the 14th cent., representing in twenty-four -medallions scenes from the gospel story; at the bottom of the window -the donors are represented kneeling. Another window contains fragments -of medallions representing the life of the Baptist. The roodscreen was -wantonly destroyed in 1861. The Chapel of S. Eloi has a fine flamboyant -east window with remains of stained glass in it. The Chapel of Riolon -is mainly of the 15th cent., and has an east window of the renaissance -with stained glass in it representing the Eternal Father seated in the -midst of a rose, surrounded by the evangelists, the prophets, and -angels playing instruments of music. Another window has fragments of -stained glass in it representing saints. - -_Canihuel._ A huge menhir called Coz-resto, 23 ft. high, has been -split by lightning. It is in a line with other menhirs at Kergornec, -Saint Gilles-Pligeaux, and Crech Ogel in the old bourg of Quintin. At -Botquelen is another menhir 13 ft. high. - -The parish church was built in 1474, burnt in 1595 and repaired in -1598; it is almost wholly of the 16th cent. with a flamboyant E. window. - -_Kerpert._ Church of the flamboyant period; in the E. window glass of -the 16th cent. representing the life of S. Peter; ossuary. - -_Lanrivain._ Ossuary and Calvary of 1548. On the platform are several -figures; there are three crosses, the principal one sustains a group of -eleven figures carved in one block. - -_Peumerit-Quintin._ Near the hamlet of Pempoul a ruined allée couverte. -The Chapel of S. Jean du Loch is mainly of the 15th cent. but retains -some portions of the earlier 12th cent. building. - -_S. Connan._. Near the Mill of Kerdic a ruined allée couverte. Dolmen -in the Parc-an-Neurn. - -_S. Gilles Pligeaux._ Two menhirs at Kergornec, one in the -Parc-er-Pélem, is 22 ft. high and leans. The other at four hundred -paces from it, near the bottom of the valley in Parc-ar-golven, is 13 -ft. high. They seem to belong to a system of which only some remain, -as Crech Ogel in Vieux Bourg, Coz-resto in Canihuel, and one in the -Lande de Bohan in S. Mayeux. Dolmen called Roc-ar-Velcien, the table -supported by three uprights. The coverer is almost circular, about -23 ft. in diameter. The church is of the 16th cent., tower and porch -of 1644. In the cemetery a chapel dedicated to S. Laurence, with an -entombment in the crypt of terracotta of the 17th cent. Date of chapel -1538. - - [Illustration: LE KREISKER, S. POL DE LÉON] - -* S. POL DE LÉON (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. An ancient cathedral town, -but the diocese has been united to that of Quimper. The cathedral has -two western towers and spires and façade of 1st pointed. The nave is -entirely 2nd pointed and has a very beautiful arcade. The cleristory -is quite simple, mostly with 1st pointed windows. The side aisles have -an arcade under the windows. The transepts are double, _i.e._ with -aisles to the east, fine 2nd pointed. The E. aisle of the S. transept -contains very bad flamboyant windows. The choir, ending in an apse, -is flamboyant 1431-50, and contains fine carved oak stalls of 1512. -The choir has double aisles, N. and S. On the N. side is the Chapel of -S. Paul, with his skull, hand, and bell in shrines. The pillars and -vaulting of the S. aisle may be noticed. - -The Chapel of Kreisker possesses a tower and spire that are supposed -by Bretons to be the glory of Finistère. It is badly proportioned; -the spire and spirelets overload the summit of the tower. It may be -regarded as curious and a clever bit of architecture, but it is not -pleasing. This tower is central. The windows are all flamboyant -but affect an earlier type. The chapel has triforium and circular -cleristory windows on the S. side but none on the N. There is a noble -N. porch very richly carved. A very rich W. window. The E. window -contains bad modern glass reproducing old figures of Breton saints. The -S. side has an arcade under the windows with small lights pierced at -intervals. There is a good piscina in the S. aisle. The Church of S. -Pierre is now turned into a cemetery chapel. It is 15th cent. but has a -baroque west front. Ossuaries (small) are in the wall surrounding the -cemetery. On the way to Roscoff, just beyond the railway, is an allée -couverte or dolmen. - -_Roscoff_ is a quaint place, with an old house or two, situated -near the sea, and commanding the Island of Batz. The church has a -very remarkable renaissance tower and spire (1550), more fantastic -than pleasing, with ships carved on it and cannons or culverins as -gargoyles. It is in three stages with galleries. The church is late -flamboyant. There are two ossuaries; one is very rich. In the church -are preserved the panels of an alabaster retable of the 15th cent. of -Flemish work. The Chapel of S. Ninian in the street is in ruins; it was -erected by Mary Stuart to commemorate her landing at Roscoff, 1548. The -hospital dates from 1573. A Chapel of Ste. Barbe is on a height. P. of -Santec, 2nd Sunday after Trinity. P. of Ste. Barbe, 3rd Monday in July. -P. in the parish church, August 15. - -_Sibiril._ The Château of Keronzéré erected in 1458 was restored in -1602. - -_Ile de Batz._ It takes a quarter of an hour to cross from Roscoff to -the island, and is only to be attempted when the sea is calm. The tide -here rises 30 ft. But a visit hardly repays the trouble. When Paulus -Aurelianus, a native of Glamorganshire, landed on the west coast of -Finistère, he heard that a kinsman, Withur, was living in these parts, -and had made himself count or chieftain. He went to visit him, and -found him on the Isle of Batz, very old, busy making a copy of the -Gospels with his own hand. Withur received him cordially, and advised -him to settle among the ruins of an old Roman town on the mainland. -Paulus did so, and hence the city of S. Pol de Léon. Legend says that -there was a dragon on the island, which S. Paul tamed by binding his -stole about its neck and then bidding it precipitate itself into -the sea. This is an allegorical way of saying that he put an end to -paganism in Batz. The Toul-ar-Sarpant, where the dragon is supposed -to have haunted, is pointed out, and the stole of S. Paul, a piece -of Byzantine work, is preserved in the church. It is a silk tissue, -with a blue ground worked over with white and yellow, to figure a -set of warriors facing each other, with a sort of turban head-dress -and holding falcons on their wrists, and with a dog between the legs -of each horse. A Romanesque chapel stood on the site of S. Paul's -monastery on the island. This is called the Peniti; the chapel is -ruinous and half-buried in sand. There is a lighthouse on the island. - -SAINT RÉNAN (F.) chl. arr. Brest. Pleasantly situated in a woody basin, -through which flows the little stream of the Aberildut. The church has -a Romanesque choir, and a tower and spire, ill proportioned, of 1772. -There are some old and picturesque houses. - -_Lanrivoaré._ The church has a tower in two stages and spire of the -usual type but erected in 1727. The church itself is flamboyant. -The chancel is Italian. In the N. transept is a singularly uncouth -flamboyant window. Above the arches into the choir, transept and nave, -the twelve apostles are painted. On the south side of the church is a -walled-in quadrangular space where, according to tradition, a whole -Christian population was massacred by pagans. No certain details exist, -and it is probable that the pagans were the Northmen, who committed -frightful atrocities in Brittany in the 10th cent. In the midst of -the enclosure is the graveyard of the unnamed saints, laid down with -polygonal and various shaped pieces of granite. It is enclosed by a -dwarf wall overlaid with pieces of slate. At the east end is a sort -of altar sustaining a cross and some fragments of carving. Before the -altar lie eight rolled boulders. These are popularly supposed to have -been loaves turned into bread. S. Huarvé asked a woman to give him -bread, and she refused. As a judgment for her hardheartedness all her -loaves were petrified. Actually these pebbles are "cursing stones," -and such boulders exist in several chapels in Ireland, and are used for -calling down disease or destruction on an enemy. The person invoking -the curse, after a certain number of prayers turns the stone round -seven times. That these pebbles have been so employed is probable, as -the under surfaces of the stones are well rubbed. But happily this -pagan usage is no longer in resort, and the stones remain with only the -childish legend attached to them to explain their presence. S. Rivoaré, -the patron of the church, was a priest, brother of Rivanon the mother -of S. Huarvé or Hérvé, the blind bard saint. It is not unusual to see -pilgrims, also the parishioners of Lanrivoaré enter the enclosure, -take off their shoes and stockings, kneel, and recite prayers and then -pace on the slates thrice about the burial place, taking care to step -on each slab of slate, and omit none. In the village is a curious -stone cross with a clothed figure of Christ upon it. A short walk from -Lanrivoaré leads to the ruined Château of Kergroades, situated in -beautiful woods, with avenues of oak and chestnut. It is difficult to -find, and a guide must be taken. The château is in a charming position; -it is of renaissance architecture throughout, and the court of honour -front is in fair condition. But the gates are locked and admission is -not easily obtained. The patronal feast at Lanrivoaré is on the 3rd -Sunday in October, and P. at the Chapel of Lanvennec the 4th Sunday in -September. - -SAINT SERVAN (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo; _see_ S. Malo. - -SARZEAU (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. Sarzeau is the principal village or town -on the peninsula that bears its name, which divides the sea of Morbihan -from the ocean. That peninsula is some 20 miles long and 6 across, but -it has been much diminished in width by the sea which has eaten away -much of the coast. It is granitic on the west, and schist on the east, -and the granite is of a soft quality, allowing the sea to decompose -and break it up. Thus a parish church of S. Demetri has been engulfed. -A second was built further inland, and that is now almost entirely -surrounded by the sea and threatens shortly to disappear in the waves. -Formerly a forest covered the promontory, now it is sparsely wooded and -trees only flourish on the side toward the inland sea. But the climate -is equable, and vines are cultivated; this is the most northern point -reached by vineyards. Yet wine can only be made once in about three -years, and is not of a good quality. At Cohports is a menhir 12 ft. -high, and a circle of standing stones at Croen-Linden, and dolmens, -more or less ruined, at Noédic, Prat-Fetén, Trest, Kergilét, Brillac, -and Kerbley. An allée couverte 30 ft. long at Clos-Rodus. Gildas coming -from Glastonbury about 520 founded a monastery at Rhuys, and a cell -or peniti at Coetlann, afterwards called the Priory of S. Pabu, but -this has disappeared. In the town is the house in which Le Sage was -born, the author of "Gil Blas" (b. 1668, d. 1747). The church is a -horrible structure, begun in 1670 and ended in 1683. It was formerly -one vast hall, but a couple of ranges of columns were introduced in -1883 sustaining arcades, and qualifying somewhat the internal ugliness. -Externally, the pinnacles are composed of little pyramids resting on -balls. - -The Castle of _Sucinio_ was occupied in 1218 by Duke Pierre de Dreux, -and in 1238 their son, Jean I., confined within it the baron Olivier -de Lanvaux, who had rebelled against him. This prince was fond of the -place and several of his children were born there. He took in the -forest about the priory of Coetlann or Saint-Pabu, and the greater part -of the castle that now stands was erected by him. His son John II. -continued the works, and put his treasure in its vaults. During the -War of Succession it was occupied by Charles de Blois, then taken by -Jean de Montfort, and retaken by Du Guesclin. John IV. greatly repaired -the castle, and within its walls was born Arthur of Richemond, future -Constable of France. In 1474 the Earls of Pembroke and Richemond were -imprisoned within its walls. The castle forms an irregular pentagon. -It had eight towers, but of these only six remain. The entrance to the -east is preceded by a drawbridge, and is defended by two large towers, -one of which contains the chapel. The castle, occupied in 1795 by the -Royalists, was sold as national property, and the peasant who purchased -it despoiled it of its roof and staircases, and let it fall into -complete ruin. A fee of one franc per head is charged for admission, -the money being devoted to the relief of the poor of Sarzeau. - -_S. Gildas de Rhuys._ Near the ocean; here precipitous cliffs receive -the lashing of the Atlantic rollers. Near the drained marsh of Kerver -is a menhir 12 ft. high. Near the hamlet of Net four others, and the -remains of an allée couverte 70 ft. long and 12 ft. wide; at Clos-er-Bé -a dolmen called Meen-platt, and near Largneven a fallen menhir 15 ft. -long. The Abbey of S. Gildas was founded about 520. Gildas was the son -of Cau, prince of Alcluyd or Dumbarton; Cau and all his family were -driven south by the Picts and Saxons, and took refuge in N. Wales, -where Maelgwn Gwynedd gave them lands, and the sons for the most part -entered into religion. Not so Hywel, the eldest, a quarrelsome man, who -fell out with King Arthur, and lost his life in the quarrel. Arthur -was forced to surrender some lands in Radnorshire to the family as -blood-money, and then Gildas gave him the kiss of peace. Gildas was -a married man and had several sons, amongst whom the most noted was -Kenneth, hermit of Gower, but who came to Brittany with his father and -became a founder there. When aged thirty Gildas settled at Rhuys, and -here he wrote his scurrilous letter against the princes and clergy -and people of Britain, reviling in it in outrageous terms Maelgwn, -who had treated his family with kindness and generosity. Gildas was -on good terms with Weroch, Count of Vannes, and with Conmore, Regent -of Domnonia, and this latter richly endowed his houses. This did not -prevent Gildas from turning against him and heading a revolt which -caused the death of his benefactor. It was whilst Gildas was at Rhuys -that he was visited by S. Brendan. Although the Irish travellers -arrived in cold and snowy weather Gildas refused them hospitality; -but the Irishmen broke down the gates and forced themselves upon the -sour British abbot. Gildas died in 570, and, according to his desire, -his body was placed in a boat and thrust forth to sea. Two months -after the body was washed ashore at Arzon, at the extremity of the -headland, on March 11th, on which day a procession leaves S. Gildas, -annually, and visits the site where it was found. In 818 the monks of -Rhuys were forced by Louis the Pious to adopt the Rule of S. Benedict -and abandon their Celtic practices. In 919 they were forced to fly -from the Northmen. They hid some of the bones of Gildas in sand in his -tomb, but carried away most of his relics, and took refuge in Berry. In -1008, at the request of Geoffroi, Duke of Brittany, Felix, monk of S. -Benoït-sur-Loire, with six others came to Rhuys to restore the ruined -abbey. He rebuilt the church which was consecrated in 1032, and much -of this edifice remains. The church, in the form of a Latin cross, is -composed of two distinct parts, the nave, rebuilt in 1699, and the -choir and N. transept built by S. Felix 1010-32. The choir is apsidal, -with the tomb of Gildas behind the high altar. It is surrounded by -Romanesque columns with stilted arches, surmounted by small 11th -cent. windows. The N. transept also possesses an apse to the east, -and under a low arcade in the N. wall the tombs of S. Felix and S. -Gulstan. On the N. side of the choir on the outside let into the wall -is a curious carving representing two knights on horseback tilting at -each other. The Romanesque capitals rejected when the nave was rebuilt -have been in three cases utilised, by being inverted and turned into -bénitiers; another is thrown outside. A beautiful statue of Gildas by -Vallet stands over the tomb. It is that of a sweet and placable saint, -not of a rancorous and revengeful man. In the S. transept, which was -destroyed by a storm and has been rebuilt, is a huge barbaric retable. -The treasury contains a silver bust containing part of the skull, -and reliquaries for arm and thigh bones of the Saint; some of these -reliquaries are of the 15th cent. There is also a mitre of the 15th -cent. which is erroneously supposed to have been that of Abelard. -The conventual buildings are of the 18th cent. and are occupied by a -religious order which receives female paying guests during the season. -Abelard, born in 1079, became a Benedictine monk in 1117, and was -elected abbot of S. Gildas de Rhuys in 1125. But the strictness of his -rule roused the monks against him. "The life of the monks," he wrote, -"was indisciplined and frightful. The abbey gates were decorated with -the feet of stags, bears and boars. The monks were roused from their -slumbers by no other signal than the hunter's horn and the baying of -hounds. The natives were barbarous and disorderly." The community -revolted against any attempt to bring it to discipline, and Abelard -believed that his life was in danger; he accordingly fled in 1138 and -died at Cluny in 1142. - -By following the road behind the church, along the convent walls, the -Chapel of S. Bieuzy is reached, and a path to the right leads to the -little Baie de Portas, where in the rock is an impression like that of -a horse's hoof. Legend says that Gildas left the Isle of Houat on a -flying horse that landed at this spot. A stair cut in the rock leads to -the Baie de Saint Gildas, where is a spring and over it a statue of the -Saint. - -_Arzon_ has a modern church surmounted by a spire, and two stained -glass windows recording a vow made in 1673 by some sailors of the -place to S. Anne, during the war with Holland. The Chapel of Er Hroez -marks the spot where the body of Gildas was found. There are circles -of stones at Er-Lannig, and a good many fallen menhirs. At Graniol is -a tumulus containing an allée couverte. Another at Bilgroéz. The Butte -de Tumiac was explored and a covered avenue found in it, but was so -slovenly dealt with that the stones have collapsed. - -SCAER (F.) chl. arr. Quimperlé. A dull town, with a vulgar modern -church. At S. Jean, about two miles distant, on a lande, is a fine -menhir. An abundant spring of Ste. Candide supplies the town, but it -has no architectural character. The Chapel of Coatdry is an object of -resort from all the neighbourhood on the occasion of the Pardon, 1st -Sunday after Trinity, and again the last Sunday in September, when very -interesting collections of costumes may be seen. - -LE SEL (I.V.) chl. arr. Redon, is without much interest. The church is -modern. The tumulus of Chalonge is covered with trees and surrounded by -a moat. - -SIZUN (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. The church (S. Sulien) has a fine spire -of more simple character than those usually met with in Finistère. The -porch is renaissance. There are in the parish chapels of S. Cadoc and -S. Illtyd. The great Pardon is on the last Sunday in July. The P. of S. -Cado the last Sunday in September, and at Loc Ildut on Corpus Christi -Day. The Chapel of S. Cado is on the Monts d'Arrée. - -_Commana._ A fine allée couverte measuring 50 ft. A dolmen and a -menhir. In the church are some gorgeously barbaric altarpieces, a mass -of carving, gilding and colour, of very late renaissance or baroque. P. -last Sunday in July. Those interested in prehistoric remains would do -well to investigate the Monts d'Arrée, over which many are scattered. -A map of the district with the monuments thereon is published in the -_Bulletin de la Soc. d'emulation des Côtes-du-Nord_, T. xxxv. (1897). - - [Illustration: TRÉGUIER CATHEDRAL] - -_Plouneour-Menez._ The very interesting abbey church of le Relecq lies -near a tarn, one of the sources of the river of Morlaix. The abbey -was founded on the site of the last battle fought between Judnal and -Conmore, usurper of Domnonia, 555. It takes its name from the "religou" -or bones which were found in great numbers on the battlefield. The -original settler here was S. Tanguy, disciple of Paul of Léon, but the -present church dates from 1132. The interior is a most interesting -example of 12th century work. The west front was rebuilt in the 18th -cent. On the N. side are the remains of the cloister of other monastic -buildings. P. 15th August. - -TINTÉNIAC (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo. Reached by a tramline from Rennes. -Prettily situated. The church is modern. There are some old houses. A -menhir called La Roche du Diable. - -At _Tréversien_ is the Château de la Fosse aux Loups, where the scene -is laid of Paul Féval's novel "Rollan Pied de Fer." - -_Les Iffs_ and the Château of Montmuran may be visited from Tinténiac -(_see_ Becherel). - -* TRÉGUIER (C.N.) chl. arr. Lannion. An old cathedral city at the -junction of the Jaudy and the Guindy. The town is on rising ground but -runs down to the water side to a little point. On the highest ground is -the cathedral, of nave and side aisles and two transepts. The church -was almost altogether constructed in the 14th cent. It was begun in -1339. It has, however, preserved an 11th cent. tower on the N. side -called de Tour de Hasting. It has the characteristic round-headed -windows and pillasters of the period. The N. transept is in this tower -and the pillars there with the Byzantine capitals and round arches -proclaim that they belong to the beginning of the 11th cent. The bases -are rudely carved, and bear the appearance of having been earlier -capitals reversed and employed as bases. But this is probably in -appearance only. What is of special interest to the visitor is the fact -that Tréguier cathedral belongs almost wholly to the Middle Pointed or -Geometrical period, which is not abundantly represented in Brittany. -The W. porch sustains a gallery, and the entrance is through a double -opening, a slender pillar supporting trefoils and sustains a quatrefoil -between them, all pierced. Above is a 2nd pointed W. window of no -particular merit: a pair of turrets with spirelets flank the western -façade. The cathedral has three towers, the northern Romanesque Tour -de Hastings, a central tower of the 14th cent. not finished, and with -a stunted cap on it, and the S. tower, above the transept of the same -date, but furnished with a naked, ridiculous spire added in the 18th -cent. The flamboyant window inserted in the transept is of the finest -quality, as are also those at the side of the transept. Happily, the -S. front of the cathedral furnishes a good object lesson in the study -of the development of tracery. Beginning at the W. end of the nave we -have two windows of the earliest description of tracery, two lights -sustaining a circle, all uncusped. The third window has two trefoil -headed lights sustaining a trefoil, but all rather clumsy in design. -Then we have the fourth window vastly in advance of the other; each -cusped light sustains a trefoil and both trefoils support a quatrefoil. -It must be mentioned, by the way, that a S. porch has been converted -into a baptistery, and the tracery in its window is modern. If we -pass on to the choir we have three windows; the first is very good, -geometric in design, but the second and third are of supreme richness -and beauty, revealing the style at its very best. Then look at the side -clerestory lights of the S. transept and its large S. window and we -see flamboyant or 3rd pointed also at its best. Then step within and -look at the second window from the west in the N. aisle of the nave, -and you see flamboyant in its decadence, when cusping was abandoned. -The S. porch is set below the flamboyant window of the S. transept -and is original, and, it must be admitted, far from pleasing. It has -a vaulted roof, the exterior being thus treated, and within sustained -by three ribs, between which is open tracery through which the eye -pierces to the vault above. The doorway into the church has statuary -about it much mutilated. The church within is fine. It is not over -lofty as are the great churches of the Isle of France and Normandy. -The pillars of the nave vary, and the moulding of the first two arches -is richer than the others. The triforium is plain till it reaches -choir and S. transept, where it is greatly enriched. The clerestory -windows are tall and good. The Romanesque pillars and stilted arches -in the N. transept should not be passed over. The choir ends in an -apse, and is seated with carved oak stalls. According to the cathedral -accounts, these were presented in 1648, but in style they appear much -older. On the gospel side of the high altar is a statue of S. Tugdual, -the founder of the see, with the appropriate inscription, "Etsi aliis -non sum apostolus, sed tamen vobis sum. Scitis quod precepta dederim -vobis per Dominum Jesum." S. Tugdual was son of Hoel and Pompeia; Hoel -was the son of Emyr the Armorican, who fled from Brittany to South -Wales in the 5th cent. Here he founded a Church, Llanhowell, near -Solva in Pembrokeshire, a very early curious structure resting on -cyclopean foundations, probably as old as the 5th cent. Tugdual and -his mother came over to Armorica, and first settled with S. Brioc, the -uncle of Tugdual, at Trebabu, not far from Brest. But Brioc returned -to Wales, where a plague was raging, to comfort the panic-stricken -inhabitants, and when he came back to Trebabu, the monks refused to -receive him, preferring the rule of a young man to one advanced in -age, whereupon Brioc departed and founded S. Brieuc. Tréguier when -Tugdual settled there was undoubtedly an ancient fortress, standing in -the fork between two rivers. He must have been a man of extraordinary -energy, for he scattered "lanns" or ecclesiastical centres throughout -Northern Brittany. But though Tugdual was the apostle to this district -and the founder of the church, he has been completely eclipsed by -S. Yves, whose monument has been reconstructed in the nave. It had -been smashed to pieces at the Revolution. The reconstruction is -eminently successful. S. Yves is, perhaps, the most popular saint in -Brittany. He was born at Kermartin, near Tréguier, in 1253, and became -ecclesiastical judge in the diocese. His, at that time, unheard of -probity in refusing bribes, and his consideration for sick and poor -gained general respect. He died on May 19th, 1303, on which day his -Pardon at Tréguier is celebrated. Every peasant who considers that he -has been wronged, who nurses a grievance, who is engaged in a lawsuit, -has recourse to S. Yves, as promptly as he who has a sick horse flees -to S. Eloi. On the N. side of the church is the Chapel du Dûc, opening -out of the aisle by three arches. An altarpiece is made up of fragments -of old carved oak. N. of the choir, entered either through a door in -the Tour de Hastings or through a gateway east of the church, is the -cloister. This was erected in 1468, and is therefore flamboyant, but -without weakness. The tower of S. Michel, 15th cent., stands outside -the town on a height. The church has been pulled down. There are some -old houses in the city, notably at the port, where is an eminently -picturesque group of two towers and two houses; one in the street is a -study in slated fronts. - -The chapel of the old manor house of Kermartin now serves as parish -church to _Minihi Tréguier_. It is of the 15th cent. In the sacristy is -preserved a fragment of the breviary of S. Yves. - -_Portblanc_, in the parish of Penvenan, is hoping to develop into a -watering-place. The situation is very pleasing, the sea is studded -with islands and bristles with rocks. The largest island is that of S. -Gildas, to which that Saint occasionally retired. It is rocky and has -been planted with Austrian pines. On it is a chapel of the Saint. There -is an abundant freshwater spring in the sands between the coast and the -island, only accessible at low tides. On the island is a dolmen, called -Le Lit de S. Gildas; it consists of four uprights sustaining a coverer -that measures 7 ft. by 4 ft. Near this is a rocking-stone. On another -islet the musical composer Ambrose Thomas built himself a château, -that is completely surrounded by the waves at high tide. Portblanc -was at one time far more important than it is now. It is alluded to -in _Richard II._ act ii. sc. i. On the road from _Penvenan_, opposite -to the entrance of a château, is a small menhir, 8 ft high, built -into the hedge. Another 13 ft high is near the village of Penvenan. -There is also a demi-dolmen in the parish. Penvenan church is modern -and execrable, but the little chapel at Portblanc is interesting. -Internally it possesses an arcade that appears to be Romanesque, but as -pillars and arches are thickly plastered with whitewash it is not easy -to determine their period. There is a N. transept, the wall of which -spreads outward at the base, battering considerably. The W. front and -S. front and the E. end of the chapel are flamboyant. The soil reaches -to the very eaves at the east end. - -_Plougrescent_, a fallen menhir 19 ft. long, is near Maznoë. The parish -church is modern and very creditable. But the main object of interest -in the parish is the chapel of S. Gonery. The tower is early 1st -pointed, and was never completed. Above it is now a leaning wood and -lead spirelet. The chapel consists of a single nave, with chancel and -two chapels, one on each side of the chancel. The glory of the chapel -is its magnificent painted ceiling in ten lower ranges, representing -on one side the incidents of the Nativity, on the other those of the -Passion. Above these ten more compartments give the life of Our Lord -in glory. These subjects are curious; the most remarkable perhaps is -the reception of Adam and Eve into Heaven by Christ. In the body of the -church is a noble carved oak buffet, to serve as cupboard to the relics -of S. Gonery. It has on it the Twelve Apostles and the Annunciation. -The church, with the exception of the tower, is 15th cent., and -the paintings are of the same period. Unhappily through neglect of -attention to the roof, those near the tower are seriously injured -by the wet. On the N. side of the chancel is the fine renaissance -monument of Bishop Guillaume de Halgoët, 1599; on it is a recumbent -figure of the prelate. Some fragments of stained glass are in the -windows representing the Annunciation and Christ on the Cross. The S. -porch is bold and curious, a pent-house roof sustained on huge granite -corbels. Under the tower are the tomb and the "boat" of S. Gonery. -The tomb is reached by descending under a structure of the 17th cent. -Those afflicted with fever obtain earth from it which they tie up in -little packets, and return when well. Consequently several of those -little parcels of earth may be seen on the tomb. On the opposite side -is the boat, in which S. Gonery and his mother Libouban came over from -Britain. It is a curiously shaped stone trough, and probably actually -was the sarcophagus of the Saint. It nearly resembles the stone coffins -of the Merovingian period and of the 11th cent. Statues of S. Gonery -and of S. Libouban are one on each side of the altar, the latter -erroneously marked as N.D. de Bon Secours; the statue of the Virgin -is of alabaster, and of the 15th cent., and stands on an altar in the -S. chapel. The seacoast at Plougrescent is bold and fine with noble -cliffs. The day of S. Gonery is July 18, but the P. is on the 4th S. in -July. - -TRINITÉ-PORHOET (M.) chl. arr. Ploermel. This place takes its name from -the county of Porhoet, which was formed after the expulsion of the -Northmen in the 10th cent. Josselin afterwards became the seat of the -Count. There was a priory here founded by the monks of S. Jacut, in or -about 1050. The old parish church was pulled down in 1806 and 1807 to -serve for the construction of the halles. La Trinité, which was the -priory church, is now that of the parish. It retains some Romanesque -pillars and arches. The choir was partly rebuilt in 1742 and 1787, when -also the tower and transepts were erected. This church is an object of -pilgrimage. The P. is on Trinity Sunday. - -TAULÉ (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. On the line to S. Pol-de-Léon. Near this -is Loquenolé (S. Winwaloe), with a most interesting church containing -some of the earliest work in Brittany, very early 11th cent., and -possibly of 10th. Observe the curious rude sculpture. - -_Henvic_ has in its church paintings representing the story of S. -Maudetus (Mawes) and his sister S. Juvetta. - -UZEL (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac, is not a place of much interest. The -church is of the 17th cent., altered in the 18th. The Chapel of Bonne -Nouvelle is of the 16th cent. Some ruins of the old château of Uzel -remain, and there is a house of 1620. - -_Merléac_ has a Chapel of S. Jacques of the 14th cent. at the village -of Saint Léon. The central east window is perhaps the finest in the -Department; the tracery is all in granite, and it contains stained -glass representing eight scenes in the Life of the Virgin, and eight -scenes from that of S. Jacques. There are other windows representing -the Conception and the Assumption. The ceiling is painted (15th cent.) -with subjects from the Life of our Lord and the legend of S. James, -and a procession of angels forming a concert on seventeen instruments -of music. For a study of the shapes of musical instruments of the 15th -cent. this chapel should be visited. - -_Quillio._ The church contains the woodwork transported thither from -the abbey of Bon-repos. Above the altar is a suspended Pyx. - -_Grâce._ An allée couverte at the hamlet of Bois, running N. and S. -and 18 ft. long. It is composed of blocks of quartz. There are eight -supporters on each side and five coverers, but only one of these latter -is in place. - - [Illustration: VANNES] - -* VANNES (M.) chl. d'arr. Capital of the Department, and seat of a -bishop. The town is not remarkably picturesque. The walls remain in -places but built into, and only two gates with flanking towers have -been spared. The cathedral is very disappointing, and there are few -picturesque old houses. Vannes was the capital of the warlike Veneti, -whom Cæsar crushed in B.C. 57, when he butchered all the chiefs and -leading nobles, and sold their families into slavery. It became a -Roman town, called Duriorigum, and six Roman roads struck over the -country from it to Locmariaquer, Hennebont, Corseul, Rennes, Rieux, and -Arzal. A Roman necropolis has been found on the site of the artillery -barracks. At the beginning of the 5th cent. many towns dropped their -particular names and assumed those of the peoples to which they formed -centres, and then the place took the name which it has since borne -in Breton, Gweneth. Christianity having made some progress among -the Veneti, in 465 Perpetuus, metropolitan of Tours, assembled a -council at Vannes, and consecrated to it a bishop, Paternus. The city -remained Gallo-Roman; but throughout the 5th and 6th cents. British -emigrants arrived in such numbers, that in 590, Regalis, the bishop, -complained that he was, as it were, imprisoned within the walls of -the town by them. These colonists had their own laws, princes, and -ecclesiastical system, and would not recognise the bishop. In 496 we -hear of an Eusebius, king or governor of the town. An alliance was -entered into between the Armoricans and the Franks, and Clovis and his -successors were recognised as overlords. Whether the British chieftain -Weroch got into the city and established himself there is doubtful, -but his son Macliau did so, on his death. Macliau was in orders, -and married. On the death of the bishop he induced the clergy and -people to elect him as their bishop, and to satisfy their prejudices -dismissed his wife. No sooner, however, was he firmly seated on the -episcopal throne, than he sent for his wife and children. About eight -years later his brother Canao, secular chief of the Bretons, revolted -against the Franks, whereupon Macliau proclaimed himself Count as well -as Bishop. He was killed along with two of his sons in 577. Pepin -occupied the city in 753, and Louis the Pious visited it at the head -of an army in 818. In 843 Nominoe, governor of Brittany, shook off -the yoke of Frank allegiance. Then came the invasion of the Northmen, -and the disappearance of the Counts of Vannes, till 937, when Alan -II., Barbetorte, friend of Athelstan, was recognised as Count, and -transmitted the title to his descendants. The town walls were rebuilt -in 1270. In less than a century the War of Succession broke out and -Vannes had to stand four sieges in one year, 1342. John IV., conqueror -at Auray in 1364, repaired the walls, and extended them. The cathedral -church of S. Peter was burnt by the Northmen in the 10th cent. and -was rebuilt in the 11th at the same time as the abbey church of S. -Gildas de Rhuys. But the tower was added in the 13th cent. and the -whole of the nave and transepts, the former in 1452-76 and the latter -in 1504-27, consequently in the flamboyant style. The nave has no side -aisles, but chapels between the buttresses. In 1537 Archdeacon Jean -Danialo who had been in Rome, returned enthusiastic in favour of pagan -architecture, and to show the canons what he admired, constructed the -circular Chapel of the B. Sacrament on the north side, a beautiful -structure for its style. But at the same time the chapter was building -its cloisters, and they are full flamboyant tending to renaissance. -The apsidal Chapel of N.D. and S. Vincent was erected at the same time -also, and is thoroughly Italian. In the meantime the old Romanesque -choir showed signs of falling, and was pulled down in 1770 and the -present choir was built and finished in 1776. Then the chapter set -to work to transform the nave. All the tracery was hacked out of the -windows, and a plain barrel vault was added. The W. tower has had a -spire added to it recently, and the W. front was "restored" in feeble -style in 1868-73. Then the architect was entrusted with filling the -windows with tracery; and he, not comprehending the character of the -nave, inserted tracery of a century earlier in style. The N. transept -had a fine doorway, but it has been blocked up for a hideous baroque -retable and altar to stand against it. Thus the church, never very -fine, has lost much of its character and interest. In the N. transept -is the tomb of S. Vincent Ferrier, and above it his bust in silver. -Vincent was born at Valence in 1357, and in 1374 entered his novitiate -among the Dominicans. He was sent to Barcelona and Lerida to give -lessons in philosophy, but threw up the study and devoted himself -to preaching, and rambled through France, Spain, Italy, England, -Scotland and Ireland, as a revivalist preacher, but, of course, in -such countries as did not understand his tongue, the effect of his -sermons was lost. He spent two years in Brittany, where he cannot have -been of any use, as the peasants could not comprehend French. He died -at Vannes on the 5th April 1419, but the Pardon is on the 1st Sunday -in September. The other churches of Vannes are not worth looking at. -That of S. Paternus was built in 1727. The Museum of Archæology of the -Societé Polymathique du Morbihan contains many interesting objects from -the dolmens and tumuli of the Morbihan. - -Vannes is situated at the distance of 5 kilometres from the Morbihan, -the inland sea that gives its name to the Department. Almost every day -two little steamers leave the port for the islets, but the time of -starting depends on the tide. The Gulf of the Morbihan is some 8 miles -long and about 15 miles wide. It communicates with the sea by a narrow -mouth only three-quarters of a mile across. It is nowhere deep; from -45 to 60 ft. is its depth. It is studded with low islands, of which -at the outside forty are inhabited and some fifty are cultivated. The -inhabitants live by fishing, and all the men are sailors. - -This inland sheet of water is cut off from the ocean by two great -crab's claws, the peninsula of Sarzeau and that of Locmariaquer. The -scenery is by no means bold; sandy shores and low islets, and mud banks -at the fall of the tide. The archipelago is, however, very interesting -because of the numerous prehistoric remains on the islands. - -The _Isle of Arz_ is about two miles long. Here was formerly a priory -dependent on S. Gildas, and it possesses a Romanesque church, unhappily -repaired and remodelled at various epochs. Near the little Cap de -Brohel and in the islet of Boëdic are megalithic monuments. At Penraz, -south-east of the village, is half of a cromlech or circle of stones 60 -ft. in diameter. At Cap Brohel, ruined dolmens and fallen menhirs; at -Pen-lious three fallen dolmens and some menhirs. P. 8th September. - -_Ile aux Moines_ is separated from the Ile d'Arz by a channel 60 ft. -deep at low tide. The ancient name of the island was Crialeis, in -Breton it is Ines Menah or Izenah. The prehistoric monuments in it are: -the great circle of stones at Kergonan, of which only half remains; the -fine dolmen of Penhap, some menhirs, and the ruined dolmens of Broel, -Vigie, Kerno, Roh-vras, Roh-vihan, Niol and Pon-niol. The island was -granted by Erespoe to the monks of Redon, but after the devastation -by the Northmen it was lost to the monks of Redon. The church is -modern and is dedicated to S. Michael. P. 29th September. The island -was colonised after the Northmen had swept it of its inhabitants, by -settlers from Rhuys. The costume of the women is almost the same, but -of a more antique cut and character. All the islands in this inland -sea, like the mainland have sunk at least 16 ft. since prehistoric -times. In the little islet of Er Lannig are two cromlechs, or circles -of standing stones; one is half submerged, and the other completely -under water, even at low tides. - -_Gavrinis_ lies to the east of the Ile aux Moines. Although less -important than those already described, it is the most interesting -of all in the Morbihan, on account of its tumulus, 25 ft. high, that -covers a fine covered gallery, the stones of which are elaborately -carved with mysterious signs like the tattoo-marks of New Zealanders. A -gallery 40 ft. long leads to the central chamber, which is 5 ft. high -and 6 ft. 6 in. wide. The blocks are of a fine grained granite, not -of the island, but brought from a distance, with the exception of two, -that are of quartz, and these are unsculptured. Such as are carved, -were clearly so dealt with before they were erected in place, as the -working passes round the edges. - -_Er-lanic_ is situated half a kilometre to the south-east of Gavrinis, -and here are the two cromlechs already mentioned, one dipping into the -sea, the other already in deep water. They are juxtaposed, forming an -8, and lie on the S. E. of the island. The first circle consists of 180 -stones, but several are fallen, and it can only be seen complete when -the tide is out. One stone is 16 ft. high. The second circle can only -be seen at low tides. - -_Ile longue_ contains a cairn that also covers a gallery. It has not -been fully examined. - -_Saint Avée._ The church is poor and uninteresting, but in the -churchyard is a curious cross, with platform from which, according to -local tradition, capital sentences were pronounced. On one side is the -crucifix, on the other the B.V.M. On the sides S. John the Baptist and -S. Peter. In the church are two windows middle pointed. There is a lech -in the churchyard at the east end of the church. But what is of far -higher value than the parish church is the remarkable chapel in the -Bourg-bas, which is flamboyant (1475-94), except the N. transept that -is 2nd pointed. Between the nave and the choir and transepts is a tall -crucifix enriched with niches, with railing and gates at the side, a -totally unusual description of roodscreen. The crucifix is certainly -of 1500. The transepts contain four altars with their original -retables. The first on the N. side has very rude carving representing -the Crucifixion, Christ in Glory, and the B. Virgin crowned (?) with -a dove by her. The second and third are plain with graceful border -of foliage. The fourth is a splendid bit of alabaster work, probably -Flemish, and represents a virgin saint, the Crucifixion, a saint, -Christ giving benediction, S. Avée (?), a Queen-saint, S. Mary Magdalen -and a Mermaid. There are some early statues in the chapel, an admirable -S. Lucy of the 15th cent., the drapery splendidly executed. Such early -statues are very rare. Another is of S. Columbanus. Some fragments -of old glass are in the windows. In the churchyard is a very curious -carved Calvary of unique character, also a Holy Well. The E. window of -the chancel is flamboyant of a later character than the rest. In the -N. transept is one flamboyant, the tracery forming a fleur-de-lys. The -others are middle pointed. The chapel has a slate spirelet. S. of the -chapel by the roadside is a lech with a crucifix planted on top of it. -The camp of La Villeneuve is of undetermined date. To reach it the road -to Josselin must be taken and diverged from to the left to Mangolorian. -Near this hamlet is the camp on a steep hill, almost impracticable -on all sides but the west, where it is defended by two ranges of -ditches and by two walls. The camp is called either Villeneuve or -Kastel-Kerneué. - -The _Vallon de Poignan_ is within an easy stroll from Vannes. The road -to Pontivy is followed as far as the Chapel of S. Guen, and then a lane -to the right leads to some curious rocks, one of which is fancifully -called a Druid altar. The road to Josselin is then entered, and a lane -to the right conducts to the picturesque, rocky valley of Poignan, at -the end of an avenue of oaks. - -_Plescop._ Of little interest; it has a couple of lechs in the -churchyard, and a flamboyant chapel, without much character, to S. -Amon, possibly the father of S. Samson, who came from the neighbourhood -of Vannes, but usually supposed to have been a returned crusader who -asked at Plescop for milk, and as he was refused, cursed the place that -its cows should never yield good milk and butter. As he was found dead -in a furze-brake next morning he has received cult as a saint. Part of -his skull is in a carved oak bust in the chapel, but is not exposed to -veneration, as authenticating documents are non-extant. P. 4th Sunday -in October. - -_Surzur._ Three menhirs 15 ft. high are near the hamlet of Begard, and -two ruined allées couvertes are in the coppice of Talhoet. A dolmen -and two fallen menhirs near it at the hamlet of Vinihy. The parish -church of S. Symphorian is a Romanesque building but altered later. The -arcades, the doors and windows are semi-circular. There is a central -tower at the crossing of the transepts surmounted by a slate spire. The -Chapel of N.D. de Recouvrance is of the 16th cent. - -_S. Nolff._ The church is partly of the 16th cent. It has been restored -not wisely but too well. The Chapel of S. Anne, 1493, has a fine east -window with stained glass representing Our Lord and seven saints. The -other windows are filled with glaring modern glass. - -_Sulniac._ The parish church dates from several periods. Four pillars -and arches are Romanesque, as well as a window near the porch; the -other windows and arcades are later. The nave was rebuilt in fancy -Romanesque in 1893. - -* VITRÉ (I.V.) chl. d'arr. A very picturesque town, rivalling -Fougères in objects of interest. It stands on a hill above the Vilaine, -and notwithstanding the destruction of a portion of its ramparts, is -one of the French towns that has best retained the features of the -Middle Ages. But on the side of the railway station all is modern and -uninteresting. To see the old Vitré it is necessary to enter and pursue -the ancient and narrow streets, which form an inextricable tangle. The -houses are mostly slated in front. On the N. side the town assumes a -feudal character. Here the walls stand on the black schist rock, and -are only pierced by a single postern that gives access to a steep -descent by steps into the valley. The castle, on a triangular plan, -was founded at the close of the 11th cent. and was reconstructed in -the 14th and 15th. The entrance is flanked by two towers. The castle -is used partly as a prison and partly as a museum. The Church of -Notre Dame is of the 15th and 16th cents., and has a tower crowned -with a spire of the 18th cent. Outside the church is a stone pulpit. -There is some old glass of the renaissance period: the entry into -Jerusalem, the Adoration of the Shepherds, a representation of the -burning of the tower of the church in 1704. The church also contains a -remarkable triptych of the 16th cent., representing in 32 little groups -on enamelled copper scenes from the New Testament. On the back is an -inscription in rhyme. The church of S. Martin is modern; the old church -is in the cemetery and dates in part from the 16th century. - -_Château des Roches_ was formerly the residence of Mme. de Sévigné, -who lived in it repeatedly between 1654 and 1690. It consists of two -blocks of buildings of the 16th cent., and is situated in a pretty -park. Visitors are only admitted to the grounds, to the chapel, and to -the room of Mme. de Sévigné, which contains copies of family portraits -in the private apartments and some objects believed to have belonged -to the marquise; among others a book of accounts for the garden signed -by her. The bed and chairs are of wood painted white and covered with -yellow silk damask. - -_Champeaux._ The church is of the 14th and 19th cents., and has fine -glass of the renaissance (1530-5) and tombs of the same period. About a -mile and a half S.W. a menhir 12 ft. high called La Haute Pierre. - -PONT L'ABBÉ (F.) chl. arr. Quimper. Here one is in the midst of the -Bigauden country. Observe the curious and ugly way of wearing the -hair and the coiffes. There are many folds of skirts fastened round -the waists. The women are remarkably plain, and have staring eyes and -expose their teeth. The church has fine 2nd pointed east and west -windows. The tower was pulled partly down by Louis XIV. to punish the -people for the Revolt of the Papier timbré. Some old houses. Fine -cloister. The château of the 13th cent. has been transformed into a -mairie. It retains a large tower, and buildings of the 17th cent. -Outside the town to the S.W. is the château of _Kernuz_, transformed by -the proprietor into a museum of flints, bronze and jade weapons, and -gold ornaments found in the cairns and dolmens of the neighbourhood. -The whole peninsula, ending in the Pointe de Penmarch (the Horse's -Head), abounds in prehistoric monuments. Two dolmens are near the road, -in the parish of Plomeur, which has an ugly modern church. - -_Penmarch_ was once a thriving seaport, rivalling Nantes, but for -various causes declined, and is now reduced to a couple of hamlets. -The church (S. Non = Ninidh, an Irish Bishop) is an interesting late -flamboyant structure, the tracery in the windows affecting the forms -of fleurs-de-lys. Beneath the E. window is a treasury surmounted by a -gallery. At the junction of the chancel with the nave is a spirelet -supported by turrets, connected with it by flying buttresses. At the -S.W. a pretty little triumphal arch and gable. The church was begun in -1308. Inside the church a fireplace for heating the baptismal water. -A mile and a half off is S. Guénolé, the tower of the church alone -remaining, 1488. A little apse has been built out at the east end. It -contains some curious statues. Here is a bathing establishment, with -comfortable quarters. _Kerity_ has some old maisons fortes, and a -ruined church. - -_Tronoen._ A chapel of the same date as that at Penmarch, with a fine -Calvary. Two stages of sculptured groups. - -_Lambour._ A flamboyant church, with colonade of the 13th cent. - -_Loctudy._ A Romanesque church, with an Italian 18th cent. façade. It -much resembles S. Gildas de Rhuys. It has been restored. _Ile Tudy_ may -be visited, but does not contain much of interest. - - - - -INDEX OF PLACES - - - A. - - Ste. Anne d'Auray, 41 - - Argentré, 36 - - Arzano, 37 - - Arzon, 215 - - Audierne, 37 - - Auray, 40 - - - B. - - Baie des Trépassés, 39 - - Bain, 44 - - Batz, 81 - - Baud,44 - - Beauport, 148 - - Becherel, 52 - - Begard, 53 - - Belen, 172 - - Belle Ile. _See_ Le Palais, 149 - - Belle Ile en Terre, 54. - - Belz, 55 - - Benodet, 98 - - Berhet, 192 - - Beuzec-Cap-Sizun, 40 - - Bieuzy, 46 - - Billiers, 144 - - Bocqueho, 77 - - Bodilis, 124 - - Bourbriac, 58 - - Bréhat, 58 - - Brennilis, 111 - - Brest, 59 - - Brignogan, 132 - - Broons, 63 - - Bubry, 51 - - - C. - - Cadout, 58 - - Camaret, 82 - - Camors, 45 - - Cancale, 64 - - Canihuel, 204 - - Carfeuntin, 91 - - Carhaix, 64 - - Carnac, 67 - - Carnoet, 65 - - Cast, 74 - - Castannec, 47 - - Caulnes, 72 - - Caurel, 147 - - Cavan, 192 - - Cézambre, 89, 129, 200 - - Champeaux, 236 - - Chartreux d'Auray, 42 - - Châteaubourg, 72 - - Château des Roches, 236 - - Château Giron, 73 - - Châteaulin, 73 - - Châteauneuf, 75 - - Châteauneuf-du-Faou 74 - - Châtelaudren, 76 - - Chèse, 77 - - Cleden-Cap-Sizun, 40 - - Cleden Poher, 65 - - Cleguerec, 77 - - Clohars-Carnoet, 186 - - Coadout, 104 - - Coetfrec, 131 - - Combourg, 78 - - Commana, 216 - - Concarneau, 78 - - Conquet (le), 62 - - Corlay, 80 - - Corseul, 85 - - Cournon, 101 - - Crach, 44 - - Crehen, 152 - - Croisic (le), 80 - - Crozon, 81 - - Cugnon, 78 - - - D. - - Daoulas, 82 - - Dinan, 83 - - Dinard, 87 - - Dirinon, 121 - - Dol, 90 - - Douarnenez, 91 - - - E. - - Elven, 94 - - Erdeven, 57 - - Ergué-Gaberic, 185 - - Erguy, 154 - - Er-lanic, 232 - - Essé, 112 - - Etang de Laoual, 39 - - Etaples, 95 - - Etel, 57 - - Etrelles, 36 - - - F. - - Faou (le), 96 - - Faouët (le), 96 - - Ferrière (la), 77 - - Folgoët, 133 - - Fôret (la), 100 - - Fougères, 100 - - Fougerêts (les), 101 - - Fouesnant, 98 - - - G. - - Gacilly (la), 101 - - Gavrinis, 231 - - Géhenno, 199 - - Glenan, 172 - - Glomel, 194 - - Goudelin, 159 - - Goueznach, 98 - - Goueznou, 61 - - Goulven, 134 - - Gourin, 104 - - Grand Champ, 105 - - Grâce, 226 - - Grâces, 103 - - Guegon, 115 - - Guéméné, 106 - - Guengat, 92 - - Guénin, 46 - - Guérande, 106 - - Guerche, 107 - - Guichen, 108 - - Guildo, 163 - - Guimaec, 128 - - Guimiliau, 125 - - Guingamp, 102 - - Guipavas, 62 - - Guipry, 152 - - Guiseny, 135 - - Guité, 72 - - - H. - - Haut Corlay, 80 - - Hédé, 108 - - Hennebont, 108 - - Henvic, 225 - - Hinglé (le), 87 - - l'Hôpital-Comfront, 83 - - Huelgoat, 109 - - Hunaudaye (la), 153 - - - I. - - Iffs (les), 217 - - Ile d'Arz, 230 - - " de Batz, 207 - - " de S. Cadou, 55 - - " de S. Gildas, 222 - - " Grande, 151 - - " de Groix, 172 - - " longue, 232 - - " aux Moines, 230 - - " Molène, 63 - - " d'Ouessant, 63 - - " de Seine, 39 - - Irvillac, 83 - - - J. - - Janzé, 112 - - Josselin, 112 - - Juch (le), 93 - - Jugon, 115 - - - K. - - Keramanach, 54 - - Kerfons, 131 - - Kerfot, 148 - - Kergrist, 131 - - " Moelo, 195 - - Kerinec, 174 - - Kerity, 148 - - Kerjean, 169 - - Kerlaz, 94 - - Kermaria, 167 - - Kermartin, 221 - - Kermoroch, 53 - - Kernitron, 126 - - Kernuz, 237 - - Kerpert, 204 - - Kervignac, 140 - - - L. - - Laoual, étang de, 39 - - Lambader, 168 - - Lamballe, 116 - - Lambezellec, 62 - - Lambour, 238 - - Lampaul-Guimiliau, 126 - - " -Ploudalmezeau, 163 - - Landebia, 152 - - Landeleau, 75 - - Landerneau, 117 - - Landevennec, 61 - - Landivisiau, 122 - - Landunevez, 164 - - Langast, 167 - - Langoat, 191 - - Langoelan, 106 - - Langonnet, 105 - - Lanleff, 167 - - Lanmeur, 126 - - Lannilis, 128 - - Lannion, 129 - - Lanriec, 79 - - Lanrivain, 204 - - Lanrivoaré, 208 - - Lanrodec, 159 - - Lantec, 95 - - Lanvellec, 161 - - Lanveoc, 82 - - Lanvollon, 131 - - Léhon, 85 - - Lesneven, 131 - - Lézardrieux, 135 - - Locarn, 66 - - Locbrévelaire, 129 - - Locmalo, 177 - - Locmaria, 182 - - Locmariaquer, 135 - - Locmelar, 124 - - Locminé, 137 - - Locoal, 56 - - Loctudy, 238 - - Locqueltas, 106 - - Locquenvel, 55 - - Locronan, 183 - - Loquivy, 130 - - " Plougras, 160 - - Loqunolé, 225 - - Loperec, 74 - - Lorient, 138 - - Louvigné-du-Désert, 140 - - - M. - - Mael-Carhaix, 66 - - Malestroit, 140 - - Martyr (la), 119 - - Matignon, 141 - - Mauron, 142 - - Mêaugon (la), 198 - - Melrand, 52 - - Merdignac, 143 - - Merléac, 225 - - Meslin, 117 - - Mi-voie, 114 - - Minihi Tréguier, 222 - - Montauban, 145 - - Montcontour, 145 - - Mont Dol, 91 - - Montfort, 145 - - Mordelles, 146 - - Morlaix, 146 - - Moustoir, 66 - - Mur, 147 - - Muzillac, 144 - - - N. - - Nevez, 171 - - Nizon, 171 - - N.D. de Comfort, 174 - - " de la Houssaye, 176 - - " de Quelven, 177 - - Nostang, 140 - - Noyal Muzillac, 144 - - " Pontivy, 176 - - - P. - - Paimpol, 148 - - Palais (le), 149 - - Paramé, 201 - - Pedernec, 53 - - Pencran, 118 - - Penmarch, 237 - - Penvenan, 222 - - Perguet, 99 - - Perros Guirec, 149 - - Peumerit Quintin, 204 - - Pipriac, 152 - - Plancoet, 152 - - Planguenoual, 154 - - Plaintel, 158 - - Plêboulle, 141 - - Pledran, 198 - - Pleine-Fougères, 153 - - Plélan-le Petit, 153 - - Plémet, 77 - - Plémy, 167 - - Pléneuf, 153 - - Plescop, 234 - - Plestin les Grèves, 154 - - Pleumeur-Bodou, 151 - - Plévenon, 142 - - Pleyben,156 - - Ploaré, 92 - - Ploemel, 71 - - Ploemeur, 139 - - Ploermel, 157 - - Ploeuc, 158 - - Plogoff, 38 - - Plogonnec, 183 - - Plomeur, 237 - - Plonevez-Porzay, 184 - - Plouagat, 159 - - Plouaret, 159 - - Ploubalay, 162 - - Ploubezre, 131 - - Ploudalmezeau, 163 - - Ploufragan, 198 - - Plougasnou, 128 - - Plougastel Daoulas, 121 - - Plougrescent, 223 - - Plougonvelen, 62 - - Plougonvin 168 - - Plougoumelin, 43 - - Plouguenast, 166 - - Plouguerneau, 128 - - Plouguin, 166 - - Plouha, 167 - - Plouharnel, 71 - - Plouhinec, 140 - - Plouhinic, 58 - - Plouigneau, 168 - - Ploumanach, 150 - - Plou-Miliau, 155 - - Plouneour-Menez, 216 - - Plounéour-Trez, 132 - - Plounevez-Moedec, 54 - - Plounevez-Lochrist, 166 - - Plourin, 165 - - Plouvorn, 163 - - Plouzélambre, 155 - - Plufour, 155 - - Pluguffan, 185 - - Pluherlin, 193 - - Plumelec, 198 - - Plussulien, 80 - - Pluvigner, 169 - - Pommerit Jaudy, 192 - - Pont-aven, 171 - - Pontivy, 175 - - Pont l'Abbé, 236 - - Pont Scorff, 178 - - Port Blanc, 222 - - Port Louis, 135, 179 - - Pouldu, 173 - - Pouliguen, 81 - - Poullan, 93, 174 - - Prat, 192 - - Primel, 36 - - Primelin, 37 - - Prissiac, 97 - - - Q. - - Quelvin, 177 - - Quéméneven, 74, 184 - - Questembert, 179 - - Questinic, 46 - - Quéven, 178 - - Quiberon, 179 - - Quillio, 226 - - Quimper, 180 - - Quimperlé, 185 - - Quintin, 187 - - - R. - - Redon, 107 - - Relecq (le), 216 - - Remungol, 138 - - Rennes, 188 - - Retiers, 190 - - Riec, 171 - - Roche-Derrien (la), 191 - - " -Maurice (la), 191 - - Rochefort-en-terre, 192 - - Roscoff, 206 - - Rosporden, 194 - - Rostrennen, 104 - - Rumengol, 96 - - - S. - - Saint (le), 105 - - Saint Aaron, 117 - - " Adrien, 58 - - Ste. Anne d'Auray, 41 - - " " de la Palue, 184 - - Saint Aubin d'Aubigné, 195 - - " " de Cormier, 195 - - Sainte Avêe, 232 - - " Avoie, 40 - - Saint Briac, 88 - - " Brice-en-Congles, 195 - - " Brieuc, 195 - - " Caradec, 98 - - " Carré, 161 - - " Cast, 141 - - " Congard, 101 - - " Connan, 204 - - " Divy, 121 - - " Fiacre, 97 - - " Géran, 176 - - " Gildas de Rhuys, 212 - - " Gilles Pligeaux, 204 - - " Guen, 148 - - " Helan, 85 - - " Herbot, 110 - - " Jacut-sur-Mer, 162 - - " Jean Brévelay, 198 - - " " du Doigt, 127 - - " Just, 152 - - " Launeuc, 143 - - " Leger, 79 - - " Lery, 143 - - " Lunaire, 87 - - " Lyphard, 107 - - " Malo, 199 - - " Méen, 201 - - " Michel en Grèves, 156 - - " Nazaire, 202 - - " Nic, 73 - - " Nicodème, 50 - - " Nicolas des Eaux, 46 - - " " de Plélin, 203 - - " Nolff, 235 - - " Pever, 159 - - " Pol-de-Léon, 205 - - " Quay, 95, 150 - - " Rénan, 208 - - " Samson, 86 - - " Ségal, 73 - - " Servais, 124 - - " Servan, 202 - - " Suliac, 75 - - " Thégonnec, 123 - - " Tugean, 37 - - " Venec, 184 - - " Vougai, 169 - - Sarzeau, 210 - - Scaer, 215 - - Sel (le), 216 - - Sevignac, 64 - - Sibiril, 207 - - Silfiac, 106 - - Sizun, 216 - - Spezet, 75 - - Stival, 177 - - Sucinio, 211 - - Sulmac, 235 - - Surzur, 234 - - - T. - - Taulé, 225 - - Tinténiac, 217 - - Tonquedec, 137 - - Trébeurden, 151 - - Trébry, 145 - - Trédaniel, 145 - - Trédez, 155 - - Treffrin, 66 - - Treflez, 135 - - Trégastel, 150 - - Trégon, 163 - - Trégrom, 160 - - Tréguier, 217 - - Trégunc, 79 - - Trémel, 155 - - Trépassés, Baie des, 39 - - Tréversien, 217 - - Trevon Tréguidel, 152 - - Trigavou, 87 - - Trinité-Porhoet, 224 - - Troguer, 39 - - Tronoen,238 - - - U. - - Uzel, 225 - - - V. - - Vannes, 226 - - Vallon de Pagnan, 234 - - Vieux Masché, 161 - - Vitré, 235 - - - - -INDEX OF SUBJECTS - - - A. - - Abbey, 61, 62, 77, 81, 103, 105, 145, 148, 153, 162, 173, 185, 216, 228 - - Abelard, 214-5 - - Alan Barbetorte, 16, 17, 238 - - Alan I., 15 - - Alignment, 24, 57-8, 67-72, 81, 87, 101, 105, 139, 140, 152 - - Allée couverte, 27, 44, 45, 69, 77, 80, 86, 94, 98, 104, 111, 114, - 148, 152, 163, 198, 204, 210, 215, 216, 226, 231, 234 - - Amon (S.), 234 - - Angel lights bonfire, 51 - - Anne, Duchess, 15, 146 - - Aqueduct, 64 - - Arch, triumphal, 120, 126, 127, 168, 186 - - Architecture, 25 - - Armorica, 11 - - Arthur, 18 - - - B. - - Baldachin, 124, 125 - - Barking women, 102, 113-4 - - Baroque, 25 - - Battle of Thirty, 112, 114-5 - - Bed of stone, 56 - - Beehive huts, 59 - - Bell of S. Pol, 205 - - Bellstone, 49 - - Bertrand du Guesclin, 19, 63, 84 - - Bieuzy (S.), 47 - - Bigauden, 28, 237. - - Boat of S. Avoie, 40-1 - - " S. Gonery, 224 - - Botany, 6-11 - - Brendan (S.), 129, 160-1, 200 - - Breton tongue, 12 - - Brevelaire (S.), 129 - - Brioc (S.), 197 - - British settlers, 12-13, 227 - - Budoc (S.), 165 - - - C. - - Cadoc (S.), 52, 112 - - Cæsar, 11, 80, 226 - - Calvary, 73, 74, 94, 99, 104, 111, 114, 118, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, - 127, 135, 144, 150, 153, 174, 178, 184, 195, 198, 199, 204, - 233, 238 - - Camp, 24, 40, 45-6, 85, 101, 110, 135, 143, 154, 159, 168, 198, 203, - 233 - - Carmelites, 42 - - Cascade, 110 - - Ceilings, painted, 77, 223, 225-6 - - Charles de Blois, 19, 103, 108, 111, 112, 191 - - Châteaubriant, 78 - - Chateaux, 36, 53, 60, 64, 73, 76, 78, 79, 83, 87, 100, 106, 110, 112, - 119, 131, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 149, 152, 153, 159, 163, - 164, 169, 171, 175, 187, 192, 209, 211, 225, 235, 236, 237 - - Chestnuts, 188 - - Chouans, 23 - - Clisson, Oliver de, 20, 112, 228 - - Cloisters, 82, 188, 237 - - Clothed Christ on Cross, 209 - - Coast scenery, 3, 128 - - Coffee, 31 - - Coiffes, 44, 51, 79, 237 - - Conmore, 45, 160, 213 - - Constance, Duchess, 18 - - Conversion, 14 - - Copper vessels, 44 - - Corns cured, 106 - - Costumes, 200, 202, 231 - - Cows' tails, 111 - - Cromlech, 24, 70, 79, 81, 128, 139, 140, 180, 215, 230, 231, 232 - - Crypt, 126, 130, 162, 184 - - Cursing stones, 208 - - - D. - - Dance of Death, 167 - - David (S.), 230 - - Day (S.), 39 - - Deæ Matres, 41 - - Dockyards, 59 - - Dolmen builders, 11 - - Dolmens, 24, 44, 57, 58, 67-8, 71, 72, 78, 79, 81, 94, 98, 101, 105, - 106, 107, 109, 134, 136, 140, 145, 151, 152, 165, 171, 172, - 173, 175, 180, 198, 202, 204, 205, 210, 213, 222, 230-2, 234, - 237 - - Dolmen converted into Chapel, 162 - - _Drummond Castle_, wreck of, 28, 63 - - - E. - - East India Company, 138 - - Efflam (S.), 154 - - Elfleda (S.), 135 - - Enamel, 236 - - English prisoners, 106 - - Envel (S.), 55 - - Eoghain (S.), 37 - - - F. - - Feudalism, 16 - - Fingar (S.), 169 - - Fireplace for baptismal water, 66, 93, 99, 130, 238 - - Flamboyant style, 25 - - Floh, General, 132 - - Fontenelle, 21, 91 - - Fox preaching to geese, 199 - - - G. - - Gallows, 80 - - Garraye, Comte de la, 85-6 - - Geology, 4-6 - - Geraint (S.), 106, 149, 176 - - Gildas, 47-8, 55, 65, 131, 137 - - Gilles de Bretagne, 20, 143-4, 163 - - Glass, stained, 46, 49, 52, 53, 55, 66, 74, 75, 77, 85, 93, 94, 95, - 97, 99, 104, 119, 120, 108, 110, 111, 114, 119, 120, - 137, 141, 143, 145, 154, 157, 166, 167, 174, 176, 177, - 178, 182, 183-4, 187, 189, 195, 198, 203, 204, 215, - 225, 235, 236 - - Gobrian (S.), 119 - - Grallo, King, 39, 61, 96, 181 - - Guillaume Pinchon (S.), 196 - - Gunthiern (S.), 108, 172 - - Gurval (S.), 57 - - Gwenteirbron, 166, 184 - - - H. - - Halles, 40, 169 - - Haras, 116 - - Henry II., 18, 111 - - Hervé (S.), 209 - - History, 11, 24 - - Horse, flying, 191, 215 - - Horse fair, 121, 183 - - Hydrophobia, 38 - - - I. - - Icelanders, 148 - - Iconography, 29-31 - - Illtyd (S.), 104 - - Irish colonists, 13 - - - J. - - Jean de Montfort, 108 - - K. - - Kenan (S.), 38 - - Key of S. Tugean, 38 - - - L. - - Lakes, 36, 110, 115, 142, 152, 157, 159 - - League, 21 - - Lechs, 24, 43, 57, 159, 169, 232, 233 - - Le Sage, 211 - - Leonore (S.), 85-6 - - Lighthouses, 63, 150, 202, 207 - - Louis Napoleon, Emp., 139 - - - M. - - Macliau, 227 - - Maison forte, 53, 87, 133, 25 [Transcriber's note: references are only - found on pages 167, 192, 238] - - Maps, 32 - - Mary Stuart, 206 - - Melor (S.), 125 - - Menhir, 24, 39, 40, 71, 74, 77, 78, 79, 86, 91, 93-4, 98, 101, 104, - 105, 106, 107, 111, 114, 136, 139, 140, 142, 146, 147, 151, - 152, 155, 158, 160, 163, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 175, 187, - 191, 193, 194, 198, 203, 204, 215, 217, 222, 223, 230, 231, - 234, 236 - - Mevan (S.), 201 - - Milestone, Roman, 67 - - Miliau (S.), 125 - - Morbihan, Gulf of, 230-2 - - Music, 42, 134 - - Musical instruments, 226 - - - N. - - Ninnoc (S.), 159 - - Nobletz, 62 - - Nominoe, 15, 227 - - Northmen, 208 - - - O. - - Oligocene, 129 - - Oratory, 150, 155 - - Ossuary, 66, 105, 114, 119, 123, 125, 127, 130, 151, 155, 157, 204, 206 - - - P. - - Papier Timbré, Revolt of the, 22, 237 - - Pardon, 26-29 - - Paul (S.), 63, 207 - - Pine logs, 40, 53 - - Porch, 37, 62, 74, 93 - - Pulpit, 165, 167, 184, 188, 235 - - Pyx, suspended, 226 - - - R. - - Reformation, 20 - - Reliquary, 127 - - Retable, 54, 58, 65, 81, 155, 170, 185, 191, 192, 216, 229, 233, 236 - - Revolution, 22, 199 - - Rohan, 106, 113 - - Roman roads, 226 - - " ruins, 198 - - - S. - - Salt, 107 - - Sardines, 37, 79, 81 - - Scandinavian colony, 203 - - Screens, rood, 41, 54, 97, 104, 111, 117, 119, 120, 131, 133, 134, - 148, 156, 166, 168, 186, 198 - - Sea encroaching, 135, 210, 231 - - Seven Saints, Chapel of, 162 - - Sevigné, Mme. de, 236 - - Sinclair, General, 138-9 - - Skull, 114, 234 - - Solomon, King, 106, 119-20 - - Stalls, 114, 193, 205 - - Statues, 223, 233, 238 - - Stole, 207 - - T. - - Tanguy du Châtel, 164-5 - - Terra cotta, 205 - - Tolente, 128 - - Trifina (S.), 46 - - Triptych, 236 - - Tromenie, 184 - - Tugdual (S.), 191, 220 - - Tysilio (S.), 75-6 - - - V. - - Veneti, 11, 226 - - Venus Anadyomene, 199 - - " of Quinipili, 25, 45, 47-8 - - Vincent Ferrier (S.), 229 - - Vines, 210 - - Vitrified fort, 143, 198 - - - W. - - Water, 31 - - Wax figure, 190 - - Wells, 50 - - Wells, Holy, 51, 52, 62, 66, 71, 74, 80, 91, 96, 99, 105, 106, 109, - 122, 125, 127, 130, 133, 134, 138, 147, 155, 161, 164, - 177, 184, 202, 215 - - Weroch, Count, 199, 227 - - Wheel of Fortune, 98, 192 - - Winwaloe (S.), 61, 96 - - - Y. - - Yves (S.), 221-2 - - _Printed in Great Britain - by Turnbull & Spears, Edinburgh_ - - - - -PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS - - DELIGHTFUL - GIFT BOOKS - -THE LITTLE GUIDES - -_Pott 8vo, 4s. net_ - - -VOLUMES NOW READY:-- - - Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire - Berkshire - Brittany - Buckinghamshire - Cambridge and Colleges - Cambridgeshire - Channel Islands - Cheshire - Cornwall - Cumberland and Westmorland. 6s. net - Derbyshire - Devon - Dorset - Durham - English Lakes. 6s. net - Essex - Gloucestershire - Hampshire - Herefordshire - Hertfordshire - Isle of Wight - Kent - Kerry - Lancashire. 6s. net. - Leicestershire and Rutland - Lincolnshire - London - Malvern Country - Middlesex - Monmouthshire - Norfolk - Normandy - Northamptonshire - Northumberland. 5s. net - North Wales. 6s. net - Nottinghamshire - Oxford and Colleges - Oxfordshire - Rome - St Paul's Cathedral - Shakespeare's Country - Shropshire - Sicily - Snowdonia. 6s. net - Somerset - South Wales - Staffordshire - Suffolk - Surrey - Sussex - Temple - Warwickshire - Westminster Abbey - Wiltshire - Yorkshire East Riding 5s. net - Yorkshire North Riding - Yorkshire West Riding 5s. net - - -METHUEN & CO. LTD 36 ESSEX STREET LONDON W.C.2 - - -THE LITTLE GUIDES - - -The main features of these books are (1) a handy and charming form, -(2) numerous illustrations from photographs and by well-known artists, -(3) good plans and maps, (4) an adequate but compact presentation -of everything that is interesting in the natural features, history, -archæology, and architecture of the town or district treated. - -In those volumes which treat of counties, there is first a general -description of the country--its situation, physical features, flora -and fauna, climate, inhabitants, industries, history and archæology. -Then follows an account of the chief towns and places of interest in -alphabetical order. - -The books are not guides in the ordinary sense of the word. 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BRABANT, M.A. With 24 Illustrations by Edmund H. - New and from Photographs, 2 Maps and 6 Plans. _Sixth Edition._ - - =Warwickshire.= By J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A. With 24 Illustrations - and 5 Maps and Plans. - - =Wiltshire.= By FRANK R. HEATH. With 32 Illustrations, 2 Maps and 2 - Plans. _Fourth Edition._ - - =The East Riding of Yorkshire.= By JOSEPH E. MORRIS, B.A. With 27 - Illustrations by R. J. S. Bertram and from Photographs, 2 Plans and 2 - Maps. _Second Edition._ 5s. net. - - =The North Riding of Yorkshire.= By JOSEPH E. MORRIS, B.A. With 26 - Illustrations by R. J. S. Bertram and from Photographs, 7 Plans and 3 - Maps. _Second Edition._ - - =The West Riding of Yorkshire.= By JOSEPH E. MORRIS, B.A. With 26 - Illustrations, 2 Maps and 7 Plans. _Second Edition._ 5s. net. - - * * * * * - - =Brittany.= By S. BARING-GOULD. With 28 Illustrations by Jenny Wylie - and from Photographs, and 3 Maps. _Second Edition._ - - =Normandy.= By CYRIL SCUDAMORE, M.A. With 40 Illustrations and 2 Maps. - _Second Edition. Revised._ - - =Rome.= By C. G. ELLABY. With 38 Illustrations by B. C. Boulter and - from Photographs, and a Map. - - =Sicily.= By F. HAMILTON JACKSON. With 34. Illustrations by the Author - and from Photographs, and 2 Maps. - - -METHUEN & CO. LTD, 36 ESSEX ST., LONDON, W.C.2 - - * * * * * - -Transcriber's Notes - -Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. - -Variations in the spelling of Cézambre have been standardised. - -Hyphenation has been standardised. The use of diacritics with place -names has been standardised but not otherwise corrected. - -Other variations in spelling, accents and punctuation remain. - -On p170 hemblend is probably hornblende, but has not been altered. - -The list of illustrations ends with "Map of Brittany page 238." -This map does not exist in the available edition. - -Italics are represented thus _italics_ and bold thus =bold=. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Brittany, by Sabine Baring-Gould - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BRITTANY *** - -***** This file should be named 51022-0.txt or 51022-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/0/2/51022/ - -Produced by David Edwards, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Brittany - -Author: Sabine Baring-Gould - -Illustrator: J. Wylie - -Release Date: January 24, 2016 [EBook #51022] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BRITTANY *** - - - - -Produced by David Edwards, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="half-title space-below">BRITTANY</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p class="half-title">THE LITTLE GUIDES</p> - - - - -<div class="center small"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td class="tdlb">CAMBRIDGE AND ITS COLLEGES</td><td align="left">LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLAND</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">OXFORD AND ITS COLLEGES</td><td align="left">LINCOLNSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">ST PAUL'S CATHEDRAL</td><td align="left">LONDON</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">THE TEMPLE</td><td align="left">MIDDLESEX</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">WESTMINSTER ABBEY</td><td align="left">MONMOUTHSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb"> </td><td align="left">NORFOLK</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">THE ENGLISH LAKES</td><td align="left">NORTHAMPTONSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">THE MALVERN COUNTRY</td><td align="left">NORTHUMBERLAND</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">SHAKESPEARE'S COUNTRY</td><td align="left">NOTTINGHAMSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">SNOWDONIA</td><td align="left">OXFORDSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb"> </td><td align="left">SHROPSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">BEDFORDSHIRE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE</td><td align="left">SOMERSET</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">BERKSHIRE</td><td align="left">STAFFORDSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">BUCKINGHAMSHIRE</td><td align="left">SUFFOLK</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">CAMBRIDGESHIRE</td><td align="left">SURREY</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">THE CHANNEL ISLANDS</td><td align="left">SUSSEX</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">CHESHIRE</td><td align="left">THE EAST RIDING OF</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">CORNWALL</td><td align="left"> YORKSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">CUMBERLAND AND</td><td align="left">THE NORTH RIDING OF</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb"> WESTMORLAND</td><td align="left"> YORKSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">DERBYSHIRE</td><td align="left">THE WEST RIDING OF</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">DEVON</td><td align="left"> YORKSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">DORSET</td><td align="left">WARWICKSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">DURHAM</td><td align="left">WILTSHIRE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">ESSEX</td><td align="left"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">GLOUCESTERSHIRE</td><td align="left">NORTH WALES</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">HAMPSHIRE</td><td align="left">SOUTH WALES</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">HEREFORDSHIRE</td><td align="left">KERRY</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">HERTFORDSHIRE</td><td align="left">BRITTANY</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">THE ISLE OF WIGHT</td><td align="left">NORMANDY</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">KENT</td><td align="left">ROME</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">LANCASHIRE</td><td align="left">SICILY</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<a id="frontis"></a> -<img src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">CALVARY, PLOUGASTEL</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<div class="box"> - -<h1> -BRITTANY</h1> - -<p class="center"> -<i>By</i><br /> - -S · BARING · GOULD</p> - -<p class="center space-below"> -<i>With Illustrations by</i><br /> -J · WYLIE<br /> - -<small>AND FROM PHOTOGRAPHS<br /> - -AND THREE MAPS</small></p> - -<div class="poetry-container bt bb"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">I rather would entreat thy company,</div> -<div class="verse">To see the wonders of the world abroad,</div> -<div class="verse">Than living dully sluggardiz'd at home,</div> -<div class="verse">Wear out thy youth with shapeless idleness.</div> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse indent14"><cite>Two Gentlemen of Verona</cite></div> -<div class="verse indent16">Act I. Sc. i.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="center space-above">LONDON<br /> -METHUEN & CO. LTD.<br /> -<i>36 Essex St. Strand</i><br /> -</p> -</div> -<p class="center"> -<i><small>Third Edition</small></i> -</p> - - - - - - - -<div class="center spaced small"> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="left"><i>First Published</i></td><td align="center"><i>July 1902</i></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><i>Second Edition</i></td><td align="center"><i>April 1914</i></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><i>Third Edition</i></td><td align="center"><i>1921</i></td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p> - - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE">PREFACE</a></h2> - - -<p>Brittany can hardly claim the attention of -the tourist as a superlatively beautiful country. -The way in which trees are clipped and tortured -out of shape disfigures the sylvan landscape; and -of mountain scenery there is none. The ranges of -the Montaignes Noires and the Monts d'Arrez -are insignificant. Yet the valleys are pretty, but -never grand. The charm of Brittany is to be -found in the people and in the churches. The -former with their peculiar costumes, and their -customs are full of interest, and the latter are of -remarkable beauty and quaintness. The ordinary -tourist will hardly see much of the costume unless -he attends a <i lang="fr">pardon</i>, the Patron of the Irish -peasant; the patronal feast at some chapel -frequented only on the day of the pardon. But -the student of men and manners will find much -to interest him at such a gathering. The churches -are of extraordinary beauty, they are for the most -part of granite, but of a fine-grained granite that -lends itself to elaborate carving. And the -kersanten stone is employed, a dark volcanic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span> -product that is undercut and preserves its -sharpness through centuries, and is employed -for carving of lace-like delicacy. The coast -scenery is fine, but not of the finest description, -and varies very greatly from the granite cliffs -of Finistère to the sandy <em>dunes</em> of the Morbihan. -The towns are not comparable to those of Normandy -for the number and richness of their -mediæval domestic buildings, but are set in far -more charming surroundings. The cathedrals -are, for the most part small, Quimper and S. -Pol de Léon and Tréguier have the finest, but -these are of a French type, whereas the village -churches possess a stamp peculiar to Brittany, -where spared. Unhappily a passion has possessed -the people of late to pull down their -ancient churches and build new Houses of God -in very questionable taste. In the diocese of -Vannes the modern architecture is execrable, -but the architects of Quimper are of a vastly -higher type. They follow the old lines, and -imitate what is good, whereas in the Côtes du -Nord and in Morbihan, the modern work is insufferably -vulgar and bad. The whole country -teems with prehistoric antiquities, but these will -only interest those who have made such monuments -a special study; nevertheless Carnac and -Locmariaquer and Gavr' Inis cannot fail to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span> -impress the ordinary traveller with a sense of -astonishment at the majesty of the rude architecture -of a lost and mysterious people of whom -almost nothing is known, and whose one religious -idea seems to have been, the cult of the dead.</p> - -<p>The people are intensely religious. Religion -is their passion; and the efforts made by the -Republican government to tread it down, and -to de-Bretonise the people, have only intensified -their religious and national enthusiasm. The -Breton peasant is said to have a hard head. He -is obstinate and resists outside pressure to alter -his creed or his customs. The old Royalist -tendency of the Breton is a thing of the past. -He is content to be under a republic, if the -republic will only leave him alone. Fishing -and shooting may be obtained on easy terms, -and both are good. The roads are excellent -for the cyclist, and the costumes and the architecture -present inexhaustible subjects for the -camera. The inns are always clean, the charges -are moderate, and the fare very passable. No -part of Europe is so accessible, and contains so -much of interest in varied directions as Brittany. -It is a delightful land for a brief visit, it is full -of matter for study by one who can make there -a prolonged stay. The climate is mild, and not -so rainy as the West of England and Wales.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span> -The kindly people will always treat a traveller -with gracious courtesy. But Brittany, it must be -remembered, is divided into two very distinct -portions, that in which only French is spoken, -and that in which the language is Breton, closely -akin to Welsh. And of Brittany, by far the -most interesting portion is Finistère, where old -costumes and old customs are clung to more -tenaciously than elsewhere.</p> - -<p> -S. B. G.<br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">ix</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> - - - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#I">I</a>.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">General Features and Geology</span></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#II">II</a>.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Botany</span></td><td align="right">6</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#III">III</a>.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">History</span></td><td align="right">11</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#IV">IV</a>.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Antiquities</span></td><td align="right">24</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#V">V</a>.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Pardons</span></td><td align="right">26</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#VI">VI</a>.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Iconography</span></td><td align="right">29</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#VII">VII</a>.</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">General Instructions</span></td><td align="right">31</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Contractions">Description of Places in Brittany</a>, Arranged Alphabetically</span></td><td align="right">36-238</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INDEX_OF_PLACES">Index of Places</a></span></td><td align="right">239</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS">Index of Subjects</a></span></td><td align="right">244</td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a><br /><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS -AND MAPS</a></h2> - - - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Calvary, Plougastel</span></td><td align="right"><i><a href="#frontis">Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td align="right"><span style="margin-left: 8em;"><small>PAGE</small></span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Geological Map of Brittany</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#map1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Map of Brittany showing Limits of Breton Tongue</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#map2">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fougères</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p016">16</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Bridge, Auray</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p040">40</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ste. Anne d'Auray</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p042">42</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Lines of Erdeven</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p056">57</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Lines of Carnac</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p068">68</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">N.D. de la Fontaine, Daoulas</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p082">82</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">S. Sauveur, Dinan</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p084">84</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tower, Dinard</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p086">87</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ploaré</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p092">92</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">S. Fiacre</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p096">97</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fougères</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p100">100</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">xii</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">La Roche aux Fées, Essé</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p112">112</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Court, Josselin</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p113">113</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Calvary and Ossuary, S. Thégonnec</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p122">123</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Morlaix</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p146">146</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Church and Ossuary, Trégastel</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p150">150</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pontcroix</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p172">173</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">N.D. de Confort</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p174">174</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">In Quimper</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p180">180</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Cathedral, Quimper</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p182">182</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Locronan</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p183">183</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Quimperlé</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p186">186</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Cathedral, Rennes</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p188">188</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">S. Brieuc</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p196">196</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Le Kreisker, S. Pol de Léon</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p204">205</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tréguier Cathedral</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p216">217</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Vannes</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#p226">226</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> (<i>From a Photograph by Messrs Neurdein frères, Paris.</i>)</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Map of Brittany</span></td><td align="right">238</td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<a id="map1"></a> -<img src="images/map1.jpg" alt="GEOLOGICAL MAP OF BRITTANY" /></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span> - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<p class="half-title">BRITTANY</p> - - - -<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I. <span class="smcap">General Features and Geology</span></h2> - - -<p>Brittany, the extreme Western promontory -of the North of France, comprises -the five departments of Côtes-du-Nord, Ille-et-Vilaine, -Finistère, Morbihan, and Loire-Inférieure. -It is distinguished into Upper and -Lower Brittany. In the former the French -language is spoken, in the latter the Breton, and -French is an acquired tongue.</p> - -<p>The back-bone of Upper Brittany is the -chain of the Menez that runs from East to -West, and then branches, forming on the North -the Montagnes d'Arrée, and on the South, the -Montagnes Noires. The system may be likened -to a hay-fork or a pair of tongs, where the -prongs of the fork form the above-named ranges. -The whole rests on an elevated plateau that -slopes to the sea North and West, and on the -South dies down into the plain of the Vilaine -and the Loire.</p> - -<p>On the North this plateau is seamed by the -rivers that have cut narrow valleys and ravines -through which they make their way to the sea. -Such are the Rance, the Gouet, the rivière de -Morlaix, with the result that there is no coast-road,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span> -and the traveller passes along the main -arteries of traffic at some distance from the sea, -catching a glimpse of it only once at the Anse -d'Iffinac, and has to branch off from it to the -coast so as to make acquaintance with the bold -and picturesque coast.</p> - -<p>The mountain range is nowhere high, and -rarely reaches a thousand feet. The highest -point is the Mont Saint Michel which attains -to slightly over 1200 ft. The freshman arriving -at Cambridge asked where was the Gogmagog -range, and was told that he might see it when -an intervening cart got out of the way. Owing -to the ridges rising out of an elevated plateau, -they are almost as insignificant as the Gogmagogs. -However, the Menez-hom most nearly -attains to the dignity of a mountain, as it stands -above the Bay of Douarnenez, reaches however -only to 990 ft.</p> - -<p>Along the Western confines of the department -of Ille-et-Vilaine, the Menez spreads out into -high tableland sown with lakelets acting as -feeders to the Vilaine.</p> - -<p>The Monts d'Arrée, starting from the Coat-an-Noz -in Côtes-du-Nord, extend to the -peninsula of Crozon, they attain their highest -point at the Mont S. Michel, and decline as -they approach the sea. They rarely rise 300 ft. -above the tableland on which they are planted, -and this prevents them from having an imposing -appearance.</p> - -<p>The Montagnes Noires flank the central plain -on the South. Their maximum height is 1050<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span> -ft. After running S.W., they bend abruptly -towards the N.W., and terminate in the Menez-hom -in the Crozon peninsula.</p> - -<p>In the Morbihan, the Lande de Lanvaux, -running from W. to N.E., extends 50 kilometres, -and rises to the height of from 240 to -320 ft. between the basins of the Claye and the -Arz which unite at Redon to feed the Vilaine.</p> - -<p>The North coast of Brittany is eaten into bays -from which the sea retreats to considerable distances, -and is fringed with reefs and islands. It -is a favourite resort of Parisians, throughout its -stretch, from Dinard to Plestin.</p> - -<p>The West of this peninsula is torn into shreds -of promontories with deep inlets between them. -The promontories of S. Mathieu, Crozon, -Sizun, and Penmarch are bald, but bold. -Below the point of Penmarch the coast rapidly -trends S.E. and alters in character; it loses its -bleak desolation and ragged rocky nature, and -forms landlocked seas, as those of Belz and the -Morbihan; and the rocks make way for sand-dunes. -The island chain that constitutes a -natural breakwater to the bay of Quiberon is -the wreckage of the barrier of another inland -sea, broken up by the Atlantic surges. South -of the mouth of the Loire the island of -Noirmoutier stretches almost sufficiently far out -to enclose another.</p> - -<p>The plateau formation of the country is not -conducive to beauty, and its lovely sites must be -sought in the valleys, and its wildest scenes on -the coast. The deep cleft ravine of the Rance,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> -the sweet valley of the Elorn, that of the -Aulne, canalised, the Blavet, the Laïta and the -Arz, will richly repay tracing upward.</p> - -<p>The promontories of Crozon and Sizun till -of late years were bare and untilled, and heath-grown; -but the use of sardine heads as manure -has given a great impetus to agriculture, and the -demand for fir balks for the South Welsh mines -has caused the planting of vast tracts with the -Austrian pine.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The geological structure of Brittany is simple. -It consists of an immense upheaval of granite -through beds of Silurian and Cambrian schist. -Rare deposits of lime occur in the folds of these -beds. Dykes of quartz and diorite have traversed -the schist and granite, and the face of the country -is spotted with eruptions of igneous matter. It -is as though the crust had been full of blowholes -through which the molten diorite had -rushed to the surface. The presence of quartz -or diorite in the neighbourhood can always be -recognised by the employment of one or the -other to metal the roads.</p> - -<p>The granite extends from the bay of Mont -Saint Michel to the extreme point of Finistère -and reappears in the isles beyond; it is interrupted -only here and there by the sedimentary -beds. The Châteaulin district, however, and -the basin between the prongs of the mountain -fork, are all of Cambrian and Silurian beds. But -from the Pointe du Raz the granite extends -almost uninterruptedly to the Rhone.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span></p> - -<p>The Brittany granite is for the most part fine -grained and soft, so that it lends itself easily to -be carved, and has been freely employed in -churches and secular buildings from the 11th -century. But it is readily corroded by the -weather, and this has given to denuded surfaces -a smooth and rounded shape, and has taken the -angles off exposed masses that form tors, and -has occasioned the fall of many into utter ruin.</p> - -<p>A band of syenite runs from near Lamballe to -Cap Fréhel, where it forms magnificent cliffs. -Syenite again comes to the surface at Trégastel -and on the coast north of Morlaix. The Monts -d'Arrée are of Cambrian schist and furnish -slates here and there of good quality. Taking -a section across the inner basin, the granite is -quitted at Plounéour, then the ridge of Cambrian -schist is reached, after crossing the culminating -point of S. Michel, which is of Cambrian sandstone; -when we reach S. Herbot we are on -Silurian beds. Continuing our course south, -the sandstone makes way for slaty schists, and -to this succeeds the grauwacke of Brasparts. The -Montagnes Noires belong to the Silurian system.</p> - -<p>The Kersanton stone, so extensively employed -for figure and foliage sculpture in Lower Brittany, -is an amphibolite with mica freely comminuted -and distributed through the substance. -It is very dark in colour, and hardens with -exposure. It comes from quarries to the south -of the Rade de Brest.</p> - -<p>An interesting deposit is the tertiary limestone -of S. Juvat beside the Rance. It is of no<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> -great extent, but is of vast commercial importance. -The bed is composed of an agglomerate -of shells and bones. In places it lies under a -deposit of as much as 45 ft. of sand. It is a -veritable mine of wealth in a country so destitute -of lime as is Brittany.</p> - -<p>A mineralogical curiosity is the staurotides -found at Baud, Scaer, and in various places about -the Blavet. The peasants attach a superstitious -value to them as marked with the cross, and in -some they affect to recognise the nails. They -are often sold on stalls at a Pardon. They -are formed by trapdykes that have penetrated the -schist, and fused and run together some of its -constituents, which have afterwards crystallised, -sometimes as parallel prisms, at others as set -transversely forming the ordinary or the S. -Andrew's Cross.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -</div><div class="chapter"> -<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II. <span class="smcap">Botany</span></h2> - - -<p>The botany of Brittany is little varied owing -to the slight variation in the soil and subsoil, -schist and granite. It is but in rare spots where -occurs limestone that the flora is different. It -may be roughly divided into the class of plants -that affect the inland districts and the moors, -and that which flourishes on the seaboard. The -flora of a slate and granitic region, whether in -Scotland, Cornwall or Brittany, is much the -same. In the Guérande, where there are extensive -marshes, an interesting collection may be -made of aquatic plants, both those living in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span> -sweet water bogs and those that grow in brackish -water.</p> - -<p>A complete flora cannot be here attempted; -a brief account must suffice, with indications as -to the habitat of the rarer specimens.</p> - -<p>As one leaves the Loire, pre-eminently the -mouth of the Vilaine, it is easy to note the gradual -disappearance of many plants that are common -south of them. A few that abound there may still -occur, but as stragglers and stunted. And this -contrast becomes more striking the further north -we go. The cause of the poverty of the Breton -flora is the uniformity of the soil and the absence -of calcareous rocks, and this deprives us of an -entire series of plants that abound in Normandy -although the climate there is more rigorous. A -small number does exist, but only, as already -intimated, where there are pockets of limestone, -or else on the seaboard, where they can feed on -the wreckage of shells cast up by the sea, and -carried inland by the gales with the sand.</p> - -<p>The following is a list of the plants found in -calcareous soil in Brittany:—</p> - - - -<div class="center small"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<col width="50%" /><col width="50%" /> -<tr><td align="left">Fumaria parviflora.</td> -<td align="left">Astragallus glycyphyllis (Ren.).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Diplotaxis muralis.</td> -<td align="left">Potentilla verna.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" viminea.</span></td> -<td align="left">Galium spurium.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Arabis sagitata.</td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" tricorne (L. Inf.).</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Lepidium campestre.</td> -<td align="left">Dipsacus pilosus (Ren.).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Thlaspi perfoliatum (L. Inf.).</td> -<td align="left">Scabrosa columbaria.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Helianthemum vulgare.</td> -<td align="left">Cirsium acaule.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Althæa hirsuta (L. Inf.).</td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" eriophorum (L. Inf. Rennes).</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Silene inflata.</td> -<td align="left">Centaurea scabiosa.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Anthylis vulneraria.</td> -<td align="left">Orchis pyramidalis.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Podospermum laciniatum.</td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" hircina.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chlora perfoliata.</td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" palustris.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Lithospermum officinale.</td> -<td align="left">Ophrys aranifera.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Anchusa italica.</td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" apifera.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Cynoglossum pictum (Ren.).</td> -<td align="left">Juncus obtusiflorus.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Salvia sclarea.</td> -<td align="left">Carex nitida.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" pratensis (L. Inf.).</span></td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" paludosa (L. Inf.).</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Stachys germanica (L. Inf.).</td> -<td align="left">Avena putescens.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Stachys annua.</td> -<td align="left">Bromus erectus.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" recta (L. Inf.).</span></td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" arvensis.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Ajuga Chamæpitys.</td> -<td align="left">Adianthum Capillus Veneris.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Potamogeton Hornemanni (Rennes).</td> -<td align="left">Equisetum Telmateia.</td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<p>The maritime region is more rich and interesting, -and in addition to such as may be found in -limestone districts already registered, the following -is given as a list of plants that grow in sand:—</p> - - - -<div class="center small"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<col width="50%" /><col width="50%" /> -<tr><td align="left">Glaucium luteum.</td> -<td align="left">Asparagus officinalis.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Silene Otites.</td> -<td align="left">Allium sphærocephalum.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" conica.</span></td> -<td align="left">Muscari cornosum.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Spergula nodosa.</td> -<td align="left">Koeleria cristata.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Medicago minima.</td> -<td align="left">Aira canescens.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Ononis repens.</td> -<td align="left">Testuca uniglumis.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Ornithopus compressus.</td> -<td align="left">Geranium sanguineum.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Vicia lathyroides.</td> -<td align="left">Trifolium strictum.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Buplevrum aristatum.</td> -<td align="left">Rosa pimpinelli folia.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Corrigiola litteralis.</td> -<td align="left">Epilobium parvi florum.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Asperula cynanchica.</td> -<td align="left">Herniaria glabra.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Graphalium luteo-album.</td> -<td align="left">Oenanthe Lachenalii.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chondrilla juncea.</td> -<td align="left">Salvia verbenaca.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Cynanchum vincetoxicum.</td> -<td align="left">Samolus Valerandi.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Linaria supina.</td> -<td align="left">Thesium humifusum.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Salix repens.</td> -<td align="left">Carex punctata.</td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<p>Brittany, as already intimated, possesses no<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> -true mountains, only elevated moorland. There -are consequently to be found there no true -mountainous plants. Lycopodium Selago is rare -on a few elevated spots; Viola palustris and -Polystichum oreopteris belong to a submountainous -district. The only exceptional plant is a -peculiar form of Silene maritima that grows on -the summit of all the rocks of the Monts d' -Arrée. This range was once doubtless covered -by forest, as is shown by the presence on it of -Vaccinium myrtillus, a plant that lives in the -shade of trees, and which lingers on, in a stunted -condition, although the sheltering boughs are -long departed.</p> - -<p>The following is a list of some of the plants of -Lower Brittany that are rare in the departments -of Finistère, Morbihan, and Côtes-du-Nord, -omitting the names of those already given as -pertaining to calcareous soils and the seaboard -sands:—</p> - - - -<div class="center small"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<col width="50%" /><col width="50%" /> -<tr><td align="left">Thalictrum flavum.</td> -<td align="left">Trifolium Michelianum.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Fumaria micrantha.</td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" angustifolium.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Raphanus maritimus.</td> -<td align="left">Lupinus reticulatus.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Crambe maritima.</td> -<td align="left">Potentilla vaillantii.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Cochlearia anglica.</td> -<td align="left">Pyrus aucuparea.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Helianthemum umbellatum.</td> -<td align="left">Scleranthus perennis.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Viola palustris.</td> -<td align="left">Eryngium viviparum (sp.).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Astrocarpus Clusii.</td> -<td align="left">Torilio heterophylla.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Arenaria montana.</td> -<td align="left">Sium angustifolium.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Lavatera arborea.</td> -<td align="left">Œnanthe pimpinelloides.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Ervodium maritimum.</td> -<td align="left">Peucedanum officinale.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Ulex Galii.</td> -<td align="left">Linosyris vulgaris.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Adenocarpus complicatus.</td> -<td align="left">Artemisia gallica.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Erica vagans.</td> -<td align="left">Crepis setosa.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" setosa.</span></td> -<td align="left">Gladiolus illyricus.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Linaria pelisseriana.</td> -<td align="left">Pancratium maritimum.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" supera.</span></td> -<td align="left">Juncus obtusiflorus.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Teucrium scordium.</td> -<td align="left">Eriophorum vaginatum.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Statice rariflora.</td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" gracile.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Plantago carinata.</td> -<td align="left">Carex teretiuscula.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Quercus toza.</td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" triformis.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Zostera nana.</td> -<td align="left">Polypogon littoralis.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Epipactis palustris.</td> -<td align="left">Agrostis spica venti.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Malaxis paludosa.</td> -<td align="left">Cynosurus echinatus.</td></tr> -<tr><td></td> -<td align="left">Isoetes Delalandei.</td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<p>These in addition have been noted in -Finistère:—</p> - - -<div class="center small"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<col width="50%" /><col width="50%" /> -<tr><td align="left">Diplotaxis muralis.</td> -<td align="left">Scilla verna.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Astragallus Bayonensis.</td> -<td align="left">Juncus squarosus.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Pyrus aucuparea.</td> -<td align="left">Scerpus cœspitosus.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Cineraria spathulæfolia.</td> -<td align="left">Eriphorbium vaginatum.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Gentiana campestris (sp.).</td> -<td align="left">Carex dioica.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Erythria diffusa.</td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" punctata.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Lithospermum prostratum (sp.).</td> -<td align="left">Crypsis aculeata.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Anchusa italica.</td> -<td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" schœnoides.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Galeopsis versicolor (sp.).</td> -<td align="left">Bromus velutinus.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Teucrium scordium.</td> -<td align="left">Lycopodium selago (sp.).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Urtica membranacea (sp.).</td> -<td align="left">Grammitis leptophylla (sp.).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Triglossum Barrilieri.</td> -<td align="left">Polystichum oreopteris.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Orchis palustris.</td> -<td align="left">Hymerophyllum tunbridgense (sp.).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Narcissus reflexus (sp.).</td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<p>These also in the Côtes-du-Nord:—</p> - - -<div class="center small"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<col width="50%" /><col width="50%" /> -<tr><td align="left">Erodium botrys.</td> -<td align="left">Eufragia latifolia.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Selinum curvifolia.</td> -<td align="left">Polygonum bistorta (sp.).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Cirsium acaule.</td> -<td align="left">Paris quadrifolia.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Gentiana amarella (sp.).</td> -<td align="left">Aira flexuosa.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Symphytum tuberosum.</td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<p>Côtes-du-Nord has the advantage of the limestone -bed of S. Juvat, where many of the plants<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> -given in the first list may be gathered. Ille-et-Vilaine -is still more favourably situated for -calcareous rocks. There is a considerable basin -south of Rennes, with a corresponding flora, -generally known to botanists as the limestone -tract of S. Jacques.</p> - -<p>Such plants as are common throughout the -country have not been included in the lists.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="map2"></a> -<img src="images/map2.jpg" alt="MAP OF BRITTANY SHOWING LIMITS OF BRETON TONGUE" /> -</div> - -</div><div class="chapter"> -<h2><a id="III"></a>III. <span class="smcap">History</span></h2> - - -<p>Brittany, whose ancient name was Armorica -(Ar môr, by the sea), and which was known to -the Britons and Irish as Llydau, was originally -peopled by the race of the Dolmen-builders, a -brown eyed and dark haired people, who strewed -it with their monuments. To them followed the -Gauls, blue eyed and with flaxen hair; these -latter were divided into five tribes that occupied -severally the departments of Ille-et-Vilaine -(Redones), with their capital at Rennes; Côtes-du-Nord -(Curiosoliti), with their headquarters -at Corseul, near Dinan; Finistère (Osismi), -their capital of Carhaix; Morbihan (Veneti), -with their centre at Vannes; Loire Inférieure -(Nanneti), with a capital at Nantes.</p> - -<p>These tribes were subjugated by Cæsar, -and the Veneti almost exterminated by him. -Under the Romans, the culture and the language -of the conquerors were rapidly assimilated. -Christianity took root at Rennes and Nantes and -Vannes, but almost nothing was done for the -rural population, which probably still spoke its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span> -agglutinative tongue akin to the modern Basque. -The stately bishops of these Gallo-Roman cities -confined themselves to ministering to the cultured -residents within their walls, and in villas scattered -along the coast. The Gallo-Roman population -had dwindled to an incredible extent, under the -exactions of the imperial tax-gatherers, so that -all the country residences fell into ruin, and the -impoverished Gallo-Romans withdrew into the -towns. But early—very early in the 5th -century, fleets of British settlers came over, -flying from the swords of Picts and Scots, -and occupied the land about the mouth of the -Loire. By 469 they were so numerous as to -be able to send a contingent of twelve thousand -men to the assistance of the Romans against the -Visigoths.</p> - -<p>As a consequence of the Saxon invasion of -Britain the immigration grew, and the dispossessed -islanders sought and found a new -home in the Armorican peninsula, where they -established themselves under their own princes, -with their own institutions, civil and ecclesiastical, -and their own tongue. Thenceforth -Armorica ceased to be so called, and received -the name of Lesser Britain, and the current -language became British, identical with that now -spoken in Wales, and spoken till the 17th -century in Cornwall as well. Contact with -France along the East has gradually thrust back -the Breton language, but it is still spoken from -Guingamp, in a slanting line to the mouth of the -Loire. Two British kingdoms were formed,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -Domnonia and Cornubia; the former included -the Côtes-du-Nord and Finistère above the river -Elorn, and Cornubia or Cornouaille was the -district below that river, the basin between the -Monts d'Arrée and the Montagnes Noires, -and stretched to the river Ellé at Quimperlé. -All the department of Morbihan was the Bro-Weroc, -a county, but the British chief did not -call himself its king, probably because the -colonists did not get hold of Vannes, the capital, -which they enveloped but left unmolested.</p> - -<p>At first the British colonists admitted their -allegiance to their native princes in Britain, who -certainly came over, and were granted certain -lands as the royal <i lang="la">dominium</i> in the newly settled -land. Thus we have Geraint, King of Devon, -with his palace in Belle Ile, and portions of the -newly-acquired territory on the Blavet, in -Morbihan, and near Matignon, in Côtes-du-Nord. -His son Solomon, or Selyf, as was -his British name, also came over, and is said -to have fallen at Langollen, probably whilst -endeavouring to enforce taxes on the native -original pagan inhabitants.</p> - -<p>But as the insular power of the Britons was -broken, the colonists considered themselves independent, -and acknowledged a loose and ill-defined -submission to the Frank kings at Paris, -who, however, left them to be governed by their -native rulers.</p> - -<p>But not only did Britons settle in the land. -Large numbers of Irish arrived from Ossory and -Wexford, at the close of the 5th century, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> -settled along the west and north coast. No -traces of them are found south of Hennebont, -or west of Guingamp, but all the coastline of -Cornouaille and Léon was studded thick with -them.</p> - -<p>Now only was a serious attempt made to -convert the native population. The chiefs who -came over were attended or followed by their -brothers and cousins who were ecclesiastics, and -these were granted lands on condition that they -educated the young of the freeborn colonists of -the tribe, and ministered in sacred matters to the -tribesmen.</p> - -<p>The work of the evangelisation of Ireland -seems to have sent a thrill through Brittany, and -to have been taken up there with energy. -Missionary colleges were formed by some of -the assistants of Patrick, which should serve as -training places for those who were to assist in -carrying on the apostolic work in Ireland.</p> - -<p>The principal <em>Irish</em> founders in the country -were:—Fiacc, Bishop of Sletty, called in -Breton Vi'ho; Tighernac, Bishop of Clogher -and Clones, in Breton Thégonnec; Eugenius, -Bishop of Ardstraw, in Breton Saint Tugean; -Senan, Abbot of Inniscathy (Breton Seny), -Setna, his disciple, in Breton Sezni; Conleath, -Bridget's domestic bishop, in Breton Coulitz, -Ronan and Brendan.</p> - -<p>The principal <em>British</em> founders were:—Cadoc, -Brioc, Tugdual, Leonore, Paulus Aurelianus, -Curig, Caradoc, Gildas, and his crippled son -Kenneth; David, Samson, Malo, Arthmael,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> -Meven, and Mancen or Mawgan—this latter -closely allied with the Irish mission. Nonna, -mother of S. David, Ninnoc, Noyala, and -disciples of S. Bridget, established institutions -for the education of the daughters of the freemen -of the tribe to which the schools were -attached.</p> - -<p>In 845, Nominoe, who had been invested -with the lieutenancy of Brittany by Louis the -Pious, led a revolt against Charles the Bald, -and established the independence of Brittany -that lasted till the Duchess Anne brought it -under the French crown, 1491. From the -close of the 9th century, and throughout the -10th, the coast was ravaged by the Northmen, -Frisians and Danes, and the insecurity inland -caused the desertion of the country and the -flight of the monks carrying the relics of their -founders to walled towns in the heart of France. -That Brittany should thus fall a prey to these invaders -was largely due to the divisions that existed -among its princes, who could not or would not -combine against the common foe. At length -Alan, Count of Vannes, did succeed in rallying -the Britons, and defeated the Northern -pirates, which secured rest for fifteen years. -For the first time under him did the Gallo-Roman -towndwellers consent to make common -cause with the descendants of the British -colonists.</p> - -<p>On the death of Alan (907) the Northmen -reappeared, and a great many Bretons under -Count Matthuedoi of Poher fled to England<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span> -and threw themselves on the protection of -Athelstan.</p> - -<p>In 938, Alan Barbetorte, godson of Athelstan, -returned from England and drove out the Normans. -Nantes was in such complete ruin that -when Alan sought to reach the fallen altar of -the cathedral church, there to offer up his thanks -for victory gained, he was constrained to hew -his way to it through a thicket of thorns and -brambles.</p> - -<p>After the expulsion of the Northmen Brittany -was reorganised. Hitherto the colonists had -been divided into tribes, each of which was a -<i lang="br">plou</i>, and no Gallo-Roman could enter into one -such. But after the victories of Alan Barbetorte -the plous were not reconstructed, and the -feudal system succeeded to that which was -tribal.</p> - -<p>Brittany was now broken up into a hierarchy -of counties and seigneuries, and the king -abandoned the royal title and contented himself -with that of duke. The great counties were those -of Léon, Cornouaille, Poher, Porhoet, Penthièvre, -Rennes and Nantes. Five barons defended the -eastern frontier, holding their fiefs under the -Count of Rennes; these were Châteaubriant, -la Guerche, Vitré, Fongères and Combourg. -The whole vast inland forest was given to the -Counts of Rennes, it was Porhoet. It was -divided into two parts. In the east the seigneuries -of Gael, Loudéac and Malestroit were -created as fiefs. In the west there was but a -single seigneurie, that of Porhoet; the viscount<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> -lived at Josselin. Later it was broken up and -gave birth to the viscounty of Rohan.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p016"></a> -<img src="images/p016.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">FOUGÈRES</div> -</div> - -<p>The old kingdom of Cornouaille became a -county with vassal barons at Pont l'Abbé, Pont -Croix, the abbot of Landevennec, and the -viscount of Le Faou. In the interior were the -viscounts of Poher and Gourin.</p> - -<p>The old kingdom of Domnonia was divided into -three counties, Léon, Penthièvre and Tréguier.</p> - -<p>The Ducal crown did not long remain in the -family of Alan Barbetorte. After internecine -war lasting forty years, Conan, Count of Rennes, -assumed the title (990), and the dukes of his -house spent their time in fighting and crushing -their own kinsmen. Geoffrey I. had married a -Norman wife, and he had by her two sons, -Alan and Eudo. In 1034 Eudo, jealous and -ambitious, demanded of his brother a share in -the duchy. Alan gave him the counties of -Tréguier and Penthièvre, and thus Eudo became -the ancestor of that great and dangerous -family of Penthièvre, which maintained undying -rivalry with the ducal house, and made of -Brittany a field of civil war for centuries. -Conan II. succeeded as a child of three months, -and his uncle ruled in his name, aided by the -Normans. When Conan came of age, he had -to fight against Eudo; he invaded Normandy, -but was cut off by poison. When William the -Conqueror became King of England, Brittany -was nipped between France and Normandy, and -became an object of ambition to both, and a -common battlefield.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span></p> - -<p>For five hundred years this continued. -Brittany writhed and strove for her independence, -and had no desire to become either -a province of France or an English colony. -The war broke out under Duke Hoel in 1076 -when he invoked the aid of Philip I. against -William the Conqueror. However, under Alan -Fergant and Conan III. the land had rest for -eighty years, and then the trouble began again -with renewed violence. Conan's death in 1148 -gave rise to a war of succession that lasted eight -years. Conan IV. assisted by the English -succeeded in establishing himself in the ducal -seat, and he favoured the English in every way. -Henry II. of England married his son Geoffrey -Plantagenet to Constance, daughter of Conan IV., -the heiress of Brittany, and Geoffrey was crowned -at Rennes in 1169. This was of advantage so -far that it introduced Norman civilisation into a -duchy that was backward and barbarous. The -churches built in the 12th century were erected -by architects of the Norman and French schools. -Such are the cathedrals of S. Pol-de-Léon and -S. Malo and the churches of Guérande. -Geoffrey died in 1187, and his son Arthur -fell into the hands of his uncle, King John, who -had him murdered at Rouen (1203). Constance -did not die broken-hearted and despairing, -as represented by Shakespeare, but married -Guy de Thouars, and had by him a daughter and -heiress, who was married to Pierre de Dreux.</p> - -<p>We may pass over the ensuing history till we -reach John III. who died in 1341, without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> -issue, and who, hating his half-brother, Jean de -Montfort, bequeathed the succession to his niece -Jeanne de Penthièvre, whom he married to -Charles de Blois, nephew of Philip VI. of -France. This was the signal for the outbreak -of the terrible and desolating War of the -Succession of the two Jeannes. In it, neither -of those most interested were for the most part -of the time leaders of their hosts. At the -outset Jean de Montfort was taken prisoner -(1342), and was kept in prison till his health -was broken, and he was discharged only to die -(1345). But his intrepid wife Jeanne of -Flanders carried on the conflict. At the -Battle of La Roche-Derrien (1347) Charles -of Blois was captured and conveyed a prisoner -to England, and the conduct of the war fell to -his wife Jeanne. The English espoused the -side of Montfort, and the French that of -Charles of Blois. The success of the battle of -La Roche was followed by the signal victory -of Mauron (1352). The war dragged on, and -Charles was released in 1356, to renew the -contest with fresh cruelty. He had now as his -best assistant Bertrand du Guesclin, an heroic -and honourable soldier, and one of the best -captains France has produced. But in the -decisive battle of Auray (1364) Charles was -killed, and Du Guesclin taken prisoner. A -few months later, Jean de Montfort the younger -was recognised duke under the title of John IV. -But the war was not at an end. Now that Charles -was dead, the Bretons of Penthièvre rallied about<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> -Oliver de Clisson, and the old strife continued -under other names.</p> - -<p>The country was ravaged by Companies, -under commanders who passed from one side -to the other as suited their convenience. -John IV. attempted to have Clisson assassinated -in Paris (1392). The attempt failed, and -served only to exasperate Clisson and aggravate -the war. It was resolved into a family vendetta. -In 1420 Oliver de Clisson, grandson of Charles -de Blois, and of Oliver, treacherously obtained -possession of John V. and imprisoned him. A -war ensued, and before the duke could be -liberated, much blood was shed; as the cause -of the Penthièvre family was not, on this occasion, -espoused by France, it was crushed and -the apanage of Penthièvre was confiscated.</p> - -<p>Francis I. (1442-50) conceived an animosity -against his brother Gilles de Bretagne whom he -accused of favouring the English. He delivered -him over to his mortal enemy, who starved the -unhappy prince to death. Pierre II. succeeded, -but as he died without issue, as well as Francis, -the succession passed to Arthur of Richmond -their uncle. He was succeeded by Francis II. -who died in 1488, leaving an heiress, Anne, -who married first Charles VIII. of France -(1491), and on the death of Charles (1498) -married Louis XII., and thus, the duchy was -finally united to the crown of France.</p> - -<p>The Reformation made no way with the -people of Brittany, but was embraced by the -Rohan, the Rieux, the Laval, and other noble<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span> -lords, who coveted the estates of the Church. -The chateaux of Blain and Vitré were for a -while centres of Huguenot propaganda in Brittany. -The province would, however, have remained -at peace, but that its governor, the Duke de -Mercœur was a devoted adherent to the house -of Guise, and he proposed to make of Brittany -a stronghold of the League. When Henry IV. -came to the throne in 1589, he was a Calvinist. -There were three parties in Brittany mutually -antagonistic, the Leaguers supported from Spain, -the Huguenots and the Royalists. The city of -Rennes, without abandoning the Faith remained -true to Henry IV. Nantes became the headquarters -of the League. The Huguenots, from -Vitré, and the castles of the family of Rohan, -swept the country ravaging and burning. Nine -years of war ensued between 1589 and 1598. -A swarm of brigands placed themselves under -the flag of the League, or of the King or of the -Bible, and wrought intolerable misery. Moreover, -the peasants, maddened by their sufferings, -rose against all alike, besieged the castles indiscriminately -and massacred every man in harness. -Brittany was almost depopulated, and wolves -preyed on human corpses in the open day. One -of the worst ruffians of this period was Fontenelle, -a cadet of the Breton family of Beaumanoir. -He sacked Roscoff, Carhaix, and ravaged the -diocese of Tréguier. But his worst atrocities -were committed at Pont l'Abbé and Penmarch, -which was once a flourishing town rivalling -Nantes, but which has never recovered the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span> -butcheries there committed by Fontenelle, and -its ruined houses have never been rebuilt. The -atrocities committed by him at Pont l'Abbé -defy description. He delighted in seating his -victims on iron chairs and broiling them to -death, or in immersing them in mid-winter in -vats of ice-cold water, and thus leaving them to -perish in dungeons. In some parishes visited -by him, where the population had numbered a -thousand adults, he reduced it to twelve. To -the miseries produced by civil war succeeded a -Black Death, which almost completed the depopulation. -Fontenelle was taken in 1598, but -pardoned; he was arrested for fresh crimes in -1602, and slowly tortured to death.</p> - -<p>The province remained in peace till 1675, -when taxation became so burdensome, that the -people rose in insurrection. It was put down -with great barbarity.</p> - -<p>We pass on to the Revolution, and to the -noble stand made by the Breton peasantry -against the bloodthirsty ruffians, who had grasped -the reins of power. Liberty, Equality and -Fraternity in the mouths of these latter meant -Tyranny, Robbery and Massacre. Again the soil -of Brittany was drenched in blood. The curés -were hunted like wild beasts, and when caught -were hung, guillotined or shot. Under the -Terror the moderate Breton deputies who -belonged to the party of the Girondins had to -fly for their lives. The Convention sent down -into Brittany Carrier and others, the scum of -humanity to "purify" the country. <span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span>Twenty eight -Girondists were guillotined at Brest. Anyone -who was held suspect was at once sent to -his death. The Loire at Nantes was choked -with the bodies of inoffensive men, women and -children, drowned in the Noyades.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="fr">Chouans</i>, as the peasants were called -who rose against their tyrants, were commanded -in Morbihan by Cadoudal. In July, 1795, -an English fleet disembarked several regiments -of French <i lang="fr">emigrés</i>. Hoche came upon them, -and exterminated all in cold blood, to the -number of 952. Nantes and S. Brieuc were -taken by the peasants, but the firm hand of -Bonaparte now held the reins, and put down all -opposition. Cadoudal was guillotined.</p> - -<p>At the present day, Brittany is still the stronghold -of Catholicism in France. As to the -rights of legitimists, Orleanists or Bonapartists, -the peasants concern themselves little, but to -touch their religion is to touch them to the quick. -The Republican Government does all in its -power to destroy the cohesion of the Breton -people, and its attachment to the Faith of its -Fathers. The masters have been forbidden to -employ the Breton language in the schools, and -in 1901 an order was addressed by Waldeck -Rousseau to all the Bishops and Clergy of Lower -Brittany forbidding them to preach in the language -understood by the people, on pain of withdrawal -of their stipends: an order that has been very -properly disregarded.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile national or rather provincial feeling -is deepening and intensifying. Opposition only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span> -makes the Breton the more stubborn. The -Breton has not much ambition. All he asks -is to be left alone to work out his own destiny, -strong in his religious convictions, "Français—oui, -mais Breton avant tout."</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -</div><div class="chapter"> -<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV. <span class="smcap">Antiquities</span></h2> - - -<p>The prehistoric remains that abound in -Brittany consist of <em>Dolmens</em>, <i>i.e.</i> a certain -number of stones set on end rudely forming a -chamber, and covered with one or more capstones.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="fr">Allée Couverte</i> is a dolmen on a large -scale. Both served as family or tribal ossuaries.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="fr">Menhir</i> is a single standing stone; the -<em>alignment</em> is a number of these uprights often in -parallel lines, extending some distance.</p> - -<p>The <em>cromlech</em> according to the signification -accorded to it in France is a circle of standing -stones.</p> - -<p>The <em>lech</em> is the lineal descendant of the -menhir. It is a stone often bearing an inscription, -or a rude cross, set up by the British or -Irish settlers. The lech is sometimes round.</p> - -<p><em>Tumuli</em> and <em>Camps</em> are numerous, but they are -not often referred to in the following pages.</p> - -<p>Of <em>Roman remains</em>, there are relics of an -aqueduct near Carhaix, and there have been -numerous villas uncovered, notably near Carnac, -but these are almost all recovered with earth. -The most remarkable Roman monument extant<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span> -is the Temple of Mars, a fragment near -Corseul.</p> - -<p>The <em>Venus</em> of Quinipili, a Roman Gallic idol, -shall be spoken of under the head of Baud.</p> - -<p>Of early churches,—earlier than the 10th -cent. there are none, there are but the crypt -of Lanmeur and perhaps the arches and piers -of Loconnolé near Morlaix, and possibly the -Western arches of Plouguer by Carhaix that can -be attributed to the 10th century. After that come -considerable remains of <i>Romanesque</i> churches, -beginning with the plain unmoulded round arch -resting on plain rectangular piers, and gradually -becoming enriched. (11th century and beginning -of 12th.)</p> - -<p><em>First pointed</em>, with lancet windows, no tracery, -and arches struck from two centres. (Middle -of 12th century and beginning of 13th.)</p> - -<p><em>Second pointed</em> or <em>Geometrical</em>. Tracery becomes -rich in windows, but always of a -geometrical design. (Middle of 13th century -and throughout 14th.)</p> - -<p><em>Third pointed</em> or <em>Flamboyant</em>. Tracery like -flame, recurving, gradually all cusping abandoned. -Arches employed in ornamentation struck from -four centres. (15th century and beginning of -16th.)</p> - -<p><em>Rénaissance.</em> At first classic detail with -Gothic outline, and tracery in its last decay. -At last all tracery abandoned, and design stiffens -and loses all Gothic feeling. (Middle of 16th -century to middle of 17th.)</p> - -<p><em>Baroque.</em> Round headed windows, no tracery,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> -clumsy mouldings, no taste whatever, but barbarous -enrichment. (End of 17th century and -18th.)</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -</div><div class="chapter"> -<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V. <span class="smcap">The Pardons</span></h2> - - -<p>The Pardons are the religious gatherings of -the people, not often in the towns, but about -some chapel on an island, on a hill top, in a -wood. There may be seen the costumes in -all their holiday beauty.</p> - -<p>A Pardon begins with vespers on the night -before the Feast. Pilgrims arrive for that, and -sleep in the church, the chapel, under hedges. -They sing their cantiques or hymns till they -sing themselves to sleep. The first mass is said -at 3 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> and the true pilgrims communicate till -the last has received, when they depart. An -ordinary visitor arriving, say at 10 <span class="smcap">A.M.</span>, will -hardly see a single pilgrim. The rest come to -join in the devotions. They attend mass, take -part in the afternoon (3 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span>) procession, and -buy memorials, and ribbons, and sweetstuff, and -pictures at the stalls.</p> - -<p>Almost every Pardon has a character of its -own, and a description of one by no means -attaches to all. In Côtes-du-Nord the Pardon -is only found genuine in the Breton speaking -portion, elsewhere it has degenerated into an -ordinary village feast.</p> - -<p>Sometimes, and in some places, there is an -evening procession carrying lighted candles, in -some a bonfire figures lighted by a figure of an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> -angel which descends from the chapel or -church spire. At some there are wrestling -and games in the afternoon, at others there is -dancing, but usually all is quiet and the peasants -disperse after the afternoon procession.</p> - -<p>By the sea, the arrival of the boats with maidens -in white and banners is a pretty sight; at one -Pardon, the sailors proceed, barefooted in their -shirts, in performance of a vow, when delivered -in a storm.</p> - -<p>A visitor who desires to be present at one of -the most popular Pardons should secure rooms a -month beforehand, and even then he may be -dispossessed if the Government or military -authorities have seized on the occasion of a -Pardon to billet a regiment on the place, an -experience the writer has twice had to undergo.</p> - -<p>Another quarter century will probably see the -last of the Pardons. It will not be due to -the decay of the religious feeling among the -people—that need not be feared—but to Governmental -opposition, and the indecent behaviour of -the tripper, which will perhaps induce the clergy -to discourage them. (Matt. vii. 6.) A word to -the invariably courteous and kindly curé will often -secure for the visitor a place of vantage in the -gallery, and it is only due to him to ask if he -objects to a snap-shot with the kodak at the -procession. To photograph a man when engaged -in his devotions, or a woman making her painful -pilgrimage barefooted is not calculated to impress -the peasant with the good-feeling of the -English visitor. The Breton is tender-hearted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span> -and sensitive, and should ever be respected. -At a great Basse-Bretagne Pardon and fair, -one may wander till late among the thousands -gathered there, enjoying themselves on merry-go-rounds -and at shooting stalls, and see no horseplay, -no rudeness, no drunkenness.</p> - -<p>At a Pardon one sees and marvels at the -wondrous faces of this remarkable people:—the -pure, sweet and modest countenances of the girls, -and those not less striking of the old folk. "It -is," says Durtal (<cite>En Route</cite>), "the soul which is -everything in these people, and their physiognomy -is modelled by it. There are holy brightnesses -in their eyes, on their lips, those doors to the -borders of which the soul alone can come, from -which it looks forth and all but shows itself."</p> - -<p>Goodness, kindness, as well as a cloistral -spirituality stream from their faces. One -incident may be noticed to show of what -stuff their charity consists. After the wreck -of the <em>Drummond Castle</em> when the bodies -were washed up on the Ile-Molène, the -women readily gave up their holiday costumes—costumes -which it takes a girl twenty years of -economies to acquire—and in these they clothed -and buried the dead women washed ashore.</p> - -<p>The Pardons in the Bigauden district are the -most showy. The Bigaudens delight in bright -colours, but they are not a religious or a moral -people, and they do not exhibit the fervent and -deep-seated piety of the genuine Bretons. The -Bigaudens occupy the promontory of Sizun and -Pont l'Abbé. This people, peculiar in appearance<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> -and distinct in character from the Bretons, -are supposed to belong to the primitive population -of Ivernians before the coming of the British -colonists. They are looked on with mistrust, -if not aversion by the Bretons, whom they can -generally over-reach in a bargain.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -</div><div class="chapter"> -<h2><a name="VI" id="VI">VI</a>. <span class="smcap">Iconography</span></h2> - - -<p>It may interest some travellers to be able to -identify some of the more common Saints -of Brittany whose statues are to be found in -the churches, chapels, and over the Holy Wells. -A few of the Roman Saints are added who are -thrusting the native ones from their niches.</p> - -<p>Ste. Anne, with the B.V.M. at her side, -sometimes with her on one arm and Christ on -the other.</p> - -<p>S. Armel, in a brown habit, with a cap on -his head, an amice over the right shoulder, with -a dragon whom he holds by a stole.</p> - -<p>Ste. Aude or Haude, as a damsel carrying -her head.</p> - -<p>S. Bieuzy, as a monk with his head cleft.</p> - -<p>S. Brioc, as a bishop with a wolf licking his -feet.</p> - -<p>S. Budoc, as a bishop with a barrel at his side.</p> - -<p>S. Cadoc, as an abbot holding a bell.</p> - -<p>S. Corentin, as a bishop carrying a fish.</p> - -<p>S. David, as an archbishop with archiepiscopal -crozier.</p> - -<p>S. Edern, as a monk riding on a stag.</p> - -<p>S. Efflam, in ducal habit, with sceptre, -treading on a dragon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span></p> - -<p>S. Fiacre, in brown habit, holding a spade.</p> - -<p>S. Fingar, Eguinger, or Guingar, as a prince, -with sword and palm branch.</p> - -<p>S. Gildas, in monastic habit, with a snarling -dog at his feet.</p> - -<p>S. Gwen Teirbron, seated, with crown, and -three breasts, her children on her knees or at her -feet.</p> - -<p>S. Gwénole (Winwaloe), as an abbot, no -special symbol.</p> - -<p>S. Haude, a damsel carrying her head.</p> - -<p>S. Herbot, as an anchorite with an ox at his -feet.</p> - -<p>S. Hervé, as a blind monk, a boy or a wolf -at his side.</p> - -<p>S. Meliau, as a king or duke, bearing sword -and palm branch, or sceptre.</p> - -<p>S. Melor, a boy with one hand and one foot -cut off.</p> - -<p>Ste. Ninnoc, in robes as a nun, a stag at her feet.</p> - -<p>Ste. Noyala, as a princess holding her head in -her hands.</p> - -<p>S. Paul of Léon, in episcopal habits, treading -on a dragon, and with a bell in his hands.</p> - -<p>S. Samson, as archbishop.</p> - -<p>S. Solomon, in royal robes, and with a dagger -in his breast.</p> - -<p>S. Thégonnec, as a bishop with a cart drawn -by wolves.</p> - -<p>S. Theilo, as an abbot or bishop riding on a -stag.</p> - -<p>S. Tujean, as a bishop with a mad dog at his -side.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span></p> - -<p>S. Vincent Ferrier, in monastic habit, holding -a trumpet, and with wings.</p> - -<p>S. Yves, in a white robe with long sleeves -and doctor's bonnet, giving judgment sometimes -between a rich suitor and a poor man.</p> - -<p>S. Anthony of Padua, as a Franciscan, with -the Child Jesus on one arm.</p> - -<p>S. Barbara, with a tower at her side.</p> - -<p>S. Cornelius, as Pope, with an ox at his feet.</p> - -<p>S. Eligius, as bishop, with a horse at his side.</p> - -<p>S. Isidore, dressed as a Breton peasant in -bragoubraz (baggy breeches), holding a sickle.</p> - -<p>S. Joseph, aged and holding a lily, sometimes -with the Child Jesus on his arm.</p> - -<p>S. Roch, as a pilgrim showing a wound in -one leg.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -</div><div class="chapter"> -<h2><a name="VII" id="VII">VII</a>. <span class="smcap">General Instructions</span></h2> - - -<p>In the humblest village one may reckon on -obtaining good meals, but not always on having -dry sheets. It is not customary to air the latter, -and except in hot dry weather, it is well to be on -one's guard in this matter. Water should never -be drunk. Too frequently it is drawn from the -well in the yard, and is contaminated. Coffee -in out of the way parts, even at such headquarters -as Carhaix, is not coffee at all, but -roast lupin berries.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The ordinary charge for -déjeuner at 11.30 is 2.50, with cider and coffee, -and 3 francs for dinner at 7 p.m. But in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> -second class inns is 50 centimes less. A bed is -usually 1.50 or 2 francs. Sanitary arrangements -are rudimentary. Usually one can rely on freedom -from vermin, but it is well to be provided -with a small bottle of oil of lavender, a preservative -against bugs; but it will be needed -exceptionally only. The commercial traveller -is all pervading. He is sometimes interesting, -occasionally objectionable, if a <i lang="fr">farceur</i> usually -the latter. On entering a café or railway -carriage, it is customary to raise the hat, so also -in leaving. For Maps get those of the État -Majeur, 57 Brest, 73 Châteaulin, 60 Dinan, -41 Lannion, 88 Lorient, 58 Morlaix, 117 -Nantes, 40 Plouguerneau, 74 Pontivy, 87 -Pont l'Abbé, 72 Quimper, 90 Redon, 75 -Rennes, 59 S. Brieuc, 42 Tréguier, 89 Vannes, -102 Belle Ile, 56 Ouessant. Of these each has -4 sheets, N.W., N.E., S.W., S.E., except -these—102 Belle Ile has a single sheet, S.E., -Lannion has only N.E., S.W., S.E., 56 -Ouessant has only N.E., 87 Pont l'Abbé -only N.E., Tréguier only N.W., S.W., S.E.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This is mixed with chicory, and is very liable to -upset the stomach.</p></div> - -<p>Each sheet costs about 25 centimes or 2½d. -The same can be had in colours at 1 franc per -sheet, but there is no great advantage in these -latter.</p> - -<p>In this book routes have not been given, as -there is such a diversity of manner of travelling -in these days, some going by train, and some by -bicycle and motor car. For the latter the best -map is that published by the cycling club, as it -gives the roads that are suitable, and the hills are all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> -indicated. The line adopted in this book has -been to give the chefs-lieux d'arrondissement, and -a few other places that are suitable as centres, -and to indicate what is to be seen within an easy -range all round.</p> - -<p>Less details have been given relative to the -Department of Ille-et-Vilaine, at least as to certain -portions of it which do not offer much of -interest to encourage a visit, and with regard to -Loire Inférieure only the truly Breton region -of Guérande and S. Nazaire has been included.</p> - -<p>The following list of headquarters is recommended, -whence excursions may be made -radiating on all sides. Places of little moment -and regions that need not occupy a visitor's time -are omitted.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="hang1"><i>Côtes-du-Nord.</i>—<span class="smcap">Dinan.</span> Thence Lamballe, -Plancoet, Ploubalay, Dol, Jugon, Becherel.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Guingamp.</span> Thence Belle-Ile, Pontrieux, -Plouagat, Bourbriac.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Lannion.</span> Thence Perros-Guirec, Plestin.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Loudéac.</span> Thence Uzel, Plouguenast, La -Chèze, Mur.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Paimpol.</span> Thence Lézardrieux, Pontrieux, -Plouha and Iles de Bréhat.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Plouaret.</span> Thence Plestin, Begard and -Belle-Ile.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Rostrenen.</span> Thence S. Nicolas du Pélem, -Maël Carhaix, Goarec.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">S. Brieuc.</span> Thence Etables, Châtelaudren, -Quintin, Lamballe.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Tréguier.</span> Thence Lézardrieux, La Roche-Derrien.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span></p> - -<p class="hang1"><i>Finistère.</i>—<span class="smcap">Audierne.</span> The Cap Sizun.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Brest.</span> Thence S. Rénan, Ploudalmezeau, -Lannilis, Plabennec, and Ouessant.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Châteaulin.</span> Thence Crozon, Le Faou, -Pleyben.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Châteauneuf-le-Faou.</span> Thence Pleyben -and Montagnes Noires.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Huelgoët.</span> The Montagnes d'Arrée.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Landerneau.</span> Thence Daoulas, Ploudiry, -Sizun, and the Montagnes d'Arrée.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Landivisiau.</span> Thence S. Thégonnec, Plouzévédé, -Ploudiry and Sizun.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Lesneven</span>, the coast by Plounéour-trez.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Morlaix.</span> Thence Lanmeur, Taulé, Plouigneau, -S. Thégonnec.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Pont-aven.</span> Concarneau, Fouesnant.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Pont l'Abbé</span>, the Penmarch peninsula.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Ploudalmezeau</span>, Lannilis, and the coast.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">S. Pol-de-Léon.</span> Plouescat and the Ile-de-Batz.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Quimper</span> may be made a centre for much, -owing to several lines of railway diverging -from it. Briec, Rosporden, Douarnenez, -Pont Croix, Plougastel S. Germain, Pont -l'Abbé.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Quimperlé.</span> Thence Bannalec, Pont-aven, -Pont Scorff.</p> - -<p class="hang1"><i>Morbihan.</i>—<span class="smcap">Auray.</span> Thence Pluvigner, Belz, -Carnac, Quiberon.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Baud.</span> Thence Pluvigner, Locminé and the -Blavet River.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Grand-Champ.</span> Thence the Landes de -Lanvaux, and S. Jean de Brévelez.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Hennebont.</span> Thence Pont Scorff, Plonay, -Lorient, Port Louis.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">La Faouët.</span> Thence Gourin and Guéméné.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Ploermel.</span> Thence Josselin, Mauron, -Guer, La Trinité-Porhoet.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Pontivy.</span> Thence Cleguerec, Guéméné, the -Blavet valley, Mur, Rohan.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Rochefort-en-Terre.</span> Thence Elven, and -the Lande de Lanvaux, Malestroit, la -Gacelly, Questembert.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Vannes.</span> The Morbihan, and Sarzeau, -Elven and Grand Champ.</p> - -<p class="hang1"><i>Ille-et-Vilaine.</i>—<span class="smcap">Becherel.</span> Thence Tinténiac, -Hédé.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Dinard.</span> Thence S. Malo, Cancale, S. -Servan, Châteauneuf, Dol.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Dol.</span> Thence Combourg.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Fougères.</span> Thence Louvigné, S. Briac-en-Congles, -S. Aubin-du-Cormier.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Montfort.</span> Thence S. Méen and Montauban.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Redon.</span> Thence Allaire, la Gacilly, Pipriac, -Fougeray, S. Nicolas.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Rennes.</span> Thence Mordelles, Guichen, -Château-Giron, Janzé.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Vitré</span> Thence Châteaubourg and Argentré-du-Plessis.</p> - -<p class="hang1"><i>Loire Inférieure.</i>-<span class="smcap">Guérande.</span> La Grande -Brière and the Saltmarshes.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Le Croisic.</span> Sea coast and Saltmarshes.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">S. Nazaire</span>, mouth of the Loire.</p></blockquote> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span></p> - - - - -<h3><a name="Contractions" id="Contractions"></a><i>Contractions</i></h3> - - - - - -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="left">Arr.</td><td align="left">=</td><td align="left">Arrondissement.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">C.N.</td><td align="left">=</td><td align="left">Côtes-du-Nord (Department).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Chl.</td><td align="left">=</td><td align="left">Chef-lieu.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Com.</td><td align="left">=</td><td align="left">Commune.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">F.</td><td align="left">=</td><td align="left">Finistère (Department).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">I.V.</td><td align="left">=</td><td align="left">Ille-et-Vilaine (Department).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">L.I.</td><td align="left">=</td><td align="left">Loire Inférieure (Department).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">M.</td><td align="left">=</td><td align="left">Morbihan (Department).</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">N.D.</td><td align="left">=</td><td align="left">Notre Dame.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">P.</td><td align="left">=</td><td align="left">Pardon.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlt">*</td><td class="tdlt">=</td><td align="left"><div class="hang">A convenient staying place whence to make excursions, and where are tolerable inns.</div></td></tr> -</table> - -<h3><i>Cheflieux and Surroundings</i></h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Argentré</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Vitré. In the -neighbourhood are many small lakes, forming -one of the arms of the Vilaine, one of the -sources of which is in the forest of Pertré. -The château de <i>Plessis</i> is of the 15th cent. and -has been restored. In it is a portrait of Mme. -de Sevigné by Mignard. The circular chapel -is of the 17th cent.</p> - -<p>At <i>Primel</i> is a chapel of the 15th cent. A -calvary is in the parish churchyard.</p> - -<p>At <i>Etrelles</i> the church is of the beginning of -the 16th cent.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Arzano</span> (F.) chl. arr. Quimperlé. An uninteresting -place, but some pretty scenery on the -Ellé and Isole. The neighbourhood is best -visited from Quimperlé.</p> - -<p>* AUDIERNE (F.) a com. of Pontcroix. -A large fishing village, at the mouth of a tidal -creek, into which flows the insignificant Goujen. -The entrance to the harbour is dangerous. The -river front of the village or town is occupied -almost wholly by <i lang="fr">buvettes</i>. Sardines are here -tinned. The church, originally dedicated to -S. Rumon, the same as S. Ronan, has been -transferred to the patronage of S. Raymond -Nonnatus. It is well-situated, and of renaissance -period, but has preserved an earlier internal -arcade. The south porch is of the usual -16th cent. type in Lower Brittany, but with -renaissance details. Ships are carved over the -church. The tower with gallery is mean. A -curious recess with stoup outside the W. end, -with broken circle above it. An old house in -the street bears the date 1668. Audierne -swarms with children who pester the visitor -with begging. It is an unattractive place, but -has good inns, and forms a centre for an -interesting district. <cite>See also</cite> <a href="#PONT-CROIX">Pont Croix</a>.</p> - -<p>At <i>Primelin</i> is the Chapel of S. Tugean -(a Saint Antianus) in a hamlet, surrounded -with trees. It is a noble structure throughout, -in the flamboyant style. A noble south -porch with statues within of six apostles. -The tower without spire is early flamboyant, -and has a curious side turret<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> -with spire. The W. doorway is good with -the four doctors of the church above it. The -N. transept is double, divided by round pillars -surmounted by Doric capitals. The carved -wood roof of the chancel and N. transept -deserve notice. Rich rococo altarpieces. -Paintings (1705) about the baptistery. A -good statue of S. Tugean represents him with -a mad dog on one side and a boy kneeling on -the other. The Saint is patron against hydrophobia. -Outside the chapel is a cell into which -were thrust those who had been bitten, and were -not cured. They were communicated with the -Host, thrust to them at the end of a stick, and -there left to die. S. Tugean's key is preserved -in the church. The P. on the last Sunday in -June is very famous. Near the windmill is a -small dolmen, or rather a kistvaen, the cover -of which has been lifted and propped on small -stones. This was used by lepers to lie in, -expecting a cure.</p> - -<p><i>Plogoff</i> has a church of the 16th cent., but -possesses remains of an earlier period, pillars -with Romanesque capitals. The Chapel of S. -Collodec (Kenan, B. of Duleek) has a pretty -spire, and a carved granite cross. P. 1st Sunday -in July. The Pardon at the Chapel of N.D. de -Bon Voyage is on the 3rd Sunday in July. The -Enfer de Plogoff is a chasm into which the -sea enters. The Pointe du Raz rises 240 feet -above the sea, which is here rarely at rest. It -commands a fine view of the stretch of coast from -the Pointe to S. Mathieu on the north, and to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span> -Penmarch on the south. The <i>Ile de Seine</i> lies -nine miles away to sea, west of the Pointe du -Raz, the passage is dangerous on account of the -currents. It possesses little to attract a visitor, -a couple of menhirs, called the Fistillerien or the -Gossips, and a dolmen.</p> - -<p>The <i>Baie des Trépassés</i> takes its name from -the number of dead bodies washed ashore in it -after a wreck. A Byzantine writer speaks of -this bay and tells a curious story about it. He -says that here the boatman was called up at the -dead of night to convey passengers to the Ile -de Seine. He took his oars and launched his -boat, and heard a sound as of people entering -his barque, but saw no one. The boat settled -deep in the water, and he rowed over with his -invisible burden. On reaching the Isle of -Seine, he could hear the passengers disembark, -and coins were cast to him, but still those whom -he had ferried over remained invisible. He had, -in fact, conveyed the souls of the dead to the -Isle of the Dead. And this strange occurrence -took place repeatedly.</p> - -<p>The <i>Etang de Laoual</i> is supposed to cover -the cursed city of Is, where Ahes, daughter of -King Grallo, carried on high revelry and -debauch. The wrath of heaven was kindled, -and the sea overwhelmed the city. Remains -of a Roman city remain at <i>Troguer</i>, and this -was the termination of the Roman road from -Carhaix (Vorganium). At the Chapel of S. -They (the Cornish S. Day) the P. is on the -1st Sunday in July.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span></p> - -<p><i>Cleden-Cap-Sizun.</i> The coast here is bold, -and there are numerous prehistoric monuments. -At <i>Goulien</i> is a menhir 18 ft. high, and there -are remains of a Roman camp.</p> - -<p><i>Beuzec-Cap-Sizun.</i> The church (S. Budoc) -has a fine 16th cent. tower. Near the hamlet -of Kerbanalec is an allée couverte. The holy -well of Ste. Azenora (the Cornish Sennara), -mother of S. Budoc, is supposed to have the -peculiarity of filling with milk the breasts of -any man who drinks thereof. Mothers nursing -their children frequent it. P. at N.D. de la -Clarté on the Sunday after the 15th August.</p> - -<p> * AURAY (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. On a -height above the river of Auray and the -harbour. The river is a tidal creek, very -unsavoury when in flow or when left dry. A -large export of pine logs takes place hence to -Cardiff for the mines. There are several old -houses in the town, especially by the bridge. -The halles have a vast roof on bold timber -work. The Church of S. Gildas was built in -1636, and is utterly Italian, except for the -vaulting. The south entrance is not without -merit. The Church of S. Goustan dates from -the 16th century. In the chapel of the Pêre -Eternel is rich carved stall work derived from -the Chartreuse.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p040"></a> -<img src="images/p040.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">THE BRIDGE, AURAY</div> -</div> - -<p>Within an easy stroll from Auray is the -<i>Chapel de Ste. Avoye</i>. Here, according to -legend, the Saint, who is the same as the Cornish -S. Ewe, arrived in a stone boat from Britain. -The chapel is surrounded by a few farmhouses<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> -and trees. It is a renaissance structure. The -W. tower consists of only three sides, two bold -buttresses carried up a great height, with a back, -sustaining a pent-house roof, which in turn -supports a spirelet of slate. The arrangement -is probably unique. There was a porch below, -but it has fallen. The tracery has been removed -from the windows, and some good stained glass -sold. Within is a fine but late screen with the -twelve apostles on one side and cardinal virtues -and other allegorical figures on the other. In -the nave is a piece of the so-called "boat of S. -Avoye," in which she is supposed to have come -over. Actually it is, probably, a large grinder -for corn polished within. On it are cut three -symbols, one a cross, one like a T, and the -third like I. Children that are delicate are -placed in the "Boat" to recover strength. -Over the altar is a painting representing S. -Avoye in prison fed by the B. V. Mary. -There are two Pardons, the principal on the -1st S. in May, the second on the 3rd S. in -September. Outside the chapel are stone benches -along the wall. In Breton the Saint is Santez -Avé.</p> - -<p><i>Ste. Anne d'Auray</i> is a great pilgrimage resort, -with a pretentious modern church in nondescript -style intended for renaissance, 1866-75, with -bad glass. In 1623 a peasant dug up an image, -probably of one of the Deæ Matres of Gallo-Roman -times, so common in Brittany, at a place -called Ker-anna. He jumped to the conclusion -that it represented the mother of the B. Virgin.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span> -The Carmelites heard of it and resolved on -making capital out of it; they ran it with great -success and built a convent and church on the -spot in 1645. The statue was destroyed in -1790, but the cult continues unabated. The -Pardon is on the Sunday after July 26, and -attracts vast crowds. In front of the church -is a Santa Scala copied from that at Rome, -and indulgenced with nine years for every step -ascended by pilgrims on their knees. A large -tank receives the miraculous spring of S. Anne, -and is dominated by her statue. The pilgrims -sing lustily the cantique of Ste. Anne d'Auray -to this air:—</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/m064.jpg" alt="Score of above air" /> -</div> - -<p>There is here a statue of the Duc de Chambord -(1891) in bronze, flanked by those of Bayard, -Du Guesclin, Ste. Geneviève, and Joan of -Arc.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p042"></a> -<img src="images/p042.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">STE. ANNE D'AURAY</div> -</div> - -<p>The <i>Chartreuse</i> near the Auray railway station -is now a deaf and dumb asylum. It occupies -the site of the battle in which, in 1364, Jean de<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span> -Monfort defeated and killed Charles de Blois. -He founded the monastery, but only a small -portion of the old structure remains. Here is -the chapel, on the N. side of the church, in -which rest the bodies of the royalists who had -been landed from English transports at Quiberon, -and whom Hoche and his republican soldiers shot -down in cold blood to the number of 952 -between 1st and 25th August 1795. The -butchery took place not far from the Chartreuse, -and the bodies were buried on the spot since -called le Champ des Martyrs. In 1814 they -were transferred to this chapel erected to contain -them. It was completed in 1829. In the -midst of the chapel is the mausoleum of white -marble.</p> - -<p>The chapelle expiatoire is situated at a quarter -of an hour's walk from the Chartreuse and is -in the Greek style, and is on the site of the -massacre. Near by is a cross commemorative -of Montfort's victory over Charles de Blois.</p> - -<p><i>Plougoumelin.</i> The parish church modern -and bad. The Chapel of N.D. de Becquerel -has a fine west porch of the Breton commingling -of flamboyant and renaissance. An unfailing -spring issues from under the wall of the apse. -The water is thought to cure diseases of -the mouth. Several lechs are in the parish. -One called the Pierre du Serment is about 4 -ft. 6 in. long, is in the churchyard and lies -prostrate. Another is between the parsonage -and the cemetery, and a third, round, with three -hollows sunk in it, is at the presbytère. A<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span> -tumulus by the river of Auray at Le Rocher -covers an allée couverte. There are six others, -smaller, in a line with it running from S.W. -to N.E. They have yielded copper vessels and -flint weapons, and belong to the intermediate -age, before alloy was introduced for the -formation of bronze.</p> - -<p><i>Crach.</i> Here in the commune are numerous -prehistoric remains. Rather over a mile from -Auray on the road to Crach is a fine dolmen, -the coverer 22 ft. long, and having on it a -circle of hollows. Other dolmens at Keryn, -Kergleverit, and Parq-er-Gueren, near the Chapel -of S. Jean. Several menhirs on the common. -The Château de Plessisker is of the 17th cent. -P. at Crach on the 1st S. in July. <cite>See also</cite> -<a href="#Locmariaquer">Locmariaquer</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Bain</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Redon, on the Route -nationale from Rennes to Nantes. In the -cemetery a cross of the 16th cent. Château de -la Noé of the 15th cent. By a little lake are -the remains of a castle converted into a farmhouse.</p> - -<p> * BAUD (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy. A district -in which much hemp is grown and cordwaining -is carried on. The women wear coiffes like -sunbonnets, and sabots with leather toe-pieces -and straps neatly embroidered. The church, -a mean structure of 1687, is about to be pulled -down. It is dominated by the far more stately -Chapel of N.D. de la Clarté of the 16th cent. -Vaulted throughout with very peculiar straight -groining and vaulting in the S. aisle. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span> -chapel has an apse, the tracery has been removed -from the windows and the old stained glass got -rid of to make way for sad modern rubbish. -The tower is later than the chapel and is unfinished. -A huge ducal crown of Brittany is -suspended in the apse. The crown is closed -above, a right claimed by the dukes. P. 2nd -July.</p> - -<p>In the woods of the old château of Quinipili -(guide advisable) is the rude granite statue of -the famous Venus of Quinipili removed from -Castannec on the Blavet. It is 6 ft. high, with -the hands crossed over the breast and with a sort -of stole hanging down in front, and a band -about the head on which are cut IIT. The -statue, which received idolatrous worship, was -transferred in 1695 to Quinipili, by Count Pierre -de Lannion, along with a huge granite basin that -stood before it. He set it up on a pedestal in his -grounds and cut a pseudo-classic inscription on -the base. As the original statue was indecent, -he set a sculptor to alter it, and probably the -stole is due to this man's chisel.</p> - -<p><i>Camors.</i> There are two dolmens in the -forest, and an allée couverte at Kerpenru. Of -menhirs, one is on the lande of Penher, three -at Kerguelen, a stone-row of twenty uprights -at Kernoul. Seven menhirs in the wood at -Floranges, and six in the forest of Camors. -At Porhoet-er-Saleu, are the remains of the -castle of Conmore, Count of Poher, and regent -of Domnonia. He is regarded as the Bluebeard -of Brittany, although he was actually only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span> -thrice married, to the sister of Jonas, King of -Domnonia, to that of Meliau, King of Cornouaille, -and lastly to Triphena, daughter of -Weroch, Count of Vannes. This latter marriage -was effected by the persuasion of S. Gildas. -Conmore, however, so ill-treated his wife that she -ran away to her father at Vannes. Gildas, who -was at the time at Castannec, was furious with -Conmore, and local legend asserts, that he came -before this castle, gathered up a handful of earth, -and casting it against the walls cursed it, that -it should never again be inhabited. S. Triphena -is invoked in the neighbourhood by women with -troublesome husbands, and little wooden crosses -may be found on the site of the castle set up by -them in token that they have made a vow to -S. Triphena to rid them of their annoyance. -The church of Camors is dedicated to S. Senan, -abbot of Iniscathy.</p> - -<p><i>Guénin.</i> The church is of 1773. The Chapel -of N.D. de Menez-guen is flamboyant but late, -1577, with alterations made in 1604 and 1751. -It is a cross church with a central tower. One -descends by several steps into the chapel. Lean -and lanky girls go to it and pray for fat to be -laid on. P. 1st S. in July. Pilgrims take water -from the fountain to give to their cattle.</p> - -<p><i>Questinic.</i> Chapel of S. Mathurin, P. 2nd -S. in May. Chapel of Locmaria, renaissance -1574, a cross church with central tower and -spire, and some old glass.</p> - -<p><i>Bieuzy.</i> The station of <i>S. Nicolas des Eaux</i> -gives access to several points of historical and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span> -architectural interest. The train from Auray -to Pontivy cuts by a tunnel through a neck of -land round which the river Blavet makes a great -loop. This loop was occupied in Roman times -by a walled town Sulim, of which numerous -remains have been found; and the sides are so -precipitous that no enemy could attack it, save -on the north. The road from the station to -Bieuzy has been engineered by a great sweep up -the height, but the pedestrian can ascend to the -Chapel of La Trinité by a sharp scramble, and -by clinging to the broom and heather. This -finger of land, almost surrounded by the river on -all sides, was covered with ruins in the beginning -of the 6th cent. S. Gildas came hither from -Rhuys about the year 530, and founded a little -colony of monks where is now the hamlet of -Castannec. Finding that there was a gross -image of Venus among the ruins that the people -worshipped, he and Budoc (Bieuzy) his disciple -threw it down and rolled it along to their -monastery and built their wall over it. The -image remained buried thus under the wall till -the ruin of the monastery by the Northmen, and -perhaps for some time after. Castannec was -never restored to any extent, by the returned -monks of Rhuys. In 1125 Castannec was made -into a parish, and the church was where is now -the Chapel of La Trinité, and it was served by -the monks of Redon, but the population was -small and the revenue insufficient, and was -united to Bieuzy. Then it was that in removing -the remains of the old priory the image of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span> -Venus was restored to light, and at once received -a religious cult from the peasants, who called it -Groah en Goard, the Woman of la Couarde, -which is the name of the promontory. It was -placed near a large basin scooped out of granite, -and in this women came to bathe, invoking the -assistance of the Venus of Couarde. In 1661 -a mission was held at Baud, and the missioners -besought Count Claude of Lannion to destroy -the idol. He had it accordingly rolled down -the hillside into the river. However, the -peasants fished it up and replaced it in 1664. -Then the Bishop of Vannes interfered, and at -his request the Count sent masons to smash it. -They, however, contented themselves with injuring -one arm and one of the breasts and again -rolled it down into the Blavet. In 1695, Pierre -de Lannion, who had succeeded his father, drew -it forth from the water and had it conveyed to -Baud to ornament his château of Quinipili; -and there it remains to the present day with -the granite basin before it, but not in quite the -same condition, for, as has been said already, the -Count employed a sculptor to work the statue -over and give it a more decent appearance.</p> - -<p>Near the Chapel of Ste. Trinité a path leads -to the hermitage of S. Gildas. It is advisable -to obtain a child as guide. The Saint with his -disciple Budoc, or Bieuzy, was wont to retire to -a cave under an overhanging rock beside the -Blavet during Lent, and at certain times when -he desired to be private. He built up the face -of the cave and divided it into two parts, one<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span> -for himself and one for Bieuzy. A chapel was -added in the Middle Ages, and this was restored -in 1837. It consists of two parts, and is under -the rock in a most picturesque situation. The -bell is attached to the rock. The structure is -of the 15th cent., but the E. window and an -arch are 1st pointed (perhaps the window is -due to the restorer) and there are rude windows -round-headed, that may possibly be of a still -earlier date. An arch divides the chapel into -two with an altar in each. In the outer chapel, -on a pedestal, is the bell-stone of Gildas, a slab -of diorite, on which stands a couple of pebbles, -and when the stone is struck with these it rings. -At Mass on the day of the Pardon, Whitsun-Monday, -and on S. Gildas's day, Jan. 29, the -bell-stone is used for ringing at the Sanctus, -Elevation and Communion. On the left side -of the principal altar is a block of rock and -masonry used for the pain bénit, which is distributed -among the pilgrims. There was another -bell-stone, that of S. Bieuzy himself, but this -was carried away, and broken in the transaction, -by a seigneur of Kervèno in 1660, but the rector -reclaimed it and in 1702 succeeded in recovering -it, and it is now placed in the churchyard of S. -Bieuzy near the cross. The church of Bieuzy -has a modern spire and nave. The choir and -transepts are renaissance of 1560. There are -three superb stained glass windows of this date -in the apse representing the scenes of the Passion; -one subject, the Risen Lord, appearing as a -gardener to the Magdalen, deserves notice.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> -The S. door of the church is flamboyant with -a flamboyant window above. A S. door, blocked -in the choir, has some lovely flamboyant foliage -on it. There is a picturesque renaissance house -opposite the church. It is worth the visitor -noticing the type of well in all this district. -The structure of granite for the support of the -drum for the chain is very striking, and there -is an excellent example in a yard near the E. -end of the church at Bieuzy. A few yards -from the village is the Holy Well with a niche -for the Saint. The water is sought for those -who are off their heads.</p> - -<p>Returning to the station, <i>S. Nicolas des -Eaux</i> is next visited. The chapel is in a -very dilapidated condition. It is a flamboyant -cruciform structure (1524) with a fine double -doorway and with foliage about it, and -with late flamboyant tracery in some of the -windows, but from most it has been hacked -away.</p> - -<p><i>S. Nicodème</i> is perhaps the most beautiful -example of flamboyant in Morbihan. It was -completed in 1539, and a bell bears the date -1507 which is about the date of the spire and -tower. The west entrance under the tower is -peculiarly bold and beautiful, with its lace work -fringed arch. A flight of steps leads down to -the chapel, and on the left is a singular Holy -Well, composed of three gabled structures united -at the back. The date on this well is 1608, -but it is impossible to hold this to be the true -indication of its erection, and must commemorate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span> -a reparation, for the character of the sculpture -and the general design are of a century earlier, -and in its quaintness and originality indicate -the same master hand that had planned and -drawn the marvellous tower and spire. The -three fountains are to (1) S. Gamaliel with an -ox at his side and a biniou player; (2) S. -Nicodemus with a human-headed ox by him; -and (3) S. Abibo with a horseman at his side. -Hard by is an immeasurably inferior Holy Well -to S. Cornelius, constructed in 1790.</p> - -<p>The chapel itself is not equal in beauty to -tower and spire. It contains a minstrel gallery -of stone in the N. transept. The altarpieces -are bad rococo. Two little oxen are stuck up -against the N. wall of the chancel to commemorate -the success of an invocation to S. -Cornély. There is a very curious retable at -the side representing the Resurrection. S. -Nicodemus is represented carrying a napkin, -three nails and with a heraldic wreath about -his head. Most of the windows have had their -tracery removed. The Pardon here is very -famous and largely attended. The first Saturday -in August is held as a great fair here, and at -it girls sell their hair. Young women wearing -black caps and not coiffes are such as have -parted with their natural ornament. On the -Sunday following is the Pardon. An angel -descends from the gallery of the spire and sets -fire to a great pile of brushwood and firework -hoops.</p> - -<p><i>Bubry.</i> The church is modern and bad, near<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span> -it are two lechs, one with four equal faces, and -the other has a cross pattée on two faces. The -ossuary is full of skulls arranged in order. In -the "place" is a great granite basin fed with -water from the fountain of S. Helen. The -Chapel of S. Yves is five kilometres to the south -of this village, and is in a jumble of flamboyant -and renaissance. The date 1598. This chapel -drew so many pilgrims, and such abundant -donations, that the near-by Seigneur de Kernivinen -became jealous, and going to the chapel -one day of the Pardon, fell on the rector and -boxed his ears, because he refused to give up to -him a share of the spoil. This was in 1630. -He was put into the ecclesiastical court and -condemned to restore 10,000 livres which he -had carried off from the chapel, and to pay a -fine of 2000 which was to be given to the -hospital. P. of Ste. Helene, 4th S. in July. -This is spoken of as well attended.</p> - -<p><i>Melrand.</i> The Chapel of Locmaria is fine. -It has a bold, square tower surmounted by a -spire: it is all of flamboyant work with a few -details showing that the renaissance was at hand. -The E. window, partly hidden by a retable of -1680, contains in twelve tableaux scenes from -the Life and Passion of our Lord. In the N. -transept window is a fine Jesse tree, in one of -the S. transept the angelic salutation. Near -the chapel is a Holy Well of 1574. P. at -Guellouët in Melrand, 1st Sunday in July.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Becherel</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Montfort. On -high ground. In the church a Romanesque<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> -font. Old gateway, 16th cent. House of the -Little Sisters of the Poor is here. The headquarters -or Mother-House. <i>Les Iffs</i> has a church -of the 15th cent. containing nine windows of -superb stained glass, the finest in the Department. -The tower is of the 16th cent. On a height is -the Château de Montmuran of various dates. In -the chapel, Du Guesclin was dubbed knight in -1354. He married Jeanne de Laval, granddaughter -of the Countess of Montmuran, for -whom he defended the castle against the English. -The E. window of the chapel is good early -flamboyant and contains fine old glass. The -château is very picturesque. The Château -de Caradeuc, partly ancient, in a park with -fine trees, and well kept, has within, among -other paintings, two Murillos.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Begard</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp. A -Cistercian abbey was founded here in 1130 -by Stephen III., Count of Penthièvre. It -was rebuilt in the 17th century, except the -Romanesque church. It is now a lunatic -asylum. According to local tradition, Begard -was first settled by such ragged hermits that -the place was called after them, a settlement of -"Beggars." A menhir is at Kergouézennic -18 ft. high.</p> - -<p><i>Kermoroch.</i> The chapel of Langoerat, -1373, has in it stained glass and paintings. -There are ruined castles at Perrier and -Leshorz.</p> - -<p><i>Pedernec.</i> A ruined castle at Runangoff. -The Chapel of N.D. de Lorette dates from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span> -1514. A 16th cent. manor house at Kermathaman. -A menhir 25 ft. 6 in. high.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Belle Ile</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp. -Prettily situated in the valley of the Guindy. -The church is modern, the old church is turned -into halle. The Chapel of Locmaria is made -into the cemetery chapel. It stands on a rocky -height above the river and the road to Trégrom. -It is late flamboyant, the pillars are surrounded -by stone seats. The W. door has boldly carved -foliage in coarse granite. The roodscreen, with -figures and foliage in the panels of the gallery, -has been removed to the W. end.</p> - -<p><i><a id="Plounevez-Moedec"></a>Plounevez-Moedec</i> on very high ground, -traversed by the main road from Paris to Brest, -straight as a bowstring. The church has a -2nd pointed arcade and E. windows and -N. aisle. The rest flamboyant. The gallery -at the W. end is one removed from the chapel -of Keramanach, with the vaulting wantonly -taken away. The tower, renaissance, has been -restored recently. The chapel of <i>Keramanach</i> -(S. Fiacre) may be visited equally well from -Belle Ile or from Plouaret. It is late 2nd -pointed with square end, E. window and S.E. -window of same period, as also N. aisle. There -are remains of good stained glass in the windows. -The porch has rich 16th cent. groining. The -W. bell turret has a gallery. The chapel -contains a fine alabaster reredos of the 15th -cent., each panel has been let into a wooden -frame. On the road from Plounevez to Trégrom -is a menhir 30 ft. high.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span></p> - -<p><i>Locquenvel.</i> Church of 15th and 16th cents. -with stained glass representing the legend of S. -Envel.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap"><a id="Belz"></a>Belz</span> (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. In very -desolate country. The road from Auray runs -through plantations of Austrian pine grown for -the Welsh collieries, or over furzy moors. Belz -itself is an utterly uninteresting place, with an -ugly church, and a ruinous but large chapel near -it. Belz lies, however, near the curious inland -sea of Etel, and was formerly head of a pou -or pagus. A mile and a half beyond Belz is -the hamlet of S. Cadou, occupied entirely by -fishermen and their families. The women wear -scarlet petticoats which they take care to display. -A stone causeway 140 ft. leads to the <i>Isle of -S. Cadou</i> and his chapel. S. Cadoc, son of -Gwynllyw, King of Gwent or Monmouthshire, -arrived here about 525 and founded a monastery -and school on the island. To facilitate the -passage and repassage of his pupils he constructed -the causeway, having learned the art -of dyking at Llancarvan. It was here, pacing -it with Gildas, that they discussed the salvability -of Virgil. Cadoc, who loved that author, could -not believe that he was lost, but Gildas held the -harsher view. As they talked, Cadoc turned -over his Virgil to point out some remarkable -passages, probably the prophecy of the Incarnation, -to his friend, when the wind swept the -volume out of his hand into the sea. He slipped -in rushing to recover it, and some pieces of iron -in the causeway are supposed to indicate where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span> -his foot slid. Only with difficulty did Cadoc -recover the precious book. The chapel has -an early Romanesque apse, with rudely carved -capitals to the pillars supporting the chancel -arch. The chapel was much spoiled at its -alteration in 1842. In the S. transept is the -stone bed of S. Cadoc with a receptacle under -it, in which strange sounds are thought to be -heard. These are due to the echo of the waves -and winds. The gallery of the flamboyant -screen has been removed to the W. end. In -the nave are four paintings. (1) S. Cadoc -arriving at the isle; (2) S. Cadoc settling on -it; (3) Pirates land and he protests that he -has nothing; (4) Cadoc departing, with the -inscription:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>Oratoire mon œuvre adieu, dit-il pleurant,<br /> -Belz t'oublierai je? Non. Il cingla de céans.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>P. S. after 21st Sept. Numerous megalithic -remains are to be found about Belz. A menhir -at Kervoen, another at Mélionec; remains of an -allée couverte 30 ft. long at Kernours; a dolmen -in good condition at Kerlutu; others at Kerhuen, -Kervoen and Kerlourd. At Crubelz in a -tumulus is a chamber of masonry nearly 11 ft. -high. Roman bricks were found in it, and it -would seem to have been constructed in Gallo-Roman -times, but in accordance with earlier -traditions and usages.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p056"></a> -<img src="images/p056.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">LINES OF ERDEVEN</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Locoal</i>, on an arm of the sea of Etel, united -to the mainland by a causeway like that at S. -Cadou. Locoal was a locus penitentiæ of S.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> -Gudeval or Gurval, Bishop of Aleth. He -scooped out a cave and dwelt therein. Disciples -came to him to the number of 188. To protect -themselves against the high tides they erected -the dykes that still remain. At length, desiring -greater retirement in his extreme old age, -Gudeval retired with seven disciples into the -forest of Camors, where he died in 640. Some -lechs remain; one near the cemetery is 4 ft. -high, with a cross cut on it in relief, surmounted -by a circle and cross. Another on the way -from Locoal to Mendon, 7 ft. 6 in. high, with -two crosses cut on it, bears on it the words -<span class="smcap">CRUX PROSTLON</span>; it is the tombstone of the wife -of Count Pasquitien, the murderer of King -Solomon. She died in 875. The parish -church was burnt by the Spaniards in 1592, -and again accidentally in 1765.</p> - -<p><i>Etel</i>, at the mouth of the channel that -connects the inland sea with the ocean, is a -small port partly closed by a rock and by -moving sands. Near the village is a dolmen -with seven supporters. A little further on is -one with five.</p> - -<p><i>Erdeven</i> (Ar deven = on the sand-downs). -All this district is covered with wind-blown -sands. The most remarkable prehistoric monument -is the alignment of Kerzerho, which -extends over two miles and a quarter, and is -composed of 1030 stones, with, however, gaps -caused by pilferers. Unhappily the stones are -still being broken up and carried away. The -lines are on the S. and S.E. of the village.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> -After passing an isolated menhir and a ruined -cairn, the rows are reached running east. Then -comes a gap where the stones have been carried -off to build walls, but presently they reappear, -the blocks smaller. Then ensues another hiatus, -and then another succession of ranges of fine -stones stretching to a tumulus. The northern -line reaches to a tumulus, the Mané Bras. On -the summit are the ruins of two dolmens, with -traces of an enclosing circle of uprights. To the -east of Kerangre is another group of monoliths. -At Mané Groh are two dolmens. The dolmen -of Corcomo is the finest in Morbihan.</p> - -<p><i>Plouhinic.</i> Near Kerfourchen two fallen -dolmens and a menhir. From the windmill to -the west alignments running S.E. Near the -Mill of Gueldra the lines recommence in eight -rows, and may be traced to Kervué and -Kervelhué.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Bourbriac</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp. -The church is in part Romanesque, and possesses -a crypt. The windows are of 15th cent. The -tower 1635. At Tanvedou is a tumulus enclosing -a dolmen.</p> - -<p><i>S. Adrien.</i> Chapel of Avangour, 1576, with -marble retable of same period.</p> - -<p><i>Cadout</i> (S. Illtyd). Church of 14th and -15th cents., with a sculptured retable. On high -ground the manor house of Bois-de-la-Roche, -15th cent. restored.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap"><a id="Brehat"></a>Bréhat (Isle de)</span> (C.N.). Opposite -Roscoff lighthouses. On the Isle of Lavré -the remains of a Celtic monastery have been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span> -traced, consisting of a group of bee-hive huts -and an oblong chapel. One hut is fairly perfect, -and is kept in repair as a sea mark. In the -church is preserved a piece of oriental silk called -the stole of S. Pol de Léon.</p> - -<p> * BREST (F.) chl. d'arrond. Was a fishing -village about a mediæval castle on the site of a -Roman camp, till Cardinal Richelieu resolved on -giving to France the command of the seas, when -he fixed on Brest for a great dockyard, 1631. -His undertaking was not followed up by -Mazarin, but Colbert pursued it with energy, -and extensive works were executed. Thanks -to this great minister and to Admiral Duquesne, -Brest became a naval and military port of the -first class. The Breton parliament had not -relished the undertaking, and forbade the delivery -of timber to the royal works, and ordered -the cessation of the forging of cannon, but the -royal will was supreme, and the opposition of -the parliament disregarded. The port was -extended, and the rocks blasted; barracks, -storehouses, workshops, were created, and fine -quays were constructed. Vauban fortified it, -Recouvrance was united to Brest by a turning -bridge. From Brest issued a fleet of 80 ships -of the line under Tourville in the naval campaigns -of 1690 and 1691. In 1694 an Anglo-Dutch -fleet in vain attempted an attack on Brest. In -the 18th cent. its quays and fortifications were -extended. Granite basins were constructed -capable of receiving vessels of 120 guns. Dajot, -whilst engaged on the defences of the place,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span> -constructed the terrace planted with elms, that -gives such a fine view of the harbour. Issuing -from Brest, the fleet commanded by d'Orvilliers -met, July 27, 1778 the English fleet off -Ouessant. A French convoy was guarding a -fleet of vessels laden with grain from America, -when it was attacked by Admiral Howe. The -French were under Admiral Villaret de Joyeuse. -The English fleet, which had been in quest, had -been for four days unable to find the French -owing to fog. The engagement took place on -the 27th July. There were 26 French men-of-war -and 35 English.</p> - -<p>After Trafalgar Napoleon abandoned the -ambition of making France a great naval power, -and it was not till under Napoleon III. that -fresh activity was displayed at Brest.</p> - -<p>The harbour is perhaps the finest in Europe. -It is 36 kilometres in circumference, and is -entered only through the channel of the Goullet, -illumined by five lighthouses.</p> - -<p>The castle of the 13th cent., on a precipitous -rock, is flanked by seven towers; the two largest -are on the N.E., and the entrance is between -them. The tower of Azenore belongs to the end -of the 12th cent., and takes its name from the -mother of S. Budoc, who was daughter of the -Count of Léon, and married to the Count of -Goelo. The tower of Caesar of the 12th cent., -that des Anglais is of 1374, that de la Madelaine -is of the 15th cent., as is also the donjon.</p> - -<p>Brest, apart from its dockyard, is a very -uninteresting place. The Church of S. Louis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> -(1692-1778) is ugly, with modern stained glass -in the French style representing Breton saints. -But Brest may be made a centre for some interesting -excursions, as to <i>Landevennec</i>, which is -more easily reached from Brest by steamer than -by road.</p> - -<p><i>Landevennec</i> is where a very important -abbey was founded by S. Winwaloe, in French -Guenolé, at the beginning of the 6th century. -The Saint had settled first in the islet of -Tibidy, but finding the place too strait for -him, came to Landevennec, where King Grallo -granted him lands in a warm and sheltered -situation, under a hill that cut off the blasts from -the Atlantic. The ruins are in private grounds, -but visitors are admitted. The abbey church is -of the 11th cent., and is without transepts, but -has a large chapel of a later date built on at -one side. In a crypt is the reputed tomb of -King Grallo. The monastic buildings were -rebuilt in the 17th century. The Grève des -Anglais is so called because it was here that -landed an expedition against Brest which failed, -because betrayed to the French Court by Marlborough -and Godolphin. The consequence -was that eight hundred British soldiers fell into -a trap and were butchered to the last man.</p> - -<p><i>Goueznou.</i> Here is the sole church near -Brest that possesses any archæological value. -But it is a really remarkable edifice. It has the -finest apse in the Department, next to Lampaul-Guimiliau, -containing three great gabled late -flamboyant windows. The church also possesses<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span> -a tower with two galleries crowned by a spire. -The porch was begun in 1643, and belongs to -the same family as those of Landerneau and -Trémaouézan. It was finished in 1644, so that -there was no long delay in its completion. The -main body of the church was constructed in -1607-15. About ten paces west of the church -is the monumental fountain of the Saint. It -consists of a tank in an enclosure surrounded by -stone seats for the accommodation of bathers. -On the south side is a small altar surmounted by -a niche, that contains a statue of S. Gouezenou. -P. Ascension Day. <i>Lambezellec</i>, with a modern -church, has a much frequented Pardon on the -2nd S. in August. <i>Plouzané.</i> Lechs and -menhirs. P. Sunday nearest 10th Aug.</p> - -<p><i>Guipavas.</i> The church possesses a porch -enriched internally with statues, 1565.</p> - -<p><i>Le Conquet.</i> Modern church, but with glass -of the 16th cent. preserved in it. In it is the -tomb of Michel de Nobletz, a famous Jesuit, -born 1577, died 1654, whose beatification is -proposed. He laboured in Lower Brittany to -turn the people from their pagan superstitions. -On the promontory of Kermorvan two dolmens -and a circle of upright stones.</p> - -<p><i>Plougonvelen.</i> Fine coast scenery. Here, -in an imposing position above the sea, are the -ruins of the Abbey of S. Mathieu. The -monastery was destroyed at the Revolution. -The church (1152-1208) was much altered in -the 14th and 15th cents. The abbey was -founded in the 6th cent. by S. Tanguy. Near<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span> -it is now a lighthouse. Of the parish church -the only portions that are ancient are the porch -and the N. transept. P. Sunday nearest 21st -Sept. Off the promontory can be seen the -clusters of islands leading in a N.W. direction -to <i>Ouessant</i>. Of these the Ile de Banque, le -Guéménés, and the Ile Molène are the principal. -Ouessant and these islands can be reached from -Conquet, a steamer leaving there thrice a week. -The <i>Ile Molène</i> is only three-quarters of a mile -long and about half-a-mile wide, and contains -570 inhabitants. Property in it is minutely subdivided. -It was here that the bodies were -washed ashore after the wreck of the <i>Drummond -Castle</i> on June 16, 1896. The <i>Ile d'Ouessant</i> is -about seven miles long and three broad; plenty -of fresh water is found on the island, that contains -2280 inhabitants. It was here that Paulus -Aurelianus, a native of Glamorganshire, landed -when migrating from Britain at the head of a -considerable party. He, however, did not -remain above two or three years in the island, -and then crossed over to the mainland. The -church Lampaul (Lann-Paul) on Ouessant was -founded by him. The cliffs are abrupt, and the -rocks pierced with caves and natural arches. -The island produces potatoes, and gives good -feed to sheep. It is in process of being -extensively fortified for the protection of -Brest.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Broons</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. Bertrand -du Guesclin was born here in 1320. The -castle has completely disappeared, but a column<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span> -has been erected on the site in commemoration -of the fact.</p> - -<p><i>Sevignac.</i> The Château of Brondineuf of -the 12th cent. is well preserved.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cancale</span> (I. V.) chl. arr. S. Malo. A little -port, and a favourite watering place. It is noted -for its oysters. During one part of the year -nearly all the male population is absent on the -banks of Newfoundland engaged in the cod-fisheries. -The rochers de Cancale are a mass of -granite rising precipitously above the sea not -far from the mainland. Much granite is quarried -at Cancale. The church of S. Méen is modern.</p> - -<p> * CARHAIX (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin. -An old Roman town, Vorganium, lies high and -in dreary country. Scanty remains of a Roman -aqueduct are pointed out. The church (S. -Tremor) is modern and good, with a fine East -window; the tower is of 1529-35, with a -West doorway, the carving of foliage on which -is deserving of notice. More interesting is the -church of Plouguer, originally very early in the -11th cent., containing some arches and piers -and clerestory windows. It was enlarged in the -16th cent. (1574), and was ruthlessly mutilated -in the 18th when the flamboyant tracery was -hacked out of the windows, and the screen was -demolished. The tower is remarkably fine, -with bold splayed belfry windows. It was -intended to support a spire which was never -added. There is a handsome old house in the -town of carved stone and timber. P. at S. -Roque last S. but one in August.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span></p> - -<p><i>Carnoet</i> on very high ground. Here is the -<i>peniti</i> or place of retreat of Gildas with a -chapel, by the river, and high up in a clump of -trees under a camp that dates from the invasion -of Brittany by the Northmen, is a curious chapel -of S. Gildas of late flamboyant melting into -renaissance. It has a W. spirelet, gallery and -two bells, the spirelet sustained on an arch. -Within, sunk in the pavement, is an 11th cent. -sarcophagus, reputed to be the bed of S. Gildas, -who died in 570. In the N. aisle is a range of -six stages of fowl hutches. On the Pardon, -29th Jan., the peasants make offerings of fowls -and horsehair; the former are put into these -hutches where they cluck and cackle through -mass, and then are sold by auction for the benefit -of the chapel and its maintenance. The camp -above is an admirable typical example of the -Norseman fortress, consisting of a tump, -hollowed out in the middle, that sustained a -wooden superstructure; and a base-court.</p> - -<p><i>Cleden-Poher</i> has a large church of the -middle of the 16th cent., but with alterations -made in 1689, at which date the sacristy was -built. It has a fine west porch, and in the -apse a good flamboyant window in six bays with -a column up the centre against which, within, -stands a statue. In a Chapel of N.D. de -Cleden the vault is covered with paintings of the -18th cent. The high altar has a retable into -which are let sculptured panels of the 16th cent., -and others, representing the seven sacraments, -are about the apse. The venerated image of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span> -N.D. dates from the 14th cent. The Calvary -in the graveyard is of 1575. At the N.E. -corner of the churchyard is an ossuary, transition -between flamboyant and renaissance. -P. 15th Aug.</p> - -<p><i>Treffrin</i> (C.N.) possesses a fine Roman -camp at Kermoisan, with remains of a tower in -it. The Church of N.D. is of 1580, the porch -of 1582, richly decorated, and contains niches -within containing statues of the twelve apostles; -the corbels supporting them are all different in -design.</p> - -<p><i>Locarn.</i> The church is of the 12th cent. -with additions and alterations of the 16th. It -contains the tomb of the patron, S. Harn, in -granite, 14th cent. The east window has stained -glass of 1572 representing scenes of the Passion. -The pulpit is renaissance, syrens occupy the -angles. There is a Holy Well with an early -statue of the Saint above it. A Calvary, the -base ornamented with sculptured dolphins. In -the presbytère is a magnificent silver-gilt processional -cross of the 16th cent. In the parish -are several menhirs, at Quellence Buis, Loquevel, -Grand Follezon, etc., but of no great height.</p> - -<p><i>Le Moustoir</i> (C.N.). Church of 1507, in -the shape of a T. The cornice, on which rests -the vault, represents grotesque figures and groups. -The E. window retains its old glass, representing -the Life of the Virgin. In the tracery -are the four great prophets. On the N. side a -fireplace for heating the water for baptism.</p> - -<p><i>Maël Carhaix</i> (C.N.). On the Place is a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span> -Roman military milestone with inscription stating -that it was erected in the reign of Septimius -Severus. The Church of S. Pierre (1530) has -old stained glass representing the Fathers of the -Church and Bishops. The glass is of the same -date as the church. At Maël Carhaix is the -cave whence issues the spring that supplied -Vorganium with water by an aqueduct.</p> - -<p> * CARNAC, com. of Quiberon. Noted for -the vast numbers of its prehistoric monuments. -It lies on the low flat shores of the Baie de -Quiberon, and is a great place for the cultivation -of oysters. To obtain a good general view -of the place it is well to ascend first of all the -Mont S. Michel, a huge cairn piled up over a -natural elevation of granite. It is oblong in -shape and rises to about 60 feet. On the summit -is a chapel of the Archangel, with an old granite -cross. The mound was dug into in 1863 when -a dolmen was discovered that contained over a -hundred polished stone axes, a necklace, and -other objects of the early bronze age. Further -excavation in 1890 has disclosed another dolmen, -in which, along with some stone implements, -were two bronze buttons. The cairn is built up -carefully of stones laid in order over a sheet of -pebbles, and above them more of the same and of -seaweed had been spread, and then above this fresh -stones have been piled. From the summit the -alignments of Carnac can be seen on the north. -To visit these latter the following course should -be pursued. Take the road to Ker Malvezin, and -in a few minutes, on a bit of rising ground on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span> -the left is seen a dolmen on which a cross has -been erected. Very soon after the road traverses -the lines of Le Menec. There are still standing -eleven of these rows and they run from E.N.E. -to W.S.W. The total length is 3510 feet, -and there are 1169 stones in them. The tallest -of them is 13 feet high, but the majority from -3 to 4 feet. It is well to turn to the left and -pursue the rows to the western extremity where -is a semi-circular enclosure, evidently not in its -original condition, and it is doubtful whether it -be not a modern erection made out of stones -pilfered from the rows to form a farm enclosure -attached to the farm of Le Menec.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p068"></a> -<img src="images/p068.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">THE LINES OF CARNAC</div> -</div> - -<p>Having retraced our steps to the road, we -cross it and follow the avenues of upright stones -till we reach and cross another road, that to -Ploemel. The road has broken through the -lines, which continue only a few yards to the -east, and then are brought to a conclusion by -blocking stones, that is to say, slabs set at right -angles to the lines. From this point ensues a gap -for about 345 yards where is a little plantation of -Austrian pines, a stone quarry, and some furzy -enclosures. The lines are not, however, wholly -interrupted; a few upright stones and several -that are prostrate testify that there was some -continuation. We follow a new road through -the plantation and between walls till we come -abruptly on a fresh cluster of stones, and these -the largest we have yet seen. This is the -commencement of the Kermario group. These -started from several tumuli enclosing dolmens,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span> -but of such only one, an allée couverte pertaining -to the southernmost line, remains. The lines -though mutilated are instructive. They start from -this allée couverte and run about 250 yards to a -pair of blocking stones, planted at right angles -to the rows. The Kermario alignments run -N.E. up a hill crowned by a disused windmill -that has been constructed out of the blocks, then -they continue some way till walls and a wood -interrupt their course. Ten rows remain, and -the number of the standing stones is 982. The -largest of the menhirs is prostrate; apparently -it had been purposely thrown down to form a -coverer to a Gallo-Roman grave that has been -discovered beneath it. What is of special -interest is the fact that a Roman camp was -formed in these lines, and that those who constructed -the camp made use of the stones for -their wall of enclosure, breaking up some, and -employing others in their original position where -it served their purpose. From the easternmost -end of the Kermario group occurs an interruption -of about 398 yards, and then we come -upon a third set of stone rows, that of Kerlescant, -which stretches 885 yards, but is much -mutilated about the village. Thirteen lines can -be traced containing 540 stones, but there were -others, some 40, that lie to the north, and are the -poor remains of another series of stone rows. -On the east again the alignment is supposed to -describe a curve towards the north, and then -recommence and run east again to the Crach -estuary. Near the rows is also a ruined allée<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span> -couverte. The whole extent of rows cannot be -estimated as short of 4½ miles.</p> - -<p>Poor fragments of other alignments remain at -Ste. Barbe, near a couple of windmills by the -station of Plouharnel, and again, and remains of -a stone circle by the dolmen of Keriaval. The -dolmens are very numerous, but not in the commune -of Carnac to the extent that they are in the -adjoining parishes. An enumeration of them -may be omitted here, as at Carnac for a franc -at the Musée Milne may be had a serviceable -little book, "Carnac et ses Monuments," by M. -Le Rouzic, with a map. One word of caution -must however be given—not to accept the wild -theories promulgated relative to dolmens and -alignments. A close and scientific comparative -study of these monuments has led to a pretty -certain determination as to their purposes. The -dolmens and allées couvertes were sepulchres, -family or tribal; and the alignments consist of -stones erected by members of the tribe or -families belonging to the tribe in honour of the -several dead who were laid in the dolmens. -The stone circles were either places where the -dead were burned and funeral feasts were held, -or were places of tribal gatherings for palavers; -generally they served both purposes. Isolated -menhirs were either memorials to the dead, or -boundary marks between tribal lands. All -dolmens were originally buried under cairns or -tumuli.</p> - -<p>The parish church at Carnac was rebuilt in -1639 and has a well proportioned tower and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> -spire, with spirelets at the angles. Above the west -door is a statue of S. Cornelius, who throughout -Lower Brittany is the patron of horned beasts, as -S. Eloi (Eligius, B. of Noyon) is of horses. On -the north side is an extravagant baroque porch, -with a stone crown or baldachin above it. The -fountain of S. Cornély is west of the church. A tramway -now connects Carnac with Belz and Erdeven.</p> - -<p>The Pardon of S. Cornély takes place on -Sept. 13, and is a curious sight. Cattle are -brought to the church and offered to S. Cornély, -and those thus offered are sold afterwards by -auction, and are eagerly bought.</p> - -<p><i>Plœmel.</i> East of S. Cado is a menhir standing -and two others fallen; east of S. Laurent -by the roadside a menhir leaning, opposite a -stone cross. In the tumulus of Mané-Bodgad -near Kermarquer, a sepulchral chamber. The -church has been rebuilt and is a despicable -structure. In the cemetery is a lech fallen. -Another found there has been trimmed and set -on the top of the tower.</p> - -<p><i>Plouharnel.</i> The largest dolmen in the -Department is that of Corconneau in this parish. -It measures 6 feet high inside, and is 25 feet -long. Four hundred paces to the east are the -remains of an alignment composed of 21 -menhirs. To the south the ground is strewn -with ruined dolmens and menhirs either fallen -or standing, relics of alignments that have been -plundered. At Ste. Barbe, to which allusion -has already been made, some 30 stones remain -of an alignment, and the remains of a stone circle.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> -At Vieux Moulin are six standing stones, and a -little further the dolmens of Mané-Rémor and -Runmeur. Further north at Kernevez a dolmen -that has had its coverer displaced, and at Cosquer -two or three more. On descending to the -south at Runesto a dolmen half buried, and at -Kerguvat, on the way to Carnac, a dolmen with -a gallery. Between the village and the station -is the tumulus of Rondossec that contains three -dolmens, one of which when explored gave up -two gold torques. The church is modern and -bad.</p> - -<p>For <i>Erdeven</i> see under <a href="#Belz">Belz</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Caulnes</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. Once a -Roman station. Relics found there are preserved -in the Mairie. The church has undergone -great alterations. The tower was rebuilt -in the 18th cent., but the old W. entrance of -the 16th cent. was preserved.</p> - -<p><i>Guitée.</i> Alignments of quartz blocks standing -on others in which are cavities that have -been found to contain ashes. There are five -rows and run N. and S. One has in it 15 -stones fallen, and 7 standing; one of them is 11 -feet high. Another, a blocking stone, is 15 -feet high. The second row has 12 stones -fallen, and 2 upright; one of the prostrate blocks -measures 15 feet 6 inches. The third line has -11 stones, all prostrate. The fourth line consists -of 7 stones standing and 4 fallen. One of -those erect is 18 feet 6 inches high.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Châteaubourg</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Vitré. -The church has a renaissance portal. There<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span> -are remains of a priory of the 14th cent. converted -into a private house.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Châteaugiron</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Rennes. -Ruins of a castle. Two towers fairly well -preserved.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Châteaulin</span> (F.) chl. d'arr. Prettily -situated on the Aulne which is canalised, so -as to connect Brest with Nantes. The hills -rise to a considerable height above Châteaulin, -as here the Monts d'Arrée and the Montagnes -Noires draw together, the latter to be prolonged -into the Peninsula of Crozon. But though -prettily planted, there is not much of interest -in the town. The church (S. Idumet) is -modern and unsatisfactory. On a rock on the -right bank of the river is the site of the castle -that has been completely destroyed. The chapel -however remains. The piers and arches are of -the 12th cent. The tower is renaissance and -is beautifully proportioned. The archway into -the churchyard is 16th cent., and the cross and -ossuary of the same period. P. 1st Sunday in -Sept. From Châteaulin the <i>Menez-hom</i> (990 -ft.) may be visited for the sake of the view over -the Rade de Brest and the Bay of Douarnenez. -Ste. Marie du Menez-hom is a chapel (1574-91), -with renaissance bell tower. The iron gate to -the churchyard is of 1730, the Calvary of 1544.</p> - -<p><i>S. Nic</i>, most picturesquely situated, has a -quaint granite church of the prevailing style of -fusion of Gothic with renaissance.</p> - -<p><i>S. Ségal</i> (Cadwalader). In this parish the -Chapel of S. Sebastian is of the dimensions of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span> -a church. It possesses some old glass. The -Calvary is of the same type as that at Ste. Marie -du Menez-hom. It consists of a cross with a -double pair of arms beneath; on the topmost are -SS. Mary and John, on the lower Roman -soldiers on horseback. P. Sunday after 22nd -July.</p> - -<p><i>Loperec.</i> The church (S. Bridget) has a -spire of 1668, and an interesting Calvary of 1552. -The porch dates from 1586, with niches containing -statues of the twelve apostles, these -carved in 1615. In the church is some fine -work of the barbaric style of Louis XIV., -especially the retable of the altar of the Rosary. -P. last Sunday in August.</p> - -<p><i>Cast.</i> Has a Holy Well of the 15th cent., -much resorted to, especially on the Pardon, 2nd -Sunday in May. At Lelzach are menhirs. The -Mur du Diable is a wall rudely constructed of -blocks not set in mortar, probably prehistoric.</p> - -<p><i>Quéménéven</i> (S. Ouen, who has displaced -S. Eugene, B. of Ardstraw). In this parish is -the Chapel of Kergoat, one of the most renowned -and favourite places of pilgrimage in Lower -Brittany. The great Pardon is on the Sunday -after the 15th August.</p> - -<p> * CHÂTEAUNEUF-DU-FAOU (F.) -chl. arr. Châteaulin. A picturesquely situated -town on the Aulne. The well timbered heights -of the Montagnes Noires rise to the south. -The castle has disappeared, and its site is -occupied by the hideous modern chapel of -N.D. des Portes in a parody of Romanesque.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> -The very interesting 16th cent. chapel was -destroyed to make way for this monstrosity. -However, the beautiful doorway (1430) has -been preserved. The Pardon, very largely attended, -with a procession bearing candles on the -eve, is on the last Sunday in August. The -parish church (S. Theilo, B. of Llandaff) has -been rebuilt and is successful. The tower of -the old church, 17th. cent., remains. The -patron has been relegated to a place of no -consideration in the S. transept to make room -for saints more modern and in the Roman -Martyrology.</p> - -<p><i>Spezet.</i> The interesting Chapel of N.D. -du Crann is of 1502, and possesses seven magnificent -stained glass windows of 1548. There -are chapels of S. Tudy, P. 3rd Sunday in July, -and S. Bridget, P. Sunday after the Ascension. -But the P. at N.D. du Crann, the most -important, is on Trinity Sunday.</p> - -<p><i>Landeleau.</i> The church (S. Theilo) is fine -and has a porch of 1540. P. Monday in -Whitsun Week.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Châteauneuf</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo, -on the high road from S. Malo to Dinan. It -is near the estuary of the Rance but is not on -it. The castle has been almost wholly destroyed -and a modern castle built on the site. The -parish church, which is small, has a picturesque -tower and some flamboyant windows.</p> - -<p><i>S. Suliac</i> possesses an interesting church of -the 13th century. It contains the tomb of the -Saint Tysilio, as the Welsh call him, who is the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span> -reputed author of the original History of the -Britons, from which Geoffrey of Monmouth -drew some of the facts which he embroidered -with elaborate fiction. He was the son of -Brocwel, King of Powys. On his father's -death, an elder son succeeded to the principality, -but reigned only two years and died childless. -Thereupon the widow proposed to marry Tysilio, -and take him out of his monastery to become -King of Powys. Tysilio had no inclination -either for the lady or for the crown, and refused. -His sister-in-law was exasperated and so harassed -him and his monastery, that he deemed it expedient -to quit Wales. He came to Brittany -and landed at Aleth (S. Servan) and founded -a monastery where is now Saint Suliac. On -the death of his sister-in-law he returned to -Wales, and became Bishop of S. Asaph in -succession to Asaph, who was his first cousin. -In his old age he seems to have retired to die -in his Breton Monastery.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Châtelaudren</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. -The castle, originally a Roman camp, was the -residence of Aldor or Audrien, prince of the -British colonists who settled here. The castle -was destroyed in 1808. It is now in private -grounds, prettily situated above a little tarn. -The parish church is modern, but on the height -above the town is N.D. du Tertre, a church, -2nd pointed but with a flamboyant east -window. There are remains of old glass. -There is a 2nd pointed stone altar of S. -Margaret. The spire was added later and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> -there are internal buttresses. The wooden ceiling -is covered with paintings. Near the chapel -is a picturesque 16th cent. mansion. In the -parish church alabaster bas reliefs of the 16th -cent. are preserved in the sacristy.</p> - -<p><i>Bocqueho</i>, on the main road to Quintin, has -a flamboyant Chapel of N.D. de Pitié with -stained glass of the period representing scenes -of the Passion.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Chèse, La</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac. -There are halles of the 17th cent., and a -church of the 18th.</p> - -<p><i>La Ferrière.</i> The church is partly of the -13th and partly of the 14th cent. The south -chapel is of the 16th, with good glass of 1546 -and 1551. Ruins of the abbey of Lantenac, -founded in 1150; a portion of the cloisters -remain, and a chapel of the 15th cent.</p> - -<p><i>Plèmet.</i> Chapel of S. Lubin of the 16th -cent. with contemporary glass. In one window -the legend of S. Lubin; in another the life of -S. John the Baptist.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cleguerec</span> (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy. Church -modern, but in the churchyard a cross of the -17th cent. In the Chapel of S. Morvan is the -tomb of the Saint, a rude granite sarcophagus. -Near the church, by the roadside, is a lech with -crosses cut on it. In the chapel of the Baptist is -16th cent. glass. Several allées couvertes are in -the parish. One at Parc-er-bé, near the hamlet -of Rotherbaz, 36 ft. long. At Bod-er-Mohet -remains of another, 72 ft. long, divided into compartments -within. Near by a menhir 12 ft. high.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span> -P. at S. Gildas, 1st S. in May. P. at S. Jean, -S. after the 24th June. That at S. Anne 4th -S. in July. Pretty lake at Ste. Brigitte.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Combourg</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo. -Church modern and very bad. The castle -belongs to the Châteaubriant family, and is -shown on Wednesdays. It is a structure of -the 14th and 15th cents., and has been carefully -restored. It stands above a little lake in a -picturesque situation, and has good grounds and -trees about it. In the dining-room is a bust -of Françoise de Foix, who was the wife of -the Count of Châteaubriant. The count was -compelled to be at Court, but long refused to -allow his wife to appear there, and only yielded -when Francis I. insisted upon it. The King -fell desperately in love with her, and made her -his mistress. The count was forced to swallow -his rage, but when the fickle king turned to -Mlle. d'Helly, afterwards Duchesse d'Etampes, -then he carried her back to Châteaubriant -where he starved her to death. The castle is -supposed to be haunted by an old Châteaubriant -with a wooden leg and by his black cat. The -author of Réné and Athalie spent much time -here in his youth, and his room and chair are -shown. A ruined dolmen is at Chevot.</p> - -<p><i>S. Leger.</i> Church of the 15th cent. A -prehistoric monument goes by the name of La -Chaise de Saint Leger.</p> - -<p><i>Cugnon.</i> A menhir called La Pierre longue, -20 ft. high.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Concarneau</span> (F.) chl. arr. Quimper. A<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span> -fishing port, where sardines are tinned. It is -also a resort of artists. Concarneau is picturesquely -situated on a bay, and is divided into -the New and the Old Town, the former very -modern and uninteresting. The Ville Clos -occupies an islet and is enclosed by walls -flanked by towers. Entrance is obtained by -three gates: the principal is to the west and -is defended by two great towers, and has a drawbridge. -Some parts of the fortifications date -from the 14th century. One large bastion is -attributed to the Duchess Anne. There is an -aquarium in the place, and the studios of the -Breton artists should be visited. The Chapel -of N. Dame de Bon Secours is of the 15th cent. -Two kilometres distant to the N.E. is the -Château de Kerjolet, rebuilt and given to the -Department in 1890 by the Countess Chaveau-Narishkine. -It contains a museum in which -are preserved specimens of all the coiffes and -costumes of Lower Brittany, as well as antiquities -prehistoric and mediæval. The factories -for tinning sardines may be inspected. The -costume about Concarneau is pretty, and the -place is noted for the good looks of the women.</p> - -<p><i>Lanriec.</i> Here is an allée couverte, here is -also a cromlech, or circle of standing stones. P. -2nd Sunday in September.</p> - -<p><i>Trégunc.</i> Numerous prehistoric monuments. -A fine menhir at Ker ar Gallon, another 30 ft. -high. A stone circle 248 ft. in diameter. A -dolmen on the Lande de Kerlan 24 ft. long. P. -de S. Marc, the S. after 25th April. P. de<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span> -N.D. de Bon Secours, 3rd S. in September. -P. of S. Philibert, last S. in August, and that -of S. Elizabeth the ensuing Sunday.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Corlay</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac. Church -of S. Elouan of 1576. Old Holy Well. The -Chapel of S. Anne was built in 1198, destroyed -in the war of the two Jeannes, and rebuilt in -1485, and dismantled in 1599. On the Lande -de la Justice foundations remain of the old -gallows; allée couverte, called Le Tombeau de -Gargantua, near the hamlet of Faouët, on the -road to Uzel.</p> - -<p><i>Haut Corlay.</i> Near the village is the Men -Bixiquet, a menhir 9 feet high. North of the -Tertre aux Colombs, a rectangular fortification -enclosing tumuli, a vast number of others are -outside.</p> - -<p><i>Plussulien</i> (S. Sulien). The church is of -the 16th cent. The Holy Well of S. Sulien -is of the 16th cent. as well. The Chapel of the -N.D. de Saleon of the 15th cent.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Croisic, Le</span> (L.I.), chl. arr. S. Nazaire. -A little port and bathing place. It is here -that Cæsar stood to watch the naval fight -between Brutus and the Venetian fleet, which -resulted in the complete destruction of the -latter. The Venetii had large vessels with -leather sails, whereas the Romans had galleys. -The success of the latter was wholly due to the -failure of wind to fill the Venetian sails and -enable the great ships to move. By this means -the Roman galleys were enabled to attack each -huge hulk separately, and the Venetian fleet<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span> -was thus destroyed piece-meal. After this -Cæsar in cold blood slaughtered all the nobles, -and sold all the population he could lay his -hands on into slavery. Le Croisic lies on a -slight elevation that runs as a ridge banking out -the Loire from the low tract of salt marsh on -the other or inland side. N.D. de la Pitié -(1494-1507) has a N. porch of 1528, and a -tower of the 17th cent. The Chapel of S. -Goustan is partly Romanesque, and has a -miraculous Holy Well near it. A marine hospital -for scrofulous children is at Le Croisic.</p> - -<p><i>Batz</i>, on the same ridge as Le Croisic, is also -a sea-bathing place and in much resort. The -church (S. Winwaloe) is of the 15th and 16th -cents., with a stately tower rebuilt in 1677. -The pillars of the earlier 13th cent. church -remain. The church was restored in 1866. -In Batz is a little museum in which are preserved -the old costumes of the district.</p> - -<p><i>Pouliquen</i> (The White Pool), also a sea-bathing -place. On the rock of Penchâteau is -a chapel containing a 15th cent. alabaster bas-relief.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Crozon</span> (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin. The -bleak promontory of Crozon spreads out to the -west and forms the headland of Camaret, then -intervenes the bay de la Chèvre, and to the -north the headland of Crozon. The church -(1602-15) contains a retable representing the -martyrdom of the Theban Legion. The spire is -modern. There is a stone circle at Tyahurey -in the midst of a vast lande, a dolmen at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span> -Rostudet, and stone rows at Kercolleoch and -Landaoudec. The coast to Morgat is fine, -much gnawed into by the Atlantic, and full of -caverns. There are, however, good stretches -of sand. Dinant takes its name from the rocks -that shoot up like walls and towers of a fortress. -The bay of Dinant is beautiful, and here also -are many caves, notably that of the Korrigans or -water-sprites. P. Sunday after 29th June.</p> - -<p><i>Camaret</i> is a little port given over to the -sardine fishing and to the tinning. The Chapel -of Rozmadou dates from 1560. At Toulinquel -is a set of stone rows. At Kerloch a little lake. -The Benediction of the Sea takes place on the -3rd Sunday in June.</p> - -<p><i>Lanveoc</i> (S. Fiacc, B. of Sletty). Here are -prehistoric remains. P. Sunday nearest to 26th -July.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Daoulas</span> (F.) chl. arr. Brest. An Augustinian -abbey was founded here in 1170. To -this period belong the body of the church and -portions of the choir. A porch was added in -renaissance times. Glass of the Breton school -of the 16th cent. remains in the church windows. -The cloister is Romanesque, and of -the same date as the foundation of the abbey. -Semi-circular arches rest on columns alternately -single and coupled, and with early foliage in the -capitals, and with ornamented bases. In the -midst of the cloister is a basin also of the 12th -cent. Chapel of B.V.M. 1550, and Chapel -of S. Anne 1667. Daoulas is at the head of -a long tidal creek, between hills, in a pretty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span> -situation. The Kersanton stone, so largely used -for sculpture in the churches of Lower Brittany -in the 16th and 17th cents., is quarried not far -from here.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p082"></a> -<img src="images/p082.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">N.D. DE LA FONTAINE, DAOULAS</div> -</div> - -<p><i>L'Hôpital Comfront.</i> A commandery of -the Knights of S. John was here. The church -is in the common transition style between flamboyant -and a renaissance, with an open bell -tower for two bells and a side turret, disengaged -with cupola, containing the stair. The west -front has a doorway much like that at Rumengol. -In the church is a statue of S. Barbe of 1511. -P. Easter Monday.</p> - -<p><i>Irvillac.</i> Church with a renaissance tower -and spire. P. des Reliques 3rd Sunday in July. -P. des Marches, with wrestling, 3rd Sunday in -October.</p> - -<p> * DINAN (C.N.) chl. d'arrond. In a -picturesque situation, 225 feet above the Rance -which flows through a gorge to the sea, between -granite cliffs broken by bays down which flows -abundant foliage. The town is walled round -on all sides save that on which is the railway -station. Three gates remain, and a postern of -the castle. The original castle stood in a -different position, and was called the Château -de Gan. It has disappeared, and a vulgar -and pretentious modern house occupies its site. -The present castle was erected in 1458 and -1480. Of the twenty-four towers which -originally surrounded the town fifteen remain in -a more or less ruinous condition. Portions of -the wall date from the 13th cent. The most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span> -picturesque portion of the town is the Rue de -Jerzual leading to the old port on the Rance, -in which are many ancient houses. In some -parts are houses with arcades. The Tour de -l'Horloge, singularly picturesque, is of the 15th -cent. The Church of S. Sauveur is in part -Romanesque, the lower portion of the west front -to the bottom of the window, and the S. side of -the nave. But the N. aisle, transepts and choir -are flamboyant inclining to renaissance. The -central slated crown to the tower is singularly -beautiful in outline and proportion. There is -one window in the N. aisle which contains old -glass. A chapel contains the heart of Du -Guesclin. The Church of S. Malo is late -flamboyant of the 16th cent. throughout, except -the S. transept front, which is renaissance. The -W. window is modern, and remarkably bad in -design. The church contained good old glass -of the period, which the curé sold, and has -supplied its place with utter rubbish. The -Chapel of S. Joachim outside the Porte S. Malo is -mainly Romanesque of the 11th cent. It was -chapel to a priory. At Ste. Esprit is a granite -cross sculptured with figures on the site occupied -by the Earl of Lancaster when investing Dinan. -Near this is a large lunatic asylum, with beautiful -grounds, to which admission is accorded. The -chapel built by the lunatics, if architecturally -bad, is effective after its fashion, and well intended. -From the Porte S. Malo a pretty walk, -planted with limes, leads to La Fontaine, a -chalybeate spring in a deep valley. A noble<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span> -viaduct connects Dinan with Lanvallay. In -summer an expedition may be made by boat or -steamer to the Chapel of S. Hubert, an expedition -well repaying the trouble. The Château -de la Garraye is of the 16th cent., prettily -situated, falling annually into more complete -ruin. That of La Conninais, however, is kept -up. A tower and the chapel are late flamboyant, -but the main building is a century -later.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p084"></a> -<img src="images/p084.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">S. SAUVEUR, DINAN</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Léhon</i> has a ruined castle on the height, and -by the river the remains of a priory. The church, -of the 13th cent., has been restored; the ugly -east window is modern, and the stained glass is -all bad. In the churchyard is the Romanesque -doorway of the parish church, which was pulled -down when the priory church was put in -order.</p> - -<p><i>Corseul.</i> The ancient capital of the Curiosoliti, -with Roman remains, notably a temple of -Mars, of very peculiar construction, an apsidal -chapel with a huge extended peristyle before it, -like a cloister. The parish church, a wretched -modern structure, contains a Roman cippus. -In a picturesque situation is the Château de -Montfilant, of the 12th cent., with to the N. -traces of a prehistoric camp. In the farmhouse -on the site of the castle are some statues, one of -16th cent., of S. Agatha carrying her amputated -feet, and another of S. Anne of the 17th cent.</p> - -<p><i>S. Helan.</i> The church has some old glass -in the E. window, representing the saint, who -with six other Irish bishops visited S. Remigius<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span> -at Rheims in 509. On their way, after -having landed at the mouth of the Rance, they -founded churches along their route up the river. -At La Ganterie on the road to Dol, at the 8½ -kilometre milestone, a little to the left is a ruined -allée couverte, on the site of a prehistoric workshop -for tools. The site is interesting not to -the archæologist alone, but also to the mineralogist. -The stones of which the dolmen is -composed are diorite, and the material of which -the tools were fashioned is the silex in the -granite fused by a dyke of diorite which has run -it into flint clots. The tools here fabricated -were of a rude description.</p> - -<p><i>S. Samson.</i> A fine menhir at La Tremblaye, -in a little wood, 30 ft. high, but inclining, -as it was undermined by treasure seekers. -According to popular superstition, if re-erected, -Dinan would perish by a flood. A delightful -walk may be taken from S. Samson to Dinan, -by a road that leads down to the river, and -comes out by the mouth of the glen of La -Fontaine. From it the grand view of Dinan -with its spires and viaduct may be obtained. -The Rance at this point formerly swept round -a rocky peninsula, but this was cut through -and the course rectified, when the river was -canalised. The walk may be extended by -taking in <i>Taden</i>, where are the neglected tombs -of the Count and Countess de la Garaye. -At their own desire they were buried among the -poor, to whom they had devoted their lives, in -the churchyard.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p086"></a> -<img src="images/p086.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">TOWER, DINARD</div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></p> - -<p><i>Trigavou</i>, between this place and Pleslin, -is a wrecked series of alignments. Though a -monument historique, the peasants have been -recently blowing up the stones with gunpowder, -and the remains are in too great disorder to be -planned. In the church on a beam is a carving -that represents a hare which when pursued by -hunters took refuge in the sacred edifice.</p> - -<p><i>Le Hinglé</i>, a walk of a mile and a half from -the station, takes to the Château of Chalonge, -with a tower and picturesque gables. It is -being well restored by the proprietor.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dinard-Saint Enogat</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. -S. Malo. Picturesquely situated on an indented -coastline opposite S. Malo, and connected by a -tramline with S. Lunaire and S. Briac. It is -a favourite resort for wealthy Americans during -the summer, and has a casino, where those who -like to lose their money may do so. Bathing -is best obtained at S. Lunaire where are good -sands. Scanty remains of a priory founded in -1324. The chapel in ruins contains a colossal -statue of the Virgin and child of the 15th cent. -An old house, traditionally supposed to have -been once occupied by the Black Prince, has a -couple of picturesque towers with conical roofs -and gables. A house quaintly decorated with -numerous statues of saints.</p> - -<p><i>S. Lunaire</i> has an excellent beach. Lodging -houses are extending rapidly along the coast -from Dinard to S. Briac, and in process of time -there will be a continuous line of houses. The -modern church is portentously vulgar, but the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span> -little old church has been happily spared. It -has a low slated tower at the junction of the -transepts. Within is the tomb of the saint, -who was son of Hoel and Pompeia, and born in -South Wales. His father was founder of -Llanhywel in Pembrokeshire, and his mother -lies buried at Langoat near La Roche Derrien. -He was brother of S. Tugdual the founder -of Tréguier, and nephew of S. Brioc. The -story goes that he left his portable altar behind -him in Wales, and that two doves crossed the -sea bringing it to him in their beaks. On his -tomb a dove is represented with the slab in its -beak. The fact on which this legend is -founded is probably that his sisters, crossing -later, brought to him what he had forgotten. -One sister was called Sceva, Ste. Sève as she -is now called. Another story told of him is -that when he settled at this spot on the coast, -with his monks, to his dismay it was discovered -that seed corn had been forgotten. Then -Leonore knelt in prayer, and presently a robin -was seen perched on a stone with an ear of -wheat in its beak which it let fall when -scared. The grains were sown, and on the -following year all the produce of the little -harvest, and eventually all the district round, -derived its wheat from "Robin Redbreast's -Corn."</p> - -<p><i>S. Briac.</i> Situated above a picturesque bay -partly closed by an islet. It has a little port. -The church is modern except the tower, which -is renaissance. An extensive alignment existed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span> -here, extending to the headland above the sea, -but the exigences of builders have almost if not -wholly destroyed it. The saint from whom the -place takes its name was an Irishman, a native -of Ulster, who joined Tugdual and Leonore in -South Wales and followed them to Brittany. -Briac was given a site for a monastery where -now stands the town of Bourgbriac, where is -his Holy Well. He soon made of it a flourishing -school for missionaries, who were sent -throughout the district. After many years he -went on pilgrimage to Rome, and on his way -back halted at Arles, where he remained two -years. Then he returned to Brittany, where -he died at an advanced age about 570, and was -buried at Bourgbriac.</p> - -<p>On the further side of the river is Lancieux; -the church contains a Roman cippus but is -otherwise destitute of interest and will shortly -be rebuilt. The vast bay west of Lancieux is -divided in twain by the tongue of land on which -is S. Jacut. Here the tide goes out as much -as 5 kilometres. To the north of the promontory -of S. Jacut are the islands of Les -Ebbiens on which is a battery.</p> - -<p>Off Dinard is the fortified isle of <i>Cézambre</i>, -but visitors are not suffered to land there. -Here was a monastery founded by S. Brendan -about 524, and when S. Malo arrived from -South Wales, he was hospitably received by -Festivus, the Irish monk left there in charge. -A Chapel of S. Brendan was much resorted to -by girls in want of husbands, who vowed candles<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span> -to the Irish saint if he would supply them with -a suitor. But since the military authorities have -denied access to the island, the damsels have -had to aspire at home.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dol</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo. A dull -town, formerly a cathedral city, and for three -hundred years seat of an archbishop. The few -old houses in the town are not particularly interesting. -The former cathedral, now parish -church (S. Samson), belongs for the most part -to the 13th cent. The west part is flanked by -two towers of the 14th and 15th centuries. -That to the south has retained some remains -of the original Romanesque church. King -John of England burnt the church. At the -crossing of the transepts a third tower of the -13th cent. was begun but never completed. -The N. side of the church formed part of the -fortifications of the town, and the wall of the -chapels of the choir is surmounted by a crenilated -parapet. The choir has a square east end -like an English church, and with a magnificent -2nd pointed or geometrical E. window full of -glass of the same period, badly restored. It -represents the Last Judgment, scenes of the -Passion, and the Life of S. Samson. The -pillars of the nave belong to the original -Romanesque church. After it was burnt they -were retained, but disengaged columns were -grouped about them and bound to the cylinders -by bands of iron. Those in the side aisles are -meaningless, supporting nothing. Behind the -high altar is the Chapel of S. Samson. In the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span> -wall at the side are openings into a chamber into -which the insane were admitted, and kept for a -while enclosed near the tomb of the Saint, in -hopes of a cure. In the N. transept is the -sadly defaced tomb of Bishop Thomas James -(1504) and of his brother, a canon. It was -a peculiarly rich piece of renaissance work, by -the Florentine family of Juste, two brothers of -which were brought to Dol to execute it. -After its completion they settled at Tours. It -was barbarously mutilated at the Revolution. -The S. transept has a rich porch, the statuary -in which has been recently restored.</p> - -<p>About a mile and a half out of Dol on the -Combourg road is the Pierre du Champ Dolent, -a menhir 27 feet high above ground and sunk -nearly as many feet beneath the surface. It is -dwarfed by a huge crucifix planted on the top. -Near by is <i>Carfeuntin</i> with a hideous modern -church replacing one of the 13th that has been -wantonly destroyed. Here is the Holy Well -of S. Samson.</p> - -<p><i>Mont Dol</i> is a height rising out of the great -marsh of Dol, that was overflowed by the sea -in 709. This was a prehistoric site and -numerous flint weapons are there found. The -church of the 11th, 12th and 15th centuries -contains curious mural paintings.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Douarnenez</span> (F.) chl. arr. Quimper. -Prettily situated on a tidal creek that has its -mouth almost closed by the Isle of Tristan. -The railway station is high above the town and -the ravine is crossed by a viaduct. The town<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span> -itself is given up to sardines and is pervaded by -bad odours. It has a very bad modern church. -That of S. Helene is of the 17th cent. with -glass of the period. The Chapel of S. Michel -is of 1664 and has a painted ceiling. Douarnenez -was the headquarters of the brigand -Fontenelle during the wars of the League. -He had his castle on the island of Tristan -where he crowded his prisoners into the -dungeons so dense that they could not lie -down, and kept them there till they died, in a -condition of indescribable filth. As one died, -he made the rest throw him out at the window -into the sea. Some, who he thought might -ransom themselves, he placed in metal chairs -over slow fires, others he left in bitter winter -weather immersed to their necks in barrels of -cold water. He carried on his barbarities, not -for any cause, though he professed himself to be -a leaguer. He warred on all alike for the sake -of rapine and out of wanton love of slaughter. -He was finally broken on the wheel in 1602. -Douarnenez is connected by rows of houses -with</p> - -<p><i>Ploaré</i>, where is a fine church very late -flamboyant resolving itself into renaissance, -and typical of a style very general throughout -Finistère. A singular feature is to be noted in -the pinnacles about the spire. Two of these -have tall crocketed spirelets, but taste was -changing whilst the tower was approaching -completion, and the two other pinnacles are -truncated Italian lanterns. The tower was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> -begun in 1555. The side aisles are gabled -over the aisle windows, and as usual in Breton -churches there is no clerestory. The buttresses -are surmounted by pinnacles that are crowned -with cupolas. The cusping has gone from the -tracery, a sure mark of decay of the style. -There is a fine porch with niches, but no -statues. A fireplace and chimney for heating -the water for baptisms, shows that this usage -was carried on to the latter half of the 16th -cent. As we shall see under <a href="#Le_Juch">Le Juch</a> there is -a later example.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p092"></a> -<img src="images/p092.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">PLOARÉ</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Poullan.</i> The church (S. Cadvan) is -flamboyant verging into renaissance. It has -a thin tower with two galleries, and a pretty -porch. The side aisles are peculiarly narrow. -The capitals of the pillars are quaintly carved. -The octagonal vestry is of the 17th cent. -Several dolmens. A menhir near the seamark -at Kermenhir. P. 1st S. in September.</p> - -<p><i><a id="Le_Juch"></a>Le Juch.</i> Renaissance tower. Fireplace in -the church for warming the water for baptism, as -late as 1710. The east window has in it 16th -cent. glass representing the Crucifixion.</p> - -<p><i>Guengat.</i> A small late flamboyant church. -Ossuary adjoining the porch 1557. Owing to -the fall of the tower in 1700, the church was -restored in 1706. It contains some fine glass -of the 16th cent. representing the Last Judgment -and the Passion. The date is 1571. -The porch flamboyant. Curious uncouth and -late tracery in two gabled windows beside the -porch. The third has flamboyant tracery. A<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span> -Calvary in the churchyard is of the 16th cent. -In the presbytère are preserved a beautiful -chalice, and a processional cross of 1584. P. -de S. Ivy, 2nd S. in May. Patronal feast last -S. in August.</p> - -<p><i>Kerlaz.</i> Church (S. Germain) picturesque -and interesting. It has a crocketed spire with -subsidiary turrets and spirelets partially detached. -The church contains old glass in the east -window representing scenes of the Passion and -S. John the Baptist presenting the donor and -a canon. Font of 1567, tower 1660, Calvary -1645, lychgate 1558.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Elven</span> (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. The Chapel -of S. Germain is of the 16th cent. At the door is -a sarcophagus supposed to be that of S. Germain. -This Germanus is probably not the Great Bishop -of Auxerre, but the nephew of S. Patrick, who -was tutor of S. Brioc, and finally apostle of the -Isle of Man. Elven is a good place whence to -explore the Lande de Lanvaux. This upland -ridge is strewn with prehistoric remains, dolmens -and menhirs, notably La Loge aux Loups, a -dolmen; an allée couverte Le Léty, a menhir -at Carhaix, another at Villeneuve. An allée -couverte at Villepierre, two dolmens in the -wood at Coetby and two menhirs called Baboun -et Baboune at the outskirts of the wood of Lanvaux. -At S. Guyomard a menhir 22 feet -high. At Plaudren beside the road, La Quenouille, -about 18 feet high. Near it numerous -remains of dolmens and fallen menhirs. Another -group at Plaudren, a fallen menhir, 16 feet high,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span> -and two others prostrate of less height, an allée -couverte called Mein-gouarec near a curious -rock shaped like a crouching lion.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Etaples</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. A -watering-place in some repute with good sands. -The church is of the 15th cent., but with a -tower of 1786. Etaples is in the ancient county -of Goelo.</p> - -<p><i>Lantec.</i> The parish church (S. Oswald) -is a mean modern structure. How the great -Northumbrian king should come to be here -commemorated is hard to understand. He is -represented over the altar as a chubby, smirking -boy. The Chapel of N.D. de la Cour is a -noble structure of 1460, of the finest and purest -flamboyant, before it became degenerate and -adulterated with Italian detail. Chancel and -side aisles are vaulted. The nave has modern -wood vaulting. The superb east window is -filled with the finest stained glass, silvery in -tone, with the colour set in it as jewels, after -the English school, and entirely different from -the prevailing Breton character of glass which, -like the French, is overladen with colour. The -modern glass in some of the windows is bad -as bad can be. The tracery of the chancel -windows is admirable. There is a second -stained window, old, in the S. transept. In the -chapel is the tomb of Guillaume de Rosmadec, -1608, in kersanton stone. P. 16th August, -when pilgrim fishermen make the circuit of the -chapel barefooted and in their shirts alone.</p> - -<p><i>S. Quay</i> is a watering place.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Le Faou</span> (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin, at the -head of a long arm of the sea. It is reached -from Henvec station. The church is of the -16th cent. late flamboyant, with a slender unsatisfactory -tower, 1626-40. The porch is of -1593, with statues of the apostles.</p> - -<p><i>Rumengol.</i> The story goes that as King -Grallo was riding with S. Winwaloe from Is, -which had been overwhelmed by the sea, and -reached the hill that commanded the valley, he -saw a fire on the height opposite, and found -that the pagan inhabitants were holding a -sacrifice on the rou-men-goulon, the Red Stone -of the Dawn. He vowed to build there a -church. This is represented in the E. window. -The church is late flamboyant with renaissance -detail. The porch is of the usual type and -contains, over the door, an adoration of the -Magi. A hundred paces to the east is the -Holy Well. In the little structure is a bas-relief -of the Annunciation, and statues of S. -Winwaloe and S. Fiacre. One of the most -largely attended Pardons of Brittany takes place -here on Trinity Sunday, the pilgrims arrive over -night and sleep in the church.</p> - -<p> * LE FAOUËT (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy. -Fine timber and slate Halles. The church of -the 16th cent. is of little interest, but the chapels -of Ste. Barbe, S. Fiacre, and S. Nicolas in -Prisiac, are well deserving of a visit and a study. -Ste. Barbe is planted on a rock above a pretty -valley, and is reached by a staircase of stone. -A bridge connects the upper platform with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span> -another chapel, that of S. Michel. The wooden -belfry is on the platform above. The chapel -of Ste. Barbe is of fine flamboyant work, 1489. -The structure is curious: there is no nave, it -is composed of long transepts and a small budding -chancel. It was vaulted in 1512. Some -very fine old glass remains, side by side with -some very villainous modern stuff. Below, in -the valley, is the well of Ste. Barbe. The P. of -Ste. Barbe is on the last Sunday in June.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p096"></a> -<img src="images/p096.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">S. FIACRE</div> -</div> - -<p>S. Fiacre is a superb example of the architecture -of the 15th cent. The main spire, with -its flamboyant gallery, is corbelled out on the -west gable and is tied by two flying buttresses -to two smaller towers with spirelets. The S. -porch is vaulted and has niches within. The -chapel contains very fine glass of 1550, but -falling to pieces and fragments detaching themselves -with every storm. The subjects represented -are the Nativity, the Passion, and the -legend of S. Fiacre. A roodscreen of 1480 -has been badly "restored" and painted. The -condition of the magnificent glass is disgraceful. -The chapel is a "monument historique," so that -the curé can do nothing to it, and the State -will do nothing for its preservation. The -foliage carving in granite is admirable for its -boldness. The Chapel of S. Nicolas in Prisiac -has a very fine roodscreen, quite perfect and -untouched, covered with curious paintings; it is, -however, later than that at S. Fiacre. There -is here also some good old glass. The chapel -is in a sad condition of neglect. It possesses a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> -broken wheel set with bells for ringing by pilgrims -to call the attention of the Saint to their prayers. -Le Faouët may be reached from either Gourin or -Quimperlé. The P. at S. Fiacre is on the 4th -Sunday in July. S. Caradec Trégomel, a splendid -late Gothic chapel, one of the finest monuments -of 15th cent. in Brittany.</p> - -<p> * FOUESNANT (F.) chl. arr. Quimper, -with nice sands. A pleasant holiday resort. -The costumes of the women are very pretty. -The church is Romanesque, but was frightfully -maltreated in the 18th cent., when large round-headed -windows were introduced. The tower -was struck by lightning and rebuilt at the same -time. The piers are 11th cent. From above -them rise pilasters that sustain relieving arches -under which are the clerestory windows. The -capitals have byzantine-looking work on them. -The Chapel of Ste. Anne, in the midst of trees, -was built in 1685, and has a tower for two bells -and spire between two detached turrets surmounted -by cupolas. This chapel is the object -of visit when the Pardon takes place on July -28. Peasants and girls in white arrive by water -in boats with their crosses and banners.</p> - -<p><i>S. Evarzec.</i> Here was a commandery of -the Knights of Malta at Moustoir (13th cent.). -A dolmen and menhir.</p> - -<p><i>Goueznach.</i> A ruined allée couverte. Chapel -of N.D. de Bonsecours, P. Sept. 8. Chapel of S. -Cado, P. Sept 25; that of Ste. Barbe, P. June 5.</p> - -<p><i>Benodet.</i> A favourite bathing resort. The -church (S. Thomas à Becket) was erected in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> -his honour in 1241, seventy-one years after his -death. But it has undergone much alteration -and enlargement. All that remains of the -original church are two bays of the apse. The -foliage of the capitals has all the freshness and -charm of work of that period.</p> - -<p><i>Perguet</i> (S. Bridget) was formerly the -mother church of Benodet, but now the relations -are reversed. Externally, on the N. -side may be seen Romanesque work, and the -small windows of the period. The S. side has -been completely transformed by the addition of -a little ossuary and a porch and a transept of the -16th cent. But on entering the church the -early character of the building becomes manifest. -The arcades of the nave and the chancel arch -are of the 12th cent. The three bays on -the north are bold and rectangular, and, as at -Fouesnant, support relieving arches that enclose -the clerestory windows. This is all 11th cent. -But the chancel arch shows distinct signs of the -coming on of the reign of the pointed style. -The choir is flamboyant. Here also the -Byzantine character of the ornamentation of the -11th cent. capitals may be observed. The east -window contains 16th cent. glass, and represents -the Crucifixion. Among the statues in the -church are S. Bridget and S. Patrick, but the -latter has been altered into S. Paternus. In -this church is a fireplace for warming baptismal -water. The tower is of 1595. On the highway -from Quimper to Benodet is the Holy -Well of N.D. de Drenec. The basin is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span> -surmounted by a niche containing a statue of -Our Lady of Pity. In times of drought the -parishioners of Ergué Armel come here to pray -for rain; but those of Clohars Fouesnant go in -quest of it to Petit Ergué.</p> - -<p><i>La Forest Fouesnant.</i> This pretty little -church is planted near the sea. The spire is -bracketed out above the west gable, and contains -a stone cage for bells. The Calvary is the -earliest in the Department and is of the 16th -cent. In the presbytère is a noble chalice of -the first half of the 16th cent.</p> - -<p> * FOUGÈRES (I.V.) chl. d'arrond. Picturesquely -situated on a hill above the Nançon. -Originally a frontier town between Brittany and -France, it has preserved its venerable fortifications, -but they are crowded in by buildings. -The castle was founded in the 11th cent., -destroyed in 1166, rebuilt in 1176, has been -restored. It is planted on a rock, and was -flanked by ten towers including those that -commanded the entrance. It is divided into -four distinct portions, the avantcour, the main -court, the donjon, and the postern court. The -entrance is between three towers of the 12th -cent. The keep was destroyed in 1630. It -rose in the midst of the second court, flanked -by three towers that still remain, that of -Melusine dates from 1242. The Church of -S. Sulpice was rebuilt in 1410, but the nave -and tower were not completed till 1490. The -slate spire leans. The choir, begun in the 16th -cent., was not completed till 1765. The Church<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> -of S. Leonard was erected 1407-44, but underwent -alterations in 1586-1637, and contains -fragments of old glass. Altogether Fougères -is a most interesting place, and rivals Vitré.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p100"></a> -<img src="images/p100.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">FOUGÈRES</div> -</div> - -<p>In the Forest of Fougères is a fallen dolmen, -Pierre du Tresor, also an alignment of 80 -stones, called Le Cordon des Druides, near the -ruins of a convent founded in 1440.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">La Gacilly</span> (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. Near -the town on the road to Malestroit, a menhir 15 -ft. high, La Roche Piqué, and near it another -of the same height but fallen. On the Lande -de Signé E. of Gacilly a circular camp and the -slope of the hill is pitted with excavations. -The parish church was formerly chapel to the -castle and was of 14th cent., but was altered -and enlarged 1626-31.</p> - -<p>The Chapel of S. Jugon, 4 kilometres W.N.W. -Jugon was a peasant boy who led a devout life. -P. Whitsun-Monday. Peasants take little bags -of seed to have it blessed at the end of Mass. -This is then mingled with what is to be sown.</p> - -<p><i>Cournon.</i> A fine dolmen, La Tablette. -One of the coverers was broken in 1820. W. -is a menhir 9 ft. high, further W. other blocks -that may be the remains of an alignment.</p> - -<p><i>Les Fougerêts.</i> A pretty gorge with grottoes -in the sides called Les Chambres du Coucou.</p> - -<p><i>S. Congard</i> (Cyngar) near Bignac. An -allée couverte measuring 43 ft. long and 4 ft. -6 in. high within. It has five coverers, of which -one only has fallen. A menhir near the wood -of Misny. The Chapel of N.D. de Quimper<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span> -is an object of pilgrimage on Whitsun-Monday, -and here, possibly, may still be heard the barking -of the pilgrims, an hysterical phenomenon, that -formerly accompanied the Pardon of Josselin. -At Wesley's revivalist meetings a similar phenomenon -was noticed.</p> - -<p> * GUINGAMP (C.N.). A pleasantly situated -town in green surroundings, with the little river -Trieux flowing through it. The finest view of -the town with the towers of the church is from -the garden of the Hôtel de France, whence -water, foliage and old buildings group admirably. -The Church of N.D. de Bonsecours is indebted -to a miraculous image for the lavish expenditure -upon it. This image stands in the N. porch, -and has been accorded a gold crown from the -Pope, and has been profusely "indulgenced." -The church was formerly the chapel of the -Counts of Ponthièvre. It was rebuilt in the -14th and 15th cents. and added to in the 16th. -The church consists of a nave with four aisles, -double transepts and an ambulatory round the -choir. The transept and S. transept front are -of the 12th cent. The central tower and spire -of the 13th. To the same period belong the -tower and turret on the N.W. The arcade on -the N. of the nave is of the 13th cent. On -the S. side the arcade is renaissance. In the -spandrils are the cardinal virtues sculptured in -relief, and corbels support statues. Above the -arcade is a triforium consisting of three ranges. -Above the arcade on the north side the triforium -is of the 14th cent. The choir is composed of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span> -four bays of the 15th cent. The apse is of the -same date. A curious feature is the carrying -of the triforium across the church above the -chancel arch. The transepts are lighted by -rose windows of the 14th cent. The principal -porch containing the miraculous image is closed -by a grating and converted into a chapel; it -contains modern statues of the apostles. The -W. doorway is a magnificent specimen of -renaissance work. Owing to the windows -being all filled with modern coloured glass -overloaded with colour, the interior cannot be -well seen except on sunny days. The vaulting -of the choir is sustained by flying buttresses -within the church. The fine S.W. tower is an -excellent but unfinished work of the renaissance. -In the market-place is a leaden fountain of the -renaissance. A few picturesque old houses -remain. The P. is on the 1st Sunday in July. -A procession with torches takes place on the -Saturday night, and bonfires are lighted in the -Place. After the religious ceremonies follow -dances. N. of Guingamp on a height is the -little Chapel of S. Lambert with some early -11th cent. work, but for the most part it was -transformed in the 18th cent. The abbey of -Ste. Croix is of the 16th cent., but the church -has the piers of the transept of the 13th.</p> - -<p><i>Grâces.</i> The church is entirely flamboyant -of 1508, and a typical specimen. All the aisle -windows are under gables. The baptistery is of -the end of the 16th cent. The relics of Charles -de Blois are preserved here.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span></p> - -<p><i>Pedernec.</i> A menhir 25 ft. high. On one -face three cup-hollows. The church was rebuilt -in 1847, but the S. side aisle and arcade and a -good rose window in the transept, of the 16th -cent., have been preserved. Also a delicately -carved roodscreen, out of its proper place.</p> - -<p><i>Coadout.</i> An allée couverte at Pen-poul-ar-hus, -destroyed in 1863, except for three -stones, has one much polished. On this, -according to local tradition, S. Illtyd and S. -Briac were wont to meet and pray together, and -it contains hollows supposed to have been worn -by their knees.</p> - -<p><i>Pommeret-le-Vicomte.</i> Remains of a -dolmen at Kerbic, one coverer and four supports -still in situ. The church is of various periods. -The oldest portion is the east end, and is of -the 14th cent. with a large window. The -tower and spire of 1712. In the graveyard a -Calvary of the 15th cent. with a pulpit at its -base. The Chapel of N.D. du Paradis is interesting, -16th cent., with a Calvary of the same -period, with the apostles carved in relief on the -octagonal base.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Gourin</span> (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy. An unattractive -spot with poor hotel accommodation. -Hence conveyances may be had to Le Faouët. -At Kerbiguet a menhir 12 feet high and two -others prostrate. The parish church is of 1500 -with a tower of 1745. Numerous chapels are -scattered over the parish: that of S. Hervé to the -N.E. is of the 16th cent. and has stained glass -representing saints, and scenes in our Lord's life.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span></p> - -<p><i>Langonnet.</i> A menhir at Bodéro, 13 feet -high. The parish church has flamboyant -windows and doorways, but a few pillars of the -12th cent. remain. The tower is modern. On -the S. side of the church is an ossuary. In the -cemetery a lech. The chapel of the Trinity, -1500-68, with fine old glass representing the -Jesse tree, the Passion, and the Last Judgment, -and the Life of the Virgin. The abbey of -Langonnet was founded in 1130 and is on the -bank of the Ellé. It is converted into a -reformatory. Chapel of N.D. de la Pitié, P. -15th Aug.</p> - -<p><i>Le Saint</i> (S. Samuel). Partly Romanesque, -but with flamboyant windows. The chapel of -S. Adrian is an object of pilgrimage.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Grand-Champ</span> (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. On -the north the Lande de Lanvaux, which was -once crowded with megalithic remains. Many -still are to be seen. A fine dolmen is on a -rocky elevation a kilometre N. of Locperet. -The capstone measures 16 feet long. Numerous -menhirs further on in the direction of Croix-de-bois, -perhaps the relics of an alignment. -The church (S. Tugdual) has been destroyed -and replaced by a structure of 1866. At -Locperet is a flamboyant Chapel of S. Bridget. -Another of N.D. de Burgo is of 1528 and -1538, and near it a Holy Well. P. at -Locmaria-Grandchamp on Aug. 10th; at -Moustoir des Fleurs on the 4th S. in -August. At Grand-Champ itself on the 2nd -S. in Sept.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span></p> - -<p><i>Locqueltas.</i> A menhir, called Le Fuseau de -la Femme de Gargantua, 15 feet high. At -<i>Plaudren</i> another 18 feet high, and bearing the -same name. It is near the road to Josselin -on the Lande. The whole neighbourhood is -strewn with remains of dolmens and with fallen -menhirs.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Guéméné</span> (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy. Anciently -Kemenet-Guegnant, owes its origin to a castle -of Guegnant, nephew of Alan Canhart, who -erected it. The fief passed to the family of -Rohan. The castle was converted into a prison -for English soldiers in 1792. It is now a ruin.</p> - -<p><i>Silfiac.</i> A Chapel of S. Laurent of the -16th cent. with curious carvings; near it the -Holy Well of S. Nodez, which is supposed -to cure corns, and other maladies of the -feet.</p> - -<p><i>Langoelan.</i> A dolmen on the E. of the -hamlet of Villeneuve and in an islet of the -Scorff. The church is flamboyant. Le -Merzer marks the spot where Selyf or Solomon, -King of Devon and Cornwall, coming to -Armorica to see his domains there, encountered -the pagan natives and was murdered by them. -He was son of Geraint, who fell at Langport -in Somersetshire in 522, fighting against the -Saxons. His wife was S. Gwen, sister of -Nonna, mother of S. David, and he was the -father of S. Cuby. The Chapel of S. Solomon -has been destroyed.</p> - -<p> * GUÉRANDE (L.I.) chl. arr. S. Nazaire. -An interesting town surrounded by its machicolated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span> -walls of granite, erected in 1431 by -John V., and flanked by ten towers. There -are four gates; that of S. Michel is a veritable -fortress in itself defended by two lofty towers. -The Church of S. Aubin is of the 12th and 16th -cents., and has two porches, and an external -pulpit of stone of the 16th cent. Within the -church the pillars have carved Romanesque -capitals. There is good glass of the 16th cent. -N.D. la Blanche is a graceful chapel, erected -in 1348 by Jean de Montfort. A menhir -with cup-markings at Escoblac. Dolmens at -Kerléour, Kerlo, and Sandun. A circle of -stones at Kerbourg. Guérande is a good place -for a botanist to stay at who desires to study -the flora of the saltmarshes on one hand, and of -the Grande Brière on the other. The production -of salt goes on largely in the salines, and is -carried on by private owners. It requires about -40 consecutive dry days between June and -September to evaporate the water. The annual -production averages 6600 tons. The Grande -Brière is divided into 17 communes, and is a -vast freshwater peat bed occupying the basin of -an ancient lake.</p> - -<p><i>S. Lyphard</i> was a Roman station at the point -where the lake of La Brière formerly discharged -into the sea. The church is of the 11th cent. -The peasants of the Bruyère wear a peculiar -costume, and are true Bretons.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">La Guerche</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Vitré. The -church, of which portions belong to the 13th -and 14th cents., contains some old stained glass.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span> -At 2 kilometres to the S. is the Church of -Rannée, in part Romanesque.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Guichen</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Redon. Old -chateaux at Gaylieu and Gressillonnoye.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hédé</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Rennes. Ruins of -the castle on a rock. The church is Romanesque. -<i>S. Gaudran</i>, good glass of the 17th -cent. in the church, and two silver reliquaries of -the 12th cent.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hennebont</span> (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. Prettily -situated on the river Blavet. The town is -divided into the Ville Clos within its ancient -walls and the new town. A bridge connects -them. The old town was fortified by Duke -Jean I. (1237-86). It played a signal part in -the War of Succession. Jean de Montfort had -secured the place. At the end of May 1342, -Charles of Blois laid siege to it. Within was -the Countess Jeanne, who held out with determination, -set fire to the camp of the enemy, -and leaving the town unperceived threw herself -into Auray, where she gathered reinforcements -which she introduced into Hennebont without -the feeble Charles being aware what she was -about. At last provisions failed, and the -magistrates insisted on capitulation. The -countess entreated for a couple of days' delay, -and at the last moment saw gleaming in the west -on the sea the sails of an English fleet sent to her -relief. Charles hastily retreated, but again a -few months later laid siege to the place. He -was, however, again repulsed. The parish -church (N.D. de Paradis) on the further side<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span> -of the river. It is the principal monument in -Hennebont, and was erected in 1514-24, and is -consequently flamboyant before it sank in debasement. -The W. front is light and graceful and -has a porch and a tower flanked by a couple of -turrets tied to it by galleries sustained on flying -buttresses. The spire rises to 150 feet. The -choir ends in an apse lighted by two stages of -windows. A procession takes place on the -last Sunday in Sept. in commemoration of the -cessation of an epidemic in 1699. The chapel -of S. Antoine is partly Romanesque.</p> - -<p><i>Kervignac.</i> A fine dolmen near the road -from Hennebont to Landévant. On the south, -near Kermadio, is another. A third, small, -near Lopriac. This is one of the most ancient -parishes in the diocese of Vannes. It is mentioned -as early as the 6th cent. At this time a -cloud of locusts came down on the country, and -the Count Weroch, fearing famine, sought -Gunthiern, a refugee king of Gwent, who had -settled at Quimperlé and was in great repute for -his austerities. Gunthiern gave water he had -blessed to the envoys of Weroch, and this -drove the locusts away. In return for this -favour, Weroch granted to Gunthiern the plou -of Vineac. The Chapel of N.D. de la Clarté is -of the 15th cent. That of S. Laurent contains -some remains of the screen. A Holy Well of -S. Gildas is still in request in the hamlet of -Kanden.</p> - -<p> * HUELGOAT (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin. -A picturesquely situated townlet at the extremity<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span> -of a lake that discharges amongst masses of -granite down a ravine. The ruinous condition -of the granite is not due to earthquake or to -glacial action as supposed by some, but to its -composition. It contains a large amount of -soluble silicate of potass. This disappears under -the action of the rain and the granite crumbles -away. Huelgoat is four miles from the nearest -railway station. The road is through the valley -of the Argent, between pine-clad hills. The -granite here encounters the schist. The church -is a mean renaissance structure, but the Chapel -of N.D. des Cieux is more interesting. It is -of the 16th cent. and contains some old glass -of the period. A camp on a height above -the town is attributed to King Arthur.</p> - -<p><i>S. Herbot.</i> A chapel in the parish of -Loqeffret is a picturesque structure at the roots -of the Monts d'Arrée. A stream here falls in -a pretty cascade 400 feet over rocks, and at no -great distance from the chapel are the inconsiderable -remains of the renaissance Château de -Rusquec. The Chapel of S. Herbot is actually -a large church and merits attentive study. It -possesses a fine square tower without spire or -pinnacles. The date is 1516. The W. front -is fine. Throughout, the carving of the granite -is admirable, the foliage is treated with great -boldness. The tower of S. Herbot seems to -have served as a model for that of Carhaix, -which is a few years later. On the south is a -deep porch also well sculptured, with the apostles -within, and 24 little statues in the arcade of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span> -entrance. The date of the porch is 1498. -The apse is flamboyant like the rest of the -church, but the buttresses are later additions in -1618 and 1619. The interior is adorned with -a beautiful renaissance screen and returned stalls, -but no roodloft. On the W. face the twelve -apostles, on that inside the minor prophets and -the sibyls. In the chancel is the tomb of the -Saint, a hermit of whom nothing authentic is -known. It is a work of the 15th cent. There -are some old stained glass windows. That on -the S. at the E. end represents S. Yves between -a rich man and a poor suitor. The date is -1556. The central window contains the story -of the Passion, that on the N., S. Laurence on -the gridiron. The date 1556, which is also -probably that of the central window. Outside -the screen are two altars piled up with cows' -tails. These are offered to the Saint. Formerly -they were hung about the sanctuary. There is -a little ossuary on the W. side of the porch. -The E. window is of earlier character than -the rest in the church, and is of the same -character as that of Pont l'Abbé with a -transom supporting a rose. Most of the -windows testify to the decline of flamboyant, -when the flames assume a tadpole form and -the lights are uncusped. In the churchyard is -a Calvary.</p> - -<p><i>Brennilis</i> has a church with tower and W. -façade of 1485. There are two windows of -good old glass representing the Conception, -S. Christopher, and a monk. Also the life of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span> -the Virgin. The church possesses a processional -cross of 1650.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Janzé</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Rennes. The -church is partly Romanesque. In the suburbs -a menhir with a hole cut in the face to receive -an image of the B.V.M.</p> - -<p><i>Essé.</i> Here is one of the finest covered -avenues in Brittany. It consists of a main -structure with an ante-chamber, and is divided -within into compartments. The total length is -43 feet.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p112"></a> -<img src="images/p112.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">LA ROCHE AUX FÉES, ESSÉ</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap"><a id="Josselin"></a>Josselin</span> (M.) chl. arr. Ploermel. The -capital of the ancient county of Porhoet (Poutre-coet -= the land beyond the wood). The -story goes that once upon a time a workman -here found an image of the Virgin in a bramble -bush. As it soon established its character as -miraculous, a town sprang up about the sanctuary. -Guethenoc, Count of Porhoet, planted a castle -here and called it after his son, who completed -his father's work in 1053. The castle became -the headquarters of the counts and then dukes -of Rohan. The original castle had been -taken in 1168 by Henry II. of England, and -utterly destroyed, but it was rebuilt by Eudes II. -in 1173, and was held throughout the War of -Succession by the partisans of Charles de Blois. -In 1370 it was acquired by Olivier de Clisson, -when fresh fortifications were added, notably the -keep. Alan IX. Viscount, (1429-62) constructed -the beautiful front towards the court. -Richelieu had the towers and about half the -castle blown up, in 1629, and in 1760 the duke<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span> -himself pulled down two more towers. What -remains of the castle has been most carefully and -tastefully restored by the present duke, who -graciously allows it to be shown to visitors. -The front to the river which bathes its walls -is furnished with three towers resting on the -rock, and gives some idea of what the castle -must have been when complete. The inner -façade that looks upon what was the Cour -d'honeur is a superb example of domestic -architecture in the 15th cent., already under -the influence of renaissance ideas. The ten -gables of the dormer windows are connected by -a balustrade of the richest design, greatly varied, -but repeating the device of the Rohans, A Plus. -The Church of Notre Dame was originally late -Romanesque, and still retains pillars and a -window of the period, but the bulk of the -church is much posterior. The choir and -lateral chapels and the crossing of the transepts -date from 1390-1407. The rest of the -church is later still. The N. transept was -added in 1491. In this church, in 1351, the -Franco-Breton company of Thirty made their -communion before meeting in deadly combat the -Anglo-Bretons of the same number at the cross -of Mi-voie. They made a vow before the -statue of S. Cadoc that still remains in the -church. In Notre Dame is the tomb of Olivier -de Clisson, 1507, who married Marguerite de -Rohan. An "indulgenced" procession takes -place here on Whitsun-Monday. Formerly it -was accompanied by barking women, taken with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span> -hysterical excitement which made them utter -sounds like the barking of dogs. This phenomenon -first appeared in 1728 and was renewed -annually. Nothing of the sort takes place now. -The bold square tower is of the 17th cent. -with picturesque slate cap. A new tower and -spire are being added at the E. end. This -is well enough, if the old tower be left, and -the grouping will be effective; but if the latter -be pulled down as is proposed, the new spire -will be a poor substitute. Inside the church -on the right hand is a niche containing a skull -to which the peasants make offerings of grain, -to cure headaches. None know whose skull -it is, but it has recently been enclosed in a -wooden silvered bust of S. Laurence.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p113"></a> -<img src="images/p113.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">THE COURT, JOSSELIN</div> -</div> - -<p>The priory church of Ste. Croix is of the 11th -cent. Romanesque. S. Martin's was erected in -the 12th cent. and is now a ruin. In 1793 -the Republican garrison of Josselin swept the -country to capture the priests, and was fallen -upon and defeated by the exasperated peasantry. -In 1795 they burned the church of Guegon and -smashed the Calvary, but were again attacked -and driven off by the peasants.</p> - -<p>The famous Battle of the Thirty took place -on the <i>Lande de Mi-Voie</i>, between Ploermel -and Josselin. The English-Bretons were under -Captain Bramber or Bemborough, and the -French-Bretons under the Sire de Beaumanoir, -governor of Josselin. Although it has been -regarded as a battle between English and French, -there were actually but three or four of English<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span> -nationality on the De Montfort side, the rest -were Gascons, Angevins and Flemings. Success -would perhaps have been with the Anglo-Bretons, -had not one of the French perfidiously -violated the rules laid down before the engagement, -mounted his horse and by this means broke -the Anglo-Breton line.</p> - -<p>The country around is well-wooded and -pretty. The town is dirty and ruinous.</p> - -<p><i>Guegon.</i> The church is in the late Romanesque -of the 12th cent., when the style was in -transition to 1st pointed. The south aisle is -of 1560 and late flamboyant. In a window is -stained glass representing the apostles; it is of -1563. The tower and spire were the loftiest in -the diocese, but were struck by lightning in -1705.</p> - -<p><i>S. Servan.</i> To this parish Gobrian, Bishop -of Vannes, retired in 717 and here died in 725. -He was buried in his oratory. A village grew -up about his tomb that bore his name. This is -now a chapelry, and the chapel is of the 11th -cent. with additions of the 15th cent. The -nave is floored, forming an upper chamber which -served as a hospital for the sick seeking health -at the tomb of the Saint.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Jugon</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. A prettily -situated town at the junction of two valleys, -each occupied formerly by a lake and dominated -by a strong castle at the fork. One of -the lakes has been drained and the castle has -been destroyed. The church has nave and -S. tower, 2nd pointed and good. There is a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span> -curious W. doorway. Choir and transepts are -flamboyant. The church has been "restored" -in execrable taste. The road from Jugon to -Dinan runs over high and dreary country, moors -only partially reclaimed.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lamballe</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. A -little town in a plain dominated by a ridge of -granite that runs to the east and is crowned at its -W. termination by the beautiful Chapel of Notre -Dame, and by a windmill at the E. termination. -In Lamballe are some picturesque old houses, -and there is a haras for the improvement of the -breed of horses in Brittany. The town possesses -three churches, one of which is Notre Dame, and -was a chapel of the counts of Penthièvre, and is -by far the finest in the town, but it is now only -occasionally that divine service is performed in -it.</p> - -<p>The parish church of S. Jean is of the late -middle pointed style, 1425, with an octagonal -tower of 1420 at the base, but much later at the -crown. The church has been atrociously mutilated, -all the tracery cut out of the windows in the -18th cent. to be replaced by an iron framework -to sustain the glass. The Church of S. Martin -was of early Romanesque of the beginning of the -11th cent., but the arches to the east show the -beginning of the pointed style. The S. transept -possesses a good middle pointed geometric -window. The tower was begun in 1551 and -became purely renaissance before completion. -The quaint wooden porch was added in 1519.</p> - -<p>The Church of Notre Dame is a magnificent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span> -structure, and richly repays a close study. The -most ancient portions are the N. transept, with -lancet windows, the noble gateway and the W. -front, together with the arcade of the nave. -But the side aisles are late flamboyant. The -choir and S. transept were erected by Charles -de Blois and are admirable examples of 2nd -or middle pointed architecture at its very -best. The choir is vaulted but not the nave. -To sustain the vault on the S. side are buttresses -within the church forming side chapels and -pierced with delicate tracery. There is a double -triforium. The choir has a square end lighted -by a noble E. window, very tall and of only -four lights. The clustered pillars on the S. -side of the choir and the piers sustaining the -central tower are remarkably fine. There is a -little flamboyant screen with a renaissance organ-case -above it in the S. aisle of the choir.</p> - -<p><i>S. Aaron.</i> On the Lande du Chêne-hut is -an allée couverte composed of 13 stones, three of -which are coverers, and two others lie in the -soil. The whole is 30 feet long.</p> - -<p><i>Meslin.</i> Five allées couvertes on the Lande -du Gras. One is in the middle of the Lande, -one just below the mill, a third in the Champ -des Caves, a fourth at Bourdonnais. In the -Lande du Gras is a menhir 10 feet high.</p> - -<p> * <span class="smcap">Landerneau</span> (F.) chl. arr. Brest. An -excellent centre for many interesting excursions. -The town is commercial and thriving. It -possesses a few old houses and a quaint mill. -The Church of S. Houardon has been rebuilt,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span> -but the beautiful tower and superb porch have -been preserved. The date of the porch is 1604, -and the tower is of much the same date. Landerneau -was a great artistic centre in the 16th -and 17th cents., and its architects and sculptors -erected the splendid work in the Elorn valley -and the region around. The style they created -is very original and deserves attention. They -delighted in adorning the churches with noble -porches, bold, and often with the gable crowned -with a spirelet. Within, niches hold statues -of the twelve apostles. When all other detail -is Italian, the foliage remains of flamboyant -character. The second church in Landerneau -is that of S. Thomas à Becket, 1607, small and -uninteresting. To the W. is an ossuary of 1632 -converted into a habitation. The valley of the -Elorn presents many scenes of considerable beauty. -The rocks are of white quartz breaking through -the leafy covert of the hills.</p> - -<p><i>Pencran.</i> A steep ascent of a mile leads to -this very interesting church, with fine porch and -two calvaries and a spire. The date of the -porch is 1553. The sculpture here in Kersanton -stone is peculiarly rich and delicate. Among -the groups of figures may be distinguished Adam -and Eve, and the serpent, the expulsion from -Paradise, Cain and Abel, Adam delving whilst -Eve spins, the Ark and the drunkenness of -Noah. In the tymphanum is the Nativity, -much mutilated. Within the church are the -Descent from the Cross and the Mater dolorosa, -groups carved in 1517.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span></p> - -<p><i>La Roche Maurice.</i> In a most picturesque -situation, the church embowered in trees on a -height above the river, and a ruined castle on a rock -of white quartz. The castle belonged to the dukes -of Rohan whose eldest sons bore the title of -Princes de Léon, on account of the large family -possessions in Léon. The church has a slim -tower with double galleries and two sets of open -bell cages, and is an excellent typical example -of a style very common in the Department of -Finistère. Its date is 1589. The porch with -some fine foliage in Kersanton stone is of 1530-40. -In the churchyard is a good ossuary of -1640. On it is represented Death darting at all -sorts and conditions of men, with the inscription -"Je vous tue tous." At the entrance to the -churchyard are three pillars that support the -cross of Christ and the two thieves. Within -the church the magnificent east window with -its stained glass of 1539 at once arrests the eye. -It represents the story of the Passion and reproduces -that in S. Mathieu at Quimper, and that -in the church of Tourch. After the stained -glass, the screen attracts attention. It is renaissance -and is the sole example left in its -proper position in a parish church in the dioceses -of Léon and Quimper. P. Ascension Day. -But at Pontchrist, a ruined renaissance church -by the river in a picturesque situation, on the -4th S. in July.</p> - -<p><i>La Martyr.</i> This was the scene of the -murder of Solomon, King of Brittany, in 874. -Solomon had assassinated his cousin Erispoe,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span> -who was king, before the altar of the church of -Penpont, and so won the crown for himself. He -was a contemptible creature. He proceeded to -buy off the Northmen and to promise to pay tribute -to Charles the Bald, and undertook to undo all -the ecclesiastical organisation formed by Nominoe -and surrender the jurisdiction over the Breton -sees to the Archbishop of Tours, if the Pope -would absolve him of the murder. But this was -too much for the Bretons to endure, they rose -in revolt, headed by Pasquitien, son of the -assassinated king, and Solomon, finding himself -deserted on all hands, fled with his son towards -the coast, hoping to take refuge in England. -But he was overtaken where is now La Martyr, -where he had taken sanctuary in the church, -dragged forth along with the boy and both were -killed (874). For some unaccountable reason the -Bretons have regarded this despicable murderer -as a saint. The tower of the church belongs to -the 13th cent. The entrance to the churchyard -is by a triumphal arch adorned with -statuary. This is the earliest of the kind in -the country and belongs to the 16th cent. The -porch is remarkable for its style and for the -delicacy and richness of the sculpture. It -belongs to the latter part of the 15th cent. -The ossuary is of 1619 and is attached to the -porch. The interior of the church is of the -14th cent. It had originally a fine screen in -Kersanton stone, that has been destroyed, but the -basement of the parclose screens remains. Four -stained windows of 1567 represent the Passion,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span> -the Crucifixion, the Resurrection, the Noli me -tangere, the apparition of the risen Christ to -His mother, and the Ascension. Also the -death, assumption and coronation of the Virgin, -and a Jesse tree. The Duke and Duchess of -Rohan are represented as the donors. The -church possesses a magnificent reliquary of the -renaissance period. P. on the 2nd S. in July. -A great horse fair follows, lasting three days.</p> - -<p><i>S. Divy.</i> This church possesses a ceiling -painted with a series of subjects from the life of -S. David. P. Sunday after Ascension and 2nd -S. in September.</p> - -<p><i>Dirinon</i> (S. Nonna). The name signifies -the steps of Nonna. The church stands on -very high ground. It is in the usual style of -transition between flamboyant and renaissance -(1588-93). A chapel in the churchyard contains -the tomb of S. Nonna, mother of S. David, -and wife of Sandde, grandson of Ceredig, who -drove the Irish out of S.W. Wales and gave -its name to Cardigan. The tomb, however, is -a work of the 15th cent. At a little distance -from the village is her well (1623). At the -further end of the village is that of S. David. -P. 2nd S. after Trinity.</p> - -<p><i>Plougastel.</i> The costumes of this district -are very picturesque. The men wear blue or -violet jackets and three waistcoats and sashes. -The church is modern, but in the churchyard is -a marvellous Calvary (1602-4) consisting of an -arcade under a platform crowded with statues, -and a frieze surrounds it, carved with subjects in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span> -bas-relief. P. at La Fontaine Blanche, Easter -Monday and the 15th August; at S. Jean on the -24th June. By the Chapel of S. Guénolé is a -rude stone, against which barren women rub -themselves in the hope of becoming mothers.</p> - -<p> * LANDIVISIAU (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. -A small town on the high road from Morlaix to -Brest. It forms an excellent starting point for -several interesting excursions. The church is -modern, but has a tower and spire of 1590, -partaking of the fault of all those in Léon and -Cornouailles of this period. It is thin and -pinched. The date of the superb porch is -1554. It is an interesting study, as it serves as -a link between those of pure flamboyant and -such as are true renaissance. About the great -arch are subjects from the Old Testament. -Within are the twelve apostles; the corbels -supporting them are curious and varied; symbolical. -For instance, one represents two -drunken soldiers carrying off two girls, one -carrying a mirror, another a sceptre, signifying -that damsels with vanity or arrogance fall an -easy prey. In the cemetery outside the town -is an ossuary, date about 1620. In the town is -the Holy Well of S. Divisiau, almost buried -among houses. It supplies a large public -washing basin. Two ranges of an arcade -surmount it, containing ten panels that have -come from some tomb of the 16th cent. -Landivisiau, with its comfortable hotel, is a good -starting-place for excursions to places where the -accommodation is not all that could be desired.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p122"></a> -<img src="images/p122.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">CALVARY AND OSSUARY, S. THÉGONNEC</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span></p> - -<p><i>S. Thégonnec.</i> This place is richly deserving -of a visit with its church, and churchyard -overcrowded with piles of granite, Calvary and -ossuary and triumphal arch. The last mentioned -is of 1587 and is cumbrous but effective. These -triumphal arches first made their appearance at -the close of the Gothic period. This is wholly -Italian in character. The ossuary adjoins it and -belongs to a later period, but is far purer in -design, 1676-7. The façade is very rich and -beautiful. Within in a crypt is a Holy -Sepulchre, life sized figures of 1702. The -Calvary dates from 1610 and represents scenes -of the Passion. The oldest portion of the -church is the west doorway with the little bell-turret -rising above it; this dates from 1563. -At a later date the huge tower was erected on -the south with a porch in its basement, built -between 1599 and 1610, the statues added in -1632. Above the porch is the statue of S. -Thégonnec (To-quessnac, a disciple of Paul -of Léon). The window tracery is modern and -does not faithfully represent the old tracery. -The nave was built in 1777. The furniture of -the church is interesting. The pulpit, though -late, is fine. A niche with shutters painted -with scenes from the Saint's life contains a statue -of the patron. Opposite is another statue of the -B.V.M. with painted shutters. The tower is -heavy, and the effect of chamfering the angles -very unpleasing. To support the gallery the -angles of the tower are very massive, buttresses are -added and between them the wall is reduced,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span> -and the gallery sustained on heavy corbels. -The platform is surmounted by a dome and -lantern and little side pepper-boxes. The -interior effect of the church is rich and harmonious -in gold and colour, if somewhat -barbaric.</p> - -<p><i>Locmelar</i> is reached by ascending a pretty -valley that contains an affluent of the Elorn. -The church is late flamboyant, with apse and -gables. The porch is of the common type of -the period and contains statues of the apostles. -There is a Calvary. The tower dates from -1656. Over a side altar is a painting -representing in a series of groups the legend -of S. Hervé, a blind bard saint who contributed -greatly to the downfall of Conmore, -acting in conjunction with Gildas and -S. Samson.</p> - -<p><i>Bodilis.</i> The tower of this church was -erected when Gothic architecture was in its -decline. It is surmounted by a spire with -spirelets at the angles rising from a gallery. -The porch is of 1570, and is of unusual beauty. -Within are the apostles; below the niches runs -a band of marvellous richness of sculpture and -great variety. The font is surmounted by a -baldachin in Kersanton stone of 1680. P. on -Ascension Day.</p> - -<p><i>S. Servais.</i> This church has an early -renaissance tower with double galleries and two -bell cages, the whole surmounted by a spire and -pinnacles. The body of the church is of the -latter half of the 17th cent. The graveyard<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span> -cross has sculptured scenes on it, and there is an -ossuary like that at Landivisiau.</p> - -<p><i><a id="Guimiliau"></a>Guimiliau.</i> Annually numerous tourists visit -this village to see its very remarkable ecclesiastical -monuments, its church, porch, sacristy, calvary, -and the little Chapel of Ste. Anne. The porch -rivals that of Bodilis and Landerneau. The -doorway into the porch has a series of biblical -scenes in sculpture in the mouldings. The date -is 1617. The voluted keystone alone proclaims -the abandonment of Gothic for Italian -architecture. To the west side of the porch -is attached an ossuary, the roof supported by -columns. The sacristy was erected in 1683. -The Calvary consists of a mass of masonry, -pierced by arches in the angle buttresses, the -whole sustaining a frieze covered with sculptured -figures, and the platform above crowded with -statues. The whole surmounted by the cross -with SS. Mary and John at the sides. The -groups are very curious and represent soldiers -and peasants of the close of the 16th cent. -The Calvary was erected in 1581. Near the -Calvary is the mortuary chapel of Ste. Anne, -1648. The interior of the church contains a -magnificent baldachino over the font in carved -oak; it was constructed in 1675. The organ -case is of much the same date, the pulpit of -1677. The church possesses two embroidered -banners of 1678. Guimiliau (Vicus Miliai) -has as patron Miliau, King of Cornouaille, who -was basely assassinated by his brother Rivold -in 537, who also mutilated his nephew Melor,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span> -by amputating a hand and a foot, and finally by -having him murdered by his foster-father, whom -he had bribed to do the deed.</p> - -<p>There is a Holy Well of S. Miliau outside -the village.</p> - -<p><i>Lampaul-Guimiliau.</i> The great tower of -this church (S. Paul of Léon) was founded in -1573, and is very lofty and surmounted by a -spire which has remained incomplete. The -porch is fifty years older. Within are the -apostles in very quaint niches. The sculpture -of the Holy Water Stoup and of the inner -doorway is remarkably rich. The font is of -1651, and is surrounded and surmounted by a -baldachino of 1650. The pulpit, that is late, -is a fine piece of wood carving. The east end -of the choir terminates in an apse with gables. -The Calvary, triumphal arch, and ossuary belong -to 1668. P. 1st S. in May. At the Chapel -of S. Anne, S. after 15th August.</p> - -<p><i>See also</i> <a href="#Lambader">Lambader</a> and <a href="#Plouneour-Menez">Plouneour-Menez</a>.</p> - -<p> * LANMEUR (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. -The church surmounts a crypt that is very -curious and rude, and is attributed to the 10th -cent. In this crypt was once the tomb of S. -Melor (<cite>see under</cite> <a href="#Guimiliau">Guimiliau</a>), whose body was -transferred in the 9th cent. by refugee Bretons -to Amesbury. There is a fountain in the crypt. -Of the upper church only four piers and a small -door belong to the original building. Near the -church is the Romanesque Chapel of Kernitron -(12th cent.). It is a cross church with a bold<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span> -central tower. Some of the windows are late. -The P. of Kernitron is on the 15th August.</p> - -<p><i>S. Jean du Doigt</i> is a complete and interesting -collection of structures such as were wont -to be grouped about a parish church. There is -first the monumental church itself, in the midst -of a graveyard entered by a triumphal arch, a -Holy Well, a Calvary, an ossuary, and an open -oratory, where mass is celebrated before an enormous -crowd on the occasion of the Pardon, and, -finally, the church possesses a rare collection of -precious ornaments, such as belong to no other -parish in the diocese. The triumphal arch is -of the 15th cent. The Holy Well is in the -churchyard, and is a noble renaissance structure -composed of a large basin, with two superposed -vessels, from which heads of angels spout water. -The whole is surmounted by a group representing -the Baptism of Christ. Almost in face of this -is a pretty oratory of 1574, very elaborately and -quaintly sculptured. The tower is surmounted -by spire and spirelets covered with lead. The -east end of the church has in it a noble rose -window. At the foot of the tower is an ossuary, -and a second of 1618 is on the S.W. The S. -porch has a parvise chamber above the doorway. -The interior is rich, and the inner doorway is -surmounted by a statue of the Baptist in a Gothic -niche with wings. The church was commenced -in 1440, and was completed in 1513, so that it -belongs to an excellent period of flamboyant, -of which unfortunately examples are few. Internally -the exaggerated height of the pillars as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span> -compared with the arches deserves notice. The -treasury is extraordinarily rich in chalices, -reliquaries, and a processional cross of the 16th -cent. A reliquary of the finger of S. John is of -1429. The P. is on the 24th June, and draws -vast crowds of pilgrims. The object of the cult -is a finger of the Baptist, which is supposed to -have its nail pared annually. It was stolen from -some chapel in Normandy by a native of Plougasnou, -who successfully conveyed it to his -native village. There is, of course, not a -particle of evidence worth a rush that substantiates -the relic as genuine.</p> - -<p><i>Plougasnou</i> has an interesting church on a -storm-beaten coast. The interior is Romanesque, -but the exterior dates from 1574. It has a -tower of 1582. A curious Chapel of N.D. -de Lorette with caryatides is shaped like an -old Lycian tomb.</p> - -<p><i>Guimaec.</i> Here are two cromlechs or -stone-circles.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lannilis</span> (F.) chl. arr. Brest. The church -modern and bad. The tower is of 1774, in the -true Léon style, and interesting as showing to -how late a date the style continued. It has two -galleries for four bells, and spire with ample -spirelets. The line is carried on to the sea, -where there is a watering place at <i>Abervach</i>. -The coast is not remarkable, but there are good -sands.</p> - -<p><i>Plouguerneau.</i> On the east is the site of -Tolente, a town that was completely destroyed -by the Northmen in 875. P. of Tréminach<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span> -on 1st S. after the 10th Aug. P. of S. Cava -on the last S. in August; at S. Michel on the -last S. in September.</p> - -<p><i>Locbrévelaire.</i> The valley of the Abervach -is here pretty. The place is mainly of interest -to the geologist. The whole hill on which -Locbrévelaire stands is composed of Tertiary -Oligocene, the ruins of granite, and is of a -spongy nature, full of kaolin and with lumps and -bands of quartz undissolved, and much mica. It -is quarried for road-making, but the quartz alone -is of value for that purpose. Almost certainly -below this spongy mass a bed of kaolin would -be found. The church (S. Brevelaire = S. -Brendan) lies on one side of the valley in a lap -of the hills, and opposite are the noble woods -and park of the Château de Liscoat. The -church contains an arcade of the 11th cent., -very rude. The S. wall is 17th cent. The -tower of the same. There is, in the churchyard -wall, a Holy Well surmounted by a statue of the -Saint. S. Brendan, afterwards Abbot of -Clonfert, was forced to leave Ireland in 520, -owing to his having unintentionally caused the -death of one of his pupils, and he spent seven -years away from it, during which time he -founded a monastery on the island of Cézambre, -opposite S. Malo, and another in a different -part of Brittany. This latter may be Locbrévelaire.</p> - -<p> * <a id="LANNION"></a>LANNION (C.N.) chl. d'arr. A picturesquely -situated town on the Guer that reaches -the sea seven kilometres below. The tide<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span> -reaches as far as Lannion, and it has a little -port. The Church of S. Jean de Balay consists -of a nave and four aisles under one roof, and -without clerestory and without transepts. It -is lighted through side windows under gables. -These windows are of various periods. One -is of the 14th cent., others of the 16th, and -there are instructive examples of the debased -tracery of the 17th. In the market place are -some picturesque old houses. By the river is -a fine pile of buildings now used as a hospital. -Particularly noticeable is a rich late window, -an attempt—and an expiring one—to design a -rose with flowing and beautiful tracery. In -another twenty or thirty years, as may be seen -in the windows of S. Jean de Balay on the -N. side, the skill was wholly lost. Divided -from Lannion by a deep valley is the Church -of Brévelenz. The east part and crypt are -Romanesque. There is a good early pointed -porch. An ossuary and a mortuary chapel are -in the graveyard. The pinnacles, one a chimney -to the fireplace for heating baptismal water, at -the porch are peculiar.</p> - -<p><i>Loquivy</i> is in a charming situation. The -church (S. David) is interesting. In the -churchyard is a noble renaissance fountain, and -outside the graveyard a Holy Well, flamboyant, -surmounted by a statue of the patron saint of -Wales. The church is of the 16th cent. An -old carved oak retable representing the Adoration -of the Magi and a crowd of other figures is -in the baptistery.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span></p> - -<p><i>Ploubezre.</i> The church was rebuilt in 1851, -but the fine tower is of 1577. Within have -been preserved two Romano-byzantine capitals -from the old church, and one window of the -14th cent. remains. The chapel of <i>Kerfons</i> is -flamboyant, and is in the form of a T. One -of the gables bears the date 1559. The magnificent -roodscreen is of 1533. It is a beautiful -example of good flamboyant work, with -apostles and other figures on the gallery on one -side, and tracery on the other. The castle of -<i>Coetfrec</i> occupies the summit of a hill above the -Guer. Four towers remain, and the castle is in -a tolerable condition. The court is looked into -by the windows of the state apartments, in one -of these, a fireplace with bold chimney-piece, -remains. The Château de <i>Kergrist</i> is a ruin, -complete. <i>Tonquedec</i> is another old castle in a -most picturesque situation. On the N. is the -donjon, which is reached by a door high up in -the wall. The Chapel of S. Gildas is of 15th -cent., with the legend of the Saint within in -sculptured oak.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lanvollon</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. -Reached by carrier from Châtelaudren, is a dull -town with one curious old house in it at the -junction of two streets; it is of wood and -plaster, the wood covered with carving. The -church (S. Vollon = Foelan) belongs internally -to the 14th cent., and has a good E. window, -but externally the church has been sadly maltreated -by incompetent "restorers."</p> - -<p> * LESNEVEN (F.) chl. arr. Brest. An<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span> -uninteresting place in itself, but headquarters to -one attending the Pardon at Folgoët. Its fine -halles of the 15th or 16th cent. has been -destroyed to make way for a "place" with a -statue in the midst of a General Floh, of bronze. -When this statue was sent down, and the Mayor -opened the case, to his dismay he found it was -green. So he set his wife, cook, and house-maid -to sandpaper and scrape it, till it shone as -gold, and then had it hoisted to its pedestal, and -it was solemnly unveiled. But the artist, who -beheld it thus burnished, was furious, and complained -to the prefêt and the authorities at Paris, -and orders came to the Mayor to take down the -statue and restore to it the green rust. He was -obliged accordingly to re-erect the scaffold and -crane, and have General Floh transferred to his -own house again, where he expended some -barrels of cider over him to reinvest him in -verdigris. The church is very ugly, but it has -a late renaissance porch in the basement of the -tower on the N. side.</p> - -<p>The branch line is carried on to <i>Brignogan</i>, -which is a watering-place, and where there is a -fine menhir 30 ft. high, the most remarkable in -the Department. At <i>Plounéour-trez</i> the church -is new, but the old tower and spire are retained -till they also can be pulled down and replaced -by something more in proportion with the new -church. The windows represent scenes in -Breton history. The coast is not fine, the -sandy shore slopes very gently into the waves. -But the good bathing is an advantage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span></p> - -<p><i>Folgoët.</i> This famous pilgrimage church was -founded in the 14th cent. when an imbecile -youth died who could say no other words than -Ave Maria, Salaun a zepre bara, or Salaun -wants bread. A lily grew out of his grave -and it was concluded accordingly that he was -a saint. This was in 1358. At the west end -are two towers. That on the north is admirably -proportioned with spire and angle spirelets of the -period, 1365, when Jean de Montfort laid the -first stone. That on the S. was never finished. -It is surmounted by an upper stage with Ionic -pillasters added in the 17th cent. The S. side -has a noble porch and transept, the E. wall of -which is a continuation of that of the choir. -The E. and S. transept windows are examples -of the geometric style in Brittany, a rose -resting on a transom. Within the stone screen -is formed of three compartments, and though -fine, is certainly inferior to such as are in -wood. A spring wells up under the high -altar and is conveyed to a Holy Well outside. -La Doyenne is a picturesque building with -turrets erected by Anne of Brittany, converted -into Mairie and school. The P. is -on the 7th and 8th September, and begins -with vespers and a procession bearing candles; -many beautiful costumes may be seen on this -occasion.</p> - -<p>The processions arrive with banners for High -Mass, singing this hymn.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/m180.jpg" alt="Musical score with lyrics" /> -</div> -<blockquote> -<p class="small"> -Patronez dous ar Folgoat, Hor mam ak non<br /> -Itroun, An dour en non daoulagat Ni noped a gatoun!<br /> -Harpit an Iliz santel! Aveldirolla<br /> -ra Tenn ok hir eo ar brezel! Ar peoc'h, O maria!<br /> -</p></blockquote> - -<p><i>Goulven.</i> The church is late flamboyant -with a fine renaissance tower and porch within -which are the apostles. Side by side may be -seen a doorway of the earlier and of the later -periods. There is a fine painted 16th cent. -reredos in the church to a side altar. The -gallery of the roodscreen has been made into -a west gallery. About a mile distant is the -Holy Well, with a stone trough at the side in -which patients were placed and given a bath in -the miraculous water. No such an attempt to -recover health has however been made of late -years. There is a chapel at the Peniti of S. -Goulven at a little distance. A double dolmen -at a junction of two lanes has been much injured, -several of the stones that composed one of the -chambers, and perhaps an enclosing circle, have -been employed for the hedge. The P. is on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span> -June 30, the costumes then seen are very rich, -and the parish possesses very fine old embroidered -banners then produced.</p> - -<p><i>Treflez.</i> Tomb of 16th cent. of S. Elfleda -or Ediltruda, daughter of Oswy, King of -Northumberland, and Abbess of Whitby. She -died in 715, but how her body comes to be at -Treflez passes knowledge.</p> - -<p><i>Guiseny.</i> Church of S. Sezni (Setna or in -Cornwall, Sithney) renaissance. There is a N. -late flamboyant porch. Curious early Calvary -with four figures on the branches. P. 3rd Sunday -in September.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lézardrieux</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Lannion, on -a little tidal port, between Pampol and Tréguier. -An excursion may be made to the Ile Modez. -<i>See</i> <a href="#Brehat">Bréhat</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap"><a id="Locmariaquer"></a>Locmariaquer</span> (M.) com. in arr. Auray. -A most interesting place that seems to have been -crowded with monuments of the prehistoric dead, -and although destruction has been carried on for -two thousand years, many still remain. Locmariaquer -is situated on a spit of land between -the estuary of Crach and the Rivière de la -Trinité, but it is itself split by the creek of S. -Philibert. The shores that are low are covered -far inland at the high tides, and the sea has -gained considerably on the land. Roman constructions -noted in 1727 are now permanently -under water. A camp in the hamlet of Lannbric -is now eaten into by the waves. The principal -prehistoric monuments are the Mané-er-hroeg, -south of the village; a tumulus containing a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span> -dolmen that was explored in 1863 and yielded -103 polished stone axes, a collar of callais, and -a jade ring. Near it was found a slab on which -are mysterious markings representing cartouches, -celts with handles, and other symbols unexplained. -On the summit of the tumulus were -found coins of Tiberius and Trajan. The -tumulus of Mané Lud to the N.E. of the -village contained two skeletons, one a case of -carnal interment, the other had been burnt. -At the W. end of the tumulus is a sepulchral -chamber led to by a passage, and here also are -carvings. Between this tumulus and the village -is the huge dolmen called Table des Marchands. -On the stone at the back are also carvings. -Close to this is the longest menhir known. It -is 64 ft. long, but was struck by lightning, -thrown down and broken into four pieces. In -a field near the village is the Mein Rutal, -another dolmen of considerable size. West of -the village and near the sea are the remains of -an allée couverte, 74 ft. long, called Les Pierres -plates. On this also are inexplicable carvings, -next to those on Gavr Inis, the most remarkable -in the country. There are smaller dolmens at -Pont-el-leu, Kercadoret-er-Gal, Coetcourzo, -Kerhan, Porher, Kerlud, Locperhet, Pont-er-vel, -Kervéres, Kerdaniel, Kervoch, and Cocordeau; -and menhirs at Kerpenhir, Bronso, Porher, -Mané-er-hroeg, Kerguelvan and Lannbric. -Locmariaquer was a Roman station. P. 1st -Sunday in July; that of S. Philibert on the -3rd Sunday in August.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Locminé</span> (M.) chl. arr. Pontivy (Locus -Monachorum). A considerable district was here -made over to Gildas who founded a monastery -where now stands the village of Moustoir. -Owing to the ravages of the Northmen the -monks of S. Gildas de Rhuys and of Locminé -fled into Berry. They returned in 1001, and -set about restoring their ruined monasteries, but -the old site at Moustoir was not rebuilt upon; -the abbey was transferred to Locminé. The -parish church and the Chapel of S. Columbanus -are side by side, in communication through an -arch. The latter owes its origin to some relics -of S. Columbanus having been brought hither. -The chapel is late flamboyant, but has a 17th -cent. tower, under it an earlier doorway with -mutilated tracery above it. The parish church -has a slated spire, that of S. Columbanus is -surmounted by a small cupola. A quaint ossuary -of good renaissance work is on the N. side. -The east window of the chapel contains 16th -cent. glass representing the life of S. Columbanus -in four groups, but in a very poor condition. -East of the chapel is the beautiful Chapel of -N.D. de Plasquer, of the finest flamboyant -work. The W. doorway has disengaged -pinnacles and some curious carving. The E. -window tracery forms three fleurs-de-lys. -Within is a pretty flamboyant credence in the -N. chapel under the tower. In a corner thrown -aside is a noble carved oak statue of S. Gildas -of the 15th cent. with his symbol, a snarling -dog, at his side. P. 31st June, but that of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span> -Locminé is the Sunday nearest 27th June and -lasts three days.</p> - -<p><i>Remungol</i> has a Holy Well near the church, -a work of the 16th cent.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lorient</span>, chl. d'arr. A port. The town is -composed of Lorient itself, a fortified place, and -the Faubourg of Kérentrech, where a suspension -bridge crosses the Scorff. Lorient owes its -origin to the East India Company. That -company, created in 1664, was in quest of a -port. The Duc de la Meilleraye offered Port -Louis, and in 1666 royal authority was granted -to the company to form there quays, factories -and storehouses. The village founded by La -Compagnie de l'Orient took thence its name. -The company having got over a financial crisis -in 1669 bought up land in the neighbourhood. -In 1712 the settlement comprised 700 families; -it was raised to be a parish in 1709. In -1717 the company began to build and lay out -quays and form basins on a grand scale, and -in 1739 Lorient attained the dignity of being -accounted a town. In 1745, the company had -reached its highest point of prosperity, and had -become a veritable maritime power, with 35 -frigates in the harbour. Its flag was blue -charged with a fleur-de-lys <i>or</i>, and it had as device -Florebo quocunque ferar. English jealousies -were aroused, and in 1746 an English fleet -anchored in the Bay of Pont-du. Seven thousand -men were disembarked under General Sinclair -and summoned the town to surrender. As this -was refused it was besieged, but after a few<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span> -days General Sinclair withdrew without having -effected anything. Curiously enough, the garrison -had resolved on surrender, and sent to notify -their purpose to the general, but found that the -English had departed. The company failed, -partly through internal dissension, mainly through -the loss of Bengal, which was secured by the -English in 1753. From this time the fortunes -of the company declined, and at last it became -bankrupt in 1769. It was then that Lorient -passed to the Crown. The town is supremely -uninteresting, and no visitor will stay in it except -under constraint.</p> - -<p><i>Port Louis.</i> The Church of N.D., 1665. -The citadel of the 18th cent., at one time served -as a prison to Louis Napoleon.</p> - -<p><i>Ploemeur.</i> A circle of standing stones 20 -ft. in diameter surrounds a tumulus, on the top -of which is a dolmen fallen, thrown down by -clumsy excavators. Near Kerroch a dolmen, -the table sustained by three uprights, and near -it the supporter of another. On the S. some -menhirs, the remains of an alignment. At -Kerpape, near the powder mill, another dolmen. -At the Pointe du Tallut a menhir 12 ft. high, -and near it another fallen. Ploumaur, the Great -Tribe, was one of the largest parishes in the -diocese; it was settled by S. Ninnoc, supposed -to have been a daughter of the King of Brecknock. -Her double monastery for both sexes -was destroyed by the Northmen, and it was not -rebuilt till the 12th cent. The church contains -Romanesque work, but the tower was built in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span> -1686, and the chancel was altered and disfigured -in 1783. P. 1st Sunday in May. The Chapel -of N.D. de Larmor was built in 1506, the -tower and spire added in 1615. It was a great -place of pilgrim resort till S. Anne d'Auray -drew away the seamen who were wont to resort -to Larmor. The benediction of the sea takes -place on the 24th June.</p> - -<p><i>Plouhinec.</i> On the N. near Kerfourches -two ruined dolmens and a menhir. The W., -near the mill of Keronsine, alignments running -parallel with the coast. Near Kersur a small -menhir and four dolmens. At the mill of -Gueldro the alignments recommence in seven or -eight rows, and run on to Keroué and Kervelhué. -At Magouer a tumulus with a dolmen and a -group of menhirs, most of them fallen, and -others have been split and used for building -purposes.</p> - -<p><i>Kervignac.</i> On the N. a fine dolmen near the -road to Hennebont. Another to the south near -Kermado.</p> - -<p><i>Nostang.</i> S. of the village near the river -Etel an alignment of 19 menhirs. For <i>Ile de -Groix</i>, <cite>see under</cite> <a href="#PONT-AVEN">Pont-aven</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Louvigné du Desert</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. -Fougères. Church (S. Padarn) of the 15th -cent. with a tower of 1702. A circle of upright -stones. The Château of Monthorion with -tombs of Raoul II. de Fougères (1194) and -Françoise de Foix in the chapel.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Malestroit</span> (M.) chl. arr. Ploermel. The -castle is on an islet of the Saudraye; it was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span> -constructed in the 11th cent. No traces of it now -remain, or none of any importance. The town, -built under the shadow of the castle, was fortified -in 1463. It was attacked with fury by the -League, but always resisted the enemy, till a -third siege by Mercœur in 1592, but two months -later it was retaken by the Royalists. Now all -the walls are gone. The place retains a number -of old houses, one of these near the parish church -has on it grotesque figures, as a sow spinning, a -hunter playing the horn, with beside him a hare -performing on the biniou; a man beating his wife, -etc. The church (S. Giles) consists of two -churches side by side and in different styles. -One retains remains of a Romanesque original. -The rest is of 1511-31, and some good glass is -in the windows, representing Jesus among the -Doctors, the Baptism, the Passion, etc. The -Chapel of S. M. Magdalen is partly Romanesque.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Matignon</span> (C.M.) chl. arr. Dinan. The -parish church is modern but the Chapel of -S. Germain is the old parish church and has a -Romanesque doorway.</p> - -<p><i>S. Cast</i>, a watering place with good sands. -In 1758, the English fleet under Admiral Howe, -after having bombarded S. Malo and burnt Dol, -disembarked a body of men here. The Duc -d'Aiguillon, then governor of Brittany, hastened -to the spot, and in spite of the fire of the fleet -defeated and almost exterminated the invaders. -A monument marks the site of the windmill in -which the duke watched the engagement.</p> - -<p><i>Pléboulle.</i> The Templar church is of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span> -16th cent. except the apse which is earlier. -Remains of the octagonal tower of Montbrun -on a rock, commanding a sweep of the river -Frémeur.</p> - -<p><i>Plévenon.</i> In this commune is the noble -headland of Cap Fréhel, of old red sandstone. -Here is a lighthouse. The Fort de Latte is on -a point of rock in the sea 5 kilometres from Cap -Fréhel, and entered by two bridges cast over -precipices 300 ft. deep. Facing the fort is a -rude stone 9 ft. high surmounted by a cross, -probably a menhir.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mauron</span> (M.) chl. arr. Ploermel. Stands -on high ground, watered by the Yvel and Doeft, -which unite above Ploermel in the pretty lake -of Le Duc. In 1352 the Castle of Mauron -was held by Bentley with a body of Anglo-Bretons. -The Marshal d'Offemont, at the -head of an army of the adherents of Charles de -Blois, resolved on taking the place. Bentley -marched out against him and obtained a complete -victory. Thirteen lords fell, among them the -Marshal and the Viscount de Rohan. A -hundred and forty knights also succumbed. -The Parish Register, 1591, is headed:—"Baptismal -Register of Mauron made after the -Prince of Darkness with the English and the -lancequenects of his company had passed. They -spent the Sunday here, September 8, 1591, -pillaged and plundered all they could lay hands -on in the church, and carried off the baptismal -register—on which account this book is now -begun." The church is modern but retains<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span> -some old carving in panels of the 16th -cent. near the porch on the S. side, and in -the sacristy is a painting of the crucifixion of -1682.</p> - -<p><i>S. Lery.</i> A church of the 15th cent. -except the chancel which is modern. In a -chapel of the S. transept of flamboyant date is -some fine old glass representing the marriage -of the Duchess Anne with Charles VIII. of -France. On the north of the nave is the tomb -of S. Lery, and on it the Saint is represented -with a pastoral staff in his hand, a book in the -other, and his feet resting on a hare. S. Lery -was a native of Wales who crossed over to -Armorica and was well received by Judicael. -As he desired a retreat, the Queen turned -Ilogan, an Irish saint, out of his, and gave his -lair warm to Lery, who had no compunction -in receiving it. He died in the 7th cent.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Merdignac</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac, stands -on the road from Loudéac to S. Méen. West of -the town is the fortified enclosure of the Vielle -Court. Excavations have shown that the wall -was vitrified.</p> - -<p><i>S. Launeuc</i> near a pretty lake. Here are -the ruins of the Castle of Hardouinaye almost -destroyed, where Gilles de Bretagne was starved -to death in 1450. Gilles had been left by his -father a sum of money, and he complained to his -brother, Duke Francois I., and asked to be -given some fief in the duchy. But Francis -refused his request and threw in his teeth that he -favoured the English rather than the French.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span> -Gilles married the heiress of Châteaubriant and -Dinan. Arthur de Montauban, Marshal of -Brittany, who had desired the heiress for himself, -was thereby made his mortal enemy. He -determined on his destruction, and to effect this -spread calumnies against Gilles, to the effect that -he was purposing to introduce the English into -Brittany, and he obtained leave from Francis to -arrest him in his Castle of Guildo. This he -effected whilst Gilles was engaged on a game of -tennis. He carried him off to Dinan, where -was Francis, who refused to see his brother. -Francis I. requested the parliament of Brittany to -condemn Gilles unheard. At its refusal to do so, -he handed him over to Arthur de Montauban to -make away with, and the Marshal hurried him -away to Hardouinaye and left him to die of -starvation in its dungeon.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Muzillac</span> (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. Church -of Bourg Peaul with side aisles, Romanesque, and -with a slated tower. Chancel 1505. The very -rich and curious Calvary was restored in 1894.</p> - -<p><i>Billiers.</i> Here are the remains of the -Cistercian Abbey of N.D. de Prières, founded -in 1252. The church was pulled down in 1715 -to make way for a hideous structure in the taste -of the period.</p> - -<p><i>Noyal Muzillac.</i> The church (S. Noyala) -was rebuilt in 1850, but the transepts and chancel -of the 15th cent. remain. The tower was -struck by lightning in 1630 and rebuilt. The -Château de Keralio, of the 15th cent., is in -ruins.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Montauban</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Montfort. -A modern church. The castle on the edge -of the forest is of the 14th and 15th cents., and -was once the seat of a powerful family to which -it gave its name.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Montcontour</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc, -still possesses remnants of its ancient walls. The -church (S. Mathurin) is mainly of the 16th -cent.; the spire is covered with lead. Six -windows retain magnificent old glass representing -the life of the Saviour, that of S. John -Baptist, the legend of S. Barbara, that of S. -Yves, remains of a Jesse tree, and the legend -of S. Mathurin (1535). Montcontour lies on -very high ground, and commands a magnificent -view. S. Mathurin is much sought by pilgrims -who have the highest belief in his powers. The -P. is on the eve of Whitsunday with procession -carrying lights, and on Whitmonday, with -dancing.</p> - -<p><i>Trébry.</i> A dolmen at Ville-Valen, consisting -of four supports and a coverer.</p> - -<p><i>Trédaniel.</i> The Chapel of N.D. du Haut -is mainly of the 14th cent., and has a fine porch -of the 16th.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Montfort</span> (I.V.) chl. d'arr. At the -junction of the Mieu and the Garun. A great -round tower of the 15th cent. and a portion of -wall adjoining are all that remain of the ancient -ramparts. The Church of S. Jean Baptiste is -modern, but contains retables of the 17th cent. -The remains of the Abbey of S. Jacques, founded -in 1152, has a church of the 14th cent. and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span> -buildings of the 18th. In the hospital of S. -Lazare is an altar of the 13th cent. To the -S.E. of the tower on the edge of the forest of -Coulon is a prostrate menhir called Le Grés de -S. Méen.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mordelles</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Rennes, on -the Meu.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p146"></a> -<img src="images/p146.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">MORLAIX</div> -</div> - -<p> * MORLAIX (F.) chl. d'arr., is situated in a -deep cleft valley at the junction of the Jarlot -and Qufflent, and has a tidal port. The town -is spanned and dwarfed by the magnificent -viaduct of the railway to Brest. The town has -only one interesting church, S. Melaine (1489-1574). -A flight of steps leads to the west -door. The S. porch is fine. The baldachino -of the font is of 1660, and the organ and gallery -are of about the same date and rich. Morlaix -contains a number of picturesque houses with -galleries about interior courts. The newels of -the stairs are often effectively carved. Admission -to some may be obtained by application at the -door. In the Rue des Nobles is the house of -the Duchesse Anne, erected in 1500. The -church of the Dominican Convent, founded in -1237, is desecrated. A floor has been introduced -at the height of the capitals of the -pillars, the basement is made into a lumber -chamber, and the upper storey into a museum. -It possesses a beautiful window of the 13th -cent., a transom sustaining a rose, lights below -the transom cusped and sustaining trefoils. This -window deserves a study. By descending the -Rue des Vignes and turning to the right, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span> -Rue des Fontaines is reached where are two -Holy Wells. At N.D. des Fontaines a wall -is enriched with tracery under an arch, above -which is a delicately beautiful rose window. -At this spot, according to legend, S. Drennael, -disciple of Joseph of Arimathea, preached, and -set up an image of the B. Virgin. The chapel, -which formed a portion of a Carmelite church, -has been ruined along with the church. The -tower of S. Mathieu was built in 1548. On -the right bank of the river is the Fontaine des -Anglais that marks the spot where, in 1522, -six hundred English, who had disembarked to -attack the town, were surprised when asleep, -and killed. The town was taken by the English -in 1532. To guard against surprise, the castle -of Le Taureau was constructed on an island at -the entrance to the estuary.</p> - -<p>For objects of interest in the neighbourhood, -<cite>see</cite> under <i><a href="#Taule">Taulé</a></i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mur</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac. Two -menhirs by the road from Mur to Corlay, one -at Botrain is a rude quartz block, square and -tapering to a point 12 ft. high. The church -is modern. The Chapel of Ste. Suzanne, 1760, -has the legend of the Saint painted on the -ceiling.</p> - -<p><i>Caurel.</i> By the road from Pontivy to -Guingamp, at the hamlet to Belaire, is a menhir -of slaty schist 15 ft. high. On the Lande de -Caurel another slate menhir 10 ft. high, and -five others prostrate. Another on the same -Lande 15 ft. high and shaped like a rectangular<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span> -blade, a niche has been cut in it and a cross -planted on the top. On the Lande de Belaire -an allée couverte of slate rock 25 ft. long, composed -of six slabs set on end supporting three -coverers. There are others in ruins hard by. -The church dates from 1654.</p> - -<p><i>S. Guen.</i> Church of the 18th cent. A -Calvary of the 15th cent. with a stone seat at -the foot. The Chapel of S. Tugdual of the -14th cent. contains the remains of a rood -screen.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Paimpol</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. An -important fishing place, the headquarters of the -Iceland fleet. The whole of this portion of -Côtes-du-Nord facing east formed anciently the -county of Goelo. The "Icelanders" fleet starts -on February 20, and is absent till the autumn. -As many as 180 vessels leave Paimpol and the -other little ports on the Bay of S. Brieuc for -this annual fishing in the polar seas. The -blessing of the fleet takes place with solemnity -before it departs. Paimpol is the scene of -Pierre Lotti's novel, "Pécheur d'Islande." The -church of 1525 has a fine flamboyant east -window. There are several old houses in the -streets. The isle of <i>Bréhat</i> may be visited, <cite>see -under</cite> <a href="#Brehat">Bréhat</a>.</p> - -<p><i>Kerfot.</i> The oldest parts of the church are -of the 14th cent., but the rest from 1514 to -1682. Remains of the roodscreen have been -converted into a pew.</p> - -<p><i>Kerity.</i> Fine ruins of the Abbey of <i>Beauport</i>, -an unique example in Brittany of a monastic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span> -establishment that has preserved its original -buildings of the 13th cent. All the rest were -rebuilt in the 17th and 18th cents. The -roof of the church has fallen in. The abbey -consists of a series of buildings about a cloister; -on the N. are kitchen and refectory over the -cellars; S. is the church; E. the dormitory -and infirmary of the monks and the chapterhouse; -W. the abbot's house.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Le Palais</span> (M.) chl. arr. Lorient, in the -island of Belle Ile. It has a citadel constructed -by Vauban. The old walls remain. A military -hospital and a reformatory for young criminals -are at Le Palais. The castle of Foulquet -commands the little port of that name. The -church (S. Géran) bears as its dedication the -name of the heroic king of British Domnonia, -who fell at Langport in Somersetshire in 522 -fighting the Saxons. He had a fleet in the -Severn, and his wife was the beautiful Enid, -whose story has been revived by Tennyson in -the Idylls of the King. The Bretons having -forgotten who he was have identified him now -with S. Senan of Iniscathy and then with S. -Curig, and represent him as a bishop.</p> - -<p> * PERROS GUIREC (C.N.) chl. arr. -Lannion. The church has a Romanesque nave -with semi-circular arches resting on the N. side -on capitals with cable mouldings. The arcade -on the S. side is somewhat later. The chancel -is early pointed, with an extraordinary east -window of the 17th cent., an instance of the -complete extinction of the skill to design and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span> -power to execute stone tracery. There is a -Romanesque S. door. Of the windows one -is middle pointed, one flamboyant, and one -debased 17th cent., all in the S. aisle. The -tower at the W. end and the porch under it -with open tracery are quaint.</p> - -<p>N.D. de la Clarté is a delightful example of -flamboyant work at its best, 1414. The little -harbour of Perros Guirec is illumined by five -lighthouses on account of its dangerous character, -and there are five more on the Sept Iles. The -sandy cove of <i>Trestraou</i> has a town built round -its lap that lives only in the bathing season, at -all other times it is uninhabited.</p> - -<p><i>S. Quay.</i> The church has no side aisles -but double transepts, and is good 2nd pointed. -The W. tower is good renaissance of 1732.</p> - -<p><i>Ploumanach</i>, a fishing village among rocks, -is only curious on account of the oratory of S. -Kirec (Curig) on a rock in the bay, surrounded -at every tide. The pillars and pillasters are of -the 11th cent.</p> - -<p><i>Trégastel.</i> The village is situated about a -mile from the coast, which is composed of -masses of weather-worn granite in strange forms, -among and against which modern residences -have been run up for the accommodation of -lodgers during the bathing season. On the -highest point of ground inland a Calvary has -been erected of masses of granite piled up, surmounted -by a cross, whence a fine view is -obtained of the coast and the Sept Iles. The -Church of Trégastel is of the 13th cent. with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span> -work of the 16th, and a very villainous, debased -window at the east end of the 17th cent. -The pretty ossuary adjoining the porch is -renaissance.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p150"></a> -<img src="images/p150.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">CHURCH AND OSSUARY, TRÉGASTEL</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Pleumeur-Bodou.</i> Beside the road from -the village to Ile Grande is a fine menhir 24 -ft. high, the summit shaped into a cross, and -the face sculptured with the instruments of the -Passion. In the <i>Ile Grande</i> is an allée couverte, -composed of fourteen supporters and two -coverers. It is surrounded by a circle of -stones. The Chapel of S. Samson is of the -16th cent. with a spirelet on an octagonal -turret. The E. window is flamboyant.</p> - -<p><i>Trébeurden.</i> Nine menhirs within sight of -one another. One is a hundred paces (S.) -from the windmill of Trévern, and is 7 ft. -high; another is on the Lande de Véades of -the same height; a third is a hundred paces -from this, and is 12 ft. high; a fourth at the -Château de Kerrariou, 7 ft. 6 in. high; a fifth -between Kerrariou and the windmill, broken; -a sixth near Bologne, 10 ft. high; a seventh -W. of the preceding and at the edge of the -shore, 10 ft. high; the eighth near Bonne -Nouvelle, 7 ft.; the last is near the peninsula of -Toënnou, about the same height. There is a -fine dolmen on the Ile Milliau, measuring 28 ft. -long, covered by three slabs on eleven supporters; -another is on the shore at Prajou-menhir, half -fallen, 34 ft. long, composed of twenty-one supporters -and four coverers; a third is at Kevellec, -four stones support a single coverer; a fourth in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span> -ruins is near the Chapelle du Christ. The chapel -has a lancet window of the 12th cent. The -parish church is very villainous, 1835.</p> - -<p><i>Trévou-Tréguignec.</i> Three menhirs in the -Ile Balanec, and a partly ruined dolmen near the -modern Château de Boisriou. Seven uprights -support two coverers.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pipriac</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Redon. A dull, -uninteresting place.</p> - -<p><i>Guipry.</i> At Fougères is an alignment of -seven upright stones. In the Lande de Godier -is an ancient camp. N.D. de Bon-Port, 1644, -is resorted to by pilgrims.</p> - -<p><i>Saint Just.</i> On the Lande de Cojoux -several megalithic monuments, and on that of -Tréal an allée couverte, called La Grotte aux -Fées, 40 ft. long.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Plancoet</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. Pleasantly -situated on the tidal Argenton, which -above the turn flows through a pleasant picturesque -valley. Plancoet (Plou-lann-coet = the -Clan of the Church in the Wood), has a -modern vulgar church. In a little lake 3 kilometres -from the town are the scanty remains of -the Château de la Tour de la Vache, 13th cent., -consisting of one square tower. From Plancoet -several interesting excursions may be made.</p> - -<p><i>Crehen.</i> The allée couverte of La Ville-Génouan -is 42 ft. long, and is composed of eleven -supporters on the N. and twelve on the S., and five -covering stones. It is the finest example in the -Department, and is in private grounds.</p> - -<p><i>Landebia.</i> The church has been restored.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span> -It possesses a curious bénitier of granite supported -by human figures, and has animals carved -on the bowl. A house has a fine portal of the -16th cent. A Calvary of the same date with -several groups of figures. Another cross dated -1545, called la Croix de S. David. In the -village is a house called Presbytère des Templiers.</p> - -<p>The visitor will probably start from Landebia -to visit the Château <i>de la Hunaudaye</i> in the -parish of Plédeliac. The ruins of this magnificent -castle are extensive. The castle dates from -1578, except one tower that is over a century -earlier. It is a pentagon flanked by five towers -at the angles, and surrounded by deep ditches. -Why so strong a pile should have been planted -where the ground does not in any way lend -itself to defence is hard to see. The state -hall and staircase were especially fine, but are -far gone in ruin. The earliest tower has about -the entrance from the court some rude carvings, -executed perhaps by a prisoner on the jamb of -the door on which light fell. The date of this -carving is early 17th cent. Near the hamlet of -Hazardine is a coarse menhir 16 ft. high and 30 -ft. in circumference. The ruins of the Abbey of -Saint Aubin des bois are scanty. The chapel -is of the end of the 15th cent.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pleine-Fougères</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. S. -Malo. Destitute of interest.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Plélan le Petit</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. -On high bleak country, mostly moor and only -partially reclaimed.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pléneuf</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc, reached<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span> -from Lamballe. In the parish is the favourite -seaside resort of Val-André. Except the sea and -the coast, there is nothing of interest at Pléneuf.</p> - -<p><i>Erguy.</i> An old Roman station, Rheginea, -and numerous substructures of Gallo-Roman -times have been uncovered here, also a mosaic -pavement found and destroyed in 1835 by the -boor to whom the land belonged. Numerous -finds of Roman coins are made here. At the -northern headland of the Lande de la Garenne -is a prehistoric coast castle.</p> - -<p><i>Planguenoual.</i> The church is partly Romanesque, -partly 13th cent. The bénitier shows -signs of having been systematically employed as -a knife-sharpener.</p> - -<p> * PLESTIN LES GRÈVES (C.N.) -chl. arr. Lannion. Fine sands. The tide -recedes here to a great distance. Plestin (Plou-Jestin) -owes its origin to an Irish emigrant -Efflam, who settled here with a colony of his -countrymen in the 6th cent. He found that a -British settler was there before him, Jestin, -probably the son of Geraint, prince of Devon. -He came to terms with him without a quarrel, -the arrangement being that one should rule the -secular and the other the ecclesiastical tribe. -Plestin before this would seem to have been a -Gallo-Roman town, as numerous remains as -well as coins indicate. The church, much -altered, contains the tomb of S. Efflam, of the -16th cent. The porch is of 1575, and contains -statues of the twelve apostles. The Chapel -of S. Jacut of the 16th cent. has some old glass.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span> -Near the Chapel of S. Efflam (1620) is his -Holy Well.</p> - -<p><i>Plou Miliau</i> was the plebs or tribal land of -Miliau, King of Cornouaille, who was murdered -by his brother Rivold. The church is in -debased Gothic of 1602.</p> - -<p><i>Plouzélambre.</i> The church is of the 15th -and 16th cents., with flamboyant windows. -The tower of 1753. In the church a fine -renaissance carved oak retable, with seven -groups of figures on it, representing scenes of -the Passion. In the churchyard a pretty ossuary -of granite of the 17th cent. An oratory, consisting -of a vault sustained by four columns, is -called Le Réposoir. Ruins of the Château of -Kerbané of the 15th cent.</p> - -<p><i>Trédez.</i> A menhir 13 ft. high, with another -near it that has fallen, that measured 24 ft. -Near the Château de Coatredrez another, 19 ft. -high. At Lan Saliou another of about the same -height. In the church is a triptych representing -a Jesse tree. The font has a fine baldachino of -carved oak, of the 17th cent. The Chapel of -Loquémeau is of the 16th cent., except one -window in the N. transept, of the 14th. The -frieze within is fantastically carved.</p> - -<p><i>Trémel.</i> A menhir at Kerguiniou, 16 ft. high, -and near by a dolmen. The church is of the 16th -cent., with apse; the porch has within statues of -the apostles.</p> - -<p><i>Plufur.</i> Church of 1764; but it retains -remains of a retable of the 16th cent. Sculptured -scenes in relief of the Passion. In the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span> -churchyard is the Chapel of S. Yves, 17th cent., -with paintings on the ceiling. The Chapel of S. -Nicolas forms a latin cross, and has seven flamboyant -windows.</p> - -<p><i>S. Michel-en-Grèves.</i> The Chapel of S. -Geneviève has an early rude altar, and remains of -a 16th cent. screen.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pleyben</span> (F.) chl. arr. Châteaulin. The -noble church (S. Germain) of 1564 exhibits -the transition from Gothic to Italian style. -The church is regarded as one of the most -beautiful ecclesiastical monuments in Finistère. -From whatever point of view seen, the grouping -of the towers, though so different in character, -is most pleasing. The principal tower is tall -and square, with a balustrade to the platform on -the summit, and on this platform rises a cupola -crowned by a lantern, and there are four lesser -lanterns at the corners. The tower exhibits the -renaissance style fully developed, yet it was constructed -only twenty years after the rest of the -church, which is instinct with Gothic feeling. -The second tower was raised in 1588-91, and is -in the late flamboyant style. It is graceful and -quaint. The stair to the bellcage is carried up -in a turret detached save for a flying gallery -supported on a couple of arches. The fine porch -dates from 1588-91, and contains statues of the -apostles. It is surrounded by a cordon of -niches, shallow but lofty, and forming an exterior -enrichment. The statuary is stiff, but not -without character. The east end of the church -is an apse, with gables over the windows, which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span> -are flamboyant. That over the high altar -contains old glass representing the story of the -Passion, 1564. The wooden waggon roof of -the church is supported on a cornice quaintly -carved. A curious little box for the holy oils -is in the sacristy. The ossuary of Pleyben is -the earliest in the Department; separate from the -church. It belongs to the 16th cent. The -Calvary of 1650 consists of four great spurs -sustaining a central platform on vault and arches. -The platform is crowded with figures in 28 -groups, representing the scenes of the Nativity -and the Passion, and, above all, as the 29th, is -the Crucifixion. The Chapel of Lannelec, two -kilometres distant, is in itself uninteresting, but -contains curious statues and sculptures. The P. -at Pleyben is on the 1st Sunday in August.</p> - -<p> * PLOERMEL (M.) chl. d'arr. The town -stands but a little distance from the pretty lake -of Le Duc, surrounded with trees. It occupies -rising ground and has in its midst a magnificent -church (1511-1602) chiefly remarkable for its -collection of 16th century glass. This represents—1. -Jean l'Epervier, Bishop of S. Malo, -kneeling before the B.V.M. and S. Michael; -2. dated 1533 is Pentecost, a superb piece of -colouring; 3. the Life of S. Armel; 4. a -Jesse tree, the finest of all; 5. the Passion; -6. the Death and Assumption of the B.V.M.; -7. a window of 1602 contains diverse subjects; -and 8. the Last Supper. Beside these old -windows some modern glass is "a thing to -shudder at not to see." Indeed the French do<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span> -not seem in glass painting to have got beyond -the crude stage of English beginnings forty years -ago. The church is throughout flamboyant, -except the west tower. Under an enormous -arch, that includes a flamboyant window, is a -double entrance to the N., with rich figure -carving over it representing sacred subjects, the -Annunciation, the Nativity, and the Flight into -Egypt, etc. But the buttress on the W. was -carved when the religious Gothic feeling was -dead, and it is covered with renaissance sculpture, -where only buffoonery and paganism find expression. -Syrens, monsters, a cobbler sewing up -his wife's mouth, a woman pulling off her -husband's hat, a sow playing a bagpipe, two -nude figures, one on the back of the other, each -blowing a horn, etc., form the decoration. -At a little distance from the town on the -Vannes road, about a hundred yards on one -side in a pretty situation, is the Holy Well of -S. Armel, of the 17th cent. Ploermel is the -headquarters of the Frères Lammenais, who -carry on the religious instruction of the boys -in almost every parish in Brittany, and in other -parts of France as well, and the colonies, in -opposition to the godless governmental schools. -From Ploermel the visitor will probably go on -to <a href="#Josselin">Josselin</a>, <cite>which see</cite>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Ploeuc</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. -Several menhirs, but some of them are broken. -The church is of 1752. Ploeuc lies high.</p> - -<p><i>Plaintel.</i> A remarkable menhir 15 feet high -planted point downward. Church of 1759.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Plouagat</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp, -near Châtelaudren. In the churchyard a Christian -lech bearing the inscription VORMVNI. -Ruins of the priory of N.D. des Fontaines, -some portions of which go back to Romanesque, -but the major portion belongs to the 15th cent.</p> - -<p><i>Goudelin.</i> The Chapel of N.D. de l'Ile -was founded in the 15th cent. and contains a -statue of S. Eligius dressed in Breton <i>bragou-bras</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Lanrodic.</i> Le Vieux Château de Perrun -is a good example of a camp, probably of the -Northmen invaders and devastaters of Brittany -or of the Merovingians. The embankment was -revetted with blocks of quartz not set in mortar. -The new château is a fine mediæval ruin. It is -surrounded by a deep moat and possesses a cylindrical -tower with machicolation. All the rest -of the original castle has disappeared, but in the -midst of the court is a château built at the time -of the renaissance, but that was burnt and gutted -at the Revolution. It has, however, preserved -its façade and some of its fine chimney-pieces. -Among the fallen masses of sculpture may be -seen a fragment of a verse of Virgil. "Quid -pius Æneas tanto dabit indole dignum."</p> - -<p><i>S. Pever.</i> Ruins of the Château of Avauguer -on a promontory above the Trieux and the lake. -The chapel is of the 13th and 14th cents. and -contains remains of an alabaster retable of the -16th cent.</p> - -<p> * PLOUARET (C.N.) chl. arr. Lannion, -at the junction of the branch line to Lannion.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span> -A prettily situated little town in a well-wooded -country and with charming walks about it up -the rocky broom-covered valleys. The neighbourhood -teems with objects of interest, and it -makes excellent headquarters for interesting -excursions. The church is curious. It consists -of nave and side-aisles all under one -enormous roof and lighted through aisle windows -under gables. It is flamboyant and has a square -E. end that contains a fine window of geometric -tracery, but not of 2nd pointed date, apparently, -judging from the stiffness and lack of skill in -the treatment. It looks like an attempt of -a flamboyant architect to revive the earlier style. -The tower is dated 1554, when it was begun, -but in style it is later, and is an admirable -example of a renaissance tower at its best period. -The mountain, visible to the south is the -<i>Menezbré</i>, from the top of which the Seven -Saints cursed Conmore, with the result that the -Usurper of Domnonia was deserted on all sides -as one "fey" and was killed in 555.</p> - -<p><i>Loquivy-Plougras.</i> The fine Chapel of S. -Emilion, the largest example of its kind in the -Department, is of the 16th cent. It was begun -in 1516 and the tower added in 1566.</p> - -<p>For the beautiful chapel of <i>Keramanachx</i>, <cite>see</cite> -under <i><a href="#Plounevez-Moedec">Plonevez Moedec</a></i>, and for <i>Tonquedec</i>, <cite>see</cite> -<a href="#LANNION">Lannion</a>.</p> - -<p><i>Trégrom.</i> At Keranscot is a menhir 19 -feet high called Menbras. At 300 paces from -it is another 10 feet high. The church (S. -Brendan of Clonfert) has been judiciously<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span> -restored. It is 2nd pointed and is very prettily -situated. The S. aisle was intended to be -vaulted, but only the vaulting shafts remain. -The S. porch has good 2nd pointed mouldings, -and over it is an interesting statue of the -Irish traveller-saint who discovered Madeira -and the Canaries. The W. turret is for -two bells. A quaint four-light square-headed -window lights the baptistery. Brendan was -forced to leave Ireland, owing to his having -accidentally caused the death of a pupil, -and he spent seven years in exile. Following -the sun at midsummer, he reached Iceland, but -did not remain there. The story of his voyages -was embroidered by fancy, and converted into -an Irish version of Sinbad the Sailor; but the -greater part of his time of exile was spent in -Brittany, where he founded two monasteries, one -on the isle of Cézambre opposite S. Malo, and -the other in the land of Heth, the site of which -is not determined, but it was probably <i>Lanvellec</i>, -which is also dedicated to him. The church -there is modern, but in the churchyard is an -elegant 16th cent. ossuary. Near the road from -Plouaret to Keramanach is the curious chapel of -<i>S. Carré</i>, built in 1697. It is a typical example -of the period, all the detail is Italian, but -the Gothic feeling is present in the main lines. -E. of it is the Holy Well of the same period, -well preserved. The P. at S. Carré is on -Whitsunday.</p> - -<p><i>Vieux Marché.</i> The church is a huge -modern flamboyant structure, successful except<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span> -for the mean, pinched tower. The flamboyant -doorway of the original church has been inserted -at the west end of the new church, and some -quaint carvings are preserved at the N. doorway. -A pretty walk up the glen of about three miles -leads to the chapel of the Sept-Saints, a cruciform -structure erected in 1702, with a S. transept -over a dolmen that serves as crypt, and -with an altar in it to the Seven Sleepers. At -S. Marcel at some little distance from Plouaret -is a mutilated statue of a Roman horseman -trampling on a half human monster, that receives -a religious cult. Although the heads have been -knocked off, and the clergy set their faces -strongly against this devotion, the peasantry still -have recourse to the image. Those paralysed -are hoisted upon the back of the horse, and quite -as well authenticated cases of cure are produced -there as at some of the approved shrines.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Ploubalay</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Dinan. -Modern church. Ruins of the Château de -Crochais.</p> - -<p><i>S. Jacut-de-la-Mer.</i> The site of an ancient -abbey founded by Gwethenoc and Jacut, brothers -of S. Winwaloe, at the beginning of the 6th -cent. The brothers in Breton mythology replaced -the Heavenly Twins of classic mythology, -and were wont to be seen when invoked steering -a vessel that was in danger of being overwhelmed -and wrecked at sea. The abbey was given over in -commendam to favourites at court, and the few -monks left in it without supervision led such idle -and worthless lives that the feeling of the country<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span> -was roused against them, and when the Revolution -broke out, the peasants tore down the -monastery to its very foundations so as to leave -of it no trace whatever. There is now a conventual -establishment at S. Jacut that receives -boarders for the bathing season. The tower of -Ebihens on an island was built in 1697.</p> - -<p><i>Trégon.</i> An allée couverte called Les Vielles -Hautières is near the high road, and is 48 ft. -long. Fourteen uprights sustain seven capstones. -About 400 paces from this is a fallen dolmen. -A vulgar modern church takes the place of an -early Romanesque structure.</p> - -<p><i>Château de Guildo.</i> The old Castle is a -ruin, in which Gilles de Bretagne was playing -a game of tennis when snatched away, by order -of his brother, Francis I., to be starved to death -at La Hardouinais.</p> - -<p> * PLOUDALMEZEAU (F.) chl. arr. -Brest. The church was rebuilt in 1857, but -the tower remains of 1775. Ploudalmezeau is -in the old Pays d'Ach, and the British refugees -swarmed hither, landing in the estuaries of the -Aber Vrach, Aber Benoit, and the Aber Iltut. -P. of S. Bridget, 15th August.</p> - -<p><i>Lampaul Ploudalmezeau.</i> Remains of an -allée couverte, and by the roadside from -Ploudalmezeau a menhir trimmed into shape -and surmounted by a cross between two others -of very early character. The church (S. Pol -de Léon) is very charmingly situated among -trees, and the tower is not of the type of -renaissance so common. It more resembles<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span> -that of Pleyben, and is remarkably well proportioned -and dignified. It has a gallery above -the porch, another at the summit of the tower, -and curious flying buttresses support the turrets -at the angles, and a cupola in the centre surmounted -by a lantern on three stages. The -church itself is late flamboyant. The porch -is wide and enriched with Ionic pillars, within -it is vaulted, and the groins meet in a pendant. -A curious statue in the S. transept represents -the Virgin and child. She is trampling on the -Devil, who tauntingly upholds the fatal apple. -Good metal-work encloses the baptistery. -The N. aisle has been rebuilt. There is a -Holy Well, but without character, in the -churchyard.</p> - -<p><i>Landunevez.</i> La Four is a rock rising -200 ft. above the sea, and is supposed to indicate -the point where the Ocean begins and -the Channel ends. Fine ruins of the castle of -Trémazan, where was born Tanguy du Châtel, -who died 1449. He was one of the Generals -of Charles VI. and Charles VII. After the -Battle of Agincourt, things did not run as -smoothly as represented by Shakespeare. The -French Court was torn by factions. At the -head of one was Jean sans Peur, Duke of Burgundy; -at the head of the other the Armagnacs, -the partisans of the Dauphin. In place of combining -against the victorious English, they were -engaged in murderous affrays between themselves. -One night the Burgundians fell on and slaughtered -the Armagnacs in the streets of Paris, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span> -Dauphin was only saved by Tanguy du Châtel, -who smuggled him off to Milan. The Constable -of France and the Chancellor were both -murdered, and the massacre lasted three days. -Richard, fourth brother of Duke John V. of -Brittany, at great risk secreted and carried off -Marie d'Anjou, wife of the Dauphin. The -Duke of Brittany entered Paris and put a term -to the horrors that were being perpetrated. -Meanwhile the English were advancing, and -burning the towns on their march. At length -the Duke of Burgundy and the Dauphin agreed -to meet and come to terms at Montereau. But -no sooner were they face to face than they burst -into mutual recrimination. This so exasperated -Tanguy, that with an axe he split the skull of -the Duke. This fresh crime threw the Burgundians -into the arms of the English. The -war was concluded by the Treaty of Amiens, -1423. At Landunevez are a dolmen, and at -Argenton a menhir 18 ft. high. Patronal -feast 3rd Sunday in Sept., P. of Kersaint -Ascension Day and Aug. 15th; P. of S. -Gonvel, 2nd Sunday in Sept., and P. of S. -Samson, 3rd Sunday in July.</p> - -<p><i>Plourin.</i> The church (S. Budoc) is entirely -modern, but excellent, the tower and spire are -specially well proportioned. The E. flamboyant -window is very good. Two old picturesque -houses are near the church. Within the church -is the pulpit from the old church of carved oak -representing scenes from the legend of S. Azenore -and her son Budoc. At Kergraden are two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span> -menhirs, one 30 ft. high, the other 24 ft. P. -Sunday nearest to Aug. 7.</p> - -<p><i>Plouguin.</i> Modern church. The château -of Lesven possesses a painting over the altar -in which is represented S. Gwen, her three -breasts disguised by the central breast being made -into a gilded disc, dressed in the costume of a -lady of the beginning of the 17th cent. presenting -her son Winwaloe to S. Corentin, who gives him -the habit. Fragan, husband of Gwen Teirbron, -is also represented in the painting as a knight in -armour. The parish takes its name from Gwen, -and her husband gives his name to the neighbouring -parish of S. Fragan. In a marsh are -the ruins of an oratory, where, according to local -tradition, Winwaloe as a child practised the ascetic -life. For <i>Lanrivoaré</i> see S. Rénan.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Plouescat</span> (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. A -menhir, 21 ft. high.</p> - -<p><i>Plounevez Lochrist.</i> In this parish is the -interesting chapel of Lochrist with its 13th cent. -tower, bold and massive, and surmounted by a -spire very different in character from the flimsy -barley-sugar constructions of the 16th cent. and -the beginning of the 17th. The chapel itself is -modern.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Plouguenast</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac. -New and bad parish church, but happily the old -one has been left, and contains some old glass, -representing the Crucifixion, Entombment, and -Pentecost. The altar rails are made out of the -old roodloft gallery front, and bear representations -of the apostles. Chapel of the Rosary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span> -16th cent. Château de Touche Brondineuf, a -stronghold of the 15th cent.</p> - -<p><i>Plémy.</i> A menhir, 12 ft. high, near Drény, -on the road to Uzel. Two more of 9 ft. high at -300 paces thence. An old maison forte of the -16th cent. at Vaucles. At Ville Pierre remains -of an Huguenot preaching station, a platform -sustained on cylindrical pillars. Some of the -great nobles of Brittany, casting covetous eyes -on the church property, embraced the reform -and encouraged the Calvinist preachers. But -the people would have none of them.</p> - -<p><i>Langast.</i> The Church (S. Gall) of the 16th -cent. has some old glass in the east window.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Plouha</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. -Modern uninteresting church. Four kilometres -off is the Chapel of <i>Kermaria</i>, erected at different -times. The first four arches belong to the 13th -cent. The others as well as the S. porch and -transept are flamboyant. This chapel contains -a Dance of Death, in fresco, but now sadly faded. -There are twenty-two subjects, each figure is -attended by a skeleton. Above the Dance are -eight prophets, seated. The chandeliers are of -hammered iron.</p> - -<p><i>Lanleff</i> has a circular Romanesque church in -ruins. It belongs to the 11th or early 12th -cent. A portion of the external wall has fallen, -exposing the arcade. Much fanciful stuff was -published relative to this church early last century. -It was supposed to have been a pagan -temple. Near it is a well, the water issues -from a three-lobed opening. Above is a stone<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span> -marked with seven circles. The story goes -that a woman here sold her child to the devil -for seven pieces of silver, of which these circles -are the memorial.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Plouigneau</span> (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. A -menhir and a prehistoric camp. P. Ascension -Day followed by dancing and a fair. P. at the -chapel of S. Eloi 3rd Sunday in June.</p> - -<p><i>Plougonven.</i> A calvary of the 17th cent. -A fallen dolmen and three menhirs.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Plouzévede</span> (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. In -this commune is the very interesting chapel of -Berven, with a beautiful tower. It stands by -the highway from S. Pol de Léon to Lesneven, -which runs mainly over the old Roman road, -and was that taken by S. Paulus Aurelianus -when he came from the land of Ach to the -town that now bears his name. The entrance -to the churchyard is by a triumphal arcade, the -arches separated and sustained by Corinthian -pillars. The beautiful tower and spire were -built in 1567. The rood screen is late, 17th -cent., and on it are four panel paintings. The -tower sustains two galleries and superposed bell -chambers. The whole surmounted by a lantern. -It is of the same type as that of Rorcoff, but is -more elegant. It is later than the church.</p> - -<p><i>Plouvorn.</i> The church is modern, but the -chapel of <i><a id="Lambader"></a>Lambader</i> is most interesting, as containing -the only 16th cent. flamboyant screen -that has been spared in the department. It is -singularly rich and delicate. The date is 1481. -The tower and spire resemble those of Creisker,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span> -but on a smaller scale and with the same fault. -The chapel has been carefully restored. P. on -Whit-Monday.</p> - -<p><i>S. Vougai.</i> Church (S. Fiacc of Stetty) -of the 16th cent. The château of <i>Kerjean</i> is a -fine example of a late flamboyant and renaissance -castle. After having been in ruins, it has been -repurchased by a descendant of the ancient -family to which it originally belonged, and is -being gradually restored. One wing was destroyed -by fire in the 18th cent., the rest was -wrecked at the Revolution. It is called the -Versailles of Finistère.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pluvigner</span> (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. This -was the centre of a vast district comprising nine -parishes, that formed the "plou" of Fingar, -an Irish settler, who, after having established -himself here with a number of colonists, returned -to Ireland to fetch more, but was carried by -contrary winds into S. Ives' Bay in Cornwall, -where the native prince Tewdrig fell on him -and murdered most of the party. The place -where he was killed is Gwinear. The church -of Pluvigner is a vast building erected in 1545. -The tower and spire, however, date from -1781. Numerous lechs are in the churchyard, -and one is at the door of the mairie. The -Holy Well of S. Guinger (Fingar) is of the -16th cent., a little way out of the village. -According to the legend Fingar was hunting -when he came to the well, and looking in saw -his face reflected in the water. "On my -word," said he; "I'm an uncommonly handsome<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span> -man, too good-looking to be anything but -a saint," and this effected his conversion. He -renounced the world and dedicated his beauty -to religion. The chapel of S. Fiacre is of -1453, with additions of 1640. In the transept -is a richly carved flamboyant altarpiece. The -chapel of S. Beuzy marks the spot where that -favourite disciple of Gildas, flying with a mortal -wound in his head, passed the night on his way -to Rhuys. The chapel is of 1593.</p> - -<p> * <a id="PONT-AVEN"></a>PONT-AVEN (F.) chl. arr. Quimperlé. -The costume of the women in this district is -peculiarly charming. The broad quilled collars -and the white coiffe, with a pink ribbon behind -the lace, serve to show off a pretty face to advantage. -Pont-aven is a favourite resort of -artists, and some of their work may be seen in a -much frequented hotel there. Moreover, the -scenery about Pont-aven is pleasing, and it -serves as a better headquarters than Concarneau, -where the smell of the sardine pickling is offensive, -and produces in some stomachic trouble. -Pont-aven is picturesquely situated on the Aven, -the same name as our Affon, Awne, and Avon, -and at the foot of two hills crowned with granite -rocks that have been rounded by the action of -the weather, which dissolves the silicate of -potass in it, when the other matters, mica, -felspar, hemblend, and quartz fall away in gravel -and sand. A huge rock in the river facing the -quay is called la Roche Forme. Below Pont-aven -the river widens into an estuary and forms -a port. Near the mouth of the river is the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span> -sanatorium of Kerfarny. There are two menhirs -in the commune, one 15 feet and the other 16 -feet high, one at Kérangosquer, and the other on -the lande de Kervéquilen. About four kilometres -down the river is the château du Hénan of the -15th and 16th cents. At <i>Riec</i> are some dolmens.</p> - -<p><i>Nizon.</i> Here are the fine 15th cent. ruins of -the castle of Rustéphan flanked by turrets. -Several dolmens are scattered over the neighbourhood, -and menhirs as well, of which one is -21 feet high.</p> - -<p><i>Nevez.</i> About two miles to the east of the -village are the important remains of the château -of Hénan, of the 15th cent., much altered in -the 16th cent., with a keep some 75 feet high, -machicolated. A dolmen is here whose capstone -measures 45 feet in length, and 27 feet in -breadth, and 6 feet thick. It has been converted -into a smith's shop. At Nizon there are two -Pardons, that of N.D. de Kergomet on the -1st Sunday in May; the other at N.D. de -Trémalo on the 2nd Sunday in September. -At Pont-aven the patronal feast is on the -3rd Sunday in September, and the P. of -S. Mathurin on the 2nd Sunday in May. -At Nevez the patronal feast is on the 2nd -Sunday after Easter; the Pardon de S. -Barbe, the 2nd Sunday in August; that of -S. Nicolas the 1st Sunday of September; that -of Trémorvézen the 2nd Sunday in September. -The P. of S. Mathieu on the last Sunday in -September: that of the Rosary Sunday in -October, and there are fêtes and a fair on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span> -Monday following. Perhaps the best is that of -<i>Bélon</i> on the river of that name, which flows into -the sea close to the mouth of the Aven. Here -is a grand procession on Sept. 8th, and very -picturesque costumes may be seen. Near Belen -is N.D. de Lanriot, a fine chapel; and in a most -lovely situation is de Moustoir. Between Pont-aven -and de Trinité in a wood is a dolmen. It -is actually in the parish of Moëlan or Maelon, in -which the Pardon of S. Roch is held on Aug. 15, -and that of S. Philibert on the second Sunday -after. Excursions may be made by boat from -Pont-aven to the isles of <i>Glenan</i>, a veritable -archipelago, and to the more distant <i>Ile de Groix</i>. -This was the island to which Gunthiern, the -first settler at Quimperlé, was wont to retire, -and where there is a chapel that contains a -statue of him. He was a native of Southern -Wales, and his name is identical with Vortigern. -But who he really was is very uncertain. -In summer there is communication -daily by a little steamboat with Lorient. -An arm of the sea called le Coureau -separates the isle from the mainland. The -population is composed entirely of fishermen, -and it has a little harbour, the port -Tudy. The island coast is honeycombed -with caves; it also possesses numerous prehistoric -monuments. On the N. the tumulus -of Moustéro and the menhir of Quelhuit, -and the dolmens more or less ruined -of S. Tudy and of Porte Mélite. On the -E. the menhir of the Fort de la Croix.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span> -On the S. the dolmens of Locmaria and S. -Nicolas and the tumulus of Kervédan, surmounted -by a menhir, and near Kervédan on -the shore the remains of an enclosure called the -fort des Romains. As there are hotels on the -island, a day or two can be very comfortably -spent there.</p> - -<p><i>Le Pouldu</i> (the Black Pool) is a bathing -place, where the climate is singularly warm, and -plants that flourish in the south of France here -stand the winter.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p172"></a> -<img src="images/p172.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">PONT-CROIX</div> -</div> - -<p> * <a id="PONT-CROIX"></a>PONT-CROIX (F.) chl. arr. Quimper. -This little town is far more attractive than -Audierne, and is better suited to stay at for a -visit to the numerous objects of interest in the -peninsula. It is built about a remarkable abbey -church, one of the finest in Finistère, and with -the noblest tower and spire in Brittany. Most -of these towers and spires look like hot-house -growths, and are over-weighted by their spires. -But the tower of Pontcroix is solid and in -perfect proportion to its spire. The church -also presents admirable examples of 2nd pointed -architecture, notably its unique S. porch. The -spire is of the same period. The S. transept -had a window of the same, <i>circ.</i> 1380, but the -tracery has been hacked away and replaced by -feeble weedy flamboyant. Of the other flamboyant -windows, one is well designed, two are -under acute gables. The church has an apse -(flamboyant) with six windows. On entering -the sacred building, the surprised visitor finds -himself in a Romanesque church, but of a late<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span> -period, 1160. The pillars are spindly and tall, -and sustain round arches. It is Romanesque at -its last gasp, and without its original vigour and -massiveness. A very ugly feature is the inner -member of the arch, which is sustained on corbels -resting on the capitals. The arcade of the -sanctuary is of the 13th cent. The piers supporting -the central tower were Romanesque, but -were encased at a late period, when the spire -was added. Some stained glass is of the 15th -cent.</p> - -<p>A walk or drive may be taken to N.D. de -Confort on the Quimper road; it is 16th cent. -with a graceful spirelet above a double gallery -and a turret at the side to give access to the -bells. The Calvary is of the same period, purer -in design and better in detail than the overcrowded -Calvaries of Guimiliau and Plougastel. -In the chapel is a Wheel of Fortune set with -bells, which the pilgrims set in motion so as to -summon the Saint to hearken to their prayers. -At Meilars is another Calvary, also a dolmen. -Half-way between <i>N.D. de Confort</i> and Poullan -is the admirable Chapel of <i>Kerinec</i> with its Holy -Well and a Calvary consisting of a cross above -a preaching platform. The great charm of this -chapel lies in its interior, which is very beautiful. -Further on is <i>Poullan</i> buried in trees (S. -Cadvan), a transition church between flamboyant -and renaissance, with a thin oblong -tower and a good porch. There is no chancel -arch. Nave and aisles have boarded ceilings. -The granite capitals are rudely carved. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span> -side aisles very narrow, the pillars tall, sustaining -small pointed arches. An octagonal 17th cent. -baptistery. There is a menhir near the seamark -at Kermenhir, and there are dolmens in -the parish. The country is barren, planted with -Austrian pine, but is being brought under cultivation -by the use of sardine heads as manure. -The coast to Cap Sizun is bold and fine. -<i>Beuzec Cap Sizun.</i> Church (S. Budoc) with -tower of the 16th cent. A fine coast. P. at -N.D. de Confort, 1st Sunday in July. P. of -Kerinec, 3rd Sunday in July. P. at Poullan, -1st Sunday in Sept. P. at N.D. de Clarté in -Beuzec, on the Eve of Rogation Sunday.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p174"></a> -<img src="images/p174.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">N.D. DE CONFORT</div> -</div> - -<p> * PONTIVY (M.) chl. d'arr. A busy -town, very modern and vastly ugly in its -modern portion, but with a few picturesque bits -in the old town. In the new Pontivy is the -hideous Church of S. Joseph, about as bad in -architecture as the perversity of ignorance could -design. The church in the old town in decadent -flamboyant, is bad of its kind. The tracery had -been removed from the windows, and has been -replaced by new stuff of no character except -feebleness. The W. tower is octagonal with -a spire surmounting it. The castle has been -in part destroyed, but two faces remain with -singularly low drums of towers. In it is now -the museum. The costume of the neighbourhood -of Pontivy in the women is not remarkable, -but that of the men is picturesque, white jackets -bordered and ornamented with black velvet.</p> - -<p>In the cemetery outside Pontivy is a menhir<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span> -surmounted by a cross. The spire of <i>N.D. de -la Houssaye</i> beyond the cemetery is an interesting -specimen of the flamboyant architecture of the -beginning of the 15th cent. It was built in -1438, but the tower, which is quite in the -Breton renaissance character, was actually built -as late as 1750. It is curious as showing to -how late a date the Gothic feeling hung on in -Brittany.</p> - -<p><i>Noyal-Pontivy.</i> The church has a 14th -cent. tower and spire. The porch is flamboyant. -On one side within are apostles, on the other, -curious subjects, The Baptism, an Angel holding -a pair of blue breeches whilst Christ is in the -water, a naked man carrying his head upside-down, -and some other subjects not easily made -out. The church has been carefully restored. -The early flamboyant E. window has the date -cut on the splay. The vaulting of nave and -chancel is modern. In the N. transept is fine -old glass representing the Annunciation, Nativity, -Shepherds and Angels, Adoration of Shepherds, -Circumcision, Flight into Egypt, Massacre of -the Innocents; also the Bearing of the Cross, -the Veronica, Crucifixion and Entombment from -another window. In the nave is a curious painted -retable of S. Maurice de Clohars, who d. 1191, -and who was born in this parish. Noyala was -one of the largest parishes in the diocese of -Vannes, and Pontivy was a chapelry in it. <i>S. -Géran</i>, now a daughter church, was probably -originally the head of a plou of Geraint, King -of Domnonia. But now he is forgotten and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span> -replaced by S. Guirec. In this parish the canal -between Nantes and Brest forms a series of -backwaters and lochs. The Chapel of SS. -Dredeneau is near the line and the canal. It -is a cruciform building of flamboyant period, -but of no architectural interest. It however -contains a good 16th cent. statue of S. Bridget, -and statues of the Brothers Dredeneau. According -to the legend they were two princes who -were murdered, and their bodies thrown into a -marsh on the further side of the canal, where -they were found by a pig. The figures are -rude; one holds a book on which is written: -"Ce Saint à combatu jusqu'à la mort pour la -loi de Dieu, et n'a pas craint les menaces des -infidèles parceque sa foi etait fondée sur la -pierre." The Holy Well of the saints is in -very good order and bears their statues. P. -4th Sunday after Easter; at S. Géran, 3rd -Sunday in October; at Noyala, July 6th.</p> - -<p><i>Stival.</i> At the entrance to the village is the -Holy Well of S. Meriadoc, late flamboyant to -renaissance. The church is cross-shaped with a -slated spire, and has no aisles. It has a boarded -and painted roof, and the chancel is covered -with paintings representing the legend of S. -Meriadoc. The fine stained glass is in a deplorable -condition. The E. window contains -a Jesse tree. There are saints in the other -windows. In the churchyard are a large late -cruciform chapel and an ossuary.</p> - -<p><i>Locmalo.</i> The superb Chapel of <i>N.D. de -Quelven</i> is an object of one of the most popular<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span> -Pardons in Morbihan, on August 15. W. tower, -transepts and gabled apse are all of late flamboyant. -In the tower is a very fine rose window -to the bell-chamber. The proportions of tower -and spire are not however satisfactory, and the -chapel imposes on one by its rich detail rather -than by its broad features. It resembles S. -Nicodème in Plumilliau, but the tower is very -inferior. There are three porches, one under -the tower and two to the south. The tower -is half a century older than the body of the -church. Choir and transepts are vaulted. -There is a plain stone gallery for the minstrels -in the S. aisle. In two windows in the choir -is fine contemporary glass, a Jesse tree and the -apostles. The rest of the glass is modern garish -rubbish. The granite carving of the church is -poor owing to the coarse quality of the stone.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pont Scorff</span> (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. The -Scorff divides the town into two parts, the upper -and the lower towns, united by two bridges. -The Church of S. Albin is of 1610 with -additions in 1710. One town was the religious, -the other the secular. The religious one was -Les-Albin (the Court of Albin), and here was -born S. Albinus, who became Bishop of Angers -in 529 and died in 550. P. 1st S. in March. -P. of S. Yves, Sunday after 10th May. P. -of S. Nicodème 3rd Sunday in September.</p> - -<p><i>Quevin</i> (Coet-quen, the white wood). A -menhir 16 ft. high, to the west a Calvary with -fifteen figures. A Holy Well, and Chapel of -S. Eloi, 16th cent., in the village, but altered in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span> -18th cent. The parish church is modern. S. -Nicodème, late flamboyant chapel of 1578. La -Trinité, 16th cent., but with a tower of 1771. -P. 7th Sunday after Trinity.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Port Louis</span> (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. The -Church of N.D. was built in 1665. The -Chapel of S. Pierre contains a statue of S. Elisha -found in the sea at the beginning of the 17th -cent., to which the Pope accorded sundry -indulgences. Port Louis was but a small fishing -village called Locperan till the beginning of the -17th cent. It possesses a citadel and a marine -hospital. P. at Locmalo 26th July.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Questembert</span> (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. -Here, in 888, Alan I., Count of Vannes, -encountered the Northmen and slaughtered -12,000 of them. Hardly 400 escaped to their -ships. In consequence of this victory, Alan -was proclaimed Duke of Brittany. Some -crosses mark the spot where the battle raged. -La Croix Rochue has a weapon like a halbert -cut on it. La Croix Tuaint is marked with -five nail heads and a small cross. La Croix à -la Poèle also has nail heads. The parish church -is modern, 1863. In the churchyard a fine -Calvary. The Chapel of S. Michel is flamboyant. -In the Chapel of N.D., an old Templar church, -is a Romanesque font employed as a bénitier. -The town possesses some old houses and halles -of 1675; also a cylindrical tower with two -heads on it called Quest and his wife.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Quiberon</span> (M.) chl. arr. Lorient. A -favourite watering place on a sandy strip of land,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span> -some twelve miles long, and only one and a half -wide. The sea has gained considerably here. -An alignment of menhirs now leads into the -water. The granite rock is everywhere under -blown sand that shifts with every gale. A -menhir is at the point of Beg-conguel, and there -are remains of a cromlech (stone circle) at -Beg-lann, and ruins of two dolmens at Manémeur. -Two dolmens at Kerniscot, an allée couverte at -Croh-collé, and the remains of an alignment at -the Mill of Kerbournec, and two more dolmens -at Port-blanc. But what is most interesting -here is the prehistoric necropolis at Belle-vue, -Be-ker-Nôz and another in the Isle of Thénec. -The graves are stone chests, in which the -skeletons are crouched, but occasionally extended. -The sand has preserved the bones, which have -lost nothing but their gelatine. An early -Christian cemetery has also been discovered -at Kerné. In 1795 an English squadron disembarked -3000 émigrés here, and they were -joined by numerous peasants. Hoche defeated -them, and swept the peninsula, driving together -all who remained. The prisoners were then -all shot down in cold blood, some at Quiberon, -some at Auray, and the rest at Vannes.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p180"></a> -<img src="images/p180.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">IN QUIMPER</div> -</div> - -<p> * QUIMPER (F.) chl. d'arr. This -beautiful town is situated at the junction of -the Stier and the Odet, and is the seat of a -bishop. The diocese of S. Pol de Léon has -been united to that of Quimper. It is at a -distance of fifteen miles from the sea, but has -a small port. It is a bright and thriving city,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span> -and is the seat of the manufacture of the Breton -faience, a pretty ware copied from old Rouen, -but with original developments. The old walls -are almost gone. Quimper is dominated on the -south by a lofty well-timbered hill. It has -charming esplanades by the sides of the Odet. -In the town are several old houses. The great -glory of the place is however the Cathedral of -S. Corentin. The choir dates from the end of -the 13th cent. The transepts and nave belong to -the 15th. The twin spires are modern and -excellent. The architect, M. Bigod, took that -of Pontcroix as his pattern, and could not have -done better. The erection of these spires was -due to the town folk consenting to a duty of a -sou a pound being charged on all the butter brought -into market. The choir leans considerably to -the left, and the junction with the transepts is -awkwardly effected. It is said that this -deflection was due to the spongy nature of the -soil which did not allow of the choir being built -in the same axis as the nave. This, however, -does not explain it, as the nave was erected -subsequent to the choir. At the summit of the -W. gable is a statue of King Grallo. This W. -front is fine, but the modern filling in of the -doorway is weak. A S. side entrance is -altogether exquisite. There is, however, nothing -really characteristic of a local school in the -cathedral; it follows the traditions of the Isle of -France, but has not the loftiness, often exaggerated, -of some of those magnificent cathedrals. -The beautiful lady-chapel is in the purest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span> -geometrical style. The choir has an apsidal -termination. The clerestory windows are filled -with old glass representing saints, but the modern -glass is detestable. The third chapel on the N. -side contains memorials of a supposed miracle, a -crucifix that emitted drops of blood when a man -perjured himself before it. The high altar is a -mass of silver gilt, decorated in a style suitable -to a restaurant rather than to a church. There -is a good, restored, bishop's chapel. The -Church of S. Mathieu has been rebuilt and -has a modern spire. The fine stained glass -representing the scenes of the Passion in the east -window has been retained; it is of the 16th cent. -The musée should be visited. Besides containing -an admirable collection of paintings, many -by Breton artists, it has a large group of lay-figures -dressed in the various costumes of -Léon and Cornouaille, representing a marriage. -Nor should the visitor omit a call on M. Villard, -who has an extensive collection of really artistic -photographs of Breton costumes and architecture. -Quimper market should be visited on Saturday, -when various costumes may be seen, the white -quilted collars of the Pont-aven district, and the -curious head dresses of the Bigauden women.</p> - -<p><i>Locmaria</i> is only a stroll down the left bank of -the Odet, and there may be seen a very beautiful -example of a Romanesque church with central -tower, transepts and apse.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p182"></a> -<img src="images/p182.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">THE CATHEDRAL, QUIMPER</div> -</div> - -<p>Quimper forms an admirable centre for a -number of excursions, as branch lines run -thence to Pont l'Abbé and to Pont Croix and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span> -Audierne. The great horse fair is on April -15. The patronal feast at the cathedral is -on August 15; the P. at Locmaria is on the -Sunday after December 12.</p> - -<p><i>Plogonnec</i>, a very interesting late flamboyant -church with a renaissance tower. It has magnificent -old glass in the windows, representing the -Last Judgment, the Story of the Cross, the -Transfiguration, and some Celtic Saints, S. Cadoc -with a bell, S. Edern, son of Vortigern, riding -on a stag, and S. Theilo, Bishop of Llandaff, -also mounted on a stag. There is a pretty -flamboyant Chapel of S. Theilo in the parish, -and this last window was removed from it. P. -at S. Thegonnec's Chapel, Ascension Day; at -that of Loretto, 2nd Sunday in August; at that -of S. Albin on the last Sunday in September; -the P. at the parish church on the last Sunday -in July.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p183"></a> -<img src="images/p183.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">LOCRONAN</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Locronan.</i> Once a thriving little town living -on its looms, but since weaving has been done by -steam, its prosperity has gone, and many houses -are in ruins. Those that remain occupied are -all of granite, and some, if not all, old. The -church has the Chapel of S. Ronan on its south -side opening out of it by a couple of arches. -All is flamboyant. The church had a spire -that was struck by lightning in 1806 and fell, -carrying away pinnacles and the lace-like parapet -on the N. side. On this N. side is a little -chapel with a graceful flamboyant window in -the gable, and saints in niches at the sides. -The E. window of the chancel is full of old<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span> -glass in confusion, but is about to be restored. -On the pulpit is the legend of S. Ronan in ten -compartments. The mouldings of the arcades -and of the great belfry windows are poor. The -P. is on Trinity Sunday, but every sixth year -is the Grand Tromenie, which is observed with -great concourse of people from all parts. A -procession leaves the church at 2.30 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> and -winds with banners and hymn-singing round the -mountain on the slope of which Locronan is -built. Descending a narrow street leads -to the renaissance Chapel of S. Eloi and a -Holy Well of the same date. The tomb of -S. Ronan is in the chapel beside the parish -church.</p> - -<p><i>Plonevez-Porzay</i> has a very villainous modern -church that has replaced one that was old and -full of interest. The porch has however been -preserved. P. 2nd Sunday in August. <i>Ste. -Anne-de-la-Palue</i> in this parish is a great resort -of pilgrims, and the Pardon there is largely -attended. It is on the last Sunday in August. -The P. of N.D. de la Clarté is on the 2nd -Sunday in September.</p> - -<p><i>Quéménéven.</i> The Chapel of Kergoat is an -object of pilgrimage, and the Pardon there is -very greatly thronged, and interesting costumes -may be seen there. The P. is on the Sunday -after August 15.</p> - -<p><i>S. Venec</i>, a chapel half-way between Quimper -and Châteaulin, is interesting. It contains a -statue of the Threebreasted Gwen, and of her -sons, Gwethenoc, represented as a Knight, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span> -Winwaloe. There are also here a good Calvary -and a pretty Holy Well.</p> - -<p><i>Ergué Gaberic.</i> A fine menhir. A chapel -of the Templars. The P. at Kerdevot is -greatly frequented. It is on the 2nd Sunday -in September.</p> - -<p><i>Pluguffan.</i> Only deserving of a visit on the -occasion of its Pardon, which is on the 2nd -Sunday in September, where fine costumes may -be seen.</p> - -<p> * QUIMPERLÉ (F.) chl. d'arr. An interesting -and picturesque town on the Laïta formed -of the junction of the Ellé and the Isole. The -abbey church of Ste. Croix and the town about -it is in the basin, but the Church of S. Michel -and the upper town is on the hillside with steep -streets, some ascended by steps. The buildings -of the abbey have been converted into municipal -offices and Mairie. The church is circular and -Romanesque. A tower had been constructed on -the four central drums, but they showed signs -of giving way, and the tower had to be taken -down and the church rebuilt, but exactly on -the ancient lines. There is a crypt beneath the -lady-chapel. The carved corbels outside the -apse are curious. A fine renaissance retable has -been mutilated and plastered against the west -wall. In the crypt is the tomb of S. Gurlois. -S. Michel stands up boldly on the summit of the -hill, on the right side of the Laïta, sustained on -massive substructures. The nave is 2nd pointed. -There are no aisles to the nave. The grand -central tower and choir with its aisles are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span> -flamboyant. There is an exquisite window of that -style on the N. side and a superb N. porch, but -the E. window is in very bad renaissance. The -east end is supported on two huge buttresses that -are pierced with arches for the roadway. The -west end of the church is built against, with -houses, and does not seem ever to have had a -western entrance.</p> - -<p>Some quaint bits of street architecture may -be found by penetrating into the narrow lanes. -The Church of S. Columbanus is in ruins. A -pretty walk out of the town leads to the little -chapel of the Château of Rosgrande, with apse -at each end. It contains a renaissance roodscreen, -with subjects from sacred history and -pagan mythology indiscriminately carved on it. -In the chapel are two 14th cent. statues of S. -Cadoc and S. Yhuel, the grandson of Gildas, -afterwards Bishop of Llandaff, who spent his -youth in Brittany. Fishing and charming walks -are to be had in the valleys of the Ellé and -Isolle. The visitor will find this the best headquarters -for excursions to Le Faouët, 21 kilometres, -and down the river to Pouldu. Patronal -Feast at Quimperlé on the 2nd Sunday in May -and on the 3rd September. P. at Lothea, -Easter Tuesday and Trinity Sunday. Pardon -des Oiseaux at Toulfouen, Whitsun Monday.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p186"></a> -<img src="images/p186.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">QUIMPERLÉ</div> -</div> - -<p>The forest of <i>Clohars-Carnoet</i> envelops the -ruins of one of Conmore's castles, but it was -rebuilt in the 15th cent. On the right bank of -the Laïta, in a sheltered position, are the fine -ruins of the Abbey of S. Maurice, founded in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span> -1170. The chapter house is of the 14th cent. -and 15th cent. A chapel that has been restored -contains a good bronze Christ of the 17th cent. -P. Whitsun Monday. P. at Clohars on the -15th August.</p> - -<p> * QUINTIN (C.N.) chl. arr. S. Brieuc. In -pretty woodland country. A menhir called La -Roche-longue in a field near the town, 21 ft. -high. The church is modern, but it retains -some old glass. In the street of N.D. is a -granite house of 1611. Another old house -dates from 1560. Remains of the castle built -in the 15th cent., which was replaced by another, -never completed, in the 17th cent. The modern -château contains a fine gallery of family portraits -and Gobelin tapestries. In the cemetery is an -ossuary of the 17th cent.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Redon</span> (I.V.) chl. d'arrond. Above the -junction of the Vilaine and Oust, at the foot of -a hill, commanded by the ruined Château de -Beaumont. Redon was a great abbey founded -by King Nominoe and S. Convoyon. Here -was held the council that deposed the Frank -bishops of Rennes, Nantes and Vannes. The -church was ruined at the Revolution, and all -that remains of it are the W. tower and spire -and the choir with a portion only of the nave. -The tower now stands isolated. The nave is of -the 14th cent. It was originally Romanesque. -A transept is of the 12th cent. and there is a -stunted central tower at the crossing. The -choir ends in an apse and is of the 13th cent. -and is fine. The high altar and the pulpit were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span> -given to the church by Richelieu. On the N. -side of the choir is a fortified chapel of the 15th -cent. In one of the side chapels is a tomb -supposed to be that of Duke Francis I. The -abbey buildings are occupied by the Institute of -S. Sauveur. The cloisters are of the 17th -cent. The canal from Nantes to Brest cuts the -town in two and is crossed by a bridge.</p> - -<p>The centre of the chestnut trade, the "marron." -The trees are kept small and pruned, and are -not suffered to exhaust themselves in producing -a superabundance of fruit. The marron is much -larger than the common "châtain."</p> - -<p> * RENNES (I.V.). Capital of the Department, -and the ancient capital of the duchy of -Brittany. It is composed of two towns separated -by the Vilaine. On the right bank is the -Upper Town. Rennes was burnt down in -1720, and was rebuilt in the ugly style of the -period, and in grey granite. The river has been -embanked and carried in a straight course -through the town. There are no fine buildings -on the embankments. The most pretentious -structure on the left bank, between the station -and the river, is the lycée, with a chapel in -a nondescript style. Several bridges, all mean -in character, cross the river. On the right bank -are the most important buildings. The cathedral -is a hideous structure commenced in 1787 and -completed in 1844. The two side doors and -the niches at the west end belong to the earlier -building and are renaissance. Within, the arch -has been studiously avoided. Eight enormous<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span> -red marble pillars on each side of the nave -sustain the heavy vault and the clerestory. -Their bases are but 6 feet apart. The interior -has been richly decorated with gold and colour, -but nothing can relieve the cumbrousness and -gloom of the internal appearance.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p188"></a> -<img src="images/p188.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">THE CATHEDRAL, RENNES</div> -</div> - -<p>One of the old gates of the town, the Porte -Mordelaix, remains, but it is not particularly -picturesque, and a few old houses escaped the -fire and have not yet been pulled down. To -the east of the cathedral is the Church of S. -Sauveur, even more ugly than the former. In -a small street opening from the river opposite -the Hotel Moderne is the one architectural gem -possessed by the town, the Chapel of S. Yves, -now desecrated into a store-house. It is of the -end of the 15th cent., and all the details, where -not broken, are of exquisite beauty. Observe -the N. door with its niches and the W. front. -The Church of S. Germain is late and poor -flamboyant, much altered in late renaissance times. -The springing of the nave vaulting remains, and -has been grotesquely finished off with scrolls. -There is fine old glass, but in utter confusion, -in the E. window. The large window of the -S. transept contains fine glass representing the -life of the Virgin below and saints and legendary -incidents above in a series of 24 subjects.</p> - -<p>S. Melaine is the church of a once famous -abbey. Transepts and choir-arch are early -Romanesque. The nave is 2nd pointed. The -base of the tower is early 1st pointed, but has -been refaced in the worst taste in baroque times; to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span> -this has been added in modern days an octagonal -lantern and dome, and to complete the unsightliness -and absurdity of the whole composition, -the cupola is surmounted by an enormous gilt -statue of the B. Virgin. Within may be noted -the clumsy junction of the older and newer -work in the second arch on the south side. -The tracery in the side aisles of the nave has -been cut away, but the clerestory windows of -one light are delicate and refined. The clerestory -of the choir is earlier, the E. wall and -window have been reconstructed, and the tracery -in the side aisles restored or modern. In the S. -transept is a wax figure of S. Severina, whose -bones from the Roman catacombs are preserved -in this church. This wax figure receives a -considerable cult. Adjoining the church is the -Thabor with pleasant walks and grounds, on the -highest point of the town. The botanical -gardens adjoin. The Palais de Justice was -begun as the seat of the Parliament of Brittany -in 1618 and was completed in 1654. The -façade is of the Tuscan order. The decoration -of the interior was confided to four eminent -artists in the reign of Louis XIV., and it has -undergone rich decoration of late years. Rennes -possesses good open places, as well as the broad -esplanades by the river banks. Its museums and -library are also well stored. The picture gallery -contains a large collection of paintings, some -really good, a Jordæns, a Paul Veronese, and a -De Crayer.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Retiers</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Vitré. Four miles<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span> -to the S.E. is a menhir called La Pierre de -Richebourg.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">La Roche-Derrien</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. S. -Brieuc, is prettily situated on the Jaudy, at the -highest point to which the tide reaches. Of -the castle hardly anything remains. The church -has a spire of late 13th cent. The S. porch, -formerly adorned with statues, is bold. The -church has vast double transepts of 1435, and -flamboyant windows and extraordinary gargoyles. -Inside is a barbarous elaborately carved oak -altarpiece of late renaissance and of no merit. -La Roche was the scene of the battle fought in -1347, when Charles de Blois was taken prisoner -by the English.</p> - -<p>Near La Roche is <i>Langoat</i>, the church like -a converted railway station, but it contains the -tomb of Alma Pompeia, the mother of S. -Tugdual, who died in the 6th cent., but the -tomb was erected in 1470. She is represented -on it recumbent; and at the sides are subjects -in bas-relief relative to her story. These have -been reproduced in bad modern glass in the -E. window. In the church may be seen a statue -of S. Tugdual habited as a pope. This is due -to a curious blunder. His monks were wont to -call him Pabu, or father. A late writer of his -legend supposed that this meant that he was -papa—the pope, and so fabricated a story to -explain it, how that Tugdual went to Rome -and arrived when the see was vacant, and was -elected pope; how that after a very few years -he wearied of the burden, and a flying horse was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span> -sent from heaven which conveyed him through -the air back to Brittany.</p> - -<p><i>Prat.</i> The Château of Coatelan is a rectangular -building of the beginning of the 16th -cent., and is an interesting, well-preserved example -of a maison forte of the period. Within -are some good chimney-pieces. At the top of -one of the turrets is an oven for baking bread.</p> - -<p><i>Pommerit Jaudy.</i> On the Coat-nevez, a -conical hill, is a camp, probably of the Northmen -invaders. The château is mainly of the -16th cent, and has granite chimney-pieces.</p> - -<p><i>Cavan.</i> The church (S. Cheron) is of the -15th cent, and has a spire flanked by two stair-turrets -surmounted by domes. This is of -1684.</p> - -<p><i>Berhet.</i> The church (S. Bridget) is modern. -The Chapel of N.D. de Confort has flamboyant -windows, the tracery in those at the side forms -hearts. Within is a carved oak retable representing -the Passion, Resurrection and Assumption. -In the chapel is a Sant-e-roa, or Holy -Wheel, hung with bells, and this is rung during -mass, and by pilgrims desirous of calling the B.V. -Mary's attention to their petitions. Similar -wheels are at Quemperven, Locarn, Laniscat in -the Côtes-du-Nord, at S. Nicolas de Prissiac in -Morbihan, and at N.D. de Confort, near -Pontcroix in Morbihan. P. last Sunday in -September.</p> - -<p> * ROCHEFORT EN TERRE (M.) -chl. arr. Vannes. A picturesquely situated -little town on schist rocks above the Arz.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span> -The scenery of the valley is pleasing and it has -become, like Pont-aven, headquarters of artists. -Considerable ruins of the castle exist, and there -are several old houses in the town. Rochefort -was never walled in. Nevertheless it was -furnished with gates in the 18th cent. The -Church of N.D. de la Tronchaye having -been erected on a slope to the south causes -the N. side to appear buried. This side was -altered in 1533. In the choir are oak stalls of -1590 and 1592. S. Roque, on a height near -the town, was erected in 1527 in consequence of -a vow made by the people who were decimated -by a plague. It was ruined at the Revolution, -but has been rebuilt, 1854. A fair is held at -Rochefort on the 2nd Tuesday in every month. -Rochefort affords good quarters whence excursions -may be made to visit the prehistoric -monuments scattered over the Lande de Lanvaux -and Haut Branbien. The menhirs are -for the most part higher than those of Carnac, -but unhappily a great many of them are fallen. -These collections of megalithic remains have -never been properly investigated and planned, -and have not been visited like those of Carnac -and Locmariaquer and Erdeven.</p> - -<p><i>Pluherlin</i> on the Lande de Haut Branbien, -N. of Rochefort, has many of these strewn over -the commune. A menhir 15 feet high is in -the Lande de Lanvaux beside the road to -Pleucadeuc. Great havoc has been wrought -throughout this neighbourhood among the -churches; the interesting old structures have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span> -been wantonly torn down to make place for -the exhibition of the incompetence of Vannes -architects.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rosporden</span> (F.) chl. arr. Quimper. In a -pretty situation by a lake that is, however, -traversed by the line from Quimper to Vannes, -and that from Rosporden to Carhaix. The -church has a fine tower and well-proportioned -spire of the 13th cent. On the S. side is a -porch, one of the oldest in Finistère. The -church contains a rude statue of Our Lady, -much venerated. It was turned out of the -church into the graveyard in 1870, to make -way for one more artistic; but the parishioners -rose in indignation and forced the curé to replace -it. A statue of S. Barbara is erected on a -fragment of the ancient Calvary that has been -destroyed. P. of S. Eloi, 2nd Sunday in July. -Patronal Feast, Aug. 15.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rostrenen</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Guingamp, on -the slope of a hill, with a great square in the -midst, about which are old houses of the -16th and 17th cents. The parish church is -modern, but retains a transept of the 14th cent. -and a choir and tower of the 18th. The -S. porch has in it statues of the apostles.</p> - -<p><i>Glomel.</i> The finest menhir in the Department -is near the hamlet of Menhir, and is 25 -feet high. Another is in the Bois de Coatcourcaral, -10 feet high. The church is of the -14th cent. with a flamboyant east window. -Side windows under gables. N.D. de Trégernan -has lost its tower, pulled down in 1842.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span> -The chapel has some good glass in it and -possesses a Calvary.</p> - -<p><i>Kergrist-Moelo.</i> The parish church is of -the 16th cent., with a square pinnacled tower -and a rich porch of 1554.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Saint Aubin d'Aubigné</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. -Rennes. On the line from Dol to Rennes, a -place devoid of interest.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Saint Aubin de Cormier</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. -Fougères. The church has a nave of the 14th -cent. The rest is of the 16th. This was the -scene of the battle fought in 1488, which dealt -the last blow to the independence of Brittany. -The Sire d'Albret at the head of 14,000 men -entered the duchy as one of the suitors for the -hand of Anne of Brittany, and he was supported -by Henry VII. of England. Maximilian, King -of the Romans, another pretender, hastened to -enforce his claims as well. The King of France -sent an army into the duchy which took -Châteaubriant and Fougères and encountered -that of Francis II. of Brittany at S. Aubin on -the 28th July 1488. The French cavalry -broke the ranks of the Breton infantry. Six -thousand of these latter fell. The Duke of -Orleans, afterwards Louis XII. and the Prince -of Orange were taken prisoners. They were -shut up in a cellar still shown under the Hôtel -du Commerce.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Saint Brice-en-Cogles</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. -Fougères. Here are two châteaux, one La -Roche Portal of the time of Henry IV.</p> - -<p> * SAINT BRIEUC. Capital of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span> -DEpartment of Côtes-du-Nord. Is a dull town -situated on the Gouet to which a long descent -leads and where is the tidal port. The estuary -is between steep hills. The city is the seat of -a bishop. It contains a number of picturesque -old houses of carved wood with plaster between. -The cathedral is low and disappointing externally, -but not without dignity within. The only -remains of the earlier church is the wall from -the apse to the transepts that has been pierced -to form chapels. In it are half pillars with -capitals of a Romanesque character. The tower -of S. Brieuc was formerly fortified and still preserves -its loopholes for bowmen, but they have -been blocked. This is of the 13th cent. The apse -is of the 14th cent. with a triforium. The date -is 1335-55. The lady-chapel is of the same -period. The fine rose window of the S. transept -is of the 15th cent., so is the Chapel of S. -Guillaume, composed of two bays separated by -tall cylindrical pillars without capitals but with -the vaulting ribs springing out of them. The -southern tower, with indications of fortification, -belongs to the same century. The rose window -between the towers is of the 16th cent. The -stained glass and mural decorations in the -spandrils of the arches of the apse are bad as -bad can be. The organ case is composed of -panels dated 1540. The plain leaded windows -are far more pleasing than the garish stuff with -which they are being replaced. In the church -is the tomb of S. William, bishop of S. Brieuc. -He was the son of Oliver Pinchon and was born<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span> -at Saint Alban near Lamballe. He was elected -bishop in 1220, and soon quarrelled with Pierre -Mauclerc, Duke of Brittany, who drove him -from his see, and he was obliged to take refuge -at Poitiers. He returned to his diocese in -1230, and at once began the rebuilding of -his cathedral, but died in 1234. He was an -amiable, harmless man, and very considerate to -the poor and suffering.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p196"></a> -<img src="images/p196.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">S. BRIEUC</div> -</div> - -<p>The chapel and fountain of S. Brieuc, on the -height to the N.W., are flamboyant and picturesque. -On the S. side of the altar is a descent -to the cave to which the Saint was wont to retire -for prayer. Brioc was the son of an Irish -occupant of Cardigan and a Saxon wife. He -was educated by the Armorican S. Germain, a -nephew of S. Patrick, who afterwards became -Apostle of the Isle of Man. On the expulsion -of the Irish from S.W. Wales Brioc left with -a large number of followers and arrived at the -mouth of the Gouet, where a kinsman, by -marriage, Rigual had already settled, and he -gave him the land where is now the city of -S. Brieuc, and where had been a Gallo-Roman -town. He died about the middle of the 6th -cent. In the Rue Fardel is a house dated 1572. -The modern churches in the town are architectural -monstrosities. The Chapel of N.D. de -l'Esperance is vastly pretentious, but wretched -architecturally. The clerestory is filled with -stained glass representing Breton Saints. Patronal -Feast, S. Brieuc, 1st May. The valley of -the Gouet may be followed down to the mouth,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span> -and an ascent made to the Tour de Cesson, -which has Roman substructions, but was built -up and altered at various times.</p> - -<p>At <i>Ploufragan</i> is an allée couverte, buried -in brambles. The church is modern with a -spindly tower and spire.</p> - -<p>At <i>La Méaugon</i> is a fine railway viaduct in -two stages. The church has in one window a -small but admirably drawn representation of the -patron saint S. Meugaint, and a carved granite -Calvary in the churchyard. Some remains of -the screen removed to the west end.</p> - -<p><i>Pledran.</i> A vitrified fort. The vitrification -was done by fires lighted in the depth of -the wall. As the result was not satisfactory, -the face outwards was subsequently banked up.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Saint Jean Brévelay</span> (M.) chl. d'arr -Ploermel. On the side of the road to Vannes, -near Kerdramel, are two menhirs. A kilometre -west of le Moustoir, on the Lande de Coh-Coet, -a large dolmen formed of three blocks only; -the coverer is 18 feet long. It has the ruins -of an allée couverte leading to it. A kilometre -south of it is a menhir 18 feet high. The -natives of this district fled to England from the -Northmen in the 9th cent., and brought back -with them, when returning some relics of S. -John of Beverley, Archbishop of York, who -died in 721.</p> - -<p><i>Plumelec.</i> Between Trégoët and Kersimon -is an allée couverte. In the coppice of Château -Béauce a large dolmen called Migourdy, which -on being explored yielded fragments of a figure<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span> -of Venus Anadyomene, and a coin of Diocletian, -showing that it had been utilised for some unknown -purpose in historic times. It is supposed -that the place owes its name to S. Meletius, B. -of London, who died in 624, and that the refugees -to England brought back his relics. But this is -not probable; it must have been called plou after -a founder of the clan, and the title of plou would -hardly have attached to relics. The church is -modern; the Chapel of S. Aubin is of 1513, -and has some curious carving on the capitals, a -fox preaching to geese, etc. Above the N. -transept rises a slated spire.</p> - -<p><i>Guéhenno.</i> A modern church, but the porch -of 1547 has been preserved. In the graveyard -is a fine Calvary of the 16th cent., the finest in -Morbihan. On it are numerous single figures as -well as groups. It was taken down and buried -at the time of the Revolution, so as to preserve -it, and was restored in 1855. The Republican -ruffians burnt the church. P. on 1st Sunday in -September.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Saint Malo</span> (I.V.) chl. d'arr. Occupies -the old island of S. Aaron. It is now united to -Rocabey by an embankment, the Sillon, along -which runs a tramline. The town is walled in -and a pleasant walk is on them; the circuit of -the walls may thus be made. The castle is of -the 15th cent.; it is square with flanking towers. -Six gates give admission to the town, in which -the streets are very narrow and odorous, and the -houses lofty. At the highest point of the island, -but smothered among houses, is the Chapel of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span> -S. Aaron (Aelhaiarn). This Welsh hermit -occupied the island when S. Malo arrived. -The cathedral is of the 14th cent. The -choir is very English in character, with a -square east end. The nave is of the 12th cent. -but W. front and sides have been entirely -Italianised. The fine central spire was added -in 1859, and was the gift to the town of -Napoleon III. The tide at S. Malo rises to -an extraordinary height. At ebb by a causeway -the islets of le Grand and le Petit Bey can be -reached. On the nearest are ruins of a castle, -and the tomb of Châteaubriant. On the further -is a fort that is not occupied. In the offing is -the island of Cézambre. Here S. Brendan, -when obliged to quit Ireland, founded a monastery, -in or about 524; and when S. Malo -arrived about a quarter of a century later, he -was well received by the abbot and monks on it. -There are a cave and a chapel of S. Brendan on -the island. But the Government has extended -the fortifications on Cézambre and no one without -a special authorisation is now allowed to set foot -on the island. In S. Malo there are a little -museum and a passable library in the Hôtel de -Ville. The Breton museum in the Cassino -should be visited. It contains good specimens -of local carved oak, and chambers fitted with -lit-clos, and figures in costume. A flying bridge -invented by a native, who invested all his capital -in it, connects S. Malo with S. Servan. S. -Servan, Dinard, Paramé, are watering places.</p> - -<p><i>S. Servan.</i> The cité marks the site of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span> -ancient city of Aleth and the substructions of -the early cathedral have been discovered there. -The seat of the bishopric was removed from -Aleth to S. Malo by S. John of the Grate, -the Bishop in 1142. The reason for the change -was the insecurity of Aleth, whereas it was -possible to thoroughly fortify the island of Aaron.</p> - -<p><i>Paramé</i> is a watering place, with a low -shelving shore, facing north and miserably cold -in winter, dusty in summer, and detestable at all -times, except to such as frequent the gaming -tables.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Saint Méen</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Montfort. A -dull town in uninteresting country. It was the -seat of an abbot, head of an important abbey -in the Middle Ages. In 1554, S. Samson of -Dol, who was engaged in working up a revolt -against Conmore the Regent of Domnonia, sent -his nephew Mevan across the great central forest -to Vannes, probably to consult with Gildas, and -to ascertain whether any assistance could be -obtained from Count Weroch. On his way, -Mevan lighted on a clearing in the forest, where -now stands the little town bearing his name. In -this clearing lived a British colonist, named -Cadvan, who welcomed him and invited him -to establish a lann hard by and take over the -religious charge of his colony. Mevan agreed, -and when Cadvan died, as he had no children, -he bequeathed the whole of his plou to Mevan -as well as the lann already granted. This was -the origin of the abbey, and around the abbey -grew the town. The abbey is now turned into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span> -a petit séminaire. The nave of the church was -pulled down in 1771. The tower belongs to -the end of the 12th cent. The transept is of -the 13th cent. The choir is of the 14th cent. -In the church is the tomb of S. Méen or Mevan, -a granite sarcophagus. A pretty chapel of the -12th cent. turned into a sacristy. A Holy Well -of S. Méen.</p> - -<p> * SAINT NAZAIRE (L.I.) chl. d'arr. -Is the seventh most important port in France -and is situated at the extremity of a promontory -of a gneiss rock that runs along the bank of the -Loire. There is nothing of antiquity in the -place, which is wholly modern and built on a -stiff and formal plan, the houses rivalling each -other in ugliness. But there is one curious object -in it, an enormous dolmen in the midst of a -square, that has been spared, and has given its -name to the street leading to it. Five lighthouses -guard the entrance of the Loire. From -S. Nazaire a visit may be paid to La Grande -Brière, a vast turf deposit, once an inland lake. -The peculiar costume has almost disappeared, -only the women retaining their coiffe. The -population of all this district is British, and -the descendants of the very earliest immigrants. -The hair is for the most part fair, the eyes grey -or blue. Formerly the Breton tongue was spoken -throughout this district, but it is now spoken -by only about 400 persons in the neighbourhood -of Batz by Croisic. Curiously enough, -the villagers of Batz regard themselves as of -different blood from the rest, and to be descendants<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span> -of Scandinavian pirates who were suffered -to settle there. Till quite recently it was an -unheard of event for a young man of Batz to -marry a girl of what he regarded as the Breton -villages. That in colour of hair and eyes there -should be no distinction does not militate against -the tradition, for the pure blooded Celt is as fair -as the Scandinavian.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Saint Nicolas du Pélem</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. -Guingamp. A menhir in the forest of Kerhuel, -and another near Kerhuel, 9 ft. high. In the -valley of Prat-roury another, fusiform, about 11 -ft. high. The old Roman road from Aleth to -Carhaix ran through this parish, and it remains -in fairly perfect condition in several places. On -a height is the camp of Dzillon near Kerimard, -circular with a tump hollowed out within, -certainly a Norseman burh. The Château de -Pélem is in ruins, but two of the towers are -standing. The Church of S. Nicolas has got -very fine restored stained glass of the 14th cent., -representing in twenty-four medallions scenes from -the gospel story; at the bottom of the window -the donors are represented kneeling. Another -window contains fragments of medallions representing -the life of the Baptist. The roodscreen -was wantonly destroyed in 1861. The -Chapel of S. Eloi has a fine flamboyant east window -with remains of stained glass in it. The -Chapel of Riolon is mainly of the 15th cent., and -has an east window of the renaissance with stained -glass in it representing the Eternal Father seated -in the midst of a rose, surrounded by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span> -evangelists, the prophets, and angels playing instruments -of music. Another window has -fragments of stained glass in it representing -saints.</p> - -<p><i>Canihuel.</i> A huge menhir called Coz-resto, -23 ft. high, has been split by lightning. It is in -a line with other menhirs at Kergornec, Saint -Gilles-Pligeaux, and Crech Ogel in the old -bourg of Quintin. At Botquelen is another -menhir 13 ft. high.</p> - -<p>The parish church was built in 1474, burnt in -1595 and repaired in 1598; it is almost wholly -of the 16th cent. with a flamboyant E. window.</p> - -<p><i>Kerpert.</i> Church of the flamboyant period; -in the E. window glass of the 16th cent. -representing the life of S. Peter; ossuary.</p> - -<p><i>Lanrivain.</i> Ossuary and Calvary of 1548. -On the platform are several figures; there are -three crosses, the principal one sustains a group -of eleven figures carved in one block.</p> - -<p><i>Peumerit-Quintin.</i> Near the hamlet of -Pempoul a ruined allée couverte. The Chapel -of S. Jean du Loch is mainly of the 15th cent. -but retains some portions of the earlier 12th -cent. building.</p> - -<p><i>S. Connan.</i>. Near the Mill of Kerdic a ruined -allée couverte. Dolmen in the Parc-an-Neurn.</p> - -<p><i>S. Gilles Pligeaux.</i> Two menhirs at -Kergornec, one in the Parc-er-Pélem, is 22 ft. -high and leans. The other at four hundred -paces from it, near the bottom of the valley in -Parc-ar-golven, is 13 ft. high. They seem to -belong to a system of which only some remain,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span> -as Crech Ogel in Vieux Bourg, Coz-resto in -Canihuel, and one in the Lande de Bohan in S. -Mayeux. Dolmen called Roc-ar-Velcien, the -table supported by three uprights. The coverer -is almost circular, about 23 ft. in diameter. -The church is of the 16th cent., tower and porch -of 1644. In the cemetery a chapel dedicated to -S. Laurence, with an entombment in the crypt of -terracotta of the 17th cent. Date of chapel 1538.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p204"></a> -<img src="images/p204.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">LE KREISKER, S. POL DE LÉON</div> -</div> - -<p> * S. POL DE LÉON (F.) chl. arr. -Morlaix. An ancient cathedral town, but -the diocese has been united to that of Quimper. -The cathedral has two western towers and -spires and façade of 1st pointed. The nave is -entirely 2nd pointed and has a very beautiful -arcade. The cleristory is quite simple, mostly -with 1st pointed windows. The side aisles -have an arcade under the windows. The -transepts are double, <i>i.e.</i> with aisles to the east, -fine 2nd pointed. The E. aisle of the S. -transept contains very bad flamboyant windows. -The choir, ending in an apse, is flamboyant -1431-50, and contains fine carved oak stalls of -1512. The choir has double aisles, N. and S. -On the N. side is the Chapel of S. Paul, with -his skull, hand, and bell in shrines. The pillars -and vaulting of the S. aisle may be noticed.</p> - -<p>The Chapel of Kreisker possesses a tower -and spire that are supposed by Bretons to be the -glory of Finistère. It is badly proportioned; -the spire and spirelets overload the summit of -the tower. It may be regarded as curious and -a clever bit of architecture, but it is not pleasing.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span> -This tower is central. The windows are all -flamboyant but affect an earlier type. The -chapel has triforium and circular cleristory -windows on the S. side but none on the N. -There is a noble N. porch very richly carved. -A very rich W. window. The E. window -contains bad modern glass reproducing old figures -of Breton saints. The S. side has an arcade -under the windows with small lights pierced at -intervals. There is a good piscina in the S. -aisle. The Church of S. Pierre is now turned -into a cemetery chapel. It is 15th cent. but -has a baroque west front. Ossuaries (small) are -in the wall surrounding the cemetery. On the -way to Roscoff, just beyond the railway, is an -allée couverte or dolmen.</p> - -<p><i>Roscoff</i> is a quaint place, with an old house -or two, situated near the sea, and commanding -the Island of Batz. The church has a very -remarkable renaissance tower and spire (1550), -more fantastic than pleasing, with ships carved -on it and cannons or culverins as gargoyles. It -is in three stages with galleries. The church is -late flamboyant. There are two ossuaries; one is -very rich. In the church are preserved the panels of -an alabaster retable of the 15th cent. of Flemish -work. The Chapel of S. Ninian in the street is -in ruins; it was erected by Mary Stuart to commemorate -her landing at Roscoff, 1548. The -hospital dates from 1573. A Chapel of Ste. -Barbe is on a height. P. of Santec, 2nd Sunday -after Trinity. P. of Ste. Barbe, 3rd Monday -in July. P. in the parish church, August 15.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span></p> - -<p><i>Sibiril.</i> The Château of Keronzéré erected -in 1458 was restored in 1602.</p> - -<p><i>Ile de Batz.</i> It takes a quarter of an hour -to cross from Roscoff to the island, and is only -to be attempted when the sea is calm. The -tide here rises 30 ft. But a visit hardly repays -the trouble. When Paulus Aurelianus, a native -of Glamorganshire, landed on the west coast of -Finistère, he heard that a kinsman, Withur, was -living in these parts, and had made himself count -or chieftain. He went to visit him, and found -him on the Isle of Batz, very old, busy making -a copy of the Gospels with his own hand. -Withur received him cordially, and advised him -to settle among the ruins of an old Roman town -on the mainland. Paulus did so, and hence the -city of S. Pol de Léon. Legend says that -there was a dragon on the island, which S. Paul -tamed by binding his stole about its neck and -then bidding it precipitate itself into the sea. -This is an allegorical way of saying that he -put an end to paganism in Batz. The Toul-ar-Sarpant, -where the dragon is supposed to have -haunted, is pointed out, and the stole of S. Paul, -a piece of Byzantine work, is preserved in the -church. It is a silk tissue, with a blue ground -worked over with white and yellow, to figure -a set of warriors facing each other, with a sort -of turban head-dress and holding falcons on their -wrists, and with a dog between the legs of each -horse. A Romanesque chapel stood on the site -of S. Paul's monastery on the island. This is -called the Peniti; the chapel is ruinous and half-buried<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span> -in sand. There is a lighthouse on the -island.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap"><a id="Saint_Renan"></a>Saint Rénan</span> (F.) chl. arr. Brest. Pleasantly -situated in a woody basin, through which -flows the little stream of the Aberildut. The -church has a Romanesque choir, and a tower and -spire, ill proportioned, of 1772. There are some -old and picturesque houses.</p> - -<p><i>Lanrivoaré.</i> The church has a tower in -two stages and spire of the usual type but erected -in 1727. The church itself is flamboyant. -The chancel is Italian. In the N. transept is a -singularly uncouth flamboyant window. Above -the arches into the choir, transept and nave, the -twelve apostles are painted. On the south side -of the church is a walled-in quadrangular space -where, according to tradition, a whole Christian -population was massacred by pagans. No -certain details exist, and it is probable that the -pagans were the Northmen, who committed -frightful atrocities in Brittany in the 10th cent. -In the midst of the enclosure is the graveyard of -the unnamed saints, laid down with polygonal -and various shaped pieces of granite. It is -enclosed by a dwarf wall overlaid with pieces of -slate. At the east end is a sort of altar sustaining -a cross and some fragments of carving. Before -the altar lie eight rolled boulders. These are popularly -supposed to have been loaves turned into -bread. S. Huarvé asked a woman to give him -bread, and she refused. As a judgment for her -hardheartedness all her loaves were petrified. -Actually these pebbles are "cursing stones,"<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span> -and such boulders exist in several chapels in -Ireland, and are used for calling down disease or -destruction on an enemy. The person invoking -the curse, after a certain number of prayers turns -the stone round seven times. That these pebbles -have been so employed is probable, as the under -surfaces of the stones are well rubbed. But -happily this pagan usage is no longer in resort, and -the stones remain with only the childish legend -attached to them to explain their presence. S. -Rivoaré, the patron of the church, was a priest, -brother of Rivanon the mother of S. Huarvé -or Hérvé, the blind bard saint. It is not unusual -to see pilgrims, also the parishioners of -Lanrivoaré enter the enclosure, take off their -shoes and stockings, kneel, and recite prayers -and then pace on the slates thrice about the -burial place, taking care to step on each slab of -slate, and omit none. In the village is a curious -stone cross with a clothed figure of Christ upon -it. A short walk from Lanrivoaré leads to -the ruined Château of Kergroades, situated -in beautiful woods, with avenues of oak and -chestnut. It is difficult to find, and a guide -must be taken. The château is in a charming -position; it is of renaissance architecture throughout, -and the court of honour front is in fair -condition. But the gates are locked and -admission is not easily obtained. The -patronal feast at Lanrivoaré is on the -3rd Sunday in October, and P. at the -Chapel of Lanvennec the 4th Sunday in -September.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Saint Servan</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo; -<cite>see</cite> S. Malo.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sarzeau</span> (M.) chl. arr. Vannes. Sarzeau -is the principal village or town on the peninsula -that bears its name, which divides the sea of -Morbihan from the ocean. That peninsula is -some 20 miles long and 6 across, but it has been -much diminished in width by the sea which has -eaten away much of the coast. It is granitic -on the west, and schist on the east, and the -granite is of a soft quality, allowing the sea to -decompose and break it up. Thus a parish -church of S. Demetri has been engulfed. A -second was built further inland, and that is -now almost entirely surrounded by the sea and -threatens shortly to disappear in the waves. -Formerly a forest covered the promontory, now -it is sparsely wooded and trees only flourish on -the side toward the inland sea. But the climate is -equable, and vines are cultivated; this is the most -northern point reached by vineyards. Yet wine -can only be made once in about three years, and -is not of a good quality. At Cohports is a -menhir 12 ft. high, and a circle of standing -stones at Croen-Linden, and dolmens, more or -less ruined, at Noédic, Prat-Fetén, Trest, Kergilét, -Brillac, and Kerbley. An allée couverte -30 ft. long at Clos-Rodus. Gildas coming from -Glastonbury about 520 founded a monastery at -Rhuys, and a cell or peniti at Coetlann, afterwards -called the Priory of S. Pabu, but this has -disappeared. In the town is the house in which -Le Sage was born, the author of "Gil Blas" (b.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span> -1668, d. 1747). The church is a horrible -structure, begun in 1670 and ended in 1683. -It was formerly one vast hall, but a couple of -ranges of columns were introduced in 1883 -sustaining arcades, and qualifying somewhat the -internal ugliness. Externally, the pinnacles are -composed of little pyramids resting on balls.</p> - -<p>The Castle of <i>Sucinio</i> was occupied in 1218 -by Duke Pierre de Dreux, and in 1238 their son, -Jean I., confined within it the baron Olivier de -Lanvaux, who had rebelled against him. This -prince was fond of the place and several of his -children were born there. He took in the forest -about the priory of Coetlann or Saint-Pabu, and -the greater part of the castle that now stands was -erected by him. His son John II. continued -the works, and put his treasure in its vaults. -During the War of Succession it was occupied -by Charles de Blois, then taken by Jean de -Montfort, and retaken by Du Guesclin. John -IV. greatly repaired the castle, and within its -walls was born Arthur of Richemond, future -Constable of France. In 1474 the Earls of -Pembroke and Richemond were imprisoned -within its walls. The castle forms an irregular -pentagon. It had eight towers, but of these -only six remain. The entrance to the east is -preceded by a drawbridge, and is defended by -two large towers, one of which contains the -chapel. The castle, occupied in 1795 by the -Royalists, was sold as national property, and the -peasant who purchased it despoiled it of its roof -and staircases, and let it fall into complete ruin.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span> -A fee of one franc per head is charged for -admission, the money being devoted to the relief -of the poor of Sarzeau.</p> - -<p><i>S. Gildas de Rhuys.</i> Near the ocean; here -precipitous cliffs receive the lashing of the -Atlantic rollers. Near the drained marsh of -Kerver is a menhir 12 ft. high. Near the -hamlet of Net four others, and the remains of -an allée couverte 70 ft. long and 12 ft. wide; -at Clos-er-Bé a dolmen called Meen-platt, and -near Largneven a fallen menhir 15 ft. long. -The Abbey of S. Gildas was founded about 520. -Gildas was the son of Cau, prince of Alcluyd -or Dumbarton; Cau and all his family were -driven south by the Picts and Saxons, and took -refuge in N. Wales, where Maelgwn Gwynedd -gave them lands, and the sons for the most part -entered into religion. Not so Hywel, the eldest, -a quarrelsome man, who fell out with King -Arthur, and lost his life in the quarrel. Arthur -was forced to surrender some lands in Radnorshire -to the family as blood-money, and then -Gildas gave him the kiss of peace. Gildas was -a married man and had several sons, amongst -whom the most noted was Kenneth, hermit of -Gower, but who came to Brittany with his -father and became a founder there. When -aged thirty Gildas settled at Rhuys, and here -he wrote his scurrilous letter against the princes -and clergy and people of Britain, reviling in it -in outrageous terms Maelgwn, who had treated -his family with kindness and generosity. Gildas -was on good terms with Weroch, Count of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span> -Vannes, and with Conmore, Regent of Domnonia, -and this latter richly endowed his houses. -This did not prevent Gildas from turning against -him and heading a revolt which caused the death -of his benefactor. It was whilst Gildas was -at Rhuys that he was visited by S. Brendan. -Although the Irish travellers arrived in cold and -snowy weather Gildas refused them hospitality; -but the Irishmen broke down the gates and -forced themselves upon the sour British abbot. -Gildas died in 570, and, according to his desire, -his body was placed in a boat and thrust forth -to sea. Two months after the body was washed -ashore at Arzon, at the extremity of the headland, -on March 11th, on which day a procession -leaves S. Gildas, annually, and visits the site -where it was found. In 818 the monks of -Rhuys were forced by Louis the Pious to adopt -the Rule of S. Benedict and abandon their Celtic -practices. In 919 they were forced to fly from -the Northmen. They hid some of the bones of -Gildas in sand in his tomb, but carried away -most of his relics, and took refuge in Berry. -In 1008, at the request of Geoffroi, Duke of -Brittany, Felix, monk of S. Benoït-sur-Loire, -with six others came to Rhuys to restore the -ruined abbey. He rebuilt the church which -was consecrated in 1032, and much of this -edifice remains. The church, in the form of -a Latin cross, is composed of two distinct parts, -the nave, rebuilt in 1699, and the choir and N. -transept built by S. Felix 1010-32. The choir -is apsidal, with the tomb of Gildas behind the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span> -high altar. It is surrounded by Romanesque -columns with stilted arches, surmounted by small -11th cent. windows. The N. transept also -possesses an apse to the east, and under a low -arcade in the N. wall the tombs of S. Felix -and S. Gulstan. On the N. side of the choir -on the outside let into the wall is a curious -carving representing two knights on horseback -tilting at each other. The Romanesque capitals -rejected when the nave was rebuilt have been -in three cases utilised, by being inverted and -turned into bénitiers; another is thrown outside. -A beautiful statue of Gildas by Vallet stands -over the tomb. It is that of a sweet and placable -saint, not of a rancorous and revengeful -man. In the S. transept, which was destroyed -by a storm and has been rebuilt, is a huge barbaric -retable. The treasury contains a silver bust containing -part of the skull, and reliquaries for arm -and thigh bones of the Saint; some of these -reliquaries are of the 15th cent. There is also -a mitre of the 15th cent. which is erroneously -supposed to have been that of Abelard. The -conventual buildings are of the 18th cent. and -are occupied by a religious order which receives -female paying guests during the season. Abelard, -born in 1079, became a Benedictine monk in -1117, and was elected abbot of S. Gildas de -Rhuys in 1125. But the strictness of his rule -roused the monks against him. "The life of -the monks," he wrote, "was indisciplined and -frightful. The abbey gates were decorated with -the feet of stags, bears and boars. The monks<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span> -were roused from their slumbers by no other -signal than the hunter's horn and the baying of -hounds. The natives were barbarous and disorderly." -The community revolted against any -attempt to bring it to discipline, and Abelard -believed that his life was in danger; he accordingly -fled in 1138 and died at Cluny in 1142.</p> - -<p>By following the road behind the church, -along the convent walls, the Chapel of S. Bieuzy -is reached, and a path to the right leads to the -little Baie de Portas, where in the rock is an -impression like that of a horse's hoof. Legend -says that Gildas left the Isle of Houat on a flying -horse that landed at this spot. A stair cut in -the rock leads to the Baie de Saint Gildas, where -is a spring and over it a statue of the Saint.</p> - -<p><i>Arzon</i> has a modern church surmounted by a -spire, and two stained glass windows recording -a vow made in 1673 by some sailors of the place -to S. Anne, during the war with Holland. The -Chapel of Er Hroez marks the spot where the -body of Gildas was found. There are circles -of stones at Er-Lannig, and a good many fallen -menhirs. At Graniol is a tumulus containing -an allée couverte. Another at Bilgroéz. The -Butte de Tumiac was explored and a covered -avenue found in it, but was so slovenly dealt -with that the stones have collapsed.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Scaer</span> (F.) chl. arr. Quimperlé. A dull -town, with a vulgar modern church. At S. Jean, -about two miles distant, on a lande, is a fine -menhir. An abundant spring of Ste. Candide -supplies the town, but it has no architectural<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span> -character. The Chapel of Coatdry is an object -of resort from all the neighbourhood on the -occasion of the Pardon, 1st Sunday after Trinity, -and again the last Sunday in September, when very -interesting collections of costumes may be seen.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Le Sel</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. Redon, is without -much interest. The church is modern. The -tumulus of Chalonge is covered with trees and -surrounded by a moat.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sizun</span> (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. The church -(S. Sulien) has a fine spire of more simple -character than those usually met with in -Finistère. The porch is renaissance. There -are in the parish chapels of S. Cadoc and S. -Illtyd. The great Pardon is on the last -Sunday in July. The P. of S. Cado the last -Sunday in September, and at Loc Ildut on -Corpus Christi Day. The Chapel of S. Cado -is on the Monts d'Arrée.</p> - -<p><i>Commana.</i> A fine allée couverte measuring -50 ft. A dolmen and a menhir. In the -church are some gorgeously barbaric altarpieces, -a mass of carving, gilding and colour, of -very late renaissance or baroque. P. last Sunday -in July. Those interested in prehistoric remains -would do well to investigate the Monts d'Arrée, -over which many are scattered. A map of the -district with the monuments thereon is published -in the <cite>Bulletin de la Soc. d'emulation des Côtes-du-Nord</cite>, -T. xxxv. (1897).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p216"></a> -<img src="images/p216.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">TRÉGUIER CATHEDRAL</div> -</div> - -<p><i><a id="Plouneour-Menez"></a>Plouneour-Menez.</i> The very interesting -abbey church of le Relecq lies near a tarn, -one of the sources of the river of Morlaix.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span> -The abbey was founded on the site of the -last battle fought between Judnal and Conmore, -usurper of Domnonia, 555. It takes its -name from the "religou" or bones which -were found in great numbers on the battlefield. -The original settler here was S. Tanguy, -disciple of Paul of Léon, but the present -church dates from 1132. The interior is -a most interesting example of 12th century -work. The west front was rebuilt in the 18th -cent. On the N. side are the remains of the -cloister of other monastic buildings. P. 15th -August.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tinténiac</span> (I.V.) chl. arr. S. Malo. -Reached by a tramline from Rennes. Prettily -situated. The church is modern. There are -some old houses. A menhir called La Roche -du Diable.</p> - -<p>At <i>Tréversien</i> is the Château de la Fosse aux -Loups, where the scene is laid of Paul Féval's -novel "Rollan Pied de Fer."</p> - -<p><i>Les Iffs</i> and the Château of Montmuran may -be visited from Tinténiac (<cite>see</cite> Becherel).</p> - -<p> * TRÉGUIER (C.N.) chl. arr. Lannion. -An old cathedral city at the junction of the -Jaudy and the Guindy. The town is on rising -ground but runs down to the water side to a -little point. On the highest ground is the -cathedral, of nave and side aisles and two -transepts. The church was almost altogether -constructed in the 14th cent. It was begun in -1339. It has, however, preserved an 11th cent. -tower on the N. side called de Tour de Hasting.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span> -It has the characteristic round-headed windows -and pillasters of the period. The N. transept -is in this tower and the pillars there with the -Byzantine capitals and round arches proclaim -that they belong to the beginning of the 11th -cent. The bases are rudely carved, and bear -the appearance of having been earlier capitals -reversed and employed as bases. But this is -probably in appearance only. What is of -special interest to the visitor is the fact that -Tréguier cathedral belongs almost wholly to -the Middle Pointed or Geometrical period, -which is not abundantly represented in Brittany. -The W. porch sustains a gallery, and the -entrance is through a double opening, a slender -pillar supporting trefoils and sustains a quatrefoil -between them, all pierced. Above is a 2nd -pointed W. window of no particular merit: a -pair of turrets with spirelets flank the western -façade. The cathedral has three towers, the -northern Romanesque Tour de Hastings, a -central tower of the 14th cent. not finished, -and with a stunted cap on it, and the S. tower, -above the transept of the same date, but furnished -with a naked, ridiculous spire added in the -18th cent. The flamboyant window inserted in -the transept is of the finest quality, as are also -those at the side of the transept. Happily, the -S. front of the cathedral furnishes a good object -lesson in the study of the development of tracery. -Beginning at the W. end of the nave we have -two windows of the earliest description of -tracery, two lights sustaining a circle, all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span> -uncusped. The third window has two trefoil -headed lights sustaining a trefoil, but all rather -clumsy in design. Then we have the fourth -window vastly in advance of the other; each -cusped light sustains a trefoil and both trefoils -support a quatrefoil. It must be mentioned, -by the way, that a S. porch has been converted -into a baptistery, and the tracery in its window -is modern. If we pass on to the choir we have -three windows; the first is very good, geometric -in design, but the second and third are of -supreme richness and beauty, revealing the style -at its very best. Then look at the side clerestory -lights of the S. transept and its large S. window -and we see flamboyant or 3rd pointed also at its -best. Then step within and look at the second -window from the west in the N. aisle of the nave, -and you see flamboyant in its decadence, when -cusping was abandoned. The S. porch is set -below the flamboyant window of the S. transept -and is original, and, it must be admitted, far from -pleasing. It has a vaulted roof, the exterior -being thus treated, and within sustained by three -ribs, between which is open tracery through -which the eye pierces to the vault above. The -doorway into the church has statuary about it -much mutilated. The church within is fine. -It is not over lofty as are the great churches of -the Isle of France and Normandy. The pillars -of the nave vary, and the moulding of the first -two arches is richer than the others. The -triforium is plain till it reaches choir and S. -transept, where it is greatly enriched. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span> -clerestory windows are tall and good. The -Romanesque pillars and stilted arches in the N. -transept should not be passed over. The choir -ends in an apse, and is seated with carved oak -stalls. According to the cathedral accounts, these -were presented in 1648, but in style they appear -much older. On the gospel side of the high -altar is a statue of S. Tugdual, the founder of -the see, with the appropriate inscription, "Etsi -aliis non sum apostolus, sed tamen vobis sum. -Scitis quod precepta dederim vobis per Dominum -Jesum." S. Tugdual was son of Hoel and -Pompeia; Hoel was the son of Emyr the -Armorican, who fled from Brittany to South -Wales in the 5th cent. Here he founded a -Church, Llanhowell, near Solva in Pembrokeshire, -a very early curious structure resting on -cyclopean foundations, probably as old as the 5th -cent. Tugdual and his mother came over to -Armorica, and first settled with S. Brioc, the -uncle of Tugdual, at Trebabu, not far from Brest. -But Brioc returned to Wales, where a plague -was raging, to comfort the panic-stricken inhabitants, -and when he came back to Trebabu, -the monks refused to receive him, preferring -the rule of a young man to one advanced in -age, whereupon Brioc departed and founded S. -Brieuc. Tréguier when Tugdual settled there -was undoubtedly an ancient fortress, standing in -the fork between two rivers. He must have -been a man of extraordinary energy, for he -scattered "lanns" or ecclesiastical centres -throughout Northern Brittany. But though<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span> -Tugdual was the apostle to this district and the -founder of the church, he has been completely -eclipsed by S. Yves, whose monument has been -reconstructed in the nave. It had been smashed -to pieces at the Revolution. The reconstruction -is eminently successful. S. Yves is, perhaps, -the most popular saint in Brittany. He was -born at Kermartin, near Tréguier, in 1253, and -became ecclesiastical judge in the diocese. His, -at that time, unheard of probity in refusing -bribes, and his consideration for sick and poor -gained general respect. He died on May 19th, -1303, on which day his Pardon at Tréguier is -celebrated. Every peasant who considers that -he has been wronged, who nurses a grievance, -who is engaged in a lawsuit, has recourse to S. -Yves, as promptly as he who has a sick horse -flees to S. Eloi. On the N. side of the -church is the Chapel du Dûc, opening out of -the aisle by three arches. An altarpiece is -made up of fragments of old carved oak. N. -of the choir, entered either through a door in -the Tour de Hastings or through a gateway east -of the church, is the cloister. This was erected -in 1468, and is therefore flamboyant, but without -weakness. The tower of S. Michel, 15th -cent., stands outside the town on a height. The -church has been pulled down. There are some -old houses in the city, notably at the port, where -is an eminently picturesque group of two towers -and two houses; one in the street is a study in -slated fronts.</p> - -<p>The chapel of the old manor house of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span> -Kermartin now serves as parish church to -<i>Minihi Tréguier</i>. It is of the 15th cent. In -the sacristy is preserved a fragment of the -breviary of S. Yves.</p> - -<p><i>Portblanc</i>, in the parish of Penvenan, is -hoping to develop into a watering-place. The -situation is very pleasing, the sea is studded with -islands and bristles with rocks. The largest -island is that of S. Gildas, to which that -Saint occasionally retired. It is rocky and has -been planted with Austrian pines. On it is a -chapel of the Saint. There is an abundant -freshwater spring in the sands between the -coast and the island, only accessible at low tides. -On the island is a dolmen, called Le Lit de S. -Gildas; it consists of four uprights sustaining a -coverer that measures 7 ft. by 4 ft. Near this is -a rocking-stone. On another islet the musical -composer Ambrose Thomas built himself a -château, that is completely surrounded by the -waves at high tide. Portblanc was at one -time far more important than it is now. It is -alluded to in <cite>Richard II.</cite> act ii. sc. i. On -the road from <i>Penvenan</i>, opposite to the entrance -of a château, is a small menhir, 8 ft high, built -into the hedge. Another 13 ft high is near the -village of Penvenan. There is also a demi-dolmen -in the parish. Penvenan church is -modern and execrable, but the little chapel at -Portblanc is interesting. Internally it possesses -an arcade that appears to be Romanesque, but as -pillars and arches are thickly plastered with -whitewash it is not easy to determine their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span> -period. There is a N. transept, the wall of -which spreads outward at the base, battering -considerably. The W. front and S. front and -the E. end of the chapel are flamboyant. The -soil reaches to the very eaves at the east end.</p> - -<p><i>Plougrescent</i>, a fallen menhir 19 ft. long, is -near Maznoë. The parish church is modern -and very creditable. But the main object of -interest in the parish is the chapel of S. Gonery. -The tower is early 1st pointed, and was never -completed. Above it is now a leaning wood -and lead spirelet. The chapel consists of a -single nave, with chancel and two chapels, one -on each side of the chancel. The glory of the -chapel is its magnificent painted ceiling in ten -lower ranges, representing on one side the -incidents of the Nativity, on the other those of the -Passion. Above these ten more compartments -give the life of Our Lord in glory. These -subjects are curious; the most remarkable perhaps -is the reception of Adam and Eve into Heaven -by Christ. In the body of the church is a noble -carved oak buffet, to serve as cupboard to the -relics of S. Gonery. It has on it the Twelve -Apostles and the Annunciation. The church, -with the exception of the tower, is 15th cent., -and the paintings are of the same period. -Unhappily through neglect of attention to the -roof, those near the tower are seriously injured -by the wet. On the N. side of the chancel -is the fine renaissance monument of Bishop -Guillaume de Halgoët, 1599; on it is a -recumbent figure of the prelate. Some fragments<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span> -of stained glass are in the windows representing -the Annunciation and Christ on the Cross. -The S. porch is bold and curious, a pent-house -roof sustained on huge granite corbels. Under -the tower are the tomb and the "boat" of S. -Gonery. The tomb is reached by descending -under a structure of the 17th cent. Those -afflicted with fever obtain earth from it which -they tie up in little packets, and return -when well. Consequently several of those little -parcels of earth may be seen on the tomb. On -the opposite side is the boat, in which S. Gonery -and his mother Libouban came over from Britain. -It is a curiously shaped stone trough, and -probably actually was the sarcophagus of the -Saint. It nearly resembles the stone coffins -of the Merovingian period and of the 11th cent. -Statues of S. Gonery and of S. Libouban are -one on each side of the altar, the latter erroneously -marked as N.D. de Bon Secours; the -statue of the Virgin is of alabaster, and of the -15th cent., and stands on an altar in the S. -chapel. The seacoast at Plougrescent is bold -and fine with noble cliffs. The day of S. Gonery -is July 18, but the P. is on the 4th S. in July.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Trinité-Porhoet</span> (M.) chl. arr. Ploermel. -This place takes its name from the county of -Porhoet, which was formed after the expulsion -of the Northmen in the 10th cent. Josselin -afterwards became the seat of the Count. There -was a priory here founded by the monks of S. -Jacut, in or about 1050. The old parish -church was pulled down in 1806 and 1807 to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span> -serve for the construction of the halles. La -Trinité, which was the priory church, is now -that of the parish. It retains some Romanesque -pillars and arches. The choir was partly -rebuilt in 1742 and 1787, when also the tower -and transepts were erected. This church is an -object of pilgrimage. The P. is on Trinity -Sunday.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap"><a id="Taule"></a>Taulé</span> (F.) chl. arr. Morlaix. On the line -to S. Pol-de-Léon. Near this is Loquenolé -(S. Winwaloe), with a most interesting church -containing some of the earliest work in Brittany, -very early 11th cent., and possibly of 10th. -Observe the curious rude sculpture.</p> - -<p><i>Henvic</i> has in its church paintings representing -the story of S. Maudetus (Mawes) and his -sister S. Juvetta.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uzel</span> (C.N.) chl. arr. Loudéac, is not a -place of much interest. The church is of the -17th cent., altered in the 18th. The Chapel of -Bonne Nouvelle is of the 16th cent. Some ruins -of the old château of Uzel remain, and there is a -house of 1620.</p> - -<p><i>Merléac</i> has a Chapel of S. Jacques of the -14th cent. at the village of Saint Léon. The -central east window is perhaps the finest in the -Department; the tracery is all in granite, and it -contains stained glass representing eight scenes in -the Life of the Virgin, and eight scenes from that -of S. Jacques. There are other windows representing -the Conception and the Assumption. -The ceiling is painted (15th cent.) with subjects -from the Life of our Lord and the legend of S.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span> -James, and a procession of angels forming a -concert on seventeen instruments of music. For -a study of the shapes of musical instruments of -the 15th cent. this chapel should be visited.</p> - -<p><i>Quillio.</i> The church contains the woodwork -transported thither from the abbey of Bon-repos. -Above the altar is a suspended Pyx.</p> - -<p><i>Grâce.</i> An allée couverte at the hamlet of -Bois, running N. and S. and 18 ft. long. It is -composed of blocks of quartz. There are eight -supporters on each side and five coverers, but only -one of these latter is in place.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" ><a id="p226"></a> -<img src="images/p226.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">VANNES</div> -</div> - -<p> * VANNES (M.) chl. d'arr. Capital of the -Department, and seat of a bishop. The town is -not remarkably picturesque. The walls remain -in places but built into, and only two gates with -flanking towers have been spared. The cathedral -is very disappointing, and there are few picturesque -old houses. Vannes was the capital of -the warlike Veneti, whom Cæsar crushed in <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> -57, when he butchered all the chiefs and leading -nobles, and sold their families into slavery. It -became a Roman town, called Duriorigum, and -six Roman roads struck over the country from -it to Locmariaquer, Hennebont, Corseul, Rennes, -Rieux, and Arzal. A Roman necropolis has -been found on the site of the artillery barracks. -At the beginning of the 5th cent. many towns -dropped their particular names and assumed those -of the peoples to which they formed centres, -and then the place took the name which it has -since borne in Breton, Gweneth. Christianity -having made some progress among the Veneti, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span> -465 Perpetuus, metropolitan of Tours, assembled -a council at Vannes, and consecrated to it a -bishop, Paternus. The city remained Gallo-Roman; -but throughout the 5th and 6th cents. -British emigrants arrived in such numbers, that -in 590, Regalis, the bishop, complained that he -was, as it were, imprisoned within the walls of the -town by them. These colonists had their own -laws, princes, and ecclesiastical system, and -would not recognise the bishop. In 496 we -hear of an Eusebius, king or governor of the -town. An alliance was entered into between -the Armoricans and the Franks, and Clovis and -his successors were recognised as overlords. -Whether the British chieftain Weroch got into -the city and established himself there is doubtful, -but his son Macliau did so, on his death. -Macliau was in orders, and married. On the -death of the bishop he induced the clergy and -people to elect him as their bishop, and to -satisfy their prejudices dismissed his wife. No -sooner, however, was he firmly seated on the -episcopal throne, than he sent for his wife and -children. About eight years later his brother -Canao, secular chief of the Bretons, revolted -against the Franks, whereupon Macliau proclaimed -himself Count as well as Bishop. He -was killed along with two of his sons in 577. -Pepin occupied the city in 753, and Louis the -Pious visited it at the head of an army in 818. -In 843 Nominoe, governor of Brittany, shook off -the yoke of Frank allegiance. Then came the -invasion of the Northmen, and the disappearance<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span> -of the Counts of Vannes, till 937, when Alan -II., Barbetorte, friend of Athelstan, was recognised -as Count, and transmitted the title to -his descendants. The town walls were rebuilt -in 1270. In less than a century the War of -Succession broke out and Vannes had to stand -four sieges in one year, 1342. John IV., conqueror -at Auray in 1364, repaired the walls, and -extended them. The cathedral church of S. -Peter was burnt by the Northmen in the 10th -cent. and was rebuilt in the 11th at the same -time as the abbey church of S. Gildas de Rhuys. -But the tower was added in the 13th cent. and -the whole of the nave and transepts, the former in -1452-76 and the latter in 1504-27, consequently -in the flamboyant style. The nave has no side -aisles, but chapels between the buttresses. In -1537 Archdeacon Jean Danialo who had been -in Rome, returned enthusiastic in favour of pagan -architecture, and to show the canons what he -admired, constructed the circular Chapel of the -B. Sacrament on the north side, a beautiful -structure for its style. But at the same time the -chapter was building its cloisters, and they are -full flamboyant tending to renaissance. The -apsidal Chapel of N.D. and S. Vincent was -erected at the same time also, and is thoroughly -Italian. In the meantime the old Romanesque -choir showed signs of falling, and was pulled -down in 1770 and the present choir was built -and finished in 1776. Then the chapter set to -work to transform the nave. All the tracery -was hacked out of the windows, and a plain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span> -barrel vault was added. The W. tower has had -a spire added to it recently, and the W. front was -"restored" in feeble style in 1868-73. Then -the architect was entrusted with filling the -windows with tracery; and he, not comprehending -the character of the nave, inserted tracery of a -century earlier in style. The N. transept had -a fine doorway, but it has been blocked up for a -hideous baroque retable and altar to stand against -it. Thus the church, never very fine, has lost -much of its character and interest. In the N. -transept is the tomb of S. Vincent Ferrier, and -above it his bust in silver. Vincent was born -at Valence in 1357, and in 1374 entered his -novitiate among the Dominicans. He was sent -to Barcelona and Lerida to give lessons in philosophy, -but threw up the study and devoted himself -to preaching, and rambled through France, -Spain, Italy, England, Scotland and Ireland, as -a revivalist preacher, but, of course, in such -countries as did not understand his tongue, the -effect of his sermons was lost. He spent two -years in Brittany, where he cannot have been of -any use, as the peasants could not comprehend -French. He died at Vannes on the 5th April -1419, but the Pardon is on the 1st Sunday in -September. The other churches of Vannes are -not worth looking at. That of S. Paternus was -built in 1727. The Museum of Archæology of -the Societé Polymathique du Morbihan contains -many interesting objects from the dolmens and -tumuli of the Morbihan.</p> - -<p>Vannes is situated at the distance of 5 kilometres<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span> -from the Morbihan, the inland sea that -gives its name to the Department. Almost every -day two little steamers leave the port for the -islets, but the time of starting depends on the -tide. The Gulf of the Morbihan is some 8 -miles long and about 15 miles wide. It communicates -with the sea by a narrow mouth only -three-quarters of a mile across. It is nowhere -deep; from 45 to 60 ft. is its depth. It is -studded with low islands, of which at the outside -forty are inhabited and some fifty are cultivated. -The inhabitants live by fishing, and all the men -are sailors.</p> - -<p>This inland sheet of water is cut off from the -ocean by two great crab's claws, the peninsula -of Sarzeau and that of Locmariaquer. The -scenery is by no means bold; sandy shores and -low islets, and mud banks at the fall of the tide. -The archipelago is, however, very interesting because -of the numerous prehistoric remains on the -islands.</p> - -<p>The <i>Isle of Arz</i> is about two miles long. -Here was formerly a priory dependent on S. -Gildas, and it possesses a Romanesque church, -unhappily repaired and remodelled at various -epochs. Near the little Cap de Brohel and in -the islet of Boëdic are megalithic monuments. -At Penraz, south-east of the village, is half of a -cromlech or circle of stones 60 ft. in diameter. -At Cap Brohel, ruined dolmens and fallen -menhirs; at Pen-lious three fallen dolmens and -some menhirs. P. 8th September.</p> - -<p><i>Ile aux Moines</i> is separated from the Ile<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span> -d'Arz by a channel 60 ft. deep at low tide. The -ancient name of the island was Crialeis, in Breton -it is Ines Menah or Izenah. The prehistoric -monuments in it are: the great circle of stones at -Kergonan, of which only half remains; the fine -dolmen of Penhap, some menhirs, and the ruined -dolmens of Broel, Vigie, Kerno, Roh-vras, -Roh-vihan, Niol and Pon-niol. The island was -granted by Erespoe to the monks of Redon, but -after the devastation by the Northmen it was -lost to the monks of Redon. The church is -modern and is dedicated to S. Michael. P. 29th -September. The island was colonised after the -Northmen had swept it of its inhabitants, by -settlers from Rhuys. The costume of the -women is almost the same, but of a more -antique cut and character. All the islands in -this inland sea, like the mainland have sunk at -least 16 ft. since prehistoric times. In the little -islet of Er Lannig are two cromlechs, or circles -of standing stones; one is half submerged, and -the other completely under water, even at low -tides.</p> - -<p><i>Gavrinis</i> lies to the east of the Ile aux -Moines. Although less important than those -already described, it is the most interesting of all -in the Morbihan, on account of its tumulus, 25 -ft. high, that covers a fine covered gallery, the -stones of which are elaborately carved with -mysterious signs like the tattoo-marks of New -Zealanders. A gallery 40 ft. long leads to the -central chamber, which is 5 ft. high and 6 ft. -6 in. wide. The blocks are of a fine grained<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span> -granite, not of the island, but brought from a -distance, with the exception of two, that are of -quartz, and these are unsculptured. Such as are -carved, were clearly so dealt with before they -were erected in place, as the working passes -round the edges.</p> - -<p><i>Er-lanic</i> is situated half a kilometre to the -south-east of Gavrinis, and here are the two -cromlechs already mentioned, one dipping into -the sea, the other already in deep water. They -are juxtaposed, forming an 8, and lie on the -S. E. of the island. The first circle consists of -180 stones, but several are fallen, and it can only -be seen complete when the tide is out. One -stone is 16 ft. high. The second circle can -only be seen at low tides.</p> - -<p><i>Ile longue</i> contains a cairn that also covers a -gallery. It has not been fully examined.</p> - -<p><i>Saint Avée.</i> The church is poor and uninteresting, -but in the churchyard is a curious -cross, with platform from which, according to -local tradition, capital sentences were pronounced. -On one side is the crucifix, on the other the -B.V.M. On the sides S. John the Baptist -and S. Peter. In the church are two windows -middle pointed. There is a lech in the churchyard -at the east end of the church. But -what is of far higher value than the parish church -is the remarkable chapel in the Bourg-bas, which -is flamboyant (1475-94), except the N. transept -that is 2nd pointed. Between the nave and -the choir and transepts is a tall crucifix enriched -with niches, with railing and gates at the side, a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span> -totally unusual description of roodscreen. The -crucifix is certainly of 1500. The transepts -contain four altars with their original retables. -The first on the N. side has very rude carving -representing the Crucifixion, Christ in Glory, -and the B. Virgin crowned (?) with a dove by her. -The second and third are plain with graceful -border of foliage. The fourth is a splendid bit of -alabaster work, probably Flemish, and represents -a virgin saint, the Crucifixion, a saint, Christ -giving benediction, S. Avée (?), a Queen-saint, -S. Mary Magdalen and a Mermaid. There are -some early statues in the chapel, an admirable -S. Lucy of the 15th cent., the drapery splendidly -executed. Such early statues are very rare. -Another is of S. Columbanus. Some fragments -of old glass are in the windows. In the churchyard -is a very curious carved Calvary of unique -character, also a Holy Well. The E. window -of the chancel is flamboyant of a later character -than the rest. In the N. transept is one -flamboyant, the tracery forming a fleur-de-lys. -The others are middle pointed. The chapel -has a slate spirelet. S. of the chapel by the -roadside is a lech with a crucifix planted on top -of it. The camp of La Villeneuve is of undetermined -date. To reach it the road to -Josselin must be taken and diverged from to -the left to Mangolorian. Near this hamlet is -the camp on a steep hill, almost impracticable on -all sides but the west, where it is defended by two -ranges of ditches and by two walls. The camp -is called either Villeneuve or Kastel-Kerneué.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span></p> - -<p>The <i>Vallon de Poignan</i> is within an easy stroll -from Vannes. The road to Pontivy is followed as -far as the Chapel of S. Guen, and then a lane -to the right leads to some curious rocks, one of -which is fancifully called a Druid altar. The -road to Josselin is then entered, and a lane to -the right conducts to the picturesque, rocky -valley of Poignan, at the end of an avenue of oaks.</p> - -<p><i>Plescop.</i> Of little interest; it has a couple of -lechs in the churchyard, and a flamboyant chapel, -without much character, to S. Amon, possibly -the father of S. Samson, who came from the -neighbourhood of Vannes, but usually supposed -to have been a returned crusader who asked at -Plescop for milk, and as he was refused, cursed -the place that its cows should never yield good -milk and butter. As he was found dead in a -furze-brake next morning he has received cult as -a saint. Part of his skull is in a carved oak -bust in the chapel, but is not exposed to veneration, -as authenticating documents are non-extant. -P. 4th Sunday in October.</p> - -<p><i>Surzur.</i> Three menhirs 15 ft. high are near -the hamlet of Begard, and two ruined allées -couvertes are in the coppice of Talhoet. A -dolmen and two fallen menhirs near it at the -hamlet of Vinihy. The parish church of S. -Symphorian is a Romanesque building but altered -later. The arcades, the doors and windows are -semi-circular. There is a central tower at the -crossing of the transepts surmounted by a slate -spire. The Chapel of N.D. de Recouvrance is -of the 16th cent.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">235</span></p> - -<p><i>S. Nolff.</i> The church is partly of the 16th -cent. It has been restored not wisely but too -well. The Chapel of S. Anne, 1493, has a fine -east window with stained glass representing Our -Lord and seven saints. The other windows -are filled with glaring modern glass.</p> - -<p><i>Sulniac.</i> The parish church dates from -several periods. Four pillars and arches are -Romanesque, as well as a window near the -porch; the other windows and arcades are -later. The nave was rebuilt in fancy Romanesque -in 1893.</p> - -<p> * VITRÉ (I.V.) chl. d'arr. A very picturesque -town, rivalling Fougères in objects of -interest. It stands on a hill above the Vilaine, -and notwithstanding the destruction of a portion -of its ramparts, is one of the French towns that -has best retained the features of the Middle -Ages. But on the side of the railway station all -is modern and uninteresting. To see the old -Vitré it is necessary to enter and pursue the -ancient and narrow streets, which form an inextricable -tangle. The houses are mostly slated in -front. On the N. side the town assumes a -feudal character. Here the walls stand on the -black schist rock, and are only pierced by a -single postern that gives access to a steep descent -by steps into the valley. The castle, on a -triangular plan, was founded at the close of the -11th cent. and was reconstructed in the 14th -and 15th. The entrance is flanked by two -towers. The castle is used partly as a prison -and partly as a museum. The Church of Notre<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">236</span> -Dame is of the 15th and 16th cents., and has a -tower crowned with a spire of the 18th cent. -Outside the church is a stone pulpit. There is -some old glass of the renaissance period: the -entry into Jerusalem, the Adoration of the -Shepherds, a representation of the burning of -the tower of the church in 1704. The church -also contains a remarkable triptych of the 16th -cent., representing in 32 little groups on enamelled -copper scenes from the New Testament. -On the back is an inscription in rhyme. The -church of S. Martin is modern; the old church -is in the cemetery and dates in part from the -16th century.</p> - -<p><i>Château des Roches</i> was formerly the residence -of Mme. de Sévigné, who lived in it -repeatedly between 1654 and 1690. It consists -of two blocks of buildings of the 16th cent., and -is situated in a pretty park. Visitors are only -admitted to the grounds, to the chapel, and to the -room of Mme. de Sévigné, which contains copies -of family portraits in the private apartments and -some objects believed to have belonged to the -marquise; among others a book of accounts for -the garden signed by her. The bed and chairs -are of wood painted white and covered with -yellow silk damask.</p> - -<p><i>Champeaux.</i> The church is of the 14th -and 19th cents., and has fine glass of the -renaissance (1530-5) and tombs of the same -period. About a mile and a half S.W. a -menhir 12 ft. high called La Haute Pierre.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pont l'Abbé</span> (F.) chl. arr. Quimper. Here<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span> -one is in the midst of the Bigauden country. -Observe the curious and ugly way of wearing -the hair and the coiffes. There are many folds of -skirts fastened round the waists. The women -are remarkably plain, and have staring eyes and -expose their teeth. The church has fine 2nd -pointed east and west windows. The tower -was pulled partly down by Louis XIV. to -punish the people for the Revolt of the Papier -timbré. Some old houses. Fine cloister. The -château of the 13th cent. has been transformed -into a mairie. It retains a large tower, and -buildings of the 17th cent. Outside the town -to the S.W. is the château of <i>Kernuz</i>, transformed -by the proprietor into a museum of flints, -bronze and jade weapons, and gold ornaments -found in the cairns and dolmens of the neighbourhood. -The whole peninsula, ending in the -Pointe de Penmarch (the Horse's Head), -abounds in prehistoric monuments. Two dolmens -are near the road, in the parish of -Plomeur, which has an ugly modern church.</p> - -<p><i>Penmarch</i> was once a thriving seaport, -rivalling Nantes, but for various causes declined, -and is now reduced to a couple of hamlets. The -church (S. Non = Ninidh, an Irish Bishop) is -an interesting late flamboyant structure, the -tracery in the windows affecting the forms of -fleurs-de-lys. Beneath the E. window is a -treasury surmounted by a gallery. At the -junction of the chancel with the nave is a spirelet -supported by turrets, connected with it by flying -buttresses. At the S.W. a pretty little triumphal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span> -arch and gable. The church was begun in 1308. -Inside the church a fireplace for heating the -baptismal water. A mile and a half off is -S. Guénolé, the tower of the church alone -remaining, 1488. A little apse has been built -out at the east end. It contains some curious -statues. Here is a bathing establishment, with -comfortable quarters. <i>Kerity</i> has some old -maisons fortes, and a ruined church.</p> - -<p><i>Tronoen.</i> A chapel of the same date as that at -Penmarch, with a fine Calvary. Two stages of -sculptured groups.</p> - -<p><i>Lambour.</i> A flamboyant church, with colonade -of the 13th cent.</p> - -<p><i>Loctudy.</i> A Romanesque church, with an -Italian 18th cent. façade. It much resembles -S. Gildas de Rhuys. It has been restored. -<i>Ile Tudy</i> may be visited, but does not contain -much of interest.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="INDEX_OF_PLACES" id="INDEX_OF_PLACES">INDEX OF PLACES</a></h2> - - -<div class="index"> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"> A.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ste. Anne d'Auray, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Argentré, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arzano, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arzon, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Audierne, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Auray, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> B.</li> - -<li class="indx">Baie des Trépassés, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bain, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Batz, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baud,44</li> - -<li class="indx">Beauport, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Becherel, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Begard, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belen, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belle Ile. <i>See</i> Le Palais, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belle Ile en Terre, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Belz, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Benodet, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berhet, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beuzec-Cap-Sizun, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bieuzy, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Billiers, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bocqueho, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bodilis, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bourbriac, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bréhat, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brennilis, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brest, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brignogan, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broons, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bubry, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> C.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cadout, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camaret, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camors, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cancale, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canihuel, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carfeuntin, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carhaix, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carnac, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carnoet, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cast, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Castannec, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caulnes, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caurel, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cavan, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cézambre, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Champeaux, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chartreux d'Auray, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Châteaubourg, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Château des Roches, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Château Giron, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Châteaulin, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Châteauneuf, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Châteauneuf-du-Faou <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Châtelaudren, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chèse, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cleden-Cap-Sizun, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cleden Poher, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cleguerec, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clohars-Carnoet, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coadout, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coetfrec, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Combourg, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Commana, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Concarneau, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conquet (le), <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corlay, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corseul, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cournon, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crach, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crehen, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Croisic (le), <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crozon, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cugnon, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> D.</li> - -<li class="indx">Daoulas, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span>Dinan, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dinard, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dirinon, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dol, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Douarnenez, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> E.</li> - -<li class="indx">Elven, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Erdeven, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ergué-Gaberic, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Erguy, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Er-lanic, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Essé, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Etang de Laoual, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Etaples, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Etel, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Etrelles, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> F.</li> - -<li class="indx">Faou (le), <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Faouët (le), <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ferrière (la), <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Folgoët, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fôret (la), <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fougères, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fougerêts (les), <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fouesnant, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> G.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gacilly (la), <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gavrinis, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Géhenno, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Glenan, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Glomel, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goudelin, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goueznach, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goueznou, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goulven, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gourin, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grand Champ, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grâce, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grâces, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guegon, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guéméné, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guengat, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guénin, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guérande, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guerche, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guichen, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guildo, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guimaec, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guimiliau, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guingamp, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guipavas, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guipry, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guiseny, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guité, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> H.</li> - -<li class="indx">Haut Corlay, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hédé, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hennebont, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henvic, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hinglé (le), <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">l'Hôpital-Comfront, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Huelgoat, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hunaudaye (la), <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> I.</li> - -<li class="indx">Iffs (les), <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ile d'Arz, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" de Batz, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" de S. Cadou, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" de S. Gildas, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" Grande, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" de Groix, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" longue, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" aux Moines, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" Molène, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" d'Ouessant, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" de Seine, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Irvillac, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> J.</li> - -<li class="indx">Janzé, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Josselin, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Juch (le), <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jugon, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> K.</li> - -<li class="indx">Keramanach, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kerfons, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kerfot, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kergrist, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" Moelo, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Kerinec, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kerity, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span>Kerjean, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kerlaz, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kermaria, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kermartin, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kermoroch, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kernitron, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kernuz, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kerpert, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kervignac, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> L.</li> - -<li class="indx">Laoual, étang de, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lambader, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lamballe, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lambezellec, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lambour, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lampaul-Guimiliau, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" -Ploudalmezeau, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Landebia, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Landeleau, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Landerneau, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Landevennec, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Landivisiau, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Landunevez, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Langast, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Langoat, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Langoelan, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Langonnet, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanleff, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanmeur, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lannilis, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lannion, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanriec, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanrivain, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanrivoaré, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanrodec, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lantec, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanvellec, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanveoc, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lanvollon, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Léhon, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lesneven, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lézardrieux, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locarn, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locbrévelaire, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locmalo, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locmaria, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locmariaquer, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locmelar, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locminé, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locoal, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Loctudy, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locqueltas, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locquenvel, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Locronan, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Loquivy, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Plougras, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Loqunolé, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Loperec, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lorient, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louvigné-du-Désert, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> M.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mael-Carhaix, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Malestroit, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martyr (la), <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Matignon, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mauron, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mêaugon (la), <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Melrand, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Merdignac, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Merléac, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Meslin, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mi-voie, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minihi Tréguier, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montauban, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montcontour, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mont Dol, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montfort, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mordelles, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morlaix, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moustoir, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mur, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Muzillac, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> N.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nevez, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nizon, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">N.D. de Comfort, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" de la Houssaye, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" de Quelven, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Nostang, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Noyal Muzillac, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Pontivy, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></span></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> P.</li> - -<li class="indx">Paimpol, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palais (le), <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paramé, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedernec, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pencran, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Penmarch, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span>Penvenan, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Perguet, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Perros Guirec, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peumerit Quintin, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pipriac, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plancoet, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Planguenoual, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plaintel, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plêboulle, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pledran, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pleine-Fougères, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plélan-le Petit, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plémet, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plémy, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pléneuf, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plescop, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plestin les Grèves, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pleumeur-Bodou, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plévenon, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pleyben,156</li> - -<li class="indx">Ploaré, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ploemel, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ploemeur, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ploermel, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ploeuc, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plogoff, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plogonnec, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plomeur, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plonevez-Porzay, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouagat, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouaret, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ploubalay, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ploubezre, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ploudalmezeau, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ploufragan, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plougasnou, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plougastel Daoulas, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plougrescent, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plougonvelen, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plougonvin <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plougoumelin, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouguenast, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouguerneau, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouguin, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouha, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouharnel, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouhinec, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouhinic, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouigneau, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ploumanach, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plou-Miliau, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouneour-Menez, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plounéour-Trez, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plounevez-Moedec, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plounevez-Lochrist, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plourin, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouvorn, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plouzélambre, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plufour, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pluguffan, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pluherlin, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plumelec, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plussulien, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pluvigner, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pommerit Jaudy, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pont-aven, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pontivy, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pont l'Abbé, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pont Scorff, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Port Blanc, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Port Louis, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pouldu, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pouliguen, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Poullan, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prat, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primel, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primelin, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prissiac, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> Q.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quelvin, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quéméneven, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Questembert, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Questinic, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quéven, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quiberon, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quillio, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quimper, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quimperlé, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quintin, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> R.</li> - -<li class="indx">Redon, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Relecq (le), <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Remungol, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rennes, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Retiers, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Riec, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roche-Derrien (la), <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" -Maurice (la), <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Rochefort-en-terre, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roscoff, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">243</span>Rosporden, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rostrennen, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rumengol, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> S.</li> - -<li class="indx">Saint (le), <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saint Aaron, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Adrien, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Ste. Anne d'Auray, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" " de la Palue, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Saint Aubin d'Aubigné, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" " de Cormier, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Sainte Avêe, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" Avoie, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Saint Briac, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Brice-en-Congles, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Brieuc, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Caradec, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Carré, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Cast, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Congard, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Connan, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Divy, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Fiacre, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Géran, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Gildas de Rhuys, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Gilles Pligeaux, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Guen, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Helan, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Herbot, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Jacut-sur-Mer, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Jean Brévelay, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" " du Doigt, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Just, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Launeuc, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Leger, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Lery, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Lunaire, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Lyphard, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Malo, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Méen, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Michel en Grèves, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Nazaire, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Nic, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Nicodème, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Nicolas des Eaux, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" " de Plélin, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Nolff, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Pever, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Pol-de-Léon, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Quay, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Rénan, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Samson, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Ségal, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Servais, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Servan, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Suliac, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Thégonnec, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Tugean, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Venec, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" Vougai, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Sarzeau, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scaer, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sel (le), <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sevignac, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sibiril, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silfiac, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sizun, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spezet, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stival, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sucinio, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sulmac, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Surzur, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> T.</li> - -<li class="indx">Taulé, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tinténiac, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tonquedec, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trébeurden, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trébry, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trédaniel, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trédez, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Treffrin, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Treflez, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trégastel, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trégon, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trégrom, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tréguier, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trégunc, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trémel, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trépassés, Baie des, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tréversien, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trevon Tréguidel, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trigavou, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trinité-Porhoet, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Troguer, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tronoen,238</li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> U.</li> - -<li class="indx">Uzel, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - - -<li class="indx">V.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vannes, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vallon de Pagnan, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vieux Masché, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vitré, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li></ul> - - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">244</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS" id="INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS">INDEX OF SUBJECTS</a></h2> - - -<div class="index"> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">A.</li> - -<li class="indx">Abbey, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abelard, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>-5</li> - -<li class="indx">Alan Barbetorte, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alan I., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alignment, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>-8, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>-72, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Allée couverte, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Amon (S.), <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Angel lights bonfire, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anne, Duchess, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aqueduct, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arch, triumphal, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Architecture, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Armorica, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arthur, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">B.</li> - -<li class="indx">Baldachin, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barking women, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>-4</li> - -<li class="indx">Baroque, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of Thirty, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>-5</li> - -<li class="indx">Bed of stone, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beehive huts, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bell of S. Pol, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bellstone, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bertrand du Guesclin, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bieuzy (S.), <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bigauden, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Boat of S. Avoie, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>-1</li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" S. Gonery, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></span></li> - -<li class="indx">Botany, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>-11</li> - -<li class="indx">Brendan (S.), <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>-1, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Breton tongue, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brevelaire (S.), <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brioc (S.), <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">British settlers, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>-13, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Budoc (S.), <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">C.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cadoc (S.), <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cæsar, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Calvary, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camp, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>-6, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carmelites, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cascade, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ceilings, painted, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>-6</li> - -<li class="indx">Charles de Blois, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Châteaubriant, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chateaux, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chestnuts, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chouans, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clisson, Oliver de, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cloisters, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clothed Christ on Cross, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coast scenery, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coffee, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coiffes, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">245</span>Conmore, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Constance, Duchess, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conversion, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Copper vessels, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corns cured, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Costumes, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cows' tails, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cromlech, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crypt, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cursing stones, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">D.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dance of Death, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">David (S.), <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Day (S.), <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Deæ Matres, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dockyards, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dolmen builders, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dolmens, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>-8, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>-2, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dolmen converted into Chapel, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Drummond Castle</i>, wreck of, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">E.</li> - -<li class="indx">East India Company, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Efflam (S.), <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Elfleda (S.), <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Enamel, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">English prisoners, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Envel (S.), <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eoghain (S.), <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">F.</li> - -<li class="indx">Feudalism, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fingar (S.), <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fireplace for baptismal water, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Flamboyant style, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Floh, General, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fontenelle, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fox preaching to geese, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">G.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gallows, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Garraye, Comte de la, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>-6</li> - -<li class="indx">Geology, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>-6</li> - -<li class="indx">Geraint (S.), <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gildas, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>-8, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gilles de Bretagne, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>-4, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Glass, stained, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>-4, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gobrian (S.), <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grallo, King, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guillaume Pinchon (S.), <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gunthiern (S.), <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gurval (S.), <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gwenteirbron, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">H.</li> - -<li class="indx">Halles, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Haras, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henry II., <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hervé (S.), <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - -<li class="indx">History, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horse, flying, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horse fair, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hydrophobia, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">I.</li> - -<li class="indx">Icelanders, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iconography, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>-31</li> - -<li class="indx">Illtyd (S.), <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Irish colonists, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">J.</li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">246</span>Jean de Montfort, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - -<li class="indx">K.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kenan (S.), <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Key of S. Tugean, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">L.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lakes, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">League, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lechs, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Le Sage, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leonore (S.), <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>-6</li> - -<li class="indx">Lighthouses, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louis Napoleon, Emp., <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">M.</li> - -<li class="indx">Macliau, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maison forte, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>[Transcriber's note: references are only found on pages <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>]</li> - -<li class="indx">Maps, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mary Stuart, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Melor (S.), <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Menhir, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>-4, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mevan (S.), <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Milestone, Roman, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Miliau (S.), <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morbihan, Gulf of, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>-2</li> - -<li class="indx">Music, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Musical instruments, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">N.</li> - -<li class="indx">Ninnoc (S.), <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nobletz, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nominoe, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Northmen, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">O.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oligocene, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oratory, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ossuary, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">P.</li> - -<li class="indx">Papier Timbré, Revolt of the, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pardon, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>-29</li> - -<li class="indx">Paul (S.), <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pine logs, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Porch, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pulpit, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pyx, suspended, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">R.</li> - -<li class="indx">Reformation, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Reliquary, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Retable, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Revolution, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rohan, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roman roads, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" ruins, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></span></li> - - -<li class="indx">S.</li> - -<li class="indx">Salt, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sardines, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scandinavian colony, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Screens, rood, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sea encroaching, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seven Saints, Chapel of, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sevigné, Mme. de, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sinclair, General, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>-9</li> - -<li class="indx">Skull, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Solomon, King, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>-20</li> - -<li class="indx">Stalls, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Statues, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">247</span>Stole, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">T.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tanguy du Châtel, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>-5</li> - -<li class="indx">Terra cotta, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tolente, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trifina (S.), <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Triptych, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tromenie, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tugdual (S.), <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tysilio (S.), <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>-6</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">V.</li> - -<li class="indx">Veneti, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Venus Anadyomene, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" of Quinipili, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>-8</span></li> - -<li class="indx">Vincent Ferrier (S.), <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vines, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vitrified fort, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">W.</li> - -<li class="indx">Water, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wax figure, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wells, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wells, Holy, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Weroch, Count, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wheel of Fortune, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Winwaloe (S.), <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Y.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yves (S.), <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>-2</li></ul> - - - -<p class="center spaced"> -<i><small>Printed in Great Britain<br /> -by Turnbull & Spears, Edinburgh</small></i><br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<div class="box"> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="2" summary=""> -<tr><td class="tdct"><small>PRACTICAL<br />GIFT BOOKS</small></td><td class="tdct"><span class="xl">THE</span></td><td class="tdct"><small>DELIGHTFUL<br />HANDBOOKS</small></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center" colspan="3"><span class="xl">LITTLE GUIDES</span></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p class="center"><i><small>Pott 8vo, 4s. net</small></i></p> - -<div class="center small bt bb smtb"> -<p class="center">VOLUMES NOW READY:—</p> - - -<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="2" summary=""> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Bedfordshire and</td> -<td align="left">Middlesex</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb"> Huntingdonshire</td> -<td align="left">Monmouthshire</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Berkshire</td> -<td align="left">Norfolk</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Brittany</td> -<td align="left">Normandy</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Buckinghamshire</td> -<td align="left">Northamptonshire</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Cambridge and Colleges</td> -<td align="left">Northumberland. 5s. net</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Cambridgeshire</td> -<td align="left">North Wales. 6s. net</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Channel Islands</td> -<td align="left">Nottinghamshire</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Cheshire</td> -<td align="left">Oxford and Colleges</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Cornwall</td> -<td align="left">Oxfordshire</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Cumberland and</td> -<td align="left">Rome</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb"> Westmorland. 6s. net</td> -<td align="left">St Paul's Cathedral</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Derbyshire</td> -<td align="left">Shakespeare's Country</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Devon</td> -<td align="left">Shropshire</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Dorset</td> -<td align="left">Sicily</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Durham</td> -<td align="left">Snowdonia. 6s. net</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">English Lakes. 6s. net</td> -<td align="left">Somerset</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Essex</td> -<td align="left">South Wales</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Gloucestershire</td> -<td align="left">Staffordshire</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Hampshire</td> -<td align="left">Suffolk</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Herefordshire</td> -<td align="left">Surrey</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Hertfordshire</td> -<td align="left">Sussex</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Isle of Wight</td> -<td align="left">Temple</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Kent</td> -<td align="left">Warwickshire</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Kerry</td> -<td align="left">Westminster Abbey</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Lancashire. 6s. net.</td> -<td align="left">Wiltshire</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Leicestershire and</td> -<td align="left">Yorkshire East Riding</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb"> Rutland</td> -<td align="left"> 5s. net</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Lincolnshire</td> -<td align="left">Yorkshire North Riding</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">London</td> -<td align="left">Yorkshire West Riding</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdlb">Malvern Country</td> -<td align="left"> 5s. net</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p class="center">METHUEN & CO. LTD -36 ESSEX STREET LONDON W.C.2</p> -</div> - -<h3>THE LITTLE GUIDES</h3> - - -<p>The main features of these books are (1) a handy and -charming form, (2) numerous illustrations from -photographs and by well-known artists, (3) good plans -and maps, (4) an adequate but compact presentation of -everything that is interesting in the natural features, -history, archæology, and architecture of the town or -district treated.</p> - -<p>In those volumes which treat of counties, there is first -a general description of the country—its situation, -physical features, flora and fauna, climate, inhabitants, -industries, history and archæology. Then follows an -account of the chief towns and places of interest in -alphabetical order.</p> - -<p>The books are not guides in the ordinary sense of the -word. They do not give the usual routes for expeditions, -information about hotels, etc., but they contain -information which may be sufficient for the ordinary -tourist of literary tastes, and they form not only practical -handbooks, but delightful gift books.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - - -<p class="hang"><b>Cambridge and its Colleges.</b> By <span class="smcap">A. Hamilton -Thompson</span>, B.A. With 23 Illustrations by Edmund H. -New, and a Map. <i>Fifth Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Oxford and its Colleges.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. Wells</span>, M.A. -With 27 Illustrations by Edmund H. New, 6 Plans and a -Map. <i>Eleventh Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>St Paul's Cathedral.</b> By <span class="smcap">George Clinch</span>. With -30 Illustrations and 3 Plans.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Westminster Abbey.</b> By <span class="smcap">G. E. Troutbeck</span>. -With 41 Illustrations by F. D. Bedford and from Photographs, -and a Plan. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>The Temple.</b> By <span class="smcap">Hugh H. L. Bellot</span>, M.A., -D.C.L. With 41 Illustrations by Jenny Wylie and from -Photographs, and a Plan.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="hang"><b>The English Lakes.</b> By <span class="smcap">F. G. Brabant</span>, M.A. -With 12 Illustrations by Edmund H. New, 11 Maps and -a Plan. <i>Second Edition.</i> 6s. net.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Snowdonia.</b> By <span class="smcap">F. G. Brabant</span>. With 24 Illustrations, -2 Maps, and 4 Plans. 6s. net.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>The Malvern Country.</b> By Sir <span class="smcap">Bertram C. A. -Windle</span>, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A. With 23 Illustrations -by Edmund H. New and from Photographs, and a Map. -<i>Second Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>North Wales.</b> By <span class="smcap">Alfred T. Story</span>. With 32 -Illustrations and 2 Maps. <i>Second Edition.</i> 6s. net.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>South Wales.</b> By <span class="smcap">G. W. Wade</span>, D.D., and <span class="smcap">J. H. -Wade</span>, M.A. With 32 Illustrations and 2 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Shakespeare's Country</b>. By Sir <span class="smcap">Bertram C. A. -Windle</span>, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A. With 25 Illustrations -by Edmund H. New and from Photographs, a Map and -a Plan. <i>Fifth Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">Herbert -W. Macklin</span>, M.A. With 24 Illustrations and 2 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Berkshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">F. G. Brabant</span>. With 11 Illustrations -by E. H. New, 12 from Photographs, and 6 Maps -and Plans. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Buckinghamshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">E. S. Roscoe</span>. With 28 -Illustrations by F. D. Bedford and from Photographs, 2 -Plans and 2 Maps. <i>Third Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Cambridgeshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., -F.S.A. With 24 Illustrations, 3 Maps and a Plan.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>The Channel Islands.</b> By <span class="smcap">Ethel E. Bicknell</span>. -With 32 Illustrations and 4 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Cheshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">Walter M. Gallichan</span>. With 48 -Illustrations by Elizabeth Hartley and from Photographs, -a Plan and 2 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Cornwall.</b> By <span class="smcap">Arthur L. Salmon</span>. With 26 -Illustrations by B. C. Boulter and from Photographs, and -2 Maps. <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Cumberland and Westmorland.</b> By <span class="smcap">Daniel -Scott</span>. With 24 Illustrations and 2 Maps. 6s. net.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Derbyshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., F.S.A. -With 32 Illustrations by J. Charles Wall and from Photographs, -and 2 Maps. <i>Second Edition, Revised.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Devon.</b> By <span class="smcap">S. Baring-Gould</span>. With 32 Illustrations -and 2 Maps. <i>Fifth Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Dorset.</b> By <span class="smcap">Frank R. Heath</span>. With 33 Illustrations, -3 Maps and a Plan. <i>Fifth Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Durham.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. E. Hodgkin</span>. With 32 Illustrations, -3 Maps and 4 Plans.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Essex.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., F.S.A. -With 32 Illustrations and 2 Maps. <i>Third Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Gloucestershire.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., -F.S.A. With 28 Illustrations and 5 Maps and Plans. -<i>Third Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Hampshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., F.S.A. -With 28 Illustrations by M. E. Purser and from Photographs, -2 Maps and 2 Plans. <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Herefordshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">G. W. Wade</span>, D.D., and <span class="smcap">J. H. -Wade</span>, M.A. With 24 Illustrations, 2 Plans and 2 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Hertfordshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">Herbert W. Tompkins</span>, -F.R.Hist.S. With 26 Illustrations by Edmund H. New -and from Photographs, and 2 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>The Isle of Wight.</b> By <span class="smcap">George Clinch</span>. With -29 Illustrations by F. D. Bedford and from Photographs, -2 Plans and 2 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Kent.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., F.S.A. With -24 Illustrations by F. D. Bedford and from Photographs, -2 Plans and 2 Maps. <i>Third Edition, Revised.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Kerry.</b> By <span class="smcap">C. P. Crane</span>, D.S.O. With 36 Illustrations -and 2 Maps. <i>Second Edition, Revised.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Lancashire.</b> By <span class="smcap">F. H. Cheetham</span>, M.A. With -Illustrations and Maps. 6s. net.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Leicestershire and Rutland.</b> By <span class="smcap">A. Harvey</span> and -<span class="smcap">V. B. Crowther-Beynon</span>, M.A., F.S.A. With 32 Illustrations -and 2 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Lincolnshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., -F.S.A. With 28 Illustrations, 2 Maps and 2 Plans.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>London.</b> By <span class="smcap">George Clinch</span>, F.S.A.Scot., F.G.S. -With 32 Illustrations and a Map.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Middlesex.</b> By <span class="smcap">John B. Firth</span>. With 32 Illustrations -from Photographs and Old Prints, a Plan and 3 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Monmouthshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">G. W. Wade</span>, D.D., and <span class="smcap">J. H. -Wade</span>, M.A. With 32 Illustrations, 4 Plans and 4 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Norfolk.</b> By <span class="smcap">William A. Dutt</span>. With 30 Illustrations -by B. C. Boulter and from Photographs, and 3 -Maps. <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Northamptonshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">Wakeling Dry</span>. With -40 Illustrations and 2 Maps. <i>Third Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Northumberland.</b> By <span class="smcap">Joseph E. Morris</span>, B.A. -With 32 Illustrations, 2 Maps and 4 Plans. 5s. net.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Nottinghamshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">Everard L. Guilford</span>, -M.A. With 30 Illustrations and 3 Maps.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Oxfordshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">F. G. Brabant</span>, M.A. With 28 -Illustrations by Edmund H. New and from Photographs, -a Plan and 3 Maps. <i>Third Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Shropshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. E. Auden</span>, M.A., F.R.Hist.S. -With 28 Illustrations and 2 Maps. <i>Second Edition. Revised.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Somerset.</b> By <span class="smcap">G. W. Wade</span>, D.D., and <span class="smcap">J. H. -Wade</span>, M.A. With 32 Illustrations, 2 Maps and 2 Plans. -<i>Fifth Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Staffordshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">Charles Masefield</span>. With -32 Illustrations, 2 Plans and 2 Maps. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Suffolk.</b> By <span class="smcap">William A. Dutt</span>. With 28 Illustrations -by J. Wylie and from Photographs, and 2 Maps. -<i>Second Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Surrey.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., F.S.A. -With 30 Illustrations by Edmund H. New and from Photographs, -and 2 Maps. <i>Third Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Sussex.</b> By <span class="smcap">F. G. Brabant</span>, M.A. With 24 -Illustrations by Edmund H. New and from Photographs, -2 Maps and 6 Plans. <i>Sixth Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Warwickshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. Charles Cox</span>, LL.D., F.S.A. -With 24 Illustrations and 5 Maps and Plans.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Wiltshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">Frank R. Heath</span>. With 32 Illustrations, -2 Maps and 2 Plans. <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>The East Riding of Yorkshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">Joseph E. -Morris</span>, B.A. With 27 Illustrations by R. J. S. Bertram -and from Photographs, 2 Plans and 2 Maps. <i>Second -Edition.</i> 5s. net.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>The North Riding of Yorkshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">Joseph E. -Morris</span>, B.A. With 26 Illustrations by R. J. S. Bertram -and from Photographs, 7 Plans and 3 Maps. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>The West Riding of Yorkshire.</b> By <span class="smcap">Joseph E. -Morris</span>, B.A. With 26 Illustrations, 2 Maps and 7 Plans. -<i>Second Edition.</i> 5s. net.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="hang"><b>Brittany.</b> By <span class="smcap">S. Baring-Gould</span>. With 28 Illustrations -by Jenny Wylie and from Photographs, and 3 -Maps. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Normandy.</b> By <span class="smcap">Cyril Scudamore</span>, M.A. With -40 Illustrations and 2 Maps. <i>Second Edition. Revised.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Rome.</b> By <span class="smcap">C. G. Ellaby</span>. With 38 Illustrations -by B. C. Boulter and from Photographs, and a Map.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Sicily.</b> By <span class="smcap">F. Hamilton Jackson</span>. With 34. -Illustrations by the Author and from Photographs, and 2 -Maps.</p> -</div> - -<p>METHUEN & CO. LTD, 36 ESSEX ST., LONDON, W.C.2</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="transnote"> - -<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3> - -<p>Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.</p> - -<p>Variations in the spelling of Cézambre have been standardised.</p> - -<p>Hyphenation has been standardised. The use of diacritics with place -names has been standardised but not otherwise corrected.</p> - -<p>Other variations in spelling, accents and punctuation remain.</p> - -<p>On p170 hemblend is probably hornblende, but has not been altered.</p> - -<p> The list of illustrations ends with "Map of Brittany page 238." -This map does not exist in the available edition.</p> -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Brittany, by Sabine Baring-Gould - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BRITTANY *** - -***** This file should be named 51022-h.htm or 51022-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/0/2/51022/ - -Produced by David Edwards, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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