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diff --git a/old/50938-0.txt b/old/50938-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 44afe6e..0000000 --- a/old/50938-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11894 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sign Talk, by Ernest Thompson Seaton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Sign Talk - A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, for Use in the - Army, the Navy, Camping, Hunting, and Daily Life - -Author: Ernest Thompson Seaton - -Translator: Lillian Delger Powers - -Other: Huge L. Scott - -Release Date: January 16, 2016 [EBook #50938] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIGN TALK *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jennifer Linklater, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - SIGN TALK - - _A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, - for Use in the Army, the Navy, Camping, - Hunting, and Daily Life_ - - By - Ernest Thompson Seton - - _Author of “Wild Animals I Have Known,” - “Life Histories of Northern Animals,” - “The Book of Woodcraft,” etc., etc._ - - _Chief of the Woodcraft League of America_ - - THE GESTURE LANGUAGE OF THE CHEYENNE INDIANS - - With additional Signs used by other tribes, - also a few necessary Signs from the code - of the Deaf in Europe and America, and - others that are established among - our Policemen, Firemen, - Railroad Men, and - School Children - - IN ALL 1,725 - - Prepared with assistance from - General Hugh L. Scott, U. S. A. - - The French and German equivalent words added by - Lillian Delger Powers, M. D. - - 700 ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR - - GARDEN CITY NEW YORK - DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY - 1918 - - _Copyright, 1918, by_ - ERNEST THOMPSON SETON - - _All rights reserved, including that of - translation into foreign languages, - including the Scandinavian_ - - - - -PREFACE - - -In offering this book to the public after having had the manuscript -actually on my desk for more than nine years, let me say frankly that no -one realizes better than myself, now, the magnitude of the subject and -the many faults of my attempt to handle it. - -My attention was first directed to the Sign Language in 1882 when I went -to live in Western Manitoba. There I found it used among the various -Indian tribes as a common language, whenever they were unable to -understand each other’s speech. In later years I found it a daily -necessity when traveling among the natives of New Mexico and Montana, -and in 1897, while living among the Crow Indians at their agency near -Fort Custer, I met White Swan, who had served under General George A. -Custer as a Scout. He had been sent across country with a message to -Major Reno, so escaped the fatal battle; but fell in with a party of -Sioux, by whom he was severely wounded, clubbed on the head, and left -for dead. He recovered and escaped, but ever after was deaf and -practically dumb. However, sign-talk was familiar to his people and he -was at little disadvantage in daytime. Always skilled in the gesture -code, he now became very expert; I was glad indeed to be his pupil, and -thus in 1897 began seriously to study the Sign Language. - -In 1900 I included a chapter on Sign Language in my projected Woodcraft -Dictionary, and began by collecting all the literature. There was much -more than I expected, for almost all early travellers in our Western -Country have had something to say about this _lingua franca_ of the -Plains. - -As the material continued to accumulate, the chapter grew into a -Dictionary, and the work, of course, turned out manifold greater than -was expected. The Deaf, our School children, and various European -nations, as well as the Indians, had large sign vocabularies needing -consideration. With all important print on the subject I am fairly well -conversant, besides which I have had large opportunities in the field -and have tried to avail myself of them to the fullest extent, carrying -my manuscript from one Indian tribe to another, seeking out always the -best sign-talkers among them, collecting and revising, aiming to add all -the best signs in use to those already on record. - - * * * * * - -The following are the chief printed works on Sign Language: - -=1823. The Indian Language of Signs= by Major Stephen H. Long, published -in his Expedition to the Rocky Mts., 1823, Vol. I, pp. 378–394. Gives -104 signs. The earliest extensive vocabulary on record. - -=1880. Gesture Signs and Signals of the North American Indians= by -Lieut. Col. Garrick Mallery. An elaborate and valuable 330 page quarto -compilation from many contributors; published by the Bureau of American -Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution, 1880. - -It was preliminary to the much more extended work published the year -following, and combines in itself all the important vocabularies -published up to that time, including: _Wm. Dunbar’s List_ pub. Trans. -Am. Phil. Soc., January 16, 1801; about 60 signs; _Prince Maximilian von -Wied-Neuwied’s List_, Reise, Nord. Am., 1832–34, 1837; _Capt. R. F. -Burton’s List_ pub. in “The City of the Saints,” 1862; _Dr. D. G. -MacGowan’s List_ pub. in _Historical Magazine_, Vol. X, 1866, pp. 86–97; -also Manuscript Lists supplied by _Col. R. I. Dodge_, _Dr. William H. -Corbusier_, U. S. A., and about forty other contributors. - -=1881. Sign Language Among the North American Indians= compared with -that among other peoples and Deaf Mutes, by Col. Garrick Mallery; 290 -page quarto, 286 illustrations, an elaborate examination of the history, -origin, and nature of the Sign Language, with extensive vocabularies. -Published in 1st Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1881. - -=1885. The Indian Sign Language= by Capt. William Philo Clark, U. S. A., -244 pp. octavo, quite the best book on the subject, giving over 1,000 -signs with photographic exactness; it is also one of the best early -encyclopedic books on Indians in general; unfortunately, it is without -illustrations and is out of print. Published by Hamersly & Co., of -Philadelphia, 1885. - -This is practically the only publication quoted in preparing this work. -I have referred to it continually as a standard—as the highest available -authority. (W. P. Clark was born July 27, 1845, at Deer River, Lewis -Co., New York. Graduated from West Point June 15, 1868. Served on the -Plains in 2d Cavalry during the Indian wars of 1876 to 1880. Died at -Washington, D. C., September 23, 1884.) - - -HADLEY INDIAN SIGN PRINTS - -About twenty-five years ago there lived in Anadarko, Indian Territory, -an enthusiastic missionary worker named Lewis F. Hadley, known to the -Indians as Ingonompashi. - -He made a study of Sign Language in order to furnish the Indians with a -pictographic writing, based on diagrams of the signs, and meant to be -read by all Indians, without regard to their speech. Pointing to the -Chinese writing as a model and parallel, he made a Sign Language font of -4,000 pictographic types for use in his projected works. He maintained -that 110,793 Indians were at that time sign-talkers and he proposed to -reach them by Sign-Language publications. - -In pursuance of his plan, he issued the following: - -=1887. List of the Primary Gestures in Indian Sign Talk.= “Only 19 -copies were printed.” It was intended as a prodrome to “_extended works -and a magazine in Hands-tal[k]ing_.” - -It consists of 63 pages with 684 crude woodblocks of white lines on -black ground, illustrating signs, alphabetically arranged, but without -captions or text of any kind, except the explanation on the title page, -abridged as above. - -=1890. A Lesson in Sign Talk=, designed to show the use of the line -showing the movement of the hands in the Indian Gesture Language, by -In-go-nom-pa-shi, Fort Smith, Ark., 1890. Copyrighted by Lewis F. -Hadley, 12 pp. A portrait of him by himself is on p. 11, inscribed -“In-go-nom-pa-shi, drawn by himself at 60 years.” - -It devotes 3 pages to general discussion of Sign Talk, 1½ pages to -reform of our spelling, the rest is given to general remarks with 12 -poor illustrations in white line, also a Scripture text with 15 signs -drawn, the Lord’s Prayer with 55 drawn signs, and on p. 12, The Indian -Little Star, a novel version of “Twinkle, Twinkle,” rendered in 97 drawn -signs. - -=1893. Indian Sign Talk.= Being a Book of Proofs of the matter printed -or equivalent cards designed for teaching sign-talking Indians as much -English as can be explained through the medium of their “Universal” -Gesture Language, by Ingonompashi, copyrighted May 15, 1893, “only 75 -copies are saved.” - -This is Hadley’s most extended work. It is a dictionary of the Sign -Language, in 268 large octavo leaves printed on one side only of each -sheet. - -It consists of 9 pages of Preface and general matter, 192 pp. of -dictionary alphabetically arranged, each page having three gestures -figured and beside each the equivalent in English. A total of 577 signs -(including a double). Pages 193 to 205 are given to small reproductions -of the sign drawings to illustrate “measurements of type”—his font—about -800 illustrations, two pages of appendix with compound sign words, and -14 illustrations, 1 page of black type, 18 in number, 53 pages of -reading matter in signs, the above cited version of “Twinkle, Twinkle, -Little Star” and the story of “Wolf and the White Man” in signs; the -rest being Scripture texts and exhortations and the 19th Psalm, ending -with the Lord’s Prayer. - -The cards referred to I have. They consist of 571 separate cards with an -illustrated sign on each and additional matter on the back. Besides -which there are about 100 separate cards each with a scripture text, -chapter, or sermonette on it, about 1,000 illustrations in all. The same -being the matter of the dictionary proper reproduced on separate cards, -the diagram on one side and the text on the other. The front matter and -the type measurements do not, however, appear on the cards. Though poor -as art, the drawings are of some value to the student. - -This is the most ambitious work extant on the subject of Sign Language, -but seems to be quite unknown to most ethnologists, and is not in any -library, so far as I can learn, except the Library of Congress, the -Smithsonian Institution, the New York Public Library, the Library of -Prof. J. C. Elsom of Wisconsin State University, and my own collection. - -Of the 75 copies issued, only these 5 have been accounted for, but cards -comprising the dictionary part were issued to the extent of 100,000 in -sets of 571 each, and the reading matter on cards to the number of over -27,000. - -=1910. The Sign Language=, by Prof. J. Schuyler Long, State School for -the Deaf, Council Bluffs, Iowa, published at Washington, D. C., 1910. A -valuable dictionary of about 1,500 signs used by the deaf, with 500 -admirable photographic illustrations. Of these signs a large number seem -to be arbitrary, but many are evidently of good construction and quite -acceptable to Indian sign-talkers. - -To these should be added: - -=1832. La Mimica=, by Andrea de Jorio. “La mimica degli antichi -investigata nel Gestire Napoletano.” Napoli, 1832, 8vo, 372 pp., 21 -plates. - -This interesting Italian work on Sign Language was written to show that -the gestures figured on antique vases, etc., may be explained by their -modern parallels, especially as observed in Naples. The 21 plates -illustrate about one hundred of these gestures—about half of these are -reproduced in Mallery’s 1881 publication. - -=1854. Dactylologie= by Louis de Mas-Latrie. “Dictionnaire de -Paleographie.” _Tome Quarante-septième_, pp. 179 to 366. - -An extended study of Finger-talking as used by the deaf, the savages, -etc. About 30 American Indian signs are described and compared with -those of the deaf. No illustrations. - -=1878. The Gesture Language=, by E. B. Tyler, in his studies in “Early -History of Mankind,” third edition, 1878, pp. 14–81. - -An interesting but not very important dissertation on the Gesture -Language in use among the deaf, the Cistercian Monks, and the American -Indians. No illustrations. - -=1883. Sign Language, Remarks on=, by Wilfred Powells in his “Wanderings -in a Wild Country.” An account of a three years’ residence in New -Britain (to the north of New Guinea), 1883, pp. 254–261, with 14 good -figures, showing the digital origin of numbers. - -=1896. Arunta Sign Language=, E. C. Stirling. Rep. Horn Scientific -Exped. to Central Australia; IV, pp. 111–125. - -A considerable discourse on the Sign Language as used by the very -primitive races. Many figures. - - * * * * * - -My thanks are due to General Hugh Lenox Scott, U. S. A., one of the best -living sign-talkers, for a general review of the text, with new signs -and explanations as indicated. - -To John Homer Seger of Colony, Oklahoma, for much assistance. He was for -45 years in official control of the Indians at Darlington and Colony, -Oklahoma. They were of the Southern Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapaho tribes -chiefly. All his communications with them were in the Sign Language, so -that he became one of our best experts. We have corresponded much, and -during a prolonged visit to his home in August, 1915, we together went -over every sign in this Manual. His signs were of the Cheyenne dialect. - -To the Reverend Walter C. Roe (since dead) of Colony, Oklahoma, for many -notes and comments. He was so expert that he preached every Sunday in -the Sign Language. - -To Sheeaka, or Cyiaka (The Mudhen), a Yanktonnais Sioux living at -Standing Rock. He worked over my entire manuscript with me in 1912, -endorsing most of the signs given by Clark, as well as adding those that -are accredited to him. He was considered the best sign-talker on the -reservation. His familiarity with the Sign Language was largely due to -the fact that a member of his family was a deaf-mute, so that he has -kept up the method while others of his generation are forgetting it. -Frank Zahn, an intelligent and educated half-breed, acted as interpreter -and helped with many suggestions. - -In the autumn of 1916 I took my manuscript to Montana and received -valuable help from the following Blackfoot Indians: - -Bearhead, an old-time, full-blooded Piegan Indian, with a pronounced -contempt for modern ways and modern signs; George Starr or Bull Calf, a -half-blood, who acted as interpreter for Bearhead; Medicine Owl, Eagle -Child, Three Bears, Two-Guns Whitecalf; all full-blooded Piegans and -excellent sign-talkers. - -Heavy Breast, a half-blood, acted as interpreter, with assistance from -James C. Grant. - -I am also indebted to Chasing Bear (Ma-to Hu-wa-pi), a Santee, and to -Chief Tom Frosted, a Yanktonnais; both of Standing Rock. About a dozen -good signs were given me by C. B. Ruggles, of Taos, New Mexico; and -helpful information was received from Thomas La Forge, official -interpreter for the Crow Nation, and Clitzo Dead-man, an educated Navaho -at Ganado, Arizona. - -In the spring of 1917 I spent some time among the Cheyennes at Concho, -Oklahoma, checking up my lists. My chief source of information was -Robert Burns, an intelligent and educated Cheyenne, who spoke excellent -English and was also a good sign-talker. At the same time I got much -valuable assistance from Cheyenne Fanny (Mrs. Hamilton), Deafy Fletcher, -and numerous old Cheyennes and Arapahoes about the Post. Father Isadore, -of the St. Patrick’s Mission, Anadarko, Oklahoma, and the Reverend -Sherman Coolidge (Arapahoe), of Sheridan, Wyoming, also contributed. - -In the case of special or unusual signs, I give the name of the best of -my authorities; but when, according to my own observation, the sign is -in general use and indorsed by practically all, no authority is cited. - -I have to thank my friends James Mooney and F. W. Hodge of the -Smithsonian Institution, and Professor J. Schuyler Long, of Council -Bluffs, Iowa, for much helpful criticism; Professor Elmer D. Read, of -the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, for a review of the Introduction; -also, Doctor Charles A. Eastman (Ohiyesa), Colonel W. F. Cody (Buffalo -Bill), Hamlin Garland, Miss Frances Densmore, and Mrs. Mary Austin for -contributions or criticism. - -For the French and German equivalent words I am chiefly indebted to -Doctor Lillian Delger Powers, of Mt. Kisco, New York. Some assistance -was given by Miss Dorothy Dwenger, of Greenwich, Connecticut, and Harry -G. Seides, Professor of German, Jersey City High School, New Jersey. - -The drawings throughout are by myself. - -ERNEST THOMPSON SETON. - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -ITS ANTIQUITY - -Many thoughtful men have been trying for a century, at least, to give -mankind a world-speech which would overstep all linguistic barriers, and -one cannot help wondering why they have overlooked the Sign Language, -the one mode common to all mankind, already established and as old as -Babel. Yes, more ancient than the hills. - -As far back as the records go, we find the Sign Language in use. General -Hugh L. Scott has pointed out nineteen examples in Homer. Greek vases, -Japanese bronzes, ancient Hindu statuary, as well as songs and legends -older than history, give testimony in like tenor. While Egyptologists -remind us that the oldest records show, not only that the Sign Language -was then used, but that the one original code was much like that in use -to-day. The fact that it is yet found all over the world wherever man is -man, is proof of its being built on human nature in the beginnings. We -might even argue that it is more ancient than speech. - -Ideas certainly came before the words that express them. The idea of -“hunger” must be a thousand times as old as any existing “word” for -“hunger.” When it became necessary to communicate to another the idea of -hunger, it certainly was easier and more direct to communicate it by -gesture than by word. The word had, perforce, to be more or less -arbitrary, but the gesture was logical, and could at once indicate the -pain, its place, and even hint at the cause. - -The possible variations of a mere squeak in a concealed pipe are -obviously less in number and far less graphic and logical than the -various movements of two active, free-moving, compound, visible parts of -the body that utilize all the dimensions of space, all the suggestions -of speed, motion, physical form and action, juxtaposition, yes, even a -measure of sound, and that could in a multitude of cases reproduce the -very idea itself. - -Animals have far more gestures to express thoughts and emotions than -they have sounds, and children instinctively use gestures for various -ideas long before they acquire the sound for them. In all races as a -rule the very young children’s gestures are the same, but the different -words imposed by the different mothers have little or nothing in common, -and no obvious basis in logic. All of which goes to prove the greater -antiquity of eye-talk over ear-talk. To which conclusion we are forced -also by the superiority of sight over hearing as a sense. “Seeing is -believing,” is convincement: hearing is more open to challenge. - -Nor can the sign-talk have changed radically, for it is founded on the -basic elements of human make-up, and on mathematics, and is so perfectly -ideographic that no amount of bad presentation can completely divert -attention from the essential thought to the vehicle; while punning is an -impossibility. - -It had all the inherent possibilities of speech, was indeed capable of -even greater subtleties, as we have noted, and had a far greater -distance range, three or four times that of spoken words. - -In view of the greater antiquity and many advantages that hand gestures -have over spoken language, one is prompted to ask: Why did it not -develop and continue man’s chief mode of inter-communication? The answer -is, doubtless, partly because it was useless in the dark or when the -person was out of sight or partly hidden by intervening things. -Diagrammatically expressed it was thus: - -[Illustration] - -Speech therefore covers all directions night and day. - -Gesture covers one-third of the circle in hours of light. - -Therefore speech serves six times as many occasions as gesture. - -But the chief reason for the triumph of the appeal to the ear is -doubtless because the hands were in constant use for other things; the -tongue was not; was indeed practically free to specialize for this end. - - -ITS UNIVERSALITY - -Being so fundamental, ancient, and persistent, Sign Language is, -_perforce_, universal. In some measure it is used by every race on earth -to-day. Eskimo and Zulu, Japanese and Frenchman, Turk and Aztec, Greek -and Patagonian. And whenever two men of hopelessly diverse speech have -met, they have found a medium of thought exchange in the old Sign -Language—the pantomimic suggestion of ideas. - -Latin races are proverbially hand-talkers, so that the Sign Language is -more widely used among them than with Anglo-Saxons. - -But the American Plains Indian is undoubtedly the best sign-talker the -world knows to-day. There are, or were, some thirty different tribes -with a peculiar speech of their own, and each of these communicated with -the others by use of the simple and convenient sign-talk of the plains. -It is, or was, the language of Western trade and diplomacy as far back -as the records go. Every traveller who visited the Buffalo Plains had -need to study and practise this Western Volapuk, and all attest its -simplicity, its picturesqueness, its grace, and its practical utility. - -Many of the best observers among these have left us long lists of signs -in use, Alexander Henry in his gossipy journal among the Mandans of the -Missouri in 1806 tells us of the surprise and interest he felt in -watching two Indian chiefs of different tribes who conversed freely for -hours on all subjects of common interest, conveying their ideas -accurately by nothing but simple gestures. - -The European races are much less gifted as sign-talkers. But we all have -a measure of it that is a surprise to most persons when first confronted -with the facts. Our school children especially make daily use of the -ancient signals. - - -AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN - -In taking observations among school-boys and girls, I had this uniform -experience: All denied any knowledge of the Sign Language, _at first_, -but were themselves surprised on discovering how much of it they had in -established use. - -One very shy little girl—so shy that she dared not speak—furnished a -good illustration: - -“Do you use the Sign Language in your school?” I asked. - -She shook her head. - -“Do you learn any language but English?” - -She nodded. - -“What is the use of learning any other than English?” - -She raised her right shoulder in the faintest possible shrug and at the -same time turned her right palm slightly up. - -“Now,” was my reply, “don’t you see you have answered all my three -questions in signs which you said you did not use?” - -Following the subject, I said: “What does this mean?” and held up my -right hand with the first and second fingers crossed. - -“Pax,” she whispered; and then, after further trials, I learned that at -least thirty signs were in daily use in that local school. - -This was in England. In America the sign “Pax,” or “King’s cross,” is -called “King’s X,” “Fines” or “Fins” or “Fends,” “Bars up” or “Truce,” -meaning always, “I claim immunity.” - -This is a very ancient sign and seems to refer to the right of -sanctuary. The name “King’s cross,” used occasionally in England, means -probably the sanctuary in the King’s palace. - -In general I found about 150 gesture signals in established use among -American school children, namely: - -Me (Tap one’s own chest). - -You (Pointing to you). - -Yes (Nod). - -No (Shake head). - -Good (Nod and clap hands). - -Bad (Shake head and grimace). - -Go (Pushing flat hand forward, palm forward). - -Come (Drawing in flat hand, palm toward one). - -Hurry (The same repeated vigorously several times). - -Come for a moment (Beckon with forefinger, hand unmoved). - -Stop (Flat hand held up, palm forward). - -Gently (Flat hand held low, palm down, gently waved). - -Good-bye (Flat hand held high, palm down and forward, fingers quickly -waved up and down). - -Up (Point up). - -High (Flat hand, palm down, held up at arm’s length). - -Deep (Left flat hand palm down at level of mouth, right palm up, as low -as possible). - -Heaven (Point up very high and look up). - -Down (Point down). - -Forward (Swing index forward and down in a curve). - -Backward (Jerk thumb over shoulder). - -Across (Hold left hand out flat, palm down, run right index across it). - -Over or Above (Hold out flat left, palm down, and above it hold ditto -right). - -Under (Reverse of foregoing). - -Hush (Index finger on lips). - -Listen (Curved hand behind ear). - -Look (Flat hand over eyes). - -Look there (Point and look in same direction). - -Touch (Reach out and touch with index). - -Taste (Lay finger on tongue). - -Smell (Hold palm to nose). - -Friendship (Hand shake). - -Warning (Index finger held up). - -Threatening (Fist held up). - -Weeping (With index finger at each eye, trace course of tears). - -Shame on you (Point one index at the person and draw the other along it -several times in same direction). - -You make me ashamed (Cover eyes and face with hands). - -Mockery (Stick tongue out at person). - -Disdain (Snap fingers toward person). - -Scorn (Throw an imaginary pinch of sand at person). - -Insolent defiance (Thumb to nose, hand spread). - -Arrogant (Indicate swelled head). - -Pompous (Indicate big chest). - -Incredulity (Expose white of eye with finger, as though proving “No -green there”). - -I am no fool (Tap one side of the nose). - -Joke (Rub side of nose with index). - -Connivance (Winking one eye). - -Puzzled (Scratch the head). - -Crazy (Tap forehead with index then describe a circle with it). - -Despair (Pulling the hair). - -Sleepy (Put a fist in each eye). - -Bellyache (Hands clasped across the belly). - -Sick (A grimace and a limp dropping of the hands). - -Applause (Clap hands). - -Victory (Swing an imaginary flag over head). - -Upon my honor (Draw a cross over heart or cross the hands over breast). - -I am seeking (Looking about and pointing finger in same directions). - -I am thinking (Lay index on brow, lower head and look out under brows). - -I have my doubts (Slowly swing head from side to side). - -I will not listen (Hold flat hands on ears). - -I will not look (Cover eyes with hands). - -I forget (Slowly shake head, and brush away something in air, near the -forehead). - -I claim exemption, or “Fins” or “Bar up” (Middle finger crossed on -index). - -I beg of you (Flat hand palm to palm, pointing to the person). - -I pray (Clasped hands held up). - -I am afraid, or surrender (Hold up both flat hands, palm forward). - -I wind him around my finger (Make the action with right thumb and index -around left index). - -I have him under my thumb (Press firmly down with top of right thumb). - -You surprise me (Flat hand on open mouth). - -I send you a kiss (Kiss the finger tips of right hand and throw it -forward). - -Search me (Hold the coat flaps open, one in each hand). - -Swim (Strike out with flat hands). - -Dive (Flat hands together, moved in a curve, forward and down). - -Will you come swimming? (Two fingers in V shape held up level). - -Will you? or Is it so? (Look, nod and raise brows). - -Fool or Ass (A thumb in each ear, flat hands up). - -Cut-throat (Draw index across throat). - -Indifference (A shoulder shrug). - -Ignorance (A shrug and a head shake). - -Pay (Hold out closed hand, palm up, rubbing thumb and index tips -together). - -Jew (Flat hands waved near shoulders, palms up). - -Bribe (Hold hollow hand, palm up, behind one). - -It is in my pocket (Slap pocket with flat hand). - -Give me my bill (Beckon, then write on air). - -Match (Make the sign of striking a match on the thigh). - -Set it afire (Sign match, and then thrust it forward). - -Pistol (Making barrel with left index, stock and hammer with right -hooked on; snapping right index from thumb). - -That tastes good (Smack the lips). - -The food was good (Pat the stomach). - -Bad taste (Grimace and spitting out). - -Bad smell (Hold the nose). - -Bend (With right hand bend left index). - -Break (With fists touching, make as though to bend a stick, then swing -the fists apart). - -Hot (Wet middle finger in mouth, reach it forward and jerk it back). - -Cold (Fists near shoulder and shaken). - -Paint (Use flat right as a brush to paint flat left). - -Shave (Use finger or thumb on face as a razor). - -Wash (Revolve hands on each other as in washing). - -Knife (With right fist as though holding knife, whittle left index). - -Revolver (Hold out right fist with index extended and thumb up). - -Gun or shooting (Hold hands as in aiming a gun). - -Drive horses (Work the two fists, side by side). - -Give me (Hold out flat hand, palm up). - -Write (Make the action with index). - -Strike (Strike down with fist). - -Fighting (Make the fists menace each other). - -Drinking (Lift right hand to mouth as though it held a glass). - -Smoking (Make as though holding a pipe and drawing). - -Rub it out (Wet tips of right fingers, and seem to rub). - -Thank you (Bow and, at the same time, swing flat right, palm up, a -little way down and to one side). - -Church (Hands clasped, fingers in, but index fingers up and touching). - -Get up (Raise flat right, palm up, from low up high). - -Sit down (Drop flat right, palm down, from high, down low). - -Here (Pointing down, hand swung in small circle).[1] - -In all, 110; besides the compass points, the features of the face, the -parts of the body, the numerals up to 20 or 30, and a great many -half-established signs, such as book, telephone, ring the bell, etc., -which, if allowed, would bring the number up to nearly 200. - -As another line of observation, I have asked New York boys, “How many -signs does the Broadway policeman use in regulating the traffic?” Any -bright child remembers presently that the officer seldom speaks, could -scarcely be heard if he did. Indeed, he relies chiefly on Sign Language -and hourly uses the established signs for “Stop,” “Come on,” “Come -here,” “Go right,” “Go left,” “Go back,” “Hurry up,” “Go easy,” “I warn -you,” “I’ll punish you,” “Pass,” “Keep behind me,” “Scorn,” and, -perhaps, one or two others. - -While not infrequently the small boy responds with the sign of “insolent -defiance” that is used the world ’round, and was probably invented by -Cain and Abel. - -Similarly, the car conductor uses the signs for “Do you want this car?” -“Do you want transfer?” “How many?” “Go on,” as well as most of the -above. - -Evidently, then, the Sign Language is used of necessity in much of our -life where speech is impossible. - - -CODES, ETC. - -It is inevitable that a world-wide language be split into variant forms. -Besides the fragmentary Sign Code among our children, the more copious -list of signs among Latins, and the code of the Cistercian or Trappist -Monks, there are the Deaf Code and the Sign Language of the American -Indians. Only the two last are widely established and at all complete as -languages to-day. - - -DEAF CODE - -The Sign Language used by the deaf was originated in France by Abbé de -l’Epée about 1759, with a view to facilitating the intercommunication of -the deaf. His signs were largely arbitrary or founded on the spelling of -French words, usually in abbreviated form, so that it was merely a -short-hand of French done into finger-spelling. - -While this was the case at its beginning, the deaf themselves had -instinctively done so much in the way of introducing pantomime and -expressive gesture, that they have half redeemed the Code from its -unfortunate original plan, and, in so doing, have made themselves -intelligible to an immensely larger audience. - - -THE INDIAN CODE - -So far as I can learn, no student hitherto has compared the various -methods without being convinced that the American Indian Sign Language -is the best extant. It is theoretically perfect and practically -complete. In order to make this evident, I must offer a definition and -some comparative details. - -_A true Sign Language is an established code of logical gestures to -convey ideas; and is designed as an appeal to the eye, without the -assistance of sounds, grimaces, apparatus, personal contact, written or -spoken language, or reference to words or letters; preferably made by -using only the hands and adjoining parts of the body._ - -Measured by these standards, there is only one true Gesture Language in -the field to-day; that is the sign-talk of the American Indians. It is -established over the whole area of the Great Plains; and, though varied -locally, is essentially the same from Saskatchewan to Rio Grande. - -In general, it is claimed that there are two well-marked dialects of -this: the northern, which is a _whole hand_ and a _two-hand_ dialect; -the central and southern, which is a _finger_ and _one-hand_ dialect. - -The former is better for far signalling; the latter for conversation. -There are, however, many exceptions to these rules; and, in any case, -they are so close akin that Indians from opposite extremes of the Plains -have no difficulty in conversing with each other. - -The Cheyennes originally lived in a central region where they had -intercourse with a dozen tribes whose spoken language differed from -their own; so they became very expert sign-talkers, perhaps the best. -They have amplified to the number of several thousand signs, and -simplified until theirs has become largely a one-hand code; therefore, -as far as possible, I make the Cheyenne sign-talk my standard. All signs -herein given I have found in use among the southern Cheyennes and are -understood to be Cheyenne except when another source is specifically -mentioned. - -Clark gives first place among gesture talkers to the Cheyennes and their -associates the Arapahoes, whose sign-talk was the same, though their -speech was very different, so that the signs for which he is authority -may also be considered Cheyenne. - -The signs given me as Indian by Sheeaka and his friend, Tom Frosted, -should be cautiously received if one would study the ancient code. -Sheeaka had in his family a deaf-mute, who probably imported some signs -from the Deaf Code, as indicated. - -In cases where there were different signs for the same idea, I have -selected the simplest and clearest, the least like other signs; or, -other things equal, the one most extensively used, preferring a one-hand -to a two-hand sign. - -Usually that sign is best from the locality where the idea is most -familiar. Thus the Sioux sign for “tree squirrel” is poor; the Modoc -sign is very good. The Navaho signs for “domestic sheep” are numerous -and clearly differentiated; those of the north are not, and refer back -to the “bighorn.” Southern signs for “snow” are descriptive and -cumbrous, while those of the northern tribes are simple and perfect. - - -A COMPARISON OF THE TWO CODES - -A comparison of the Deaf and Indian Codes seems to emphasize the -superiority of the Indian. The Deaf was intended to convey, word by -word, a vocal language; it assumes that you know the other man’s speech, -and can spell. Whereas, the Indian was invented to over-ride linguistic -barriers and, knowing nothing of spelling, deals only with ideas. - -The next great advantage of Indian style is its picturesqueness. The two -systems can be illustrated and fairly compared by the signs for the -months. - -First the Deaf: - -January—Sign for _Month_, then _J_, _N_, and _R_, that is 4 signs. - -June—Sign for _Month_, then _J_ and _N_, that is 3 signs. - -July—Sign for _Month_, then _J_ and _L_, again 3 signs. - -Whereas the Indian calls January the _Snow Moon_, thus _moon_ or “Horns -in the sky” and _snow_, that is two signs. June is _Rose Moon_ i.e., -_horns_ or _Crescent in the sky_ and _rose_ (the right hand plucking an -imaginary petal from each finger tip of the left). July is the _Thunder -Moon_, i.e., _horns in the sky_, then the right index darted downward in -a quick zigzag to imitate _lightning_. All need but two signs each. - -The first involving a certain amount of spelling is limited to those who -can read, and who use that word. The second, touching nothing but the -idea, is widely acceptable, much shorter, and visible much farther off. -It was apparently developed for the safe distance beyond arrow range. - -Again the Indian method is strong in its dignity. The deaf often spoil -their sign-talk by grimacing, the Indian never does so. One may -occasionally help the idea by facial expression, but it should be used -with great reserve, as there is nothing more unlovely or likely to harm -the study of the Sign Language than the excessive grimacing that one -sometimes sees in an uneducated deaf-mute. The Indian sign-talker’s face -is calm and little changed, his head is moved in graceful sweeps, and -never jerked unless to express some jerky action. His communication is -indeed a study in beautiful, dignified gesture. There is not an Indian -sign in this book that depends on facial expression for its usefulness, -and there are but few that involve the face in any way. - -Last year (1910) my friend Hamlin Garland met a party of moving picture -men returning from a business tour among the Indians. He asked, “Did you -get two old chiefs talking together in the Sign Language?” They said -“No, hadn’t heard of it.” - -“Then,” he replied, “you have missed one of the most graceful and -rewarding chances for your special art that the western country -affords.” - -They were so much impressed with his description that they went back. -Having brought together two chiefs of diverse speech they got results on -their films which amply justified their time and trouble. - -Finally a large number of the signs used by the deaf are conventional -and arbitrarily fixed, dating back about 100 years, whereas each Indian -sign is the slow evolutionary product of ages, with its roots deep in -human nature. It is never arbitrary, but so logical and so reasonable -that it is easily and quickly learned. - -Every interested person, therefore, must regret profoundly that the -teachers of the deaf should have gone out of their way to fabricate an -unnatural, localized code, when there was awaiting them ready-made, and -already established, a system founded on universal human nature, old as -the hills, full of the charms of grace and poetry, and so logical that -any one of any race can learn it in a tithe of the time required for the -acquisition of the merest smattering of a spoken language, and the -adoption of which would at once have greatly lessened the handicap of -the deaf. One can only suppose that the founders of the code were -unaware of the other’s existence. - -Undoubtedly actual service has done much to reform and redeem the Deaf -Code and make it more nearly a true Sign Language, but one cannot help -wishing that their teachers would take the inevitable step at once and -adopt the natural system. - -Thus we have logic with us as well as the opinion of ethnologic students -in giving preference to the Indian System. While in the extent of usage -honors are about even, I am credibly assured that about 100,000 people -are daily using the Deaf Code and an equal number using the Indian. - -It is my belief that an available popular Manual will soon establish the -latter as the universal code and result in its further and full -development. - - -ATTITUDE TOWARD THE SIGN LANGUAGE - -There are two distinct attitudes toward Indian Sign Language: - -_First_, that of the student who sees in it a beautiful product of -evolution, a perfect demonstration of the subtle laws of speech growth, -the outcome of human mind yearning for converse with human mind, -rebellious at its shut-in loneliness, battering with its hands the -prison walls, till it could reach out and signal to the next locked-in, -before it had yet found the way of modulated sounds. This, then, was the -means which responded to the demand for communion and mental fellowship -before there was a spoken speech. It began, as all codes must, with the -broadest, simplest root ideas, and expressed their inter-relationships -at most by context, sequence, proximity, or emphasis, but not by -inflection. - -Every student of the Sign Language is impressed by this thought and very -naturally considers every true sign of the old Sign Language a thing -sacred, precious as a pre-Homeric manuscript. He believes that to modify -it or tamper with it would be to rob it of all value as a living -expression of growth, and much like trying to readjust the crystalline -forms on a frost-covered pane by shaping them with a hot iron. The -student recognizes it as his first and highest duty to make faithful, -unadulterated, untooled records of the oldest types of signs. This is -the academic attitude. I am fully in sympathy with it. - -_Second_, the practical attitude which realizes that Sign Language, -never dead, is coming to its renaissance and can serve many useful ends -among us here to-day. But to complete its possibilities it must be -brought up to date by the addition of elements that stand for the latest -modern ideas; and therefore does not hesitate to seize on and adopt -these elements wherever they may be found. Thus, it may be held, is a -contamination of the thought by interminglement of spurious recent -creations. But it is merely submitting the code to the ordinary rules of -all language. We should remember, further, that the ancient signs, as -well as the modern, were _invented by men who had need of them_. The -only difference is that the one was invented recently, the other maybe -thousands of years ago; and that without such changes the Sign Language -could not serve its beneficent purpose to-day among the deaf, the -distant, the roar-environed, the moving picture folk, and those of -unknown speech about us. Hand-talk fully developed will find much good -work to do; and it matters little where the elements of the code were -gathered so long as they meet with general acceptation; which implies -that they be _needed_, _serviceable_, and of _sound construction_. The -forty odd Deaf Signs included here have been admitted on this basis. - - -PROPER NAMES - -There is at least one place where all pure Sign Language must fail; that -is in dealing with proper names, especially new proper names. If I wish -to signal “New York State” to an expert sign-talker, I can use the -nickname “Empire State” and signal “_Country great crowned_”; or, for -“Kentucky” I can signal “_Country blue grass_”; or Boston, “_The Hub -City_”; or Chicago “_Windy City_”; but when I come to South America or -Oberammergau or Poughkeepsie, I am obliged to fall back on the white -man’s method and spell the name. For this reason then we begin our -sign-talk by teaching the one-handed sign alphabet of the deaf. The -two-handed will answer, but obviously a one-handed sign is better than a -two-handed, other things equal. We aim at simplicity; and there are many -occasions when one has but one hand free. - - -TO WHAT PURPOSE? - -My own interest in the study had been growing for thirty years, and to -satisfy myself that it was not a mere fad of slight and passing import, -I set down carefully the reasons for studying and using the Sign -Language, not forgetting its limitations. I set these also in hostile -array and will give them first: - -It is useless in the dark. - -It cannot serve over the telephone. - -It can scarcely be written, except by cumbrous pictographs. - -It cannot give new proper names; they must be spelled. - -But the reasons for the study were more numerous and stronger. - -1st. _It develops observation and accurate thinking._ All races that -excel in sign-talking are noted for their keenness of observation. Which -is cause and which effect one cannot certainly determine, but it is sure -that this method of communication is excellent practice to develop -observation, and it makes for a wonderfully graphic descriptive power. - -Herein, perhaps, is its most enduring, the least obvious, claim to a -high place. There is a sweet reasonableness, a mathematical accuracy, in -the fabric of the Sign Language that has an insistent and reactionary -effect on the mental processes and pictures of those who use it. -Therefore, it is valuable for the kind of mind it makes. - -2d. _It is easily learned._ Unlike most languages, it is very easily -acquired, for most of the signs are natural in concept, and so logical -that they explain themselves where their history is known. Six hundred -signs (that is ideas) make a fairly good sign-talker. - -3d. _It is Indian talk._ By means of this you can talk to any Plains -Indian no matter what his speech; and there are many tribes each with -its own tongue or dialect. In some measure it is understood and used by -savages and keen observers all over the globe. - -4th. _A cognate code is the talk of the deaf_; and is used the world -round by them in preference to the manual alphabet when possible; so -that a wide use of the much better Indian Sign Language will certainly -result in their accepting it and thus tend to lessen the barrier between -the deaf and their more fortunate brethren. - -5th. _It is silent talk._ It can be used on occasions when it is -necessary to give information, but improper or impossible to speak -aloud. Thus, lecturers use it in directing their lanternist; friends use -it for necessary information during musical performances; it is used at -the bedside of the sick, the actors in a moving picture can utilize it, -and so be comprehended the world round; the pantomime stage, forbidden -to use speech, can easily make clear the plot by sign-talk. - -In a recent letter, Prof. J. S. Long has furnished me with a touching -instance (one that has since recurred) that indicates another and final -service that the silent method can render: An eminent divine was on his -deathbed. His life had been devoted to ministering to the deaf, he knew -the Sign Language perfectly; for several hours before the end his power -of ordinary speech had deserted him, but his mind was clear, and to the -last he conversed freely with those about him, in this, the universal -talk, the one which for its exercise depended on muscular powers that in -his case were the last of all to fail. - -6th. _It allows talk in an uproar._ It can be used when great noise -makes it impossible to use the voice; therefore it can be of daily -service in modern life, city or country, and each year it discovers new -uses. Friends talk across a rackety thoroughfare or from a moving train; -firemen and policemen, or sailors in a storm find it of growing service. -The baseball umpire uses it when the roar of the multitude makes him -voiceless; the catcher talks to the pitcher; the aeroplanist talks to -his friends on earth; the stockholder on the curb buys and sells in it; -the football captain or the army officer issues clear sign orders when -the uproar of fight would drown even the trumpet call. The politician -facing a shrieking mob may find it useful for conveying a few crude -truths to his crude, unruly audience, thus opening the way for a more -usual form of harangue, or failing in the attempt, he can at least -inform his friends of his next move and his audience what he thinks of -them. In St. Paul’s epoch-making address on the stairs of Jerusalem we -have a good illustration of the first part of this. - -7th. _It is practical far-talk._ It is a valuable method of talking at a -distance, far beyond earshot. Compared with the other modes of -far-signalling it has the great advantages of speed, for it gives a -sentence while semaphore, Morse, or Myer code give a letter, and of -inconspicuousness at short range, or in a crowd; also it is independent -of apparatus. - -8th. _It is a true universal language._ It is already established. -Instinctively the whole world has adopted it in a measure; and daily -proofs of this are seen. Rasmussen among the Eskimo would have been -helpless, he tells us, for he knew not their tongue, and they not a word -of his, but they were expert sign-talkers and the lingual barrier was -swept away. So also Henry among the Mandans, and Butler among the -Basutos, while a thousand other cases could be aligned. - -It is so complete that Dr. W. C. Roe and many others regularly _preach_ -and _lecture_ in the language of Signs, to congregations in which -several spoken tongues are used and would be necessary to the preacher -were he limited to sounds. - -It is so fundamental indeed that it is the easiest means of -communicating with animals; the best trainers of dogs and horses use -Sign Language as the principal medium of command. - -But, for lack of standards and codification, its use is much smaller -than it might be; and yet larger than commonly supposed. At least 100 of -the 725 signs herein given are in daily employ among hearing white folk -in America. After a little extension of the study, as is inevitable with -a standard code, one will be able to travel all over Europe, the world -indeed, on Sign Language alone. No matter what the other man’s language -may be, French, German, Russian, Greek, all are the same in the Sign -Language because it expresses _ideas, not words_. This, then, is its -chief obvious strength—_It is a universal language._ - -It was with this in view that the French and German equivalents were -added after each sign; and since it is impossible to render in one word -a sign that stands for a broad idea and is capable of conveying many -meanings, according to the context and sense, the foreign equivalents -are understood to deal only with the simplest root idea, that which -usually is expressed by the first of the English words given. - -It is my earnest hope that we may have an International Society of the -Sign Language whose functions would be to keep it pure, to add new signs -as they are needed, and to aim at its complete development. - -Also, that in furtherance of this a thorough, full, and careful record -of the old Indian Sign Language will be made before it is too late; that -is, before all the old-time Indians of the Plains are dead. - -My own effort is meant not as a record of the past, but a starting point -for the future. - - -SYNTAX OF THE SIGN LANGUAGE[2] - -The Sign Language is a system of root _ideas_ expressed by _gestures_, -preferably made only by the hands, without sounds or reference to -letters, or words, spoken or written, and not delimited by anything -corresponding to words. There can be but little doubt that Sign Language -preceded all audible speech. - -Being fundamentally a true spontaneous language, wholly removed from any -spoken language, it must necessarily have its own syntax and idiom. - -Its syntax is simple and primitive, much like that of spoken language in -its earliest or monosyllabic stage, as defined by Hovelacque. Yet -clearly many signs are amplified by an associated but subsidiary root, -so that we may consider it entering the second or agglutinative stage. -Thus _deer_, signed by holding up the hands to indicate _branching -horns_, is a simple or isolated root; but _white-tailed deer_ which -gives first _deer_, then adds the qualifying sign _banner tail_ by -waving the right index up high, is in close correspondence with -agglutinative language. Still more so are the signs _finished_ or _done_ -added to a verb to show the past tense, or the different twists to the -sign _give_ that turns it respectively into _give me_ or _give you_, or -the variations of _talk_ which make it mean _I talk to you_, _you talk -to me_, or _they talk to each other_. - -The sentence construction is elemental. Dependent sentences are not used -nor are negative or involved questions. - -The relation of one idea to another is indicated chiefly by proximity -and sequence, rarely by connectives and (with a few exceptions) never by -inflection. So that the same sign may be the equivalent of a noun, a -verb, or a phrase, etc., according as it is used. - - -NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - -The =Nominative= and =Objective cases= are not distinguished except by -context and sequence, that is, the Nominative precedes, the Objective -usually follows, the verb. - -A partial exception is the first personal pronoun—the starting point of -most inflection—for _I_, _mine_, and _me_ are sometimes given as cognate -but distinctive signs. - -The =Possessive case= is usually shown by the addition of the possessive -sign, equivalent to “his,” “hers,” “its,” etc. “That man’s” horse would -be signed: _Man_, _that_, _his horse_, or _Man_, _that there_, -_possession_, _horse_. - -The =Gender= of nouns is indicated when necessary by adding the signs -_male_ or _man_ and _female_ or _woman_. Thus “A She bear” would be -rendered _Bear Woman_. - -The =Number= of nouns is indicated by the signs 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., _many_ -or _few_. - -In the Personal Pronouns the plural is made by adding _all_ to the -singular. Thus _Me all_ is the equivalent of “We,” _You all_ of “Ye.” -_He all_ is the equivalent of “they.” - -The =Person= by pointing to _myself_, to _you_, or to the _third -person_. The first person is understood unless otherwise indicated. - - -VERBS - -The =Verb= is usually placed between the subject and the object, but -need of emphasis may change this so the verb comes last. - -The =Tense= of verbs is marked by the auxiliary prefixes _now_, _future_ -and _past_, _finished_ or _done_. Thus “I have eaten” would be _I done -eat_, “I shall eat” will be _I time ahead, eat_. - -The present is understood, unless otherwise stated; but the sign is -plastic and may be any part of the verb, according to context. Thus -_Arrange_, _Arranged_, or _Arranging_ are the same. - -The =Number= of the verb is shown by the context. - -The =Voice= is assumed to be active, indeed the passive is not used. - -The =Imperative= is shown by following the verb with the sign _must_, -that is, strike down with right fist, giving the significance of -command, or else by emphasis. - -The =Subjunctive= is shown by the signs _if_, _so that_, _perhaps_. - - -ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB - -The =Adjective= usually follows the substantive. Thus “A bad man” would -be rendered _Man bad_. But numerals are exceptions to this rule. - -The =Adverb= of time precedes the verb. - -Qualities are compared by the use of the signs _little_, _more_, _much_, -_most_, _ahead_, and _behind_. They are further modified by adding such -signs as _strong_, _brave_, _very much_, or _very strong_. - -The =Numeral sign= is often prefaced to small numbers to prevent -confusion. Thus when prefaced by the numeral sign the sign _Wolf_ may -become _two_ and _Man_ become _one_. - -Mere particles and expletives, as “a” “the,” etc., have no equivalent -signs. - - -PREPOSITIONS - -Prepositions were little used by the Indian sign-talkers, though they -did have _above_, _about_, _across_, _around_, _at_, _below_, _beside_, -_beyond_, _by_, _for_, _from_, _in_, _near_, _on_, _out_, _to_, _under_, -_upon_, _with_, etc. _Of_ or _pertaining to_ has been added by the deaf. - - -CONJUNCTIONS - -_And_ or _also_ (add on) _but_ or _if_ (_pick out_ or _cut off_), _so -that_, _with_ are the equivalents of conjunctions. Sometimes the close -continuity of two signs serves the purpose of “and,” conversely a pause -may indicate a full stop. - - -INTERROGATION - -The sign of interrogation always precedes the question, but is sometimes -added after it as well, for emphasis or certainty. - - -PERIOD OR FULL STOP - -For period, the sign _finished_ is generally used. The Blackfeet make -the sign _broken off_ and often clap the flat right down on the flat -left, palm to palm, for both beginning and end of a sentence. - - -ABSTRACT IDEAS - -Abstract ideas are not copiously rendered in signs. But it often happens -that a gesture with the index alone is specific, while the same gesture -with the flat hand becomes abstract. For example, compare _yonder_ and -_far_, _up_ and _up there_. - - -OPPOSITION - -The principle of opposition as pointed out by Mallery plays an important -part in the pairing of signs. Thus _above_ being fixed, _below_ is the -reverse; the sign _come_ is reversed in _go_, and _out_ reversed in -_in_, etc. - - -EMPHASIS - -Emphasis is sometimes given by using both hands for a sign that can be -made by one, sometimes by repeating the sign, sometimes by energetic -rendering, and sometimes by adding the sign _very much_ or _heap_. - - -PARALLEL OR DUPLICATE SIGNS - -Many signs are made by parallel action of both hands. Most of these are -permissibly rendered by using only one hand as, _woman_, _abandon_, -_gratitude_, etc. - - -ENUNCIATION OR DELIVERY - -In actual and expert practice most signs are abbreviated. But the -beginner, as in all new arts, should go slowly and be careful to make -each sign clear-cut and complete in itself. - -The hands are always held or moved so as to illustrate, as far as -possible, the action in mind or its manner, or its direction, or the -point where it takes place, or the shape of an object, or their relative -positions if two objects are being considered. - - -ELEGANCE - -Grace and dignity are of large importance in all good sign-talk. Ugly or -vulgar gestures should be abandoned. Even angular gestures should be -avoided, except to express some angular idea. - -Many times my Indian teachers have said to me as I imitated their signs, -“Yes, that is correct enough in a way, but it is awkward”; or “it is not -graceful. We do it this way.” Then they sketched the same structure, but -in sweeping lines. In this work many movements are indicated in straight -lines, for the sake of simplicity. As a matter of fact, I never saw a -Cheyenne make a straight-line movement, all had a graceful curve. - -Many signs are followed by a changeable _liaison_; that is, by an -introduced sweep to join it on to the sign that follows and avoid a jerk -or unpleasant movement. This elegant manner is what I call an Indian -accent, few whites achieve it. - -In a dignified way, the expression of face and the pose were used in -elucidation of the gesture, but very sparingly. - - -THE CONCEPT AND ITS VALUE - -The student of vocal language finds vital help in remembering the -derivation of words; so also the sign-talker. - -Most signs were pantomimic originally, but through much use have become -shortened, till now they are conventional. Yet it is well worth while in -each case to note the original concept as fully as possible; first as a -great help to the memory, and second as a guard against slovenly gesture -and a guarantee of point, power, and structural accuracy. Some of the -concepts given are evidently right, but some are mere guesses, probably -wrong in many cases. It is quite permissible in any one to challenge any -of them. - -Nevertheless, the fact that most signs are capable of logical -explanation does not mean that they are self-explanatory. Indeed nearly -all have become conventional, and each must be learned separately before -it can be rightly used. - -Signs which make the heart the seat of the mind are, I think, older than -those which give the place of honor to the brain. - - -THE MANUAL ALPHABET - -Although not at all Indian, it is exceedingly helpful to know the -single-hand alphabet as given in the cut on page li; partly because it -must sometimes be used for _giving proper names_ and also because it -saves time in describing _hand positions_. For example, we say “position -A or B” instead of describing each hand all over again for each new -sign. - - -THE NUMERALS - -_Fingers_ and _numbers_ are nearly synonymous the world round when -making signs, manual or written, hence the universality of the decimal -system. The Indian Code, the Popular Code, and the Deaf Code are nearly -alike in this, but in most points of difference the Indian is best. - -To prevent mistakes in certain cases preface the number with the sign of -_numbers_ or _arithmetic_. - - -THE ORDINALS - -For Ordinals, make the figure sign, 1, 2, or whatever it is, then -without changing the position of hand or arm, give the hand a twisting -from the wrist, to add point or emphasis, meaning “number-so-and-so.” -This is not Indian but adopted from the Deaf, nevertheless quite -logical. - - -ILLUSTRATIONS OF SIGN LANGUAGE - -Clark gives the following (pp. 17–18) as a good illustration of the -syntax of the Sign Language: - -_In English._ “I arrived here to-day to make a treaty—my one hundred -lodges are camped beyond the Black Hills, near the Yellowstone River. -You are a great chief—pity me, I am poor, my five children are sick and -have nothing to eat. The snow is deep and the weather intensely cold. -Perhaps God sees me. I am going. In one month I shall reach my camp.” - -_In Signs_, this literally translated would read, I—arrive here—to-day -—to make—treaty. My—hundred—lodge—camp—beyond—Hills—Black—near—river -—called—Elk—you—chief—great—pity me—I—poor—My—five—child—sick—food -—all gone (or wiped out)—Snow—deep—cold—brave (or strong). Perhaps—Chief -Great (or Great Mystery)—above—see—me—I—go. Moon—die—I—arrive there—my -—camp. - -“An Indian in closing or terminating a talk or speech wishing to say, ‘I -have finished my speech or conversation,’ or, ‘I have nothing more to -say,’ simply makes the sign for ‘_Done_’ or ‘_Finished_.’” - - -THE LORD’S PRAYER - -FATHER ISADORE’S VERSION - - Our Father up high, medicine thy name. Thy sit-aboard down here on - earth as up high. Give us all bread. Forgive our bad as we forgive - bad. Lead us bad not. Ended. - -Professor Elmer D. Read has supplied me with the foregoing two examples -done into the Sign Language of the deaf, as below: - - I—came—here—to-day—make—agreement (think parallel)—name (written). - My—1 C (100) tents—beyond—B-l-a-c-k H-i-l-l-s, near - Y-e-l-l-o-w-s-t-o-n-e water flow. You—most—chief, feel—tender—me. - I—ragged sleeve (poor). My—five—children (sign size)—sick—nothing—eat. - Snow—deep. Weather (air, wind)—very cold. Perhaps—God—look down on - (see) me. I—go. In—one—month—I—shall—arrive—tents—home (eat, sleep). - -The Lord’s Prayer in Deaf Signs: - - Our—Father—sky—into. - Honored—thy—name—truly. - Thy—kingdom—come; - Thy—law—do—on—earth—as—in—sky. - Give—us—our—bread—daily. - Forgive—us—our—lawbreaking—as—we—forgive—those—injure—us. - Lead—us—not—in—temptation, - But—save (break our tied hands)—us—from—lawbreaking. - Because—thine—kingdom, power, and—glory—forever. - Amen. - - -PICTURE-WRITING - -As already noted, a weakness of Sign Language is the difficulty of -writing it without translating it into words, and thereby changing its -nature and its world-wide application. Yet it can be written; and some -mention of its recorded form may fitly round out this introduction. - -The characters used, because they represent ideas, not words or letters, -are called ideographs or picture-writing. It is widely believed that -Sign Language is the oldest of all languages, that indeed it existed -among animals before man appeared on earth. It is universally accepted -that the ideograph is the oldest of all writing. The Chinese writing, -for instance, is merely picture-writing done with as few lines as -possible. - -Thus, it is said that their curious character for _Hearing_ was once a -complete picture of a person listening behind a screen, but in time it -was reduced by hasty hands to a few scratches; and _War_, now a few -spider marks, was originally a sketch of _Two women in one house_. - -We may also record our Sign Language in picture-writing, as was the -custom of many Indian tribes; and we shall find it worth while for -several reasons: it is picturesque and useful for decoration; and it is -likely that a pictographic inscription dug up 10,000 years from now -would be read, whether our language was understood or not.[3] - -When the French Government set up the Obelisk of Luxor, in Paris, and -wished to inscribe it for all time, they made record, not in French or -Latin, but in pictographs. - -It is, moreover, a good thing to take the young through the stages of -race development; just as the young bird must run for a send-off, before -it flies, so pictography, being its earliest form, is the natural first -step to writing. - -In this dictionary I give the written form after many of the signs that -have an established pictograph. These are chiefly from Mallery, 10th -Annual Report Bureau of American Ethnology. A few are popularly accepted -among ourselves. - - -NOTE - -The letters, initials, etc., after the paragraphs indicate the chief -authority for the sign. - -Where no authority is given, it means that the sign was observed by -myself among the Cheyenne Indians. Those ascribed to other Indians also -were observed by myself. Besides these the following are cited: - -_C._ Standing for Captain William Philo Clark, U. S. A. - -_Scott_, for General Hugh L. Scott, U. S. A. - -_Seger_, for John M. Seger, of Colony, Oklahoma. - -_R. B._, for Robert Burns, the Cheyenne interpreter at Concho, Oklahoma. - -_Long_, for Major Stephen H. Long, U. S. A. - -_Pop._ for Popular; that is, established among ourselves. - -_D._ for Deaf Sign, as given in J. Schuyler Long’s Dictionary. - - -GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS - -The drawing shows the hands as seen by the second person. - -The digits are named: thumb, first or index finger, second or middle -finger, third or ring-finger, and fourth or little finger. - -The following marks, etc., are used in the illustrations: - -Unless otherwise stated the _solid outline_ indicates the position of -the hands at the beginning of a sign, the _dotted outlines_ indicate the -position of the hands at the finish. - -................ Dotted lines indicate the course of hand employed in -the sign. - -> Indicates the commencement point of the movement. - -→ Indicates the direction of movement. - -X Indicates the point in the gesture line at which the hand position is -(x) changed. - -⊙ Or full stop represents the termination of the movement. - -“A hand” means like A, and “B hand” means like B, etc., in the -one-handed Deaf Alphabet (Cut 1) on next page. The positions meant by “4 -hand,” “5 hand,” “flat hand,” “flat fist,” or “compressed hand,” are -figured on the same page. - -Begin by learning the Single-hand Manual alphabet as noted above. - -Next learn the _Numbers_ and the signs for _Question_ and its -combinations; also _Yes_ and _No_, _Good_ and _Bad_, _Come_ and _Go_, -_Big_ and _Small_, _Truth_ and _Lie_, _Strong_ and _Weak_, _Understand_, -_Perhaps_, _Talk_ and _Sign-talk_, after this refer to the Dictionary -for the signs that serve your purpose and use them according to the -rules of syntax as herein set forth. - -Never lose a chance of talking the Sign Language with an old Plains -Indian, preferably of the Cheyenne or Arapahoe tribes. Their wonderful -facility and grace are as hard to convey on paper as the pronunciation -of French, and are as essential for the best style in Sign Talk. One -may, indeed, know every sign in this book and not be a good sign-talker, -so fundamental is this correct accent, or manner. - -[Illustration] - - - - -Footnotes - - -[1] Professor Elmer D. Read writes me that all of these are in use among -the deaf also, except the signs for “shame” and “church”; for these they -make the Indian signs “_red_” and “_house prayer_,” respectively. - -[2] “After going carefully over your syntax I approve it in the main but -I think it quite likely that many of the rules are not so inflexible as -this makes them seem; besides which, there must be always a certain -amount of modification by transliteration from the spoken language of -those using the signs. This would manifest itself in a growing -conformity of the Sign Language syntax to that of the more dominant -spoken language.”—_F. W. Hodge (Ethnologist, Smithsonian Institution)._ - -[3] Since the above was written, I have come across L. F. Hadley’s -pictographic writing of the Sign Language, fully set forth in the -bibliographical matter. E. T. S. - - - - -SIGN TALK - -_A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, for Use in the Army, the -Navy, Camping, Hunting, Daily Life and Among the Plains Indians_ - - - - -SIGN TALK OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS - -BY ERNEST THOMPSON SETON - -_“A hand,” “G hand,” “flat hand” etc., mean like “A,” “G,” “flat,” etc., -on page li._ - - -A - -[Illustration] - -=Abandon=, =Give It up= (Thrown away, chucked). Hold both S hands, backs -up, near left breast, briskly swing both down to left side, opening them -with a snap and giving a slight rebound to the hands after the movement, -as though emphatically throwing away something. Sometimes only one hand -is used. Compare _Bad_, _Hate_, and _Charge_. See _Divorce_. - - Fr. _abandonner_; Ger. _aufgeben_. - -=Able.= See _Can_. - -[Illustration] - -=Aboard= (Sitting down on). Left hand out flat, palm up, right S hand on -it, thumb up. Compare _Sit down_. - - Fr. _à bord_; Ger. _an Bord_. - -[Illustration] - -=About= or =Around=. Hold the flat left hand pointing forward, up and to -the right, encircle it several times with the right G finger. If -possible, make it concrete by indicating the very thing that was -encircled. - - Fr. _autour_; Ger. _um_ ... _herum_. - -=About=, in the sense of _Near by_ or _Almost_. See _Close_. - -[Illustration] - -=Above= or =Over= (One thing above another). Bring the flat left hand, -back up, in front of and a little to the left of body; left forearm -horizontal, fingers pointing to right and front; bring the flat right -hand, back up over the left in a semi-circle upward large or small, as -best suggests the actual distance. Has been used for _More than_. -Compare _Beyond_. - - Fr. _au-dessus_; Ger. _über_. - -(=Below= is the reverse of this.) - -=Absent.= See _Empty_. - -[Illustration] - -=Abuse= to =Scold= or =Defame= (Throwing lies against one). Hold the -right V hand near the mouth, pointing to left. Jerk it forward toward -person once or twice. For =Abusing me= make the sign lower opposite the -left breast and inward toward one’s self. - - Fr. _calomnier_, _injurier_; Ger. _schmähen_, _beschimpfen_. - -=Accident.= See _Free_, also _Luck_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ache= or =Pain=. Thrust G finger many times in different directions -over and parallel to the part. Compare _Wound_ and _Sick_. - - Fr. _la douleur_; Ger. _der Schmerz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Across=, =Cross=, or =Over= (Crossing a ridge). Hold the flat left hand -out, palm down, and pointing forward and toward the right, pass the flat -right hand edgewise across the back of the left. If but one person is -meant, the right G is sometimes used. This sign as illustrated is often -used for _Council_. See _Council_ and _Laws_. - - Fr. _d’un côté à l’autre_, _traverser_; Ger. _hinüber_. - -[Illustration] - -=Act=, as in a theatre play. Hold A hands in front perpendicularly, move -up and down alternately as though the thumbs were two puppets. (Deaf -sign, not used or understood by Indians.) Compare _Play_ and _Follow_. - -=Act=, as in a play. Sign _Face_, _Two_, _Dance_ (that is dancing with a -mask) (not established). - - Fr. _jouer_; Ger. _spielen_. - -=Act= or =Deed=. See _Work_. - -[Illustration] - -=Add to= (Piling up). Flat left hand pointing to the right and front, -palm up, forearm horizontal; the palm of flat right hand is placed on -top of left hand a number of times, the left hand being raised a couple -of inches each time, to meet it; the movement ends with left hand as -high as top of the head. Often it is done as in the illustration but -with palm of left down. - -=Adjectives=, see _Comparative_. - -=Adulation.= Kissing the back of the hand. (Pop.) Not Indian, but they -understand it now. (R. B.) - - Fr. _la flatterie_; Ger. _die Schmeichelei_. - -[Illustration] - -=Advance.= Both flat hands back up, pointing forward, tandem, right in -advance, six inches ahead (the fingers extended) moved forward together -in gentle jerks. Compare _Move camp_. - - Fr. _avancer_; Ger. _vorschreiten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Advance Guard= (The one ahead, looking). Flat left hand back up, -pointing forward, breast high; place G right just before it, then turn -right G into V to mean _Looking_. Also used for _Scout_. Compare -_Ahead_. - - Fr. _l’avant-garde_; Ger. _die Vorhut_. - -=Advise= or =Advice=. Sign _Talk_, _Make_, _Way_. (C) Sign _Help_ and -_Talk_ would be near it. - - Fr. _conseiller_; Ger. _raten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Afraid= (Shaking heart). Sign _Heart_ then shake it up and down two or -three times, to indicate the throbbing action of the heart under -influence of fear. Or more strongly, sign _Heart_ and then finish by -raising the hand until its back strikes the chin, to mean the heart -rises in the throat. - - Fr. _effrayé_; Ger. _ängstlich_. - -[Illustration] - -=Afraid= or =Cowardly= (Seger says this means Buffalo backing out of -fight; that is, “drawing in his horns.”) Hold out both G hands level, -backs out, G fingers hooked like horns, draw them straight back together -for six inches. Mostly but one hand is used. Compare _Bring_. - - Fr. _lâche_, _poltron_; Ger. _feige_. - -=Afraid of no one.= Point right G in several directions, then add -_Afraid_, _Not_. - - Fr. _peur de personne_; Ger. _vor niemand Angst haben_. - -[Illustration] - -=After=, =Behind=, or =Late= (Time or space). G fingers pointing forward -at an angle in front of body; left in advance. Draw the right over and -behind the left. Draw it back a little way for a _little bit after_; but -far back and low down for _a long way behind_. Some finish by clenching -the right hand. - -If it meant that _one_ is behind _the rest_, use the flat left hand, -palm down, in advance, with right G behind. - - Fr. _après_; Ger. _hinter_, _nach_. - -[Illustration] - -=Afternoon.= Make a circle of right thumb and index and sweep it over -the afternoon half of the sky from the zenith down. Compare _Sunset_. - - Fr. _l’après-midi_; Ger. _der Nachmittag_. - -=Again.= See _Repeat_ or _More_. - -=Against=, i.e., =Go Against=. Thrust the tips of the flat right, back -out, square against the palm of the flat left held pointing level -forward, back to left. See also _Oppose_. Compare _Quandary_. - - Fr. _contre_; Ger. _wider_. - -=Agent, Indian.= Sign _Whiteman_ and _Chief, Give all_. The Southern -Cheyennes sign _Chief_ and _pull teeth_, because their first agent had -false upper teeth. - -=Agitate.= See _Excite_. - -=Agree.= Sign _You_, _I_, _think_, _same_. Sometimes use _Equal_. See -also _Treaty_. - - Fr. _s’accorder_; Ger. _übereinstimmen_. - -=Agreement.= See _Treaty_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ago=, =Time back=, =Past=, or =Back=. Sign _Time_ and point back over -the right shoulder with right finger G. Sometimes the thumb or the whole -hand is used instead of the index. See _Back_. - - Fr. _passé_, _il y a quelque temps_; Ger. _vorher_, _früher_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ahead= or =Before= (In time). Hold out the left G pointing forward and -up; swing the right G over the left to a place in front of it, both -pointing the same way. Some finish by closing and lowering the right -fist. Compare _After_. - - Fr. _avant_; Ger. _vor_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ahead= or =Before others= (In space or rank). Hold out flat left, back -up, near breast, pointing forward and slightly upward; then hold right G -just before it. Compare _Advance Guard_, which it exactly resembles, -except that this omits _Looking_. - - Fr. _en avant_; Ger. _vor_. - -=Air.= See _Wind_. - -[Illustration] - -=Alight= or =Descend=. Indicate from what, then drop right V fingers -downward onto flat left palm. See _Dismount_. - - Fr. _descendre_; Ger. _absteigen_, _hinuntersteigen_. - -=Alike=, to =Look like= or =Resemble= (Of persons). Make the signs -_Face_ and _Equal_. - - Fr. _semblable_; Ger. _ähnlich sein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Alive=, =Live=, =Life=, or =All right= (Walking about, upright). Hold -index of right hand upright, move it about shoulder high, forward in -long slow zigzags sidewise, always turning it so as to move palm -forward. Also used for _Be_ or _Exist_. See _Life_, _Deer_, and -_Nothing_. The Blackfeet use the sign _Grow_ for this idea. See -_Wandering_. - - Fr. _vivant_; Ger. _lebendig_. - -[Illustration] - -=All.= With right hand flat and back up, describe a large horizontal -circle, shoulder high. - - Fr. _tout_; Ger. _alles_. - -[Illustration] - -=All gone= or =Empty= (Hands swept clean). Both 5 hands in front of -body, backs out, right nearer; loosely brush fingers of right on left -palm, moving right outward, then reverse and repeat. Sometimes begin -with sign _All_. See _Wipe out_. - - Fr. _vide_; Ger. _leer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Alliance= or =Friendship= (Linked together). Form two circles with -thumbs and index fingers, and link them together, other fingers closed. -Some use only index fingers hooked together. - - Fr. _l’alliance_; Ger. _das Bündnis_. - -=All right.= See _Good_ or sometimes _Alive_. - -[Illustration] - -=All the time.= Hold up the left G, pointing upward, forward, and to the -right; strike on it with right G near the tip, then every inch or so up -to the arm. See _Many times_, _Cheyenne_ and _Buy_. - - Fr. _toujours_; Ger. _immerzu_. - -[Illustration] - -=Alone= or =Only= (Living and moving singly). Move the right G hand, -pointed upward, slowly forward and to left in a line slightly waving to -right and left. Compare _Alive_, _Life_, _Man_, _One_ and _Up there_. - - Fr. _seul_; Ger. _allein_. - -=Already.= See _Now_. - -[Illustration] - -=Always=, =Ever=, or =Forever= (Going on in cycles). With elbow at side, -hold the right G hand pointing forward; move hand forward, describing -circles with the index, the result a spiral, ending with the index -raised. (Frosted, borrowed from the Deaf Code.) - -=Always.= Sign _Long time_, _Wiped out_, and _Not_. Sometimes sign -_Stop, Not_. (Blackfoot signs.) See _All the time_. - - Fr. _toujours_; Ger. _immer_. - -=Ambitious= (Pushing to rise). Indicate a person, then sign _Push_ and -_Rising man_, or omit last. - - Fr. _ambitieux_; Ger. _ehrgeizig_. - -=American.= See _Nationalities_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ammunition= (Cartridges in belt). Lay the flat hands, palm in, on belt, -then add _Shoot_ by shooting the right G forward. (Not Cheyenne, but -understood.) - - Fr. _les munitions_; Ger. _die Munition_. - -[Illustration] - -=Among.= Hold the left 5 hand in front of neck, pointing upward, move -right G index (pointing down) in and through. Sometimes use _With_. - - Fr. _parmi_; Ger. _unter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ancestor.= Repeat the sign for _Father_ several times, with the flat -left hand held back out on the breast, and each time pushed farther -away, the _Father_ sign made beyond it. (Crow sign.) The Cheyennes sign -_Father_ and _Old_. - - Fr. _l’ancêtre_; Ger. _der Vorvater_. - -[Illustration] - -=And= or =Also= (Meet and go together). The spread flat right hand, -breast high, back forward, drawn six inches to the right and closed to -flat hand. (Deaf sign.) Compare _Horse_. The Cheyennes use _Equal_ or -_Increase_, according to the sense; or sometimes _With_ or _Add_. - - Fr. _et_, _aussi_; Ger. _und_, _auch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Angry= (Mind twisted). Twist the A hand against or near the forehead. - -Seger maintains that this means a “mad buffalo breaking off his own -horns.” Possibly he is right; for the older signs make the heart, not -the head, the place of the mind, and this must be a very old sign. Some -of the Blackfeet make this sign over the heart. Some grind on the heart -with the flat right fist, palm in, after pointing to the person; -meaning, “he grinds my heart.” See _Sorrow_. - - Fr. _en colère_; Ger. _böse_, _zornig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Animal= or =Quadruped= (Jumper). The compressed right hand, back up, -advanced in short jumps, as in _Frog_ and _Weasel_. Sometimes the sign -_Ground_ is made, first by sweeping the flat right across, palm up. -“Leaping” is generic for the quadruped as “Flying” is generic for -_Bird_. Compare _Jump_. Used by Blackfeet. The Cheyennes considered it -incomplete. - - Fr. _l’animal_; Ger. _das Tier_. - -=Annihilate.= See _Exterminate_ or _Wipe out_. - -=Annoyance.= See _Trouble_. - -=Annul.= See _Rub it out_. - -[Illustration] - -=Another= or =Other= (one other). Hold out flat right, back up, swing it -slowly up, out, _far to right_ and down low, turning it palm up. Compare -_Fall_ and _Lie down_. - - Fr. _un autre_; Ger. _ein anderer_. - -=Another person.= As above, but use right G. (Blackfoot.) In this, as -usual, the index up alone means _Man_. This gesture is so natural that -many whites use it; as, for example, in saying impatiently: “That was -another man altogether.” - -[Illustration] - -=Answer= (Talk come back). Push right G from the mouth in the sign -_Talk_, then draw back reversed; that is, pointing to one’s own face or -ear. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes use _Talk_, _Arrived here_. - -[Illustration] - -=Answer=, =Reply=, =Respond= (The word that follows the other). Right G -index upright on lips, left six inches ahead and parallel; move them -together toward the person. (Frosted, borrowed from the Deaf Code.) - - Fr. _la réponse_; Ger. _die Antwort_. - -[Illustration] - -=Antelope= (Pronged horns of the animal). Bring the L hands palm toward -and alongside of the head, near the base of the ears. - - Fr. _l’antelope_; Ger. _die Antilope_. - -=Anxious.= See _Want_. - -[Illustration] - -=Any= (Scattering). Place the right A hand near left side, elbow high; -draw it down and out to right side in a shaky curve. (Deaf sign.) Use -_Here_ and _There_. (Cheyennes.) - - Fr. _quelconque_, _quelque_; Ger. _irgend ein_. - -=Apache.= See _Indian_. - -=Appear=, =To come into view=. See _Come into view_. - -[Illustration] - -=Appears=, =Seems=, or =Looks like= (See and Same). Hold up flat right -hand, thumb toward self, shoulder high; throw it forward and turn palm -toward self, fixing the eyes on it and sign _Same_. Sometimes use the -sign for _Look_ before _Same_. (Frosted; probably adopted from Deaf -Code.) - - Fr. _paraître_; Ger. _aussehen_, _erscheinen_. - -=Applause.= See _Approval_. - -[Illustration] - -=Approach= or =Moving toward=. Hold partly bent left hand well in front, -breast high, to left side, palm to you and right similarly to right, but -quite near to you; move the latter _slowly_ forward toward former, but -not to touch it by several inches. Some use right G. See _Arrive there_ -and _Quandary_. - - Fr. _approcher_; Ger. _näher kommen_. - -=Approval=, =Applause=, or =Praise=. Make the motion of clapping the -hands, but without noise. A white man’s sign, but now generally -understood. - - Fr. _l’approbation_; Ger. _der Beifall_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arise= or =Get up=. Hold out right G, back down; raise the arm with a -swing and snap and bend the wrist till the finger points straight up. -For a large number, use both 5 hands. - - Fr. _se lever_; Ger. _aufstehen_. - -=Arithmetic.= See _Numeral_. - -=Around.= See _About_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrange= (Parfleches placed in teepee). With flat right, slightly -curved, back out, strike half a dozen times in a circle, turning to -watch the hand; then add _Good_. Sometimes omit _Good_. Or, sign _Work_ -and _Fix_. See _Ready_. - - Fr. _arranger_; Ger. _ordnen_, _einrichten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrest= or =Imprison= (To seize hold of and tie at wrists). Sign -_Seize_ and then add _Prisoner_; that is, cross the wrists, hands -closed. Sometimes the upright left forearm with S hand, back to left, is -held near the left shoulder, grasp left wrist with right hand and pull -it a little distance to right. - - Fr. _arrêter_; Ger. _verhaften_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrive here= or =Get here=. Hold the flat left hand, back out, near the -breast, fingers pointing to right; carry right G, back to front, well -out in front of body; bring the right hand briskly against back of left. -Often the flat right is used instead of right G. - - Fr. _arriver ici_; Ger. _hier ankommen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrive there= or =Reach=. Hold the flat left hand, back to front, well -out in front of body, about height of neck, pointing to right; bring -right G hand, palm outward, in front of and close to neck, carry the -right hand out sharply to strike the palm of the left. - - Fr. _y arriver_; Ger. _hinkommen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrogance.= A haughty lifting of the eyebrows and sidelong, disdainful -look down as upon an inferior. (Scott.) Sign _Head, Big_. In the popular -code, indicate big chest. See _Conceit_ and _Pride_. - - Fr. _l’arrogance_; Ger. _die Anmaszung_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrow.= Make, with a long swing, the motion of drawing an arrow from -the left hand. - - Fr. _la flèche_; Ger. _der Pfeil_. - -[Illustration] - -=As= or =Than=. Both hands, G fingers parallel, level, forward near -right side; carry them over to left in similar position. (A sign -borrowed from the Deaf, Frosted.) This is the same as _Who_; only the -context can show which is meant. Sign _Same_ or _Beside_. - - Fr. _comme_, _que_; Ger. _wie_, _als_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ascend.= Indicate the object (hill, tree, etc.), then press right G -against it, raising the same in jerks. Compare _Famous_. - - Fr. _monter_; Ger. _hinaufsteigen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ashamed= or =Bashful= (Drawing blanket over face). Flat hands pointing -up, palms in, close to face and moved in till the _wrists crossed_, -right nearest the face; bow the head a little. Compare _Blind_ and -_Dark_. The bowing of the head was not generally done, yet is the only -feature to distinguish it from _Dark_. - - Fr. _honteux_; Ger. _verschämt_, _verlegen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ashamed= (I am ashamed). Cover the face and eyes with both hands. -(Pop.) - - Fr. _avoir honte_; Ger. _sich schämen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ashamed= (You should be). See _Shame_. - -=Ashes.= Sign _Fire_ and _Powder_. - - Fr. _la cendre_; Ger. _die Asche_. - -=Ask.= See _Beg_. - -=Assiniboine.= See _Indian_. - -[Illustration] - -=Astonishment= or =Wonder=. Lay the flat palm of left hand over the open -mouth and draw the body backward. Sometimes, also, raise right hand -flat, palm forward. - - Fr. _l’étonnement_; Ger. _die Verwunderung_. - -=Astray.= See _Lost_. - -=Astride.= See _Horseman_. - -[Illustration] - -=At.= Hold left flat hand, back up, pointing partly up; strike the back -with right flat hand. - - Fr. _à_; Ger. _an_, _auf_. - -=Attempt.= See _Try_. - -=Attention= (A command). See _Call_. - -=Aunt.= Sign _Father_ (or _Mother_) and _Sister_. Or, sign _Woman_ with -right, then tuck compressed right, point down, under left arm pit. (R. -B.) - - Fr. _la tante_; Ger. _die Tante_. - -[Illustration] - -=Aurora= or =Northern Lights=. Both hands, backs down, half closed, -thumb and finger tips together, raised very high and spread with a sweep -to indicate flashes. It should be done facing north. It is helped if the -hands when at the highest are swung apart in an arch. - - Fr. _l’aurore boréale_; Ger. _das Nordlicht_. - -=Automobile.= See _Motor car_. - -[Illustration] - -=Autumn= (Leaf-falling time). Make the sign for _Tree_ with both hands, -then for _Leaf_ with the right near the left finger tips, then drop the -leaf with tremulous, wavy motion down and to right. - - Fr. _l’automne_; Ger. _der Herbst_. - -[Illustration] - -=Avoid= or =Miss=. Hold up G hands, move them toward each other as in -_Meet_, but carry left well outside, past and beyond without meeting. -Compare _Meet_, _Trade_, and _Mistake_. - - Fr. _éviter_; Ger. _vermeiden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Awl.= Bore right G finger into left palm. Or, over the left G as in -sewing. - - Fr. _l’alêne_; Ger. _die Ahle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Axe= or =Hatchet=. Hold out the flat right hand, back to right, wrist -bent downward. Make as though chopping with it; that is, strike down -once or twice. Some also grasp it near the elbow with left index and -thumb, but the Cheyennes omit this. For _Hatchet_, indicate _Size_. See -_Tomahawk_. - - Fr. _la hache_; Ger. _das Beil_. - - -B - -[Illustration] - -=Baby.= Swing the flat right hand (sometimes S hand) in the hollow of -the left arm as though it were a baby. Add signs for sex and size when -needed. Compare _Tomahawk_. - - Fr. _le bébé_; Ger. _das Kindchen_, _der Säugling_. - -=Bachelor.= Sign _Man_, _Marriage_, _No_. (C) - - Fr. _le célibataire_; Ger. _der Junggeselle_. - -=Back= or =Again=. See _Repeat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Back=, =Backward=, =Ago=, or =Past= (In time or space). Throw right 5 -hand thumb first back over right shoulder once or twice. See _Ago_. - - Fr. _en arrière_; Ger. _hinten_, _zurück_. - -[Illustration] - -=Backbite.= Lay the right V hand on the mouth, as in _Lie_, then lay it -on the back of the right shoulder. (Blackfoot.) - -=Backbite.= Sign _Scold_, _Talk_, and _Hide_. - - Fr. _médire de_; Ger. _verleumden_. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -=Bacon= (Meat and thin). Hold out the flat left hand, thumb edge up; -with thumb and finger tips of right back down, rub little finger of -left. Hadley gives this with the right hand over. It makes a better -sign, but I never saw it used that way. Compare _Meat_ and _Thin_ and -_Oil_. - - Fr. _le lard_; Ger. _der Speck_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bad= or =Evil= (Suddenly thrown away). Hold clenched fist, back up, -near breast; throw it forward, down, and aside, opening the hand. -Sometimes for emphasis both hands are used. Compare _Abandon_, _Charge_, -and _Hate_. - - Fr. _mauvais_; Ger. _schlecht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Badger= (Walks under ground). Sign _Hole_, _Enter_, and _Walk_. The -Blackfeet sign is _Striped-face_ with size and pawing indicated. - - Fr. _le blaireau_; Ger. _der Dachs_. - -=Bad Taste.= See _Taste Bad_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bag.= Left C hand, back out; drop compressed right into this; then -sometimes indicate thickness with flat hands pointing straight up. - - Fr. _le sac_; Ger. _der Sack_. - -=Bald.= Lay the flat right hand on the forehead, draw it up and back to -the top of the head. Touch the hair and sign _Wiped-out_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _chauve_; Ger. _kahlköpfig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Band= or =Patrol= (Banded together). Hold the compressed left hand -pointing up; encircle it with the right forefinger and thumb. (Chasing -Bear.) Not a true Indian sign and not used, but would understand it. -(Seger.) Sometimes use _Bunch_ or _Few_. See _Tribe_ or _Troop_. - - Fr. _la bande_, _la patrouille_; Ger. _die Schar_, _die Truppe_. - -=Bankrupt.= See _Done_. - -=Bar= or =Saloon= (House of drink). Sign _Crazy_, _Drink_, _House_. - - Fr. _le cabaret_, _la buvette_; Ger. _die Bierstube_, _die Kneipe_. - -=Bark= (Like a dog). Sign _Talk_, but use index and middle finger -against thumb. - - Fr. _aboyer_; Ger. _bellen_. - -=Barracks.= Sign _White_, _Soldier_, _House_. - - Fr. _la caserne_; Ger. _die Kaserne_. - -=Barren.= Sign _Born_ and _All gone_. - - Fr. _stérile_; Ger. _unfruchtbar_. - -=Bar up.= See _Fins_. - -=Baseball signs.= These, of course, are not Indian; they differ locally, -but the three following are used by most umpires: - - _A strike._ The sign “Yes.” - - _Out._ The Same as the “No” sign (as tho striking something to one - side with the back of hand). - - _Safe._ Hand raised as in “Easy.” - -=Bashful.= See _Ashamed_. - -[Illustration] - -=Basin= or =Hollow= (A spread out circle). Hold the L hands low in -front, backs up, forming an incomplete horizontal circle, not touching, -the index fingers nearer each other than thumbs; swing the hands apart -by wrist action so the index fingers point nearly forward. - - Fr. _le bassin_; Ger. _die Vertiefung_, _die Grube_. - -[Illustration] - -=Basket.= Sign _Kettle_, then interlock fingers as in _House of logs_, -to show structure. The Cheyennes understand this, though usually they -sign _Kettle_ and _Sew_. - -[Illustration] - -=Basket.= Lock the fingers of the hollowed hands, backs down, join the -thumbs as for a handle, then with the right hand grasp left thumb and -raise the hand a few inches. (Sioux.) Compare _Corral_. - - Fr. _le panier_; Ger. _der Korb_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bat.= Sign _Night_ and zigzag flight; i.e., flat hands side by side, -breast high, flapped first to right side next to left. (C) - - Fr. _la chauve-souris_; Ger. _die Fledermaus_. - -=Battle, Combat.= Sign _Fight_, after which make _Shoot_ with each hand -toward the other. (C) Compare _Fight_ and _Kill_. - - Fr. _la bataille_, _le combat_; Ger. _die Schlacht_. - -=Battle-cry= or =War-cry.= Open the mouth as in saying “O” and pat it -with flattened fingers of right hand. (C) The Cheyennes use _Yell_. - - Fr. _le cri de bataille_; Ger. _der Schlachtruf_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bay.= Sign _Water_, then bring right L hand well out in front of body, -forming a horizontal half-circle. (C) - - Fr. _la baie_; Ger. _die Bucht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bayonet.= Sign _Gun_, then lay left G index alongside right G, the -latter one-third ahead. If there is doubt, indicate drawing it on the -barrel tip. - - Fr. _la baïonnette_; Ger. _das Bajonett_. - -[Illustration] - -=Be, to be or exist= (Living). Sign _Alive_ and then finish with _Now_ -or _Past_ to indicate tense, and _Many_ to indicate plural. Sometimes -use _Dwell_ or _Recover_ for this idea. Compare _Alone_. - - Fr. _étre_; Ger. _existieren_, _sein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beads.= Hold out the flat right, slightly hollow; drop it a little with -a sidewise quivering to suggest the shimmering of a handful of beads. -(C) - -=Beads.= Simulate holding beads between the left index and thumb, while -threading them with a needle in the right. For _Beadwork_ add a design -or sign for _Work_. - - Fr. _les perles_; Ger. _die Perlen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beans= (One picked out of a handful). Right hand flat, palm up, index -and thumb joined with the tip of index projecting. (Chasing Bear. -Understood by Cheyennes.) - - Fr. _les haricots_; Ger. _die Bohnen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bear.= Hold out the Y hands, backs up, and strike both down; push both -forward in a series of jerks, or swing down, forward and up. - -[Illustration] - -=Bear.= Hold up flat fists near ears, palms forward, to indicate round -ears. (Blackfoot.) Some indicate the paws by holding up both curved 5 -hands. - - Fr. _l’ours_; Ger. _der Bär_. - -=Bear, Grizzly.= As above, but indicate the gray color. - - Fr. _l’ours gris_; Ger. _der graue Bär_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beard.= Hang the compressed right hand, point down, under chin. The -hand or hands are differently placed for different cuts of whiskers. - - Fr. _la barbe_; Ger. _der Bart_. - -=Beat=, or =Overcome=. Use _Kill_. - -=Beautiful=, =Handsome=, or =Pretty=. Hold up flat right hand, and look -on the palm as in a mirror, then make the sign _Good_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beautiful.= Draw the flat hand down near the face, back forward, and -sign _Good_. - - Fr. _beau_; Ger. _schön_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beaver= (Tail of beaver striking mud or water). Hold left flat hand in -front of body, left arm horizontal; strike up against the left palm once -or twice with back of right flat hand. - - Fr. _le castor_; Ger. _der Biber_. - -[Illustration] - -=Because.= Sign _Consider_, then _Behold_. Understood by Cheyennes and -Blackfeet, though not well established. - - Fr. _parce que_; Ger. _weil_. - -=Become= or =Turn into=. Sign _Grow_ and _Same_ or _Arrive there_. - - Fr. _devenir_; Ger. _werden_. - -=Bed= (Spreading blanket for sleep). Hold flat hands palms up, points -forward, one behind the other, left ahead, push it forward, at same time -draw back right, then add _Sleep_. - - Fr. _le lit_; Ger. _das Bett_. - -=Bee.= Sign _Fly_, _Arrow_, and _One_. (C) In Cheyenne, sign _Small_, -_Bird_, _Make_, _Taste_. - - Fr. _l’abeille_; Ger. _die Biene_. - -=Before.= See _Ahead_. - -=Before=, that is, =Future=. Sign for _Time_, but hold left hand near -breast and swing right forward, up and over. Or sign _After_, _Many -Sleeps_. - - Fr. _avant_; Ger. _ehe_. - -=Beg= (To ask alms). Hold out the flat right hand, palm up, as a beggar -does. Swing it forward and upward, then draw it toward self, slightly -curving the fingers. - - Fr. _mendier_; Ger. _betteln_. - -=Beg=, =I beg of you=, =Ask=, =I pray you=. Lay the flat hands together, -palms touching, fingers pointing up (or clasp them) and hold them toward -the person. A white sign now understood by the Indians. Compare _Pray_. - - Fr. _supplier_; Ger. _bitten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Begin=, =Commence=, =Must=, =Push=, =Try=, =Go ahead= (Start in a -race). With elbow at sides and arms level, push fists forward two or -three inches, right a little behind. Or use _Go_. See _Strong_. - - Fr. _commencer_; Ger. _anfangen_, _beginnen_. - -=Behavior.= See _Way_. - -=Behind.= See _After_. - -[Illustration] - -=Behold.= Hold out flat right, palm up, pointing forward and moved -slowly down to below level. Sometimes use both hands. Compare _Show_. - - Fr. _regardez!_; Ger. _siehe da!_ - -=Believe.= Sign _Think_, _Straight_. - - Fr. _croire_; Ger. _glauben_. - -=Belonging to.= See _Possession_. - -=Below=, =Beneath=, or =Under=. Is the reverse of _Above_; which see. - - Fr. _dessous_, _sous_; Ger. _unter_. - -=Belt.= With both hands, make as though putting on a belt. - - Fr. _la ceinture_; Ger. _der Gürtel_. - -=Beneath.= See _Below_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bend= or =Bent=. Take left index in right finger and thumb and bend the -middle joint of it at right angles. Or sign _Break_ very slowly. - - Fr. _plier_; Ger. _biegen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Berry.= With right middle finger and thumb hold tip of right index, -letting it project a little; add _Bushes_. Or, sign _Tree_, _Pick_, and -_Eat_. This is a descriptive phrase rather than an established sign, but -it is a good illustration of impromptu constructions which are -continually made and are at once understood because in harmony with the -main principles of Sign Talk. Compare _Fruit_, _Cherry_, and _Bullet_. - - Fr. _la baie_; Ger. _die Beere_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beside= or =By= (By the side of). Like _With_, but right G about three -inches off left palm. Sometimes use _Close_. - - Fr. _à côté de_, _près de_; Ger. _neben_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bet= or =Wager= (Placing on each of two piles). Indicate the event, as -_Race_, then sign _Place_; that is, hold out partly compressed hands -backs up; swing both forward up and down nearly _together_ at finish. - - Fr. _le pari_; Ger. _die Wette_. - -[Illustration] - -=Between.= Hold up the flat hands, palm to palm, six inches apart; then -thrust the right G on line close past left palm. - -[Illustration] - -=Between.= Hold left V hand, fingers level, pointing to right (or -straight up) and drop right G down between. - - Fr. _entre_; Ger. _zwischen_. - -=Beware=, =Caution=, or =Look out=. See _Warning_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beyond= or =Other side=. Hold the flat left hand, back up, in front of -body about ten inches, fingers pointing to right; bring flat right hand, -back up, between left and body at same height, fingers pointing to left; -swing the right hand upward, outward, and then downward on curve, beyond -left hand, turning right hand back down in movement. Compare _Fall_ and -_Other_. - - Fr. _au-delà de_; Ger. _jenseits_. - -=Bible.= Sign _Book_ and _Medicine_. - - Fr. _la Bible_; Ger. _die Bibel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Big.= Hold the curved 5 hands with palms toward each other, well out in -front of the body, hands a little lower than shoulders and a few inches -apart, pointing forward; separate hands, carrying right to right, left -to left, keeping them opposite each other. Also used for _Long_. Compare -_Great_ and _Long_. - - Fr. _grand_, _gros_; Ger. _grosz_. - -=Bighorn.= See _Sheep_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bird.= With flat hands at the shoulders, palms down, imitate the motion -of wings. Using different speeds for different birds. Compare _Fly_, -which progresses. - - Fr. _l’oiseau_; Ger. _der Vogel_. - -=Birth.= See _Born_. - -=Bison.= See _Buffalo_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bit= (Of a bridle). Place the L hand palm down on the mouth. - - Fr. _le frein_; Ger. _das Gebisz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bite.= Bring the right C hand, back outward and upward, a little in -front of the body; snap sharply together the tips of the first and -second fingers and the tip of thumb against the back of the left flat -hand, repeating the motion. Some omit left hand. The Blackfeet make this -from the mouth. - - Fr. _mordre_; Ger. _beiszen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bitter= or =Sour=. Touch tongue with tip of right G and add _Bad_. -Compare _Salt_, _Sugar_, _Taste_, _Taste bad_. - - Fr. _amer_; Ger. _bitter_. - -=Black.= See _Color_. - -=Blackfoot.= See _Indian_. - -[Illustration] - -=Blackguarding= or =Reviling= (Lies from both). Hold up right V, -pointing nearly level forward, opposite right shoulder; left ditto at -left shoulder; swing them alternately at each other. - - Fr. _outrager_, _insulter_; Ger. _jemanden beschimpfen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Blanket= or =Robe= (Wrapping about shoulder). Bring the A hands palms -toward each other, opposite and above each shoulder _near the neck_; -move the right hand to left and left to right till the wrists are -crossed, right hand nearest body. Compare _Fond_. - - Fr. _la couverture_; Ger. _die Decke_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bless you= (Drawing from above and spreading out). Hold the flat hands -high up in front, palms forward, apart, at arm’s length. Lower them a -little and slightly push toward the person meant. (C) - - Fr. _que Dieu vous bénisse_; Ger. _Gott segne dich!_ - -=Blessing the food.= Hold both 5 hands over the food, then add _Talk_ -upward. - -[Illustration] - -=Blind.= Bring both flat hands, backs outward, in front of and close to -eyes, right hand nearest and both hands parallel to face; move right -hand slightly to left, left to right; then place the tips of the fingers -against closed eyes. (C) - - Fr. _aveugle_; Ger. _blind_. - -[Illustration] - -=Blood= (A wounded buffalo bleeds at the nostrils). Raise the right V -hand so the tips of the fingers are pressed one against each nostril; -move the hand to the right and downward, giving it a tremulous motion. -Add _Red_. Some omit _Red_. - - Fr. _le sang_; Ger. _das Blut_. - -=Bloom= or =Blossom=. See _Flower_. - -=Bluff.= See _Hill_. - -[Illustration] - -=Boat.= Bring the hands together hollowed, fingers straight, little -fingers joining, the thumbs somewhat apart, to represent the body of a -boat, held before the breast. Push it forward to indicate movement. Add -the motion of paddling for _Canoe_, or _Rowing_ for bigger boat. Usually -the _Boat_ sign is omitted; _Paddling_ or _Rowing_ being enough by -itself. Compare _Bowl_. - - Fr. _le bateau_; Ger. _der Kahn_. - -=Boil.= See _Cook_. - - Fr. _bouillir_; Ger. _kochen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bone.= Hold up the left hand, palm down, wrist a little bent; with -right G tap the wrist bone on outer side of left; then add _Hard_. - - Fr. _l’os_; Ger. _der Knochen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bonnet=, that is, _Warbonnet_. Sweep 5 hands along near each side of -head from front to back. Sometimes also sweep right 5 hand down behind -for the _Tail_. - - Fr. _le bonnet de guerre_; Ger. _die Federkappe_. - -[Illustration] - -=Book.= Open and close the flat hands like cover of a book, then -indicate the lines of writing. Sometimes show the thickness to -distinguish it from _Letter_. Compare _Open_ and _Shut_. - - Fr. _le livre_; Ger. _das Buch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Born=, =Birth=, or =Parturition= (Issuing from loins). Flat right in -front of and near the body, pointing downward and to front, moved -downward and outward on a curve. Compare _Dive_. - - Fr. _né_; Ger. _geboren_. - -=Borrow.= See _Lend_. - -=Boss.= Use _Chief_. - -=Both.= Sign _Or_, that is, hold up the left V, pointing forward, and -tap each tip of V, and in turn, with right G; then over left V add _All_ -with right. Sometimes point to each and add _Two_. Sometimes use _All_. -Blackfeet use _Two_ and _Same_. - - Fr. _tous les deux_; Ger. _beide_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bow= (Weapon). The left A hand held still, a little advanced, the right -A hand touches it and makes the motion of drawing the cord of the bow. - - Fr. _l’arc_; Ger. _der Schiessbogen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bowl= (A vessel). With curved hands side by side, fingers bent, palms -up, indicate shape. (C) Compare _Boat_. For a larger vessel, use -_Basin_. - - Fr. _le bol_; Ger. _die Schale_, _die Schüssel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Box.= Hold out both flat hands side by side, backs up; then swing apart -and down at right angles, turning the hands at the angle so the backs -are out. - - Fr. _la boîte_; Ger. _der Kasten_. - -=Boy.= Sign _Man_, _Young_. - - Fr. _le garçon_; Ger. _der Knabe_. - -=Brag.= See _Bravado_. - -[Illustration] - -=Brain.= Touch forehead with N hand. - - Fr. _le cerveau_; Ger. _das Gehirn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Brand= or =Name=. All fingers of right closed but thumb and index, -these form a “C,” which lay on the palm of flat left, pointing forward, -thumb up. Sometimes lay it on left shoulder outside. Compare _Name_. - - Fr. _la marque_, _marquer avec un fer rouge_; Ger. _das Zeichen_, _das - Brandmal_, _einbrennen_. - -=Bravado= or =Brag=. Sign _Fire_, _Talk_, _True_, and _No_. (C) - - Fr. _la bravade_; Ger. _die Prahlerei_. - -=Brave= (Strong heart). Sign _Heart_ and _Strong_. - - Fr. _brave_; Ger. _mutig_, _tapfer_. - -=Brave=, as an intensive. See _Very much_. - -=Bread= (Making a cake). Gently clap the slightly hollow right hand over -slightly hollow left hand, then reverse so left is on right and clap -them together again; repeat. - - Fr. _le pain_; Ger. _das Brot_. - -[Illustration] - -=Break.= Make the motion of seizing a stick, hold it horizontally with -both hands and breaking it in the middle. The thumbs finish wide apart. - - Fr. _casser_, _briser_; Ger. _zerbrechen_. - -=Breakfast=. Sign _Sunrise_ and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le déjeuner_; Ger. _das Frühstück_. - -=Breeze=. See _Wind_. - -=Bribe.= Hold the hand behind the back, hollowed, open and palm up. -(Pop.) - - Fr. _corrompre_; Ger. _bestechen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bridge= (Lifting over water). Sign _Water_; hold out the flat hands -horizontally in front of body, pointing forward, palms up; and _Across_. - - Fr. _le pont_; Ger. _die Brücke_. - -=Bridle.= Like _Bit_; but raise the hand till near the eyes. - - Fr. _la bride_; Ger. _der Zaum_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bring=, =Take=, or =Fetch=. Move the right G hand briskly well in front -or to right or left of body; draw the hand with a sweep in toward the -body, at the same time curving index finger. Compare _Come_ in which the -index is held vertically, and _Steal_. - - Fr. _apporter_, _prendre_; Ger. _bringen_, _nehmen_, _holen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Broad= or =Wide=. Same as _Big_, but keep the hands flat and palms up. - -[Illustration] - -=Broad and Spreading= is the same as above but with palms down. Compare -_Prairie_. - - Fr. _large_; Ger. _breit_. - -=Broke= or =Dead broke=. See _Done_ (No. 2.) - -=Broken down.= See _Decrepit_. - -=Brook.= See _Creek_. - -[Illustration] - -=Brother= (Suck together). Lay nearly horizontal N of right hand on -lips; draw it away and down, then add _Male_. - - Fr. _le frère_; Ger. _der Bruder_. - -[Illustration] - -=Brother-in-Law.= Left forearm across breast; with lower edge of flat -right, strike down past left elbow. Probably means relative on the side. -(R. B.) - - Fr. _le beau-frère_; Ger. _der Schwager_. - -=Bucket.= Sign _Bowl_, then indicate the handle. - - Fr. _le seau_; Ger. _der Eimer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Buffalo= (Curved horns). Hold the curved G fingers palms toward and -close to sides of head; raise the hands slightly and carry them a little -to the front. To distinguish domestic cattle, add _Spotted_. The Navahos -reverse this; that is, with them the curved horns as above means -_Cattle_, to which they add _Beard_, to mean _Buffalo_. - - Fr. _le bison_; Ger. _der Büffel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bullet.= Sign _Fire off_; then grasp the forefinger of the hand with -the second finger and thumb, so that the tip of it will so extend beyond -them and represent the ball. - - Fr. _la balle_; Ger. _die Kugel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bunch= (Of fruit). Hold out the compressed right hand opposite throat, -fingers pointing down. Compare _Beard_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bunch= (A small herd grazing). Hold out curved right 5 hand, back up -and forward. See _Herd_. Sometimes use _Enclosure_. - - Fr. _le troupeau_; Ger. _die Anzahl_, _die kleine Herde_. - -=Burn.= Sign _Fire_ and _Wipe out_. - - Fr. _brûler_; Ger. _brennen_. - -=Bushes= or =Brush=. Like _Grass_, but breast high; and draw right hand -to you and left far ahead. - - Fr. _la broussaille_; Ger. _das Gebüsch_. - -=Busy.= Sign _Push_ and _Work_. - - Fr. _occupé_; Ger. _beschäftigt_. - -=But=, =Except=, =Save=, or =Unless= (Of all one pulled back). Sign -_All_, with right swung to left; then sign _One_, with left at left -side, and pull it to right side between forefinger and thumb of right. - -=But.= Sign _All Go_, _One_, _Sits_. - -[Illustration] - -=But= (One drawn back). Point right G down, forward and to right; hold -it a second, then jerk it back four or five inches. (Hadley.) - - Fr. _mais_; Ger. _aber_. - -=Butte.= See _Hill_. - -=Buy.= Sign _Money_ and _Trade_, making it clear who gives the money. - -[Illustration] - -=Buy= or =Sell= i.e., =Market=. Tap three times on side of left G index -with side of right G index. Compare, _All the time_, _Peas_, and -_While_. See _Sell_. - - Fr. _acheter_; Ger. _kaufen_. - -=By.= See _Beside_. - -[Illustration] - -=By and By= (After a little time). Hold the pinched index and thumb of -each hand as in _Time_, but half an inch apart. Or sign _Time -afterward_. Compare _Sometime_. - - Fr. _plus tard_; (C) Ger. _später_. - - -C - -=Cache.= See _Hide_. - -[Illustration] - -=Call=, =Attention!= =Say!= Strike the palm of the open left hand with -the tips of right fingers, then swing right G a little toward the -person. - - Fr. _dites donc_; Ger. _hören Sie!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Called= or =Named=. Lay the back of the crooked right G _on lips_, -pointing to front and left, its tip pressed against the thumb, which is -nearly straight; then move the hand upward and forward in a curve, -straightening out the index finally with a snap, pointing toward the -person or thing. Compare _Talk_ in which the action is repeated. See -also _Name_. - - Fr. _appelé_; Ger. _genannt_. - -=Camera.= Sign _Picture_ and _See_. Compare _Photograph_. - -[Illustration] - -=Camp= (Set up the lodge). Sign _Teepee_, holding the hands face high; -drop the hands together for a foot with energy. - - Fr. _le camp_; Ger. _das Lager_. - -[Illustration] - -=Camp-fire.= Hold left hand flat, palm down, fingers a little spread; -then lay right hand fingers similarly held across at right angles, to -indicate the wood laid ready, and add the sign for _Fire_. (Sheeaka.) -Not a true Indian sign, but sufficiently descriptive for the Cheyennes -to understand it. - - Fr. _le feu de camp_; Ger. _das Lagerfeuer_. - -=Camp-fire Girls.= Sign _Camp-fire_, then raise the right index in a -spiral for _Smoke_. - -=Camp-fire man are you?= Give the signs _Question_, _you_, _camp-fire_, -and _man_ or briefly make the _Camp-fire_ sign and look inquiringly. - - Fr. _Êtes vous membre du Camp-fire Club_; Ger. _Sind Sie ein - Mitglied des Lagerfeuer Klubs?_ - -[Illustration] - -=Can=, =Able=, or =Power=. Hold both S hands in front, elbows at sides, -thumbs up; drop the hands for six inches with a jerk. (Sheeaka and the -Blackfeet.) Sometimes use only one hand. The Cheyennes sign _Own_, -_Strong_, _Medicine_. - - Fr. _pouvoir_; Ger. _können_. - -=Candid= (True, clear as day and good). Sign _True_, _Day_, and _Good_. -(C) - - Fr. _sincère_; Ger. _aufrichtig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Candle.= Hold up left G finger and with right hand sign _Fire_ on its -tip, then indicate length on left arm. - - Fr. _la bougie_; Ger. _die Kerze_. - -[Illustration] - -=Candy-stick.= Sign _Sugar_; then on left G index held upright, show -stripes. (C) - - Fr. _le bonbon_; Ger. _das Zuckerwerk_. - -=Cannon.= Sign _Gun_ and _Big_. - - Fr. _le canon_; Ger. _die Kanone_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cannot=, or =Unable=, =Fail=, =Failure= (The arrow that failed to -stick). Hold the flat left hand out in front, thumb edge up; strike the -palm of it with the forefinger of the right G hand, which then at once -rebounds and is thrown forward and down to rest on its back. - - Fr. _ne pas pouvoir_, _incapable_; Ger. _nicht können_, _unfähig_. - -=Canoe.= Sign _Boat_ and _Paddle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Canoe of birch bark.= Push forward compressed right, back down, to -represent the curved prow, then add _Paddle_. - - Fr. _la pirogue_, _le canot_; Ger. _das Kanu_, der _Rindenkahn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Canyon= (Between hills). Hold up the fists, palms toward each other, -about six inches apart, face high; then indicate _Go between_; that is, -hold the left unchanged but thrust forward the flat right hand, palm to -left. (Blackfoot.) Compare _Between_. - - Fr. _le canyon_, _le grand ravin_; Ger. _die Schluckt_. - -=Cards.= Hold imaginary cards in left and deal with right hand. - - Fr. _les cartes_; Ger. _die Karten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Caribou.= Sign _Deer_, _High_, and lay the flat right hand on forehead -so the fingers slightly spread point forward, showing the _brow shovel_. -(Blackfoot.) Sometimes omit _High_. - - Fr. _le renne_, _le caribou_; Ger. _das Karibu_. - -[Illustration] - -=Carriage=, or =Covered Wagon=. Sign _Wagon_, then raise the hands, -palms down, flat, but bent at an angle, up above the head, and move -forward about two feet to represent the carriage top. - -=Carriage= or =Buggy=. Sign _Wagon_, _Small_, and sometimes add _Black_. - - Fr. _la voiture_; Ger. _der Wagen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Carry= or =Pack=. Both closed hands held opposite the temple as if -holding the tump line, the shoulders slightly forward as though bearing -a pack. - - Fr. _porter_; Ger. _tragen_. - -=Carry in the hand.= With one hand make as though carrying a basket by -the handle. - -=Cars.= See _Railroad train_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cartridge.= Hold right G hand, back up, in front of body, index -horizontal and pointing to front, thumb pressed against side of index, -with the thumb tip just back of second joint; add _Shoot_. See -_Ammunition_. - - Fr. _la cartouche_; Ger. _die Patrone_, (_artill_) _die Kartusche_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cat= (Flattened or turned-up nose). Lay A hand on nose, rotating a -little out and up. (C) Sign _Nose_, _Short_, _Dog_. - - Fr. _le chat_; Ger. _die Katze_. - -=Catch.= Same as _Get_ but action quicker. See _Get_. - - Fr. _attraper_; Ger. _fangen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Catholic.= Indicate gown by sweeping the 5 hands down over the sides -and outward; then add _Black_. Sometimes make the sign of the Cross. - - Fr. _catholique_; Ger. _katholisch_. - -=Cattle.= Sign _Buffalo_ and _Spotted_. (Blackfoot.) Compare _Buffalo_. -Or, sign _Buffalo_ and _Whiteman_. - - Fr. _les bestiaux_; Ger. _das Vieh_. - -=Caution.= See _Warning_. - -=Cavalry.= _Soldier_ and _Ride_. - - Fr. _la cavalerie_; Ger. _die Kavallerie_. - -[Illustration] - -=Centre.= With thumbs and index fingers of L hands make a horizontal -circle; then, keeping the left unchanged, indicate centre with right G -finger. Sometimes draw a horizontal circle with right G, then drop same -down into its centre. - - Fr. _le centre_; Ger. _die Mitte_. - -=Certain.= Sign _I_, _Know_, _Good_. Or use _True_. - - Fr. _certain_; Ger. _sicher_. - -[Illustration] - -=Challenge=, =Defy=, or =Dare=. Spring the middle finger with a vigorous -snap toward the person, the other fingers closed; hand held face high, -back up. A European sign given by Butler. Compare _There_ and -_Defiance_. - - Fr. _défier_; Ger. _herausfordern_. - -=Chance.= See _Luck_. - -[Illustration] - -=Character= (Shape of heart). Lay right C hand on heart, draw it out, -that is, forward, a little and with both A hands outline a human figure. -(D) Sign _Heart_, _Good_, _Bad_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _le caractère_; Ger. _der Charakter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Charge= (Military, against others). Swing both fists from right -shoulder forward and a little down in an up curve, away, rising a -little, at the same time springing them open. - - Fr. _la charge_ (_contre les autres_); Ger. _die Attacke_, _der - Angriff_ (_gegen andere_). - -[Illustration] - -=Charge= (Military, against us). Similar but reversed, springing the -hands open toward one’s face. - - Fr. _la charge_ (_contre nous_); Ger. _die Attacke_ (_gegen uns_). - -=Chase.= See _Follow_. - -=Cherries= (Choke). Sign, _Tree_, _Pick_, and _Pound_. (Blackfoot.) See -_Berry_. - - Fr. _les cerises_; Ger. _die Kirschen_. - -=Cheyenne.= See _Indian_. - -[Illustration] - -=Chicken.= Sign _Bird_, then _Red_ and with 5 hand on crown show _Comb_. -(C) Or sign _Bird_ and _Whiteman_. - - Fr. _le poulet_; Ger. _das Huhn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Chief= (People with one man rising above them). Hold up left 5 hand, -palm to right, pass index of right G hand at several inches above left. -(Scott.) The Cheyennes omit left hand; they shoot the right G up over -and much down in a long sweep, finishing lower than it began. - - Fr. _le commandant_; Ger. _der Häuptling_. - -=Child= or =Offspring=. Compressed right hand, points up, swung well out -in front and dropped a foot to the height of the child. Compare _Young_. - - Fr. _l’enfant_; Ger. _das Kind_. - -[Illustration] - -=Children= (Springing up). Hold out both hands, palms up, very low, -fingers pointing up and scarcely spread; alternately swing them up and -down for six inches. Compare _Grass_, in which they are held low and are -spread widely; also _Bushes_. - - Fr. _les enfants_; Ger. _die Kinder_. - -[Illustration] - -=Choose=, =Make choice=, or =Select=. Hold right G shoulder high, back -up, a foot in front of the breast, swing it in a circle with a -succession of little bounds or up curves, as though pointing at many -different objects in succession, the head turned to follow always; then -finish by throwing the G finger forward in a curve; or, in some cases, -finish by picking up the imaginary object selected, using index and -thumb for this. Compare _Find_, _Hunting_, and _Look_. - - Fr. _choisir_; Ger. _wählen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Chop.= Use the flat right hand, little finger down, as an axe, chopping -first from right, then from left, once on each side. Sometimes do this -on back of left hand, which stands for the log. Compare _Free_, which is -two or three cuts on right side only. - - Fr. _couper_, _trancher_; Ger. _hauen_, _hacken_. - -=Christmas= (The day of the shining tree). Sign _Tree_, then hold hand -with fingers spread and crooked, palm down, level of face. Lower it six -inches in short, quick zigzags to suggest glittering or shimmering. (W. -C. Roe.) In _Snow_ the hand is lowered in long zigzags for about two -feet. See _Shimmer_. Or sign _Middle_, _Winter_, _Tree_, and _Hanging_; -for the last, hold the curved 5 hands, backs up, at level of the eyes; -jerk them a little apart. (R. B.) - - Fr. _le Noël_; Ger. _Weihnachten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Church= (Steeple house). Cross clasp the fingers so the tips are -within, then raise both index fingers to form the steeple. (Pop.) - -=Church.= Sign _Medicine_, _Talk_, _House_. - - Fr. _l’église_; Ger. _die Kirche_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cigarette.= Sign _Tobacco_; then lay G fingers side by side pointing -opposite ways; roll one about the other. Sometimes omit _Tobacco_; -sometimes give _Cigar_ (2nd sign) and _Little_. - - Fr. _la cigarette_; Ger. _die Zigarette_. - -=Cigar= (=2=). Sign _Cigarette_, _Black_, and _Smoking_. Sometimes hold -right G at corner of mouth, pointing forward. _Cigar_ and _Cigarette_ -are recent signs and changing rapidly. - - Fr. _le cigare_; Ger. _die Zigarre_. - -=City= (Big town). Make sign for _Town_, then add sign for _Big_. Or -omit _Big_ but swing the hands far apart. - - Fr. _la ville_; Ger. _die Stadt_. - -=Cities.= Many are indicated by their initial letter enhanced with -twisting motion. (D) For some we may use their nickname but this is -merely a suggestion. - - =Boston= (The Hub). Sign for _City_ and _Centre_. - - =Chicago= (Windy City). Sign for _City_ and _Wind_. The Cheyennes - call it _Big Lake City_. - - =Kansas City= (Buffalo Head City). Sign _Buffalo Head_ and point up - high to the wall. (Cheyenne.) - - =London.= Sign _City_, _Chief_, and _Red Coats_. - - =New York= (Knickerbocker City). Sign for _City_ and trousers cut off - below the knee; i.e., draw flat of hand down over thigh then below - knee and stop, turning edge of hand in. Or sign _Big Island City_. - (Blackfoot.) - - =Ottawa.= Sign _City_, _Chief_, and _Capotes_. - - [Illustration] - - =Philadelphia= (Quaker City). Sign _City_, then make sign for broad - hat with rim curled up by drawing both index fingers across mid-brow, - level in front, then twisting them up at the place of the rim. Or “no - name, just _Big City_, nothing distinctive.” (Blackfoot.) - - =Pittsburg= (Smoky City). Sign for _City_ and _Smoky_. - - =Rome= (Eternal City). Sign _City_ and _Forever_. - - =Washington.= Sign _Father_, _Chief_, _Sits_. (Cheyenne.) - -[Illustration] - -=Clean-handed= or =Innocent= (Great Spirit see no blood on these hands). -Lift hands over shoulder, palms up higher than head and add _Blood_, -_No_. (C) Or, sign _Work_, _Bad_, _No_. - - Fr. _innocent_; Ger. _unschuldig_. - -=Clear= (Clear Sky). Sign _Clouds_, then swing the hands wide apart, -finishing with palms up at arm’s length, up high. Or, sign _Clouds_, -_Wiped out_. (Blackfoot.) - -=Clever.= See _Cunning_. - -[Illustration] - -=Close=, =Near=, =Nearly=, =Soon=, =Early=, =About=, or =Almost= (Draw -near). Bring the flat curved right hand, back to right, well out in -front of body, about height of shoulder; draw the hand in toward the -body and slightly downward. Compare _Far_. See also _Soon_. - - Fr. _près_, _presque_; Ger. _nahe_, _beinahe_. - -=Clothes.= See _Coat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Clouds= (Rolling). Rotate the flat hands over each other from in front -of the face, to over the head. - -[Illustration] - -=Clouds= (Rain). Look upward, swing the flat hands at arm’s length, -palms down over the head; then add _Rain_. - - Fr. _les nuages_; Ger. _die Wolken_. - -=Coal.= Sign _Hard_, _Fire_, and _Good_. - - Fr. _le charbon_; Ger. _die Kohle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Coat= or =Clothes=. Hold the L hands near the breast, palms in; swing -them down to the waist. - - Fr. _l’habit_; Ger. _der Rock_. - -[Illustration] - -=Coffee= (Grinding coffee in mill). A few inches over the flat left -hand, back down, move the right A as though turning the crank of a -coffee mill. Or, sign _Black Drink_. Compare _Tobacco_. - - Fr. _le café_; Ger. _der Kaffee_. - -=Coin.= Close hollow right over hollowed left and shake as tho jingling -coin. (Sheeaka; not Indian, but now understood.) See _Dollar_. - - Fr. _la pièce d’argent_; Ger. _die Münze_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cold= (Shivering). Bring the fists in front of and close to body, -height of shoulder, elbows at sides, shoulders drawn in, and shiver. See -_Winter_. Compare _Blanket_. - - Fr. _froid_; Ger. _kalt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Color.= With the finger tips of right hand (thumb crooked under) rub -circularly on the palm of left hand as though rubbing color. Often add -_Same_ or _Equal_, to make more clear. - - Fr. _la couleur_; Ger. _die Farbe_. - - =Black.= Sign _Color_ and touch the hair or eyebrow. - - Fr. _noir_; Ger. _schwarz_. - - =Blue.= Sign _Sun_ with left hand and then draw the right G finger - around it to mean color of sky around the sun. (Sheeaka). Or, sign - _Color_ and _Sky_. - - Fr. _bleu_; Ger. _blau_. - - =Brown.= Sign _Color_ and _Deer_. - - Fr. _brun_; Ger. _braun_. - - =Gray.= Sign _Color_, _Little_, and _White_. - - Fr. _gris_; Ger. _grau_. - - =Green.= Sign _Color_ and _Grass_. - - Fr. _vert_; Ger. _grün_. - - =Red= (Cheek color). Sign _Color_ and lightly brush the right finger - tips over the cheek, points to right. - - Fr. _rouge_; Ger. _rot_. - - =White.= Sign _Color_ and rub thumb nail of left A hand with tip of - right G finger; i.e., nail color, white in Indians. - - Fr. _blanc_; Ger. _weiss_. - - =Yellow.= Sign _Color_ and point to any yellow object, such as a straw - or dead grass. Or sign _Color_, _Grass_, and _Dead_. - - Fr. _jaune_; Ger. _gelb_. - - For other colors, touch or indicate some object of the tint meant. - -[Illustration] - -=Comb.= With all fingers of right 5 hand hooked, comb the right side of -the head and down as far as the breast two or three times. Compare -_Woman_. - - Fr. _le peigne_; Ger. _der Kamm_. - -=Combat.= See _Battle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Come=. Carry right G hand, back out, fingers up, in a graceful sweep -from arm’s length to within a foot of one’s face. Many use the flat hand -swung down and to you, palm under and toward you. Railroad men use the -whole arm, swinging it across the body at an angle of 45 degrees, so as -to be seen in a dim light. - - Fr. _venez_; Ger. _kommen Sie_. - -=Come back=. Hold flat left, back forward, near breast; swing right -ditto pointed up from arm’s length in against back of left. See _Arrive -here_. - - Fr. _revenez_; Ger. _kommen Sie zurück_. - -[Illustration] - -=Come between= or =Intervene=. Hold out left hand flat, back out, at -arm’s length and pass flat right, thumb up, between left and body. - - Fr. _s’interposer, intervenir_; Ger. _dazwischen kommen_. - -=Come gently.= See _Easy_. - -[Illustration] - -=Come for a moment.= Right hand held forward and up, fingers closed -except index, with which beckon by crooking and straightening, the hand -not moved. (Pop.) White sign, now fully adopted by the Cheyennes. - - Fr. _venez une seconde_; Ger. _kommen Sie einen Augenblick her_. - -[Illustration] - -=Come into view= or =Appear=. Hold out flat left hand, back forward, -thrust right G index up, farther off, under and behind, until it appears -above. - - Fr. _paraître_; Ger. _erscheinen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Comfort= (See how smooth or fat). Draw flat right hand, palm in, down -breast, then off and up in curve forward, palm up. (Sheeaka.) Compare -_Confess_. Sometimes use _Glad_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _le bien-être_; Ger. _die Behaglichkeit_. - -[Illustration] - -=Comfortable.= Alternately rub left palm over back of right hand, then -right over left back, always palm up; then swing both forward. (Sheeaka. -Probably from Deaf.) - - Fr. _confortable_; Ger. _gemütlich_. - -=Coming.= Hold out the flat right, palm to you and pointing nearly up; -draw it to you in little jerks. - - Fr. _venant_; Ger. _kommend_. - -=Coming man.= See _Rising man_. - -=Commence.= See _Begin_. - -=Compass points.= - - _North—Wind cold there._ - - Fr. _le nord_; Ger. _der Norden_. - - _East—Sunrise there._ - - Fr. _l’est_; Ger. _der Osten_. - - _South—Wind warm there._ - - Fr. _le sud_; Ger. _der Süden_. - - _West—Sunset there._ - - Fr. _l’ouest_; Ger. _der Westen_. - -=Complete.= See _Done_. - -=Comparative=, etc., of _Adjectives_. - - For =Positive=, give first the adjective then swing the flat right - hand out a little, level, palm up. (Sheeaka.) - - For =Comparative=, give first the adjective then raise the right G - hand to the height of the chin, pointing up. (Sheeaka.) See _More_, - and sometimes use _Ahead_ or _Above_ after the adjective. - - Fr. _le comparatif_; Ger. _der Komparativ_. - - For =Superlative=, give first the adjective then add _Strong_ and - _Ahead_ or _Very much_. - - Fr. _le superlatif_; Ger. _der Superlativ_. - -=Conceal.= See _Hide_. - -[Illustration] - -=Conceit= (Swelled Head). Hold hands open and curved, one on each side -of the head, two or three inches away. A whiteman’s sign, but quite well -known now to the younger generation of Indians. - -If in unbelievable degree, stretch the right hand at full length -sidewise, and work the first finger as though scratching the ear which -is supposed to be just above the hand. (Pop.) - -=Conceit.= Sign _He_, _Think_, _Strong_. - - Fr. _la vanité_, _la présomption_; Ger. _die Einbildung_, _der - Dünkel_. - -=Conduct.= Same as _Way_. - -[Illustration] - -=Confess= (Show the heart). Lay points of both compressed hands on -centre of breast, then spring them away, out and aside, turning them -flat and palms up. Sometimes but one hand is used. I am inclined to -think that this should be simply _Heart_ and _Behold_, although none of -my Indians made it that way. Sometimes sign _You_, _Tell_, _True_. - - Fr. _confesser_; Ger. _gestehen_. - -=Congress.= Sign _Whiteman_, _Chief_, _Council_ (No. 2). - - Fr. _le Congrès_; Ger. _der Kongresz_. - -=Connivance= (Wink, that is, close one eye). This ancient sign assumes -that the person who should see, closes the eye next his accomplice. -(Pop. Also Cheyenne.) - - Fr. _la connivence_; Ger. _die Konnivenz_, _das (strafbare) - Einverständnis_. - -[Illustration] - -=Consider=, =Ponder=, or =Weigh= (Wisdom looking on the ground). Sign -_Wolf_ (i.e., _wisdom_, analogous with our word “foxy”), then turn -downward the points of the two fingers representing the wolf ears, back -of hand near the eyes and moving the hand from right to left as in -surveying the ground. (Scott.) - -[Illustration] - -=Consider.= Hold the right “4” hand near the heart, pointing to left, -rotate a little back and forth. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes use V hand, -which makes it the same as _If_. See _Because_. - - Fr. _considérer_; Ger. _erwägen_. - -=Constable.= See _Policeman_. - -=Contempt.= See _Scorn_. - -=Contented.= =To make contented, Satisfied.= Use _Glad_ or _Sit_, -_Good_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _content_; Ger. _zufrieden_. - -=Continue.= Sign _Go_ and _Long Time_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _continuer_; Ger. _fortsetzen_. - -=Conversation.= See _Discussion_, _Speech_, and _Talk_. - -=Cook= (In the abstract). See _Make_ and _Food_. - - Fr. _faire cuire_, _cuisiner_; Ger. _kochen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cook= (By boiling). With both L hands make a horizontal circle, then -holding left unchanged, put something into it with right and add _Fire_. -Compare _Centre_ and _Hole_. - - Fr. _cuire_, _bouillir_; Ger. _kochen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cook= (By frying). Place flat right on flat left hand, palm to palm, -then flip the right like a pancake, turning it palm up as it drops on -the left. - -=Cook= (By broiling). As in the above _Frying_, but leave out the left -hand entirely. - - Fr. _griller_; Ger. _braten_, _rösten_. - -=Cook= (noun). Sign _Man_, _Makes_, _Food_. - - Fr. _le cuisinier_; Ger. _der Koch_. - -=Coon.= See _Raccoon_. - -[Illustration] - -=Corn= (Shelling the corn). Hold out the left A hand, thumb straight and -resting on index finger; place the ball of the thumb of right A hand on -back of left thumb near its base; twist the right hand by wrist action -to the right and downward until the right thumb slips off with a snap -against the right index. Repeat once or twice. - - Fr. _le maïs_; Ger. _der türkische Weizen_, der _Mais_. - -[Illustration] - -=Corral= or =Fenced Field= or =Pasture= (Area embraced or held). -Interlock the fingers, hold arms curved in front, horizontal; then add -_Enclosure_, i.e., swing the hands apart and draw back each in a half -circle till their heels meet near you. - - Fr. _le corral_; Ger. _die Einzäunung_. - -[Illustration] - -=Council= (Sitting in a circle and talking). Bring the A hands, back -outward, well out in front of body, a little lower than the shoulders, -little fingers touching; swing them apart and toward the body so they -meet close to it, forming a horizontal circle; palms forward; then add -_Discussion_. - -=Council= (=2=). Exactly like _Across_, but repeated two or three times. -This is a recent sign among the Cheyennes, but is becoming popular. See -_Across_ and _Law_. - - Fr. _le conseil_; Ger. _die Ratsversammlung_. - -=Counsel= or =Advice=. See _Advice_. - -=Counting.= See _Numbers_. - -[Illustration] - -=Count coup= or =Make a hit= or a =Strike= (Striking a dead body with -the coup stick). Strike the top joint of the right G index on the middle -of the left G index, as the right is swung from below up. _Grand Coup_ -sign _Coup_ and _Great_. - - Fr. _le coup_; Ger. _der Treffschusz_. - -=Country.= See _Land_. - -=Coup.= See _Count coup_. - -[Illustration] - -=Courting= (Driving or rounding up in secret). Thrust the right L hand -back nearly up under flat left, held palm down, twisting the right by -wrist action. Compare _Sweetheart_ and _Glitter_. - - Fr. _faire la cour_; Ger. _das Cour machen_, _das Hof machen_. - -=Coward.= See _Fear_. - -=Coyote.= Sign _Wolf_ and _Small_. - - Fr. _le coyote_, _le loup des prairies_; Ger. _der Präriewolf_. - -[Illustration] - -=Crab.= Place base of wrist of right hand, palm down, on some flat -surface, thumb and little finger extended and curved (others closed) to -represent claws. Then move the hand sidewise backward, waving the claws. -(Scott.) Compare _Spider_. - - Fr. _le crabe_; Ger. _die Krabbe_. - -=Crave.= See _Want_. - -=Crayfish.= Hold out the V hand level; draw it back, opening and -shutting the V. Compare _Dog_. - - Fr. _l’écrevisse_; Ger. _der Krebs_. - -[Illustration] - -=Crazy=, =Foolish=, =Mad=, =Demented= (Brain in a whirl). Raise -compressed right hand, all fingers together, tap the forehead with it -and make one or two quick circles with finger tips in the air. -(Sheeaka.) Tap the forehead, shake the head and point to the person. -(Pop.) - -=Crazy.= Swing the 5 hand in horizontal circles near the forehead, going -with the sun. Going the reverse way always raises a laugh among -Cheyennes; it both intensifies and makes the idea ridiculous. - - Fr. _fou_; Ger. _verrückt_. - -=Cree.= See _Indian_. - -[Illustration] - -=Creek=, =Brook=, or =Rill=. Sign _Water_, then draw right G hand, back -up, held low, from opposite left side, past body to right side; finger -level, pointing to left and waved sidewise. Compare _River_, _Snake_, -_Crooked_, and _Wire_. - - Fr. _le ruisseau_; Ger. _der Bach_. - -=Crime= or =Sin=. Sign _Strong_, _Bad_, _Work_. - - Fr. _le crime_; Ger. _das Verbrechen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Crooked= or =Wrong=. Point the right G forward and slightly down; push -it slowly forward in a succession of large, horizontal zigzags, each -arched a little. - -[Illustration] - -=Cross= or =Sulky=. Rest the forehead low on the left hand. Or sign -_Heart_, _Bad_. - - Fr. _maussade_; Ger. _mürrisch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cross= (of Christ). Hold right G upright, left G at right angles across -last joint of right. - - Fr. _le crucifix_; Ger. _das Kruzifix_. - -=Cross.= See _Across_. - -=Cross the heart.= With right index make a little cross over the heart. -This means “I give you my word of honor.” (Pop.) - - Fr. _parole d’honneur!_; Ger. _auf mein Ehrenwort!_ - -=Crow.= Sign _Bird_ and _Black_. - - Fr. _la corneille_; Ger. _die Krähe_. - -=Crowded.= See _Few_. - -=Crow Indian.= See _Indian_. - -=Crush.= See _Exterminate_. - -=Cry out.= See _Yell_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cry=, =To weep=. With G forefingers near the eyes trace the courses of -tears. If excessive, sign _Rain_ from the eyes. (Blackfoot.) Compare -_Pity_. - - Fr. _pleurer_; Ger. _weinen_. - -=Cunning=, =Smart=, or =Clever=. Make the sign for _Wolf_ and add the -sign _Equal_. Compare _Consider_. - - Fr. _rusé_; Ger. _schlau_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cut.= Saw the lower edge of the flat right across the palm or edge of -the flat left. - - Fr. _couper_; Ger. _schneiden_. - -=Cutting up.= See _Meat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cyclone= or =Whirlwind=. With flat right hand, back to the right and -level with the right shoulder, make a spiral upward. A very small one -for a little dust whirlwind, and a large violent one for a dangerous -cyclone. - - Fr. _le cyclone_; Ger. _der Wirbelsturm_. - - -D - -=Dam.= Sign for _Stream_ or _River_ and _Hold_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _la digue_, _l’écluse_; Ger. _der Damm_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dance= (People jumping together). Bring the flat (or “5”) hands in -front of body about height of breast, with fingers pointing nearly up, -palms toward each other about six inches apart. Move the hands briskly -upward and downward a few inches several times, simultaneously, mostly -by elbow action. Compare _People_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dance= (Drumming). Hold up one flat hand face high, back to side, thumb -raised and up: jerk up and down. (C) - - Fr. _danser_; _la danse_; Ger. _tanzen_, _der Tanz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Danger= (The _Scout_ or _Wolf_ going ahead and coming back to report -danger). Right V hand, back upward, moved directly and slowly forward in -front of the right shoulder and then suddenly and quickly drawn back at -the same time the body is thrown back a little. (Sheeaka.) - -=Danger.= Sign _Look_, _Little_, _Afraid_ (No. 2). - - Fr. _le danger_; Ger. _die Gefahr_. - -=Dangerous= (Of a man). Sign _Strong_ and _Bad_. - - Fr. _dangereux_; Ger. _gefährlich_. - -=Dare you.= See _Challenge_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dark=, =Unknown=, =Obscure=. Bring the flat hands, back outward, in -front of face, right hand nearest face, left a little ahead, hands -crossed, tips of fingers about opposite centre of forehead; bring the -hands very slightly toward face. Compare _Ashamed_ and _Blind_. - - Fr. _obscur_; Ger. _dunkel_. - -=Daughter.= Sign _Born_ and _Female_. - - Fr. _la fille_; Ger. _die Tochter_. - -=Day.= See _Time_. - -=Daybreak.= Sign _Little_, _Sunrise_. - -[Illustration] - -=Daybreak= (A peep through darkness). Hold right flat hand above left -flat hand and in same plane; right little finger on left index then -raise the right hand a few inches higher. (C) - - Fr. _l’aube_; Ger. _der Tagesanbruch_. - -=Dead=, =Death=. Make the sign for _Die_ and _Sleep_. (C) The Cheyennes -use _Die_. - - Fr. _mort_; Ger. _tot_. - -[Illustration] - -=Deaf= (Hearing ground out). Press the palm of extended right hand -slightly against right ear, and move the hand in small circle parallel -to and close to the ear. Sometimes add _Not_. - - Fr. _sourd_; Ger. _taub_. - -=Debt.= See _Owe_. - -=Deceive.= Sign _Give_ and _Lie_. - - Fr. _tromper_; Ger. _betrügen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Decide=, =Determine=, =Make up one’s mind= (Think, then act or settle -it). Lower the head and raise right fist to chin; then raise the head -and cut down with the little finger edge of the flat right hand. -(Sheeaka.) - -=Decide.= This is a sentence rather than a sign. With 4 hand over heart, -sign _Consider_; point slowly in two or three directions for _Ways_; -sign _That_ by vigorously swinging the right G index out, pointing down; -then add _So_ by raising it slightly up and then down. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _décider_; Ger. _sich entscheiden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Decrease=, =Reduce=, or =Make smaller=. Hold flat right hand, palm -down, high above, a little to the side of flat left hand, palm up; move -them together in succession of little jerks. Sometimes for emphasis -finish by compressing all right fingers to a point in the left palm. -Compare _Increase_ and _Heap_. - - Fr. _diminuer_; Ger. _verringern_. - -[Illustration] - -=Decrepit=, =Old=, or =Broken down= (Bent with disease or age). Hold up -G hand, back to right, higher than shoulder; lower the hand several -inches, at same time bend the index. (C) - -=Decrepit.= Hold up the right G, shoulder high, with index bent in a -hook; rotate as in _Old_. - - Fr. _décrépit_; Ger. _altersschwach_, _gebrechlich_. - -=Deed.= See _Act_. - -[Illustration] - -=Deep.= Hold the left flat hand horizontal, chin high, back up, fingers -pointing to right; then drop right arm to full length down with flat -right hand palm up, under left, fingers pointing forward. - - Fr. _profond_; Ger. _tief_. - -[Illustration] - -=Deer.= Both hands fully spread, palms in and held up to the side of the -head to represent the horns of a deer. (Sheeaka.) This is generic for -_Deer_. Compare _Elk_. - - Fr. _le cerf_; Ger. _der Hirsch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Deer, Mule= or =Rocky Mountain Blacktail=. Sign _Deer_ then set -compressed hand at each ear pointing up and forward to indicate the -large ears, as in a mule. (Scott.) Compare _Bear_. - - Fr. _le cerf mulet_; Ger. _der langohrige Hirsch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Deer, Whitetailed= or =Virginian=. Raise the right G hand, pointing up -and shoulder high; switch it from nearly horizontal right to nearly -horizontal left and back, several times, pausing at the low point each -time. Sign _Deer_ if need for clearness. - - Fr. _le cerf de la Virginie_; Ger. _der Hirsch aus Virginien_. - -=Defame.= See _Abuse_. - -[Illustration] - -=Defend=, =Protect=, =Defense=, =Forbid=, or =Protection=. Sign the same -as the first part of _Corral_, but swing the joined hands to left and -right. So also to separate the hands means to _Loose_ or _Remove_ -protection. See _Hold_ or _Protect_. - - Fr. _défendre_; Ger. _verteidigen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Defiance=, =Defy=, =Dare=, =Challenge=, or =I defy you=. Point the T -hand toward the person. This is an extremely insulting challenge -implying also the extreme of hatred and contempt. See _Challenge_. - - Fr. _le défi_, _défier_; Ger. _die Herausforderung_, _trotzen_. - -=Defiance, Insolent.= See _Mockery_. - -=Delight.= See _Excite_. - -=Depart.= See _Go_. - -[Illustration] - -=Describe=, =Explain=, or =Tell about= (Tell all about it). Sign _Talk_ -and _All_—that is, swing the curved flat right hand, palm down, and to -left, in a horizontal circle in front of the right cheek. - - Fr. _décrire_; Ger. _beschreiben_. - -=Desire.= See _Want_. - -=Destroy.= See _Exterminate_. - -=Determine.= See _Decide_. - -=Devil.= Sign _Medicine_, _Horns_, and _Tail_. A purely modern sign. - - Fr. _le diable_; Ger. _der Teufel_. - -=Dew.= Sign _Night_, _Grass_, and the _Shimmer_; i.e., pass curved right -5 hand, palm down, with a tremulous motion just above the grass and add -_Water_. (C) - - Fr. _la rosée_; Ger. _der Tau_. - -[Illustration] - -=Die= (To go under; i.e., underground). Hold left hand flat, fingers -horizontal, palm to you, breast high, pointing to right. Hold right G -hand pointing to left above and within; pass it down, under and up -beyond, still pointing to left. - -This is capable of modification. Thus passing the right hand under and -drawing it back means to be near death but to _Recover_. To make the -sign _Little_ after this means to _Faint_. - - Fr. _mourir_; Ger. _sterben_. - -=Die out.= See _Melt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Different= or =Wrong= (Push aside). Hold up the flat right, pointing -forward and a little up, back to right. Swing the whole arm a foot to -right, forward and upward, without bending the wrist, then back to first -pose and repeat; a much-used and very plastic sign. Compare _Bad_ and -_No_. - - Fr. _différent_; Ger. _anders_. - -=Difficulty.= See _Trouble_. - -=Dig.= Use flat right hand as a spade. - - Fr. _creuser_; Ger. _graben_. - -=Dime.= Sign _White_, _Little_, _Money_. - -=Dinner.= Sign _Noon_ or _Night_, as may be, and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le dîner_; Ger. _das Mittagessen_, _die Haupmahlzeit_. - -=Direction.= Point the G finger forward and down, swing it forward in a -curve till it is about horizontal and pointing in the line intended. - - Fr. _la direction_; Ger. _die Richtung_. - -=Dirt= or =Soil=. See _Earth_. - -=Dirty.= Rub the tips of the 1st and 2nd fingers with the tip of the -thumb, exactly as in _Powder_, and add _Bad_. - - Fr. _sal_; Ger. _schmutzig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Disappear.= Hold out the flat left, palm in, then shoot compressed -right, points first, over and down; then rub upper edge of left with -palm tips of right to mean _wiped out_. - -=Disappear.= Look around and sign _See_, _Not_. Sometimes use _Hide_. - - Fr. _disparaître_; Ger. _verschwinden_. - -=Disbelief.= Sign _That_, _True_, _I think_, _No_. - - Fr. _l’incrédulité_; Ger. _der Unglaube_. - -=Disciple.= See _Learner_. - -=Discouraged.= See _Sorrow_. - -=Discovery.= _Found out._ - -[Illustration] - -=Discussion=, =Conversation=, or =Debate= (In a general sense). Hold out -both flat hands, palms up, level, six inches apart, breast high; swing -both to left, then back to right several times, to signify the handing -of words back and forth. - -=Discussion= or =Conversation= (Between two). Make the sign for _Talk_ -alternately right at left and left at right. - - Fr. _la conversation_; Ger. _das Gespräch_. - -=Disgust= or =Dislike=. Push both flat hands forward palms out, fingers -up, and turn away head. Or _Heart_, _Tired_. (C) Sometimes use _Scorn_. - - Fr. _le dégoût_; Ger. _der Ekel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dismount.= Sign _Horseman_, then separate and lower right V hand, -points up. If the points of the A hand were down, it would mean “looking -on the ground.” See _Mount_. - - Fr. _descendre de cheval_; Ger. _absteigen_. - -=Disobey.= Sign _Hear_, _Not_. Compare _Obey_. - - Fr. _désobéir_; Ger. _nicht gehorchen_. - -=Distant.= See _Far_. - -=Distress.= See _Sorrow_. - - Fr. _la misère_; Ger. _die Not_. - -=Dissolve.= See _Melt_. - -=Dive= (To plunge into water). Place flat hands palm to palm and make -the action of diving. - - Fr. _plonger_; Ger. _tauchen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dive= or =Swoop= (Like a bird in air). Hold out flat left hand, back -outward, bring flat right hand, back out, some inches in rear of and -higher than left hand, pointing downward and forward; then shoot the -right hand downward and outward, back of hand grazing under the left -hand and up beyond. Compare _Born_. - - Fr. _s’élancer_; Ger. _niederschiessen au_. - -=Divorce.= Sign _Marry_, then swing the fingers apart horizontally. This -is a legal divorce. When _Abandon_ is used it means leaving one’s mate -without legal divorce. - -=Do.= See _Work_. - -=Doctor.= Sign _Chief_ and _Medicine_. (C) The Cheyennes omit _Chief_. - - Fr. _le médecin_, _le docteur_; Ger. _der Arzt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Doer= or =The one who does= or =Man who= (of all, that one). Sign -_Man_, then swing right G on the level a foot, and back six inches; then -raise and strike with same G down on middle of the line. (Sheeaka. -Apparently no other Indian knew it.) The Cheyennes sign _Man_ and -_Work_, or _Man_ and _Knows_. - - Fr. _l’auteur_, _celui qui fait_; Ger. _der Täter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dog= (Drawing lodge poles). With V hand back up in front of body draw -the double trail down and backward. Compare _Wolf_. Seger maintains that -the idea here is the dog’s ears point backward as he runs. See _Bark_. - - Fr. _le chien_; Ger. _der Hund_. - -=Dollar.= Sign _Money_ and _One_. This would vary with the country, the -sign stands for the unit of currency. - - Fr. _le dollar_; Ger. _der Dollar_. - -[Illustration] - -=Done=, =Ended=, =Finished=, =Complete=, =Period=, or =Full Stop= -(Chopped off). Hold left hand flat, fingers touching, point forward, -thumb up and with edge of right similarly held, chop down close past the -tips of the fingers. - -Also used as an auxiliary past tense, as _I done eat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Done= (=2=) =Finish=, =Quit=, =Break off=. Hold up both fists at level -of chin, palms down, middle knuckles of left touching ditto of right; -jerk them a foot apart as though breaking a cord; swing them apart, -down, along and up. This is also used as a _Period_ at the end of -sentence and I have seen it used for _Bankrupt_. It is a northern sign -recently established among the Cheyennes. Compare _Fat_ and _Break_. - - Fr. _fini_; Ger. _fertig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Don’t Care= (I am defiant). Tap chest with tips of right flat hand, -then swing the hand briskly and high to right, keeping palm facing the -left. (Sheeaka.) Merely shrug the shoulders. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes -sign _Go ahead_. - - Fr. _cela m’est égal_; Ger. _ich mache mir nichts daraus_. - -=Do not= or =Don’t=. Hold up flat right hand, palm out, and forward at -an angle; sharply shake the hand by wrist action back and forward (not -sidewise), also sometimes the head. Compare _Easy_ and _Rub it out_. -Sometimes use _Stop_. - - Fr. _ne faites pas_; Ger. _tun Sie das nicht_. - -=Don’t want.= See under _Want_. - -[Illustration] - -=Door.= Sign _Teepee_ or _House_, then hold flat left hand, thumb up, -and lay flat right across the palm with little finger of the right as -the hinge; swing it till it lies flat on left palm. (C) The Cheyennes -sign _House_, then pull and swing an imaginary door. - - Fr. _la porte_; Ger. _die Tür_. - -=Doubt=, =I am doubtful=. Very slowly shake the head. (Pop.) Cheyennes -and other Indians add—right hand held out palm forward and down, open -and shaken; really a slow, slight _Question_ sign. See _If_. - - Fr. _le doute_, _j’en doute_; Ger. _der Zweifel_, _ich bezweifle_. - -=Down=, =Downward=, or =Below=. Point straight down with right G, -lowering the same. (Blackfoot.) Some use flat hand for this. Compare -_Here_. - - Fr. _en bas_; Ger. _unten_. - -=Down-hearted.= See _Sorrow_. - -=Dream= (See while sleeping). Sign _Sleep_ and _See_; keeping the eyes -closed. - - Fr. _le rêve_; Ger. _der Traum_. - -=Dress.= Pass the palm of the L hand over the part of the body to be -covered. Compare _Hat_, _Moccasin_, _Robe_, etc. - - Fr. _la robe_; Ger. _das Kleid_. - -[Illustration] - -=Drink= or =Drinking= (From a cup). The O hand to the mouth as in -drinking. Compare _Want_. - -[Illustration] - -=Drinking= in the abstract would be: Draw the hollow hand level to the -mouth from slightly above and down past chin, fingers pointing nearly -forward. This combines _Water_ and _Swallow_. See _Water_. Compare -_Speech_. - - Fr. _buvant_; Ger. _trinkend_. - -=Drinking liquor= (Half a finger). Hold up right G hand back to you, -then lay left G across back to indicate liquor, then add _Drink_. -(Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _buvant une boisson alcoolique_; Ger. _Schnaps trinkend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Drive= (Sense of driving a herd, or running off a herd). With L hands -horizontal, opposite each other and same height, about an inch between -tips of thumbs; move the hands simultaneously in the direction of the -drive. - - Fr. _mener_; Ger. _treiben_. - -[Illustration] - -=Driving= (A team). Hold both hands, backs out, as though holding reins, -thumbs straight, with index of each around its point. See-saw the hands -on the same level. - - Fr. _conduisant_; Ger. _lenkend_, _fahrend_. - -=Drouth.= Sign, _Long time_, _Rain_, _No_. - - Fr. _la sécheresse_; Ger. _die Dürre_. - -=Drown.= Sign _Water_ and _Die_. - - Fr. _noyer_; Ger. _ertrinken_. - -=Drum.= With G fingers draw a large circle, beginning together well -forward, each making half-circle, ending near body; then strike on it -several times with right A. - - Fr. _le tambour_; Ger. _die Trommel_. - -=Drunk= or =Drunkard=. Sign _Crazy_, _Drink_, and _Much_. - - Fr. _ivre_; Ger. _betrunken_. - -=Dry= (Of a stream or spring). Sign _Stream_, _Water_, _All gone_. - - Fr. _sec_; Ger. _trocken_. - -=Dry.= See _Thirsty_. - -[Illustration] - -=Duck.= Sign for _Bird_ and make the broad bill with flat hand held -under the nose, back up, pointing forward; push it forward a few inches, -or else with thumb below and first and second fingers above. - - Fr. _le canard_; Ger. _die Ente_. - -=Dull= (Of a tool). Sign _Cut_ and _Not_ or _Bad_. Compare _Saw_. - - Fr. _émoussé_; Ger. _stumpf_. - -=Dull.= See _Dunce_. - -=Dumb.= Press the finger tips of the flat hand on the mouth; add _Talk_ -and _No_. - - Fr. _muet_; Ger. _stumm_. - -=Dunce= or =Dull= (Blockhead). Strike forehead with right fist knuckles. -(D) A Cheyenne signed it _Behind_, _Book_, _Know_, _Not_. - - Fr. _le benêt_, _l’imbécile_; Ger. _der Dummkopf_. - -=During.= See _While_. - -=Dust.= Rub tips of right fingers with tip of right thumb, as in -_Powder_; then with flat right hand horizontal, palm down, pat several -times toward the earth. (Scott.) See _Earth_ and _Land_. - -If the dust is in the air, pat down with one flat hand, then wave both 5 -hands, points up, near the eyes; sometimes blink and draw back to make -it more expressive. - - Fr. _la poussière_; Ger. _der Staub_. - -=Duty= (That, me, sends). Sign for _That_, _Me_, and _Go_ -(emphatically). - - Fr. _le devoir_; Ger. _die Pflicht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dwell= or =Inhabit= (Alive and moving about in). Right flat hand, face -high, pointing up, twisted slowly from left to right two or three times. -Compare _Appear_, _Alive_, and _Doubt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dwell= (=2=) (Sitting, emphatic). One fist above the other in front as -though grasping a stake, then with both hands push it down and slightly -forward. (Blackfoot.) Compare _Sit_. - - Fr. _demeurer_; Ger. _bewohnen_, _wohnen_. - -=Dwindle.= See _Decrease_. - - -E - -[Illustration] - -=Eagle.= The sign for _Bird_ is slowly made, then with the G hand in -front of the face, back to right, describe a downward curve from between -the eyes to indicate the curved bill of the eagle. This same sign is -given for _Roman nose_, but hold the back of the hand forward. - - Fr. _l’aigle_; Ger. _der Adler_. - -=Early.= See _Soon_. - -=Early evening.= Sign _Sunset_ and _Little of_. (C) The Cheyennes -understood this, but preferred to swing the _Sun_ sign down to near, but -not quite, level. - - Fr. _au commencement du soir_; Ger. _früh am Abend_. - -=Early morning.= Sign _Little_ and _Daybreak_, or _Sunrise_. - - Fr. _de bon matin_; Ger. _frühmorgens_. - -=Ear-rings.= Make a ring of each index and thumb and apply to each -ear-lobe, backs of hands out, other fingers raised. - - Fr. _les boucles d’oreilles_; Ger. _das Ohrgehänge_. - -=Earth=, =the World= (All land). Sign _All_ with both flat hands, palms -down, then pat down with both hands twice. Compare _Land_. - - Fr. _le monde_; Ger. _die Erde_, _die Welt_. - -=Earth=, =Soil=, or =Dirt=. Point down, then with thumb and finger tips, -lift and rub some imaginary soil as in _Powder_. - - Fr. _la terre_; Ger. _die Erde_, _der Schmutz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Easy=, =Softly=, or =Gently=. Hold flat hand at face height, fingers -half spread and a little curved, palm forward, leaning toward the person -and gently and slightly shake the hand from side to side. (Sioux and -Blackfoot.) With slight modification, much used on the railway in -shunting. Compare _Rub it out_, _Question_, and _Do not_. - - Fr. _doucement_; Ger. _sachte_. - -[Illustration] - -=Eat= or =Food=. Throw the nearly compressed right hand lightly in a -curve past the mouth several times. Compare _Water_ and _Drink_. - - Fr. _manger_; Ger. _essen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Eaten enough= (Full to throat). Sign _Eat_, then lay L hand on breast, -palm in, and raise it to opposite chin. Compare _Hang_. - - Fr. _assez mangé_; Ger. _satt gegessen_. - -=Effect.= See _Result_. - -=Effort.= See _Try_. - -=Egg.= Sign _Bird_ and _Born_; then indicate the size of the egg with -finger and thumb of one or both hands. - - Fr. _l’oeuf_; Ger. _das Ei_. - -[Illustration] - -=Either=, =Or=. Hold out left V hand, back up; tap each finger in turn -with right G. Compare _Both_. - - Fr. _l’un ou l’autre_, _ou ... ou_; Ger. _entweder ... oder_. - -[Illustration] - -=Elk= or =Wapiti=. Hold the hands above the head at arm’s length on each -side, thumb and first two fingers of each spread, others closed; jerk -them forward two or three times for three or four inches. Compare -_Deer_, _Moose_, and _Caribou_. - - Fr. _le cerf du Canada_; Ger. _das Elentier_. - -[Illustration] - -=Empty=, =Absent=, =Gone=, or =Out of=. Place the right 5 hand, points -up, in the left C hand, which is back, forward, and down; drop the right -hand down out of the left, closing left to O. Compare _All gone_. - - Fr. _vide_; Ger. _leer_. - -=Encamp.= See _Camp_. - -=Encircle.= See _Surround_. - -[Illustration] - -=Enclosure.= Hold out both 5 hands level, palm to palm, finger tips -touching; swing them apart in a horizontal circle; draw them back; end -with fingers wide apart and heels touching. A much-used sign. See -_Corral_. - - Fr. _l’enclos_; Ger. _die Einzäunung_. - -=End.= See _Done_. - -[Illustration] - -=Endure=, =Suffer=, or =Stand it= (Suffering, but strong and erect). -Hold flat curved right hand close in front of breast, breathe heavily, -swinging the hand near and from; then raise the right A hand in a curve -out and up, about head high. (Sheeaka.) Understood, but not used by -Cheyennes. - - Fr. _supporter_; Ger. _aushalten_, _leiden_. - -=Enemy.= Sign _Shake hands_ and _Not_. Sometimes use _Hate_. - - Fr. _l’ennemi_; Ger. _der Feind_. - -[Illustration] - -=Engaged= or =Betrothed= (Ring-bound). Sign _Prisoner_, then with right -index indicate a ring on ring finger of left hand. (D) - -=Engaged.= Sign _Bye and bye_, _Marry_. See _Courting_. - - Fr. _fiancé_; Ger. _verlobt_. - -=Engagement= (i.e., Business). Swing the flat hands, palms up, up and -down for six or eight inches, as in _Road_, but not progressing. Or, -sign _Road_ and _Meet_. - - Fr. _l’engagement_, _l’obligation_; Ger. _die Verabredung_. - -=Enlist.= Sign _Work_ and _Soldier_. - - Fr. _enrôler_; Ger. _sich anwerben lassen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Enough= or =Full= in general sense (Levelling off a full measure). Hold -out left O hand, back to left, and across the top from right to left -pass the flat palm of the open right hand. Sometimes add _Strong_, to -mean _Plenty_. See _Eaten enough_. - - Fr. _assez_; Ger. _genug_. - -[Illustration] - -=Enter= or =Come into=. Hold out hollow left, back up, and pass -compressed right hand under and beyond. - - Fr. _entrer_; Ger. _eintreten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Equal=, =Even=, =Same=, =Too=, =Also= (Even race). Hold G hands in -front of breast, side by side, backs up, pointing to front, about two -inches apart; push them forward together and a little up in a sweep. A -much-used sign. Compare _Race_, _Parallel_, _Marry_, and _Mate_. - - Fr. _égal_, _le même_; Ger. _gleich_, _egal_, _genau so_. - -=Erase= or =Annul=. Sign _Wrong_ and _Wipe out_. See _Rub it out_. - - Fr. _effacer_; Ger. _auslöschen_, _ausstreichen_. - -=Escape.= See _Free_. - -=Even= or =Same=. See _Equal_. - -=Evening.= Sign _Night_ and _Little of_. (C) See _Early evening_. - - Fr. _le soir_; Ger. _der Abend_. - -=Ever.= See _Always_. - -=Evil= or =Sin=. Sign _Work_ and _Bad_. - -[Illustration] - -=Evil Eye.= Close all fingers of right hand, except index and little -finger; to point these at any one means “You have the Evil Eye.” In -Italy this is an insult. (Pop.) In France it means “Shame on you,” or “I -put you to shame.” (Pop.) - - Fr. _la main à corne_; Ger. _das Hexenauge_. - -=Except= or =Unless=. See _But_. - -[Illustration] - -=Excessive=, =Too much=, =Unjust=, =Too= (Extremely, piled up). With -right palm down, make a succession of curves, marking stages each higher -than the last, beginning very low; then finish by swinging both hands, -palm down, away up and forward. (Sheeaka.) Or sign _Heap_. Sometimes use -_Enough_. - - Fr. _excessif_, _trop_; Ger. _übermässig_, _zu viel_. - -=Exchange.= See _Trade_. - -[Illustration] - -=Excite=, =Agitate= (Heart flutters). Sign _Heart_, then hold the 5 hand -near the heart, back to right, pointing upward; raise it a foot shaking -the fingers. The Blackfeet use this for _Glad_, and in most cases among -the Cheyennes it implies pleasant excitement. - - Fr. _exciter_; Ger. _aufregen_. - -=Excuse.= See _Wipe out_. - -=Exist.= See _Be_. - -=Expect.= See _Hope_. - -=Explain.= See _Describe_. - -[Illustration] - -=Exterminate=, =Annihilate=, =Crush=, =Destroy=, etc. (Crushed and wiped -out). Drop flat right on flat left, palm to palm, grind them together, -then brush the right over the left tips, to front and beyond. Compare -_Wipe out_. - - Fr. _exterminer_; Ger. _vernichten_. - - -F - -[Illustration] - -=Face.= Sweep the flat right hand, palm in, across the face and down. -This is sometimes used for _Person_. - - Fr. _la figure_; Ger. _das Gesicht_. - -=Fade.= See _Melt_. - -=Faint.= Signs for _Die_ and _Recover_. - - Fr. _s’évanouir_, _faible_, _épuisé_; Ger. _ohnmächtig werden_, - _schwach_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fall= or =Tumble=. The right flat hand in front of breast, back up, -swept briskly out, _forward_ up and down, to rest palm up. Compare -_Another_ and _Lie Down_. - - Fr. _tomber_; Ger. _hinfallen_. - -=Fall.= See _Autumn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fall= (Of water). Sign _River_ or _Creek_, then hold out flat left, -back out, and push flat right over it, bending right fingers over far -edge, making them tremble. - - Fr. _la cataracte_; Ger. _der Wasserfall_. - -=Fail=, that is, to lack success. See _Cannot_. - -=Fail= (In business). Sign _Work_, _Backward_. (Blackfoot.) The -_Backward_ is indicated by holding the flat left well forward, drawing -the flat right back in jumps. - - Fr. _faire faillite_; Ger. _bankerott werden_. - -=False.= See _Lie_. - -=Fame.= See _Glory_. - -[Illustration] - -=Famous= (Standing on a hill). Sign _Hill_, then over that hold right G, -palm forward, index just above left thumb. Or, sign _Chief_ and _Brave_. - - Fr. _fameux_, _célèbre_; Ger. _berühmt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Far object=, =Distant= or =Far forward=, =Over there=. Move the G hand -forward and upward in a long slow arch, finishing at arm’s length with -down curve. - -[Illustration] - -=Far= (In general). Flat right hand curved, pointing to left, back -forward, pushed out and up at arm’s length. Compare _Close_. - - Fr. _loin_; Ger. _entfernt_. - -=Farm.= Sign _Land_ and _Planting_. - - Fr. _la ferme_; Ger. _der Pachthof_. - -=Farmer.= Sign _Corn_ and _Chief_. - - Fr. _le fermier_; Ger. _der Ackerbauer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fast=, =Quick=, =Rapid=, or =Swift= (Pass by). Hold out the flat left -hand, back to left. Bring the flat right hand, back to right, several -inches in rear of and slightly to right of left, pointing to front and -downward; carry right hand swiftly past left and close to it, and as it -passes, by wrist action, raise the hand so that fingers will point -upward and in front, making a curve; at the same time, draw back the -left a little. - - Fr. _rapide_, _vite_; Ger. _schnell_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fat= (Shape of a fat animal’s hips). Hold the fists out side by side, -thumb to thumb, then swing them apart in two curves, up, out, down, and -a little forward. Compare _Done_ and _Break_. - - Fr. _gras_; Ger. _fett_. - -=Fat= or =Grease=. See _Oil_. - -[Illustration] - -=Father= (Nurse, male). With compressed right hand, pluck at the right -breast two or three times, as though drawing out milk. Sometimes add -_Male_. Compare _Mother_. - - Fr. _le père_; Ger. _der Vater_. - -=Father-in-law.= Sign _Brother-in-law_, _Old_, and _Man_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fault-finding= (Striking, knocking). With flat right hand, arm at full -length, make a succession of short chops down. This is fault-finding -with another. For “fault-finding with me” chop toward the breast. -(Sheeaka.) See _Abuse_, _Chop_, and _By itself_. The Cheyennes use -_You_, _All time_, _Scold_. - - Fr. _blâmer_, _censurer_; Ger. _das Tadeln_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fear=, =Cowardice=, =Coward=. The head stooped down and the right arm -thrown up, palm out, as though to ward off danger. (Sheeaka.) The -Cheyennes understand, but prefer _Woman_, _Heart_. See _Afraid_. - - Fr. _la peur_; Ger. _die Furcht_. - -=Feather= (Small). Pluck an imaginary feather from left arm with index -finger and thumb of right hand and blow it away from the mouth with one -puff, at same time opening the finger and thumb to let it go. - -=Feather=, i.e., =Quill Feather=. Sign _Wing_, then make as though -pulling out and holding up _One_ feather. - - Fr. _la plume_; Ger. _die Feder_. - -=Feel= (That is, heart feels). Place the tip of the middle finger, -others extended and lifted, against the heart; then draw it up a little -way. (D) - - Fr. _sentir_; Ger. _empfinden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Feel= or =Touch= (to touch). The hand as above, but pushed forward and -moved a little from side to side. (Sheeaka.) See _Hot_. - -=Feel= or =Touch=. Hold out left flat hand, back up; press tip of right -flat hand on it at various places. Compare _At_. - - Fr. _toucher_; Ger. _tasten_, _berühren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Female= or =Woman=. Draw the flat right hand, palm in close to the side -of the head, finger tips about on line with the top of head; lower the -hand, at the same time curving fingers as though combing with them the -hair over ears and cheeks; finish with a snap at line of shoulders. Two -hands are used in the north. Compare _Comb_. For _White woman_ indicate -an immense hat. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _la femme_; Ger. _das Weib_. - -=Fetch.= See _Bring_. - -=Few.= See _Small_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fight= or =War=. Hold loosely clenched A hands well out in front of -body, thumbs toward body, about height of shoulders and about three -inches apart; bring right hand in toward body few inches, at same time -move left out about same distance; then carry right out and bring left -in, repeating these two or three times, making them by wrist and elbow -action. This is a fight of many; for a fight of two, use the G fingers -same way. In old days, according to Father Isadore, the signal for -_Battle_ was a handful of dust thrown in the air. The gesture of doing -this came to mean _Fight_. - - Fr. _le combat_, _la guerre_; Ger. _der Streit_, _der Krieg_. - -=Find.= Sign _Look_ around here and there, then shoot out the V hand and -pick up an imaginary something with finger and thumb. Compare _Choose_ -and _Hunt_. - - Fr. _trouver_; Ger. _finden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fingers crossed=, =To claim Sanctuary=. Also called _Bar up_, _King’s -X_, _King’s Cross_, _Pax_, _Truce_, _Fins_, _Fines_, etc. Hold up right -hand with first and second fingers crossed. This means “I claim -privilege, what I do now is outside the game.” (Universal in our schools -and probably very ancient.) - - Fr. _être exempt_; Ger. _die Immunität_, _verschont sein_. - -=Finish.= Hold out flat left, palm up; rub flat right on it, palm down, -making two sunwise circles. Also use _Done_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fire= (Blaze, flaring up with smoke). Hold the right hand down and -forward at arm’s length, back in front of the body; fingers hooked so -the tip of thumb is over the nails of first three fingers and holds them -down; raise the hand six inches and spring the fingers upward, free, -separate, and straight. Do this twice. Compare _Aurora_. - - Fr. _le feu_; Ger. _das Feuer_. - -=Fire, Spark of.= Hold up right thumb and index as though holding -something and blow it steadily; add _Fire_ if needed for clearness. -Compare _Feather_ (small). - - Fr. _l’étincelle_; Ger. _der Funke_. - -=Fire=, =Set it afire=. Make the motion of striking a match on the side -of the thigh and thrusting it forward. - - Fr. _allumer_; Ger. _anzünden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fire off=, =Shoot=, or =Gun-Fire= (Blaze shooting forward). Right hand -in front of right shoulder; throw palm forward six inches and at same -time straighten and spread all fingers with a jerk. Some add a hand clap -or many for _Volley firing_. - - Fr. _décharger_, _faire feu sur_, _tirer_; Ger. _schiessen_, - _abfeuern_. - -[Illustration] - -=First= (Of all, number one). Hold up left 5 hand, palm to right; push -it forward, then tap the little finger with the right G. (Sheeaka. A -Sioux sign, but understood by Cheyennes.) Compare _Last_ and _Guide_. - -=First.= Sign _Ahead_. - - Fr. _le premier_; Ger. _der Erste_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fish.= Make sign for _Water_; then hold flat right hand, back to right, -in front of right shoulder, elbow high; and move the hand sinuously -forward. Often omit _Water_. Compare _Snake_. - - Fr. _le poisson_; Ger. _der Fisch_. - -=Fisher= or =Pekan=. Sign _Marten_ and _Big_ (suggested, not -established). - - Fr. _le pékan_; Ger. _der kanadische Marder_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fix.= Lay low edge of flat right hand on upper edge of flat left near -thumb base. Push right forward and down, turning left back up. (C) Or, -sign _Work_ and _All right_. Compare _Mend_, _Council_, and _Law_. - - Fr. _ajuster_, _arranger_; Ger. _herrichten_, _in Ordnung machen_. - -=Fix=, =In a Fix=. See _Quandary_. - -[Illustration] - -=Flag.= Hold flat right well out, back to right. Lay left G on wrist of -right. Wave right sidewise. - - Fr. _le drapeau_; Ger. _die Flagge_. - -=Flat.= See _Prairie_. - -=Flesh.= See _Meat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Float.= Flat left hand, back up; place flat right on it, palm down, and -move both to right as on waves. (C) Understood by Cheyennes. - - Fr. _flotter_; Ger. _oben auf schwimmen_, _auf dem Wasser treiben_. - -[Illustration] - -=Flood.= Indicate source of _Water_, then hold up both flat hands, backs -up, side by side, waist high; raise them neck high and sign _Charge_. -Omit _Charge_ unless needed. - - Fr. _l’inondation_; Ger. _die Flut_. - -=Flour.= Sign _Bread_ and _Powder_. - - Fr. _la farine_; Ger. _das Mehl_. - -[Illustration] - -=Flower=, =Bloom=, or =Blossom=. Sign _Grass_, but higher; then clasp -right index and thumb over left ditto, others closed; then turn the -hands so the little fingers touch and the thumbs point up. (C) - -[Illustration] - -=Flower.= Sign _Grow_; hold both compressed hands together in front, -pointing up, backs out; spring them out into 5 hands, forming a circle -pointing up. - -=Fly= (The insect). Sign _Bird_, _Small_; then point here and there on -the arm anywhere. Sometimes omit _Small_. - - Fr. _la mouche_; Ger. _die Fliege_. - -=Fly= (To). With flat hands held near shoulders simulate wings, beating -exactly as in _Bird_, but move the hands forward a foot or more -horizontally. Compare _Bird_. - - Fr. _voler_; Ger. _fliegen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fog= (Water, peep through). Sign _Water_ and hold the 5 hands, fingers -crossed, in front of the eyes. (C) The Cheyennes understand this, but -prefer the next: - -=Fog= (Mud in the sky). Sign _Turtle_, then raise both 5 hands, palms -forward, from the horizon up high; then spread them out. This expresses -“turtles in the sky”; probably because the sky is clouded as is the -water when the turtle moves in it. - - Fr. _le brouillard_; Ger. _der Nebel_. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -=Follow= or =Chase=. Left G hand pointing nearly up, moved ahead and -variously pursued six inches behind by right G hand. Sheeaka used his -thumbs for this. - - Fr. _suivre_; Ger. _folgen_, _nachlaufen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fond=, =Fondness=, =Love=, =Affection=, =Regard=, etc. (Pressed to the -heart). Cross wrists of A hands, backs out, over the heart, right -nearest body, few inches from it; draw both against the body and bend -the head over them. With one hand it is _Like_; with two hands, _Love_. -(Blackfoot.) Compare _Blanket_. - - Fr. _affectueux_; Ger. _zärtlich_, _liebevoll_. - -=Food.= See _Eat_. - -=Fool, Do you take me for a.= With the right G index, draw down the -lower eyelid a little; as though to say, “Can you see any green there?” -(Pop.) - - Fr. _le sot, me croyez vous bête?_ Ger. _der Narr, denken Sie ich - bin dumm?_ - -=Foolish.= See _Crazy_. - -=Foolish= or =Unwise=. Sign _Crazy_ and _Little of_. - - Fr. _imbécile_; Ger. _närrisch_. - -=Football signs.= See page 233. - -=Footprints= (Visible walk). Sign for _Walk_ and for _See_ with the -fingers pointed down. This is _Human tracks_; for _Horse tracks_, sign -_Walk_ with the index and thumb of each hand in a three-quarter circle, -other fingers closed, and then add _See_ as here. - - Fr. _les empreintes des pieds_; Ger. _die Fusztapfen_. - -=Footrace.= Sign _Walk_ quickly, and _Race_. - - Fr. _la course à pied_; Ger. _der Wettlauf_. - -[Illustration] - -=For= (Giving to). Throw the flat right hand forward and palm down, -slowly toward the object. Compare _Stop_, _Give_, and _Wait_. - -=For.= Sometimes use _Belongs_. Hold out the two G hands nearly back up, -a foot apart; swing them together till the G tips are about two inches -apart. (Sheeaka.) - -[Illustration] - -=For.= Lightly close the right as though it held some object, push it -forward and upward, back to right. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _pour_; Ger. _für_. - -=Forbid.= See _Defend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Forest=, =Timber=, or =Woods=. Hold both forearms upright, with all the -fingers much spread, meaning _Trees_, the right hand nearest the body, -its back against the palm of left; then separate them, drawing right -hand toward the body, moving the left away and upward in a curve. See -_Tree_. - - Fr. _la forêt_; Ger. _der Wald_. - -=Forever.= See _Always_. - -=Forgive.= See _Excuse_. - -[Illustration] - -=Forget= or =Forgot= (Swept from my brain). Touch the forehead with the -right N finger. Shake the head and motion as though to brush away an -imaginary fly from near the nose. (Sheeaka and Pop.) See _Remember not_. - -=Forget= or =Forgot=. Clap right hand down on left (for surprise); lay -right G, palm forward, on forehead, and add _Hid_. - - Fr. _oublier_; Ger. _vergessen_. - -=Forward= (In space). See _Ahead_. - -=Forward= (In time). See _Future_. - -=Found it.= Sign _I Saw_, then reach forward and with index and thumb -pick up an imaginary object. Compare _Choose_. - -[Illustration] - -=Found it.= At a distance, hold both hands high above the head, fingers -closed, thumbs pointing toward each other. (Pop.) - - Fr. _je l’ai trouvé_; Ger. _ich habe es gefunden_. - -=Found out=, i.e., =You are found out=. Point forefinger at the person. -(Sheeaka.) Or sign _You_, _I_, _Understand_. - - Fr. _démasqué_; Ger. _ertappt_. - -=Four-foot.= See _Animal_. - -=Fox.= Indicate the size of animal and bushy tail. - - Fr. _le renard_; Ger. _der Fuchs_. - -[Illustration] - -=Free=, =Escape=, =Safe=, =Save=, =Relief=, =Permit=, =Turn loose= -(Unbinding). S hands crossed at wrists. With an effort, break the -imaginary bonds and throw the hands apart, turning palm sides up. -Sometimes add _Go_. See _Pardon_. - -[Illustration] - -=Free=, =Wild=, or =Free of Incumbrance= (Cut loose). Hold flat right -hand in front of breast, fingers forward, back down; move by wrist -action sharply to left a few inches; then jerk back to place two or -three times as though cutting something loose. Compare _Chop_ and _Wild -Animal_. - - Fr. _libre_; Ger. _frei_. - -[Illustration] - -=Freeze over=, =Form ice=. Sign for _Cold_, _Water_, then raise and move -till the flat hands are touching in front, side by side, backs up and at -arm’s length. (C) See _Ice_. - - Fr. _geler_; Ger. _gefrieren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Friend=, =Friendship=, or =Chum= (Brothers growing up together). Hold -right N hand in front of neck, palm forward, pointing up; raise it head -high, slightly advancing it. _Alliance_ is sometimes used, or even -_Peace_. - - Fr. _l’ami_; Ger. _der Freund_. - -[Illustration] - -=Frog= (Water hopper). _Water_; then with compressed right hand make -long hops forward. - - Fr. _la grenouille_; Ger. _der Frosch_. - -[Illustration] - -=From.= Touch digit of right G hand to right shoulder, then throw it in -a long sweep up and forward. Sometimes Indians use flat hand for this. - - Fr. _de_; Ger. _von_. - -=Frost.= Sign, _Cold_, _White_, and _Strong_. - - Fr. _la gelée_; Ger. _der Frost_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fruit.= Sign _Tree_, then make a ring of right index and thumb, others -closed, and place it here and there in the branches, and add _Eat_. -Compare _Berry_, _Leaf_, and _Money_. - - Fr. _le fruit_; Ger. _die Frucht_. - -=Full.= See _Enough_. - -=Future= (Time ahead). Make the signs for _Time_ and _Far ahead_. See -also _Will_. - - Fr. _futur_, _l’avenir_; Ger. _zukünftig_, _die Zukunft_. - - -G - -[Illustration] - -=Gallop.= Sign _Ride_, then hold out flat hands, palm to palm, right in -advance; work them up and down together, the tips describing vertical -curves. Compare _Fast_ and _Work_. - - Fr. _galoper_; Ger. _galoppieren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Gamble.= Hold the hands out level, six inches apart; swing to left and -right simultaneously, in easy curves down and up, keeping them near each -other as though swinging a tom tom. Compare _Drive_ and _Herd_. - - Fr. _jouer_; Ger. _spielen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Gap=, =Gorge=, or =Mountain Pass=. Sign _Mountains_, then hold out left -L hand, thumb pointing to left and upward, pass flat right between, -touching at bottom. - - Fr. _le défilé_; Ger. _die Kluft_, _die Schlucht_. - -=Garden.= Strike down with right G as in _Here_, but in several -directions, then add _Plant_ and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le jardin_; Ger. _der Garten_. - -=Gather.= See _Together_. - -=Generous.= Sign _Heart_ and _Big_; or, _Heart_, _Pities_. - - Fr. _généreux_; Ger. _groszmütig_, _freigiebig_. - -=Gentle.= See _Kind_. - -=Gently.= See _Easy_. - -[Illustration] - -=Get= or =Obtain= (That is, he gets, or obtains). Reach out left hand, -back up; then with right hand, grasp something on top of it; then close -and draw back the right. If it is the first person who _gets_, finish by -drawing the hand toward oneself. Sometimes omit left hand. - - Fr. _obtenir_; Ger. _erlangen_, _erhalten_. - -=Get well.= See _Recover_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ghost=, =Soul=, or =Spirit.= Bring right G hand in front of centre of -body, pointing down; then draw it upward, as though drawing the -forefinger out of the mouth, upward and to the front and at the same -time exhale a breath. (Scott.) The Cheyennes sign _Big eyes_ (as in -Owl), and shaking the hands at the same time. See _Spirit_. - - Fr. _l’esprit_; Ger. _der Geist_. - -=Gift.= Hold left hand, hollow up; with right hand pick an imaginary -object out of the left; carry it forward, at the same time turning right -hand flat, palm up, and fingers pointing down and forward. Or, sign -_Give_ and _Free_ (2nd). - - Fr. _le cadeau_; Ger. _das Geschenk_. - -=Girl= (Woman sprout). Sign _Female_, _Young_. - - Fr. _la fille_; Ger. _das Mädchen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Give.= Hold out flat right, back to right, shoulder high; swing it out -and down. - - Fr. _donner_; Ger. _geben_. - -=Give you.= Swing the hand from the person giving toward you. This, with -the sign below, shows the beginning of a conjugation. - -[Illustration] - -=Give me.= Bring the flat right hand well out in front of body, about -height of neck, back of hand nearly to left, lower edge nearest to body, -pointing upward; draw the hand in toward the body and a little down; at -the same time, bend the hand and the wrist so the fingers touch the -chest. Compare _Tell me_ and _Half-Breed_. - - Fr. _donnez moi_; Ger. _geben Sie mir_. - -=Give it up.= See _Abandon_. - -=Give up=, =Lose hope=, or =Discouraged=. See _Sorrow_. - -=Glad=, =Pleasant=, =Happy=, or =Merry= (Sunshine in the heart). Sign -_Heart_ and _Day_. - - Fr. _heureux_; Ger. _froh_, _glücklich_. - -[Illustration] - -=Glitter= or =Shining= (The mirror signal). Hold out the L hand with -index pointing forward, back up. Rotate with a flash, or jerk so the -thumb is upright and back to its original pose. Do this once or twice. -See _Courting_ and _Sweetheart_. - - Fr. _étinceler_; Ger. _glitzern_. - -=Gloomy=, =Cross=, or =Sullen= (Clouds close). Sign _Clouds_, then draw -them down near head. (C) Or, sign _Thinking_ and _Bad_. Compare _Cross_ -and _Angry_. - - Fr. _sombre_; Ger. _finster_, _trübe_. - -=Glory= or =Fame=. Sign _All_, _Good_, _Know_. See _Famous_. - - Fr. _la gloire_; Ger. _der Ruhm_. - -[Illustration] - -=Glow=, =Splendor=, =Wonderful= (Spread in the sky). Hold up both 5 -hands, palms forward, pointing up, at arm’s length, nearly level; raise -up very high and at the same time spread widely. A much-used and very -plastic sign. May sometimes mean _Weather_. - - Fr. _la splendeur_; Ger. _das Glühen_, _die Pracht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Go=, =Went=, or =Travel=. Hold flat right hand, back to right, breast -high, pointing to front and down; swing it up and out till the fingers -point forward and upward. Often combined with _Arrive there_. - - Fr. _aller_; Ger. _gehen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Going.= Hold up right G, palm forward; move it forward in short pushes. - - Fr. _allant_; Ger. _gehend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Go away=, =Go ahead=, =Go farther= (Imperative). Hold flat right hand -in front of body, palm forward, fingers upright; move the hand to front -in a slight curve to right; repeat once or twice. See _Begin_. - - Fr. _allez!_ Ger. _gehen Sie!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Goat.= Sign _Horns_, with the straight G fingers on each side of head, -and _Beard_. Sometimes omit _Horns_, signing only _Beard_. - - Fr. _la chèvre_; Ger. _die Ziege_. - -=God= (The Great Mystery). Sign _Medicine_ and _Great_. - - Fr. _Dieu_; Ger. _Gott_. - -=Gold.= Sign _Money_ and _Yellow_, or _Hard_ and _Yellow_. - -For _Gold coin_ sign, _Chief_, _Money_. - - Fr. _l’or_; Ger. _das Gold_. - -=Gone.= See _Absent_. - -[Illustration] - -=Good=, =All right=, =Level=, =Fair=, =Just= (Level with the heart). -Hold the flat extended right hand, back up, level, touching the left -breast; swing the hand briskly out to front and slightly up in a curve. - - Fr. _bon_; Ger. _gut_. - -=Good-bye.= Hold right hand flat, palm down, pointing forward -horizontally at height of head and shake the hand up and down by wrist -action. A whiteman’s sign recently adopted by Indians. - - Fr. _adieu_, _au revoir_; Ger. _lebe wohl!_ - -=Good-morning.= Sign _Day_ and _Good_. - - Fr. _bonjour_; Ger. _guten Morgen_. - -=Goose.= Sign _Bird_, moving the wing hands slowly; hold both flat hands -low, side by side, a little apart, backs up; push them down sharply a -few inches, for flat feet. Sometimes also make the _honk_ sound. - - Fr. _l’oie_; Ger. _die Gans_. - -=Gorge.= See _Gap_. - -=Gossip.= See _Telltale_. - -=Grain=, of any kind. Hold both hands hollow together, as in _Bowl_; -shake, then point to the hollow of the left with right G. (Sheeaka.) The -exact kind must be specified. In Cheyenne, _Wheat_ is _Bread_ and _Sow_; -_Oats_ is _Horse_, _Eat_, _Sow_. - - Fr. _le grain_; Ger. _das Getreide_. - -=Grandchild.= With the flat right, pat one’s own back where the baby is -carried. Among the Cheyennes, only the grandmother uses this. - -=Grand Coup.= See _Count Coup_. - -=Grandfather.= Sign _Old_ and _Father_. - -[Illustration] - -=Grandfather= (Father once removed). Sign _Father_, then hold curved -left hand in front of body, palm in; and on outer side make the sign -_Father_ again. For _Great grandfather_, repeat the sign for _Father_ -once more. For _Ancestors_, many times. (Crow signs given me by La -Forge.) - - Fr. _le grandpère_; Ger. _der Groszvater_. - -=Grandmother.= As above, but use _Mother_ sign. (LaF.) - -=Grandmother.= Sign _Old_, _Mother_. - - Fr. _la grand-mère_; Ger. _die Groszmutter_. - -=Grasp.= See _Keep_. - -[Illustration] - -=Grass.= Hold both hands low, palms up; turn all fingers upward straight -and swing hands slightly apart. For _Grass growing_, raise the hands a -little. Compare _Children_. - - Fr. _l’herbe_, _le gazon_; Ger. _das Gras_, _der Rasen_. - -=Gratitude.= Use _Thank you_ sign. Or else raise the flat right hand, -palm forward and face high; draw it downward in a sweep several times as -though stroking the other person’s breast. For emphasis use both hands. - - Fr. _la reconnaissance_; Ger. _die Dankbarkeit_. - -=Grave.= Hold out both flat hands, thumbs up, six inches apart, pointing -level forward; draw them back level to you, sign _Die_; then hold out -left flat hand as before and slap on it two or three times with the flat -right, for _cover up_. - - Fr. _le tombeau_; Ger. _das Grab_. - -[Illustration] - -=Great.= Hold out the slightly curved 5 hands in front of breast, few -inches apart, palms toward each other, pointing to front; separate hands -the right to the right and up a little and near the body; the left to -the left and down a little and farther away. Compare _Big_ and _Wide_. -Sometimes use _Much_ or _High_. - - Fr. _grand_; Ger. _grosz_. - -=Greater than.= Sign _Ahead_, _Great_. So also _Less than_ would be -_Behind_, _Small_. - - Fr. _plus grand que_; Ger. _gröszer als_. - -=Grief.= See _Sorrow_. - -=Grieve.= Sign _Heart_, _Down_. See _Give up_ and _Mourn_. - - Fr. _se chagriner_, _pleurer_; Ger. _trauern_. - -=Ground.= See _Land_. - -[Illustration] - -=Grouse= or =Prairie Chicken=. Sign _Bird_ and show size; then with -right hand low, palm up, fingers closed except first curved up like -neck, imitate forward walking. (Sioux.) Sign _Bird_ then indicate fast -wing beats and whirring. (Blackfoot.) Sign _Bird_ and _Tail cut off_. -(Cheyenne.) - - Fr. _la gelinotte_; Ger. _das Waldhuhn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Grow=, =Become=, or =Turn into=. Hold right G hand low, back down, -index finger pointing upward, in front of body; raise the hand by gentle -jerks. - - Fr. _pousser_, _croître_, _devenir_; Ger. _wachsen_, _werden_. - -=Guide= (Verb). (Show trail and Lead.) Point with right index forward -and downward; then add _Lead_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _conduire_; Ger. _führen_, _leiten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Guide= (Noun). Hold up left 5 hand, little finger forward, and ahead of -the right G, all moved forward in easy swings. - - Fr. _le guide_; Ger. _der Führer_. - -=Gun.= Make the motion of holding and aiming a gun; then add _Fire-off_. -For _Rifle_, add the working of the lever. - - Fr. _le fusil_, _la carabine_; Ger. _das Gewehr_. - -=Gun=, i.e., _Shot-gun_, sign _Gun_, then clasp the hands twice and hold -up two fingers. See _Revolver_. - - Fr. _le fusil de chasse_; Ger. _die Flinte_. - -=Gun-fire.= See _Fire_. - -=Gun-powder.= Sign _Gun_ and _Powder_. - - Fr. _la poudre à canon_; Ger. _das Schiesspulver_. - - -H - -=Habit= (Thought bound). With G forefinger draw a small circle on -forehead, then sign _Prisoner_. (D) - -[Illustration] - -=Habit= (Road smoothed by repeated strokes). Sweep the flat hands, palms -down, back and forth; then strike three times down with the right G. -(Sheeaka.) Or sign _Way_ and _Keep_. (Seger.) - -=Habit= (Long time the same). Hold out left G, draw right G back from -left knuckles to shoulder; add _Same_. - - Fr. _l’habitude_; Ger. _die Gewohnheit_. - -=Hail.= Sign _Rain_, _Cold_, and with curved right index on thumb -indicate size of stones. - - Fr. _la grêle_; Ger. _der Hagel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hair= (Of animal). Hold out left forearm horizontally in front of body -and sweep the curved right 5 hand, palm up, along it from elbow to -wrist. For _Human hair_, touch one’s own hair. Compare _Wing_. - - Fr. _le poil_; Ger. _der Pelz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Half.= Hold left flat hand in front of breast, back out. Lay the lower -edge of right flat hand on upper edge of left index, in middle, and jerk -it toward the tips of left. Sometimes the right hand alone is used edge -downward, drawn back and down as though its under side were cutting -something. Compare _Part_. - - Fr. _le demi_, _la moitié_; Ger. _die Hälfte_. - -[Illustration] - -=Half-breed.= With flat right hand pointing up, little finger next -middle of the breast, palm to right, halve the body down breast, swing -it far to left, return to centre, then swing far to right and give the -tribal sign for each half. Or, give the first sign only; that is, the -hand cutting in the middle. - - Fr. _le métis_; Ger. _der Mischling_. - -[Illustration] - -=Halt= or =Stop=. Hold the right flat hand, palm outward and downward, -in front of the body, pointing upward and to front, hand about height of -shoulders; move the hand sharply to front and downward, stopping it -suddenly. Sometimes merely raise the hand flat forward. - -This means also _Keep quiet_, _Wait a moment_, etc., when made gently. -“This sign is world wide. In a journey around the world, I have used it -in every country visited and found it instantly recognized. I saw a -train stopped by it in the Himalayas, also jinrikishas stopped in Java, -Singapore, Saigon, Canton, Hong Kong, Nagasaki, and Manila.” (Scott.) - - Fr. _Halte!_ Ger. _Halt!_ - -=Halve.= Same as _Half_; but jerk one part to right and one to left. (C) - - Fr. _couper ou diviser en deux_; Ger. _halbieren_. - -For _One-Quarter_, lay the “knife hand” at last joint of left index; for -_Three-Quarters_, near base; see also _Quarter_. - - Fr. _le quart_; Ger. _das Viertel_. - -=Handsome.= See _Beautiful_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hang= (To be executed). Swing the right L hand over the head down to -the neck, palm in; close the thumb and index, then draw it up to height -of head, index pointing down. This is done in two graceful sweeps. - - Fr. _pendre_; Ger. _hängen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hang.= Hang right G index like a hook on straight left G index. - - Fr. _accrocher_; Ger. _aufhängen_. - -=Hanker.= See _Want_. - -=Happen.= See _Luck_. - -=Happy.= See _Glad_. - -=Happy Hunting Ground.= Sign _Die_, _Beyond_, and _Dwell_. - - Fr. _les Champs Elysées des Indiens_; Ger. _die seligen Jagdgefilde_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hard= (Like rock). Hold out the left hand flat, edge down, and strike -the palm with the knuckles of the right two or three times. - - Fr. _dur_; Ger. _hart_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hat= (Head cover). Bring the L right hand, back outward, in front, -close to, and a little above the head; lower the hand until thumb and -index are about opposite the eyes; spread thumb and index, passing down -close to forehead. - - Fr. _le chapeau_; Ger. _der Hut_. - -=Hatchet.= See _Axe_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hate.= Hold up both hands opposite left side of face in pose for -_Fire-off_, back of each to its side; spring both out as in _Fire-off_, -to left side, turning the left very little, so that it shoots forward; -the right shoots to the left. Compare _Abandon_ and _Scorn_; also -_Defiance_. Sheeaka used only _Defiance_ sign. - - Fr. _détester_; Ger. _hassen_. - -=Have= (To possess). See _Possession_. - -=Have= to, =Bound= to, =Must=, =Obliged= to, =Compelled= to (Bound -down). Sign _Prisoner_ and _Work_. Or, _That_, _Work_, _Strong_. - - Fr. _être obligé_; Ger. _müssen_. - -=Hawk.= First make _Bird_ sign, then imitate the seizing of the prey -with both feet hawk-fashion, by means of both hands placed in front of -body opposite neck, palms outward, make grasping motion forward. -(Scott.) Or sign _Bird_ and with curved G indicate bill. See _Eagle_. - - Fr. _le faucon_; Ger. _der Habicht_. - -[Illustration] - -=He.= Make the sign _Male_; or point with the thumb, other fingers -closed. - - Fr. _il_; Ger. _er_. - -=Headache.= Touch head; then hold curved flat hand near and flirt the -fingers from behind the thumb two or three times to show the throbbing. - - Fr. _le mal de tête_; Ger. _das Kopfweh_. - -=Healthy.= See _Well_. - -[Illustration] - -=Heap= or =Very Much=. With curved hands show shape, beginning at the -lowest points. Compare _Many_, _Mound_, and _Much_. - - Fr. _l’amas_, _le tas_; Ger. _der Haufe(n)_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hear.= Move the right G hand (pointed forward) from behind the right -ear, past the ear and forward. Compare _Listen_ and _Indian Nez Percé_. - - Fr. _entendre_; Ger. _hören_. - -[Illustration] - -=Heart.= Bring the compressed right hand against the left breast, over -heart and pointing downward. - - Fr. _le coeur_; Ger. _das Herz_. - -=Heat.= See _Hot_. - -=Heaven.= Simply point up with right G, back to right and head high. -Compare _Heavens_ and _Happy Hunting Ground_; also, _Tall_. - - Fr. _le paradis_; Ger. _der Himmel_, _das Paradies_. - -[Illustration] - -=Heavens=, =Skies=, or =Sky=. Hold both flat hands palms down, tips -touching, over and in front of the head; sweep them down sidewise in -outline of the dome. Compare _Clouds_, _Carriage_, _Hot Weather_. - - Fr. _le ciel_; Ger. _der Himmel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Heavy= (Cannot hold up). Hold flat hands, a few inches apart, at same -level, backs down, in front of body and pointing to front. Raise them -slightly and let them drop several inches, finishing low. Compare -_Light_. - - Fr. _lourd_; Ger. _schwer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Help.= Hold left forearm horizontally in front of body, hand A, and -place flat right hand under left forearm and lift it slightly. (Sheeaka; -borrowed from the Deaf.) Or, sign _Work_ and _With_. - - Fr. _aider_; Ger. _helfen_. - -=Her.= See _Possession_. - -[Illustration] - -=Herd of Animals.= Hold out left 5 fingers a little curved, level, far -advanced, shoulder high, backs up and out; moved forward and a little -down together. For _Herd grazing_ hold right 5 over left 5 wrist; draw -right back toward body in a slight arc up and down. - - Fr. _le troupeau_; Ger. _die Herde_. - -=Herd= (Verb). See _Drive_. - -[Illustration] - -=Here= (This spot). Swing the right G, back up, from pointing up, to -forward and down; then stab toward the ground two or three times. -Compare _Down_, _Earth_, _Place_. - - Fr. _ici_; Ger. _hier_. - -=He who.= See _Doer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hide=, =To Cache=, =Conceal=, or =Lose=. Swing the flat or else -compressed right hand, palm down, under the flat left hand held in -front, palm down; the left hand rests on the right at end of sign. -(Sheeaka.) Sometimes add _Hush_. Compare _Enter_ and _Night_. - - Fr. _cacher_; Ger. _verstecken_. - -=Hide= (Skin). Hold extended left hand, back up, in front of body, and -with the right thumb and forefinger gather up, with a pinch, the loose -skin on the back of left hand. Sometimes sign _Robe_. - - Fr. _la peau_; Ger. _das Fell_. - -[Illustration] - -=High= or =Height=. Hold the flat right hand, back nearly up, pointing -to front, in front of right shoulder; raise the hand according to the -height intended. If it refers to humans, hold the right hand (compressed -or G) vertically pointing upward. (C) To show height of small objects or -animals, hold the flat left, palm up, under right. See _Tall_. - - Fr. _haut_; Ger. _hoch_. - -=Higher.= See _Superior_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hill=, =Bluff=, or =Butte=. Push right A fist, back out, straight up, -face high. For plural use both hands moved alternately up and down at -different places. Compare _Ridge_, _Lump_, and _Mountain_. - - Fr. _la colline_; Ger. _der Hügel_. - -=His.= See _Possession_. - -=History= or =Story= (Pictures of the past). Hold up flat left, palm -forward, and sketch on palm with right G; then sign _Past_. (C) Or, Sign -_Long_, _Past_, _Tell me_. - - Fr. _l’histoire_; Ger. _die Geschichte_. - -=Hit= (To make a hit). See _Count Coup_. - -=Hoax= (To wolf or beguile). Sign _I_, _Make_, _Him_, _Wolf_. (Seger.) - - Fr. _mystifier_; Ger. _jemandem etwas aufbinden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hog= or =Pig=. Indicate size, then with a circle of two thumbs and two -index fingers in front of mouth show muzzle; last, with flat right hand, -or flat fist back up, make a snout and root. Usually give only the last -sign. - - Fr. _le cochon_; Ger. _das Schwein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hold= (to hold a prisoner). Arms in a level circle, flat right hand -inside flat left and overlapping, both palms toward you; swing to right -and left. Compare _Defend_, _Keep_, and _Corral_. - - Fr. _tenir prisonnier_; Ger. _gefangen halten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hole.= Form a circle with thumbs and fingers of L hands. If need be, -for clearness, hold left hand in position and pass the compressed right -through the imaginary hole. Compare _Cook_ and _Boil_. - - Fr. _le trou_; Ger. _das Loch_. - -=Holler.= See _Yell_. - -=Home.= Sign _My_, _Teepee_. - - Fr. _la demeure_, _le foyer_, _le chez-soi_; Ger. _das Heim_. - -=Home-sickness.= Sign _Heart_, _Want_, and _Teepee_. - - Fr. _le mal du pays_; Ger. _das Heimweh_. - -[Illustration] - -=Honest= (Straight walk). Point right G straight forward from near -throat; push it down and up in a slight curve till it is upright, then -push it forward in two or three little jerks. See also _True_. - - Fr. _honnête_, _intègre_; Ger. _ehrlich_. - -=Honor= (Upon my honor). With right index draw a small cross on the -heart. (Pop.) - - Fr. _parole d’ honneur!_ Ger. _auf Ehre!_ _bei meiner Ehre!_ - -=Hope.= Sign _Heart_, _Want_. - - Fr. _l’espoir_; Ger. _die Hoffnung_. - -[Illustration] - -=Horse.= Hold the flat left hand, back to front, before face, fingers -level; move it to right; and then, for a moment, place the first and -second fingers of right astride it, as in _Ride_. Some omit the last -gesture. The movements of the hand indicate the height, action, and -speed of the horse. - - Fr. _le cheval_; Ger. _das Pferd_. - -[Illustration] - -=Horseman.= Sign _Man_ and _Ride_. Or, place the V right astride of the -flat left and push both to right. - - Fr. _le cavalier_; Ger. _der Reiter_. - -=Hot= or =Heat= (As water or iron). Hold the hand as in _Feel_; touch -the middle right finger tip to tongue; reach it forward and down, as -though touching a hot iron, quickly jerking it back. (A northern sign -understood by Cheyennes.) The use of the middle finger is general, no -doubt because it is longest. - - Fr. _chaud_; Ger. _heisz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hot weather= (Rays of sun beating down). Hold the 5 hands a few inches -apart, backs up, above and in front of head, pointing toward each other. -Lower the hands to level of face. - - Fr. _les grandes chaleurs_; Ger. _das heisze Wetter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hot= or =Sweating= (Personally). Draw right index crooked across the -brow, left to right, as though to run off the sweat, others and thumb -closed. - -=Hotel.= See _Restaurant_. - -=Hour.= See _Time_. - -[Illustration] - -=House.= Indicate the double slope of the roof by flat hands, pointing -nearly up and joined together at the tips. Some use only the next sign -for _House_. - - Fr. _la maison_; Ger. _das Haus_. - -[Illustration] - -=House of logs= (Corners of a log house). Bring the hands in front of -body and interlock the fingers near tips, fingers at nearly right angles -and horizontal. Some add _Roof_ by joining tips of flat hands as in -_House_. Compare _Basket_. - - Fr. _la cabane en bois_, _la hutte_; Ger. _das Blockhaus_. - -[Illustration] - -=How!= or =Ho!= The Indian salutation is sometimes used with hand -salute; that is, all fingers closed except index and middle, as in -_Friend_. - - Fr. _Ho!_ Ger. _Grüsz Gott!_ - -=How?= See _Question_. - -=How many?= See _Question_. - -=How much?= See _Question_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hundred= (Whole circle of tens). Hold up both 5 hands, palms forward, -opposite right shoulder; thumbs nearly touching; swing to left and down. -Precede this with _one_ for _one hundred_, _two_ for _two hundred_, etc. - - Fr. _cent_; Ger. _hundert_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hungry= or =Hunger= (Cuts one in two). Draw the lower edge of flat -right hand, back down, across the stomach; emphasize by drawing back and -forth. - - Fr. _avoir faim_, _la faim_; Ger. _hungrig sein_, _der Hunger_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hunt or Searching for= (In the sense of seeking for). The fingers of -the right V hand brought near the eye, but pointing forward; then swing -horizontally from side to side, the eye looking wherever they point. -Compare _Choose_, _Find_, and _Look_. Or, shade the right eye with the -right hand and swing the head. (Pop.) - - Fr. _chercher_; Ger. _suchen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hunting= (With gun or bow). Hold out both G hands, one behind the -other; swing in up-curves forward and sidewise, but always one behind -the other. - - Fr. _chasser_; Ger. _jagen_. - -=Hurry=, to _Come_ or to _Go quickly_. Make the sign for _Come_ (or -_Go_) three or four times, very quickly and emphatically. (Sheeaka.) - -[Illustration] - -=Hurry= (Ride fast). Jump the flat hands up and down before you, -quickly, palms up. Compare _Light_, which is similar, but slower. - - Fr. _se dépêcher_; Ger. _eilen_. - -=Husband.= Make sign _Male_ and _Marry_. - - Fr. _le mari_; Ger. _der Mann_; _der Gatte_. - -=Hush.= See _Silence_ and _Halt_. - -=Hypocrite.= Sign _Wolf_ and _Like_. Or _Face_ and _Two_. According to -Ruggles, the Paiutes sometimes use this second combination for _Liar_; -the Cheyennes understand it but do not use it. - - Fr. _le hypocrite_; Ger. _der Heuchler_. - - -I - -[Illustration] - -=I=, =Me=, =Myself=, =Mine=. For _I_ touch the centre of the breast with -the right thumb extended, other fingers closed. This and the next are -used indiscriminately by the Cheyennes. - - _Me_ is touching the breast with point of compressed fingers. - - _My._ Lay the A hand on the forehead, palm to left, thumb pointing up; - swing it forward and down level; that is, sign _Possession_, assuming - the first person. - - Fr. _je_, _moi_, _mien_; Ger. _Ich_, _mich_, _mein_. - -=Ice.= Sign _Water_ and _Hard_. Sometimes add _Cold_. - - Fr. _la glace_; Ger. _das Eis_. - -=Icicle.= Sign _Water_ and _Cold_; then hold up right G, pointing -downward and dropped a little. - - Fr. _le glaçon_; Ger. _der Eiszapfen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Idea=, =Thought= (Thought expressed). Lay the right G on the forehead, -pointing up, palm to left; swing it down to horizontal at mouth level, -then push it straight forward and up in a curve. Compare _So_. - - Fr. _l’idée_; _la pensée_; Ger. _die Idee_, _der Gedanke_. - -=Idle.= Sign _Work_ and _Not_. - - Fr. _paresseux_; Ger. _müszig_. - -[Illustration] - -=If=, =Doubt=, =Undecided=, =Perhaps=, or =Maybe so= (Heart looking two -ways). Lay the right V hand on the heart, pointed down and to left -front; rotate the hand on the wrist so the back is alternately up and -out. When many emotions (i.e., _perplexity_) are to be expressed, use -all fingers extended. See _Consider_. - - Fr. _si_, _peut-être_; Ger. _wenn_, _ob_, _vielleicht_. - -=Ignorance= (I don’t know). Shrug shoulders and raise one flat hand. -(Pop.) Or, sign _Know_, _Not_. Compare _Forget_. - - Fr. _l’ignorance_; Ger. _die Unwissenheit_. - -=Imperative Mood.= Sign the verb in question, then strike the flat -right, palm down, onto the flat left, palm up. Or add _Push_. (C) - -=Impossible.= Sign _Can_ and _Not_. See also _Cannot_. The Cheyennes use -_True_, _Not_. - - Fr. _impossible_; Ger. _unmöglich_. - -=Imprison.= See _Arrest_. - -[Illustration] - -=In=, =Inside=, or =Within= (To put into). Make a semicircle of the left -arm held out level; then drop the compressed right hand downward between -the left and the body. _Outside_ begins the same, but the right drops -outside the left. - -[Illustration] - -=Inside=, i.e., =in a Hole=. Make a horizontal ring of the left index -and thumb, then drop the right index down into it. For a house, use -_Enter_. - - Fr. _en_, _dedans_, _dans_; Ger. _in_, _drin_, _im Innern_. - -=Incite.= Sign _Push_, _Talk_, and _Go_; that is, try to talk into -going. - - Fr. _inciter_; Ger. _anreizen_. - -=Increase.= Hold out the flat hands, palm to palm, well apart at same -height; separate them more and more in slight jerks; or, if it is more -explicit, do it with the flat hands one above the other. See _Add to_. -Compare _Decrease_. - - Fr. _augmenter_; Ger. _vermehren_, _vergröszern_. - -[Illustration] - -=Indian.= With the tips of right flat fingers, rub the side of the flat -left held out back up, in short strokes; meaning reddish, because all -men’s hands out west are red at this place. Compare _Smooth_. - -[Illustration] - -=Indian.= Indicate the eagle feather at back of head. (Sheeaka.) Or sign -_Man_ and _Red_. (Scott.) - - Fr. _l’Indien_; Ger. _der Indianer_. - -=Indian Tribe= or =Nation=. Give the _Tribal_ sign and add _All_ in each -case. - -=Indian= Tribal signs: - - [Illustration] - - =Apache.= (Probably using the notched-stick fiddle). Draw the right G - finger _up and down_ along the left G several times, from near the - point to the base, a foot long each stroke. Compare _Poor_. - - =Arapahoe.= With all fingers of right hand compressed so the points - are together, tap the left breast, that is, sign _Mother_. As Sherman - Coolidge tells me, the Arapahoes claim theirs to have been the mother - of all tribes. In the south, the sign is rub the side of the nose with - the right G, referring to their one-time salutation of nose-rubbing. - - =Banak.= Sign for _Lodge_ and _Bad_. (C) - - =Blackfeet.= Sign for _Moccasin_ and _Black_. - - =Caddo.= Draw the right N over the left N from the tips back to the - knuckles (because they wore pants). (Father Isadore.) - - [Illustration] - - =Cheyennes.= (Perhaps meaning “striped tail,” because they used turkey - feathers; or, more likely, “finger-choppers,” because they chopped - their fingers when in mourning.) Hold out left G finger and cut it - with the edge of the right G finger drawn across it once or twice, - each time further up the hand. Compare _Often_ and _And all the time_. - - =Chippewa.= See _Ojibwa_. - - =Comanche.= Sign for _Snake_, pushing the hand forward. Compare - _Shoshoni_. (Seger.) - - =Cree.= Sign _Rabbit_, _People_; but usually omit _People_. - - =Crow.= Sign _Bird_ slowly. Sometimes only one hand. Or hold S hand, - palm forward, at brow for “Pompadour Indians.” - - =Dakota.= See _Sioux_. - - =Flathead.= See _Koutenais_. - - =Gros Ventre.= Sign _Big Belly_. - - =Hopi.= Sign _Dance_ and _Snake_. - - =Kiowa.= With the tips of the flat right, palm up, back to left, - describe an upright ellipse near the right ear; because they used to - cut their hair on that side to show the ear ornaments or ear painted - red. - - =Koutenai.= Sign for _White-tailed Deer_. (C) - - =Mandan= (Tattooed chin and cheek). With right hand compressed so all - tips touch, tap the chin and jaw. (C) - - =Navaho= (Makers of striped blankets). Sign for _Work_, _Blanket_, and - _Striped_. - - =Nez Percé= (Pierced nose). Pass index of right G hand level under - nose from right to left. Compare _Hear_. - - =Ojibwa= or =Chippewa= (Living in the Woods). Sign _Tree_ and - _People_; or sign _Paddle_, _People_. (Blackfoot.) - - =Osage= (Shaved heads). Rub the flat right hand, palm out, over the - side of the head and down, as though shaving the head; the little - finger being the sharp edge. - - =Paiute.= Sign _Rabbit_, _Robe_. - - =Pawnee= (Wolf). Hold up the right V hand, palm forward, near right - ear; then swing finger-tips forward. - - =Piegan.= Rotate half closed hand, palm in, near right cheek. - - =Pueblo.= Sign _Two Quivers_; that is, _Arrow_, _Two_; then drop - compressed left once or twice into C right hand. - - =Sac= (Shaved heads). Same as _Osage_ sign. - - =Shoshoni= or =Snake Indians=. Sign for _Snake_ and sometimes add - _Bad_, _Lodge_. - - =Sioux= (Cut throats). Draw the right G finger across the throat. - - =Uncapapa= (From their position in camp). Sign for _Sioux_ and - _Encamp_, then make an incomplete circle with index fingers and - thumbs; then, holding left in pose, strike last joint of index with - tip of right G and similarly right index with tip of left G. (C) - - =Ute.= Sign _Black_ and _Red_. - - =Wichita= (Tattooed rings). With right G finger tap the forehead in a - circle. - - =Yankton.= Sign for _Sioux_ and _Nez Percé_. (C) - -=Indian Agent.= See _Agent_. - -=Indifference= (_None of my business_). Both hands held down by the -thighs; at the same time a shrug of the shoulders. (Pop.) - - Fr. _l’indifférence_; Ger. _die Gleichgültigkeit_. - -=Infantry.= Sign _Soldiers_ and _Walk_. - - Fr. _l’infanterie_; Ger. _die Fusztruppen_, _die Infanterie_. - -[Illustration] - -=Inferior= (To one). Hold up both G fingers, the one representing the -inferior much lower. - -[Illustration] - -=Inferior= (To many). For several inferiors use the 5 hand to represent -them, while the G of the other hand up high represents the superior. - - Fr. _inférieur_; Ger. _untergeordnet_. - -=Inhabit.= See _Dwell_. - -=Injure=, =Doing evil to=. If with reference to another person, make -sign for _Work_ and _Bad_. If with reference to one’s self, make signs -_Do_, _to me_, _Bad_. - - Fr. _faire du mal_; Ger. _beschädigen_. - -=Innocent.= See _Clean-handed_. - -=In order that.= See _So that_. - -=Inside.= See _In_. - -=Interrogate.= See _Question_ or _Query_. - -=Intervene.= See _Come between_. - -=Invalid.= See _Sick one_. - -=Investigating.= See _Searching_; also _Consider_. - -=Iron.= See _Metal_. - -[Illustration] - -=Island= (Round thing surrounded by water). Sign _Land_, then with L -hands make a horizontal circle; hold left hand in pose, sign _Water_ -with right hand; then compress it and draw it point down around the -circle just made. Compare _Lake_. - - Fr. _l’île_; Ger. _die Insel_. - -=Itching.= Scratch the left palm with nail of the right G index; or else -the thigh. - - Fr. _la démangeaison_; Ger. _das Jucken_. - - -J - -[Illustration] - -=Jealous= (Elbowing aside). Hold the fists near the breast; alternately -swing each elbow out and back a little. (C) - -[Illustration] - -=Jealous= (Hide and stab). Hold out flat left, back up, and with right G -stab under it once or twice. - - Fr. _jaloux_; Ger. _eifersüchtig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Jesus= (The Cross above). The right G finger upright and crossed on top -with the left G; this cross then placed above the eyes, the face looking -upward; then the cross pushed toward the sky to the full extent of the -arms. The real meaning being, “He who was crucified and is now in -heaven.” (Scott.) Or sign _Big_, _Medicine_, _Child_. - - Fr. _Jésus_; Ger. _Jesus_. - -[Illustration] - -=Joke= (Play talk). Sign _Play_; that is, hold the right 5 hand near the -mouth, back down, fingers a little curved; swing the hand forward and -upward; then add _Talk_. - - Fr. _la plaisanterie_; Ger. _der Scherz_. - -=Joyous.= Sign _Heart_, _Glad_, and _Sing_. (C) Sign _Heart_, _Happy_, -or _Playing_. - - Fr. _joyeux_; Ger. _fröhlich_. - -=Judge.= See _Consider_. - -=Jump= (Human). Stand right V on left palm; assume these to be legs and -make them jump up and down. (Sheeaka.) - -[Illustration] - -=Jump= or =Spring= (Anything). Hold compressed right hand, pointing to -left, near right shoulder; swing it up forward and down in a long curve. -Also used for _Animal_, in which case use several short jumps. - - Fr. _sauter_; Ger. _springen_. - -=Junior.= See _Younger_; also _Inferior_. - -=Just= or =Fair=. From a position near each side, bring the extended O -hands, palms inward, together so the tips of right thumb and index touch -tips of left thumb and index, like two balance pans side by side. (D) -Or, sign _True_ and _Same_, or _Good_. - - Fr. _juste_; Ger. _gerecht_. - -=Just so.= Make the sign _Yes_ once or twice; or else, use _True_. - - Fr. _justement_, _précisément cela_; Ger. _genau so_, _ganz richtig_. - - -K - -[Illustration] - -=Keep=, =Grasp=, or =Remember=. Hold out flat right hand, back to right, -fingers level; hold up left G hand, back to left; swing them together; -grasp left index in closed right hand and move the hands slightly to -right and left. Compare _Hold_ and _Remember_. - - Fr. _tenir_, _retenir_; Ger. _halten_, _behalten_. - -=Keep close.= Sign _Good_ and _Near_. (C) - -=Keep quiet.= Sign _Stop_ and _Sit down_, or simply _Stop_. See _Hush_. - - Fr. _taisez vous_, _tenez vous tranquille!_ Ger. _ruhig sein!_ - _schweigen!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Kettle.= Indicate the shape of the mouth with both L hands; then, -holding left unchanged, pass the right G into it; then, with right, lift -as if by a handle. Some omit the “handle.” Compare _Basket_ and _Cook_. - - Fr. _le chaudron_, _la chaudière_; Ger. _der Kessel_. - -=Kidney.= Hold up the two compressed hands, then swing them back against -the kidneys. - - Fr. _le rein_, (_d’animal_) _le rognon_; Ger. _die Niere_. - -[Illustration] - -=Kill=, =Overcome=, =Win=, or =Be victor= (Striking with a club). Hold -the right A hand, back nearly up, in front of shoulder, back of hand -making a slight angle with wrist; strike to the front, downward and -little to left, stopping hand suddenly and giving it slight rebound. -For _Kill me_ or _Beat me_, make the sign toward one’s self. - - Fr. _tuer_, _vaincre_; Ger. _tot schlagen_, _siegen_. - -=Kin=, =Kinsman=, or =Kinship=. Sign _Brother_ and _Distant_ or _Near_, -as the case may be. - - Fr. _le parent_; Ger. _der Verwandte_. - -=Kind= or =Gentle=. Sign _Heart_ and _Good_. - - Fr. _aimable_; Ger. _freundlich_, _sanft_. - -=King’s X.= See _Fins_. - -[Illustration] - -=Knife= (Penknife or Jack-knife). (Whittling a stick.) With right A hand -make motion of whittling the index finger of the left G hand. (Blackfoot -and Pop.) The Cheyennes sign _Cut_ and _Bend_. - - Fr. _le canif_, _le couteau_; Ger. _das Messer_, _das Taschenmesser_. - -=Knife= or =Dagger=. Thumb up straight, rest of fingers closed, hand at -side. (Pop.) Compare _He_, _Turn down_, and _Opossum_. - -=Knife.= Hold left hand near mouth, then with lower edge of flat right -make as though cutting off a piece of meat held between the left hand -and the teeth. Understood but not used by Cheyennes. They indicate -length with right G on flat left back and add _Cut_. - - Fr. _le couteau_, _le poignard_; Ger. _das Messer_, _der Dolch_. - -=Know= or =Be acquainted with=. Sign _Know_, as below. - - Fr. _connaître_; Ger. _kennen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Know= or =Understand= (See, it is in my heart). Lay the right L hand, -back up, on heart; swing it out, up in a slight curve, and down a -little, palm up. - - Fr. _comprendre_, _savoir_; Ger. _wissen_, _verstehen_. - -=Know, I don’t.= Shrug the shoulders and shake the head and raise the -right hand open, palm up, to level of shoulder, inclining the head to -the side. (Pop.) Compare _Don’t care_. - -=Know=, =I know what I’m doing= (Perhaps “I smell a rat” is the verbal -form of the sign). Lay the right index on right side of nose. (Pop.) - - Fr. _je ne suis pas aveugle_; Ger. _ich weiss was ich mache_. - -=Knowledge= or =Intelligence=. Tap the forehead and add _Big_. Compare -_Conceit_. - - Fr. _le savoir_, _l’intelligence_; Ger. _die Kenntnis_, _das Wissen_. - - -L - -=Labor.= See _Work_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lake.= Sign _Water_ and with both L hands make an incomplete horizontal -circle, then bring wrists together and swing finger tips apart. The last -gesture is to suggest _Wide_. Compare _Island_. - - Fr. _le lac_; Ger. _der See_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lame= (Bobbing of horse’s head). Right A hand out in front, _back up_, -moved forward a little and at the same time jerked down by wrist action -and to left; repeat. Compare _Old_ and _Kill_. - - Fr. _boiteux_; Ger. _lahm_. - -[Illustration] - -=Land=, =Country=, =Ground=, or =Earth= (Flat and extended). Pat toward -ground with one or both flat hands; then swing them apart, flat, palms -down, on a broad upward sweep left and right. - - Fr. _la campagne_, _la terre_; Ger. _das Land_, _die Erde_. - -=Lantern.= Sign _Enclosure_, but make it perpendicular; then in the same -space sign _Fire_ twice. - - Fr. _la lanterne_; Ger. _die Laterne_. - -=Large.= See _Big_ and _High_. - -=Lasso.= Sign _Rope_, then hold right L hand over right shoulder, back -nearly to right, index pointing up; throw it forward, upward, and down, -close index and thumb and jerk the hand back. Often omit _Rope_. - - Fr. _le lasso_; Ger. _die Wurfschlinge_. - -[Illustration] - -=Last.= Hold up the left 5 hand, thumb nearest you; push it straight -away, then tap the thumb with the G of the other hand. (Sheeaka.) - -=Last= (One, After). Hold up 5 left hand and, away behind it, the G -right. (Blackfoot.) Compare _First_ and _Guide_. - - Fr. _le dernier_; Ger. _der Letzte_. - -=Last year.= Sign _Winter_, _Beyond_. - - Fr. _l’année passée_; Ger. _voriges Jahr_. - -=Late.= See _After_. - -=Laugh.= Hold both curved 5 hands, palms up, near the sides, a foot -apart; then shake them up and down. Compare _Play_. - - Fr. _rire_; Ger. _lachen_. - -=Law= (Written road). Sign _Write_, then _Across_ two or three times. -Compare _Council_ (No. 2.) - - Fr. _la loi_; Ger. _das Gesetz_. - -=Lawyer.= _Whiteman_, _Law_, and _Know_. - - Fr. _l’avocat_; Ger. _der Advokat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lazy= or =Tired=. Shake the head, throw it back, then drop both nearly -open, hands limply, one held out at each side motionless. Compare _Weak_ -and _Tired_. - - Fr. _paresseux_, _fatigué_; Ger. _faul_, _träge_, _müde_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lead.= With right hand fingers grasp the flat left hand and drag it -forward. (Sheeaka; borrowed from the Deaf.) Sometimes used also for -_Teacher_. - -=Lead.= Hold right A hand high in front of right shoulder, back to -right; move it forward by gentle jerks, as though leading a pony. See -_Guide_. - - Fr. _conduire_; Ger. _führen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Leaf.= Sign _Tree_, then shake right hand shoulder high, with thumb and -index pointed nearly up, forming an incomplete circle, others closed. -Compare _Money_ and _Fruit_. - - Fr. _la feuille_; Ger. _das Blatt_. - -=Learn.= Sign _Book_, then follow the lines with the right G finger and -last draw it to _Me_. Or sign _Book_, _Look_, _Know_, making the last -sign once or twice toward the _Book_. See _Lesson_. - - Fr. _apprendre_; Ger. _lernen_. - -=Leggings.= Draw the L hands, backs out, one on each leg from well down -to near hips. - - Fr. _les grandes guêtres_; Ger. _die ledernen Gamaschen_. - -=Lend=, =Loan=, or =Borrow=. Sign _Give you_ (or me) and _By and By_, -_Give me_ (or you). Or, _Give_, _Little while_. - - Fr. _prêter_, _emprunter_; Ger. _leihen_, _borgen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Less= (Compressed). Hold the open flat hands a foot or two apart, palm -to palm, one above the other. Hold the lower hand stationary and then -draw the upper in jerks down toward the lower. See _Decrease_. - - Fr. _moins_; Ger. _weniger_. - -=Let it alone.= See _Abandon_. - -=Letter= (Sticking on the stamp). Indicate size of letter, then close -right hand, thumb extended; wet thumb end on lips and press on open left -palm. - - Fr. _la lettre_; Ger. _der Brief_. - -=Level=, =All right=. See _Good_, also _Prairie_. - -=Liar.= Make sign for _Lie_; then indicate the person. To add the -intensive _Very much_ makes it equivalent to the strong and unprintable -English expression that is used in extreme cases. - - Fr. _le menteur_; Ger. _der Lügner_. - -=Liberal.= See _Generous_. - -=Liberate.= Sign _Prisoner_, throw the hands up and apart, then add -_Go_. (C) See _Pardon_. - - Fr. _délivrer_; Ger. _befreien_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lie= or =False= (Two tongues or forked tongue). Hold the right V hand, -back out, a little in front and to the right of mouth, and pointing to -left; move the hand to left, past mouth, and downward. - - Fr. _le mensonge_; Ger. _die Lüge_. - -=Life.= See _Alive_. - -=Light= (Not dark). See _Day_. - -=Light= (Not heavy). Hold out both flat hands, palms up; raise briskly -together in one or two jerks. Compare _Heavy_, which is the same in -pose, but in which the hands drop briskly. See _Hurry_, which is similar -but much faster and raised each time in one movement. - - Fr. _léger_; Ger. _leicht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lightning= or =Thunderbolt=. With right G index held high, make a quick -zigzag downward. - - Fr. _l’éclair_; Ger. _der Blitz_. - -=Like= (To be partial to). Sign _Want_. - -=Like= or =Alike=. See _Equal_. - -=Listen, I will not.= Cover both ears with the hands and shake head. -(Pop. and Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _je n’écouterai pas_; Ger. _ich will nicht zuhören_. - -=Listen.= Hold right L hand back to right near and around right ear; -rotate the hand by wrist action (Cheyenne). Or hold hollowed right hand -behind the right ear. (Popular sign understood by Cheyennes.) Compare -_Hear_. - - Fr. _écouter_; Ger. _horchen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Little of=, =Small=, =Piece of=, =Part=. Hold right hand in front of -body, shoulder high, back to right, end of thumb pressing against under -side of index so that only about half an inch of index is seen beyond -the thumb, other fingers closed. For emphasis, point at right with left -G. - -=Little= or =Small of Stature=. For small animal, person, etc., indicate -the stature by holding out flat right, palm down, above the ground or -above the flat left, palm up. See _Boy_. - -[Illustration] - -=Little= or =Small degree or matter=, =Weak=. Hold the right fist above -the left as though both were grasping a thin stick, backs out. Twist the -right hand and draw it in a little to the breast, turning it so the palm -is a little upward instead of a little downward. Compare _Few_. Note -_Strong_ is its analogue. - - Fr. _petit_, _peu_; Ger. _klein_, _wenig_. - -=Live.= See _Alive_. - -=Live in.= See _Dwell_. - -=Liver.= Compress the right hand, bend it much at the wrist, hold it so -the back is forward and down, fingers level and pointing back; lay it on -the right side under the ribs, draw it to the middle of the body -following under side of ribs. - - Fr. _le foie_; Ger. _die Leber_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lock.= Against flat left palm turn thumb and index of right as a key. - - Fr. _fermer à clef_, _la serrure_; Ger. _schlieszen_, _das Schlosz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Long.= Fully extend the left arm forward and downward, hand flat, palm -down; lay right G finger on the left wrist; then draw it up to the -shoulder. Often use _Big_. - - Fr. _long_; Ger. _lang_. - -=Longing.= Sign _Heart_ and _Want_; or _Heart_, _Want_, and _See_. - - Fr. _le désir ardent_; Ger. _das Verlangen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Long time= (Drawn out). Slowly draw the hands very far apart as though -pulling out a piece of gum or elastic. See _Time_. - - Fr. _longtemps_; Ger. _lange_. - -[Illustration] - -=Look.= Make V hand and point with fingers in line of sight. Compare -_Hunting_ and _See_. - - Fr. _regarder_; Ger. _ansehen_, _hinsehen_. - -=Look at that.= Point with forefinger at object and add _See_. Compare -_There_. - - Fr. _regardez cela_, _voyez_; Ger. _sehen Sie das an_. - -=Look out.= See _Warning_. - -=Loose= or =Set Free=. See _Liberate_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lose=, =Lost=, or =Astray= (Hid, find, and not; apparently referring to -the game of hide in the hand). Hold out both fists together, palms up, -for _Hid_; then look about and point with right G hand behind here and -there and to one side; add _Not_. (Sheeaka.) - -[Illustration] - -=Lose.= The Cheyennes use _Hide_, which see. Compare _Night_. - -=Lost=, =I am lost=. Sign _Look_, _Way_, _See_, _Not_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _perdre_, _perdu_; Ger. _verlieren_, _verloren_. - -=Love.= See _Fond_. - -[Illustration] - -=Low.= Hold flat right hand low, back up. - - Fr. _bas_; Ger. _niedrig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Luck=, =Happen=, =Chance=, or =Accident= (What turns up). Extend both G -hands in front, palm side up; turn them in toward each other till the -backs are up; forefingers still extended. Then add _Good_ or _Bad_. (D) -This suggests the gambling sticks in the Indian game. See _Of_. - -=Luck= (Whatever befalls me). Sign _Medicine_, or shake the head and the -flat hand in front of the neck, then swing right G in a curve till it -strikes the breast. (Sheeaka. A doubtful Sioux sign.) - - Fr. _la chance_, _l’accident_; Ger. _der Zufall_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lump= (Apparently “hill” that can be held in the hand). Hold up the -right A hand, waist high, palm to you, thumb pointing up, wrist bent so -arm is nearly level. Compare _Hill_. - - Fr. _la petite masse_; Ger. _der Klumpen_, _die kleine Masse_. - -=Lunch= or =Luncheon=. Sign _Noon_ and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le déjeuner_; Ger. _das Mittagessen_. - -=Lungs.= Hold the 5 hands on the breast, one at each side, and indicate -slow heaving. Compare _Sick_. - - Fr. _les poumons_; Ger. _die Lungen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lynx.= With the C hand at each side of the face indicate ruffs; with -rings of index fingers and thumbs, show the eyes; then on the G right -with the G left show the bob tail. (Sheeaka.) This is a description -rather than a name. - - Fr. _le lynx_; Ger. _der Luchs_. - -=Lynx=, =Bay=, or =Bob-cat.= Sign _Cat_ and _Short tail_. (Scott.) The -Cheyennes, who do not know the true Lynx, sign _Animal_ and _Short -tail_. - - Fr. _le lynx rouge_; Ger. _der Rotluchs_, _die amerikanische - Wildkatze_. - - -M - -=Mad.= See _Angry_ and _Crazy_. - -[Illustration] - -=Make= or =Manufacture=. Hammer the top of one fist with the other two -or three times, giving both hands a twisting motion. (Sheeaka. Adopted -from the Deaf.) Compare _Work_, which is mostly used by _Indians_ for -_Make_. - - Fr. _fabriquer_; Ger. _anfertigen_. - -=Make up one’s mind.= See _Decide_. - -[Illustration] - -=Man= or =Male= (The one alone; the erect one). Right G held up at -height of chin, palm forward; many Cheyennes make it back forward. For -_Boy_ sign _Man_ then drop the hand down to a level that indicates -height, and turn it palm to you. - - Fr. _l’homme_; Ger. _der Mann_. - -=Mandan.= See _Indian Tribes_. - -=Manitoba= (Red River Country). Give signs for _Country_, _River_, _Red_ -(suggested). - -=Manner.= See _Way_. - -=Man who.= See _Doer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Many= (Many tens). Hold up both hands, face high, half closed, palms -forward; throw them forward in 5 shape. Repeat several times. See also -_Heap_ and _Much_. - - Fr. _plusieurs_; Ger. _viele_. - -[Illustration] - -=Many times=, =Often=, or =All the time=. Hold out left arm level, hand -flat palm in; tap it a few times with right G hand from near wrist, -moving each time an inch or so toward elbow. Compare _Cheyenne_. - - Fr. _souvent_; Ger. _oft_. - -[Illustration] - -=Married= or =Marry= (Side by side, united as one). Sign _Trade_, that -is, _Bargain_; then lay right G beside left G touching, both pointing -forward level, not moved. (C) The Cheyennes omit _Trade_. Compare -_Equal_, _Parallel_, and _Mates_. - - Fr. _marié_, _épouser_; Ger. _verheiratet_, _heiraten_. - -=Marten= or =Sable=. Sign _Weasel_; that is, curve right G and push it -forward, back up, in bounds; indicate size, yellow throat; then, running -up a tree. This is a suggested description, as I found no established -sign. - - Fr. _la marte_, _la zibeline_; Ger. _der Marder_, _der Zobel_. - -=Match.= Strike an imaginary match on right thigh, or left arm. - - Fr. _l’allumette_; Ger. _das Streichholz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mate= or =Partner= (One teepee and side by side). The G fingers in tent -form, then up side by side, touching. (Sheeaka.) - -=Mate= or =Chum=. Sign _Friend_, _Same_. - - Fr. _le camarade_, _le compagnon_; Ger. _der Kamerad_. - -=May= or =Maybe=. See _Perhaps_. - -=Me.= Touch one’s own chest with the tips of the compressed fingers of -the right hand. (Sheeaka.) Compare _I_. - - Fr. _moi_; Ger. _mich_. - -=Meals.= For _Breakfast_, sign _Eat_ and _Sunrise_; for _Lunch_, sign -_Eat_ and _Noon_; for _Dinner_, sign _Eat_ and _Sundown_. - - Fr. _les repas_; Ger. _die Mahlzeiten_. - -=Mean= or =Intend=. Sign _Want_ and _Say_. - - Fr. _avoir en vue_, _vouloir dire_; Ger. _beabsichtigen_, _meinen_. - -=Mean= or =Stingy=. Sign _Heart_ and _Few_. - - Fr. _avare_; Ger. _geizig_. - -=Meanwhile.= See _While_. - -[Illustration] - -=Meat= (=1=). Hold out the flat left, back up; then with the flat right, -palm up, slice pieces off the left palm. This is generally used, but -often with left palm up. - -[Illustration] - -=Meat= or =Flesh= (=2=). With right index finger and thumb, grasp the -flesh between left index finger and thumb. (Sioux and Blackfoot.) Note, -if this be done by putting the right at the under side of the left, it -is the same as the next sign. - -[Illustration] - -=Meat= (=3=). Lay the flat left hand, little finger down, between the -thumb and fingers of the flat right, as far in as possible; then pat the -back of the left by opening and closing the right a little and add -_Buffalo_. In conversation, _Buffalo_ without the first sign is often -used for _Meat_, just as we use _Beef_. The first part of this is much -like _Thick_ and _Thin_, but the whole of the left fingers are involved -and the right hand is not slid along. - -The right in this, it will be noted, shows the pose of the hand when -holding a thick piece of meat to be cut up for drying. - -Clark says there is no sign for _Meat_; yet, obviously, his sign for -_Bacon_ is compounded of _Meat_, _Thin_, and _Greasy_; and the sign he -gives for _Cutting up_, means _Cutting up meat_. - -=Meat= (=4=). With right index and thumb, pinch the flesh at the palmar -base of the left thumb. (Father Isadore says this is fixed and universal -among the Comanches.) - - Fr. _la viande_; Ger. _das Fleisch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Medal.= Make a circle of right thumb and index (other fingers closed); -lay it little finger in, on the centre of the breast. (C) Compare -_Policeman_. - - Fr. _la médaille_; Ger. _die Medaille_. - -[Illustration] - -=Medicine=, =Mystery=, =Holy=, =Sacred=, or =Wonderful= (In the sense of -Sacred Mystery). Hold V right hand close to forehead, palm forward, -pointing up, separated; move the hand upward, twisting it so that the -tips of the extended fingers will describe a spiral curve. This is -hardly translatable. - - Fr. _le mystère sacré_; Ger. _das heilige Geheimnis_. - -=Medicine= (A curative drug or potion). Hold out left C back to left and -pour into it from a bottle in right C hand. If a powder, pour on flat -left palm. If a pill, pour on palm and afterward pick up with index and -thumb. (Pop.) Sign _Medicine_ and _Eat_. (Cheyenne, recent.) - - Fr. _la médecine_, _le remède_; Ger. _die Arznei_. - -=Medicine-Man= or =Shaman=. Make signs for _Man_ and _Medicine_. - - Fr. _le magicien_, _le médecin_; Ger. _der Medizinmann_, _der - Schamane_. - -[Illustration] - -=Meet.= Hold forefingers of both G hands a foot apart, pointing up, left -farthest off; move together till touching at the tips. Compare _Trade_, -_Mistake_, and _Avoid_. - - Fr. _rencontrer_; Ger. _treffen_, _begegnen_. - -=Melancholy.= Incline the head slightly forward and rest forehead on -left hand, left forearm close to body. Understood by Cheyennes, but they -prefer _Heart on the Ground_. - - Fr. _triste_; Ger. _schwermütig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Melt=, =Fade=, =Die out=, =Dissolve=. Hold up both “5” hands six inches -apart, fingers pointing up, palms toward you; let the hands drop and -slide aside, gradually assuming compressed position, backs up. -(Sheeaka.) - -=Melt.= Sign _Wipe out_, but slide the right palm over the left toward -the tips in small jerks, then over and beyond. - - Fr. _fondre_; Ger. _schmelzen_, _vergehen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Memories.= Head hung forward; right A hand dropped a foot under chin; -then sign _Time_, _Back_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _les souvenirs_; Ger. _die Erinnerungen_. - -=Memory= or =Remembering=. Sign _Heart_ and _Know_. - - Fr. _la mémoire_, _se rappeler_; Ger. _das Gedächtnis_, _sich - erinnern_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mend.= Lay the right G along to overlap the left G, then hammer on the -left with right fist. (Sheeaka.) Note, this is mending iron or wood; to -mend clothes, lay one index on other as above, then with right sew over -edge of left. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes usually sign _Make_ and _Good_. -Compare _Fix_. - - Fr. _raccommoder_; Ger. _ausbessern_, _reparieren_. - -=Mercy.= In the Roman Arena, the appeal for mercy was made by stretching -the hand with first and second fingers raised and touching; others -closed. (Pop.) - - Fr. _la clémence_, _la miséricorde_; Ger. _das Erbarmen_, _die Gnade_. - -=Mercy on Another.= See _Pity_. - -=Mercy on Me.= See _Pity_. - -=Merry.= See _Glad_. - -=Message=, i.e., =Spoken=. See _Speech_. - -=Metal.= Sign _Hard_ and describe or point to a piece of the metal in -question. Or sign _Strong_, _Hard_. - - Fr. _le métal_; Ger. _das Metall_. - -=Meteor.= Sign _Star_ and with hand up high sign _Fire_ and let it drop -in a wavy line across the sky. - - Fr. _le météore_; Ger. _das Meteor_, _die Feuerkugel_. - -=Midday= or =Noon=. _Sun_ and _Straight up_. - - Fr. _le midi_; Ger. _der Mittag_. - -[Illustration] - -=Middle= (The point dividing in half). Hold out the left G hand, finger -level. Drop the right G hand down onto it at the middle joint. Compare -_Half_ and _Centre_. - -=Middle.= Strike down with lower edge of flat right between the fingers -of left V held pointing up. - - Fr. _le milieu_; Ger. _die Mitte_. - -=Middle one.= Hold up three fingers of left, tap the two outer with -right G, then bend the middle one down. - - Fr. _celui au milieu_; Ger. _der Mittlere_. - -=Midnight.= Sign _Night_ and _Middle_. - - Fr. _le minuit_; Ger. _die Mitternacht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mile= (Stake, measure, and stake). Hold out closed left at arm’s length -in front of shoulder, back up, index and thumb joined at top; drop it -six inches, point down; then place index and thumb of similar right -against it and swing right out level to right for two or three feet and -drop it as before. - - Fr. _le mille_; Ger. _die Meile_. - -=Milk.= With both S hands make motion of milking. - - Fr. _le lait_; Ger. _die Milch_. - -=Milky Way= (Spirit’s Trail). _Die_ and _Way_, and sweep the right hand -high across the sky to show where. - - Fr. _la voie lactée_; Ger. _die Milchstrasze_. - -=Mingle.= See _Mix_. - -=Mink.= Sign _Water_, _Creek_, and _Animal_. (Blackfoot.) Sometimes -indicate size. - - Fr. _le foutereau_, _le mink_; Ger. _der Mink_, _der Nerz_. - -=Minute= (Division of time). See _Time_. Hold left O hand horizontal for -_Watch_; tap around it with right G finger for _hours_; then for minute -add _One_, _Small_, and _Time_. _Second_ would be the same with added -signs _Few_ or _Very_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _la minute_; Ger. _die Minute_. - -=Minute= (Very small). Sign _Small_. - - Fr. _trés petit_; Ger. _winzig_. - -=Mirage.= Hold right 5 hand high, opposite left shoulder, back out, -pointing to left; move it horizontally to right with a tremulous motion. -(C) - - Fr. _le mirage_; Ger. _die Luftspiegelung_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mirror.= Flat right, points up, opposite face, shaken a little forward -and back as though adjusting the distance. Sometimes sign _Look_ first. - - Fr. _le miroir_; Ger. _der Spiegel_. - -=Mislead.= Sign _Way_, then thrust right G to right and to left, but not -straight. Or sign _Tell_, _Straight_, _Not_. - - Fr. _égarer_; Ger. _verleiten_. - -=Miss.= See _Avoid_. - -=Mist.= See _Fog_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mistake= (Mark missed). Hold up left G hand, then pass it by with right -G hand. - - Fr. _l’erreur_; Ger. _der Irrtum_. - -=Mix= or =Mingle.= Hold up the 5 hands, face high, points up, palm to -palm touching; rotate one against the other. If in cookery, imitate the -movement of stirring. Compare _Play_. - - Fr. _mélanger_; Ger. _mischen_. - -=Moccasin.= Pass the open hands over feet from toe to ankle. Usually but -one hand is used, and it need not touch the foot. - - Fr. _le mocassin_; Ger. _der Mokassin_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mockery= or =Insolent defiance=. Spread the right hand with fingers -straight, point of thumb to point of nose, little finger toward the -enemy. (Pop.) Not Indian originally, but all understand it now. - - Fr. _la moquerie_, _la dérision_; Ger. _die Verspottung_. - -=Modesty.= Cover the eyes with one flat hand, its fingers well apart. -(Pop.) See _Ashamed_ and _Fog_. - - Fr. _la modestie_; Ger. _die Sittsamkeit_, _die Bescheidenheit_. - -[Illustration] - -=Money= (Coin). With right thumb and index, others closed, make a -horizontal circle. Compare _Sun_, _Fruit_, and _Leaf_. - - Fr. _l’argent_; Ger. _das Geld_. - -=Money= (Paper). Sign _Writing_ and _Money_. - -[Illustration] - -=Money= (Bills). Draw the flat left hand edgewise between the thumb and -fingers of the right; then on left palm indicate shape. (C) - - Fr. _billets de banque_; Ger. _die Banknoten_. - -=Monkey= (Man’s face, dog’s run). Sign _Face_, _Man_, _Dog_, _Goes_. - - Fr. _le singe_; Ger. _der Affe_. - -=Month= (One Moon). Sign for _One_ and _Moon_ and _Die_. - - Fr. _le mois_; Ger. _der Monat_. - -Each tribe had, of course, its own names for the months. I have selected -the ones most likely to be widely popular, without regard to their -origin. - - [Illustration] - - =January= (Snow Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Snow_. - - Fr. _le janvier_; Ger. _der Januar_. - - =February= (Hunger Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Hunger_. - - Fr. _le février_; Ger. _der Februar_. - - =March= (Crow Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Crow_. - - Fr. _le mars_; Ger. _der März_. - - =April= (Grass Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Short grass_. - - Fr. _l’avril_; Ger. _der April_. - - [Illustration] - - =May= (Planting Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Planting_. - - Fr. _le mai_; Ger. _der Mai_. - - =June= (Rose Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Rose_. - - Fr. _le juin_; Ger. _der Juni_. - - =July= (Thunder Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Lightning_. - - Fr. _le juillet_; Ger. _der Juli_. - - =August= (Red Moon). Sign for _Moon_ and _Red_. - - Fr. _l’août_; Ger. _der August_. - - [Illustration] - - =September= (Hunting Moon). Sign _Moon_ and then draw a bow as in - hunting. - - Fr. _le septembre_; Ger. _der September_. - - =October= (Leaf-falling Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Leaf-falling_. - - Fr. _l’octobre_; Ger. _der Oktober_. - - =November= (Mad Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Mad_. - - Fr. _le novembre_; Ger. _der November_. - - =December= (Long Night). Sign _Moon_, _Night_, and _Long_. - - Fr. _le décembre_; Ger. _der Dezember_. - -[Illustration] - -=Moon= (Horns in the sky, or crescent). Close right hand except thumb -and first finger, which forms a half-circle or crescent, held above the -right ear, back of hand forward. Sometimes expressed as _Night_ and -_Sun_. - - Fr. _la lune_; Ger. _der Mond_. - -[Illustration] - -=Moose= (Elk with flat horns). Hold up flat hands for horns; but swing -both backward and forward to indicate width; then, with both “L” hands, -indicate the hanging muzzle. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _l’orignal_; Ger. _das Elentier_, _der Elch_. - -[Illustration] - -=More.= Hold out the flat left hand, palm up; then with right make as -though throwing sand on it more and more, three times. (Sheeaka.) -Compare _Most_. See _Repeat_, _Add to_, and _Ahead_. - - Fr. _plus_; Ger. _mehr_. - -[Illustration] - -=Morning= or =Day= (Opening up). Both hands palms down, flat, near -together. Sweep them up, out, and apart; turning the palms up. The same -as _Day_. - -[Illustration] - -=Morning= or =Dawn=. Hold out both arms level, full length, side by -side, hands flat, backs forward, tips touching; raise them slowly to -half height. - - Fr. _le matin_; Ger. _der Morgen_. - -=Mosquito.= With right index and thumb make as though pricking right -cheek with a thorn; then slap the place with right palm. - - Fr. _le moustique_; Ger. _der Moskito_, _die Stechmücke_. - -[Illustration] - -=Most.= Sign _More_, then raise the right flat hand high above it. -(Sheeaka.) Or sign _Ahead_, _All_. - - Fr. _le plus_; Ger. _meist_, _am Meisten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mother= (Nurse or parent, female). With the finger tips of the right -hand, make as though drawing milk from the left breast; add the sign for -_Female_ if necessary. (Scott.) Note the left breast for _Mother_, -nearer the heart; the right breast is for _Father_. - - Fr. _la mère_; Ger. _die Mutter_. - -=Mother-in-law.= Sign _Brother-in-law_, _Old_, _Woman_. - - Fr. _la belle-mère_; Ger. _die Schwiegermutter_. - -=Motor car.= Make signs for _Wheels_, _Horse_, _Not_. Or sign _Fire_ -twice then make as though holding and turning steering wheel. - - Fr. _l’automobile_; Ger. _das Automobil_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mound= or =Low Hill=. Flat hands together, backs up; separated and -swept down to show shape. Compare _Heap_, which is just the reverse; -also see _Box_. - - Fr. _la petite éminence_; Ger. _der Erdhügel_. - -=Mount= (A horse). Hold right V to right side pointing up; swing it up -to right, over and down, points down, onto flat left, which is held -thumb up. Or, omit left. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _monter_; Ger. _steigen_. - -=Mountain.= Hold up A hand as in _Hill_, but higher, and add _Hard_. Use -both hands alternately up and down in various places for plural. Compare -_Hill_ and _Lump_. - - Fr. _la montagne_; Ger. _der Berg_. - -=Mountain Lion=, =Cat=. Sign _Cat_, _Long tail_, and _Jump_. (C) Or with -both L hands indicate large round tracks; then, with right G, pointed -down, raised and down, each time, indicate the zigzag trail. (Paiute -sign, given me by C. B. Ruggles.) - - Fr. _le couguar_; Ger. _der Kuguar_. - -=Mountain Pass.= See _Gap_. - -=Mourn.= With the flat hands used like knives, backs up, little fingers -as though sharp edges, make as though to cut off the hair at each side -of the head, and add _Cry_. - - Fr. _s’affliger_; Ger. _trauern_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mouse= (Night nibbler). Sign _Animal_, with very small jumps, indicate -size and _Night_; then, with right forefinger and thumb, nibble at left -G forefinger. - - Fr. _la souris_; Ger. _die Maus_. - -[Illustration] - -=Move=, =To move camp= (Teepee poles, travois). Both G hands in front, -backs out; lay right forefinger on left at middle joint, crossing at an -angle of 45 degrees, and push both hands forward in slight jerks, each -jerk a day’s journey. - - Fr. _changer de place_, _déménager_; Ger. _fortziehen_, _wegrücken_. - -=Mowing machine.= Sign _Grass_ and _Knife_; the last at right lower than -waist. Add _Wagon_ if needed to indicate horse mower. - - Fr. _la machine à faucher_; Ger. _die Mähmaschine_. - -[Illustration] - -=Much= or =Many=. Hold curved 5 hands, palm to palm, a foot apart; swing -down together and up face high, closing them; swing a little apart at -the finish. - -[Illustration] - -=Much= (Heap.) Hold the flat hands so the palms are toward each other, -the left lower, and draw them apart, the left downward, the right -upward. The extent to which they are drawn apart indicates the quantity. -Compare _Big_, _Great_, _Heap_, _Increase_, and _Decrease_. - - Fr. _beaucoup_; Ger. _viel_. - -=Much, Too.= See _Excessive_. - -=Mud.= See _Soft_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mule.= Hold extended hands alongside of ears, palms to front, fingers -pointing upward; by wrist action, flop the hands to front and rear, -representing motion of mule’s ears. - - Fr. _le mulet_; Ger. _das Maultier_. - -=Murder.= Sign _Kill_ and _Free_. Meaning an unjustified killing. - - Fr. _le meurtre_; Ger. _der Mord_. - -=Must.= See _Have to_; also _Begin_ or _Push_. See _Imperative_. - -=Muskrat= or =Musquash=. Sign _Beaver_ and _Small_. - -[Illustration] - -=Muskrat= (Tail, swimming and lump). Hold out right G, back up, nearly -level, pointing forward and to left; shake it, draw it to right; then -hold up compressed right hand, back up, pointing forward, and grasp -right wrist on lower side with left hand. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _le rat musqué du Canada_, _l’ondatra_; Ger. _die Bisamratte_. - -=My=, =Mine=, or =My own=. Sign _Possession_; that is, hold out the A -hand, thumb straight up; then swing it in till it touches the breast; or -sometimes lay the spread flat hand on the breast. (Sheeaka.) See _I_. - -=My=, =Mine=, or =My own=. Touch breast with point of compressed right, -then sign _Possession_. - - Fr. _mon_; Ger. _mein_. - -=Mystery.= See _Medicine_. - - -N - -=Name= (Of a man). Sign _Called_. “What is your name?” would be -_Question_, _You_, _Called_. - -[Illustration] - -=Name= (Of animal). With right forefinger and thumb, others closed, make -an incomplete circle and lay it palm down against the palm of the flat -left hand, held forward, back to left. Compare _Brand_ and _Called_. -Scott gives it as illustrated. - - Fr. _nommer_, _le nom_; Ger. _(be) nennen_, _der Name_. - -=Name, To sign one’s= (Thumb print). Press the thumb tip of the A hand -against the palm of the flat left. Compare _Letter_. - - Fr. _signer son nom_; Ger. _seinen Namen unterschreiben_. - -=Named=. See _Called_. - -[Illustration] - -=Narrow.= Hold flat hands out, palm to palm, about six inches apart, -fingers level and pointing forward; move them toward each other until -but one inch apart. Compare _Fast_, _Between_, _Few_, and _Road_. - - Fr. _étroit_; Ger. _eng_. - -[Illustration] - -=Nation= (People all). Hold up both 5 hands, swing them toward each -other and away in a great circle. (Sheeaka.) Not well established. - - Fr. _la nation_, _le peuple_; Ger. _die Nation_, _das Volk_. - - NATIONALITIES: - - =American.= Sign _Thirteen_, _Fires_. This was once used on the Ohio, - referring to the Council Fires of the thirteen original colonies. Then - add _Country_ by patting the ground with both flat hands and swinging - them apart and up. - - According to Clark, sometimes called _Long Knives_. Draw a long line - east and west; then with flat hand, point up, indicate all south of - it. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _l’Américain_; Ger. _der Amerikaner_. - - =British= (Red coat). Touch the coat; then with fingers brush the - cheeks for _red_. - - Fr. _les Anglais_, _les sujets anglais_; Ger. _die Briten_, _das - britische Volk_. - - =Canadian= (Shaking off the snow). Shake the coat lapel with right - hand. (D) The Blackfeet draw a long line east and west then with flat - hand point to indicate all north of that line. - - Fr. _le Canadien_; Ger. _der Kanadier_. - - =Chinaman.= Indicate long tail by signing _Rope_ at back of head. - - Fr. _le Chinois_; Ger. _der Chinese_. - - =Dutchman= (Long pipe). Place thumb of Y hand at the mouth, draw it - down and outward to indicate the long pipe. (D) - - Fr. _le Hollandais_; Ger. _der Holländer_. - - =Englishman.= Sign _White Man_, _Far_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _l’Anglais_; Ger. _der Engländer_. - - =Frenchman.= Hold out the F hand well toward the left, palm up; draw - it across in front of self from left to right, turning it palm down. - (D) To sign _Hairy Man_ would translate the nickname “Poilu.” - - Fr. _le Français_; Ger. _der Franzose_. - - [Illustration] - - =German= (The double eagle). Cross the wrists of both 5 hands, thumb - palm against thumb palm, and work the fingers. (D) - - Fr. _l’Allemand_; Ger. _der Deutsche_. - - =Great Britain= (Red-coat land). _Land_, _Coat_, and _Red_. - - Fr. _la Grande-Bretagne_; Ger. _das Groszbritannien_. - - =Holland.= Same as _Dutchman_. - - =Indian.= See _Indian_ on p. 106. - - =Irishman.= Hold out left S hand, back up; swing right V around it and - end with V resting on back of left. (D) _Green Island Man_ would be - more acceptable. - - Fr. _l’Irlandais_; Ger. _der Irländer_. - - =Japanese.= Sign _Country_ and _Rising Sun_. Or sign _Man_, _Short_, - _Eyes_, _Oblique_. The last by pushing up the outer corners of the - eyes with G fingers. (These are suggested.) - - Fr. _le Japonais_; Ger. _der Japaner_. - - =Jew= (Long beard). Placing the fingers of the bent 5 hand on the - chin, draw them down and off, letting the hand assume the flat - position as it leaves the chin. (D) - - (As a slang term.) Spread both hands open from opposite each shoulder, - palms forward, and rotate them slightly on the wrist back and forth. - (Pop.) - - Fr. _le Juif_; Ger. _der Jude_. - - =Italian.= With the little finger of I hand trace a cross in the - centre of the forehead. (D) - - Fr. _l’Italien_; Ger. _der Italiener_. - - =Mexican= (Bearded White Man). Sign for _White Man_ and _Beard_. In - this case, _Beard_ is made by rotating and jerking the 5 hand before - the chin, points up. - - Fr. _le Mexicain_; Ger. _der Mexikaner_. - - =Negro.= Sign _White Man_, _Black face_. (C) Sheeaka also fumbled the - open right over the knuckles of the half closed left, to indicate - kinky hair. - - Fr. _le nègre_; Ger. _der Neger_. - - =Ontario= (Land of Lakes). Make signs for _Country_ and _Lakes_. - (Suggested.) - - Fr. _l’Ontario_; Ger. _das Ontario_. - - =Russian.= Arms akimbo, i.e., C hand on each side of the waist. (D) - The Cheyennes call them _Ride Easy_ from the Cossack circus - performers; but it is not an established sign. _Bear Man_ is - suggested. - - Fr. _le Russe_; Ger. _der Russe_. - - =Scotchman= (Plaid clothes). Cross the fingers of the right 5 hand - with those of the left 5 hand on the chest, then let each drop to - continue the lines. (D) - - Fr. _l’Écossais_; Ger. _der Schotte_. - - =Spaniard.= Sign _Old_, _Mexican_. - - Fr. _l’Espagnol_; Ger. _der Spanier_. - - =White Man= (Hat man). With G right hand draw first finger across the - brow. (C) For illustration see _White Man_ among W’s. - - Fr. _l’homme blanc_; Ger. _der Weisze_. - - Other countries are indicated in the Deaf Code by making the initial - letter in the single-handed alphabet and swinging them in a circle in - front of the forehead; but this mode contravenes the fundamental - principle of Signs. (See Introduction.) - - Therefore, it is better to wait till a true sign is discovered. - -=Near= or =Nearly=. Same as _Close_, which see. - -=Near by.= See _By_. - -=Nearest.= See _Next_. - -=Need= or =Need to=. See _Must_. - -=Needle.= Make the sign for _Sew_. (C) - - Fr. _l’aiguille_; Ger. _die Nadel_. - -=Neighbor.= Sign _Close_ and _Dwell_, or _Sit_, _Close_. - - Fr. _le voisin_; Ger. _der Nachbar_. - -=Nephew.= Sign _Brother’s_ (or _Sister’s_) _Son_. (C) - - Fr. _le neveu_; Ger. _der Neffe_. - -[Illustration] - -=Never= (_Ever_ and _Not_). Right elbow fixed at side and with right G -hand out straight, describe a complete upright circle, left to right; -then throw the hand down to right in _Not_. (Sheeaka; probably borrowed -from Deaf.) - - Fr. _jamais_; Ger. _niemals_. - -=Never mind.= See _Rub it out_. - -=New.= Sign _Little time_, _Traded_. Or, _Little while_, _Made_, _Good_. - - Fr. _neuf_; Ger. _neu_. - -=News.= With right G struck down to right and left (for _this_ and -_that_) and _Hear_. - - Fr. _les nouvelles_; Ger. _die Nachrichten_. - -=Newspaper.= Sign _Writing_ and _Tell_ (i.e., _Talk_) to right and left. - - Fr. _le journal_; Ger. _die Zeitung_. - -=Next.= See _Neighbor_. - -[Illustration] - -=Next= or =Second=. Hold out the flat 4 left hand, palm down; with right -G draw the left index toward the right; then tap the middle finger of -left with right index. Or sign _Close_. - - Fr. _prochain_; Ger. _nächst_. - -[Illustration] - -=Night= (Earth covered up). Bring the flat hands, backs up, well apart, -out in front of body, breast high; move them together in outline of a -dome, finally resting right wrist on left. Compare _Hide_. - - Fr. _la nuit_; Ger. _die Nacht_. - -[Illustration] - -=No.= Hold flat right hand, back up, in front of body, fingers pointing -level and nearly forward. Swing the hand in a graceful curve to right -and front, at the same time turning it thumb up, finishing with the back -of hand to right and downward; the hand is swept into its position on a -curve. Usually abbreviated into a short jerk of the flat hand to right, -its palm kept facing left. Compare _Bad_ and _Different_. - -For short range, shake the head; this is simple and universal. It is so -natural that babies and animals do it when offered bitter medicine, for -example. (Popular and Indian generally.) - - Fr. _non_; Ger. _nein_. - -[Illustration] - -=No, I won’t listen=; or =Go away, the matter is ended=. Right G hand -upraised to level of face, palm out, index upright; wave the finger hand -from side to side by wrist action. Chiefly used by Cheyennes when -joking. It is general in Latin countries. Compare _White-tailed Deer_. - - Fr. _non, allez!_ Ger. _Punktum!_ _Schlusz!_ - -=None=, =Nothing=, =I have no money=. Turn the flat palms forward, one -near each trouser pocket. (Pop.) - - Fr. _il n’y a rien_; Ger. _nichts_. - -=Noon.= See _Midday_. - -=Notify.= See _Tell_. - -[Illustration] - -=Now= (Emphatic “right now”). Hold up right G, back to right and -pointing upward about eight inches in front of the face; and, without -stopping, carry it a little to front; then stop and give a slight -rebound. Sometimes look up to make it clear that it relates to time of -day, that is, the sun’s course. Often it means _this_ as in _this day_; -_this moment_; _this night_. - - Fr. _maintenant_; Ger. _jetzt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Numbers= and =Counting=. Up to _ten_ as shown on the fingers at the -foot of previous page and this. - - For 20—Sign 10, close the hands, then repeat it. - - For 25—Sign 20, then drop left, close right, and sign 5. - - For 30—Sign 10 three times; or else as below. - - [Illustration] - - For 20, etc., sign 10, then hold out left 5 hand pointing forward and - draw right G along each finger from base to tip; each finger so - pointed stands for 10. - - If over 50, do same with right hand and left index till enough tens - are shown. - - [Illustration] - - For 100—Both 5 hands held up, palm forward, thumb tips touching, low, - opposite right shoulder; swing in a vertical arch to low opposite left - shoulder. This mode of multiplying by ten may be applied to other - numbers. - - For 1,000—Sign 100 and on flat hands spread and pointing forward, palm - down, with index of other hand show number of hundreds as above. - -[Illustration] - -=Numbers= or =Counting=. Or, with the thumb of the same hand, touch each -of the finger tips in succession. (Popular and sometimes used by -Cheyennes.) - - Fr. _les nombres_, _les numéros_, _compter_; Ger. _die Zahlen_, - _zählen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Numbers ordinal.= Point at or indicate the person or thing; then turn -down the first finger for 1st and the second finger for 2d and so on. -Also see _First_, _Next_, and _Last_. - -=Numeral Sign=, =Arithmetic=, or =Counting=. Hold the left 5 hand, palm -up, fingers a little bent; with right G turn one or two left fingers -down on left palm. - -The Deaf mode is the figure-sign, then, without changing position of arm -or hand, give the hand a twisting jerk from the wrist, which swings it -in a small circle. - - Fr. _les nombres ordinaux_; Ger. _die Ordinalzahlen_. - -=Nun.= Sign _Woman_, _Black_, _Hat_. - - Fr. _la religieuse_; Ger. _die Nonne_. - - -O - -[Illustration] - -=Oath= or =Swear=. Tap the chest with the tips of the flat right hand, -then hold it at head height, palm forward. (Sheeaka.) Sometimes point to -Heaven and Earth, then hold up flat right hand. (C) Neither is Cheyenne, -but both are understood by them. See _Promise_. With right G make a -small cross over the heart. (Pop.) - - Fr. _le serment_, _jurer_; Ger. _der Eid_, _schwören_. - -=Obey.= Make sign for _Listen_. For emphasis add _Yes_. _Disobey_ is -putting the flat hands over the ears. - - Fr. _obéir_; Ger. _gehorchen_. - -=Obliged to.= See _Have to_. (C) - -=Ocean.= Sign _Water_ and _Very broad_. Some add _Salt_. - - Fr. _l’océan_; Ger. _der Ozean_. - -[Illustration] - -=Of= (That from that). Hold right G hand out straight from right side, -palm up; rotate the hand so the index tip describes a small half-circle -inward and finally the palm is down. (D) Compare _Luck_. - - Fr. _de_; Ger. _von_. - -=Offer= or =Propose=. Hold the flat hands, palms up, near you, then move -forward as though offering something. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes sign -_Want_ and _Give_. - - Fr. _offrir_, _proposer_; Ger. _anbieten_, _vorschlagen_. - -=Office.= Sign _Writing House_. - -=Officer.= Sign _Chief_; or, if military, sign _Chief_, _Soldier_. Or -indicate with the right index on the left shoulder or arm the insignia -of the particular rank. - - Fr. _l’officier_; Ger. _der Beamte_, _der Offizier_. - -=Offspring.= See _Child_. - -=Often.= See _Many times_. - -[Illustration] - -=Oil= (Blowing oil off surface in pot). With both L hands form a big -level circle; then tilt it low on forward side and blow across it. -(Blackfoot, but understood by Cheyennes.) - - Fr. _l’huile_; Ger. _das Öl_. - -[Illustration] - -=Oil= or =Grease=. Hold out the flat left, thumb up; with right thumb on -palm and right index on back (others closed); rub back and forth with -short, quick jerks. Compare _Thick_, _Thin_, _Bacon_. - - Fr. _la graisse_; Ger. _das Fett_. - -[Illustration] - -=Old= (Walking with a stick). Hold right A hand, _back to right_, about -twelve inches in front of right shoulder, about height of breast; move -the hand a little upward, to front, downward and back into its first -position on small curve, repeating motion. Compare _Lame_. - - Fr. _vieux_; Ger. _alt_. - -=Old Man.= Hold up the right index finger as in _Man_, then drop, crook, -and swing it in _Old_. See _Decrepit_. - - Fr. _le vieillard_; Ger. _der Greis_. - -=Old=, =How old are you?= Sign _Question_, _Snows_, _You_; or -_Question_, _Counting_, _Colds_, _You_. - - Fr. _quel âge avez-vous?_ Ger. _wie alt sind Sie?_ - -[Illustration] - -=On= or =Upon=. Lay the flat right hand, palm down, on back of the flat -horizontal left, palm down. Compare _At_. - - Fr. _sur_; Ger. _auf_. - -[Illustration] - -=Once.= Dip the finger ends of the right compressed hand down against -the palm of the flat left hand, bringing it away quickly. For _Twice_, -do it twice, etc. (Sheeaka.) Compare _This_ and _Repeat_. - -=Once= (One go). Sign _One_ with right G index and push it forward low -down. (So, also, _Twice_ is _Two_ pushed forward, etc.) - - Fr. _une fois_; Ger. _einmal_. - -=One who=, or =The man that does=. See _Doer_. - -=Onion.= Sign _Potato_ and _Bad_, _Smell_. - - Fr. _l’oignon_; Ger. _die Zwiebel_. - -=Only.= See _Alone_. - -[Illustration] - -=Open.= The flat hands together, palm to palm, opened out flat as a -book. The same as _Book_ with _Writing_ omitted. Compare _Day_, _Book_, -_Shell_, and _Shut_. - - Fr. _ouvrir_, _ouvert_; Ger. _öffnen_, _offen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Opossum.= Hold out the flat right, fingers doubled on palm, thumb -straight up; move it forward level. The thumb represents the tail. This -is an Australian sign given by E. C. Stirling. It is offered as a -suggestion and as a reminder that the Sign Language is world-wide. The -Cheyennes sign _Tree_, _Climb_, _Hang by tail_. - - Fr. _l’opossum_, _le (la) sarigue_; Ger. _das Opossum_. - -[Illustration] - -=Opposite= or =Against=. Hold the G fingers up opposite each other, -pointing at each other. Compare =Against=. - - Fr. _opposé_, _en face_; Ger. _gegenüber_. - -=Or.= See _Either_. Sometimes use _Different_. - -=Orderly= or =Put in order=. See _Ready_. - -=Ordinal Numbers.= See _Numbers Ordinal_. - -=Other.= See _Another_. - -=Other side.= See _Beyond_. - -[Illustration] - -=Otter= (Wrapping the hair plait). With right thumb, index and middle -fingers together, others closed, describe a small spiral from near the -right ear down. Because the otter skin was the kind used in strips to -wrap the plaits of the Indians’ hair. - - Fr. _la loutre_; Ger. _der (die) Otter_. - -=Our.= Sign _All_, _My_. - - Fr. _notre_; Ger. _unser_. - -=Out of.= See _Absent_. - -=Outside= or =Out of=. Make a semicircle of the left arm out level; drop -the compressed right hand without and beyond the semicircle. Compare -_In_, which it resembles, except in the last movement. - - Fr. _dehors_, _hors de_; Ger. _drauszen_. - -=Over= or =Above=. See _Above_. - -=Overcome.= See _Kill_. - -[Illustration] - -=Overtake.= Hold out flat left hand at arm’s length, palm forward, -fingers pointing up; hold the right G hand near the breast, palm out, -pointing up; move it forward till it strikes the left hand. Use the left -G if only one is pursued. Compare _Arrive there_. - - Fr. _atteindre_; Ger. _einholen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Owe= or =Debt= (Recorded and given). Write on the left palm and swing -it from _you_ to _me_ or otherwise, according to the case. (Sheeaka.) - -=Owe.= Sign _Trade_, _Time_, _Money_, _Give_. - - Fr. _devoir_; Ger. _schuldig sein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Owl.= Sign _Bird_ and _Big-eyes_; the latter by putting around each eye -a half-circle of thumb and index. (For _Horned Owl_ indicate the horns -with G hands.) For _Burrowing Owl_, sign _Owl_, _Hole_, and _Dancing_. - - Fr. _la chouette_, _le hibou_; Ger. _die Eule_. - -=Own.= See _Possession_. - - -P - -[Illustration] - -=Pack.= Hold out left flat hand, back to left (this is the horse); bring -right flat hand and place palm against left thumb, fingers pointing to -front (this is the right pack); raise the right hand and place palm -against upper part of left (this is the left pack); repeat these motions -quickly. - - Fr. _emballer_; Ger. _packen_. - -=Pain.= See _Ache_. - -=Paint.= Use all the fingers of right hand as a brush painting the left -palm. Recent Cheyenne. - - Fr. _peindre_; Ger. _anstreichen_, _malen_. - -=Paint the cheeks.= Sign _Red_, then rub the cheeks and front of the -face with palm of flat right hand moved in small circles. - - Fr. _se farder_; Ger. _schminken_. - -[Illustration] - -=Palsy.= Both flat hands, backs up, near breast, shaking. - - Fr. _la paralysie agitante_; Ger. _die Schüttellähmung_. - -=Panther.= See _Mountain Lion_. - -[Illustration] - -=Paper= (Square to write on). With G fingers outline a square, then make -as though to write on it with right G. - - Fr. _le papier_; Ger. _das Papier_. - -[Illustration] - -=Parallel=, or =Side by Side=. The index fingers of G hands laid side by -side, _not_ touching and _not_ moving. Some make right index point to -left and left to right in this. Compare _Equal_, _Race_, and _Marry_. - - Fr. _parallèle_; Ger. _parallel_, _gleichlaufend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pardon=, =Liberate=, or =Turn Loose= (Removing a halter). Hold both L -hands, palms up, near the neck, one on each side; sweep them up, over, -forward and down, as though removing a halter; at the finish the index -fingers are pointing forward and down. Sometimes add _Go_. See _Excuse_ -and _Free_. - - Fr. _pardonner_; Ger. _begnadigen_. - -=Part.= If _one-half_, indicate it as in the sign for that word; if -less, hold the right hand nearer end of index, according to portion -desired to be represented. See _Half_ and _Some_. - - Fr. _la partie_; Ger. _der Teil_. - -=Partner.= See _Mate_. - -=Parturition.= See _Born_. - -=Pass by.= See _Avoid_. - -[Illustration] - -=Past= (Time back). Make the sign for _Time_ and jerk the thumb backward -over the right shoulder, all fingers closed. (Sheeaka.) Or throw the -flat hand back over shoulder. In general, sign _Time_, _Back_. See _Ago_ -and _Back_. - - Fr. _le passé_; Ger. _die Vergangenheit_. - -=Pasture.= See _Corral_. - -=Patrol.= See _Band_. - -=Pawnee.= See _Indian Tribes_. - -=Pawnshop= (House of three balls). _House_ and hold left hand up with -thumb, first and second fingers pointing straight down; then make a hoop -of right thumb and index and apply it in succession to the three hanging -tips. (Pop. and acceptable to Indians.) - - Fr. _le Mont-de-Piété_; Ger. _das Leihhaus_, _das Pfandhaus_. - -=Pax.= See _Fins_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pay= (i.e., “Will you give me?” or “Will you pay?”). Hold the right -hand forward at level of waist, palm up, fingers half closed, rubbing -the tip of first finger and tip of thumb together. (Popular and -understood by Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes sign _Money_, _Give me_. - - Fr. _payer_; Ger. _bezahlen_. - -=Peace.= Clasp the hands in front of body. - - Fr. _la paix_; Ger. _der Friede_. - -[Illustration] - -=Peak.= Sign _Mountain_, _Part_; then hold up high all fingers of right -hand in a point, back under. - - Fr. _le pic_; Ger. _die Spitze_. - -=Peas.= Sign _Plant_, then with right index and thumb as in _Little of_ -tap five or six times in a row along the side of the left G. - - Fr. _les pois_; Ger. _die Erbsen_. - -=Pekan.= See _Fisher_. - -=Penny.= Sign _Red_, _Money_. - -[Illustration] - -=People.= Hold up the 5 hands, points up, and add _All_. Compare -_Nation_ and _Dance_. - -[Illustration] - -=People.= Hold up both G hands at various heights, as in _Man_ sign. -(Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _le peuple_; Ger. _die Leute_, _das Volk_. - -=Pepper= (Black sprinkler). Sign _Black_, then use right O hand as tho -it held a sprinkler. A Blackfoot sign understood by Cheyennes. - - Fr. _le poivre_; Ger. _der Pfeffer_. - -=Perhaps.= See _If_. - -=Permit.= See _Free_. - -=Perplexed.= See _If_ and _Consider_. - -=Petrol.= See _Spirit_. - -=Period= or =Full stop=. Use _Done_ both No. 1 and No. 2. - - Fr. _le point_; Ger. _der Punkt_. - -=Persevere=, =Persist=, or =Stick to it.= Hold both fists near breast -and firmly push them forward once or twice. That is, sign _Push_ -repeatedly. - - Fr. _persister_; Ger. _beharren_. - -=Person= or =Individual=. Sign _Man_. - - Fr. _la personne_; Ger. _die Person_. - -[Illustration] - -=Photograph.= Hold out the nearly flat left hand at arm’s length, face -high, palm to you, fingers level, pointing to right; from near it, draw -back right fist, palm to left and up, thumb out straight, as though -drawing something to the eye; then near the face change the right hand -to flat, slightly curved, back forward, fingers pointing to left, and -push it forward against palm of left, as in Print. - - Fr. _la photographie_; Ger. _die Photographie_. - -=Picture.= Indicate the subject, then hold up both L hands to outline -bottom and two sides of a square. With imaginary pencil in right draw on -this; left remaining as it was. See _Portrait_ and _Photograph_. - - Fr. _le tableau_; Ger. _das Bild_. - -=Pie.= Sign _Bread_, _Round_ (i.e., with right G, indicate a horizontal -circle of proper size), and _Sweet_. Then sidewise slide the flat right -exactly over the flat left, both with palms up. A description, rather -than a sign. - - Fr. _le pâté_, _la tarte_; Ger. _die Pastete_. - -=Piece.= See _Little of_. - -=Pig.= See _Hog_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pipe.= Hold out right G breast high, back down, with index curled up, -pointing forward; jerk it forward once or twice. - - Fr. _le pipe_; Ger. _die Pfeife_. - -=Pistol.= See _Gun_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pity= or =Mercy= on another (Cry or shed tears for you). Hold G hands, -palms downward, index fingers up, in front of and near heart, few inches -apart, equally advance and same height; move the hands outward and -slightly downward, or toward person. Compare _Cry_. - - Fr. _avoir pitié de quelqu’ un_; Ger. _jemanden bemitleiden_. - -=Pity= or =Have mercy on me= (Cry for me). Hold G hands well out in -front of body, as described above, but with backs out; bring them toward -body, slightly raising them. - - Fr. _plaignez-moi_, _ayez pitié de moi!_ Ger. _haben Sie Mitleid mit - mir!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Place= or =Put= (Verb). Hold out flat left, back up; swing compressed -right over onto it, then open the right a little. Sometimes omit flat -left, or use instead compressed left hand held points up. Compare _Bet_. - - Fr. _mettre_; Ger. _stellen_, _legen_, _setzen_. - -=Place= (Noun). With right G pointing down, indicate a large circle on -the ground. (A Pai-ute sign given by Mallery p. 500, also a popular -sign.) - - Fr. _la place_; Ger. _der Ort_, _die Stelle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Plant= or =Planting=. With right fingers and thumb, open as though to -drop a seed, then closed and moved on to drop another farther, and -another, all in the same row. Compare _Animal_ and _Jump_. See _Sow_. - - Fr. _planter_; Ger. _pflanzen_. - -=Play= or =Recreation=. Hold up both slightly curved 5 hands, points up -and forward, palm to palm, about eight inches apart. Swing them from -side to side together, rotating them so the palms are once to front, -once to back on each swing. Compare _Dance_ and _Children_. - - Fr. _le jeu_; Ger. _das Spiel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Playing= or =Fooling=. Hold out in front of shoulder the slightly -curved 5 hand, palm up; rotate slightly by wrist action. See _Joke_ and -_Laugh_. - - Fr. _jouer_; Ger. _das Spielen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Plenty= (Many, piled up). Push forward with both 5 hands, palms first, -three times (i.e., sign _Many_); then raise the hands very high, palms -forward and down. (Sheeaka.) Or sign _Heap_ or _Full_. Compare _Many_. - - Fr. _l’abondance_; Ger. _die Fülle_. - -=Ploughing.= Hold both fists forward as though holding plough, elbows -high; and push forward. Also used for cultivation in general. - - Fr. _le labourage_, _labourer_; Ger. _das Pflügen_. - -=Poison-ivy= (Vine, nibbler). Sign _Vine_; that is, hold left forearm -upright, as in _Tree_, and with right G finger trace a climbing _Vine_ -about it; then with thumb and first two fingers of right hand, scratch -on edge of flat left, held out back up. - - Fr. _le toxicodendron_; Ger. _der Giftefeu_, _der Giftsumach_. - -=Polecat.= See _Skunk_. - -[Illustration] - -=Policeman= or =Constable=. Place the curved right index and thumb, -little finger out, against left coat lapel. Compare _Medal_, _Brand_, -and _Name_. - - Fr. _le sergent de ville_; Ger. _der Schutzmann_. - -=Police-station.= Sign _Policeman_ and _House_. - - Fr. _le poste de police_; Ger. _das Polizeibureau_. - -=Ponder.= See _Consider_. - -[Illustration] - -=Poor in property= (Scraped bare). With right G finger scrape down the -left G finger held up, from tip to base, several times. Compare _Indian -Apache_, and _Shame_. - - Fr. _pauvre_; Ger. _arm_. - -=Poor in flesh.= See _Thin_. - -[Illustration] - -=Porcupine= (Prickly hair). Sign _Hair_; then with tips of right 5 hand -strike or prick the left palm, held facing the right. - - Fr. _le porc-épic_; Ger. _das Stachelschwein_. - -=Portrait.= Hold up the flat left hand, back forward, as though it were -a _Mirror_, then sketch on the same with an imaginary pencil, add _Face_ -and indicate the person. See _Photograph_ and _Picture_. - - Fr. _le portrait_; Ger. _das Bild(nis)_. - -=Positive of adjectives.= See _Comparative_. - -[Illustration] - -=Possesses=, =Possession=, =Yours=, =His own=, =Belonging to=, etc. -(Held in the hand.) Hold right A hand, back to right, in front of the -neck, or even the forehead, and a few inches from it. Swing it forward -and down so the thumb is pointing straight forward. - - Fr. _posséder_; Ger. _besitzen_. - -=Potato.= Curved 5 right hand held as low as possible, back down. - - Fr. _la pomme de terre_; Ger. _die Kartoffel_. - -=Pour.= Hold out the left O hand, back to left, and pour into it with -the right O hand. - - Fr. _verser_; Ger. _gieszen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Powder.= Hold out left hand, palm up; just above it, rub thumb and -finger tips of right. Or commonly omit left hand. Compare _Dust_. - - Fr. _la poudre_; Ger. _das Pulver_, _der Puder_. - -=Power.= See _Can_. - -[Illustration] - -=Prairie=, =Smooth land=, =Flat=, or =Level= (Level wide). Flat hands -side by side, palms up; then slowly wide spread on same plane. In -conversation, usually but one hand is used. Compare _Free_ and _Broad_. - - Fr. _la prairie_, _la plaine_; Ger. _die Prärie_, _die grosze Ebene_. - -=Prairie-chicken.= See _Grouse_. - -=Prairie-dog.= Sign _Mound_, _Hole_; then push right G up through hole -and add _Talk_. - - Fr. _la marmotte de la prairie_; Ger. _der Präriehund_. - -=Praise.= See _Applause_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pray.= Lay the flat hands palm to palm, point them to the sky, then -draw down toward self; repeat. (Sheeaka.) - -=Pray.= Look up, sign _Talk_ (_No. 1._) _straight_. - - Fr. _prier_; Ger. _beten_. - -=Present= (Time). Same as _Now_. - -=Pretty.= See _Beautiful_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pride=, =Proud=, or =Vain=. Draw the flat hand, palm down, over face to -breast; throw back head, look up and add _Good_. (Blackfoot.) This is -their sign for _Beautiful_ with the addition of the head thrown back. Or -sign _He, Think_, _He, Big Chief_. See _Conceit_. - - Fr. _la fierté_, _fier_; Ger. _der Stolz_, _stolz_. - -=Priest.= Sign _Robe_ and _Black_. - - Fr. _le prêtre_; Ger. _der Priester_. - -=Print.= Push the back of right flat curved hand slowly and firmly -against the palm of the left curved ditto, as in _Picture_, only several -times. Compare _Quandary_, _Approach_, _Photograph_ etc. - -[Illustration] - -=Prison= (House of bars). Sign for _House_, then hold 4 hands up, side -by side for prison bars. Add _Man_ and _Look through_. - -=Prison.= Sign _Prisoner_ and _House_. - - Fr. _la prison_; Ger. _das Gefängnis_. - -[Illustration] - -=Prisoner= (Arrested). Clinch the fists and cross the wrists as though -bound, and press down a little. - - Fr. _le prisonnier_; Ger. _der Gefangene_. - -=Private.= See _Secret_. - -=Produce= and =Product=. See _Result_. - -[Illustration] - -=Prominent= or =Conspicuous= (Stands on a hill). Sign _Hill_ up high, -then lay right G against it, pointing up, palm to self, back of right -against left hand. See _Famous_. - - Fr. _éminent_; Ger. _hervorragend_. - -=Promise= (Word bound). Place the forefinger of right G perpendicularly -against mouth; bring down fist and, parallel with it, the other fist, -thumbs up; strike both down together twice. (Sheeaka.) Also see _Word of -Honor_, or _Cross my Heart_. - -=Promise.= Sign _Talk_ (i.e., _Word_), _Give_. - -[Illustration] - -=Promise=, =Sworn= (I swear). Tap the chest with tips of flat right -hand, then raise it, palm forward, and add _Talk_. (Sheeaka.) Compare -_Oath_. - - Fr. _la promesse_, _promettre_; Ger. _das Versprechen_, _versprechen_. - -=Proof= or =Prove=. See _Show_. - -=Propose.= See _Offer_. - -=Protect.= See _Defend_. - - Fr. _protéger_; Ger. _beschützen_. - -=Push.= The same as _Begin_, which see. - - Fr. _pousser_; Ger. _schieben_. - -=Put.= See _Place_. - - -Q - -=Quality.= See _Rank_. - -[Illustration] - -=Quandary=, =In a fix=, =Run against=, or =Up against it=. Hold out the -curved left hand nearly at arm’s length, back forward; push the ditto -right from near the breast right out briskly and hard against the left. -Sometimes use _Against_. Compare _Approach_, which is similar, but is -slow, and right does not touch; also, _Print_, which pushes and is -repeated. - - Fr. _l’embarras_; Ger. _die Verlegenheit_. - -=Quarter= (But one of four). Hold up the left 4 hand, back out; then -with the right G turn the little finger down on the palm. Sometimes sign -_Half_, then again half of the tip portion. - - Fr. _le quart_; Ger. _das Viertel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Quarrel= (Two persons springing at each other). Hold up both G hands -and alternately jerk left at right and right at left. - - Fr. _la querelle_; Ger. _der Streit_. - -=Quench.= _Fire_ and _Wipe out_. - - Fr. _éteindre_; Ger. _löschen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Question=, =Query=, =Interrogation=, =I am asking you a question=, =I -want to know=, usually equivalent to “Is that you?” (Groping or -uncertain.) Hold up the right hand toward the person, palm down and -forward, fingers and thumb open, spread, but a little curved; by wrist -action, swing the hand in small vertical semicircles. The diagram below -the illustration indicates the finger tips seen from in front. The -motion shown for the little finger is, of course, shared by all. This is -a very important and much-used sign; it appears before all questions. - -If the person is quite distant, hold the hand higher, more spread, and -wave it several times to right and left. - -When very near, merely raise the eyebrows. For long distance, raise both -arms like Y with hands flat and waved a little. (Crow.) See _Consider_. - - Fr. _l’interrogation_; Ger. _die Frage_. - -The following are needed in asking questions: - - =How?= Sign _Question_ and _Work_ and _Way_. - - Fr. _comment?_; Ger. _wie?_ - - [Illustration] - - =How many?= or =How much?= Sign _Question_; next hold the left hand - open, curved, palm up, fingers spread; then with right G digit, - quickly tap each finger on left in succession, closing it back toward - the left palm, beginning with the little finger. - - Fr. _combien?_; Ger. _wie viele?_ - - [Illustration] - - =What?= (As in “What are you doing?” “What is it?”) Sign _Question_; - follow with the same sign much exaggerated; that is, with the arm - action, swing the right 5 hand, palm under, fingers slightly bent and - separated and pointing forward, in an arc of about a foot from right - over to left and back once or twice. The Cheyennes in general use - this, though they denied it when questioned. But it seems a good - logical sign, the large arc being equivalent to “object.” - - Fr. _quoi?_ _que?_; Ger. _was?_ - - [Illustration] - - =When?= If seeking a definite answer as to length of time, make signs - for _Question_, _How many?_ and then specify time by sign for hours, - days, etc. If asking in general _When?_ sign _Question_ and _Time_. - - =When?= If asking for an exact date or point hold up the left G, make - a circle around its tip with right G, which always points at it. On - reaching the starting point, the right G stops, touches the tip of - left G. (Sioux, given by Sheeaka.) This probably represents the shadow - going around the tree. See _Time_. - - Fr. _quand?_; Ger. _wann?_ - - =Whence?= Strike to left with right G, back up, then over to right a - foot away, then back and again; point to the person and sign _Come_. - Usually it needs no _Question_. - - Fr. _d’où?_; Ger. _woher?_ - - [Illustration] - - =Where?= or =Whither?= (What direction?). Sign _Question_; then with - forefinger sweep the horizon in a succession of bounds, a slight pause - at the bottom of each, the head following the finger. (Sioux and - Arapahoe.) The actual line of the finger is illustrated in the lower - plan, the hand being gracefully rotated on the wrist in doing it. Or - sign _Question_ and _Somewhere_. - - =Where?= Sign _Question_ and _Look_. - - =Where?= (In an abstract sense). Extend the open hands, palm up, from - the sides out low to the front, and swing them from side to side with - a look of inquiry on the face. (Pop.) - - Fr. _où?_; Ger. _wo?_ _wohin?_ - - [Illustration] - - =Which?= (When the objects are in sight). Sign _Question_ and point - with right G in three or four directions, downward or toward the - objects in question. - - [Illustration] - - =Which?= (When the objects are not in sight). Sign _Question_; then - hold left hand in front of you, with palm toward you, fingers to right - and held apart; place the end of the right forefinger on that of the - left forefinger and then draw it down across the other fingers. - - Fr. _quel_, _lequel?_; Ger. _welcher?_ - - =Whither?= Sign _Question_ and _Go_, in two or three directions. - - Fr. _où?_; Ger. _wohin?_ - - =Who?= Sign _Question_ and _Man_. - - Fr. _qui?_; Ger. _wer?_ - - =Why?= Sign _Question_, but do it very slowly. (C) - - =Why?= Sign _Question_ and _Want_. - - Fr. _pourquoi?_; Ger. _warum?_ - -=Quick.= See _Fast_ and _Hurry_. - -[Illustration] - -=Quiet, be=, =Be not alarmed=, =Have patience=. The palm of the flat -hand held toward the person and gently depressed once or twice. See -_Easy_. - - Fr. _soyez tranquille_; Ger. _beruhigen Sie sich_. - -=Quiet, be.= See _Silence_. - -=Quit.= See _Give up_; also _Finish_. - - -R - -[Illustration] - -=Rabbit.= Move the M hand straight to the front, back up and undulating -on the wrist, to imitate the rabbit hopping forward; then make V right -hand and turn it to look back. (Scott.) The Cheyennes omit the second -part of this. - - Fr. _le lapin_; Ger. _der Hase_. - -=Raccoon= or =Coon=. Draw the V hand horizontally across the face and -nose. If necessary, also indicate _Size_ and striped tail. - - Fr. _le raton_; Ger. _der Waschbär_. - -[Illustration] - -=Race.= Move the index fingers forward and up, side by side, as in -_Equal_; but keep them moving a long way forward and upward. Compare -_Parallel_, _Marry_. - - Fr. _la course_, _le concours_; Ger. _das Wettrennen_, _der Wettlauf_. - -=Rags=, =In rags=. Touch _Coat_, add _Old_; then hold left 5 slightly -curved, back up and use ditto right as though to comb out the fingers of -left, once or twice. - - Fr. _les guenilles_, _en loques_; Ger. _die Lumpen_, _zerlumpt_. - -=Railroad train= or =Cars=. Sign _Fire_ twice upward for puffs, then add -_Fast_. Compare _Motor car_. - - Fr. _le train_ [_de chemin de fer_]; Ger. _der Eisenbahnzug_. - -[Illustration] - -=Railroad.= Indicate _Train_ as above; then push the right G finger -quickly along the back of the left V hand and on beyond. (Sheeaka.) - -=Railroad.= Sign _Road_; then with the two G hands, backs up, indicate -rails as in _Parallel_. - -=Railroad.= Sign _Hard_ (i.e., metal); then hold out two G fingers, -backs up, six inches apart, and push both together far forward and a -little up. - - Fr. _le chemin de fer_; Ger. _die Eisenbahn_. - -=Railroad Station.= Make the signs of _Railway_ and _House_; adding, if -necessary, _Alight_ and _Aboard_. - - Fr. _la gare_; Ger. _der Bahnhof_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rain= (Falling from clouds). Hold A hands, backs up, opposite forehead, -near each other; lower them slightly, mostly by wrist action; at the -same time open and separate fingers and thumb so they point downward; -repeat. - - Fr. _la pluie_; Ger. _der Regen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rainbow.= Sign _Rain_ then indicate the arch with a slow sweep of the -flat right hand, back up, high above head. - - Fr. _l’arc-en-ciel_; Ger. _der Regenbogen_. - -=Rank= or =Quality= (Of a soldier.) With the right G, indicate stripes -on left arm, or else touch each shoulder for epaulets. - -=Rank= or =Quality=. Sign _Chief_; then lay upright right G, palm -forward, against back of left ditto, as in _Rising man_, sliding the -right up and down to various heights. - - Fr. _le rang_; Ger. _der Rang_, _die Würde_. - -=Rank, What is his?= Sign _Chief, Big_; _Chief, Little_; _Question_. -Sometimes omit _Chief, Little_. - - Fr. _quel rang-a-t-il?_; Ger. _Welchen Rang bekleidet er?_ - -=Rapid.= See _Fast_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rapids.= Sign _River_, _Rock_; and pass the right 5 hand, back up, -points first, swiftly forward and down, in an up and down waved course. - - Fr. _le rapide_; Ger. _die Stromschnelle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rash= (Going forward blind). Hold left hand on eyes and point right G -index forward, moving it to front. - - Fr. _imprudent_; Ger. _unvorsichtig_, _verwegen_. - -=Rattlesnake.= Sign _Snake_, then hold right G finger, pointing up, near -shoulder, and shake it. - - Fr. _le serpent à sonnettes_; Ger. _die Klapperschlange_. - -=Reach.= _Arrive there._ - -[Illustration] - -=Ready=, =Orderly=, or =Arranged=. Extend the open hands, palm to palm, -a few inches apart, pointing outward and parallel to each other, over -toward the left side; lift them both together from the wrists, move -toward the right a little and let them come down again; repeat the -motion until by stages the hands have been moved over to the right side. -(D) - -=Ready.= Sign _All_, _Good_; or use _Arranged_, or combine them into -_Arranged_, _All_, _Good_. See _Arranged_. - - Fr. _prêt_; Ger. _bereit_, _fertig_. - -=Recall to memory.= See _Bring back_. - -=Receive.= Hold out hollow right hand, palm up, half open; draw it back, -slightly closing fingers. Compare _Give to me_. - - Fr. _recevoir_; Ger. _erhalten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Recover=, =Get well=, =Get all right again=, =Revive=, or =Save=. Hold -right G hand, back up, in front of breast, pointing to left and front; -raise the hand with a graceful sweep, at same time turn it back to front -and index pointing upward. The actual course of the index tip, if seen -from above, is as in the dotted line under the hand. - -If one is near death by disease, this may be used to denote recovery; if -in great danger, this would mean escaped. - - Fr. _se porter mieux_, _se rétablir_; Ger. _sich erholen_. - -=Recreation.= See _Play_. - -=Reduce.= See _Decrease_. - -=Reflect.= See _Idea_ and _Consider_. - -=Refuse.= See _Won’t_. - -=Religion.= Sign _Medicine_ and _Way_. - - Fr. _la religion_; Ger. _die Religion_. - -=Remain.= See _Sit_. - -[Illustration] - -=Remember.= Sign _Heart_, _Know_. Or, in popular code, touch the -forehead with right G, raise the brows and nod. - -=Remember, I=; or =Understand=. Hold right G index upright and grasp it -firmly with left hand, face high. - - Fr. _je me souviens_; Ger. _ich erinnere mich_. - -[Illustration] - -=Remember not= (It slips from my grasp). As above, but let the right G -index slip down and out. See _Forget_. - - Fr. _je ne me souviens pas_; Ger. _ich erinnere mich nicht_. - -=Remembering.= See _Memories_. - -[Illustration] - -=Repeat=, =Again=, or =Back.= Place the finger tips of the compressed -right hand on the left palm, as the latter is held in front of the body, -back down, and strike once or twice. (Sheeaka. Probably borrowed from -Deaf.) Compare _Once_, _Twice_, _Often_, and _More_. - -=Repeat.= Hold up right G, chin high, back up, pointing to left and -forward; lash down with it like a whip twice or more as best fits in. -Sometimes sign _Come back_. Compare _All the time_. - - Fr. _répéter_; Ger. _wiederholen_. - -=Reply.= See _Answer_. - -=Request.= See _Beg_. - -=Resemble.= See _Alike_. - -=Respond.= See _Answer_. - -=Responsible.= Sign _I_ (or whoever it is), _Do_, _That_ Or _My_ (or -_His_) _Way_. (Seger.) Sign _Carry_ and _That_ (Suggested.) - - Fr. _responsable_; Ger. _verantwortlich_. - -=Restaurant= or =Hotel=. Sign for _House_ and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le restaurant_, _l’hôtel_; Ger. _das Restaurant_, _das Hotel_. - -=Restrain= or =Prevent=. Sign _Hold_ and _Keep quiet_. Sometimes use _Do -not_. - - Fr. _réprimer_, _empêcher_; Ger. _zurückhalten_, _verhindern_. - -=Result.= Sign _After, Work, See_. - - Fr. _le résultat_; Ger. _das Ergebnis, die Folge_. - -=Retreat= (Of many). Sign _Charge_, then reverse and withdraw the hands. - -=Retreat= (Of one). Sign _Going_, then turn the G hand palm toward you -and draw it back with similar action. (Understood; not established.) - - Fr. _la retraite_; Ger. _der Rückzug_. - -=Reverie.= Bow the head, resting the mouth on the A fist. Compare -_Memories_. - - Fr. _la rêverie_; Ger. _die Träumerei_. - -=Revile.= See _Blackguarding_. - -=Revive.= See _Recover_. - -=Revolver.= Sign for drawing from belt behind and present the same, -using right G hand, back to right. Add _Fire-off_, if need be. See -_Gun_. - - Fr. _le pistolet, le revolver_; Ger. _der Revolver_. - -=Rich.= Sign _Possesses, Heap, Money_. - - Fr. _riche_; Ger. _reich_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ride= (To ride an animal). Hold the hands as in _Horse_, and then move -the hands to the front on short vertical curves. - - Fr. _aller à cheval_; Ger. _reiten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ridge= (Of hills). Hold the A hands touching, thumbs toward face and -upright; draw them apart a foot. Compare _Soldiers_ and _Hill_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ridge.= Sign _Hill_ with right, then hold 5 out at arm’s length, face -high, flat, and bent, so the fingers point to the left; swing it slowly -horizontally across to the right. This last seems to mean “lying across -the horizon” and appears in several combinations. See _Mirage_. - - Fr. _la crête_; Ger. _der Kamm_. - -=Rifle.= See _Gun_. - -=Right.= See _Good_. - -=Rill.= See _Creek_. - -=Ring= (For finger). Hold up left 5 hand; then with right index and -thumb make as though slipping a ring on the ring finger. - - Fr. _la bague_; Ger. _der Ring_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rising man=, or =Coming man= (Man rising to stand on a hill). Hold up -left as in _Hill_; lay right G behind or beside it, against the thumb, -palm forward, pointing up; push right up until the base of the index is -sitting on top of the left; that is, becomes _Prominent_. See -_Prominent_ and _Famous_. - - Fr. _l’homme qui arrivera_; Ger. _der Mann der Zukunft_. - -[Illustration] - -=River=, =Big stream=, or =Running water=. Sign _Water_ then with -tremulous movement draw flat right 4 hand, palm down, from opposite left -breast to opposite right; fingers always level and pointing to left. -Compare _Creek_ and _Rill_. - - Fr. _la rivière_; Ger. _der Flusz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Road= (i.e., Highroad; especially between high banks, hills, or -fences). Holding the open hands, palm to palm and pointing forward, -carry them forward, as if they represented the sides of a road; then add -_Going_ by pushing the flat right hand forward in line between, palm to -left, fingers level. (Sheeaka.) Or sign _Way_ and _Wagon_. - - Fr. _le chemin_, _la route_; Ger. _der Weg_, _die Landstrasse_. - -=Robe.= Sign _Coat_; but instead of ending at waist, sweep the hands as -low as possible. - - Fr. _la robe_; Ger. _das Kleid_, _die Robe_. - -=Rock= or =Stone.= Sign _Hard_ and sometimes indicate shape. For _Stone_ -add _Lump_. Compare _Metal_. - - Fr. _la roche_, _la pierre_; Ger. _der Fels_, _der Stein_. - -=Root.= First sign _Tree_ or _Grass_, as may be; then point down, place -the 5 hands together at the wrists, backs up and level; pointing left to -front and left, right to front and right; then move them out and apart. - - Fr. _la racine_; Ger. _die Wurzel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rope= (Trailing after the horse and twisted). Sign _After_; then, as -right is drawn to rear, make tip of index describe a spiral curve. -Commonly omit the left hand. - - Fr. _la corde_; Ger. _das Seil_, _der Strick_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rose= (Flower). Hold the fingers of the left hand straight, little -separated, arranged in a circle, back to left and front; in front of -body, index finger horizontal and pointing to right and front; with -right hand make as though picking berries from the left finger tips. (C) - - Fr. _la rose_; Ger. _die Rose_. - -=Rotten= (Meat). Indicate smell, etc. - - Fr. _pourri_; Ger. _faul_, _verfault_. - -=Rub it out=, =Erase=, =Annul=, =Never mind=, =As you were=. Put middle -finger of right hand to tongue, then rub left palm and wipe the palm -with under side of right forearm. (Sheeaka. A white man’s sign now -understood by Indians.) - -Or, if afar, simply shake the flat right hand quickly and vigorously -from side to side as it is held palm forward in front of the face. -(Pop.) Compare _Easy_ and _Erase_. - - Fr. _effacer_; Ger. _auswischen_, “_Schwamm drüber!_” - -[Illustration] - -=Rumor= (A little flying thing). With flat 5 right hand, palm down, -shoulder high, swing out level from throat to right, working all the -fingers as in playing piano. (A Paiute sign, given me by Mary Austin.) A -combination of _Wind_ and _Fly_. - - Fr. _la rumeur_; Ger. _das Gerücht_. - -=Run.= Swing the fists at each side as in running. - - Fr. _courir_; Ger. _laufen_. - -=Run against.= See _Quandary_. - -[Illustration] - -=Run away=, =Slip away=, =Clear out=, =Sneak= (Run under cover). Hold -out flat left hand, palm down; push right G hand under it quickly and -sinuously. Sometimes preface it by laying one hand over the eyes. -Compare _Jealous_. - - Fr. _filer_, _se sauver_; Ger. _ausreiszen_, _weglaufen_. - -=Running Water.= See _River_. - - -S - -=Sacred.= See _Medicine_. - -=Sad.= See _Sorrow_. - -[Illustration] - -=Saddle.= Hold out both S hands, palms up, side by side (sometimes -inches apart), about height of shoulders, forearms vertical, wrists bent -so backs of hands are nearly down. - - Fr. _la selle_; Ger. _der Sattel_. - -=Safe.= See _Recover_ or _Alive_. - -=Sage Brush= (Bunches). With all finger tips together pointing up, swing -the hand to various places in front of right shoulder. (C) Compare -_Peak_ and _Canoe_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sage.= Sign _White_, _Good smell_, _Grass_. - - Fr. _la plante aromatique de la prairie_; Ger. _der Präriebusch_. - -=Salt.= Sign _Powder_, then the act of sprinkling with finger and thumb. -(Blackfoot.) Touch the tongue cautiously with the right G. Compare -_Sugar_ and _Pepper_. - - Fr. _le sel_; Ger. _das Salz_. - -=Same.= See _Equal_. - -=Sanctuary, to claim.= See _Bar up_. - -=Satisfied.= See _Contented_. - -=Save.= See _Recover_, also _Free_. - -=Save= or =Except=. See _But_. - -=Savey= or =Sabe=. This word universal in the west is the same sign as -_Know_. - -=Saw.= With lower edge of right, thumb up, saw across the upper edge of -left wrist held out horizontally. - - Fr. _la scie_; Ger. _die Säge_. - -=Say.= See _Call_. - -=Scalp= (To). Point to scalp, make as though pulling it forward and sign -_Cutting_ under. The last two gestures being done out in front of the -body. - - Fr. _scalper_; Ger. _die Kopfhaut abziehen_. - -=Scatter!= (A command to scouts). See _Go_ and _Scatter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Scatter= or =Sow= (As seeds). Hold the closed hands, backs up, near -each other and close to breast; move right hand well to front and right, -left well to front and left; that is, widely separate the hands, -swinging each in a half-circle out, so the palms are a little outward, -at the same time extending and separating fingers and thumbs. (C) -Compare _Bad_ and _Scorn_; in these the hands are not moved apart. - -=Scatter.= Swing closed right to left, there opening to 5 so palm is to -left and forward; then same movement with hand opened to right, each -time in a graceful sweep. The Cheyennes say the above is _Throw away_. - - Fr. _disperser_, _semer_; Ger. _ausstreuen_, _säen_. - -=Schoolhouse.= Sign _House_ and _Writing_; usually preceded by -_Children_. - - Fr. _l’école_; Ger. _die Schule_. - -[Illustration] - -=Schoolteacher.= Sign _Book_ and _Chief_. - - Fr. _le maître d’ école_; Ger. _der Lehrer_. - -=Scold.= See _Abuse_; also _Fault-finding_. - -=Scorn.= Turn the head away and with one hand throw an imaginary handful -of sand toward the feet of the person. This is the same as _Bad_, except -for the turn of the head. - - Fr. _le mépris_; Ger. _die Verachtung_. - -[Illustration] - -=Scout.= Same as _Wolf_, but hold the hand near the right ear. Sometimes -use _Advance Guard_, which see. The Cheyennes sometimes sign it as -_Wolf_, _Soldier_. - - Fr. _le coureur_ (_d’ armée_); Ger. _der Späher_. - -=Scout, to.= Sign _Wolf_ and _Look_. - - Fr. _aller à la découverte_; Ger. _spähen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Scout=; that is, _Boy Scout_. Hold up the right hand with finger and -thumb forming a ring, other three fingers straight up. (Pop.) - - Fr. _le petit éclaireur_; Ger. _der jugendliche Pfadfinder_. - -=Scout=; of the _highest degree_. Add the sign _Wolf_ to the foregoing. -(Suggested.) - -[Illustration] - -=Scout leader= or =Patrol leader=. Sign _Boy Scout_; then lay the 4 left -hand on left side of head to indicate plume. (Suggested.) - -=Scout, Tenderfoot.= Make signs _Boy Scout_ and _Small_. (Suggested.) - -=Sculptor.= Right fist closed, thumb held up straight and free, then -used as a trowel on an imaginary wall. (Pop.) - - Fr. _le sculpteur_; Ger. _der Bildhauer_. - -=Search me.= With a hand grasping each lapel, spread open the coat. -(Pop.) - - Fr. _examinez-moi_; Ger. _was weisz ich?_ (Pop.) - -=Seasons.= The four seasons are _Little Grass_ (_Spring_); _High Grass_ -(_Summer_); _Leaf Fall_ (_Autumn_); and _Cold_ or _Snow_ (_Winter_). -Each is given in alphabetic place. - -=Secret= or =Private= (Talk under cover). Left hand flat, horizontal, -near left cheek; with right, sign _Talk_ under it. Usually sign _Talk_ -and _Hide_. - - Fr. _le secret_; Ger. _das Geheimnis_. - -=Seek.= See _Hunt_. - -[Illustration] - -=See.= The fingers of V hand pointed forward (as in _Look_) then -advanced a little in the line of sight; sometimes for extra point, it is -changed into G hand and pushed forward. Also compare _Hunt_ and _Lie_, -_Look_ and _Find_. The difference between _Look_ and _See_ is not -observed by most Indians; but it is well to maintain it. - - Fr. _voir_; Ger. _sehen_. - -=See me.= Point at one’s own chin with the right V hand and touch -breast. - - Fr. _voyez-moi_; Ger. _sehen Sie mich_. - -=Seem.= See _Appear_. - -[Illustration] - -=Seize.= Move the open hands forward; grasp and draw back as though -seizing some object. - - Fr. _saisir_; Ger. _ergreifen_. - -=Select.= See _Choose_. - -=Sell.= See _Trade_. On the Stock Exchange, the clenched fist thrown -forward and down means _Sell_. Probably in imitation of the auctioneer’s -hammer. See _Kill_. - -=Sell=, =Sold= or =Bought= i.e., =Marketed=. On middle of side of left G -held out, tap two or three times with middle side of right G. This is -also used for _Buy_, which see for illustration. It is supposed to have -had origin in an old gambling game. See _Trade_. - - Fr. _vendre_; Ger. _verkaufen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Send= (Command and Go). Hold the right A near the breast; swing it out, -up and down a foot; then swing the right G higher and farther. -(Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _envoyer_; Ger. _senden_, _schicken_. - -[Illustration] - -=Separate= or =Apart=. Lay the G fingers side by side, backs up; spring -them apart, widest at tips, moving them forward and out. - - Fr. _séparer_; Ger. _trennen_. - -=Several.= Extend the fingers of the right A hand, one at a time, -beginning with the index. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _plusieurs_; Ger. _mehrere_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sew.= Hold flat left hand index edge up, thumb level with index; move -right G hand index with extended thumb, across left index once or twice -as in sewing; each time nearer the body and each time turning the right -index nail down, as it is moved forward. Compare _Awl_. - - Fr. _coudre_; Ger. _nähen_. - -=Shade.= Sign _Sun_, _Not_. - -=Shadow= (Of a person). Indicate the person; then sign _Going_, _There -by me_, _Same_. _There by me_ is indicated by pointing to the ground on -the left side with right G. - - Fr. _l’ombre_; Ger. _der Schatten_. - -=Shall.= See _Will_. - -=Shaman.= See _Medicine-man_. - -=Shame= (On you). (The finger of scorn made sharper.) Point left index -at person, all others closed; and with right index similarly held, rub -it on back of left index from middle to tip and beyond. (Pop.) See -_Ashamed_. In France the idea is conveyed by the _Horns_. See _Evil -Eye_. - - Fr. _fi! fi donc!_ (Pop.); Ger. _Schäme dich!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Sharp= or =Keen=. Hold out flat right hand, palm up; touch little -finger edge lightly with ball of left thumb and add _Good_. For _Sharp -points_ see _Porcupine_. - - Fr. _affílé_; Ger. _scharf_. - -=Shave.= Use the flat right hand as a razor, palm to right, points up, -little finger next right cheek as the edge; move it toward the right -ear. - - Fr. (_se_) _raser_; Ger. (_sich_) _rasieren_. - -=Shawl.= Sign _Blanket_ and _Fringe_. For _Fringe_, hold out the left 5 -hand points forward, level; then push the similar right over it forward -several times. - - Fr. _le châle_; Ger. _der Schal_. - -=She.= Sign _Female_ and point with G finger at the person. - - Fr. _elle_; Ger. _sie_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sheep, Mountain=, or =Bighorn=. With compressed hands above each eye, -pointed backward, trace the sweep of horns, ending below ears, with -points turned forward. - - Fr. _le mouton sauvage_; Ger. _das amerikanische Groszhornschaf_. - -=Sheep, Common.= Sign _Bighorn_ and _White Man_. - - Fr. _le mouton_; Ger. _das Schaf_. - -=Shell.= Hold the curved hands side by side, close and open them on the -under side, as though hinged on top. Compare _Boat_, _Book_, _Bowl_, and -_Open_. - - Fr. _la coquille_; Ger. _die Muschelschale_. - -=Shield= (Noun). With both L hands a little apart, index fingers pointed -down, make a large incomplete circle to left of left breast. See -_Protect_. - - Fr. _le bouclier_; Ger. _der Schild_. - -[Illustration] - -=Shine=, =Shimmer=, or =Glitter=. Hold out the curved right 5 hand, palm -down; lower it slightly, shaking it quickly sidewise. Compare _Snow_, -_Glitter_, and _Easy_. - - Fr. _briller_, _étinceler_; Ger. _scheinen_, _glänzen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ship.= Raise and spread thumb and two first fingers to be masts, others -closed; then push the hand forward slowly in a rising and falling line. -(Deaf sign for _Sailing Ship_. For Indian sign see _Boat_, _Big_.) - - Fr. _le navire_; Ger. _das Schiff_. - -=Shoe.= Sign _Moccasin_, _White Man_. - - Fr. _le soulier_; Ger. _der Schuh_. - -=Shoot= (A gun). See _Fire_. - -=Shoot= (An arrow). Sign _Bow_, then snap the index fingers out -straight. To add _Hit with an arrow_, hold up the flat left and thrust -the right G through it. - - Fr. _lancer_ (_une flèche_); Ger. _schieszen_. - -=Shop.= See _Store_. - -=Short.= For things which grow, hold the flat hand back forward, fingers -pointing up at desired height. For things which do not grow, use the -flat hand, palm down; or else, both flat hands side by side, palm to -palm. The same as _Low_. - - Fr. _court_; Ger. _kurz_. - -=Shot-gun.= See _Gun_. - -=Shout.= See _Yell_. - -=Show=, =Prove=, =Proof=, or =Behold=. Raise flat left hand, palm -forward. Lay index of right G on it and turn the two about, pushing them -forward as though to show something. (Sheeaka. Borrowed from the Deaf.) - -=Show=, =Prove=, =Proof=, or =Behold=. Hold out the flat left, palm up, -pointing forward and down. Point to the person in question with right G, -then at left palm with right V. - - Fr. _montrer_; Ger. _zeigen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sick=, =Suffering=, =Sick one=, or =Invalid= (Throbbing). Hold flat -hands out near breast; move the hands quickly outward and back several -times. Compare _Lungs_. - - Fr. _malade_; Ger. _krank_. - -=Side by Side.= See _Parallel_. - -=Sign Language=, =To talk in Sign Language=. Touch the back of left hand -with tip of right, the back of right with tip of left and add _Talk_. -(C) - - Fr. _le langage des signes_; Ger. _die Gebärdensprache_. - -[Illustration] - -=Silence=, =Silent=, or =Hush=. Lay the extended index, pointing upward, -over the mouth. In the more vigorous form of _Shut up_, lay the flat -hand on the mouth (recent). - - Fr. _silence!_ _taisez-vous!_; Ger. _schweigen!_ _still!_ - -=Silly.= See _Foolish_. - -=Silver.= Sign _Money_ and _White_. - - Fr. _l’argent_; Ger. _das Silbergeld_. - -=Sin= or =Badness=. Same as _Bad_. See _Evil_. - -=Since.= See _After_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sing.= Hold right V hand, back to right, in front of face; finger tips -a little higher than and close to mouth, pointing nearly up. Move the -hand briskly so finger tips describe a small horizontal circle. Compare -_Lie_ and _Abuse_. - - Fr. _chanter_; Ger. _singen_. - -=Sioux.= See _Indian_. - -=Sister.= Sign _Woman_ and _Brother_. - - Fr. _la soeur_; Ger. _die Schwester_. - -=Sister-in-law.= Sign _Brother-in-law_ and _Woman_. - - Fr. _la belle-soeur_; Ger. _die Schwägerin_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sit=, =Sit down=, or =Remain=. Hold the right A hand in front of and a -little lower than right shoulder, back to right; move the hand -emphatically downward a few inches. Compare _Wait_ and _Aboard_. - - Fr. _s’asseoir_; Ger. _sitzen_. - -=Skin.= See _Hide_. - -=Skinny.= See _Lean_. - -[Illustration] - -=Skunk= or =Polecat=. Indicate _Size_ and tail up; that is, curving G -up, palm forward; move in gentle jerks forward, and then add _Smell_, -_Bad_. Compare _Weasel_. - - Fr. _la bête puante_, _la mouffette_; Ger. _das amerikanische_ - _Stinktier_. - -=Sky.= See _Heavens_. - -=Sled= or =Sleigh= (The runners). Both G hands, backs down, 4 inches -apart; index fingers curved and pushed forward. The idea is helped by -_Snow_ on _Ground_. - - Fr. _le traineau_; Ger. _der Schlitten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sleep.= Hold both flat hands, backs up, in front of breast, same level; -swing both over to the left in an up and down curve, in which the right -(only) turns palm up; the left continues back up; then lower the head a -little to right. Some finish with both palms up. - -Journeys are one sleep, two sleeps, etc., on the Plains. - - Fr. _le sommeil_, _dormir_; Ger. _der Schlaf_, _schlafen_. - -=Sleepy.= Rub the eyes with the fists. (Pop.) Or yawn and lay the head -on one side, closing the eyes. (Sheeaka.) Both of these are understood -by the Cheyennes, but they use _Want_, _Sleep_. - - Fr. _avoir sommeil_; Ger. _schläfrig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Slow.= Hold out the flat left hand, palm to right; ditto right hand -opposite, palm to left; in slow jerks, move the left hand forward; at -the same time, jerk the right, making the latter fall behind. Compare -_Fast_. - - Fr. _lent_; Ger. _langsam_. - -[Illustration] - -=Small=, =Few=, or =Crowded=. Compress both hands so the fingers are -straight, but at an angle with the back of the hand; hold them about -eight inches apart, backs out, pointed up and forward, right higher; -move them together till the right is over the left. Sometimes the -Cheyennes made this sign with the closed fists to mean _Few_. Compare -_Little_. - - Fr. _peu_; Ger. _wenig_. - -=Smaller, to make.= See _Decrease_. - -=Smart.= See _Cunning_. - -[Illustration] - -=Smell.= Hold V hand, back up, fingers pointing to chin; swing fingers -up so the nose passes between them. Compare _Blood_ and _Brother_. Place -the palm close before the tip of the nose. (Pop.) - - Fr. _sentir_; Ger. _riechen_. - -=Smell=, =A bad smell=, or =Stink=. Sign _Smell_ and hold the nostrils, -or sign _Bad_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _la mauvaise odeur_, _la puanteur_; Ger. _der üble_ _Geruch_, - _der Gestank_. - -=Smell=, =A good smell=. Sign _Smell_ and _Good_. - - Fr. _la bonne odeur_; Ger. _der gute Geruch_, _der Duft_. - -=Smoke.= For distant smoke, like a signal-fire smoke, make sign for -_Fire_ and continue raising hand in a spiral till higher than head. - - Fr. _la fumée_; Ger. _der Rauch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Smoke a pipe= (Action of filling it). Hold up the left A, thumb up, tap -on top two or three times with flat right, then add _Pipe_, jerking it -forward two or three times. - - Fr. _fumer_ (_une pipe_); Ger. _rauchen_ (_eine Pfeife_). - -=Smoke a cigarette.= Put index and thumb to mouth as though holding a -cigarette. (Blackfoot.) - -[Illustration] - -=Smooth= or =Level=. Rub the back of the flat left hand, held palm down, -with whole palm of the flat right, back and forth, in long strokes. -Sometimes use _Prairie_. Compare _Indian_ and _At_. - - Fr. _lisse_; Ger. _glatt_. - -=Smooth Ground.= See _Prairie_. - -[Illustration] - -=Snake= (Its motion). Hold the right H (or sometimes G) hand, back to -right, waist high, fingers pointing to front; move it several inches to -front in a sinuous line from side to side. Compare _Fish_, _Creek_, and -_Rope_. - - Fr. _le serpent_; Ger. _die Schlange_. - -=Sneak.= See _Run away_. - -[Illustration] - -=Snow.= Raise and spread both hands a foot apart, backs up, fingers -curved; then softly lower them in slow, short zigzags. For _Rain_, the -lines down are straight. _Years_ are commonly called _Snows_ or -_Winters_. Compare _Shimmer_. - - Fr. _la neige_; Ger. _der Schnee_. - -[Illustration] - -=So=, =Just so= (That’s true). Swing the right G index from 45 degree -angle down to level; then add _Straight_, swinging index up slightly at -finish. Sometimes sign _Yes_. Compare _Idea_. - - Fr. _si_, _précisément cela_; Ger. _so_, _jawohl_. - -[Illustration] - -=So that=; =In order that= (So, that). Strike down a foot with the right -G in front of breast, then strike it on the left flat hand held opposite -left breast. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _de sorte que_, _pour_; Ger. _um_, _damit_. - -=Soap.= Rub the hands together as in washing them. - - Fr. _le savon_; Ger. _die Seife_. - -[Illustration] - -=Soft or Muddy Ground= (Animal’s legs going down). Form a horizontal -half-circle of left index and thumb; drop the right fist into it; -reverse the hands and repeat. - - Fr. _la terre molle_, _la boue_; Ger. _die weiche Erde_, _der - Schlamm_. - -=Soft=, in general. Sign _Hard_ and _Not_. - - Fr. _mou_; Ger. _weich_. - -=Soil.= See _Earth_. - -[Illustration] - -=Soldiers= (In a row, spread out). Hold the flattened fists out in -front, side by side, backs up so basal joints of the fingers are nearly -level and the middle joints form a row; then swing them apart. - -In many whose fingers are stiff the row is made with the basal joints -plumb, as in the upper cut; but the correct way is as below. - -“This represents the line of the Indian soldiers that, pending the order -to charge, held back the people in the buffalo hunt.” (Scott.) Compare -_Ridge_, _Done_, and _Fat_. - - Fr. _les soldats_; Ger. _die Soldaten_. - -=Some= (Here and there one). Point with index finger downward and at -some near spot on the ground, then change to another farther off, then -to another. (Scott.) - - Fr. _quelques_; Ger. _einige_. - -[Illustration] - -=Some=, =A part of=. Hold out level flat left, back forward and out; lay -flat right thumb up on left index near the tip; then jerk it toward tip -and beyond. This is much like _Halve_; but the right is casually brushed -along the edge of the left and at no time precisely placed. - - Fr. _du_; Ger. _etwas_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sometimes= (Different times). Sign _Time_, moving the hands apart in -short jerks. (Seger.) Compare _By and by_. - - Fr. _quelquefois_; Ger. _zuweilen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Somewhere.= Hold right G up near right shoulder; swing it in a curve up -and down to opposite left shoulder and back. Also used in the question -_Where?_ - - Fr. _quelque part_; Ger. _irgendwo(hin)_. - -=Son.= Sign _Born_ and _Male_. - - Fr. _le fils_; Ger. _der Sohn_. - -=Song= or =Poem= (Written singing). Sign for _Sing_ and _Write_. - - Fr. _la chanson_; Ger. _das Lied_. - -[Illustration] - -=Soon= or =Early=. Sign _Time_, then stop with the fingers an inch -apart. Compare _Sometimes_, _Time_, _By and by_, _Close_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sorrow=, =Distress=, =Discouraged=, =Down-hearted=, =Sadness=, or =Sad= -(Heart on the ground). Lay the right compressed hand on the heart, -pointing down; then throw it forward and down, ending the sign with the -flat hand very low, palm up, near the ground. - - Fr. _le chagrin_, _la douleur_; Ger. _das Leid_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sorry= (It grinds my heart). Rub the fist on heart in circle two or -three times. (Blackfoot.) - -This is less strong than _Sorrow_ and is used as a polite expression of -interest, equivalent to “What a pity.” (Eastman.) See also _Trouble_. - - Fr. _j’en suis fâché_; Ger. _leid tun_, _es thut mir leid_. - -=Soul.= See _Spirit_. - -=Sour.= See _Bitter_. - -=Sow.= See _Sew_. - -=Sow Seeds.= See _Scatter_. - -=Spark.= See _Fire_. - -=Speak.= See _Talk_. - -=Spear.= Make as though thrusting a spear with both hands. - - Fr. _la lance_; Ger. _der Speer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Speech=, =Message=, or =Talk=. That is, a long talk, as at council, by -oneself. (Handing out words.) Hold the flat right hand, back down, -pointing to left, at lower lip and swing it forward several times. -Compare _Discussion_ and _Talk_. - - Fr. _la harangue_; Ger. _die Rede_. - -=Speech to me= or =Tell me=. Speech by another addressed to oneself is -the same as the preceding, but swing the right hand in toward the chin -instead of out. Compare _Drink_, _Water_, _Discussion_, and _Talk_. - -=Spell=, that is, =Spell it=. Make writing in the air, then sign _Talk_. - - Fr. _écrivez le_; Ger. _buchstabieren Sie es_. - -[Illustration] - -=Spider.= Hold the palm of the right hand about one and a half inches -from a flat surface; spread the fingers and thumb and work them like -legs; the hand represents the body. (Scott.) Compare _Bunch_ and _Herd_. - - Fr. _l’araignée_; Ger. _die Spinne_. - -=Spirit= or =Petrole= (Water of strong power). There is no established -sign; but Sheeaka understood this combination: _Water_ and _Strong_. A -Cheyenne gave it _Lantern_, _Different_, _Strong_, _Pour_. - - Fr. _l’essence_, _le pétrole_; Ger. _das Benzin_. - -=Splendor.= See _Glow_. - -=Spoon.= Use the cupped right hand as a spoon. - - Fr. _la cuiller_; Ger. _der Löffel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Spotted.= Hold out the level left arm and with right curved 5 hand -finger tips tap the left arm at various places on the inside, from the -wrist up, as though flecking it with the tip of a brush, at both up and -down strokes. Compare _Striped_. - - Fr. _tacheté_; Ger. _getupfelt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Spring= (Water coming up and spreading). Make the sign for _Water_, -then a large horizontal circle with L hands (as in _Hole_); then push -the right compressed hand up through the left L hand and, as it comes -up, extend the fingers with a slight snap to represent the bubbling -water. - - Fr. _la source_; Ger. _die Quelle_. - -=Spring= (Little grass time). Sign _Grass_ and _Short_. Add _Time_ if -there is doubt. - -Show longer grass for June, etc. - - Fr. _le printemps_; Ger. _der Frühling_. - -=Squeeze.= See _Few_. - -[Illustration] - -=Squirrel.= Hold both compressed hands near the mouth and give a quick -motion of the lips. (Ruggles.) Or sign _Tree_ with left hand, then with -compressed right hand as in _Animal_ indicate running up and around. - - Fr. _l’écureuil_; Ger. _das Eichhörnchen_. - -=Squirrel, Flying.= Sign _Squirrel_, _Fly_; and then with right hand -flat, palm down, simulate flight down and up in a long sweep. This is -merely a description, not an established sign. - - Fr. _l’écureuil volant_; Ger. _das Flughörnchen_. - -=Stand= (As a man). Make right V hand stand on left palm, the fingers -representing legs. For an animal, use all four fingers of right. See -_Alight_. - - Fr. _se tenir debout_; Ger. _stehen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Stand up= (As a tree or pole). Hold G hand, back forward, erect over -shoulder. Compare _Tall_ and _Up_. - - Fr. _être debout_; Ger. _aufrecht stehen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Star.= Make the sign for _Night_, then cross the right G with left G -near the tips and hold up high. Some flirt the index tip from behind the -curved thumb in different directions up high, to mean twinkling. This is -nearly like _Talk up high_. - - Fr. _l’étoile_; Ger. _der Stern_. - -=Stay.= Sign _Stop_, _Wait_, and _Sit down_. - - Fr. _rester_; Ger. _bleiben_. - -[Illustration] - -=Steal= (To seize under cover). Hold out flat left hand pointing out, -back up; reach right G hand under wrist, then draw it back with a sweep, -curving it into a hook at the same time. - - Fr. _voler_; Ger. _stehlen_. - -=Steamboat.= Sign _Boat_, _Big_, _Fire_, holding the hand above the -forehead for the last. - - Fr. _le bateau à vapeur_; Ger. _das Dampfboot_. - -=Stingy.= See _Mean_. - -=Stink.= Sign _Bad Smell_. - -=Stir.= Hold left as in C, back out, and make as though stirring its -contents with a ladle held in right. Compare _Tea_. - - Fr. _remuer_; Ger. _rühren_. - -=Stone.= Sign _Rock_ and _Lump_. - -=Stop.= See _Halt_. - -=Stop= or =Full Stop=. See _Period_. - -=Store= or =Shop=. Sign _House_ and _Trade_. - - Fr. _le magasin_, _la boutique_; Ger. _der Laden_. - -=Storm.= Sign _Strong_ then _Wind_, shaking the fingers when opened and -sometimes adding the sound of blowing. - - Fr. _l’orage_, _la tempéte_; Ger. _der Sturm_. - -=Story.= See _History_. - -=Straight.= See _Honest_; also _True_. - -=Stranger.= Sign, _My_, _People_, _Not_. Or _Man_, _Different_. - - Fr. _l’étranger_; Ger. _der Fremde_. - -=Stream.= See _River_. - -[Illustration] - -=Strike.= Hold out flat left, palm up; strike it with the edge of flat -right hand. Compare _Chop_ and _Kill_. - - Fr. _frapper_; Ger. _schlagen_. - -=Strike, To make a.= See _Count Coup_. - -[Illustration] - -=Striped.= Hold out flat left with forearm level and draw the right flat -palm across it at different points on the upper side. Compare _Spotted_. - - Fr. _rayé_; Ger. _gestreift_. - -[Illustration] - -=Strong.= With left fist, back out, grasp an imaginary stick; then also -grasp it four inches higher with right fist, back in. Give a strong -outward twist to the right, finishing with the right fist below the left -and back downward. The left is not moved. This means physically strong -in most cases, and few Indians distinguish this from _Very much_; which -see. Compare _Little_. - - Fr. _fort_; Ger. _stark_. - -[Illustration] - -=Subtract= or =Take from=. Holding out the flat left, palm toward you, -with all the right fingers and thumb make as though seizing something on -the left palm; draw the right to you and down. (Sheeaka. Borrowed from -the Deaf.) Compare _Place_. - - Fr. _soustraire_; Ger. _abziehen_. - -=Succeed.= Sign _Push_, _Work_, and _Finish_. Compare _Fail_. - - Fr. _réussir_; Ger. _Erfolg haben_. - -=Suffering.= See _Sick_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sugar= or =Sweet.= Rub the tongue with tips of extended index and -second finger of right hand, then add _Good_. Compare _Salt_ and -_Bitter_. - - Fr. _le sucre_; Ger. _der Zucker_. - -=Sullen= or =Sulky=. Sign _Heart_, _Angry_, _Hide_. (Blackfoot.) See -_Gloomy_. - -=Summer= (Time of high grass). Sign _High_, _Grass_. Or sometimes sign -_Hot_ only. - - Fr. _l’été_; Ger. _der Sommer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sun.= Form a circle with index and thumb of right hand; hold hand -toward east and swing it in a great up-curve toward the west. In -conversation, the circle is often incomplete. - - Fr. _le soleil_; Ger. _die Sonne_. - - =Sunday.= Sign _Day_ and _Medicine_. - - Fr. _le dimanche_; Ger. _der Sonntag_. - - =Monday= is _Day after Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le lundi_; Ger. _der Montag_. - - =Tuesday= is _Two Days after Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le mardi_; Ger. _der Dienstag_. - - =Wednesday= is _Three Days after Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le mercredi_; Ger. _der Mittwoch_. - - =Thursday= is _Four Days after Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le jeudi_; Ger. _der Donnerstag_. - - =Friday= is _Two Days before Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le vendredi_; Ger. _der Freitag_. - - =Saturday= is _Little Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le samedi_ Ger. _der Sonnabend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sunrise.= Make a ring of the right index and thumb, others closed, -level, at full length toward the east; then raise it, chiefly by wrist -action, so the ring is nearly at an angle of 45 degrees. - - Fr. _le lever du soleil_; Ger. _der Sonnenaufgang_. - -=Sunset.= The reverse of Sunrise; that is, hold the ring to the west and -swing it down from 45 degrees to level or lower. - - Fr. _le coucher du soleil_; Ger. _der Sonnenuntergang_. - -[Illustration] - -=Superior= or =Higher= (One above another). Hold both G fingers side by -side, upright, one of them higher to represent the person or thing. When -it is _One above many_ use the left “5” hand instead of left G. See -_Rising Man_, also _Chief_. - - Fr. _supérieur_; Ger. _höher_ (_stehend_), _vorgesetzt_. - -=Superlative.= See _Comparative_; also _Very much_. - -=Supper.= Sign _Night_ and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le souper_; Ger. _das Abendessen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Surprise=, =You surprise me=. Hold flat hand on the mouth. This can be -made stronger by using both hands. Sometimes also for emphasis precede -this with a slap down of the flat right on the flat left, palm to palm. -See _Astonishment_. - - Fr. _étonner_; Ger. _überraschen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Surrender= or =Give up=. (No weapons.) Hold both 5 hands, palms -forward, at height of head. Sometimes one hand only. - - Fr. _rendre, se rendre_; Ger. _sich ergeben_. - -[Illustration] - -=Surround= or =Encircle=. Hold out both L hands at arm’s length, then -swing them together to form a level circle. See _Enclosure_. - - Fr. _entourer_; Ger. _umgeben_. - -=Swap.= See _Trade_. - -=Swear.= See _Oath_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sweat.= Draw the hooked right index across the brow as though wiping -off sweat. See _Hot_. - - Fr. _la sueur_; Ger. _der Schweisz_. - -=Sweat Lodge= or =Turkish Bath=. Sign _Medicine_ and _Wickey up_. (C) Or -with 5 hands indicate the shape beginning at top, then sign _Open_, -_Enter_, _Sweat_. - - Fr. _le sudatorium_, _le bain turc_; Ger. _das Schwitzbad_. - -=Sweet.= See _Sugar_. - -=Sweetheart= or =Lover=. Touch G to lips and add _Heart_. (Modern, but -now in general use among Cheyenne boys.) - -[Illustration] - -=Sweetheart= or =Lover=. Thrust the right L hand forward, level, back up -and to right, turning slowly by wrist action so the thumb rises two or -three inches up and down on the axis of the index. Compare _Courting_ -and _Glitter_. - - Fr. _le bien-aimé_; Ger. _der Geliebte_. - -=Swift.= See _Fast_. - -[Illustration] - -=Swim= (Probably to suggest a fish tail in action). That is, “Will you -come in swimming?” Hold right hand as high as the face, back forward, -all fingers closed except index and middle, these are spread like V and -pointed to left. Move the hand a little to right (Pop.) - - Fr. _nager_; Ger. _schwimmen_. - -=Swimming=. Sign Water, then strike out with hands as in swimming. - - Fr. _nageant_; Ger. _schwimmend_. - -=Swoop.= See _Dive_. - - -T - -=Table= (Flat top, square shape). Swing flat hands, palms down, as in -_Broad_ turn sharply and draw both toward you; with a V hand on each -side, strike down for legs, then sign _On_ and _Eat_. A description, not -an established sign. - - Fr. _la table_; Ger. _der Tisch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tail.= Right G hand, back up, at left side, pointing back and down. - - Fr. _la queue_; Ger. _der Schwanz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Take= or =Bring= (From some one else). Reach out the G hand, hook the -index and draw it toward you, in and upward, as though pulling a string -up and back. Compare _Steal_. - - Fr. _prendre_ (_de quelqu’un_); Ger. _nehmen_ (_von Jemandem_). - -=Take= (From oneself). The same, but point index toward body, hook it -and draw away. - - Fr. _prendre_ (_de soi-même_); Ger. _nehmen_ (_von sich selber_). - -=Take from.= See _Subtract_. - -[Illustration] - -=Talk= or =Say= (A little talk). Hold right hand under mouth, index and -thumb tips together, pointing forward, and move slightly forward, -snapping the index from behind the thumb two or three times. Compare -_Called_, _Telltale_, _Speech_, _Bark_. - - Fr. _parler_; Ger. _sprechen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Talk, to me.= Make the same gesture as above, but point and draw the -hand toward the cheek. - -[Illustration] - -=Tall= or =High=. Move the flat right straight up to arm’s length, back -out. - - Fr. _grand_, _haut_; Ger. _hoch_, _grosz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tangle= or =Tangled=. Revolve the 5 hands, in and out, one about the -other. Compare _Play_. - - Fr. _embrouiller_; Ger. _verwirren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Taste.= Join the first finger and thumb, rest their points on the lower -lip and work the lips. Compare _Salt_, _Sugar_, _Sour_, and _Bitter_. - - Fr. _goûter_; Ger. _schmecken_. - -=Taste bad= (To taste and throw away). Sign _Taste_ and _Bad_. (Seger.) - - Fr. _avoir un goût mauvais_; Ger. _schlecht schmecken_. - -=Tattler.= See _Telltale_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tattoo.= Tap the place with all five finger tips in a point. - - Fr. _tatouer_; Ger. _tätowieren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tea= (Stirring it). Trace the rim of the left O hand with the thumb and -finger tip of the right O hand, other fingers extended. (Sheeaka.) -Compare _Stir_. Or sign _Leaf_, _Drink_. - - Fr. _le thé_; Ger. _der Tee_. - -=Teacher.= Sign _Writing_ and _Chief_. See also _Guide_. - - Fr. _le professeur_; Ger. _der Lehrer_. - -=Team.= Sign _Horse_, _Two_; with L hand indicate _Halter_ and add -_Coat_ for _Harness_. - - Fr. _l’attelage_; Ger. _das Gespann_. - -[Illustration] - -=Teepee= or =Lodge=. Cross the tips of the G fingers held high. In -_Tent_ they are not crossed. - - Fr. _la loge (la hutte) des Indiens_; Ger. _die Indianerhütte_. - -=Telegraph.= On forefinger of left G hand, palm up, tap with crooked -forefinger of right hand, as though telegraphing; then shoot it along -left forefinger and on in line. (Crow sign, La Forge.) - -[Illustration] - -=Telegraph.= Sign _Wire_, then tap on it two or three times with right G -and add _Talk_, shooting it far ahead. - - Fr. _le télégraphe_; Ger. _der Telegraph_. - -=Telephone.= Sign _Wire_; raise O hand to the ear like the receiver, -then add _Talk_. - - Fr. _le téléphone_; Ger. _der Fernsprecher_. - -=Tell about.= See _Explain_ and _Speech_. - -=Tell me.= See _Talk_ and _Speech_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tell-tale=, =Tattling=, or =Tattle= (Magpie or Chatterer). Make a bill -with forefinger and thumb; hold it at the mouth, pointing forward; open -and shut it, but do not advance it. Note, it does not get anywhere; -_Talk_ does. - - Fr. _le rapporteur_; Ger. _der Ausplauderer_. - -=Tenderfoot.= Make signs for _Scout_ and _Little_. (Scott.) - - Fr. _le novice_; Ger. _der Neuling_. - -=Tense=, of verbs, indicated by _Now_, _Time Back_, and _Future_, that -is _Time Ahead_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tent.= Like _Teepee_, but do not cross the fingers. Sometimes add -_White Man_. - - Fr. _la tente_; Ger. _das Zelt_. - -=Than.= See _As_. - -[Illustration] - -=Thank you=, or =Gratitude=. Raise the open right hand within a foot of -the face, back down and to right; then carry it outward and downward -toward person, bowing at same time (Pop). For this the Cheyennes use one -hand as in _Gratitude_, which see. Sign _Give_, _Good_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _merci_, _je vous remercie_, _la gratitude_; Ger. _ich danke - dir_ (or _Ihnen_), _die Dankbarkeit_. - -=That.= Point with right G at the person or thing. Compare _This_, -_There_, and _Yonder_. - - Fr. _ce ... là_; Ger. _der_, _jener_. - -[Illustration] - -=That= or =Which=, relative pronoun (The one behind that). Left L hand -pointing to right. Lay right forefinger on end of left, then turn it up -and back to touch the thumb. (D) - - Fr. _qui_, _que_, _lequel_; Ger. _welcher_. - -[Illustration] - -=That place.= Hold out right G, back up, at arm’s length, face high, -pointing forward; strike it down three or four times, chiefly by finger -action. Compare _Then_ and _Here_. - - Fr. _là_; Ger. _da_, _dort_. - -=Theatre=. Sign _House_, _Look_, _Big_, _Many_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _le théâtre_; Ger. _das Theater_. - -=Their=. See _Possession_. - -[Illustration] - -=Then= (That time). Swing right G, point first, forward and down in an -18-inch curve. Compare _Yonder_ and _That place_. - - Fr. _alors_; Ger. _damals_. - -[Illustration] - -=There.= Simply point with middle finger, others closed, hand held -breast high. Compare _Challenge_. - -[Illustration] - -=Thick.= Hold out flat left, back to left, place right underneath palm -up; clasp left with it, rub right fingers and thumb tips back and forth -on the middle of the left hand in long, slow rubs. Compare _Meat_, -_Thin_, _Oil_, and _Bacon_. - - Fr. _épais_; Ger. _dick_. - -=Thief.= Sign for the person and add _Steal_. (C) - - Fr. _le voleur_; Ger. _der Dieb_. - -[Illustration] - -=Thin= (Not thick). Like _Thick_, but rub lower edge and little finger -of left with tips of right thumb and index finger united, others closed. -Usually the little finger side is the _Edge_. Compare _Bacon_, in which -all of the fingers are used; also, _Oil_, _Thick_, and _Meat_. - - Fr. _mince_; Ger. _dünn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Thin= or =Poor in flesh= (Flesh clawed off). Bring both 5 hands, backs -forward, in front of breast and touching it. Move each to its side, -curving the fingers more. - - Fr. _maigre_; Ger. _mager_. - -[Illustration] - -=Things.= The 5 hands similarly pointing forward, backs up, waist high, -one at each side of the body; swing once or twice in small circles -nearly vertical, but a little forward in the upper part. - - Fr. _les choses_; Ger. _die Dinge_. - -[Illustration] - -=Think= (Drawn from the heart). Lay right G on the heart, back up, and -swing it outward ten inches and a little up. - - Fr. _penser_; Ger. _denken_. - -=Thinking.= See _Consider_. - -=Thirst=, =Dry=, or =Drouth=. Sign _Want_ and _Drink_. - - Fr. _la soif_; Ger. _der Durst_. - -[Illustration] - -=This.= Hold flat left palm up near body and thrust right G down to it. -For _These_ repeat it several times. - - Fr. _ce ... ci_; Ger. _dieser_. - -=Thought.= See _Idea_. - -=Thousand.= Sign _Hundred_ and then _Ten times_. See _Numbers_. - - Fr. _mille_; Ger. _tausend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Thread.= Rub thumb and index together, as though twisting a thread, and -sign _Sew_. Compare _Powder_. - - Fr. _le fil_; Ger. _der Faden_. - -=Threaten.= Shake clenched fist toward the person. - - Fr. _menacer_; Ger. _drohen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Through.= Push the right flat hand edgewise outward between the middle -and third fingers of the left, which are held pointing upward. Compare -_Between_. - - Fr. _par_, _au travers de_; Ger. _durch_. - -=Thunder.= Clap the hands loudly in front of face and add a rapid zigzag -with the right G finger for _Lightning_. - - Fr. _le tonnerre_; Ger. _der Donner_, _das Gewitter_. - -=Thy= or =Thine=. Sign _You_. _Possess._ - - Fr. _ton_; Ger. _dein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ticket=. Hold out H left, back up; lay the right G across it at the -middle knuckles; add _Writing_ and indicate _Railway_, _Theatre_, -_Pawn_, etc., as needed. - - Fr. _le billet_; Ger. _das Billett_. - -=Till.= See _To_. - -[Illustration] - -=Time= (Duration). Join the index finger and thumb of each hand at tips, -other fingers closed; hold back of right hand to right, left to left, -thumb tips touching; draw the hands apart, slowly and level. A little -apart means _Little time_; a long way is _Long time_, etc. Sign _After, -Little time_, for _Bye and bye_. So leaving the hands touching means -_Now_; and _Time, Long, Behind_ means _Long time ago_. A much-used sign. -See _Ago_ and _Past_. - - Fr. _le temps_; Ger. _die Zeit_. - -[Illustration] - -=Time afterward=, =After a little time=, =Bye and Bye=. Hold out the -left G level, pointing forward, breast high; lay the right G on the back -of the left, draw it back toward the wrist an inch. For _Time ahead_, -sign _Time_ and _Ahead_, that is, hold up left G and swing right G -parallel and far ahead in the same line. Or sometimes for _Time ahead_ -or _Future_ give the _Time_ sign first given, but draw the right -forefinger and thumb in an up and over curve far ahead, instead of to -the right. - - Fr. _plus tard_; Ger. _später_. - -[Illustration] - -=Time= (Shadow around tree). Hold up left G, point right G at it and -swing it around, finally touching it at top. (Sioux, Sheeaka.) This is -used for exact point or date. - - Fr. _l’époque_; Ger. _die Zeit_, _der Zeitpunkt_. - - =Hour.= Indicate in the sky the position of the sun at that hour. - - =Hour= (i.e., sixty minutes). Hold up the left hand with back toward - you, index and thumb joining in a complete vertical circle; with right - G on this as a pointer, move an inch and add _One_. - - Fr. _l’heure_; Ger. _die Stunde_. - - =Minute= or =Moment=. Hold the flat left hand pointed forward, thumb - up; lay the right G on it like a pointer and move it the least bit. - (Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes sign _Hour_ and _Small_. In giving _Time_ it - is safest to do it in railway style; that is, 45 minutes after 4 would - be 4 hours and 45 minutes; not a quarter before 5. - - Fr. _la minute_; Ger. _die Minute_. - - =Second.= Make the signs _Minute_ and _Very small_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _la seconde_; Ger. _die Sekunde_. - - [Illustration] - - =Day= or =Light= (The opening up, as contrasted with _Night_, the - closing over). Hold out the level flat hands in the same horizontal - plane, backs up, pointing to front, a few inches apart. Swing them - upward apart to right and left, and then downward on a curve, turning - the palms up; ending when the hands are about opposite shoulders and a - little higher than at the start. - - For the days of the week, see under _Sun_. - - Sometimes “_one sun_” is “_one day_.” - - For _To-day_ the sign for _Now_ is first made. - - Fr. _le jour_; Ger. _der Tag_. - -=Time of Day=, as morning, forenoon, noon, afternoon, etc. Point to the -sun’s position in the sky at the time. See _Midnight_. - - Fr. _l’heure du jour_; Ger. _die Tageszeit_. - - =Week.= Sign _Suns_, _Seven_ (Sheeaka) or _One Medicine Day_. Compare - _Sunday_. - - Fr. _la semaine_; Ger. _die Woche_. - - =Month.= Crescent or Horns in the sky. See illustration in M. - - Fr. _le mois_; Ger. _der Monat_. - - =Seasons.= _Spring, Short grass_; _Summer, High grass_; _Autumn, - Falling leaf_; _Winter, Cold_ or _Snow_. - - Fr. _les saisons_; Ger. _die Jahreszeiten_. - - =Year.= Sign _One Cold_ (Cheyenne). Or better perhaps, though not - general, sign _Snow_, then swing the right G in a circle to left, down - and up on right, then again make _Snow_, meaning from snow around to - snow. (Sheeaka.) Sign _One Snow_ (Blackfoot). - - Fr. _l’an_, _l’année_; Ger. _das Jahr_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tired= or =Weary=. Hold out G hands, backs up, six inches apart, drop -them and draw them to you a little. Sometimes used for _Quit_. See -_Lazy_. Compare _Afraid_. - - Fr. _fatigué_; Ger. _müde_. - -[Illustration] - -=To=, =Till=, or =Until=. Hold the left G a little forward, palm to you; -swing the right G upward till the forefingers meet at tip. (Sheeaka; -probably borrowed from the Deaf.) Compare _Meet_. - - Fr. _jusqu’à_; Ger. _bis_. - -=Tobacco= (Ground in the palm). Hold flat left hand, back down, in front -of body; grind on it the heel of closed right in small circles. - - Fr. _le tabac_; Ger. _der Tabak_. - -=To-day.= Sign _Day_ and _Now_. - - Fr. _aujourd’hui_; Ger. _heute_. - -[Illustration] - -=Together= or =Gather= (Gathered together). Press the palms of the flat -hands together two or three times, swinging them apart and together once -or twice, so the tips describe six-inch vertical circles going down on -the outside and up on the inside of each. Note this also means _Gather_. -See also _With_, _Meet_, and _Heap_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tomahawk.= Hold the flat right hand in the hollow of the horizontal -left arm (C). Compare _Baby_. Or sign _Axe_ and _Smoke_. - - Fr. _le tomahawk_, _la hache de guerre des Indiens_; Ger. _die - Streitaxt der Indianer_. - -=To-morrow.= Sign for _Another_ and _Sunrise_. Compare _Yesterday_. - - Fr. _demain_; Ger. _morgen_. - -=Too=, =Too much=. Sign _Enough_, but raise both hands at arm’s length -above the head. (Scott.) Sometimes use _Heap_. See also _Excessive_, -_Ahead_, and _Over_. - - Fr. _trop_; Ger. _zu viel_. - -=Too= or =Also=. Sign _Equal_, _With_, or _And_. - - Fr. _aussi_; Ger. _auch_. - -=Touch.= See _Feel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Town.= Sign _House_; then, keeping the flat hands at same angle, swing -them wide apart, keeping left near body, right far away. Add _White Man_ -if needed. - - Fr. _la ville_; Ger. _die Stadt_. - -=Track= or =Trail=; i.e., to follow by _Trail_. Sign _Walk_ and point to -the ground with right G; move it forward in a sinuous course. Sometimes -add _Look_. - - Fr. _tracer_; Ger. _aufspüren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Trade=, =Exchange=, =Swap=, =Bargain=, =Buy=, or =Sell=. Hold G hands -pointing up, one at each shoulder; move them together in a down curve -till wrists are crossed. See _Avoid_. - - Fr. _trafiquer_, _troquer_, _faire le commerce_; Ger. _tauschen_, - _handeln_, _Handel treiben_. - -=Trail= (A road). See _Way_. - -=Train.= See _Railroad_. - -[Illustration] - -=Trap= or =To trap=. Make a large level circle of forefingers and thumbs -for the trap; then snap these up together, index alongside index, thumb -alongside thumb to indicate the closing. - - Fr. _le piège_, _prendre au piège_; Ger. _die Falle_, _mit der Falle - fangen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Travel.= Hold out the 5 hands, palm to palm, but left a foot advanced -and six inches higher, both of them vibrated up and down. This means -_Keep on Going_. See _Work_, _Go_, and _Walk_. - - Fr. _voyager_; Ger. _reisen_. - -=Treaty.= Sign _Shake Hands_ and _Write_; that is, write with right -index on flat left palm. - - Fr. _le traité_; Ger. _der Vertrag_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tree.= Hold right forearm upright in front of shoulder, fingers -straight, spread upward. For plural use both hands. For _Forest_, hold -left outside and touching right; draw right near body and push left far -away. See _Forest_. - - Fr. _l’arbre_; Ger. _der Baum_. - -=Tribe= or =Troop=. See _Bunch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Triumph.= Wave one hand in circle above the head as swinging a flag. At -a distance, wave a hat, coat, or blanket. - - Fr. _le triomphe_; Ger. _der Triumph_. - -=Troop= or =Tribe=. See _Bunch_. - -=Trot.= Indicate the kind of animal, then with S hands, backs up, -indicate movement of feet as in trotting. (C) - - Fr. _le trot_, _trotter_; Ger. _der Trott_, _traben_. - -=Trouble= or =Perplexity=. See _Consider_, _Doubt_, _Sorry_, and -_Sorrow_. - - Fr. _le trouble_, _la perplexité_; Ger. _die Sorge_, _die Bestürzung._ - -[Illustration] - -=True=, =Truth=, =Certain=, =Sure=, =Straight= (One straight trail). The -G forefinger pointing straight forward under the chin, then moved -forward with an upward curve. Compare _Honest_. - - Fr. _vrai_, _la vérité_; Ger. _wahr_, _die Wahrheit_. - -=Try= or =Attempt=. Sign _Work_ and _Begin_. - - Fr. _essayer_; Ger. _versuchen_. - -=Turkey=. Sign _Bird_; then indicate _Beard_ with compressed right hand -under the chin, pointed down and shaken. (C) - -=Turkey=. Sign _Bird_; then hold right G at forehead, back up, curved, -pointed down, and drop it past the nose down below chin. - - Fr. _le dindon_; Ger. _der Truthahn_, _der Puter_. - -=Turkish Bath.= See _Sweat Lodge_. - -[Illustration] - -=Turn him down= or =Thumbs down=. This dates from the Roman arena. Right -arm at full length, fingers closed, thumb extended and pointing -downward; meaning “Kill him” or “it.” See _Knife_. - -=Turn into.= See _Grow_. - -=Turn loose.= See _Free_ and _Pardon_. - -[Illustration] - -=Turtle= or =Tortoise=. Hold right hand low, back up, flat, but fingers -bent back on palm; push it forward, giving it by wrist action a -serpentine course. See _Fog_. - - Fr. _la tortue_; Ger. _die Schildkröte_. - -=Twice.= See _Once_. - -=Twinkle.= Sign _Star_ and _Talk_. - - Fr. _étinceler_; Ger. _funkeln_. - -[Illustration] - -=Twins.= Lay V fingers, palm in, on abdomen and add _Born_. - - Fr. _les jumeaux_; Ger. _die Zwillinge_. - -=Typewrite.= Sign _Write_; then with both hands strike here and there at -keys. - - Fr. _écrire à la machine_, _dactylographier_; Ger. _mit der - Schreibmaschine schreiben_. - - -U - -=Ugly.= Sign _Face_; i.e., swing the right 5 hand in a circle near the -face, and add _Bad_. - - Fr. _laid_; Ger. _häszlich_. - -=Unable.= See _Can’t_. - -=Uncertain.= Sign _Perhaps_, _Know_, and _Not_. - - Fr. _incertain_; Ger. _unbestimmt_. - -=Uncle.= Sign _Father_ (or _Mother_) and _Brother_. - - Fr. _l’oncle_; Ger. _der Onkel_. - -=Undecided.= Bow the head forward, resting the right G on the lips. See -also _Thinking_ and _If_. - - Fr. _en doute_; Ger. _unschlüssig_. - -=Under.= See _Below_. - -=Understand.= See _Know_; also, _Keep_. - -=Unfair.= See _Excessive_. - -=United.= Sign _Alliance_ or _With_. - - Fr. _uni_; Ger. _vereinigt_. - -=United States of America.= There is no well-established sign, but the -Indian of a hundred years ago referred to the United States as the -“Thirteen Fires,” i.e., Council Fires. So that _Thirteen_ and _Fires_ -would answer. The Blackfeet indicate the Boundary Line running east and -west, then all south of it. - -So, also, for the individual States, in the absence of established -signs, we may use their nicknames. These, however, are mere suggestions. - - Fr. _les États-Unis d’Amérique_; Ger. _die Vereinigten Staaten von - Nordamerika_. - - =Alabama= (Cotton State). _Country_ and _Cotton_. The latter by - pointing to something by cotton. - - =Arizona= (Cactus State). _Country_, _Trees_, and _Sharp_, as in - _Porcupine_. - - =Arkansas= (Bear State). _Country_ and _Bear Black_, to distinguish - from _Russia_. - - =California= (Golden State). _Country_ and _Gold_; for gold pinch the - lobe of the ear, or point to any gold or yellow thing in sight; if it - is near, take an imaginary pinch of it, to exclude the object that is - made of it. - - =Colorado= (Centennial State). _Country_ and _100 Years_ or _Snows_. - - =Connecticut= (Nutmeg State). _Country_, _Fruit_, and _Hard_. - - =Dakota, North= (Flickertail State). _Country_ and holding G hand, - palm up, wag the index to express the tail of the Flickertail gopher. - - =Dakota, South= (Coyote State). _Country_ and _Small Wolf_. - - =Delaware= (Diamond State). _Country_ and, for _Diamond_, place the - right thumb and index on an imaginary stone on ring finger of left; - then add _Twinkle_. - - =Florida= (Peninsular State). _Country_ and _Water_. The half into the - left C hand, held level and facing the right, lay the right N fingers, - backs up. - - =Georgia= (Cracker State). _Country_, _Corn_, and _Grind_, as in - _Coffee_. The Crackers were so called because of their cracked corn - diet. - - =Idaho= (Land of the Shoshoni). _Country_ and _Snake_. - - =Illinois= (Prairie State). _Country_ and _Prairie_. - - =Indiana= (Hoosier State). _Country_ and _Who is here?_ - - =Iowa= (Hawkeye State). _Country_, _Hawk_, and _Eye_. - - =Kansas= (Sunflower State). _Country_, _Flower_, and _Sun_. - - =Kentucky= (Blue Grass State). _Country_, _Grass_, and _Blue_. - - =Louisiana= (Pelican State). _Country_, _Bird_, _Long bill_; and with - index show outline of the pouch. - - =Maine= (Pine Tree State). _Country_ and _Tree_. - - =Maryland= (Terrapin State). _Country_ and _Turtle_. - - =Massachusetts= (Bay State). _Country_ and _Bay_. - - =Michigan= (Wolverine State). _Country_ and _Wolverine_ or - _Bushy-tailed Bear_. Indicate _Bear_, then _Tail_ and _Bushy_. - - =Minnesota= (Gopher State). _Country_ and _Small Striped Animal_. With - compressed right hand, back up, indicate a small animal; then draw the - fingers of left 4 hand along it for stripes. - - =Mississippi= (Bayou State). _Country_, _Bay_, and _Trees_. - - =Missouri= (Banner State). _Country_ and _Flag_. Or else, “_Show me - State_,” thus, with flat right hand shade right eye, knit brows, look - here and there. - - =Montana= (Land of the Blackfeet.) _Country_ and _Blackfeet_. - - =Nebraska= (Shallow River). _Country_, _River_, _Broad_, and _Low_. Or - _Pawneeland_, _Country_, and _Wolf_, which is the Pawnee sign. - - =Nevada= (Silver State). Sign _Country_, _Metal_, and _White_; bring - right hand hollow under left and shake as though jingling coins. - - =New Hampshire= (Granite State). _Country_ and signs for _Hard_ and - _Very_. - - =New Jersey= (Blue State). _Country_, _Color_, and _Blue_. - - =New Mexico= (Sunshine State). Make sign for _Country_ and _Sun_. - - =New York= (Empire State). _Country_ and _Crowned_, which is indicated - by placing both 5 hands on the sides of the head like the feathers in - a war-bonnet. - - =North Carolina= (Tar Heel State). _Country_, _Heel_, and _Black_. - - =Ohio= (Buckeye State). _Country_, _Deer_, and _Eye_. - - =Oklahoma= (Sooners State). _Country_ and _Soon_, or else _Country_ - and _Kiowa_. - - =Oregon= (Beaver State). _Country_ and _Beaver_. - - =Pennsylvania= (Keystone State). _Country_ and _Keystone_, thus: Hold - up right hand, fingers out, pointing up, a space between the ring and - middle fingers only; hold all fingers of left hand extended and join - at tips to form a wedge; put this wedge in the opening between the - fingers of the right hand. - - =Rhode Island= (Little State). _Country_ and _Very Small_. - - =South Carolina= (Palmetto State). _Country_ and _Leaf_; then indicate - the shape of leaf with flat hand and fingers spread to their utmost. - - =Tennessee= (Long Rifles). _Country_, _Rifle_, and _Long_. - - =Texas= (Lone Star State). _Country_, and _Star_, _Alone_. - - =Utah= (_Mormon_ or _Many Wives State_). _Country_, _Mates_, _Many_. - - =Vermont= (Green Mountain State). _Country_, _Mountain_, _Color_, and - _Grass_. - - =Virginia= (Tobacco State). _Country_ and _Tobacco_. - - =Washington= (Evergreen State). _Country_, _Green_, and _Always_. - - =West Virginia= (Panhandle State). _Country_ and _Cook by frying_; - then hold out flat spread left hand, palm up, and grasp the wrist with - the right. - - =Wisconsin= (Badger State). _Country_ and _Badger_. - - =Wyoming= (Land of Cheyennes). _Country_ and _Cheyennes_ or _Finger - Choppers_. - -=Unjust.= Sign _Honest_ and _Not_. See _Excessive_. - - Fr. _injuste_; Ger. _ungerecht_. - -=Unless= or =Except=. See _But_. - -=Unlucky.= Sign _Medicine_ and _Bad_. - - Fr. _malheureux_; Ger. _unglücklich_. - -=Until.= See _To_. - -=Unwise.= See _Foolish_. - -[Illustration] - -=Up= or =Upward=. Point up with flat hand or else the right G, raising -the same about head high. The index means specifically “that thing up -there”; whereas the flat hand means the abstract idea “up.” Compare -_Tall_ and _Stand_. - - Fr. _en haut_, _haut_; Ger. _auf_, _hinauf_, _aufwärts_. - -[Illustration] - -=Us.= See _We_. - - -V - -=Vain.= Sign _Beautiful_; then draw head and body back with an arrogant -look. (Blackfoot.) Sign _Paint_, _Dress_, _Good_, _Love_. (C) See -_Pride_. - - Fr. _vain_; Ger. _eitel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Valise.= Hold out both arms, level, low, parallel; hands flat, but bent -at right angles to arms; palms to you, tips touching. Add _Clothes_ and -_Enter_ twice or three times. - - Fr. _la valise_; Ger. _der Handkoffer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Very Much=, =Heap Much=, =Strong=, =Brave=, =Superlative=. Hold left S -hand, back out, in front of body; forearm horizontal and pointing to -right and front; bring the ditto right hand some six inches above and a -little in front of left hand; strike downward with right hand, mostly by -elbow action, the second joints of right hand passing close to and about -on a line with knuckles of left hand. This is very like _Strong_ and -seems in some renditions to be the same. - -It is also used for _Very_, _Very Much_, and for a certain strong -English adjective that is omitted from the Sunday School readers. -Compare _Strong_. - - Fr. _beaucoup_, _très_; Ger. _sehr_, _viel_. - -=Vessel.= See _Bowl_. - -=Victor.= See _Kill_ and _Triumph_. - -=Vigilant= or =Watchful=. Sign _Look_, in different directions, and _All -the time_. - - Fr. _vigilant_; Ger. _wachsam_. - -=Village= (Many Lodges). Sign _Lodges_ or _Teepees_ and _Many_. - - Fr. _le village_; Ger. _das Dorf_. - -=Vine.= Sign _Tree_ with left; then with right G trace the vine’s course -about it. - - Fr. _la vigne_; Ger. _die Ranke_. - -=Volley.= See _Fire_. - -[Illustration] - -=Vomit.= Hold compressed right hand back up below chin, pointed to left -and upward, move it upward forward and down, point first, once or twice. - - Fr. _vomir_; Ger. (_sich_) _brechen_, _sich übergeben_. - - -W - -=Wager.= See _Bet_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wagon.= With index and thumb of each hand make two vertical circles, -hands held backs up, a foot apart and shoulder high; by wrist action -rotate these circles and move them forward a little. - - Fr. _la voiture_; Ger. _der Wagen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wait= (Stop here). Flat hand up, palm forward; then gently bent forward -to nearly level, palm down. Compare _Halt_. - - Fr. _attendez!_; Ger. _warten!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Waken.= Sign _Sleep_ and _Arise_ (That is, lay the right G horizontally -on breast and swing it out upright a foot away, back to right). Or sign -_Sleep_ and _Done_, i.e., _Ended_. - - Fr. _réveiller_, _s’éveiller_; Ger. _wecken_, _erwachen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Walk= or =March=. (For a person.) (Shape and movement of feet.) Hold -out the flat hands, backs up, a few inches apart, pointing to front; -swing the right forward, upward, and downward to same height as when -starting; then the left ditto; draw the right hand to rear. Repeat these -motions. - -[Illustration] - -=Walk= (For an animal). With the S hands, backs up, go through the same -as above. - - Fr. _marcher_; Ger. _gehen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wall= or =Fence=. Push flat hands straight forward, points up, palms -in; then, when well out, turn palms toward you and swing together. -Compare _Valise_ and _Box_. - - Fr. _le mur_; Ger. _die Mauer_, _das Gitter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wandering.= Hold up right G, palm forward; advance it with excessive -sweeping zigzags from side to side, forming loops. These loops are 18 -inches across; their plan, seen from above, is in the lower scroll. -Compare _Alive_ and _White-tail Deer_. - - Fr. _errant_; Ger. _wandernd_. - -[Illustration] - -=Want= (To), =Crave=, =Desire=, =Wish=, =Anxious for=, =Will= (Thirsty -for). Hold the right hand, back to right, in front of and near chin; -form a vertical incomplete circle with G index and thumb. Swing the hand -down past the mouth, outward and upward, turning it at the finish so -that the little finger is as high as the index. - - Fr. désirer; Ger. wünschen. - -=Wapiti.= See _Elk_. - -=War.= See _Fight_. - -=War-cry.= See _Battle-cry_. - -[Illustration] - -=Warm, To= (One’s hands). Hold out both flat hands, side by side, breast -high, backs up, slightly curved as though over a fire; then rub them -together. (Blackfoot.) - -=Warm=, =I am warm=. Draw the 5 hands down over breast, then hold out -together, palms down, pointing forward. See also _Hot_. - - Fr. _chaud_; Ger. _warm_. - -[Illustration] - -=Warning=, =Beware=, =Caution=, or =Look out=. Raise right index, rest -closed; turn hand so as to have right eye, index, and the person in -line; at the same time, shake the head a little. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _l’avertissement_, _prenez garde!_; Ger. _die Warnung_, - _Vorsicht!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Warpath, To go to War= (The thumb chasing the index). With its index at -a right angle with the palm and pointing toward the left, other fingers -closed, its thumb extended and upright near base of the index, back of -hand outward; move the right hand forward with a long downward then -upward curve in front of the right shoulder. - - Fr. _le chemin de guerre_; Ger. _der Kriegspfad_. - -=Washing Clothes.= Rub with both fists as on a rubbing board. Old -gesture was to rub the right fist circularly, palm down, on the left, -palm up. - - Fr. _laver_; Ger. _waschen_. - -=Washington.= Sign _White Man_, _All_, _Chief_, _High_. (Sheeaka.) - -[Illustration] - -=Watch= (A timepiece). Form a horizontal circle with thumb and index of -left hand, others closed; tap around on this with the tip of right G. - - Fr. _la montre_; Ger. _die Taschenuhr_. - -=Watch.= See _Look_. - -=Water, Running.= See _River_. - -[Illustration] - -=Water= (In general). Bring the slightly cupped right palm from forward -nearly level to near the chin. Compare _Drink_ and _Speech_. - - Fr. _l’eau_; Ger. _das Wasser_. - -=Waterfall.= See _Fall of Water_. - -[Illustration] - -=Way=, =Manner=, =Road=, =Method=, =Custom=, =Plan=, =Trail=, =Law=, -etc. Both hands flat, palms up, but thumb sides higher, side by side, -pointing front, breast high, alternately advanced and withdrawn. Much -used among _Indians_ and sometimes equivalent to _-ship_ or _-ness_, as -in _Kingship_ or _Goodness_. Compare _Walk_ and _Road_. - - Fr. _le chemin_, _la manière_; Ger. _der Weg_, _die Art und Weise_. - -[Illustration] - -=We=, =Us=, and =Our= (Me all). Touch one’s chest with right thumb, -fingers closed, then add _All_. (Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes sign _Me_, -_All_, and _Together_. - - Fr. _nous_, _notre_; Ger. _wir_, _unser_. - -[Illustration] - -=Weak.= Swing the bent arms slowly from side to side as in walking -weakly. Or _Strong_, and _No_. See _Tired_ and _Lazy_. - - Fr. _faible_; Ger. _schwach_. - -=Weary.= See _Tired_. - -[Illustration] - -=Weasel.= With right G curved, back up, imitate bounding; then indicate -_Tail_ and _Half_, _Black_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _la belette_; Ger. _das Wiesel_. - -=Week.= See _Time_ and _Sun_. - -=Weep.= See _Cry_. - -=Weigh= (Metaphorically). See _Consider_. - -=Welcome.= Sign _Come_ and _Good_. - - Fr. _bienvenu_; Ger. _willkommen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Well=, =Good Health= (Body strong). Flat hands one on each side of the -body; draw them away, clench them and move them down with a jerk. -(Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes sign _All_, _Body_ (_as above_), _Hard_. -Compare _Sick_ and _Lungs_. - - Fr. _bien portant_, _la bonne sante_; Ger. _wohl_, _die Gesundheit_. - -=What?= See _Question_. - -=When?= See _Question_. - -=Whence?= See _Question_. - -=Where?= See _Question_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wherever= (All places). Hold right G out, back up, pointing toward -horizon. Swing slowly in a half-circle up and over to left, then back to -right; repeat. - - Fr. _en quelque lieu que ce soit_; Ger. _wo auch nur_. - -=Whether.= See _If_. - -[Illustration] - -=Whetstone.= Sign _Hard_, then hold out left N hand and rub right N hand -on it, with long, sweeping strokes. - - Fr. _la pierre à aiguiser_; _Ger. der Wetzstein_. - -=Which?= See _Question_. - -=Which.= See _Who_. - -=While, After a.= See _Bye and bye_. - -[Illustration] - -=While=, =Every Little While=. Hold out left G, pointing to right; with -left G tap on it several times, each time moving the right nearer the -base of left G. See, _All the time_. Compare _Peas_ and _Buy_. - - Fr. _à chaque moment_; Ger. _jeden Augenblick_. - -[Illustration] - -=While=, =Meanwhile=, or =During=. Sign _Time_, slowly moving hands -until about six inches apart. Some shake the right hand in drawing it -back. Or sign _Time_, _Sit_. Compare _Time_, _Sometimes_, _Soon_. - - Fr. _pendant_; Ger. _während_. - -=Whirlwind.= See _Cyclone_. - -=Whiskey.= Sign _Fire_ and _Water_, or _Crazy_, _Water_. Although some -Cheyennes call beer fire-water, because of the explosion and froth. - - Fr. _le whiskey_, _l’eau-de-vie_; Ger. _der Whisky_, _der Branntwein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Whisper=, or =Speak Privately=. Hold up flat right hand, thumb at one -side of the mouth, and incline the head. Or sign _Hide_ and _Talk_. - - Fr. _chuchoter_; Ger. _flüstern_. - -=White= (Color). See _Colors_. - -[Illustration] - -=White= or =White Man= (Hat or Cap wearers). Hold right G hand, back up -and to right, in front of, close to, and a little to left of face, -pointing to left; draw the hand to right, index finger passing -horizontally in front of eyes. Sometimes add _Man_. - - Fr. _l’homme blanc_; Ger. _der Weisze_. - -=Whither?= See _Question_. - -[Illustration] - -=Who= or =Which= (This equals that). Hold the two G fingers side by side -on left; then, keeping the relative positions, swing them to the right. -(W. C. Roe.) Probably modern. This is the same as _As_; the context -alone shows which is meant. - -=Why?= See _Question_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wicky-up.= Swing the curved G fingers together in dome shape, left tip -resting on right tip; then change to curved 4 hands and swing down and -apart on a curve. (C) - -=Wide.= See _Broad_. - -=Wife.= Make signs for _Female_, then _Marry_. Usually sign _My_ (or -_His_) _Woman_. - - Fr. _la femme_; Ger. _die Frau_, _die Gattin_. - -=Wild.= Sign _Bad_; then push both 5 hands forward, thumbs up, six -inches apart, switching them simultaneously from side to side. Sometimes -use _Crazy_ or _Free_. - -=Wild= (Wild animal). Sign _Look_ backward, then add _Go_ quickly. -Sometimes use _Free_. - - Fr. _sauvage_; Ger. _wild_. - -=Will.= See _Want_. - -[Illustration] - -=Will= or =Shall= (Futurity). Hold the right open flat hand, palm to -left, pointing straight out and elevated near ear. Push it straight -forward and upward the length of the arm. Sometimes sign _Time Ahead_ or -_Far Ahead_. Compare _Past_ and _Future_. - - Fr. _le futur exprimé par l’inflexion du verbe_; Ger. _werden_, - _wollen_. - -=Win= or =Overcome=. Make sign for _Kill_; and indicate in what way. -Thus, a person winning at gambling “Kills” the other in that way. - - Fr. _gagner_, _vaincre_; Ger. _gewinnen_, _siegen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wind.= Hold up the 5 hands, shoulder high, backs up, a few inches -apart, pointed forward and hands moved with a tremulous motion in -direction of wind. If strong wind, preface this with _Fire-off_ or -_Charge_. Or Sign _Forward_, using both hands. See _Rumor_ and _Storm_. - - Fr. _le vent_; Ger. _der Wind_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wing.= Hold out left arm level, bent; sweep flat right 5 hand over it -from shoulder down. Or, sometimes flap one hand as in _Bird_. Compare -_Hair_. - - Fr. _l’aile_; Ger. _der Flügel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Winter= (Cold time). Hold closed hands in front of body, forearms about -vertical, hands several inches apart; give a shivering, tremulous motion -to hands; Sometimes, and particularly with Northern Indians, the sign -for _Snow_ is made. Add _Time_, if there is any doubt. - - Fr. _l’hiver_; Ger. _der Winter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wipe Out=, =Excuse=, or =Forgive= (To wipe it off). Hold left hand -flat, palm up; smartly brush it with finger tips of right flat hand, -from wrist to fingers and beyond. Compare _Exterminate_ and _Color_. -For the stronger idea, see _Pardon_. - - Fr. _excuser_; Ger. _verzeihen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wire.= Hold right G back nearly up, pointing to left, about face high, -near left shoulder; draw it across level to right shoulder. Compare -_Creek_ and _Rope_. - - Fr. _le fil de métal_; Ger. _der Draht_. - -=Wise=, =Wisdom= (Heart and head good). Sign _Heart_, then touch -forehead and sign _Good_. (C) Or, _Heap_, _Understand_. Sometimes use -_Cunning_. - - Fr. _sage_, _la sagesse_; Ger. _klug_, _die Weisheit_. - -=Wish.= See _Want_. - -[Illustration] - -=Witch.= Cross the upright thumb of right hand on the middle of the -index, which is a little bent, other fingers straight, held so one can -sight over the thumb at the person meant. (Ruggles.) Also used for -_Distrust_ and _Discredited_. Widely established in the mountains. - - Fr. _la sorcière_; Ger. _die Hexe_. - -[Illustration] - -=With= or =Together=. Hold out the flat left, fingers forward, level, -back to left; and lay the side of the right G finger, pointed forward, -against the centre of the left palm. Sometimes means _Add_. See -_Together_ and _Beside_. - - Fr. _avec_, _ensemble_; Ger. _mit_, _zusammen_. - -=Within= or =Inside=. See _In_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wolf.= Hold the right V hand, palm forward, near right shoulder, -pointing straight upward; move it a little forward and up. See _Scout_. - - Fr. _le loup_; Ger. _der Wolf_. - -=Wolverine.= Sign _Bear_, _Small_, and indicate bushy tail. This is -merely a description, not an established sign. - - Fr. _le carcajou_, _le volverenne_; Ger. _der braune Vielfrasz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Woman.= Make the sign for _Female_; sometimes also indicate height. -Compare _Comb_. - - Fr. _la femme_; Ger. _die Frau_. - -=Wonderful.= See _Glow_. - -=Wood= or =Timber=. Sign _Tree_, then indicate size and shape. Add -_Chop_ and throw forward (i.e., onto fire). - - Fr. _le bois_; Ger. _das Holz_. - -=Woodchuck= or =Groundhog=. With compressed right, back up, pushed -forward, rolling from side to side, indicate the animal, its _Size_; -then, with left H hand near upper lip and right H hand near lower, show -the action of the front teeth, which differ from those of other rodents -its equal in size in being _White_. This is not an established sign, but -suggested as a description. - - Fr. _la grande marmotte d’Amérique_; Ger. _das virginische - Murmeltier_. - -[Illustration] - -=Woodcraft Boy.= The Y hand; this denotes the Horned Shield, the symbol -of the Order. (Not Indian.) - -[Illustration] - -=Woodcraft Girl.= Make the sign of _Sun_ on the heart and then raise it -to the zenith. (Not Indian.) - -[Illustration] - -=Woodpecker.= Sign _Bird_, then hold left arm upright for _Tree_ and on -this place the partly compressed right; make it hop up and tap the left -palm with curved right G. - - Fr. _le pic_, _le pivert_, _l’èpeiche_; Ger. _der Specht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Word= (One piece of talk). Make C and lay it on the mouth, then swing -it forward and a little down. (A very doubtful sign given by Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _le mot_; Ger. _das Wort_. - -=Word of Honor.= See _Cross the heart_. (Pop.) - -[Illustration] - -=Work=, =Doing=, =Make=, or =Act=. Hold the flat hands four inches -apart, palm to palm, level, left a little ahead; push them forward a -little, simultaneously, and, at the same time, swing the points upward -and downward briskly by wrist action, so that the finger points follow -the lines shown in the cut. To complete the sign, the action should be -repeated at the left side with the hands reversed with regard to each -other; but usually the first only is given. Possibly refers to fleshing -a hide, which was about the hardest work in an Indian camp. For _Work -hard_, use both A fists instead of flat hands. - - Fr. _travailler_; Ger. _arbeiten_. - -=World.= See _Earth_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wound= (The course of arrow or bullet). Swing the right G hand toward -the body, point first, back of hand to left and front, so that the tip -just grazes the surface of the body and passes on, as though glancing -off. Compare _Ache_. - - Fr. _la blessure_; Ger. _verwunden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wrap.= Bring the slightly compressed hands, backs outward, in front of -body, backs of fingers of right hand resting against inner surface of -left, index fingers about horizontal; rotate the hands around each -other. - - Fr. _envelopper_; Ger. _einwickeln_. - -=Wrestle.= Cross the wrists about two feet in front of the face, hands -clenched as in _Prisoner_; then wriggle them from side to side. - - Fr. _lutter_; Ger. _ringen_, _kämpfen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wring.= Hold the left A hand palm up and the right A hand back up, -index of each touching thumb of the other as though holding a rope; then -twist by wrist action till the position of each hand is reversed. - - Fr. _tordre_; Ger. _ringen_. - -=Wrinkle.= Wrinkle the skin of forehead and pinch same; also draw lines -on face with finger tip. Sometimes omit last. - - Fr. _la ride_, _le pli_; Ger. _die Runzel_, _die Falte_. - -[Illustration] - -=Write= or =Writing=. With an imaginary pencil in right fingers, write -on left palm; or in the air simply. - -This last preceded by _Come_ is commonly used in European hotels for -“_Give me my bill_.” - - Fr. _écrire_; Ger. _schreiben_. - -=Wrong.= Sign _Honest_ and _Not_; or else _Bad_. Sometimes use -_Different_ and _Bad_. See _Crooked_. - - Fr. _tort_; Ger. _unrecht_. - - -Y - -=Year.= See _Time_. - -[Illustration] - -=Yell=, =Holla=, or =Cry Out=. Place the G hand on the mouth, jerking it -much upward and a little forward to show the sound coming out of the -mouth and going far. Compare _Called_. - - Fr. _holá_ _hé!_ Ger. _holla!_; _hallo schreien_. - -[Illustration] - -=Yes= (Bowing of the head and body). Hold right hand upright near -shoulder, index and thumb only extended, others closed; move it slightly -to the left and a foot downward, at the same time closing the index over -the thumb. Or simply nod. - - Fr. _oui_; Ger. _ja_. - -[Illustration] - -=Yesterday= (Beyond the night). Sign _Night_; then, holding left in -position, swing the right upward and to right on a curve, finishing at -height of left, palm up, i.e., _Beyond_. Or, sign _Before_ and _Day_. -Or, _One_, _Sleep_, _Behind_. - - Fr. _hier_; Ger. _gestern_. - -[Illustration] - -=Yonder=, =Over yonder=. Point as in _There_, or with G, then swing the -finger up over and down farther ahead. Compare _Far_. - - Fr. _là-bas_; Ger. _drüben_, _dort_. - -[Illustration] - -=You= or =Thou=. Singular, point at the person; for plural, point, then -add _All_; that is, swing the finger in a horizontal circle (You, all). - - Fr. _vous_; Ger. _Sie_. - -=Young= (A sprout). Hold the hand as in _Grow_; then lower it -emphatically a foot. Sometimes use _Old_ and _Not_. - - Fr. _jeune_; Ger. _jung_. - -=Younger.= Sign _Born_ and _After_. - - Fr. _plus jeune_, _cadet_; Ger. _jünger_. - -=Your.= See _Possession_. - - - - -APPENDIX - - -FOOTBALL SIGNALS - -Code of Signals Used to Indicate Various Fouls - - Signals. Fouls. - - Grasping of wrist Holding - Shaking fists Unnecessary Roughness - Crossed legs Tripping - Sifting of hands Illegally in motion - Hands on Hips Off-side - Arm aloft Refusal of Penalty - Arms extended sidewise Incompleted F. Pass - Arms folded Interlocked interference - Both arms aloft Score - Military Salute Loose-ball foul - -NOTE—These signals will be given to the press-stand by the referee from -behind the offensive team. - -FRANK BIRCH, Referee. - - - - -BOOKS BY ERNEST THOMPSON SETON - - -WILD ANIMALS I HAVE KNOWN, 1898 - -The stories of Lobo, Silverspot, Molly Cottontail, Bingo, Vixen, The -Pacing Mustang, Wully and Redruff. Price, $2.00. (Scribners.) - -THE TRAIL OF THE SANDHILL STAG, 1899 - -The story of a long hunt that ended without a tragedy. Price, $1.50. -(Scribners.) - -BIOGRAPHY OF A GRIZZLY, 1900 - -The story of old Wahb from cubhood to the scene in Death Gulch. Price, -$1.50. (Century Company.) - -LOBO, RAG AND VIXEN, 1900 - -This is a school edition of number one, with some of the stories and -many of the pictures left out. Price, 50c. net. (Scribners.) - -THE WILD ANIMAL PLAY, 1900 - -A musical play in which the parts of Lobo, Wahb, Vixen, etc., are taken -by boys and girls. Price, 50c. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -THE LIVES OF THE HUNTED, 1901 - -The stories of Krag, Randy, Johnny Bear, The Mother Teal, Chink, The -Kangaroo Rat, and Tito, the Coyote. Price, $1.75 net. (Scribners.) - -PICTURES OF WILD ANIMALS, 1901 - -Twelve large pictures for framing (no text), viz., Krag, Lobo, Tito Cub, -Kangaroo Rat, Grizzly, Buffalo, Bear Family, Johnny Bear, Sandhill Stag, -Coon Family, Courtaut the Wolf, Tito and her family. Price, $6.00. -(Scribners.) - -KRAG AND JOHNNY BEAR, 1902 - -This is a school edition of Lives of the Hunted with some of the stories -and many of the pictures left out. Price, 50c. net. (Scribners.) - -TWO LITTLE SAVAGES, 1903 - -A book of adventure and woodcraft and camping out for boys, telling how -to make bows, arrows, moccasins, costumes, teepee, war-bonnet, etc., and -how to make a fire with rubbing sticks, read Indian signs, etc. Price, -$1.75 net. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -MONARCH, THE BIG BEAR OF TALLAC, 1904 - -The story of a big California grizzly that is living yet. Price, $1.25 -net. (Scribners.) - -ANIMAL HEROES, 1905 - -The stories of a Slum Cat, a Homing Pigeon, The Wolf That Won, A Lynx, A -Jackrabbit, A Bull-terrier, The Winnipeg Wolf, and a White Reindeer. -Price, $1.75 net. (Scribners.) - -BIRCH-BARK ROLL, 1906 - -The Manual of the Woodcraft Indians, first edition, 1902. (Doubleday, -Page & Co.) - -WOODMYTH AND FABLE, 1905 - -A collection of fables, woodland verses, and camp stories. Price, $1.25 -net. (Century Company.) - -THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TEN COMMANDMENTS, 1907 - -Showing the Ten Commandments to be fundamental laws of all creation. 78 -pages. Price, 50c. net. (Scribners.) - -THE BIOGRAPHY OF A SILVER FOX, 1909 - -or Domino Reynard of Goldur Town, with 100 illustrations by the author. -209 pages. Price, $1.50 net. - -A companion volume to the Biography of a Grizzly. (Century Company.) - -LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTHERN ANIMALS, 1909 - -In two sumptuous quarto volumes with 68 maps and 560 drawings by the -author. Pages 1,267. Price, $18.00 net. - -Said by Roosevelt, Allen, Chapman, and Hornaday to be the best work ever -written on the Life Histories of American Animals. (Scribners.) - -BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA, 1910 - -A handbook of Woodcraft, Scouting, and Life Craft including the -Birch-Bark Roll. 192 pages. Price, 50c. Out of print. (Doubleday, Page & -Co.) - -ROLF IN THE WOODS, 1911 - -The Adventures of a Boy Scout with Indian Quonab and little dog Skookum. -Over 200 drawings by the author. Price, $1.75 net. (Doubleday, Page & -Co.) - -THE ARCTIC PRAIRIES, 1911 - -A canoe journey of 2,000 miles in search of the Caribou. 415 pages with -many maps, photographs, and illustrations by the author. Price, $1.75 -net. (Scribners.) - -THE BOOK OF WOODCRAFT AND INDIAN LORE, 1912 - -with over 500 drawings by the author. Price, $1.75 net. (Doubleday, Page -& Co.) - -THE FORESTER’S MANUAL, 1912 - -One hundred of the best-known forest trees of eastern North America, -with 100 maps and more than 200 drawings. Price, $1.00 in cloth, 50c. in -paper. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -WILD ANIMALS AT HOME, 1913 - -with over 150 sketches and photographs by the author. 226 pages. Price, -$1.75 net. In this Mr. Seton gives for the first time his personal -adventures in studying wild animals. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -MANUAL OF THE WOODCRAFT INDIANS, 1915 - -The fourteenth Birch-Bark Roll. 100 pages. 25c. paper, 75c. cloth. -(Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -WILD ANIMAL WAYS, 1916 - -More animal stories introducing a host of new four-footed friends, with -200 illustrations by the author. Net, $1.50. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -WOODCRAFT MANUAL FOR BOYS, 1917 - -A handbook of Woodcraft and outdoor life for members of the Woodcraft -League. 440 pp. 700 ills. Price, 50c. (Doubleday Page & Co.) - -WOODCRAFT MANUAL FOR GIRLS, 1917 - -Like the foregoing but adapted for girls. 424 pp., Illus. Price, 50c. -(Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -THE PREACHER OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN. - -A novel. A tale of the open country. Net, $1.35. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -SIGN TALK - -A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, for use in the Army, the -Navy, Camping, Hunting, Daily Life and among the Plains Indians. Net, -$3.00. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - - -BY MRS. ERNEST THOMPSON SETON - -(Published by DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.) - -A WOMAN TENDERFOOT, 1901 - -A book of outdoor adventures and camping for women and girls. How to -dress for it, where to go, and how to profit the most by camp life. -Price, $2.00. - -NIMROD’S WIFE, 1907 - -A companion volume, giving Mrs. Seton’s side of the many camp-fires she -and her husband lighted together in the Rockies from Canada to Mexico. -Price, $1.75 net. - - -THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS -GARDEN CITY, N. Y. - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - - -Variant spelling and hyphenation have been preserved as printed. Simple -typographical errors have been corrected. - - page xlii - The hands are always held or moved so as to illustrate,[TN: changed - hyphen to comma] - - page xliv - the single-hand alphabet as given in the cut on page li[TN: was "II"] - - page xlv - or, ‘I have nothing more to say,’[TN: added closing quote] - - footnote 2 - This would manifest itself in a growing conformity[TN: was - "comformity"] - - page 49 - pointing to left, rotate a little back and forth. (Blackfoot.)[TN: - moved period inside closing parenthesis.] - - page 60 - Fr. _le dîner_; Ger.[TN: added period] - - page 61 - Hold out both flat hands, palms[TN: removed comma] up, level, - - page 107 - because they chopped their fingers when in mourning.)[TN: period - printed outside parenthesis] - - page 113 - For _Kill me_ or _Beat me_, make the sign toward one’s self.[TN: was a - comma] - - page 132 - =Money= (Paper). Sign _Writing_ and _Money_.[TN: added period] - - page 135 - Fr. _le couguar_;[TN: was a period] Ger. _der Kuguar_. - - page 146 - O[TN: added heading] - - page 216 - sides of the head like the feathers in a war-bonnet.[TN: added period] - - page 227 - Sometimes, and particularly with Northern Indians,[TN: was a period] - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sign Talk, by Ernest Thompson Seaton - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIGN TALK *** - -***** This file should be named 50938-0.txt or 50938-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/9/3/50938/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jennifer Linklater, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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