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diff --git a/old/50894-0.txt b/old/50894-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a593c0f..0000000 --- a/old/50894-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1771 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Bolivia, vol. 5, Num. 18, -Serial 142, November 1, 1917, by E. M. Newman - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Mentor: Bolivia, vol. 5, Num. 18, Serial 142, November 1, 1917 - -Author: E. M. Newman - -Release Date: January 11, 2016 [EBook #50894] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: BOLIVIA, VOL. 5 *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - THE MENTOR 1917.11.01, No. 142, - Bolivia - - - - - LEARN ONE THING - EVERY DAY - - NOVEMBER 1 1917 SERIAL NO. 142 - - THE - MENTOR - - BOLIVIA - - By E. M. NEWMAN - Lecturer and Traveler - - DEPARTMENT OF VOLUME 5 - TRAVEL NUMBER 18 - - TWENTY CENTS A COPY - - - - -The Native Bolivian - -[Illustration] - - -The Indian of the Bolivian plateau is still only a half-civilized man -and less than half a Christian. He retains his primeval Nature worship, -which groups together the spirits that dwell in mountains, rivers, and -rocks with the spirits of his ancestors, revering and propitiating all -as _Achachilas_. In the same ceremony his medicine man invokes the -Christian “_Dios_” to favor the building of a house, or whatever he -undertakes, and simultaneously invokes the _Achachilas_, propitiating -them also by offerings, the gift made to the Earth Spirit being buried -in the soil. Similarly he retains the ceremonial dances of heathendom, -and has secret dancing guilds, of whose mysteries the white man can -learn nothing. - - * * * * * - -His morality is what it was, in theory and practice, four centuries -ago. He neither loves nor hates, but fears, the white man, and the -white man neither loves nor hates, but despises him; there being some -fear mingled with the contempt. Intermarriage between pure Indians -and pure Europeans is very uncommon. They are held together neither -by social relations nor by political, but by the need which the white -landowner has for the Indian’s labor and by the power of long habit, -which has made the Indian acquiesce in his subjection as a rent payer. - - * * * * * - -Neither of them ever refers to the Spanish Conquest. The white man -does not honor the memory of Pizarro; to the Indian the story is too -dim and distant to affect his mind. Nor is it the least remarkable -feature of the situation that the mestizo, or half-breed, forms no -link between the races. He prefers to speak Spanish which the Indian -rarely understands. He is held to belong to the upper race, which is, -for social and political purpose, though not by right of numbers, the -Peruvian or Bolivian nation. - - JAMES BRYCE. - -From “South America, Observations and Impressions.” - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN - -INCA TEMPLE OF THE SUN--ON THE SHORE OF LAKE TITICACA, BOLIVIA] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_The Story of Bolivia_ - -ONE - - -With the exception of Paraguay, Bolivia is the only entirely inland -State in South America. It is really a manufactured nation. When -the War of Independence of that part of South America ended, the -revolutionary leaders set up this country as an independent State, and -gave it the name of Bolivia, in honor of Simon Bolivar, the Liberator, -himself a native of Venezuela. Bolivia is bounded on the north and east -by Brazil, on the south by Paraguay and Argentina, and on the west by -Chile and Peru. - -In its early days Bolivia was simply a part of the empire of the Incas -of Peru. The story of the Incas has been given in Mentor No. 132, -“Peru.” After the conquest of Peru by the Spaniards in the sixteenth -century, the natives were subjected to a great deal of tyranny and -oppression. They were compelled to work in the mines, and endured so -many hardships and cruelties that their numbers rapidly diminished. - -During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there were many -struggles between the native-born inhabitants and their Spanish -rulers. The Indian revolt in Cuzco (koos´-ko or kooth´-ko), Peru, -which was led by the Inca Tupac Amaru (too´-pahk ah-mah-roo´), stirred -up the Bolivian Indians to further efforts. For three months Ayoayo -(ei-o-ei´-o) with 80,000 men, besieged the city of La Paz (lah pahth; -local pronunciation, lah pahs´). Finally his army was dispersed and the -insurrection was crushed. - -Injustice had been worked not only upon the Indians, but upon the -native born Spanish-Americans. These grew restless at last, and on -July 16, 1809, conspirators at La Paz deposed and put into prison the -governor, and then proclaimed the independence of the country. One of -the leaders, Pedro Domingo Murillo (pay´-dro do-min´-go myr-ril´-o -or moo-reel´-yo), was elected president. This was the first effort -in South America toward democratic government. The Spanish Viceroy, -however, sent a trained army which soon overcame that of the patriots. -On January 29, 1810, Murillo perished on the scaffold. In the face of -death, however, he exclaimed: “The torch which I have lighted shall -never be extinguished.” - -From then on until 1825 there was almost uninterrupted warfare. Success -was equally divided at first between the Spanish and the revolutionary -forces. On December 9, 1824, the Battle of Ayacucho (i-ah-koo´-cho), in -lower Peru, finally ended Spanish dominion in South America. General -Sucre (soo´-kray) was the victorious general. On January 29, 1825, the -last Spanish authorities vacated La Paz. General Sucre and his army -made a triumphal entry there on February 7, 1825. This general now -assumed supreme command in upper Peru. The first national assembly -met in June at the city of Chuquisaca (choo-kee-sah´-kah), now called -Sucre. They decided that the part of the country hitherto known as -upper Peru should be made a separate and independent nation, with the -name of Bolivia. The Act of Independence bears the date of August 6, -1825. - -Simon Bolivar (bo-lee´-var) was elected the first president; and -Chuquisaca was made the capital under the name of Sucre. When General -Bolivar arrived in the city of La Paz on August 18th, he was greeted -with wild enthusiasm. He was inaugurated at Sucre in November; but -resigned in January, 1826, to return to Lima (lee´-mah) in Peru. - -There was no peace for the people of Bolivia yet, however. Troublous -times followed, and finally came the war with Chile. This war arose -over the collection of an export tax on nitrate. Chile sent troops to -occupy Bolivian territory; and then Peru, linked to Bolivia by secret -treaty, together with that country, declared war on Chile on April 5, -1879. Both Peru and Bolivia were entirely unprepared, and Chile was -completely victorious in this war. As a result Bolivia lost what little -coastline the country had previously possessed. - -During the last thirty years internal dissensions in Bolivia have for -the most part ceased. There was a brief time of trouble in 1898 over -the question of the capital city. It had been the custom for the cities -of Sucre, La Paz, Cochabamba (ko-chah-bahm´-bah), and Oruro (o-roo-ro) -to take turns in being the seat of government. In December, 1898, -however, the Bolivian Congress attempted to pass a law making Sucre the -permanent residence of the president and cabinet. La Paz protested, -and the people of the city rose in open revolt. On January 17, 1899, a -battle was fought between the insurgents and the government forces. The -insurgents were completely victorious. As a result, La Paz was made the -real seat of government, although Sucre retains the name of capital. -General Pando, (pahn´-do), commander of the revolutionary forces, was -elected president. In 1903 a boundary dispute with Brazil over some -rich rubber country was settled by the cession by Bolivia of a part -of the province of Acre, (ah´-kray), in return for a cash payment of -$10,000,000. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN - -HOUSE OF CONGRESS, LA PAZ, BOLIVIA] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_Government and Institutions_ - -TWO - - -Bolivia is a centralized republic. Its government is representative in -form, but to a great extent it is autocratic in effect. The Bolivian -constitution was adopted on October 28, 1880, and is a model of its -kind. The executive branch of the government consists of a president -and two vice-presidents. They are elected by direct popular vote for -a period of four years, and are ineligible for election for the next -succeeding term. The president has a cabinet of six ministers: Foreign -Relations and Worship, Treasury, Government and Promotion (Fomento), -Justice and Industry, Public Instruction and Agriculture, War and -Colonization. - -The legislative branch consists of a national Congress of two houses--a -Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. The Senate is composed of sixteen -members, two from each department, who are elected by direct popular -vote for a period of six years. The Chamber of Deputies is composed of -seventy members, who are elected for a period of four years. Congress -meets annually and its sessions are for sixty days, which may be -extended to ninety days. All male citizens twenty-one years of age -or over, who can read and write and have a fixed independent income, -may vote. The number of citizens who vote, therefore, is very small, -and the country is for that reason under the control of a political -oligarchy. - -The judiciary consists of a national supreme court, eight superior -district courts, and many lower district courts. The supreme court is -composed of seven justices, elected by the Chamber of Deputies. - -In each department or State a prefect appointed by the president has -supreme power. The government of these departments rests with the -national congress. - -The military forces of Bolivia include about 3,000 regulars and -an enrolled force of 80,000 men. This enrolled force, however, is -both unorganized and unarmed. In 1894 a conscription law was passed -providing for compulsory military service for all males between the -ages of twenty-one and fifty years, with two years’ actual service in -the regulars for those between twenty-one and twenty-five. This law is -practically a dead letter. There is a military school with sixty cadets -and an arsenal at the city of La Paz. Naturally Bolivia, having no -coast line, is not provided with a navy. - -Bolivia has a free and compulsory school system, but education has -made little progress there. Very few of the people can read and -write. Spanish is the official language, but Quichua (kee-choo´-ah -or kee´-chwah). Aymará (i-mah-rah´), and Guarani (gwah-rah´-nee) are -the languages of the natives, who form a majority of the population. -A great part of the Indians do not understand Spanish at all and will -not learn it. The school enrollment is about one in forty-four. There -are universities at Sucre, La Paz, Cochabamba, Tarija (tah-ree´-hah), -Potosí (po-to-see´), Santa Cruz (san´-tah kroos), and Oruro. The -university at Sucre, which dates from colonial times, and that of La -Paz, are the only ones well enough equipped to merit the title. - -The Constitution of Bolivia says: “The State recognizes and supports -the Roman Apostolic Catholic religion, the public exercise of any -other worship being prohibited, except in the colonies, where it is -tolerated.” However, this toleration is extended to resident foreigners -belonging to other religious sects. The Indians profess the Roman -Catholic faith, but this is tinged with the superstitions of their -ancestors. - -At this point it will be interesting to consider the Indians of -Bolivia. The population of the country is composed of Indians and -Caucasians of European origin, and a mixture of the two races, -generally described as _mestizos_ (mes-tee´zos). There is also a small -percentage of Africans, descendants of the negro slaves introduced -in colonial times. Naturally, the Indians are in great majority. The -Bolivian Indian is essentially a farmer. Scarcely any of these Indians -are educated. - -Of the various tribes of Indians, the Aymaras are the most civilized. -The Mojos (mo´-hos) and Chiquitos (chee-kee´-tose) tribes are peaceable -and industrious. They have little ambition, and are held almost in a -state of peonage. Inhabiting the southern part of the Bolivian plains -are the Chiraguanos (chee-rah-gwah´-nos), a detached tribe of the -Guarani race which drifted westward, to the vicinity of the Andes, long -ago. They are of a superior physical and mental type, and have made a -great deal of progress toward civilization. Of the wild Indians very -little is known in regard to either their numbers or customs. - -The _mestizos_, or half-breeds, sometimes called Cholos, are the -connecting link between the whites and the Indians. It has been said -of the _mestizos_ that they inherit the vices of both races and the -virtues of neither. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN - -A PACK TRAIN OF LLAMAS IN LA PAZ, BOLIVIA--TWILIGHT] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_Resources and Industries_ - -THREE - - -“Imagine,” says James Bryce, “a country as big as the German and -Austrian dominions put together, with a population less than that of -Denmark, four-fifths of it consisting of semi-civilized or uncivilized -Indians, and a few educated men of European and mixed stock, scattered -here and there in half a dozen towns, none of which has more than -a small number of capable citizens of that stock.” That country is -Bolivia. - -The popular idea of Bolivia is that it is an extremely rugged, -mountainous country. In fact, only two-fifths of the total area of -Bolivia is comprised within the Andine Cordilleras, which cross its -southwest corner. Three-fifths of the country is composed of low, -alluvial plains, great swamps and flooded bottom lands, and gently -undulating forest regions. There are also considerable areas that -afford rich grazing lands. - -Bolivia lies wholly within the torrid zone. The only variations in -temperature, therefore, are due to elevation. For this reason the -country possesses every degree of temperature, from that of the -tropical lowlands to the Arctic cold of the snow-capped peaks directly -above. - -Bolivia has many interesting animals. There are numerous species of -monkeys that inhabit the forests of the tropical region, together with -the puma, jaguar, wild cat, tapir, and sloth. A rare bear, the _Ursus -ornatus_ (spectacled bear) inhabits the wooded Indian foothills. The -chinchilla lives in the colder plateau regions of the country. The -most interesting of all the Bolivian animals, however, are the guanaco -(gwah-na´ko) and its relatives, the llama (lyah´ma), alpaca (al-pak´ah) -and vicuña (vi-koon´yah). These animals have the structure and habits -of the African camel, but are smaller and have no hump. They are able -to go without food and drink for long periods. The llama and the alpaca -have been domesticated for centuries; but the guanaco and vicuña are -found in a wild state only. The llama is used as a pack animal; and the -alpaca is highly prized for its fine wool. The slaughter of the guanaco -and the vicuña is rapidly diminishing their number. - -Of birds the species in Bolivia are very numerous. The high mountains -are frequented by condors and eagles of the largest size; while the -American ostrich and a species of large stork inhabit the tropical -plains and valleys. The common vulture is scattered throughout the -whole country. - -All sorts of plants, flowers and vegetation are to be found in Bolivia. -Coca (a shrub of the flax family, the dry leaves of which are chewed by -the native Indians as a stimulant) is one of the most important plants -of the country. The most important of the forest products, however, -is rubber. Sugar cane, rice, and tobacco are cultivated in the warm -districts. - -The most important industry in Bolivia is mining. The lofty and -desert part of the country finds its only natural source of wealth -in minerals. The Western Cordillera is especially rich in copper and -silver, the Eastern in gold and tin. It has been said that one-third of -all the world’s production of tin now comes from Bolivia. It was from -the east Andine regions that the Incas obtained those vast stores of -gold which so excited the Spaniards. Legend has it that the gold that -the Spanish took out of the country was much less than that which the -Indians buried or threw into the lakes to keep it from the conquerors. - -Next to mining, stock raising is one of the chief industries of the -country. Horses and, to a greater extent, cattle, are raised there. -Goats and sheep are also a source of profit. - -Although the agricultural resources of Bolivia are of great value, -their development has been slow. Sugar cane is grown, but chiefly for -the manufacture of rum. Rice is also raised, but the quantity is not -great. Tobacco and coffee of fair quality grow readily. The product -that receives most attention, however, is coca. This plant is highly -esteemed by the natives, who chew the leaf. It is also used for -medicinal purposes. - -It is from her forests, however, that Bolivia derives the greatest -immediate profit. The most prominent and profitable industry is that -of rubber collecting. This was begun in Bolivia between 1880 and 1890. -In 1903 Bolivia’s best rubber forests were transferred to Brazil, but -there still remain extensive areas where good rubber is collected. - -The industrial activities of the Bolivian people are still of a very -primitive character. Spinning and weaving are done in the home. The -Indian women are expert weavers. Other industries of some importance -are the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes, soap, candles, hats, -gloves, starch, cheese and pottery. The foreign trade of Bolivia is -comparatively unimportant, with the exception of the products of its -mines. - -One difficulty that Bolivia has to contend with is the lack of -transportation facilities. Railways have never been developed to any -extent, but great plans are on foot to remedy this. With communications -improved and extended, the future of Bolivia appears bright. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN - -LA PAZ, BOLIVIA--FROM THE RIM OF THE HEIGHTS] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_La Paz_ - -FOUR - - -La Paz (lah pahth; local pronunciation, lah pahs´) is a most unusual -city. It is the highest capital city in the world--for although Sucre -is the official capital, La Paz is really the capital city of Bolivia. -It lies in a great mountain hollow nearly 13,000 feet above the sea. -This altitude closely approaches that of Pike’s Peak; but whereas such -an altitude in our country would mean perpetual snow, here it brings -only a temperate climate, where flowers blossom throughout the year and -the little snow that falls quickly vanishes in the morning sunlight. - -The city’s official name is La Paz de Ayacucho (eiah-koo´cho). It -is built in a deeply worn valley of the Cordillera Real, which is -believed to have formed an outlet of Lake Titicaca (tee-tee-kah´kah). -La Paz is built on both banks of the Rio de La Paz, or Rio Chuquiapu, -thirty miles southeast of Lake Titicaca. The valley in which the -city lies is about ten miles long and three miles wide. It is very -barren and forbidding, and its precipitous sides, gullied by rains -and colored by mineral ores, rise 1,500 feet above the city. Above -Illimani (eel-yee-mah´-nee) and other giant mountains of the Bolivian -Cordilleras rear their snow-capped peaks. The upper edge of the valley -is called the Alto de La Paz, or Heights of La Paz. - -The city is surprisingly large, its population being about 80,000. -Two-thirds of the population consists of Indians. They give a -picturesqueness to the place, the women of the Cholos (cho´los), or -half-breeds, being especially gaily attired. - -The greater part of La Paz lies on the left bank of the river. Both -banks rise steeply from the stream, and the streets at right angles to -the river are very precipitous. All the streets are narrow, and paved -with small cobblestones. The sidewalks also are so narrow that only two -may go abreast. Many of the inhabitants prefer to walk in the middle of -the street. The only things likely to be met are either pedestrians or -llamas, the latter used in great numbers in this part of the country as -pack animals. - -La Paz was founded in 1548 by the Spaniard, Alonzo de Mendoza -(ahlon´tho day men-do´-thah), on the site of an Indian village called -Chuquiapu (choo-ku-ah´-poo). It soon became an important colony. At -the end of the war of independence, in 1825, it was re-named La Paz de -Ayacucho, in honor of the last decisive battle of the revolution. La -Paz was then made one of the four capitals of the Bolivian republic. -When the Bolivian Congress, however, attempted to designate Sucre as -the permanent capital, the citizens of La Paz revolted; and by this -revolution of 1898 the seat of government was permanently established -there. - -One of the most interesting parts of the city to visitors is the -Alameda (ah-lah-may´-dah). This is a handsome thoroughfare, with rows -of trees, shrubs and flowers. It also has a wide central walk with -pools, in which are swans and goldfish. Along the Alameda are many new -and rather pretty residences. Most of the houses are painted in tints -of pale blue, green, yellow and strawberry, giving the street a gay and -pleasing appearance. - -The Plaza Murillo is so named from the patriot Pedro Domingo Murillo, -who was executed there in 1810. This spot is also the place where -independence was first declared in 1809. It has been the scene of many -turbulent episodes. On one side of the plaza is the Government Palace, -erected in 1885. This contains the offices of many state officials, -and, in the upper story, the office and residence of the president and -his family. - -The Cathedral of La Paz, on the same side of the plaza as the -Government Palace, is still in process of construction. The foundations -were laid in 1843. When finished it will be one of the largest and -most expensive cathedrals in South America. It is to be built in the -Græco-Roman style, will have towers nearly 200 feet high, a dome the -top of which will be 150 feet above the floor, and will be capable of -seating 12,000 persons. - -Across the corner from the Government Palace is the Hall of Congress. -Another interesting spot is the market place. Here come thousands of -Indians to buy and sell. - -Other buildings of note are the old University of San Andrés -(ahn-dres´), the Church of San Francisco, the Church of Santo Domingo, -the Museum of Natural History, rich in relics of the Inca and colonial -periods, the very much up-to-date theater, and the Municipal Library. - -The houses of the poorer classes in La Paz are usually built with mud -walls and covered with tiles. The better class dwellings, however, are -constructed of stone and brick. - -La Paz is an important commercial center. It is connected with the -Pacific coast by the Bolivian Railway from Mollendo (mol-yen´-do), to -Puno (poo´-no) and a Bolivian extension from Guaqui (gwah´-kee) to Alto -de La Paz--the two lines being connected by a steamship service across -Lake Titicaca. An electric railway, five miles long, runs from the Alto -de La Paz to the city. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY I. F. SCHEELER - -STREET SCENE AND MARKET, SUCRE, BOLIVIA] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_Sucre_ - -FIVE - - -On May 25, 1809, the first city of Spanish South America revolted -against the rule of Spain. That city was Sucre (soo´-kray). This -town was originally the site of an Indian village called Chuquisaca -(choo-kee-sah´-kah) or Chuquichaca, which means “golden bridge.” In -1538 the Spaniards under Captain Pedro Angules (pay´-dro ahn-goo´lace) -settled there and called the place Charcas (chahr´-kahs) and Ciudad -de la Plata (thee-oo-thath´ day lah plah´tah), but the natives always -clung to the original Indian name. In time the town became the favorite -residence and health resort of the rich mine owners of Potosí, some -distance away. After the South Americans had won their independence, -the name of Chuquisaca was changed to Sucre, in honor of the general -who won the last decisive battle of the war and then became the first -president of Bolivia. Since that time the city has suffered much from -quarrels between the various factions of Bolivia. It is now the nominal -capital of the republic, but the seat of government for Bolivia is -located in La Paz. Since the government was removed there, Sucre has -greatly diminished in importance. - -The city is in an elevated valley, being about 8,839 feet above the -sea. For this reason it has an exceptionally agreeable climate. In the -vicinity are fertile valleys which provide the city markets with fruits -and vegetables. The population of the city is about 25,000. - -Sucre is laid out regularly. It has broad streets, a large central -plaza and a public garden, or promenade, called the Prado. There are -nine plazas altogether. That called the “25 de Mayo” has a stream -on each side. One of these flows northward and joins the Mamoré -(mah-mo-ray´) and so reaches the Amazon. The other turns southeast, -going on to the Pilcomayo (peel-ko-my´-o) and at last to the estuary -of La Plata (lah-plah´-tah). The Cathedral of Sucre, called the -Metropolitan Cathedral, is the richest in Bolivia. It dates from 1553, -and possesses an image of solid gold with a rich adornment of jewels, -called “The Virgin of Guadalupe (gwah-dah-loo´-pay).” This is said to -be worth a million dollars. The legislative palace of Sucre contains -handsomely decorated halls; but this building is no longer occupied -as such by the national government. Other important buildings are the -Cabildo (kah-beel´do), or town hall; the mint, dating from 1572; the -courts of justice; and the University of San Francisco Xavier (sahn -frahn-this-ko zav´-ih-er; Spanish, hahvee-air´), which was founded in -1624 and has faculties of law, medicine and theology. - -At the lower end of the central plaza, or Prado (prah´do) is a pretty -chapel called the “Rotunda.” This was erected in 1852 by President -Belzu (bale´-thoo), on the spot where an unsuccessful attempt had been -made to assassinate him. - -Sucre is the seat of the supreme court of Bolivia, and also of the -archbishop of La Plata and Charcas, the primate of Bolivia. - -The city is not a commercial one. Its only noteworthy manufacture is -the “clay dumplings” which are eaten with potatoes by the inhabitants -of the Bolivian uplands. In spite of being the capital of the country, -it is one of its most isolated towns, because of the difficult -character of the roads leading to it. It is reached from the Pacific -by way of Challapata (chahl-ya-pah´tah), a station on the Antofagasta -(ahn-toe-fah-gahs´-tah) and Oruro Railroad. The city will soon be -connected by rail with the region of the west. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN - -ORURO, BOLIVIA] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_Cities of Bolivia_ - -SIX - - -Cochabamba (ko-chah-bahm´bah) is called the Garden City of Bolivia. -It was founded in 1574 in a beautiful valley on the east side of the -mountains, which are here called the Royal Range. For a time the town -was known as Oropesa (o-ro-pay´sah). During the war of independence, -the people of the city took an active part; the women especially -distinguished themselves in an attack on the Spanish camp in 1815. -Three years later some of them were put to death by the Spanish forces. -In general, the isolated situation of Cochabamba has been a protection -against the disorders which have from time to time upset Bolivia. - -Cochabamba stands on the Rocha (ro´cha), a small tributary of the -Guapai (gwah-pie´) River. Its population is about 30,000, mostly -Indians and _mestizos_. The city is 8,400 feet above the sea, 291 -miles north-northwest of Sucre, and 132 miles east-northeast of Oruro -(o-roo´-ro). A newly constructed railway runs from Oruro to Cochabamba. - -The climate is mild and temperate, and the surrounding country fertile -and cultivated. Trade is active; and in fact the city is one of the -most progressive in Bolivia, in spite of its isolated situation. It is -laid out regularly and contains many attractive buildings. The city has -a university and two colleges, but they are poorly equipped. - -The name of the city of Potosí (po-to-see´) has become proverbial and -“smacks of almost magical and unearthly wealth.” It possesses some of -the most wonderful silver mines in the world. Founded in 1547, shortly -after the first discovery of silver there by an Indian herder, it has -since produced an enormous amount of the precious metal. One writer -estimates the yield of the mines there as having been worth one billion -dollars. Seven thousand mines have been started, of which seven hundred -are being worked for silver and tin today. At one time the city had a -population of 150,000, which has now dwindled to about 25,000. - -Potosí stands on a barren terrace about 13,000 feet above sea level, -and is one of the highest towns in the world. It is 47 miles southwest -of Sucre in a direct line. The famous Cerro Gordo (ser´-ro gor´-do; -Spanish, ther´-ro gor´-do) de Potosí rises above the town to a height -of 15,381 feet, a barren, white capped mountain, honeycombed with -mining shafts. The town itself is laid out regularly. A large plaza -forms the center, around which are grouped various buildings, such as -the government house, national college, the old “Royal Mint,” dating -from 1585, and the treasury. The city has a cathedral, which in part -dates from early colonial times. The water supply is derived from a -system of twenty-seven artificial lakes, or reservoirs, and aqueducts -constructed by the Spanish government during the years of the city’s -greatest prosperity. - -Oruro (o-roo´-ro) is an important mining town of about 20,000 people. -During the colonial period this town was noted next to Potosí, for the -richness and productiveness of its mines. The mines in the neighborhood -are now worked principally, though not entirely, for tin. - -Oruro is 115 miles south-southeast in a direct line from La Paz. It -stands 12,250 feet above sea level, and its climate is characterized by -a short, cool summer and a cold, rainy winter. Oruro is the Bolivian -terminus of the Antofagasta (ahn-toe-fah-gahs´-tah) Railway, the first -constructed in Bolivia. In time the city promises to be one of the most -important railway centers in the country. - -Oruro contains many foreign residents, and several clubs. The -government palace and the university building face the principal -plaza. Besides these, the city has a theater, a public library and a -mineralogical museum, as well as the usual churches, hospitals and -schools. - -There is one other region in Bolivia that should be visited by all -travelers interested in the mysterious past of the country. This region -is called Tiahuanacu (tee-ah-wah-nah´-koo). It is not far from La Paz, -and the ruins there were believed by Sir Clements Markham to indicate -the former existence of a large city of the Incas. One huge gateway, -broken and apparently not in its original position, is especially -interesting. This great piece of stone is 13 feet wide, 7 feet above -the ground, and 3 feet thick. It is curiously and elaborately carved. -In the center is a human head, supposed to represent the creator of the -universe. To this, other figures, partly human and some with heads of -condors, seem to be offering worship. - -Other stones in this region are remarkable for their size and for the -ornamental carving that appears upon them. All the ruins are apparently -of great age. It is not difficult to imagine a time when the city was -the home of thousands of human beings in a very advanced stage of -civilization. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -_THE MENTOR · DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL_ - -_NOVEMBER 1, 1917_ - -BOLIVIA - -By E. M. NEWMAN - -_Lecturer and Traveler_ - -Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1913, at the post-office at -New York, N. Y., under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1917, by -The Mentor Association, Inc. - - _MENTOR GRAVURES_ - - A PACK TRAIN OF LLAMAS IN LA PAZ - - LA PAZ--FROM THE RIM OF THE HEIGHTS - - HOUSE OF CONGRESS LA PAZ - - [Illustration] - - _MENTOR GRAVURES_ - - INCA TEMPLE OF THE SUN, ON LAKE TITICACA - - ORURO - - STREET SCENE AND MARKET, SUCRE - - [Illustration] - -[Illustration: THE NATIVE BOLIVIAN INDIAN] - - -Bolivia is another Thibet; one of the highest inhabited plateaus in the -world. It is one of the richest mineral sections, as it now produces -about one-third of the world’s supply of tin, and contains vast wealth -in its rich copper, gold, and silver mines. Nearly ninety per cent. of -its population is of Indian origin, and to this fact may be attributed -its slow progress; as outside of its capital city, almost everything is -still in a primitive state. - -Since its last war with Chile, it has been shut off from the sea-coast; -and to get to Bolivia one must now cross either Chile or Peru, which -necessitates a long journey by rail; and if the entrance be by way of -the Peruvian gateway, Mollendo, Lake Titicaca must also be crossed. - -[Illustration: STEAMER ON LAKE TITICACA - -The parts of this steamer were carried to the lake by rail and put -together there] - -Lying in a valley, at an altitude of more than 12,000 feet above the -level of the sea, is the Bolivian capital, La Paz, the City of Peace. -It is picturesquely situated in a huge bowl, cut into the plateau; -and to reach it one must descend in an electric car, 1,300 feet down -the steep slope, where, at the bottom of the cup, lies a city of -more than 150,000 people. In its situation, it is probably the most -remarkable of all capitals. Although called the City of Peace, it has -been the scene of turmoil and strife ever since the Spaniards invaded -these solitudes. Rising high above the city is beautiful Illimani, -one of the highest peaks of the Andes. Perpetually clad in snow, -this magnificent mountain dominates the view, and is one of the most -striking scenic features of Bolivia. - -In the central square of La Paz rises the cathedral, which has been in -process of building for forty years, and at the rate it is progressing -it will probably not be completed for another century. On this same -central square is the Bolivian House of Congress, nearly all of its -members of Indian origin. This plaza is the center of political life, -and radiating from it are the principal business thoroughfares. - -Plaza San Francisco is another of the important squares of the city, -and takes its name from the magnificent church, one of the most -artistic structures in South America. Upon this square, at all hours -of the day, there is a fascinating panorama of life; for, passing -constantly, are picturesque Indians, clad in grotesque costumes, many -of them driving burros or the Andean beast of burden, the llama. - - -_Native Costumes_ - -In no other city of the world are the costumes worn by Indians as -elaborate as those seen in the streets of La Paz. The Cholo or -half-breed is resplendent in garments of the brightest colors. The -women in particular are gorgeously arrayed in silk skirts, kid boots -and straw hats. - -There is a curious custom which is rigidly observed. Full blooded -Indians must wear felt hats, and are looked upon as inferior in social -standing. The Cholos may always be distinguished by their straw hats, -which are never worn by the others. Having married a Bolivian, or -perhaps a white man, a Cholo woman considers herself quite a superior -being. She delights in patronizing the best shops, where she seeks only -the costliest silks, the gayest of shawls, and kid boots with high -heels, which are imported from France or from the United States. - -When fully attired, she is a sight to behold. Arrayed in all her -finery, she promenades like a queen through the streets of the city; -and yet, back of it all, the influence of blood is evident. She may -dress ever so elaborately, but the old customs still cling; she still -insists upon carrying her baby on her back in good old Indian fashion, -and she is not averse to carrying her market basket when she goes to -the market to make her purchases. Most numerous among the Indians -are the Aymaras, who, unlike the Quichua Indians of Peru, are surly -and inclined to hold aloof from the white man. They are seemingly -indifferent to the white man’s influence. For clothing, the Aymará men -wear shirts and trousers of a coarse cotton material; and over their -shoulders is thrown a poncho of heavy woolen cloth. Aside from their -poncho, the most attractive part of their costume is a curious woolen -head-covering, beautifully embroidered with beads in gay colors. In -a climate where it is always cold except at midday, these caps with -their long ear-muffs are very serviceable. Women who are wives of -full-blooded Indians make no pretension in the way of attire, and they -accept without question their social status, which relegates them to an -inferior position. - -[Illustration: ON LAKE TITICACA] - -[Illustration: BALSA BOAT - -Native making the boat of reeds] - - -_Customs and Laws_ - -Much of the trading carried on with the Indians is done by barter; they -bring their farm and garden produce to the city, and exchange it with -dealers for groceries or wearing apparel. Very few of them accumulate -money, and wealth is very rare. - -Many of their laws are unique, and are no doubt born of tribal customs -which have been handed down for generations, and yet are usually -rigidly observed. If, for instance, a doctor loses seven patients, -Indian law decrees that the career of the doctor must terminate, and -that his life must be a forfeit for his failure to save the lives of -his patients. After the Indian doctor has lost his sixth patient, he -usually departs for some unknown place. - -Although the Bolivian capital is overwhelmingly Indian in point of -population, in appearance it is decidedly modern. Its streets are -paved with cobblestones, but as a rule are clean and kept in good -condition. The pavements may be rough, but it must be borne in mind -that there are very few level thoroughfares; most of the streets are -very hilly, and would be almost impossible to navigate were it not for -the cobblestones, which permit men and beasts to maintain a foothold. -Municipal laws will not permit Indians to make use of the thoroughfares -for their llamas during business hours; they are brought into the city -early in the morning, remaining in some patio or courtyard awaiting the -evening hours, when their owners drive them home. At sunset one may see -long trains of these quaint animals driven through the streets on their -way back to the farms. The llama lends picturesqueness to one of the -most unusual cities on the face of the globe. - -[Illustration: LA PAZ, VIEWED FROM THE RIM--MT. ILLIMANI IN THE -DISTANCE] - -[Illustration: THE EVENINGS ARE COLD IN LA PAZ] - -Little or no coal is burned, as it costs $60 per ton, and only the -very wealthy could afford to use it. There is no wood, so few of the -houses are heated. Most of the English and American residents use oil -burners or electric heaters in their homes; but even the principal -hotel is so cold that men usually go to dinner in their overcoats and -the women enveloped in furs. Most visitors usually retire immediately -after dining, as the night air is so cold that it can be endured only -by those acclimated. It is no uncommon thing for a guest at the hotel -to pile upon his bed all the available covering that he can obtain, -including the carpet on the floor of his room. - -One might imagine that Cholo women are unusually corpulent; but this -is apparent only because of the fact that they don from twelve to -twenty skirts. At times, contests are held between Indian belles as to -which has the more gorgeous petticoats, and also the greater number. -A winner is said to have displayed as many as twenty-four, disclosing -a collection of brilliantly colored petticoats unequaled elsewhere for -variety. - -[Illustration: A LEADING CITIZEN] - - -_Religion in Bolivia_ - -Both Bolivians and Indians are, as a rule, Catholics. On Corpus Christi -day, which is religiously celebrated, there is a curious procession -in which thousands of people take part, and a strange combination of -Cholos, Aymaras and native Bolivians wend their way through the various -thoroughfares. In this parade, the Cholo women discard their straw hats -and wear their shawls instead. Most of them belong to church societies, -and these organizations are indicated by ribbons worn around the neck, -the color denoting the society to which the wearer belongs. - -[Illustration: THE FAITHFUL, HARDWORKING LLAMAS] - -All the dignitaries of the church take part in the Corpus Christi day -procession. Business is practically suspended, and the President of the -Republic, accompanied by the members of the Houses of Congress and all -the officials of the Government, march to the cathedral, where services -are held. On various thoroughfares, altars are erected, and these are -usually decorated by the members of the different ladies’ societies. - -Religion has a strong hold on the people of Bolivia. One not affiliated -with the church is looked upon with suspicion and becomes a social -outcast. In no other country are the churches better attended. - - -_Streets of La Paz_ - -The most attractive of the thoroughfares in the Bolivian capital is -the Alameda, a wide avenue lined with trees, and having in its center -a promenade. It is on this thoroughfare that the various legation -buildings are situated. As usual, one may walk along this street and -seek for the most unattractive building and be quite sure that it -is the American legation building. Almost every government is here -represented, so that the Alameda might be said to be the center of -diplomatic life. - -[Illustration: A HILLY STREET IN LA PAZ] - -[Illustration: ALAMEDA, LA PAZ - -Where the foreign Legation buildings are] - -[Illustration: CHURCH OF SAN FRANCISCO, LA PAZ] - -La Paz is surprisingly modern in the architecture of its business -structures. Most of the buildings are of brick, plastered over and -painted. Many of its shops would be a credit to an American city. They -are by no means mere country stores, but carry an astonishingly good -class of merchandise, and many of the products of France and the United -States are displayed for sale in the various shop windows. To leave -the capital city, one must ascend by electric railway to the plateau, -where is situated the railway depot. One may go directly south by rail -all the way to Antofagasta, Chile, where steamer connections are made -for Valparaiso. On this journey, one obtains a wonderful view of the -back-bone of the Andes, traveling along a plateau averaging in height -about 14,000 feet above sea level. The snow-clad summits of this mighty -range of mountains are constantly in sight. There are few cities along -the railway. Perhaps the most important of the Bolivian towns is Oruro, -which is in the center of a very rich salt country, and as the railroad -approaches the Chilean boundary there are rich deposits of borax and -nitrate. - -[Illustration: LOOKING DOWN THE ALAMEDA, LA PAZ] - -Many travelers experience all the terrors of soroche or mountain -sickness when traveling on the high Bolivian plateau. The altitude is -dangerous for some people, and in a few cases results fatally. One -whose heart is weak should not attempt the journey, as it is trying -even upon the strongest constitution, and such evidences of altitude -as nose-bleed and dizzy spells afflict even those who are accustomed to -high altitudes. - - -_Sucre_ - -During the cold winter months, many Bolivians descend the eastern slope -of the Andes to Sucre, which has become a favorite winter resort for -diplomatic representatives. Sucre is several thousand feet lower than -La Paz, and its climate is somewhat milder. Lower down, toward the -Brazilian boundary, there are tropical forests and a wild, uninhabited -country where disease lurks; and here are great jungles and swamps, -making human habitation almost impossible except for the aboriginal -tribes, which seem to be immune to the fevers that infest this -low-lying country. Among other important cities in Bolivia are Potosí, -and Cochabamba, where there is an American school, a branch of the -American Institute of La Paz. A number of young American men and women -have voluntarily left home and friends and have gone to Bolivia to -teach the youth of that country. The best families send their children -to the American schools, and the Bolivian boys and girls are not only -taught the English language, but they are made familiar with the -history of the United States. It is the ambition of many of the sons of -Bolivian parents to acquire the language, so that they may make their -future home in America. The American teachers are unusually capable -young men and women, and the standard of efficiency that one finds in -the American Institute is a credit to the young people who have made -the sacrifice of leaving home and living in Bolivia. - -The military system is patterned after that of Germany, as the -soldiers of the country have been drilled by German officers, and their -influence is plainly evident in the familiar goose-step and the various -manœuvers that one may observe in military camps. The Bolivian soldiers -have not the fighting qualities of the Chileans, and in past wars have -proved anything but a match for their neighbors to the south. - - -_Lake Titicaca and Guaqui_ - -In going from La Paz to Lake Titicaca, one travels over a level -plateau, nearly three miles above the sea. Little or nothing grows at -this altitude, and the few Indians living on this plain must have their -food supply brought up from the valleys below on the backs of llamas. -Other than mines, there is no inducement for even an Indian to make his -home on this lofty plateau. There is no source of income other than -working in some of the gold, silver and copper mines which abound in -these altitudes. - -[Illustration: BOLIVIAN INDIAN MOTHER] - -[Illustration: BOLIVIAN FARMERS] - -[Illustration: BOLIVIAN CHILDREN OF THE MOUNTAIN COUNTRY] - -Guaqui, a little town on the shores of Lake Titicaca, is the terminus -of the railway. A regiment of cavalry is stationed at this port, as -it in reality forms the boundary line of the country. In this little -place, one obtains his final glimpse of the picturesquely attired -Cholo women, as they are rarely seen outside of Bolivia. In their -native country, their appearance excites no unusual interest; but even -in Peru they are subjected to a certain amount of ridicule, which is -displeasing to these haughty belles. - -Because of the intense cold, school children are often seen seated in -the open air, where they may enjoy the benefit of the warm sun. This -applies largely to the smaller towns and villages, as in the larger -cities the school houses are now quite comfortable. - -[Illustration: STREET ALTAR, CORPUS CHRISTI DAY, LA PAZ] - -Lake Titicaca is a great inland sea, lying between the two ranges of -the Cordillera, and is very high above the ocean. Its area is about -one-third that of Lake Erie, and its present length is about 120 miles, -while its greatest width is about 41 miles. It is, without doubt, one -of the highest navigable bodies of water in the world. - -Among the water plants that one sees growing in the lake is a sort of -rush, which abounds in shallow water from two to six feet in depth, and -rises several feet above the surface. - -It is this material which the Indians, having no wood, use to construct -their boats. In these apparently frail craft, propelled by sails of the -same material, they traverse the lake, carrying with them two or three -men, and in addition, a heavy load of merchandise. - - -_Balsa Boats_ - -There is considerable skill exercised in the making of the balsa, as -these reed-boats are called. Centuries of experience have taught the -Indians the process, which has been developed to a remarkable stage of -perfection, enabling them to defy the storms which are so frequent. The -short, heavy waves make navigation dangerous even for much larger boats -than the native balsa. - -[Illustration: CAPITOL BUILDING IN SUCRE] - -Like the waters of Lake Superior, these are too cold for the swimmer; -but the lack of bathing facilities gives the Indian but little concern. -The greatest depth of the lake is said to be about 600 feet. Fish -are plentiful, and the few Indians who live around the shores of the -lake devote themselves principally to fishing. As far as habitation -is concerned, other than Puno on the Peruvian side and Guaqui on the -Bolivian, there are but a few scattered villages. - -[Illustration: OPEN-AIR SCHOOL--GUAQUI, BOLIVIA] - -Four steamers ply to and fro between these ports, connecting with the -train service. These boats were brought from England, taken in sections -by railway and put together on the shores of the lake. They are today -used to transfer freight, which arrives by sea at a Peruvian or Chilean -port, and is carried by rail to Puno, then across the lake to Bolivia. - -[Illustration: ON THE STATE ROAD FROM POTOSÍ TO SUCRE] - -Numerous islands dot the surface of the lake. One is of real interest. -It is known as Titicaca Island. It has a population of about 300, but -of that number there is but one man who can read and write. In all -Bolivia, only 30,000 children attend school, out of a total population -of 2,000,000. The aborigines do not seem to care for education, and the -Bolivians of European race are few in number. - - -_Inca Ruins_ - -On a small island in Lake Titicaca is the ruined Temple of the -Sun, another reminder of the days of the Incas. When that empire -flourished, this portion of Bolivia was also under the domination of -the Inca ruler; and even today, in some parts of Bolivia, one still -comes upon numerous evidences of Inca rule, such as the ruins of -buildings, temples and stone images, which plainly indicate that they -were the work of that remarkable, ancient people. Inaccessible as is -the country, for one who can stand the journey it affords much of -interest. If there were nothing more in Bolivia than the view afforded -in looking down from the rim of the cup upon La Paz, this alone would -tempt one to visit the country. The buildings of this city have the -appearance of so many tea leaves left in the bottom of a cup, so -tiny do they seem from above. Another glorious scene is that of the -encircling mountains that surround Lake Titicaca, crowning it with a -diadem of snow-covered peaks--a view that is unsurpassed among the -world’s natural wonders. - - -_The Interior Waterways_ - -Although Bolivia has no seaport, the country has a great network of -rivers. The entire length of Bolivia’s navigable streams is about -12,000 miles. These naturally provide excellent means of transportation -and communication. The Paraguay River is navigable for about 1,100 -miles for steamers of from eight to ten feet draft. The Itenes has -about 1,000 miles of navigable water. Another river, the Beni, is -navigable for 1,000 miles for steamers of six feet draft only. Other -streams, such as the Pilcomayo, Mamoré, Sara, and Paragua Rivers can -accommodate light draft vessels for distances varying from 200 to 1,000 -miles. - -From the ocean Bolivia can be approached through the ports of Mollendo, -in Peru, or Arica and Antofagasta in Chile. These are all regular ports -of call of the steamers between Panama and Valparaiso. From these ports -there is railroad communication to Bolivia. - -[Illustration: CITY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, SUCRE] - -[Illustration: THE PLAZA IN SUCRE] - - -_SUPPLEMENTARY READING_ - - BOLIVIA, THE CENTRAL HIGHWAY OF SOUTH AMERICA _By M. R. Wright_ - BOLIVIA _By P. Walle_ - PLATEAU PEOPLES OF SOUTH AMERICA _By A. A. Adams_ - ACROSS THE ANDES _By C. J. Post_ - THE SOUTH AMERICANS _By W. H. Koebel_ - A SEARCH FOR THE APEX OF AMERICA _By Annie S. Peck_ - THE SOUTH AMERICAN TOUR _By Annie S. Peck_ - SOUTH AMERICA _By James Bryce_ - THE BOLIVIAN ANDES _By Sir Martin Conway_ - -⁂ Information concerning the above books may be had on application to -the Editor of The Mentor. - - - - -_THE OPEN LETTER_ - - -Let me tell you about our daily mail. We get letters of appreciation -and letters of suggestion--hundreds of both kinds. Many of them -are addressed to the “Editor of The Mentor,” others to “Dear Mr. -Editor”--and some to “Mr. Moffat.” I like the last form best, for I -know that when a member of The Mentor Association writes in a personal -way, with a message of encouragement or a valuable suggestion, The -Mentor has found a real friend. I like to see the spirit of personal -interest growing in our daily mail. It is the best assurance of the -vitality of The Mentor Idea that we could have. Fellowship spirit is -the soul of all mutual endeavor. - - * * * * * - -It is pleasing to see how close an interest some of our members take in -the details of The Mentor work. The following letter came to me a day -or so ago--and it is too good to keep to myself. - - “_My dear Mr. Moffat_: When I opened the Hawaiian number of The - Mentor, I was delighted to find a greeting from you on the inside - of the front cover page. Now that you have moved over there, why - don’t you stay? Of course, I don’t know anything about the workings - of an editorial office, and it may mean a furious amount of - trouble. You might have to move your desk and your whole staff, and - even have to get out a new copyright, but from an outsider’s point - of view the move looks easy. And to my way of thinking the front - of the magazine is the place for you anyway--if you will permit - me to say so. There you seem to stand as a host at the threshold, - offering a welcome to guests before they enter.” - - _SYLVIA._ - - * * * * * - -“Who is Sylvia? What is she?”--so Shakespeare and Schubert sang. And -if they couldn’t tell who Sylvia was, how can I? Of one thing I feel -sure: she is a faithful reader of The Mentor, for she has taken note of -our goings and comings, and our varied forms of editorial expression. -The notion of my being the “host” is an inviting one. It is a role that -one should be proud to fill, especially when the feast to which he -invites his guests is the wealth of the world’s knowledge. The thought -of assuming that role, however, is a bit staggering. Thanks, Miss -Sylvia, but perhaps I had better play the more generally useful part of -planning, preparing and making up The Mentor feast. Your welcome to the -second cover page is appreciated. I have been there many times before, -however, when the page has borne no signature. No number of The Mentor -appears, Miss Sylvia, without my being around somewhere. I have no -preference for one particular page. I find occupation and joy on every -page of The Mentor from cover to cover. - - * * * * * - -Here are some of the things that we do in reply to letters. - - We answer questions in the various fields of knowledge. We look - up sources of information for our readers and give them full - replies. We have just mailed a letter in which answers were made to - historical questions that called for a morning’s research by one of - our staff. - - We supply programs for reading clubs and lay out schedules for a - whole season of meetings. - - We supply material extracted from reference works for the benefit - of members who are pursuing courses of reading. - - We occasionally read essays or papers that have been prepared by - members, and offer helpful editorial suggestions. Aside from club - work, we lay out reading courses for private individuals who are - pursuing special studies. - - In some cases, where a member lives in a remote spot and cannot - conveniently obtain books, we get them for the member at - publisher’s prices. Occasionally, where books could not be had in - the market, we have lent copies from our library. - - We give full information and service in art, telling our readers - where and how to get good pictures--we also give travel information. - -These are but a few of the things that we do. We have a booklet in -which we describe The Mentor Service. Send for it. If you have not had -the benefit of our service, you will be surprised to see how wide and -varied it is. - - * * * * * - -The Prize Contest Letters have been coming in fast. There are so many -good ones that it will be difficult to make a choice. I am going to -print extracts from some of them. A part of the first letter appears on -the opposite page. It tells of The Mentor as a _friend_. Could there be -any happier note to begin with than that? Other letters will tell of -the many ways in which The Mentor is or can be made valuable in home, -school and social life. The story of one reader will help another, and -the sum total of the information will be of benefit to all. - -[Illustration: W. D. Moffat - -EDITOR] - - - - -A FRIEND IN THE HOUSE - -A MESSAGE FROM A MENTOR READER - - -“Some time ago a very neat stranger called at my home and made the hour -so pleasant, that he at once became my friend. Now this friend has a -permanent place in my home, and is known throughout the vicinity as -‘The Mentor.’ - -“The reason why so many are acquainted with this friend of mine is -because of his value and usefulness manifested in every subject and -service. The Mentor has a permanent personal and social value. There -might be added that also of inspiration. The Mentor has a message of -interest and importance. It has a voice with a true ring, that speaks, -as it were, from personal experience. - -“In company with this companion and friend, one may be charmed as the -story of the distant past or that of unfamiliar and remote things, -people and places is being unfolded. Hardly can there be found any one -so generous, considerate and tactful. - -“The Mentor calls twice a month to inform, enlarge the vision, to -inspire and encourage old and young, men and women, in all walks of -life. - -“The social value is vital. Whether it be in the home or elsewhere, -The Mentor furnishes food for intelligent conversation that has weight -and depth. The personal value is realized more and more as the weeks -come and go. Impressions are left on the mind which in time ripen into -principles. - -“If I wished to make a friend more friendly, I would give him The -Mentor. If I had an enemy--well--I would send him The Mentor. It might -make him my friend.” - - * * * * * - -THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - -ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POPULAR INTEREST IN ART, -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, HISTORY, NATURE, AND TRAVEL - -THE MENTOR IS PUBLISHED TWICE A MONTH - -BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC., AT 222 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. -Y. SUBSCRIPTION, FOUR DOLLARS A YEAR. FOREIGN POSTAGE 75 CENTS EXTRA. -CANADIAN POSTAGE 50 CENTS EXTRA. SINGLE COPIES TWENTY CENTS. PRESIDENT, -THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT, WALTER P. TEN EYCK; SECRETARY, W. D. -MOFFAT; TREASURER, J. S. CAMPBELL; ASSISTANT TREASURER AND ASSISTANT -SECRETARY, H. A. CROWE. - - * * * * * - -THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, Inc., 222 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. - -Statement of the ownership, management, circulation, etc., required -by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of The Mentor, published -semi-monthly at New York, N. Y., for October 1, 1917. State of New -York, County of New York. Before me, a Notary Public, in and for the -State and county aforesaid, personally appeared Thomas H. Beck, who, -having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he -is the Publisher of The Mentor, and that the following is, to the -best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, -management, etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in -the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied -in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, to wit: (1) That the -names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and -business manager are: Publisher, Thomas H. Beck, 52 East 19th Street, -New York; Editor, W. D. Moffat, 222 Fourth Avenue, New York; Managing -Editor, W. D. Moffat, 222 Fourth Avenue, New York; Business Manager, -Thomas H. Beck, 52 East 19th Street, New York. (2) That the owners -are: American Lithographic Company, 52 East 19th Street, New York; C. -Eddy, L. Ettlinger, J. P. Knapp, C. K. Mills, 52 East 19th Street, -New York; M. C. Herczog, 28 West 10th Street, New York; William T. -Harris, Villa Nova, Pa.; Mrs. M. E. Heppenheimer, 51 East 58th Street, -New York; Emilie Schumacher, Executrix for Luise E. Schumacher and -Walter L. Schumacher, Mount Vernon, N. Y.; Samuel Untermyer, 120 -Broadway, New York. (3) That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and -other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent. or more of total -amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities, are: None. (4) -That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, -stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not only the list -of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books -of the Company, but also, in cases where the stockholder or security -holder appears upon the books of the Company as trustee or in any other -fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom -such trustee is acting, is given; also that the said two paragraphs -contain statements embracing affiant’s full knowledge and belief as to -the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security -holders who do not appear upon the books of the Company as trustees, -hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide -owner; and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, -association, or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in -the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him. -Thomas H. Beck, Publisher. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 18th -day of September, 1917. J. S. Campbell, Notary Public, Queens County. -Certificate filed in New York County. My commission expires March 30, -1918. - -THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, Inc., 222 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. - - - - -THE MENTOR - - -How the Mentor Club Service Helps Clubwomen and Women Who Wish to -Organize Literary Clubs - -The success and pleasure of a woman’s club depends on the year’s -program, which should be based on subjects that fascinate and interest, -as well as instruct. - -The planning of an interesting and helpful club program is a difficult -matter, as you who have served on program committees know, and can -really be done successfully only by experts. - -The Mentor Club Service Plans the Programs for Hundreds of Clubs, Free -of Charge - -The Mentor Service Editors, men and women of high intellectual -attainments and broad experience, will be glad at any time to help -_you_ with suggestions or a completely worked out plan for _your_ club -program, based on any desired subject. They will also supply lists of -reference books for help in the preparation of club papers, and will -be glad to assist further by procuring any necessary books not in your -library, at cost, postage prepaid. - -_Remember--The Mentor Club Service Is Free_ - -ADDRESS ALL INQUIRIES TO - -Editor, The Mentor Association 222 Fourth Avenue, New York City - -MAKE THE SPARE MOMENT COUNT - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Bolivia, vol. 5, Num. 18, -Serial 142, November 1, 1917, by E. M. 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