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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3fb7a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50894 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50894) diff --git a/old/50894-0.txt b/old/50894-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a593c0f..0000000 --- a/old/50894-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1771 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Bolivia, vol. 5, Num. 18, -Serial 142, November 1, 1917, by E. M. Newman - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Mentor: Bolivia, vol. 5, Num. 18, Serial 142, November 1, 1917 - -Author: E. M. Newman - -Release Date: January 11, 2016 [EBook #50894] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: BOLIVIA, VOL. 5 *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - THE MENTOR 1917.11.01, No. 142, - Bolivia - - - - - LEARN ONE THING - EVERY DAY - - NOVEMBER 1 1917 SERIAL NO. 142 - - THE - MENTOR - - BOLIVIA - - By E. M. NEWMAN - Lecturer and Traveler - - DEPARTMENT OF VOLUME 5 - TRAVEL NUMBER 18 - - TWENTY CENTS A COPY - - - - -The Native Bolivian - -[Illustration] - - -The Indian of the Bolivian plateau is still only a half-civilized man -and less than half a Christian. He retains his primeval Nature worship, -which groups together the spirits that dwell in mountains, rivers, and -rocks with the spirits of his ancestors, revering and propitiating all -as _Achachilas_. In the same ceremony his medicine man invokes the -Christian “_Dios_” to favor the building of a house, or whatever he -undertakes, and simultaneously invokes the _Achachilas_, propitiating -them also by offerings, the gift made to the Earth Spirit being buried -in the soil. Similarly he retains the ceremonial dances of heathendom, -and has secret dancing guilds, of whose mysteries the white man can -learn nothing. - - * * * * * - -His morality is what it was, in theory and practice, four centuries -ago. He neither loves nor hates, but fears, the white man, and the -white man neither loves nor hates, but despises him; there being some -fear mingled with the contempt. Intermarriage between pure Indians -and pure Europeans is very uncommon. They are held together neither -by social relations nor by political, but by the need which the white -landowner has for the Indian’s labor and by the power of long habit, -which has made the Indian acquiesce in his subjection as a rent payer. - - * * * * * - -Neither of them ever refers to the Spanish Conquest. The white man -does not honor the memory of Pizarro; to the Indian the story is too -dim and distant to affect his mind. Nor is it the least remarkable -feature of the situation that the mestizo, or half-breed, forms no -link between the races. He prefers to speak Spanish which the Indian -rarely understands. He is held to belong to the upper race, which is, -for social and political purpose, though not by right of numbers, the -Peruvian or Bolivian nation. - - JAMES BRYCE. - -From “South America, Observations and Impressions.” - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN - -INCA TEMPLE OF THE SUN--ON THE SHORE OF LAKE TITICACA, BOLIVIA] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_The Story of Bolivia_ - -ONE - - -With the exception of Paraguay, Bolivia is the only entirely inland -State in South America. It is really a manufactured nation. When -the War of Independence of that part of South America ended, the -revolutionary leaders set up this country as an independent State, and -gave it the name of Bolivia, in honor of Simon Bolivar, the Liberator, -himself a native of Venezuela. Bolivia is bounded on the north and east -by Brazil, on the south by Paraguay and Argentina, and on the west by -Chile and Peru. - -In its early days Bolivia was simply a part of the empire of the Incas -of Peru. The story of the Incas has been given in Mentor No. 132, -“Peru.” After the conquest of Peru by the Spaniards in the sixteenth -century, the natives were subjected to a great deal of tyranny and -oppression. They were compelled to work in the mines, and endured so -many hardships and cruelties that their numbers rapidly diminished. - -During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there were many -struggles between the native-born inhabitants and their Spanish -rulers. The Indian revolt in Cuzco (koos´-ko or kooth´-ko), Peru, -which was led by the Inca Tupac Amaru (too´-pahk ah-mah-roo´), stirred -up the Bolivian Indians to further efforts. For three months Ayoayo -(ei-o-ei´-o) with 80,000 men, besieged the city of La Paz (lah pahth; -local pronunciation, lah pahs´). Finally his army was dispersed and the -insurrection was crushed. - -Injustice had been worked not only upon the Indians, but upon the -native born Spanish-Americans. These grew restless at last, and on -July 16, 1809, conspirators at La Paz deposed and put into prison the -governor, and then proclaimed the independence of the country. One of -the leaders, Pedro Domingo Murillo (pay´-dro do-min´-go myr-ril´-o -or moo-reel´-yo), was elected president. This was the first effort -in South America toward democratic government. The Spanish Viceroy, -however, sent a trained army which soon overcame that of the patriots. -On January 29, 1810, Murillo perished on the scaffold. In the face of -death, however, he exclaimed: “The torch which I have lighted shall -never be extinguished.” - -From then on until 1825 there was almost uninterrupted warfare. Success -was equally divided at first between the Spanish and the revolutionary -forces. On December 9, 1824, the Battle of Ayacucho (i-ah-koo´-cho), in -lower Peru, finally ended Spanish dominion in South America. General -Sucre (soo´-kray) was the victorious general. On January 29, 1825, the -last Spanish authorities vacated La Paz. General Sucre and his army -made a triumphal entry there on February 7, 1825. This general now -assumed supreme command in upper Peru. The first national assembly -met in June at the city of Chuquisaca (choo-kee-sah´-kah), now called -Sucre. They decided that the part of the country hitherto known as -upper Peru should be made a separate and independent nation, with the -name of Bolivia. The Act of Independence bears the date of August 6, -1825. - -Simon Bolivar (bo-lee´-var) was elected the first president; and -Chuquisaca was made the capital under the name of Sucre. When General -Bolivar arrived in the city of La Paz on August 18th, he was greeted -with wild enthusiasm. He was inaugurated at Sucre in November; but -resigned in January, 1826, to return to Lima (lee´-mah) in Peru. - -There was no peace for the people of Bolivia yet, however. Troublous -times followed, and finally came the war with Chile. This war arose -over the collection of an export tax on nitrate. Chile sent troops to -occupy Bolivian territory; and then Peru, linked to Bolivia by secret -treaty, together with that country, declared war on Chile on April 5, -1879. Both Peru and Bolivia were entirely unprepared, and Chile was -completely victorious in this war. As a result Bolivia lost what little -coastline the country had previously possessed. - -During the last thirty years internal dissensions in Bolivia have for -the most part ceased. There was a brief time of trouble in 1898 over -the question of the capital city. It had been the custom for the cities -of Sucre, La Paz, Cochabamba (ko-chah-bahm´-bah), and Oruro (o-roo-ro) -to take turns in being the seat of government. In December, 1898, -however, the Bolivian Congress attempted to pass a law making Sucre the -permanent residence of the president and cabinet. La Paz protested, -and the people of the city rose in open revolt. On January 17, 1899, a -battle was fought between the insurgents and the government forces. The -insurgents were completely victorious. As a result, La Paz was made the -real seat of government, although Sucre retains the name of capital. -General Pando, (pahn´-do), commander of the revolutionary forces, was -elected president. In 1903 a boundary dispute with Brazil over some -rich rubber country was settled by the cession by Bolivia of a part -of the province of Acre, (ah´-kray), in return for a cash payment of -$10,000,000. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN - -HOUSE OF CONGRESS, LA PAZ, BOLIVIA] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_Government and Institutions_ - -TWO - - -Bolivia is a centralized republic. Its government is representative in -form, but to a great extent it is autocratic in effect. The Bolivian -constitution was adopted on October 28, 1880, and is a model of its -kind. The executive branch of the government consists of a president -and two vice-presidents. They are elected by direct popular vote for -a period of four years, and are ineligible for election for the next -succeeding term. The president has a cabinet of six ministers: Foreign -Relations and Worship, Treasury, Government and Promotion (Fomento), -Justice and Industry, Public Instruction and Agriculture, War and -Colonization. - -The legislative branch consists of a national Congress of two houses--a -Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. The Senate is composed of sixteen -members, two from each department, who are elected by direct popular -vote for a period of six years. The Chamber of Deputies is composed of -seventy members, who are elected for a period of four years. Congress -meets annually and its sessions are for sixty days, which may be -extended to ninety days. All male citizens twenty-one years of age -or over, who can read and write and have a fixed independent income, -may vote. The number of citizens who vote, therefore, is very small, -and the country is for that reason under the control of a political -oligarchy. - -The judiciary consists of a national supreme court, eight superior -district courts, and many lower district courts. The supreme court is -composed of seven justices, elected by the Chamber of Deputies. - -In each department or State a prefect appointed by the president has -supreme power. The government of these departments rests with the -national congress. - -The military forces of Bolivia include about 3,000 regulars and -an enrolled force of 80,000 men. This enrolled force, however, is -both unorganized and unarmed. In 1894 a conscription law was passed -providing for compulsory military service for all males between the -ages of twenty-one and fifty years, with two years’ actual service in -the regulars for those between twenty-one and twenty-five. This law is -practically a dead letter. There is a military school with sixty cadets -and an arsenal at the city of La Paz. Naturally Bolivia, having no -coast line, is not provided with a navy. - -Bolivia has a free and compulsory school system, but education has -made little progress there. Very few of the people can read and -write. Spanish is the official language, but Quichua (kee-choo´-ah -or kee´-chwah). Aymará (i-mah-rah´), and Guarani (gwah-rah´-nee) are -the languages of the natives, who form a majority of the population. -A great part of the Indians do not understand Spanish at all and will -not learn it. The school enrollment is about one in forty-four. There -are universities at Sucre, La Paz, Cochabamba, Tarija (tah-ree´-hah), -Potosí (po-to-see´), Santa Cruz (san´-tah kroos), and Oruro. The -university at Sucre, which dates from colonial times, and that of La -Paz, are the only ones well enough equipped to merit the title. - -The Constitution of Bolivia says: “The State recognizes and supports -the Roman Apostolic Catholic religion, the public exercise of any -other worship being prohibited, except in the colonies, where it is -tolerated.” However, this toleration is extended to resident foreigners -belonging to other religious sects. The Indians profess the Roman -Catholic faith, but this is tinged with the superstitions of their -ancestors. - -At this point it will be interesting to consider the Indians of -Bolivia. The population of the country is composed of Indians and -Caucasians of European origin, and a mixture of the two races, -generally described as _mestizos_ (mes-tee´zos). There is also a small -percentage of Africans, descendants of the negro slaves introduced -in colonial times. Naturally, the Indians are in great majority. The -Bolivian Indian is essentially a farmer. Scarcely any of these Indians -are educated. - -Of the various tribes of Indians, the Aymaras are the most civilized. -The Mojos (mo´-hos) and Chiquitos (chee-kee´-tose) tribes are peaceable -and industrious. They have little ambition, and are held almost in a -state of peonage. Inhabiting the southern part of the Bolivian plains -are the Chiraguanos (chee-rah-gwah´-nos), a detached tribe of the -Guarani race which drifted westward, to the vicinity of the Andes, long -ago. They are of a superior physical and mental type, and have made a -great deal of progress toward civilization. Of the wild Indians very -little is known in regard to either their numbers or customs. - -The _mestizos_, or half-breeds, sometimes called Cholos, are the -connecting link between the whites and the Indians. It has been said -of the _mestizos_ that they inherit the vices of both races and the -virtues of neither. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN - -A PACK TRAIN OF LLAMAS IN LA PAZ, BOLIVIA--TWILIGHT] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_Resources and Industries_ - -THREE - - -“Imagine,” says James Bryce, “a country as big as the German and -Austrian dominions put together, with a population less than that of -Denmark, four-fifths of it consisting of semi-civilized or uncivilized -Indians, and a few educated men of European and mixed stock, scattered -here and there in half a dozen towns, none of which has more than -a small number of capable citizens of that stock.” That country is -Bolivia. - -The popular idea of Bolivia is that it is an extremely rugged, -mountainous country. In fact, only two-fifths of the total area of -Bolivia is comprised within the Andine Cordilleras, which cross its -southwest corner. Three-fifths of the country is composed of low, -alluvial plains, great swamps and flooded bottom lands, and gently -undulating forest regions. There are also considerable areas that -afford rich grazing lands. - -Bolivia lies wholly within the torrid zone. The only variations in -temperature, therefore, are due to elevation. For this reason the -country possesses every degree of temperature, from that of the -tropical lowlands to the Arctic cold of the snow-capped peaks directly -above. - -Bolivia has many interesting animals. There are numerous species of -monkeys that inhabit the forests of the tropical region, together with -the puma, jaguar, wild cat, tapir, and sloth. A rare bear, the _Ursus -ornatus_ (spectacled bear) inhabits the wooded Indian foothills. The -chinchilla lives in the colder plateau regions of the country. The -most interesting of all the Bolivian animals, however, are the guanaco -(gwah-na´ko) and its relatives, the llama (lyah´ma), alpaca (al-pak´ah) -and vicuña (vi-koon´yah). These animals have the structure and habits -of the African camel, but are smaller and have no hump. They are able -to go without food and drink for long periods. The llama and the alpaca -have been domesticated for centuries; but the guanaco and vicuña are -found in a wild state only. The llama is used as a pack animal; and the -alpaca is highly prized for its fine wool. The slaughter of the guanaco -and the vicuña is rapidly diminishing their number. - -Of birds the species in Bolivia are very numerous. The high mountains -are frequented by condors and eagles of the largest size; while the -American ostrich and a species of large stork inhabit the tropical -plains and valleys. The common vulture is scattered throughout the -whole country. - -All sorts of plants, flowers and vegetation are to be found in Bolivia. -Coca (a shrub of the flax family, the dry leaves of which are chewed by -the native Indians as a stimulant) is one of the most important plants -of the country. The most important of the forest products, however, -is rubber. Sugar cane, rice, and tobacco are cultivated in the warm -districts. - -The most important industry in Bolivia is mining. The lofty and -desert part of the country finds its only natural source of wealth -in minerals. The Western Cordillera is especially rich in copper and -silver, the Eastern in gold and tin. It has been said that one-third of -all the world’s production of tin now comes from Bolivia. It was from -the east Andine regions that the Incas obtained those vast stores of -gold which so excited the Spaniards. Legend has it that the gold that -the Spanish took out of the country was much less than that which the -Indians buried or threw into the lakes to keep it from the conquerors. - -Next to mining, stock raising is one of the chief industries of the -country. Horses and, to a greater extent, cattle, are raised there. -Goats and sheep are also a source of profit. - -Although the agricultural resources of Bolivia are of great value, -their development has been slow. Sugar cane is grown, but chiefly for -the manufacture of rum. Rice is also raised, but the quantity is not -great. Tobacco and coffee of fair quality grow readily. The product -that receives most attention, however, is coca. This plant is highly -esteemed by the natives, who chew the leaf. It is also used for -medicinal purposes. - -It is from her forests, however, that Bolivia derives the greatest -immediate profit. The most prominent and profitable industry is that -of rubber collecting. This was begun in Bolivia between 1880 and 1890. -In 1903 Bolivia’s best rubber forests were transferred to Brazil, but -there still remain extensive areas where good rubber is collected. - -The industrial activities of the Bolivian people are still of a very -primitive character. Spinning and weaving are done in the home. The -Indian women are expert weavers. Other industries of some importance -are the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes, soap, candles, hats, -gloves, starch, cheese and pottery. The foreign trade of Bolivia is -comparatively unimportant, with the exception of the products of its -mines. - -One difficulty that Bolivia has to contend with is the lack of -transportation facilities. Railways have never been developed to any -extent, but great plans are on foot to remedy this. With communications -improved and extended, the future of Bolivia appears bright. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN - -LA PAZ, BOLIVIA--FROM THE RIM OF THE HEIGHTS] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_La Paz_ - -FOUR - - -La Paz (lah pahth; local pronunciation, lah pahs´) is a most unusual -city. It is the highest capital city in the world--for although Sucre -is the official capital, La Paz is really the capital city of Bolivia. -It lies in a great mountain hollow nearly 13,000 feet above the sea. -This altitude closely approaches that of Pike’s Peak; but whereas such -an altitude in our country would mean perpetual snow, here it brings -only a temperate climate, where flowers blossom throughout the year and -the little snow that falls quickly vanishes in the morning sunlight. - -The city’s official name is La Paz de Ayacucho (eiah-koo´cho). It -is built in a deeply worn valley of the Cordillera Real, which is -believed to have formed an outlet of Lake Titicaca (tee-tee-kah´kah). -La Paz is built on both banks of the Rio de La Paz, or Rio Chuquiapu, -thirty miles southeast of Lake Titicaca. The valley in which the -city lies is about ten miles long and three miles wide. It is very -barren and forbidding, and its precipitous sides, gullied by rains -and colored by mineral ores, rise 1,500 feet above the city. Above -Illimani (eel-yee-mah´-nee) and other giant mountains of the Bolivian -Cordilleras rear their snow-capped peaks. The upper edge of the valley -is called the Alto de La Paz, or Heights of La Paz. - -The city is surprisingly large, its population being about 80,000. -Two-thirds of the population consists of Indians. They give a -picturesqueness to the place, the women of the Cholos (cho´los), or -half-breeds, being especially gaily attired. - -The greater part of La Paz lies on the left bank of the river. Both -banks rise steeply from the stream, and the streets at right angles to -the river are very precipitous. All the streets are narrow, and paved -with small cobblestones. The sidewalks also are so narrow that only two -may go abreast. Many of the inhabitants prefer to walk in the middle of -the street. The only things likely to be met are either pedestrians or -llamas, the latter used in great numbers in this part of the country as -pack animals. - -La Paz was founded in 1548 by the Spaniard, Alonzo de Mendoza -(ahlon´tho day men-do´-thah), on the site of an Indian village called -Chuquiapu (choo-ku-ah´-poo). It soon became an important colony. At -the end of the war of independence, in 1825, it was re-named La Paz de -Ayacucho, in honor of the last decisive battle of the revolution. La -Paz was then made one of the four capitals of the Bolivian republic. -When the Bolivian Congress, however, attempted to designate Sucre as -the permanent capital, the citizens of La Paz revolted; and by this -revolution of 1898 the seat of government was permanently established -there. - -One of the most interesting parts of the city to visitors is the -Alameda (ah-lah-may´-dah). This is a handsome thoroughfare, with rows -of trees, shrubs and flowers. It also has a wide central walk with -pools, in which are swans and goldfish. Along the Alameda are many new -and rather pretty residences. Most of the houses are painted in tints -of pale blue, green, yellow and strawberry, giving the street a gay and -pleasing appearance. - -The Plaza Murillo is so named from the patriot Pedro Domingo Murillo, -who was executed there in 1810. This spot is also the place where -independence was first declared in 1809. It has been the scene of many -turbulent episodes. On one side of the plaza is the Government Palace, -erected in 1885. This contains the offices of many state officials, -and, in the upper story, the office and residence of the president and -his family. - -The Cathedral of La Paz, on the same side of the plaza as the -Government Palace, is still in process of construction. The foundations -were laid in 1843. When finished it will be one of the largest and -most expensive cathedrals in South America. It is to be built in the -Græco-Roman style, will have towers nearly 200 feet high, a dome the -top of which will be 150 feet above the floor, and will be capable of -seating 12,000 persons. - -Across the corner from the Government Palace is the Hall of Congress. -Another interesting spot is the market place. Here come thousands of -Indians to buy and sell. - -Other buildings of note are the old University of San Andrés -(ahn-dres´), the Church of San Francisco, the Church of Santo Domingo, -the Museum of Natural History, rich in relics of the Inca and colonial -periods, the very much up-to-date theater, and the Municipal Library. - -The houses of the poorer classes in La Paz are usually built with mud -walls and covered with tiles. The better class dwellings, however, are -constructed of stone and brick. - -La Paz is an important commercial center. It is connected with the -Pacific coast by the Bolivian Railway from Mollendo (mol-yen´-do), to -Puno (poo´-no) and a Bolivian extension from Guaqui (gwah´-kee) to Alto -de La Paz--the two lines being connected by a steamship service across -Lake Titicaca. An electric railway, five miles long, runs from the Alto -de La Paz to the city. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY I. F. SCHEELER - -STREET SCENE AND MARKET, SUCRE, BOLIVIA] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_Sucre_ - -FIVE - - -On May 25, 1809, the first city of Spanish South America revolted -against the rule of Spain. That city was Sucre (soo´-kray). This -town was originally the site of an Indian village called Chuquisaca -(choo-kee-sah´-kah) or Chuquichaca, which means “golden bridge.” In -1538 the Spaniards under Captain Pedro Angules (pay´-dro ahn-goo´lace) -settled there and called the place Charcas (chahr´-kahs) and Ciudad -de la Plata (thee-oo-thath´ day lah plah´tah), but the natives always -clung to the original Indian name. In time the town became the favorite -residence and health resort of the rich mine owners of Potosí, some -distance away. After the South Americans had won their independence, -the name of Chuquisaca was changed to Sucre, in honor of the general -who won the last decisive battle of the war and then became the first -president of Bolivia. Since that time the city has suffered much from -quarrels between the various factions of Bolivia. It is now the nominal -capital of the republic, but the seat of government for Bolivia is -located in La Paz. Since the government was removed there, Sucre has -greatly diminished in importance. - -The city is in an elevated valley, being about 8,839 feet above the -sea. For this reason it has an exceptionally agreeable climate. In the -vicinity are fertile valleys which provide the city markets with fruits -and vegetables. The population of the city is about 25,000. - -Sucre is laid out regularly. It has broad streets, a large central -plaza and a public garden, or promenade, called the Prado. There are -nine plazas altogether. That called the “25 de Mayo” has a stream -on each side. One of these flows northward and joins the Mamoré -(mah-mo-ray´) and so reaches the Amazon. The other turns southeast, -going on to the Pilcomayo (peel-ko-my´-o) and at last to the estuary -of La Plata (lah-plah´-tah). The Cathedral of Sucre, called the -Metropolitan Cathedral, is the richest in Bolivia. It dates from 1553, -and possesses an image of solid gold with a rich adornment of jewels, -called “The Virgin of Guadalupe (gwah-dah-loo´-pay).” This is said to -be worth a million dollars. The legislative palace of Sucre contains -handsomely decorated halls; but this building is no longer occupied -as such by the national government. Other important buildings are the -Cabildo (kah-beel´do), or town hall; the mint, dating from 1572; the -courts of justice; and the University of San Francisco Xavier (sahn -frahn-this-ko zav´-ih-er; Spanish, hahvee-air´), which was founded in -1624 and has faculties of law, medicine and theology. - -At the lower end of the central plaza, or Prado (prah´do) is a pretty -chapel called the “Rotunda.” This was erected in 1852 by President -Belzu (bale´-thoo), on the spot where an unsuccessful attempt had been -made to assassinate him. - -Sucre is the seat of the supreme court of Bolivia, and also of the -archbishop of La Plata and Charcas, the primate of Bolivia. - -The city is not a commercial one. Its only noteworthy manufacture is -the “clay dumplings” which are eaten with potatoes by the inhabitants -of the Bolivian uplands. In spite of being the capital of the country, -it is one of its most isolated towns, because of the difficult -character of the roads leading to it. It is reached from the Pacific -by way of Challapata (chahl-ya-pah´tah), a station on the Antofagasta -(ahn-toe-fah-gahs´-tah) and Oruro Railroad. The city will soon be -connected by rail with the region of the west. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN - -ORURO, BOLIVIA] - - - - -_BOLIVIA_ - -_Cities of Bolivia_ - -SIX - - -Cochabamba (ko-chah-bahm´bah) is called the Garden City of Bolivia. -It was founded in 1574 in a beautiful valley on the east side of the -mountains, which are here called the Royal Range. For a time the town -was known as Oropesa (o-ro-pay´sah). During the war of independence, -the people of the city took an active part; the women especially -distinguished themselves in an attack on the Spanish camp in 1815. -Three years later some of them were put to death by the Spanish forces. -In general, the isolated situation of Cochabamba has been a protection -against the disorders which have from time to time upset Bolivia. - -Cochabamba stands on the Rocha (ro´cha), a small tributary of the -Guapai (gwah-pie´) River. Its population is about 30,000, mostly -Indians and _mestizos_. The city is 8,400 feet above the sea, 291 -miles north-northwest of Sucre, and 132 miles east-northeast of Oruro -(o-roo´-ro). A newly constructed railway runs from Oruro to Cochabamba. - -The climate is mild and temperate, and the surrounding country fertile -and cultivated. Trade is active; and in fact the city is one of the -most progressive in Bolivia, in spite of its isolated situation. It is -laid out regularly and contains many attractive buildings. The city has -a university and two colleges, but they are poorly equipped. - -The name of the city of Potosí (po-to-see´) has become proverbial and -“smacks of almost magical and unearthly wealth.” It possesses some of -the most wonderful silver mines in the world. Founded in 1547, shortly -after the first discovery of silver there by an Indian herder, it has -since produced an enormous amount of the precious metal. One writer -estimates the yield of the mines there as having been worth one billion -dollars. Seven thousand mines have been started, of which seven hundred -are being worked for silver and tin today. At one time the city had a -population of 150,000, which has now dwindled to about 25,000. - -Potosí stands on a barren terrace about 13,000 feet above sea level, -and is one of the highest towns in the world. It is 47 miles southwest -of Sucre in a direct line. The famous Cerro Gordo (ser´-ro gor´-do; -Spanish, ther´-ro gor´-do) de Potosí rises above the town to a height -of 15,381 feet, a barren, white capped mountain, honeycombed with -mining shafts. The town itself is laid out regularly. A large plaza -forms the center, around which are grouped various buildings, such as -the government house, national college, the old “Royal Mint,” dating -from 1585, and the treasury. The city has a cathedral, which in part -dates from early colonial times. The water supply is derived from a -system of twenty-seven artificial lakes, or reservoirs, and aqueducts -constructed by the Spanish government during the years of the city’s -greatest prosperity. - -Oruro (o-roo´-ro) is an important mining town of about 20,000 people. -During the colonial period this town was noted next to Potosí, for the -richness and productiveness of its mines. The mines in the neighborhood -are now worked principally, though not entirely, for tin. - -Oruro is 115 miles south-southeast in a direct line from La Paz. It -stands 12,250 feet above sea level, and its climate is characterized by -a short, cool summer and a cold, rainy winter. Oruro is the Bolivian -terminus of the Antofagasta (ahn-toe-fah-gahs´-tah) Railway, the first -constructed in Bolivia. In time the city promises to be one of the most -important railway centers in the country. - -Oruro contains many foreign residents, and several clubs. The -government palace and the university building face the principal -plaza. Besides these, the city has a theater, a public library and a -mineralogical museum, as well as the usual churches, hospitals and -schools. - -There is one other region in Bolivia that should be visited by all -travelers interested in the mysterious past of the country. This region -is called Tiahuanacu (tee-ah-wah-nah´-koo). It is not far from La Paz, -and the ruins there were believed by Sir Clements Markham to indicate -the former existence of a large city of the Incas. One huge gateway, -broken and apparently not in its original position, is especially -interesting. This great piece of stone is 13 feet wide, 7 feet above -the ground, and 3 feet thick. It is curiously and elaborately carved. -In the center is a human head, supposed to represent the creator of the -universe. To this, other figures, partly human and some with heads of -condors, seem to be offering worship. - -Other stones in this region are remarkable for their size and for the -ornamental carving that appears upon them. All the ruins are apparently -of great age. It is not difficult to imagine a time when the city was -the home of thousands of human beings in a very advanced stage of -civilization. - - PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142 - COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -_THE MENTOR · DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL_ - -_NOVEMBER 1, 1917_ - -BOLIVIA - -By E. M. NEWMAN - -_Lecturer and Traveler_ - -Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1913, at the post-office at -New York, N. Y., under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1917, by -The Mentor Association, Inc. - - _MENTOR GRAVURES_ - - A PACK TRAIN OF LLAMAS IN LA PAZ - - LA PAZ--FROM THE RIM OF THE HEIGHTS - - HOUSE OF CONGRESS LA PAZ - - [Illustration] - - _MENTOR GRAVURES_ - - INCA TEMPLE OF THE SUN, ON LAKE TITICACA - - ORURO - - STREET SCENE AND MARKET, SUCRE - - [Illustration] - -[Illustration: THE NATIVE BOLIVIAN INDIAN] - - -Bolivia is another Thibet; one of the highest inhabited plateaus in the -world. It is one of the richest mineral sections, as it now produces -about one-third of the world’s supply of tin, and contains vast wealth -in its rich copper, gold, and silver mines. Nearly ninety per cent. of -its population is of Indian origin, and to this fact may be attributed -its slow progress; as outside of its capital city, almost everything is -still in a primitive state. - -Since its last war with Chile, it has been shut off from the sea-coast; -and to get to Bolivia one must now cross either Chile or Peru, which -necessitates a long journey by rail; and if the entrance be by way of -the Peruvian gateway, Mollendo, Lake Titicaca must also be crossed. - -[Illustration: STEAMER ON LAKE TITICACA - -The parts of this steamer were carried to the lake by rail and put -together there] - -Lying in a valley, at an altitude of more than 12,000 feet above the -level of the sea, is the Bolivian capital, La Paz, the City of Peace. -It is picturesquely situated in a huge bowl, cut into the plateau; -and to reach it one must descend in an electric car, 1,300 feet down -the steep slope, where, at the bottom of the cup, lies a city of -more than 150,000 people. In its situation, it is probably the most -remarkable of all capitals. Although called the City of Peace, it has -been the scene of turmoil and strife ever since the Spaniards invaded -these solitudes. Rising high above the city is beautiful Illimani, -one of the highest peaks of the Andes. Perpetually clad in snow, -this magnificent mountain dominates the view, and is one of the most -striking scenic features of Bolivia. - -In the central square of La Paz rises the cathedral, which has been in -process of building for forty years, and at the rate it is progressing -it will probably not be completed for another century. On this same -central square is the Bolivian House of Congress, nearly all of its -members of Indian origin. This plaza is the center of political life, -and radiating from it are the principal business thoroughfares. - -Plaza San Francisco is another of the important squares of the city, -and takes its name from the magnificent church, one of the most -artistic structures in South America. Upon this square, at all hours -of the day, there is a fascinating panorama of life; for, passing -constantly, are picturesque Indians, clad in grotesque costumes, many -of them driving burros or the Andean beast of burden, the llama. - - -_Native Costumes_ - -In no other city of the world are the costumes worn by Indians as -elaborate as those seen in the streets of La Paz. The Cholo or -half-breed is resplendent in garments of the brightest colors. The -women in particular are gorgeously arrayed in silk skirts, kid boots -and straw hats. - -There is a curious custom which is rigidly observed. Full blooded -Indians must wear felt hats, and are looked upon as inferior in social -standing. The Cholos may always be distinguished by their straw hats, -which are never worn by the others. Having married a Bolivian, or -perhaps a white man, a Cholo woman considers herself quite a superior -being. She delights in patronizing the best shops, where she seeks only -the costliest silks, the gayest of shawls, and kid boots with high -heels, which are imported from France or from the United States. - -When fully attired, she is a sight to behold. Arrayed in all her -finery, she promenades like a queen through the streets of the city; -and yet, back of it all, the influence of blood is evident. She may -dress ever so elaborately, but the old customs still cling; she still -insists upon carrying her baby on her back in good old Indian fashion, -and she is not averse to carrying her market basket when she goes to -the market to make her purchases. Most numerous among the Indians -are the Aymaras, who, unlike the Quichua Indians of Peru, are surly -and inclined to hold aloof from the white man. They are seemingly -indifferent to the white man’s influence. For clothing, the Aymará men -wear shirts and trousers of a coarse cotton material; and over their -shoulders is thrown a poncho of heavy woolen cloth. Aside from their -poncho, the most attractive part of their costume is a curious woolen -head-covering, beautifully embroidered with beads in gay colors. In -a climate where it is always cold except at midday, these caps with -their long ear-muffs are very serviceable. Women who are wives of -full-blooded Indians make no pretension in the way of attire, and they -accept without question their social status, which relegates them to an -inferior position. - -[Illustration: ON LAKE TITICACA] - -[Illustration: BALSA BOAT - -Native making the boat of reeds] - - -_Customs and Laws_ - -Much of the trading carried on with the Indians is done by barter; they -bring their farm and garden produce to the city, and exchange it with -dealers for groceries or wearing apparel. Very few of them accumulate -money, and wealth is very rare. - -Many of their laws are unique, and are no doubt born of tribal customs -which have been handed down for generations, and yet are usually -rigidly observed. If, for instance, a doctor loses seven patients, -Indian law decrees that the career of the doctor must terminate, and -that his life must be a forfeit for his failure to save the lives of -his patients. After the Indian doctor has lost his sixth patient, he -usually departs for some unknown place. - -Although the Bolivian capital is overwhelmingly Indian in point of -population, in appearance it is decidedly modern. Its streets are -paved with cobblestones, but as a rule are clean and kept in good -condition. The pavements may be rough, but it must be borne in mind -that there are very few level thoroughfares; most of the streets are -very hilly, and would be almost impossible to navigate were it not for -the cobblestones, which permit men and beasts to maintain a foothold. -Municipal laws will not permit Indians to make use of the thoroughfares -for their llamas during business hours; they are brought into the city -early in the morning, remaining in some patio or courtyard awaiting the -evening hours, when their owners drive them home. At sunset one may see -long trains of these quaint animals driven through the streets on their -way back to the farms. The llama lends picturesqueness to one of the -most unusual cities on the face of the globe. - -[Illustration: LA PAZ, VIEWED FROM THE RIM--MT. ILLIMANI IN THE -DISTANCE] - -[Illustration: THE EVENINGS ARE COLD IN LA PAZ] - -Little or no coal is burned, as it costs $60 per ton, and only the -very wealthy could afford to use it. There is no wood, so few of the -houses are heated. Most of the English and American residents use oil -burners or electric heaters in their homes; but even the principal -hotel is so cold that men usually go to dinner in their overcoats and -the women enveloped in furs. Most visitors usually retire immediately -after dining, as the night air is so cold that it can be endured only -by those acclimated. It is no uncommon thing for a guest at the hotel -to pile upon his bed all the available covering that he can obtain, -including the carpet on the floor of his room. - -One might imagine that Cholo women are unusually corpulent; but this -is apparent only because of the fact that they don from twelve to -twenty skirts. At times, contests are held between Indian belles as to -which has the more gorgeous petticoats, and also the greater number. -A winner is said to have displayed as many as twenty-four, disclosing -a collection of brilliantly colored petticoats unequaled elsewhere for -variety. - -[Illustration: A LEADING CITIZEN] - - -_Religion in Bolivia_ - -Both Bolivians and Indians are, as a rule, Catholics. On Corpus Christi -day, which is religiously celebrated, there is a curious procession -in which thousands of people take part, and a strange combination of -Cholos, Aymaras and native Bolivians wend their way through the various -thoroughfares. In this parade, the Cholo women discard their straw hats -and wear their shawls instead. Most of them belong to church societies, -and these organizations are indicated by ribbons worn around the neck, -the color denoting the society to which the wearer belongs. - -[Illustration: THE FAITHFUL, HARDWORKING LLAMAS] - -All the dignitaries of the church take part in the Corpus Christi day -procession. Business is practically suspended, and the President of the -Republic, accompanied by the members of the Houses of Congress and all -the officials of the Government, march to the cathedral, where services -are held. On various thoroughfares, altars are erected, and these are -usually decorated by the members of the different ladies’ societies. - -Religion has a strong hold on the people of Bolivia. One not affiliated -with the church is looked upon with suspicion and becomes a social -outcast. In no other country are the churches better attended. - - -_Streets of La Paz_ - -The most attractive of the thoroughfares in the Bolivian capital is -the Alameda, a wide avenue lined with trees, and having in its center -a promenade. It is on this thoroughfare that the various legation -buildings are situated. As usual, one may walk along this street and -seek for the most unattractive building and be quite sure that it -is the American legation building. Almost every government is here -represented, so that the Alameda might be said to be the center of -diplomatic life. - -[Illustration: A HILLY STREET IN LA PAZ] - -[Illustration: ALAMEDA, LA PAZ - -Where the foreign Legation buildings are] - -[Illustration: CHURCH OF SAN FRANCISCO, LA PAZ] - -La Paz is surprisingly modern in the architecture of its business -structures. Most of the buildings are of brick, plastered over and -painted. Many of its shops would be a credit to an American city. They -are by no means mere country stores, but carry an astonishingly good -class of merchandise, and many of the products of France and the United -States are displayed for sale in the various shop windows. To leave -the capital city, one must ascend by electric railway to the plateau, -where is situated the railway depot. One may go directly south by rail -all the way to Antofagasta, Chile, where steamer connections are made -for Valparaiso. On this journey, one obtains a wonderful view of the -back-bone of the Andes, traveling along a plateau averaging in height -about 14,000 feet above sea level. The snow-clad summits of this mighty -range of mountains are constantly in sight. There are few cities along -the railway. Perhaps the most important of the Bolivian towns is Oruro, -which is in the center of a very rich salt country, and as the railroad -approaches the Chilean boundary there are rich deposits of borax and -nitrate. - -[Illustration: LOOKING DOWN THE ALAMEDA, LA PAZ] - -Many travelers experience all the terrors of soroche or mountain -sickness when traveling on the high Bolivian plateau. The altitude is -dangerous for some people, and in a few cases results fatally. One -whose heart is weak should not attempt the journey, as it is trying -even upon the strongest constitution, and such evidences of altitude -as nose-bleed and dizzy spells afflict even those who are accustomed to -high altitudes. - - -_Sucre_ - -During the cold winter months, many Bolivians descend the eastern slope -of the Andes to Sucre, which has become a favorite winter resort for -diplomatic representatives. Sucre is several thousand feet lower than -La Paz, and its climate is somewhat milder. Lower down, toward the -Brazilian boundary, there are tropical forests and a wild, uninhabited -country where disease lurks; and here are great jungles and swamps, -making human habitation almost impossible except for the aboriginal -tribes, which seem to be immune to the fevers that infest this -low-lying country. Among other important cities in Bolivia are Potosí, -and Cochabamba, where there is an American school, a branch of the -American Institute of La Paz. A number of young American men and women -have voluntarily left home and friends and have gone to Bolivia to -teach the youth of that country. The best families send their children -to the American schools, and the Bolivian boys and girls are not only -taught the English language, but they are made familiar with the -history of the United States. It is the ambition of many of the sons of -Bolivian parents to acquire the language, so that they may make their -future home in America. The American teachers are unusually capable -young men and women, and the standard of efficiency that one finds in -the American Institute is a credit to the young people who have made -the sacrifice of leaving home and living in Bolivia. - -The military system is patterned after that of Germany, as the -soldiers of the country have been drilled by German officers, and their -influence is plainly evident in the familiar goose-step and the various -manœuvers that one may observe in military camps. The Bolivian soldiers -have not the fighting qualities of the Chileans, and in past wars have -proved anything but a match for their neighbors to the south. - - -_Lake Titicaca and Guaqui_ - -In going from La Paz to Lake Titicaca, one travels over a level -plateau, nearly three miles above the sea. Little or nothing grows at -this altitude, and the few Indians living on this plain must have their -food supply brought up from the valleys below on the backs of llamas. -Other than mines, there is no inducement for even an Indian to make his -home on this lofty plateau. There is no source of income other than -working in some of the gold, silver and copper mines which abound in -these altitudes. - -[Illustration: BOLIVIAN INDIAN MOTHER] - -[Illustration: BOLIVIAN FARMERS] - -[Illustration: BOLIVIAN CHILDREN OF THE MOUNTAIN COUNTRY] - -Guaqui, a little town on the shores of Lake Titicaca, is the terminus -of the railway. A regiment of cavalry is stationed at this port, as -it in reality forms the boundary line of the country. In this little -place, one obtains his final glimpse of the picturesquely attired -Cholo women, as they are rarely seen outside of Bolivia. In their -native country, their appearance excites no unusual interest; but even -in Peru they are subjected to a certain amount of ridicule, which is -displeasing to these haughty belles. - -Because of the intense cold, school children are often seen seated in -the open air, where they may enjoy the benefit of the warm sun. This -applies largely to the smaller towns and villages, as in the larger -cities the school houses are now quite comfortable. - -[Illustration: STREET ALTAR, CORPUS CHRISTI DAY, LA PAZ] - -Lake Titicaca is a great inland sea, lying between the two ranges of -the Cordillera, and is very high above the ocean. Its area is about -one-third that of Lake Erie, and its present length is about 120 miles, -while its greatest width is about 41 miles. It is, without doubt, one -of the highest navigable bodies of water in the world. - -Among the water plants that one sees growing in the lake is a sort of -rush, which abounds in shallow water from two to six feet in depth, and -rises several feet above the surface. - -It is this material which the Indians, having no wood, use to construct -their boats. In these apparently frail craft, propelled by sails of the -same material, they traverse the lake, carrying with them two or three -men, and in addition, a heavy load of merchandise. - - -_Balsa Boats_ - -There is considerable skill exercised in the making of the balsa, as -these reed-boats are called. Centuries of experience have taught the -Indians the process, which has been developed to a remarkable stage of -perfection, enabling them to defy the storms which are so frequent. The -short, heavy waves make navigation dangerous even for much larger boats -than the native balsa. - -[Illustration: CAPITOL BUILDING IN SUCRE] - -Like the waters of Lake Superior, these are too cold for the swimmer; -but the lack of bathing facilities gives the Indian but little concern. -The greatest depth of the lake is said to be about 600 feet. Fish -are plentiful, and the few Indians who live around the shores of the -lake devote themselves principally to fishing. As far as habitation -is concerned, other than Puno on the Peruvian side and Guaqui on the -Bolivian, there are but a few scattered villages. - -[Illustration: OPEN-AIR SCHOOL--GUAQUI, BOLIVIA] - -Four steamers ply to and fro between these ports, connecting with the -train service. These boats were brought from England, taken in sections -by railway and put together on the shores of the lake. They are today -used to transfer freight, which arrives by sea at a Peruvian or Chilean -port, and is carried by rail to Puno, then across the lake to Bolivia. - -[Illustration: ON THE STATE ROAD FROM POTOSÍ TO SUCRE] - -Numerous islands dot the surface of the lake. One is of real interest. -It is known as Titicaca Island. It has a population of about 300, but -of that number there is but one man who can read and write. In all -Bolivia, only 30,000 children attend school, out of a total population -of 2,000,000. The aborigines do not seem to care for education, and the -Bolivians of European race are few in number. - - -_Inca Ruins_ - -On a small island in Lake Titicaca is the ruined Temple of the -Sun, another reminder of the days of the Incas. When that empire -flourished, this portion of Bolivia was also under the domination of -the Inca ruler; and even today, in some parts of Bolivia, one still -comes upon numerous evidences of Inca rule, such as the ruins of -buildings, temples and stone images, which plainly indicate that they -were the work of that remarkable, ancient people. Inaccessible as is -the country, for one who can stand the journey it affords much of -interest. If there were nothing more in Bolivia than the view afforded -in looking down from the rim of the cup upon La Paz, this alone would -tempt one to visit the country. The buildings of this city have the -appearance of so many tea leaves left in the bottom of a cup, so -tiny do they seem from above. Another glorious scene is that of the -encircling mountains that surround Lake Titicaca, crowning it with a -diadem of snow-covered peaks--a view that is unsurpassed among the -world’s natural wonders. - - -_The Interior Waterways_ - -Although Bolivia has no seaport, the country has a great network of -rivers. The entire length of Bolivia’s navigable streams is about -12,000 miles. These naturally provide excellent means of transportation -and communication. The Paraguay River is navigable for about 1,100 -miles for steamers of from eight to ten feet draft. The Itenes has -about 1,000 miles of navigable water. Another river, the Beni, is -navigable for 1,000 miles for steamers of six feet draft only. Other -streams, such as the Pilcomayo, Mamoré, Sara, and Paragua Rivers can -accommodate light draft vessels for distances varying from 200 to 1,000 -miles. - -From the ocean Bolivia can be approached through the ports of Mollendo, -in Peru, or Arica and Antofagasta in Chile. These are all regular ports -of call of the steamers between Panama and Valparaiso. From these ports -there is railroad communication to Bolivia. - -[Illustration: CITY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, SUCRE] - -[Illustration: THE PLAZA IN SUCRE] - - -_SUPPLEMENTARY READING_ - - BOLIVIA, THE CENTRAL HIGHWAY OF SOUTH AMERICA _By M. R. Wright_ - BOLIVIA _By P. Walle_ - PLATEAU PEOPLES OF SOUTH AMERICA _By A. A. Adams_ - ACROSS THE ANDES _By C. J. Post_ - THE SOUTH AMERICANS _By W. H. Koebel_ - A SEARCH FOR THE APEX OF AMERICA _By Annie S. Peck_ - THE SOUTH AMERICAN TOUR _By Annie S. Peck_ - SOUTH AMERICA _By James Bryce_ - THE BOLIVIAN ANDES _By Sir Martin Conway_ - -⁂ Information concerning the above books may be had on application to -the Editor of The Mentor. - - - - -_THE OPEN LETTER_ - - -Let me tell you about our daily mail. We get letters of appreciation -and letters of suggestion--hundreds of both kinds. Many of them -are addressed to the “Editor of The Mentor,” others to “Dear Mr. -Editor”--and some to “Mr. Moffat.” I like the last form best, for I -know that when a member of The Mentor Association writes in a personal -way, with a message of encouragement or a valuable suggestion, The -Mentor has found a real friend. I like to see the spirit of personal -interest growing in our daily mail. It is the best assurance of the -vitality of The Mentor Idea that we could have. Fellowship spirit is -the soul of all mutual endeavor. - - * * * * * - -It is pleasing to see how close an interest some of our members take in -the details of The Mentor work. The following letter came to me a day -or so ago--and it is too good to keep to myself. - - “_My dear Mr. Moffat_: When I opened the Hawaiian number of The - Mentor, I was delighted to find a greeting from you on the inside - of the front cover page. Now that you have moved over there, why - don’t you stay? Of course, I don’t know anything about the workings - of an editorial office, and it may mean a furious amount of - trouble. You might have to move your desk and your whole staff, and - even have to get out a new copyright, but from an outsider’s point - of view the move looks easy. And to my way of thinking the front - of the magazine is the place for you anyway--if you will permit - me to say so. There you seem to stand as a host at the threshold, - offering a welcome to guests before they enter.” - - _SYLVIA._ - - * * * * * - -“Who is Sylvia? What is she?”--so Shakespeare and Schubert sang. And -if they couldn’t tell who Sylvia was, how can I? Of one thing I feel -sure: she is a faithful reader of The Mentor, for she has taken note of -our goings and comings, and our varied forms of editorial expression. -The notion of my being the “host” is an inviting one. It is a role that -one should be proud to fill, especially when the feast to which he -invites his guests is the wealth of the world’s knowledge. The thought -of assuming that role, however, is a bit staggering. Thanks, Miss -Sylvia, but perhaps I had better play the more generally useful part of -planning, preparing and making up The Mentor feast. Your welcome to the -second cover page is appreciated. I have been there many times before, -however, when the page has borne no signature. No number of The Mentor -appears, Miss Sylvia, without my being around somewhere. I have no -preference for one particular page. I find occupation and joy on every -page of The Mentor from cover to cover. - - * * * * * - -Here are some of the things that we do in reply to letters. - - We answer questions in the various fields of knowledge. We look - up sources of information for our readers and give them full - replies. We have just mailed a letter in which answers were made to - historical questions that called for a morning’s research by one of - our staff. - - We supply programs for reading clubs and lay out schedules for a - whole season of meetings. - - We supply material extracted from reference works for the benefit - of members who are pursuing courses of reading. - - We occasionally read essays or papers that have been prepared by - members, and offer helpful editorial suggestions. Aside from club - work, we lay out reading courses for private individuals who are - pursuing special studies. - - In some cases, where a member lives in a remote spot and cannot - conveniently obtain books, we get them for the member at - publisher’s prices. Occasionally, where books could not be had in - the market, we have lent copies from our library. - - We give full information and service in art, telling our readers - where and how to get good pictures--we also give travel information. - -These are but a few of the things that we do. We have a booklet in -which we describe The Mentor Service. Send for it. If you have not had -the benefit of our service, you will be surprised to see how wide and -varied it is. - - * * * * * - -The Prize Contest Letters have been coming in fast. There are so many -good ones that it will be difficult to make a choice. I am going to -print extracts from some of them. A part of the first letter appears on -the opposite page. It tells of The Mentor as a _friend_. Could there be -any happier note to begin with than that? Other letters will tell of -the many ways in which The Mentor is or can be made valuable in home, -school and social life. The story of one reader will help another, and -the sum total of the information will be of benefit to all. - -[Illustration: W. D. Moffat - -EDITOR] - - - - -A FRIEND IN THE HOUSE - -A MESSAGE FROM A MENTOR READER - - -“Some time ago a very neat stranger called at my home and made the hour -so pleasant, that he at once became my friend. Now this friend has a -permanent place in my home, and is known throughout the vicinity as -‘The Mentor.’ - -“The reason why so many are acquainted with this friend of mine is -because of his value and usefulness manifested in every subject and -service. The Mentor has a permanent personal and social value. There -might be added that also of inspiration. The Mentor has a message of -interest and importance. It has a voice with a true ring, that speaks, -as it were, from personal experience. - -“In company with this companion and friend, one may be charmed as the -story of the distant past or that of unfamiliar and remote things, -people and places is being unfolded. Hardly can there be found any one -so generous, considerate and tactful. - -“The Mentor calls twice a month to inform, enlarge the vision, to -inspire and encourage old and young, men and women, in all walks of -life. - -“The social value is vital. Whether it be in the home or elsewhere, -The Mentor furnishes food for intelligent conversation that has weight -and depth. The personal value is realized more and more as the weeks -come and go. Impressions are left on the mind which in time ripen into -principles. - -“If I wished to make a friend more friendly, I would give him The -Mentor. If I had an enemy--well--I would send him The Mentor. It might -make him my friend.” - - * * * * * - -THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - -ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POPULAR INTEREST IN ART, -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, HISTORY, NATURE, AND TRAVEL - -THE MENTOR IS PUBLISHED TWICE A MONTH - -BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC., AT 222 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. -Y. SUBSCRIPTION, FOUR DOLLARS A YEAR. FOREIGN POSTAGE 75 CENTS EXTRA. -CANADIAN POSTAGE 50 CENTS EXTRA. SINGLE COPIES TWENTY CENTS. PRESIDENT, -THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT, WALTER P. TEN EYCK; SECRETARY, W. D. -MOFFAT; TREASURER, J. S. CAMPBELL; ASSISTANT TREASURER AND ASSISTANT -SECRETARY, H. A. CROWE. - - * * * * * - -THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, Inc., 222 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. - -Statement of the ownership, management, circulation, etc., required -by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of The Mentor, published -semi-monthly at New York, N. Y., for October 1, 1917. State of New -York, County of New York. Before me, a Notary Public, in and for the -State and county aforesaid, personally appeared Thomas H. Beck, who, -having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he -is the Publisher of The Mentor, and that the following is, to the -best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, -management, etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in -the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied -in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, to wit: (1) That the -names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and -business manager are: Publisher, Thomas H. Beck, 52 East 19th Street, -New York; Editor, W. D. Moffat, 222 Fourth Avenue, New York; Managing -Editor, W. D. Moffat, 222 Fourth Avenue, New York; Business Manager, -Thomas H. Beck, 52 East 19th Street, New York. (2) That the owners -are: American Lithographic Company, 52 East 19th Street, New York; C. -Eddy, L. Ettlinger, J. P. Knapp, C. K. Mills, 52 East 19th Street, -New York; M. C. Herczog, 28 West 10th Street, New York; William T. -Harris, Villa Nova, Pa.; Mrs. M. E. Heppenheimer, 51 East 58th Street, -New York; Emilie Schumacher, Executrix for Luise E. Schumacher and -Walter L. Schumacher, Mount Vernon, N. Y.; Samuel Untermyer, 120 -Broadway, New York. (3) That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and -other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent. or more of total -amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities, are: None. (4) -That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, -stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not only the list -of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books -of the Company, but also, in cases where the stockholder or security -holder appears upon the books of the Company as trustee or in any other -fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom -such trustee is acting, is given; also that the said two paragraphs -contain statements embracing affiant’s full knowledge and belief as to -the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security -holders who do not appear upon the books of the Company as trustees, -hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide -owner; and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, -association, or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in -the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him. -Thomas H. Beck, Publisher. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 18th -day of September, 1917. J. S. Campbell, Notary Public, Queens County. -Certificate filed in New York County. My commission expires March 30, -1918. - -THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, Inc., 222 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. - - - - -THE MENTOR - - -How the Mentor Club Service Helps Clubwomen and Women Who Wish to -Organize Literary Clubs - -The success and pleasure of a woman’s club depends on the year’s -program, which should be based on subjects that fascinate and interest, -as well as instruct. - -The planning of an interesting and helpful club program is a difficult -matter, as you who have served on program committees know, and can -really be done successfully only by experts. - -The Mentor Club Service Plans the Programs for Hundreds of Clubs, Free -of Charge - -The Mentor Service Editors, men and women of high intellectual -attainments and broad experience, will be glad at any time to help -_you_ with suggestions or a completely worked out plan for _your_ club -program, based on any desired subject. They will also supply lists of -reference books for help in the preparation of club papers, and will -be glad to assist further by procuring any necessary books not in your -library, at cost, postage prepaid. - -_Remember--The Mentor Club Service Is Free_ - -ADDRESS ALL INQUIRIES TO - -Editor, The Mentor Association 222 Fourth Avenue, New York City - -MAKE THE SPARE MOMENT COUNT - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Bolivia, vol. 5, Num. 18, -Serial 142, November 1, 1917, by E. M. 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M. 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M. Newman - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Mentor: Bolivia, vol. 5, Num. 18, Serial 142, November 1, 1917 - -Author: E. M. Newman - -Release Date: January 11, 2016 [EBook #50894] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: BOLIVIA, VOL. 5 *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<h1>THE MENTOR 1917.11.01, No. 142,<br /> -Bolivia</h1> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 483px;"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="483" height="700" alt="Cover page" /> -</div> - -<div class="bbox" style="width: 25em; margin: auto;"> - -<p class="center gesperrt smaller">LEARN ONE THING<br /> -EVERY DAY</p> - -<p class="smaller noindent">NOVEMBER 1 1917</p> - -<p class="right smaller noindent" style="margin-top: -2em;">SERIAL NO. 142</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="larger">THE<br /> -MENTOR</span><br /> -<br /> -BOLIVIA</p> - -<p class="center smaller">By E. M. NEWMAN<br /> -Lecturer and Traveler</p> - -<p class="smaller noindent">DEPARTMENT OF<br /> -TRAVEL</p> - -<p class="right smaller noindent" style="margin-top: -3em;">VOLUME 5<br /> -NUMBER 18</p> - -<p class="center smaller">TWENTY CENTS A COPY</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<div class="bbox-dashed"> - -<h2>The Native Bolivian</h2> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/book-small.jpg" width="30" height="30" alt="(decorative)" /> -<img src="images/book-small.jpg" width="30" height="30" alt="(decorative)" /> -<img src="images/book-small.jpg" width="30" height="30" alt="(decorative)" /> -</div> - -<p>The Indian of the Bolivian plateau is still only a half-civilized -man and less than half a Christian. He -retains his primeval Nature worship, which groups together -the spirits that dwell in mountains, rivers, and rocks with -the spirits of his ancestors, revering and propitiating all as -<i>Achachilas</i>. In the same ceremony his medicine man invokes -the Christian “<i>Dios</i>” to favor the building of a house, or -whatever he undertakes, and simultaneously invokes the -<i>Achachilas</i>, propitiating them also by offerings, the gift -made to the Earth Spirit being buried in the soil. Similarly -he retains the ceremonial dances of heathendom, and -has secret dancing guilds, of whose mysteries the white -man can learn nothing.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/stars.jpg" width="100" height="19" alt="(decorative)" /> -</div> - -<p>His morality is what it was, in theory and practice, four -centuries ago. He neither loves nor hates, but fears, -the white man, and the white man neither loves nor hates, -but despises him; there being some fear mingled with the -contempt. Intermarriage between pure Indians and pure -Europeans is very uncommon. They are held together -neither by social relations nor by political, but by the need -which the white landowner has for the Indian’s labor -and by the power of long habit, which has made the Indian -acquiesce in his subjection as a rent payer.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/stars.jpg" width="100" height="19" alt="(decorative)" /> -</div> - -<p>Neither of them ever refers to the Spanish Conquest. -The white man does not honor the memory of Pizarro; -to the Indian the story is too dim and distant to affect his -mind. Nor is it the least remarkable feature of the situation -that the mestizo, or half-breed, forms no link between -the races. He prefers to speak Spanish which the Indian -rarely understands. He is held to belong to the upper -race, which is, for social and political purpose, though not -by right of numbers, the Peruvian or Bolivian nation.</p> - -<p class="right">JAMES BRYCE.</p> - -<p class="smaller">From “South America, Observations and Impressions.”</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> - -<img src="images/plate1.jpg" width="650" height="460" alt="" /> - -<p class="captionleft">PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN</p> - -<p class="caption">INCA TEMPLE OF THE SUN—ON THE SHORE OF LAKE TITICACA, BOLIVIA</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><i>BOLIVIA</i><br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>The Story of Bolivia</i></span></h2> -</div> - -<p class="line"><span class="linebg">ONE</span></p> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-plain-w.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap">With the exception of Paraguay, Bolivia is the only -entirely inland State in South America. It is -really a manufactured nation. When the War of -Independence of that part of South America ended, -the revolutionary leaders set up this country as an independent -State, and gave it the name of Bolivia, in honor of -Simon Bolivar, the Liberator, himself a -native of Venezuela. Bolivia is bounded -on the north and east by Brazil, on the -south by Paraguay and Argentina, and on -the west by Chile and Peru.</p> - -<p>In its early days Bolivia was simply a -part of the empire of the Incas of Peru. -The story of the Incas has been given in -Mentor No. 132, “Peru.” After the conquest -of Peru by the Spaniards in the sixteenth -century, the natives were subjected -to a great deal of tyranny and oppression. -They were compelled to work in the mines, -and endured so many hardships and cruelties -that their numbers rapidly diminished.</p> - -<p>During the seventeenth and eighteenth -centuries there were many struggles between -the native-born inhabitants and -their Spanish rulers. The Indian revolt in -Cuzco (koos´-ko or kooth´-ko), Peru, -which was led by the Inca Tupac Amaru -(too´-pahk ah-mah-roo´), stirred up the -Bolivian Indians to further efforts. For -three months Ayoayo (ei-o-ei´-o) with 80,000 -men, besieged the city of La Paz (lah -pahth; local pronunciation, lah pahs´). -Finally his army was dispersed and the -insurrection was crushed.</p> - -<p>Injustice had been worked not only -upon the Indians, but upon the native -born Spanish-Americans. These grew -restless at last, and on July 16, 1809, conspirators -at La Paz deposed and put into -prison the governor, and then proclaimed -the independence of the country. One of -the leaders, Pedro Domingo Murillo (pay´-dro -do-min´-go myr-ril´-o or moo-reel´-yo), -was elected president. This was the first -effort in South America toward democratic -government. The Spanish Viceroy, however, -sent a trained army which soon overcame -that of the patriots. On January 29, -1810, Murillo perished on the scaffold. In -the face of death, however, he exclaimed: -“The torch which I have lighted shall -never be extinguished.”</p> - -<p>From then on until 1825 there was almost -uninterrupted warfare. Success was -equally divided at first between the Spanish -and the revolutionary forces. On -December 9, 1824, the Battle of Ayacucho -(i-ah-koo´-cho), in lower Peru, finally -ended Spanish dominion in South America. -General Sucre (soo´-kray) was the -victorious general. On January 29, 1825, -the last Spanish authorities vacated La -Paz. General Sucre and his army made a -triumphal entry there on February 7, -1825. This general now assumed supreme -command in upper Peru. The first national -assembly met in June at the city -of Chuquisaca (choo-kee-sah´-kah), now -called Sucre. They decided that the part -of the country hitherto known as upper -Peru should be made a separate and independent -nation, with the name of Bolivia. -The Act of Independence bears the date -of August 6, 1825.</p> - -<p>Simon Bolivar (bo-lee´-var) was elected -the first president; and Chuquisaca was -made the capital under the name of Sucre. -When General Bolivar arrived in the city -of La Paz on August 18th, he was greeted -with wild enthusiasm. He was inaugurated -at Sucre in November; but resigned -in January, 1826, to return to Lima (lee´-mah) -in Peru.</p> - -<p>There was no peace for the people of -Bolivia yet, however. Troublous times -followed, and finally came the war with -Chile. This war arose over the collection -of an export tax on nitrate. Chile sent -troops to occupy Bolivian territory; and -then Peru, linked to Bolivia by secret -treaty, together with that country, declared -war on Chile on April 5, 1879. -Both Peru and Bolivia were entirely unprepared, -and Chile was completely victorious -in this war. As a result Bolivia -lost what little coastline the country had -previously possessed.</p> - -<p>During the last thirty years internal -dissensions in Bolivia have for the most -part ceased. There was a brief time of -trouble in 1898 over the question of the -capital city. It had been the custom for -the cities of Sucre, La Paz, Cochabamba -(ko-chah-bahm´-bah), and Oruro (o-roo-ro) -to take turns in being the seat of government. -In December, 1898, however, the -Bolivian Congress attempted to pass a -law making Sucre the permanent residence -of the president and cabinet. La -Paz protested, and the people of the city -rose in open revolt. On January 17, 1899, -a battle was fought between the insurgents -and the government forces. The insurgents -were completely victorious. As a -result, La Paz was made the real seat of -government, although Sucre retains the -name of capital. General Pando, (pahn´-do), -commander of the revolutionary forces, -was elected president. In 1903 a boundary -dispute with Brazil over some rich rubber -country was settled by the cession by -Bolivia of a part of the province of Acre, -(ah´-kray), in return for a cash payment -of $10,000,000.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br /> -ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142<br /> -COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> - -<img src="images/plate2.jpg" width="650" height="460" alt="" /> - -<p class="captionleft">PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN</p> - -<p class="caption">HOUSE OF CONGRESS, LA PAZ, BOLIVIA</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><i>BOLIVIA</i><br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>Government and Institutions</i></span></h2> -</div> - -<p class="line"><span class="linebg">TWO</span></p> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-plain-b.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap">Bolivia is a centralized republic. Its government -is representative in form, but to a great extent it is -autocratic in effect. The Bolivian constitution was -adopted on October 28, 1880, and is a model of its -kind. The executive branch of the government consists of a -president and two vice-presidents. They are elected by direct -popular vote for a period of four years, -and are ineligible for election for the next -succeeding term. The president has a -cabinet of six ministers: Foreign Relations -and Worship, Treasury, Government -and Promotion (Fomento), Justice and -Industry, Public Instruction and Agriculture, -War and Colonization.</p> - -<p>The legislative branch consists of a -national Congress of two houses—a Senate -and a Chamber of Deputies. The Senate -is composed of sixteen members, two from -each department, who are elected by direct -popular vote for a period of six years. The -Chamber of Deputies is composed of -seventy members, who are elected for a -period of four years. Congress meets annually -and its sessions are for sixty days, -which may be extended to ninety days. -All male citizens twenty-one years of age -or over, who can read and write and have -a fixed independent income, may vote. -The number of citizens who vote, therefore, -is very small, and the country is -for that reason under the control of a -political oligarchy.</p> - -<p>The judiciary consists of a national -supreme court, eight superior district -courts, and many lower district courts. -The supreme court is composed of seven -justices, elected by the Chamber of Deputies.</p> - -<p>In each department or State a prefect -appointed by the president has supreme -power. The government of these -departments rests with the national congress.</p> - -<p>The military forces of Bolivia include -about 3,000 regulars and an enrolled force -of 80,000 men. This enrolled force, however, -is both unorganized and unarmed. -In 1894 a conscription law was passed -providing for compulsory military service -for all males between the ages of twenty-one -and fifty years, with two years’ actual -service in the regulars for those between -twenty-one and twenty-five. This law is -practically a dead letter. There is a military -school with sixty cadets and an -arsenal at the city of La Paz. Naturally -Bolivia, having no coast line, is not provided -with a navy.</p> - -<p>Bolivia has a free and compulsory school -system, but education has made little -progress there. Very few of the people -can read and write. Spanish is the official -language, but Quichua (kee-choo´-ah or -kee´-chwah). Aymará (i-mah-rah´), and -Guarani (gwah-rah´-nee) are the languages -of the natives, who form a majority of the -population. A great part of the Indians -do not understand Spanish at all and will -not learn it. The school enrollment is -about one in forty-four. There are universities -at Sucre, La Paz, Cochabamba, -Tarija (tah-ree´-hah), Potosí (po-to-see´), -Santa Cruz (san´-tah kroos), and Oruro. -The university at Sucre, which dates from -colonial times, and that of La Paz, are the -only ones well enough equipped to merit -the title.</p> - -<p>The Constitution of Bolivia says: “The -State recognizes and supports the Roman -Apostolic Catholic religion, the public -exercise of any other worship being prohibited, -except in the colonies, where it is -tolerated.” However, this toleration is -extended to resident foreigners belonging -to other religious sects. The Indians profess -the Roman Catholic faith, but this is -tinged with the superstitions of their -ancestors.</p> - -<p>At this point it will be interesting to -consider the Indians of Bolivia. The population -of the country is composed of Indians -and Caucasians of European origin, -and a mixture of the two races, generally -described as <i>mestizos</i> (mes-tee´zos). There -is also a small percentage of Africans, descendants -of the negro slaves introduced -in colonial times. Naturally, the Indians -are in great majority. The Bolivian Indian -is essentially a farmer. Scarcely any -of these Indians are educated.</p> - -<p>Of the various tribes of Indians, the -Aymaras are the most civilized. The -Mojos (mo´-hos) and Chiquitos (chee-kee´-tose) -tribes are peaceable and industrious. -They have little ambition, and are -held almost in a state of peonage. Inhabiting -the southern part of the Bolivian -plains are the Chiraguanos (chee-rah-gwah´-nos), -a detached tribe of the -Guarani race which drifted westward, to -the vicinity of the Andes, long ago. They -are of a superior physical and mental type, -and have made a great deal of progress -toward civilization. Of the wild Indians -very little is known in regard to either -their numbers or customs.</p> - -<p>The <i>mestizos</i>, or half-breeds, sometimes -called Cholos, are the connecting link between -the whites and the Indians. It has -been said of the <i>mestizos</i> that they inherit -the vices of both races and the virtues of -neither.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br /> -ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142<br /> -COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> - -<img src="images/plate3.jpg" width="650" height="460" alt="" /> - -<p class="captionleft">PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN</p> - -<p class="caption">A PACK TRAIN OF LLAMAS IN LA PAZ, BOLIVIA—TWILIGHT</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><i>BOLIVIA</i><br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>Resources and Industries</i></span></h2> -</div> - -<p class="line"><span class="linebg">THREE</span></p> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-plain-i.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap">“Imagine,” says James Bryce, “a country as big as -the German and Austrian dominions put together, -with a population less than that of Denmark, four-fifths -of it consisting of semi-civilized or uncivilized -Indians, and a few educated men of European and mixed -stock, scattered here and there in half a dozen towns, none of -which has more than a small number of -capable citizens of that stock.” That -country is Bolivia.</p> - -<p>The popular idea of Bolivia is that it is -an extremely rugged, mountainous country. -In fact, only two-fifths of the total -area of Bolivia is comprised within the -Andine Cordilleras, which cross its southwest -corner. Three-fifths of the country -is composed of low, alluvial plains, great -swamps and flooded bottom lands, and -gently undulating forest regions. There -are also considerable areas that afford rich -grazing lands.</p> - -<p>Bolivia lies wholly within the torrid -zone. The only variations in temperature, -therefore, are due to elevation. For this -reason the country possesses every degree -of temperature, from that of the tropical -lowlands to the Arctic cold of the snow-capped -peaks directly above.</p> - -<p>Bolivia has many interesting animals. -There are numerous species of monkeys -that inhabit the forests of the tropical -region, together with the puma, jaguar, -wild cat, tapir, and sloth. A rare bear, the -<i>Ursus ornatus</i> (spectacled bear) inhabits -the wooded Indian foothills. The chinchilla -lives in the colder plateau regions of -the country. The most interesting of all -the Bolivian animals, however, are the -guanaco (gwah-na´ko) and its relatives, the -llama (lyah´ma), alpaca (al-pak´ah) and -vicuña (vi-koon´yah). These animals have -the structure and habits of the African -camel, but are smaller and have no hump. -They are able to go without food and drink -for long periods. The llama and the alpaca -have been domesticated for centuries; but -the guanaco and vicuña are found in a -wild state only. The llama is used as a -pack animal; and the alpaca is highly -prized for its fine wool. The slaughter of -the guanaco and the vicuña is rapidly -diminishing their number.</p> - -<p>Of birds the species in Bolivia are very -numerous. The high mountains are frequented -by condors and eagles of the -largest size; while the American ostrich -and a species of large stork inhabit the -tropical plains and valleys. The common -vulture is scattered throughout the whole -country.</p> - -<p>All sorts of plants, flowers and vegetation -are to be found in Bolivia. Coca (a -shrub of the flax family, the dry leaves of -which are chewed by the native Indians -as a stimulant) is one of the most important -plants of the country. The most important -of the forest products, however, is -rubber. Sugar cane, rice, and tobacco are -cultivated in the warm districts.</p> - -<p>The most important industry in Bolivia -is mining. The lofty and desert part of the -country finds its only natural source of -wealth in minerals. The Western Cordillera -is especially rich in copper and silver, -the Eastern in gold and tin. It has -been said that one-third of all the world’s -production of tin now comes from Bolivia. -It was from the east Andine regions that -the Incas obtained those vast stores of gold -which so excited the Spaniards. Legend -has it that the gold that the Spanish took -out of the country was much less than that -which the Indians buried or threw into the -lakes to keep it from the conquerors.</p> - -<p>Next to mining, stock raising is one of -the chief industries of the country. Horses -and, to a greater extent, cattle, are raised -there. Goats and sheep are also a source -of profit.</p> - -<p>Although the agricultural resources of -Bolivia are of great value, their development -has been slow. Sugar cane is grown, -but chiefly for the manufacture of rum. -Rice is also raised, but the quantity is not -great. Tobacco and coffee of fair quality -grow readily. The product that receives -most attention, however, is coca. This -plant is highly esteemed by the natives, -who chew the leaf. It is also used for -medicinal purposes.</p> - -<p>It is from her forests, however, that -Bolivia derives the greatest immediate -profit. The most prominent and profitable -industry is that of rubber collecting. This -was begun in Bolivia between 1880 and -1890. In 1903 Bolivia’s best rubber forests -were transferred to Brazil, but there still -remain extensive areas where good rubber -is collected.</p> - -<p>The industrial activities of the Bolivian -people are still of a very primitive character. -Spinning and weaving are done in -the home. The Indian women are expert -weavers. Other industries of some importance -are the manufacture of cigars and -cigarettes, soap, candles, hats, gloves, -starch, cheese and pottery. The foreign -trade of Bolivia is comparatively unimportant, -with the exception of the products -of its mines.</p> - -<p>One difficulty that Bolivia has to contend -with is the lack of transportation facilities. -Railways have never been developed -to any extent, but great plans are on -foot to remedy this. With communications -improved and extended, the future of -Bolivia appears bright.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br /> -ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142<br /> -COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> - -<img src="images/plate4.jpg" width="650" height="460" alt="" /> - -<p class="captionleft">PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN</p> - -<p class="caption">LA PAZ, BOLIVIA—FROM THE RIM OF THE HEIGHTS</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><i>BOLIVIA</i><br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>La Paz</i></span></h2> -</div> - -<p class="line"><span class="linebg">FOUR</span></p> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-plain-l.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap">La Paz (lah pahth; local pronunciation, lah pahs´) -is a most unusual city. It is the highest capital -city in the world—for although Sucre is the official -capital, La Paz is really the capital city of Bolivia. -It lies in a great mountain hollow nearly 13,000 feet above the -sea. This altitude closely approaches that of Pike’s Peak; -but whereas such an altitude in our country -would mean perpetual snow, here it -brings only a temperate climate, where -flowers blossom throughout the year and -the little snow that falls quickly vanishes -in the morning sunlight.</p> - -<p>The city’s official name is La Paz de -Ayacucho (eiah-koo´cho). It is built in a -deeply worn valley of the Cordillera Real, -which is believed to have formed an outlet -of Lake Titicaca (tee-tee-kah´kah). La -Paz is built on both banks of the Rio de -La Paz, or Rio Chuquiapu, thirty miles -southeast of Lake Titicaca. The valley in -which the city lies is about ten miles long -and three miles wide. It is very barren -and forbidding, and its precipitous sides, -gullied by rains and colored by mineral -ores, rise 1,500 feet above the city. Above -Illimani (eel-yee-mah´-nee) and other giant -mountains of the Bolivian Cordilleras rear -their snow-capped peaks. The upper edge -of the valley is called the Alto de La Paz, -or Heights of La Paz.</p> - -<p>The city is surprisingly large, its population -being about 80,000. Two-thirds of -the population consists of Indians. They -give a picturesqueness to the place, the -women of the Cholos (cho´los), or half-breeds, -being especially gaily attired.</p> - -<p>The greater part of La Paz lies on the -left bank of the river. Both banks rise -steeply from the stream, and the streets at -right angles to the river are very precipitous. -All the streets are narrow, and paved -with small cobblestones. The sidewalks -also are so narrow that only two may go -abreast. Many of the inhabitants prefer -to walk in the middle of the street. The -only things likely to be met are either pedestrians -or llamas, the latter used in -great numbers in this part of the country -as pack animals.</p> - -<p>La Paz was founded in 1548 by the -Spaniard, Alonzo de Mendoza (ahlon´tho -day men-do´-thah), on the site of an Indian -village called Chuquiapu (choo-ku-ah´-poo). -It soon became an important colony. -At the end of the war of independence, in -1825, it was re-named La Paz de Ayacucho, -in honor of the last decisive battle of the -revolution. La Paz was then made one of -the four capitals of the Bolivian republic. -When the Bolivian Congress, however, attempted -to designate Sucre as the permanent -capital, the citizens of La Paz revolted; -and by this revolution of 1898 the -seat of government was permanently established -there.</p> - -<p>One of the most interesting parts of the -city to visitors is the Alameda (ah-lah-may´-dah). -This is a handsome thoroughfare, -with rows of trees, shrubs and flowers. -It also has a wide central walk with pools, -in which are swans and goldfish. Along -the Alameda are many new and rather -pretty residences. Most of the houses are -painted in tints of pale blue, green, yellow -and strawberry, giving the street a gay -and pleasing appearance.</p> - -<p>The Plaza Murillo is so named from the -patriot Pedro Domingo Murillo, who was -executed there in 1810. This spot is also -the place where independence was first declared -in 1809. It has been the scene of -many turbulent episodes. On one side of -the plaza is the Government Palace, erected -in 1885. This contains the offices of -many state officials, and, in the upper story, -the office and residence of the president -and his family.</p> - -<p>The Cathedral of La Paz, on the same -side of the plaza as the Government Palace, -is still in process of construction. -The foundations were laid in 1843. When -finished it will be one of the largest and -most expensive cathedrals in South America. -It is to be built in the Græco-Roman -style, will have towers nearly 200 feet high, -a dome the top of which will be 150 feet -above the floor, and will be capable of -seating 12,000 persons.</p> - -<p>Across the corner from the Government -Palace is the Hall of Congress. Another interesting -spot is the market place. Here -come thousands of Indians to buy and sell.</p> - -<p>Other buildings of note are the old University -of San Andrés (ahn-dres´), the -Church of San Francisco, the Church of -Santo Domingo, the Museum of Natural -History, rich in relics of the Inca and colonial -periods, the very much up-to-date -theater, and the Municipal Library.</p> - -<p>The houses of the poorer classes in La -Paz are usually built with mud walls and -covered with tiles. The better class dwellings, -however, are constructed of stone and -brick.</p> - -<p>La Paz is an important commercial center. -It is connected with the Pacific coast -by the Bolivian Railway from Mollendo -(mol-yen´-do), to Puno (poo´-no) and a -Bolivian extension from Guaqui (gwah´-kee) -to Alto de La Paz—the two lines -being connected by a steamship service -across Lake Titicaca. An electric railway, -five miles long, runs from the Alto de La -Paz to the city.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br /> -ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142<br /> -COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> - -<img src="images/plate5.jpg" width="650" height="460" alt="" /> - -<p class="captionleft">PHOTOGRAPH BY I. F. SCHEELER</p> - -<p class="caption">STREET SCENE AND MARKET, SUCRE, BOLIVIA</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><i>BOLIVIA</i><br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>Sucre</i></span></h2> -</div> - -<p class="line"><span class="linebg">FIVE</span></p> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-plain-o.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap">On May 25, 1809, the first city of Spanish South -America revolted against the rule of Spain. That -city was Sucre (soo´-kray). This town was originally -the site of an Indian village called Chuquisaca (choo-kee-sah´-kah) -or Chuquichaca, which means “golden bridge.” -In 1538 the Spaniards under Captain Pedro Angules (pay´-dro -ahn-goo´lace) settled there and called the -place Charcas (chahr´-kahs) and Ciudad de -la Plata (thee-oo-thath´ day lah plah´tah), -but the natives always clung to the original -Indian name. In time the town became the -favorite residence and health resort of the -rich mine owners of Potosí, some distance -away. After the South Americans had -won their independence, the name of Chuquisaca -was changed to Sucre, in honor of -the general who won the last decisive battle -of the war and then became the first president -of Bolivia. Since that time the city -has suffered much from quarrels between -the various factions of Bolivia. It is now -the nominal capital of the republic, but the -seat of government for Bolivia is located -in La Paz. Since the government was removed -there, Sucre has greatly diminished -in importance.</p> - -<p>The city is in an elevated valley, being -about 8,839 feet above the sea. For this -reason it has an exceptionally agreeable -climate. In the vicinity are fertile valleys -which provide the city markets with fruits -and vegetables. The population of the -city is about 25,000.</p> - -<p>Sucre is laid out regularly. It has broad -streets, a large central plaza and a public -garden, or promenade, called the Prado. -There are nine plazas altogether. That -called the “25 de Mayo” has a stream on -each side. One of these flows northward -and joins the Mamoré (mah-mo-ray´) and -so reaches the Amazon. The other turns -southeast, going on to the Pilcomayo (peel-ko-my´-o) -and at last to the estuary of La -Plata (lah-plah´-tah). The Cathedral of -Sucre, called the Metropolitan Cathedral, -is the richest in Bolivia. It dates from -1553, and possesses an image of solid gold -with a rich adornment of jewels, called -“The Virgin of Guadalupe (gwah-dah-loo´-pay).” -This is said to be worth a -million dollars. The legislative palace of -Sucre contains handsomely decorated -halls; but this building is no longer occupied -as such by the national government. -Other important buildings are the Cabildo -(kah-beel´do), or town hall; the mint, dating -from 1572; the courts of justice; and -the University of San Francisco Xavier -(sahn frahn-this-ko zav´-ih-er; Spanish, -hahvee-air´), which was founded in 1624 -and has faculties of law, medicine and -theology.</p> - -<p>At the lower end of the central plaza, or -Prado (prah´do) is a pretty chapel called -the “Rotunda.” This was erected in 1852 -by President Belzu (bale´-thoo), on the -spot where an unsuccessful attempt had -been made to assassinate him.</p> - -<p>Sucre is the seat of the supreme court of -Bolivia, and also of the archbishop of La -Plata and Charcas, the primate of Bolivia.</p> - -<p>The city is not a commercial one. Its -only noteworthy manufacture is the “clay -dumplings” which are eaten with potatoes -by the inhabitants of the Bolivian uplands. -In spite of being the capital of the country, -it is one of its most isolated towns, because -of the difficult character of the roads leading -to it. It is reached from the Pacific by -way of Challapata (chahl-ya-pah´tah), a -station on the Antofagasta (ahn-toe-fah-gahs´-tah) -and Oruro Railroad. The city -will soon be connected by rail with the -region of the west.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br /> -ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142<br /> -COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> - -<img src="images/plate6.jpg" width="650" height="460" alt="" /> - -<p class="captionleft">PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN</p> - -<p class="caption">ORURO, BOLIVIA</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><i>BOLIVIA</i><br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>Cities of Bolivia</i></span></h2> -</div> - -<p class="line"><span class="linebg">SIX</span></p> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-plain-c.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap">Cochabamba (ko-chah-bahm´bah) is called the -Garden City of Bolivia. It was founded in 1574 -in a beautiful valley on the east side of the mountains, -which are here called the Royal Range. For -a time the town was known as Oropesa (o-ro-pay´sah). During -the war of independence, the people of the city took an -active part; the women especially distinguished -themselves in an attack on the -Spanish camp in 1815. Three years later -some of them were put to death by the -Spanish forces. In general, the isolated -situation of Cochabamba has been a protection -against the disorders which have -from time to time upset Bolivia.</p> - -<p>Cochabamba stands on the Rocha -(ro´cha), a small tributary of the Guapai -(gwah-pie´) River. Its population is about -30,000, mostly Indians and <i>mestizos</i>. -The city is 8,400 feet above the sea, 291 -miles north-northwest of Sucre, and 132 -miles east-northeast of Oruro (o-roo´-ro). -A newly constructed railway runs from -Oruro to Cochabamba.</p> - -<p>The climate is mild and temperate, and -the surrounding country fertile and cultivated. -Trade is active; and in fact the -city is one of the most progressive in Bolivia, -in spite of its isolated situation. It -is laid out regularly and contains many attractive -buildings. The city has a university -and two colleges, but they are -poorly equipped.</p> - -<p>The name of the city of Potosí (po-to-see´) -has become proverbial and “smacks -of almost magical and unearthly wealth.” -It possesses some of the most wonderful -silver mines in the world. Founded in -1547, shortly after the first discovery of -silver there by an Indian herder, it has -since produced an enormous amount of the -precious metal. One writer estimates the -yield of the mines there as having been -worth one billion dollars. Seven thousand -mines have been started, of which seven -hundred are being worked for silver and -tin today. At one time the city had a -population of 150,000, which has now -dwindled to about 25,000.</p> - -<p>Potosí stands on a barren terrace about -13,000 feet above sea level, and is one of the -highest towns in the world. It is 47 miles -southwest of Sucre in a direct line. The -famous Cerro Gordo (ser´-ro gor´-do; Spanish, -ther´-ro gor´-do) de Potosí rises above -the town to a height of 15,381 feet, a barren, -white capped mountain, honeycombed -with mining shafts. The town itself is laid -out regularly. A large plaza forms the center, -around which are grouped various -buildings, such as the government house, -national college, the old “Royal Mint,” -dating from 1585, and the treasury. The -city has a cathedral, which in part dates -from early colonial times. The water supply -is derived from a system of twenty-seven -artificial lakes, or reservoirs, and -aqueducts constructed by the Spanish -government during the years of the city’s -greatest prosperity.</p> - -<p>Oruro (o-roo´-ro) is an important mining -town of about 20,000 people. During -the colonial period this town was noted -next to Potosí, for the richness and productiveness -of its mines. The mines in the -neighborhood are now worked principally, -though not entirely, for tin.</p> - -<p>Oruro is 115 miles south-southeast in a -direct line from La Paz. It stands 12,250 -feet above sea level, and its climate is characterized -by a short, cool summer and a -cold, rainy winter. Oruro is the Bolivian -terminus of the Antofagasta (ahn-toe-fah-gahs´-tah) -Railway, the first constructed -in Bolivia. In time the city promises to be -one of the most important railway centers -in the country.</p> - -<p>Oruro contains many foreign residents, -and several clubs. The government palace -and the university building face the principal -plaza. Besides these, the city has a -theater, a public library and a mineralogical -museum, as well as the usual -churches, hospitals and schools.</p> - -<p>There is one other region in Bolivia that -should be visited by all travelers interested -in the mysterious past of the country. -This region is called Tiahuanacu (tee-ah-wah-nah´-koo). -It is not far from La Paz, -and the ruins there were believed by Sir -Clements Markham to indicate the former -existence of a large city of the Incas. One -huge gateway, broken and apparently not -in its original position, is especially interesting. -This great piece of stone is 13 feet -wide, 7 feet above the ground, and 3 feet -thick. It is curiously and elaborately -carved. In the center is a human head, -supposed to represent the creator of the -universe. To this, other figures, partly -human and some with heads of condors, -seem to be offering worship.</p> - -<p>Other stones in this region are remarkable -for their size and for the ornamental -carving that appears upon them. All the -ruins are apparently of great age. It is not -difficult to imagine a time when the city -was the home of thousands of human beings -in a very advanced stage of civilization.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br /> -ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR. VOL. 5, No. 18, SERIAL No. 142<br /> -COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="bordered"> - -<p class="center larger"><i>THE MENTOR · DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL</i><br /> -<i>NOVEMBER 1, 1917</i></p> - -</div> - -<h2>BOLIVIA</h2> - -<p class="center">By E. M. NEWMAN</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Lecturer and Traveler</i></p> - -<p class="center smaller">Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1913, at the post-office at New York, N. Y., under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1917, -by The Mentor Association, Inc.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 30%;"> - -<p class="center"><i>MENTOR -GRAVURES</i></p> - -<p class="center smaller">A PACK TRAIN -OF LLAMAS IN LA PAZ</p> - -<p class="center smaller">LA PAZ—FROM THE RIM -OF THE HEIGHTS</p> - -<p class="center smaller">HOUSE OF CONGRESS -LA PAZ</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/book.jpg" width="100" height="97" alt="(decorative)" /> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 30%;"> - -<p class="center"><i>MENTOR -GRAVURES</i></p> - -<p class="center smaller">INCA TEMPLE OF THE -SUN, ON LAKE TITICACA</p> - -<p class="center smaller">ORURO</p> - -<p class="center smaller">STREET SCENE AND -MARKET, SUCRE</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/book.jpg" width="100" height="97" alt="(decorative)" /> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 233px;"> -<img src="images/illus15.jpg" width="233" height="300" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">THE NATIVE BOLIVIAN INDIAN</p> -</div> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-italic-b.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap">Bolivia is another Thibet; one of the highest inhabited -plateaus in the world. It is one of the richest mineral -sections, as it now produces about one-third of the world’s -supply of tin, and contains vast wealth in its rich copper, -gold, and silver mines. Nearly ninety per cent. of its population -is of Indian origin, and to this fact may be attributed its -slow progress; as outside of its capital city, almost everything is still -in a primitive state.</p> - -<p>Since its last war with Chile, it has been shut off from the sea-coast; -and to get to Bolivia one must now cross either Chile or Peru, which -necessitates a long journey by rail; and if the entrance be by way of the -Peruvian gateway, Mollendo, Lake Titicaca must also be crossed.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus16.jpg" width="300" height="203" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">STEAMER ON LAKE TITICACA</p> - -<p class="caption">The parts of this steamer were carried to the lake by rail and put together there</p> - -</div> - -<p>Lying in a valley, at an altitude of more than 12,000 feet above the -level of the sea, is the Bolivian capital, La Paz, the City of Peace. It is -picturesquely situated in a huge bowl, cut into the plateau; and to reach -it one must descend in an electric car, 1,300 feet down the steep slope, -where, at the bottom of the cup, lies a city of more than 150,000 -people. In its situation, it is probably the most remarkable of -all capitals. Although called the City of Peace, it has been the scene -of turmoil and strife ever since the Spaniards invaded these solitudes. -Rising high above the -city is beautiful Illimani, -one of the highest -peaks of the Andes. -Perpetually clad in -snow, this magnificent -mountain dominates -the view, and is one -of the most striking -scenic features of -Bolivia.</p> - -<p>In the central -square of La Paz rises -the cathedral, which -has been in process -of building for forty -years, and at the rate -it is progressing it will probably not be completed for another century. -On this same central square is the Bolivian House of Congress, nearly -all of its members of Indian origin. This plaza is the center of political -life, and radiating from it are the principal business thoroughfares.</p> - -<p>Plaza San Francisco is another of the important squares of the city, -and takes its name from the magnificent church, one of the most artistic -structures in South America. Upon this square, at all hours of the day, -there is a fascinating panorama of life; for, passing constantly, are picturesque -Indians, clad in grotesque costumes, many of them driving -burros or the Andean beast of burden, the llama.</p> - -<h3><i>Native Costumes</i></h3> - -<p>In no other city of the world are the costumes worn by Indians as -elaborate as those seen in the streets of La Paz. The Cholo or half-breed -is resplendent in garments of the brightest colors. The women in particular -are gorgeously arrayed in silk skirts, kid boots and straw hats.</p> - -<p>There is a curious custom which is rigidly observed. Full blooded -Indians must wear felt hats, and are looked upon as inferior in social -standing. The Cholos may always be distinguished by their straw -hats, which are never worn by the others. Having married a Bolivian, -or perhaps a white man, a Cholo woman considers herself quite a superior -being. She delights in patronizing the best shops, where she seeks only -the costliest silks, the gayest of shawls, and kid boots with high heels, -which are imported from France or from the United States.</p> - -<p>When fully attired, she is a sight to behold. Arrayed in all her finery, -she promenades like a queen through the streets of the city; and yet, back -of it all, the influence of blood is evident. She may dress ever so elaborately, -but the old customs still cling; she still insists upon carrying her baby on -her back in good old Indian fashion, and she is not averse to carrying her -market basket when she goes to the market to make her purchases. Most -numerous among the Indians are the Aymaras, who, unlike the Quichua -Indians of Peru, are surly and inclined to hold aloof from the white man. -They are seemingly indifferent to the white man’s influence. For clothing, -the Aymará men wear shirts and trousers of a coarse cotton material; -and over their shoulders is thrown a poncho of heavy woolen cloth. Aside -from their poncho, the most attractive part of their costume is a curious -woolen head-covering, beautifully embroidered with beads in gay colors. -In a climate where it is always cold except at midday, these caps with their -long ear-muffs are very serviceable. Women who are wives of full-blooded -Indians make no pretension in the way of attire, and they accept without -question their social status, which relegates them to an inferior position.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus17a.jpg" width="300" height="211" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">ON LAKE TITICACA</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus17b.jpg" width="300" height="255" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">BALSA BOAT</p> - -<p class="caption">Native making the boat of reeds</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h3><i>Customs and Laws</i></h3> - -<p>Much of the trading carried on with the Indians is done by barter; -they bring their farm and garden produce to the city, and exchange it -with dealers for groceries or wearing apparel. Very few of them accumulate -money, and wealth is very rare.</p> - -<p>Many of their laws are unique, -and are no doubt born of tribal customs -which have been handed down -for generations, and yet are usually -rigidly observed. If, for instance, a -doctor loses seven patients, Indian -law decrees that the career of the -doctor must terminate, and that his -life must be a forfeit for his failure -to save the lives of his patients. -After the Indian doctor has lost his -sixth patient, he usually departs for -some unknown place.</p> - -<p>Although the Bolivian capital is -overwhelmingly Indian in point of -population, in appearance it is decidedly -modern. Its streets are paved -with cobblestones, but as a rule are -clean and kept in good condition. -The pavements may be rough, but -it must be borne in mind that there -are very few level thoroughfares; -most of the streets are very hilly, -and would be almost impossible to -navigate were it not for the cobblestones, -which permit men and beasts -to maintain a foothold. Municipal laws will not permit Indians to make -use of the thoroughfares for their llamas during business hours; they are -brought into the city early in the morning, remaining in some patio or -courtyard awaiting the evening hours, when their owners drive them -home. At sunset one may see long trains of these quaint animals driven -through the streets on their way back to the farms. The llama lends -picturesqueness to one of the most unusual cities on the face of -the globe.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> - -<img src="images/illus18.jpg" width="500" height="337" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">LA PAZ, VIEWED FROM THE RIM—MT. ILLIMANI IN THE DISTANCE</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus19a.jpg" width="300" height="240" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">THE EVENINGS ARE COLD IN LA PAZ</p> - -</div> - -<p>Little or no coal is burned, as it costs $60 per ton, and only the very -wealthy could afford to use it. There is no wood, so few of the houses are -heated. Most of the English and American residents use oil burners or -electric heaters in their homes; but even the principal hotel is so cold -that men usually go to dinner in their overcoats and the women enveloped -in furs. Most visitors usually retire immediately after dining, as the night -air is so cold that it can be endured only by those acclimated. It is no -uncommon thing for a guest at the hotel to pile upon his bed all the -available covering that he can obtain, including the carpet on the floor -of his room.</p> - -<p>One might imagine that Cholo women are unusually corpulent; but -this is apparent only because of the fact that they don from twelve to -twenty skirts. At times, contests are held between Indian belles as to -which has the more gorgeous petticoats, and also the greater number. -A winner is said to have displayed -as many as twenty-four, -disclosing a collection of brilliantly -colored petticoats unequaled elsewhere -for variety.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 194px;"> - -<img src="images/illus19b.jpg" width="194" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">A LEADING CITIZEN</p> - -</div> - -<h3><i>Religion in Bolivia</i></h3> - -<p>Both Bolivians and Indians -are, as a rule, Catholics. On -Corpus Christi day, which is -religiously celebrated, there is a -curious procession in which thousands -of people take part, and a -strange combination of Cholos, -Aymaras and native Bolivians -wend their way through the various thoroughfares. In this parade, the -Cholo women discard their straw hats and wear their shawls instead. -Most of them belong to church societies, and these organizations are -indicated by ribbons worn around the neck, the color -denoting the society to which the wearer belongs.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus19c.jpg" width="300" height="230" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">THE FAITHFUL, HARDWORKING LLAMAS</p> - -</div> - -<p>All the dignitaries of the church take part in the -Corpus Christi day procession. Business is practically -suspended, and the President of the Republic, accompanied -by the members of the Houses of Congress and -all the officials of the Government, march to the -cathedral, where services are held. On various thoroughfares, -altars are erected, and these are usually -decorated by the members of the different ladies’ -societies.</p> - -<p>Religion has a strong hold on the people of Bolivia. -One not affiliated with the church is looked upon with -suspicion and becomes a social -outcast. In no other country -are the churches better attended.</p> - -<h3><i>Streets of La Paz</i></h3> - -<p>The most attractive of the -thoroughfares in the Bolivian -capital is the Alameda, a wide -avenue lined with trees, and having -in its center a promenade. -It is on this thoroughfare that -the various legation buildings are -situated. As usual, one may -walk along this street and seek -for the most unattractive -building and be quite sure -that it is the American legation -building. Almost every -government is here represented, -so that the Alameda -might be said to be the center -of diplomatic life.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 373px;"> - -<img src="images/illus20a.jpg" width="373" height="400" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">A HILLY STREET IN LA PAZ</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/illus20b.jpg" width="400" height="321" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">ALAMEDA, LA PAZ</p> - -<p class="caption">Where the foreign Legation buildings are</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 233px;"> - -<img src="images/illus21a.jpg" width="233" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">CHURCH OF SAN FRANCISCO, LA PAZ</p> - -</div> - -<p>La Paz is surprisingly -modern in the architecture of -its business structures. Most -of the buildings are of brick, -plastered over and painted. -Many of its shops would be a -credit to an American city. -They are by no means mere -country stores, but carry an -astonishingly good class of -merchandise, and many of the -products of France and the -United States are displayed -for sale in the various shop windows. To leave the capital city, one -must ascend by electric railway to the plateau, where is situated the -railway depot. One may go directly south by rail all the way to Antofagasta, -Chile, where steamer connections are made for Valparaiso. On -this journey, one obtains a wonderful view of the back-bone of the Andes, -traveling along a plateau averaging in height about 14,000 feet above sea -level. The snow-clad summits of this mighty range of mountains are -constantly in sight. There are few cities along the railway. Perhaps the -most important of the Bolivian -towns is Oruro, which is in -the center of a very rich salt -country, and as the railroad -approaches the Chilean boundary -there are rich deposits -of borax and nitrate.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus21b.jpg" width="300" height="243" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">LOOKING DOWN THE ALAMEDA, LA PAZ</p> - -</div> - -<p>Many travelers experience -all the terrors of soroche or -mountain sickness when traveling -on the high Bolivian -plateau. The altitude is dangerous -for some people, and -in a few cases results fatally. -One whose heart is weak -should not attempt the journey, -as it is trying even upon -the strongest constitution, and such -evidences of altitude as nose-bleed -and dizzy spells afflict even those -who are accustomed to high altitudes.</p> - -<h3><i>Sucre</i></h3> - -<p>During the cold winter months, -many Bolivians descend the eastern -slope of the Andes to Sucre, which -has become a favorite winter resort -for diplomatic representatives. Sucre -is several thousand feet lower than -La Paz, and its climate is somewhat -milder. Lower down, toward -the Brazilian boundary, there are -tropical forests and a wild, uninhabited -country where disease lurks; -and here are great jungles and -swamps, making human habitation -almost impossible except for the -aboriginal tribes, which seem to be -immune to the fevers that infest this low-lying country. Among -other important cities in Bolivia are Potosí, and Cochabamba, where -there is an American school, a branch of the American Institute of -La Paz. A number of young American men and women have voluntarily -left home and friends and have gone to Bolivia to teach the -youth of that country. The best families send their children to the -American schools, and the Bolivian boys and girls are not only taught -the English language, but they are made familiar with the history of -the United States. It is the -ambition of many of the sons -of Bolivian parents to acquire -the language, so that they -may make their future home -in America. The American -teachers are unusually capable -young men and women, and -the standard of efficiency that -one finds in the American Institute -is a credit to the young -people who have made the -sacrifice of leaving home and -living in Bolivia.</p> - -<p>The military system is -patterned after that of Germany, -as the soldiers -of the country -have been drilled by -German officers, and -their influence is -plainly evident in -the familiar goose-step -and the various -manœuvers that one -may observe in military -camps. The -Bolivian soldiers -have not the fighting -qualities of the -Chileans, and in past -wars have proved anything but a -match for their neighbors to the -south.</p> - -<h3><i>Lake Titicaca and Guaqui</i></h3> - -<p>In going from La Paz to Lake -Titicaca, one travels over a level -plateau, nearly three miles above the -sea. Little or nothing grows at this -altitude, and the few Indians living -on this plain must have their food -supply brought up from the valleys -below on the backs of llamas. Other -than mines, there is no inducement -for even an Indian to make his home -on this lofty plateau. There is no source of income other than working -in some of the gold, silver and copper mines which abound in these -altitudes.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 232px;"> - -<img src="images/illus22a.jpg" width="232" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">BOLIVIAN INDIAN MOTHER</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 233px;"> - -<img src="images/illus22b.jpg" width="233" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">BOLIVIAN FARMERS</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus22c.jpg" width="300" height="265" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">BOLIVIAN CHILDREN OF THE MOUNTAIN COUNTRY</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p>Guaqui, a little town on the shores of Lake Titicaca, is the terminus of -the railway. A regiment of cavalry is stationed at this port, as it in -reality forms the boundary line of the country. In this little place, one -obtains his final glimpse of the picturesquely attired Cholo women, as -they are rarely seen outside of Bolivia. In their native country, their -appearance excites no unusual interest; but even in Peru they are subjected -to a certain amount of ridicule, which is displeasing to these -haughty belles.</p> - -<p>Because of the intense cold, school children are often seen seated in -the open air, where they may enjoy the benefit of the warm sun. This -applies largely to the smaller towns and villages, as in the larger cities -the school houses are now quite comfortable.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 211px;"> - -<img src="images/illus23a.jpg" width="211" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">STREET ALTAR, CORPUS CHRISTI DAY, LA PAZ</p> - -</div> - -<p>Lake Titicaca is a great inland sea, lying between the two ranges of -the Cordillera, and is very high above the ocean. Its area is about -one-third that of Lake Erie, and its present length is about 120 miles, -while its greatest width is about 41 miles. It is, without doubt, one -of the highest navigable bodies of water in the world.</p> - -<p>Among the water plants that one sees growing in the lake is a sort -of rush, which abounds in shallow water from two to six feet in -depth, and rises several feet above the surface.</p> - -<p>It is this material which the Indians, -having no wood, use to construct -their boats. In these apparently -frail craft, propelled by sails of -the same material, they traverse the -lake, carrying with them two or three -men, and in addition, a heavy load -of merchandise.</p> - -<h3><i>Balsa Boats</i></h3> - -<p>There is considerable skill exercised -in the making of the balsa, as these -reed-boats are called. Centuries of experience -have taught the Indians the -process, which has been developed to a -remarkable stage of perfection, enabling -them to defy the storms which are so -frequent. The short, heavy waves make -navigation dangerous even for much -larger boats than the native balsa.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/illus23b.jpg" width="400" height="337" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">CAPITOL BUILDING IN SUCRE</p> - -</div> - -<p>Like the waters of Lake -Superior, these are too cold -for the swimmer; but the -lack of bathing facilities gives -the Indian but little concern. -The greatest depth of the -lake is said to be about 600 -feet. Fish are plentiful, and -the few Indians who live -around the shores of the lake -devote themselves principally -to fishing. As far as habitation -is concerned, other than -Puno on the Peruvian side -and Guaqui on the Bolivian, -there are but a few scattered -villages.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> - -<img src="images/illus24a.jpg" width="500" height="275" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">OPEN-AIR SCHOOL—GUAQUI, BOLIVIA</p> - -</div> - -<p>Four steamers ply to and fro between -these ports, connecting with -the train service. These boats were -brought from England, taken in sections -by railway and put together on -the shores of the lake. They are today -used to transfer freight, which -arrives by sea at a Peruvian or Chilean -port, and is carried by rail to Puno, -then across the lake to Bolivia.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus24b.jpg" width="300" height="213" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">ON THE STATE ROAD FROM POTOSÍ TO SUCRE</p> - -</div> - -<p>Numerous islands dot the surface -of the lake. One is of real interest. It is known as Titicaca Island. It -has a population of about 300, but of that number there is but one man -who can read and write. In all Bolivia, only 30,000 children attend school, -out of a total population of 2,000,000. The aborigines do not seem to -care for education, and the Bolivians of European race are few in number.</p> - -<h3><i>Inca Ruins</i></h3> - -<p>On a small island in Lake Titicaca is the ruined Temple of the Sun, -another reminder of the days of the Incas. When that empire flourished, -this portion of Bolivia was also under the domination of the Inca ruler; -and even today, in some parts of Bolivia, one still comes upon numerous -evidences of Inca rule, such as the ruins of buildings, temples and stone -images, which plainly indicate that they were the work of that remarkable, -ancient people. Inaccessible as is the country, for one who can -stand the journey it affords much of interest. -If there were nothing more in -Bolivia than the view afforded in looking -down from the rim of the cup upon La -Paz, this alone would tempt one to visit -the country. The buildings of this city -have the appearance of so many tea leaves -left in the bottom of a cup, so tiny do they -seem from above. Another glorious scene -is that of the encircling mountains that -surround Lake Titicaca, crowning it with a diadem of snow-covered -peaks—a view that is unsurpassed among the world’s natural wonders.</p> - -<h3><i>The Interior Waterways</i></h3> - -<p>Although Bolivia has no seaport, the country has a great network of -rivers. The entire length of Bolivia’s navigable streams is about 12,000 -miles. These naturally provide excellent means of transportation and -communication. The Paraguay River is navigable for about 1,100 miles -for steamers of from eight to ten feet draft. The Itenes has about 1,000 -miles of navigable water. Another river, the Beni, is navigable for 1,000 -miles for steamers of six feet draft only. Other streams, such as the -Pilcomayo, Mamoré, Sara, and -Paragua Rivers can accommodate -light draft vessels for distances -varying from 200 to -1,000 miles.</p> - -<p>From the ocean Bolivia can be -approached through the ports of -Mollendo, in Peru, or Arica and -Antofagasta in Chile. These are all -regular ports of call of the steamers -between Panama and Valparaiso. -From these ports there is railroad -communication to Bolivia.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus25a.jpg" width="300" height="221" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">CITY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, SUCRE</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figmulti" style="width: 300px;"> - -<img src="images/illus25b.jpg" width="300" height="216" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">THE PLAZA IN SUCRE</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h3><i>SUPPLEMENTARY READING</i></h3> - -<table summary="books"> - <tr> - <td>BOLIVIA, THE CENTRAL HIGHWAY OF SOUTH AMERICA</td><td class="tdr"><i>By M. R. Wright</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>BOLIVIA</td><td class="tdr"><i>By P. Walle</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>PLATEAU PEOPLES OF SOUTH AMERICA</td><td class="tdr"><i>By A. A. Adams</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>ACROSS THE ANDES</td><td class="tdr"><i>By C. J. Post</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>THE SOUTH AMERICANS</td><td class="tdr"><i>By W. H. Koebel</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>A SEARCH FOR THE APEX OF AMERICA</td><td class="tdr"><i>By Annie S. Peck</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>THE SOUTH AMERICAN TOUR</td><td class="tdr"><i>By Annie S. Peck</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>SOUTH AMERICA</td><td class="tdr"><i>By James Bryce</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>THE BOLIVIAN ANDES</td><td class="tdr"><i>By Sir Martin Conway</i></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="center">⁂ Information concerning the above books may be had on application to the Editor of The Mentor.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="bordered"> - -<h2><i>THE OPEN LETTER</i></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Let me tell you about our daily mail. -We get letters of appreciation and letters -of suggestion—hundreds of both kinds. -Many of them are addressed to the “Editor -of The Mentor,” others to “Dear Mr. -Editor”—and some to “Mr. Moffat.” I -like the last form best, for I know that -when a member of The Mentor Association -writes in a personal way, with a -message of encouragement or a valuable -suggestion, The Mentor has found a real -friend. I like to see the spirit of personal -interest growing in our daily mail. It is -the best assurance of the vitality of The -Mentor Idea that we could have. Fellowship -spirit is the soul of all mutual endeavor.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/stars.jpg" width="100" height="19" alt="(decorative)" /> -</div> - -<p>It is pleasing to see how close an interest -some of our members take in the -details of The Mentor work. The following -letter came to me a day or so ago—and -it is too good to keep to myself.</p> - -<div class="blockquote smaller"> - -<p>“<i>My dear Mr. Moffat</i>: When I opened the -Hawaiian number of The Mentor, I was delighted to -find a greeting from you on the inside of the front -cover page. Now that you have moved over there, -why don’t you stay? Of course, I don’t know anything -about the workings of an editorial office, and -it may mean a furious amount of trouble. You -might have to move your desk and your whole -staff, and even have to get out a new copyright, -but from an outsider’s point of view the move looks -easy. And to my way of thinking the front of the -magazine is the place for you anyway—if you will -permit me to say so. There you seem to stand as a -host at the threshold, offering a welcome to guests -before they enter.”</p> - -<p class="right"><i>SYLVIA.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/stars.jpg" width="100" height="19" alt="(decorative)" /> -</div> - -<p>“Who is Sylvia? What is she?”—so -Shakespeare and Schubert sang. And if -they couldn’t tell who Sylvia was, how can -I? Of one thing I feel sure: she is a faithful -reader of The Mentor, for she has taken -note of our goings and comings, and our -varied forms of editorial expression. The -notion of my being the “host” is an inviting -one. It is a role that one should be -proud to fill, especially when the feast to -which he invites his guests is the wealth -of the world’s knowledge. The thought -of assuming that role, however, is a bit -staggering. Thanks, Miss Sylvia, but perhaps -I had better play the more generally -useful part of planning, preparing and -making up The Mentor feast. Your welcome -to the second cover page is appreciated. -I have been there many times -before, however, when the page has borne -no signature. No number of The Mentor -appears, Miss Sylvia, without my being -around somewhere. I have no preference -for one particular page. I find occupation -and joy on every page of The Mentor -from cover to cover.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/stars.jpg" width="100" height="19" alt="(decorative)" /> -</div> - -<p>Here are some of the things that we do -in reply to letters.</p> - -<div class="blockquote smaller"> - -<p>We answer questions in the various fields of knowledge. -We look up sources of information for our -readers and give them full replies. We have just -mailed a letter in which answers were made to historical -questions that called for a morning’s research by -one of our staff.</p> - -<p>We supply programs for reading clubs and lay out -schedules for a whole season of meetings.</p> - -<p>We supply material extracted from reference works -for the benefit of members who are pursuing courses -of reading.</p> - -<p>We occasionally read essays or papers that have -been prepared by members, and offer helpful editorial -suggestions. Aside from club work, we lay out reading -courses for private individuals who are pursuing -special studies.</p> - -<p>In some cases, where a member lives in a remote -spot and cannot conveniently obtain books, we get -them for the member at publisher’s prices. Occasionally, -where books could not be had in the market, -we have lent copies from our library.</p> - -<p>We give full information and service in art, telling -our readers where and how to get good pictures—we -also give travel information.</p> - -</div> - -<p>These are but a few of the things that -we do. We have a booklet in which we -describe The Mentor Service. Send for it. -If you have not had the benefit of our -service, you will be surprised to see how -wide and varied it is.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/stars.jpg" width="100" height="19" alt="(decorative)" /> -</div> - -<p>The Prize Contest Letters have been -coming in fast. There are so many good -ones that it will be difficult to make a -choice. I am going to print extracts from -some of them. A part of the first letter -appears on the opposite page. It -tells of The Mentor as a <i>friend</i>. Could -there be any happier note to begin with -than that? Other letters will tell of the -many ways in which The Mentor is or -can be made valuable in home, school and -social life. The story of one reader will -help another, and the sum total of the -information will be -of benefit to all.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/signature.jpg" width="200" height="94" alt="(signature)" /> - -<p class="caption">W. D. Moffat<br /> -<span class="smcap">Editor</span></p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<div class="bbox-dashed"> - -<h2>A FRIEND IN THE HOUSE</h2> - -<div class="bordered2"> - -<p class="center larger">A MESSAGE FROM A MENTOR READER</p> - -</div> - -<p>“Some time ago a very neat stranger called at my home and made the hour -so pleasant, that he at once became my friend. Now this friend has a permanent -place in my home, and is known throughout the vicinity as ‘The Mentor.’</p> - -<p>“The reason why so many are acquainted with this friend of mine is -because of his value and usefulness manifested in every subject and service. -The Mentor has a permanent personal and social value. There might be -added that also of inspiration. The Mentor has a message of interest and -importance. It has a voice with a true ring, that speaks, as it were, from -personal experience.</p> - -<p>“In company with this companion and friend, one may be charmed as -the story of the distant past or that of unfamiliar and remote things, people -and places is being unfolded. Hardly can there be found any one so generous, -considerate and tactful.</p> - -<p>“The Mentor calls twice a month to inform, enlarge the vision, to inspire -and encourage old and young, men and women, in all walks of life.</p> - -<p>“The social value is vital. Whether it be in the home or elsewhere, The -Mentor furnishes food for intelligent conversation that has weight and depth. -The personal value is realized more and more as the weeks come and go. -Impressions are left on the mind which in time ripen into principles.</p> - -<p>“If I wished to make a friend more friendly, I would give him The -Mentor. If I had an enemy—well—I would send him The Mentor. It -might make him my friend.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center larger"><span class="smcap">The Mentor Association</span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="noindent">ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POPULAR INTEREST -IN ART, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, HISTORY, NATURE, AND TRAVEL</p> - -</div> - -<p class="center">THE MENTOR IS PUBLISHED TWICE A MONTH</p> - -<p class="noindent">BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC., AT 222 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. -SUBSCRIPTION, FOUR DOLLARS A YEAR. FOREIGN POSTAGE 75 CENTS EXTRA. -CANADIAN POSTAGE 50 CENTS EXTRA. SINGLE COPIES TWENTY CENTS. PRESIDENT, -THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT, WALTER P. TEN EYCK; SECRETARY, -W. D. MOFFAT; TREASURER, J. S. CAMPBELL; ASSISTANT TREASURER AND ASSISTANT -SECRETARY, H. A. CROWE.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, Inc., 222 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.</p> - -<p class="noindent smaller">Statement of the ownership, management, circulation, etc., required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of The -Mentor, published semi-monthly at New York, N. Y., for October 1, 1917. State of New York, County of New York. -Before me, a Notary Public, in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally appeared Thomas H. Beck, who, having -been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the Publisher of The Mentor, and that the following -is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc., of the aforesaid publication -for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443, Postal -Laws and Regulations, to wit: (1) That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business -manager are: Publisher, Thomas H. Beck, 52 East 19th Street, New York; Editor, W. D. Moffat, 222 Fourth -Avenue, New York; Managing Editor, W. D. Moffat, 222 Fourth Avenue, New York; Business Manager, Thomas H. -Beck, 52 East 19th Street, New York. (2) That the owners are: American Lithographic Company, 52 East 19th Street, -New York; C. Eddy, L. Ettlinger, J. P. Knapp, C. K. Mills, 52 East 19th Street, New York; M. C. Herczog, 28 West -10th Street, New York; William T. Harris, Villa Nova, Pa.; Mrs. M. E. Heppenheimer, 51 East 58th Street, New -York; Emilie Schumacher, Executrix for Luise E. Schumacher and Walter L. Schumacher, Mount Vernon, N. Y.; -Samuel Untermyer, 120 Broadway, New York. (3) That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders -owning or holding 1 per cent. or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities, are: None. (4) That -the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not -only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the Company, but also, in cases where -the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the Company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, -the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given; also that the said two paragraphs contain -statements embracing affiant’s full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders -and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the Company as trustees, hold stock and securities in -a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner; and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association, -or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated -by him. Thomas H. Beck, Publisher. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 18th day of September, 1917. J. S. -Campbell, Notary Public, Queens County. Certificate filed in New York County. My commission expires March 30, 1918.</p> - -<p class="center">THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, Inc., 222 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p class="center larger">THE MENTOR</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="larger">How the Mentor Club Service<br /> -Helps Clubwomen</span><br /> -and Women Who Wish to Organize<br /> -Literary Clubs</p> - -<p class="noindent">The success and pleasure of a woman’s club -depends on the year’s program, which -should be based on subjects that fascinate -and interest, as well as instruct.</p> - -<p class="noindent">The planning of an interesting and helpful club -program is a difficult matter, as you who have -served on program committees know, and can -really be done successfully only by experts.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="larger">The Mentor Club Service</span><br /> -Plans the Programs for Hundreds of<br /> -Clubs, Free of Charge</p> - -<p class="noindent">The Mentor Service Editors, men and women -of high intellectual attainments and broad experience, -will be glad at any time to help <i>you</i> -with suggestions or a completely worked out -plan for <i>your</i> club program, based on any desired -subject. They will also supply lists of reference -books for help in the preparation of club papers, -and will be glad to assist further by procuring -any necessary books not in your library, at cost, -postage prepaid.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Remember—The<br /> -Mentor Club Service Is Free</i></p> - -<p class="center">ADDRESS ALL INQUIRIES TO<br /> -<span class="larger">Editor, The Mentor Association</span><br /> -222 Fourth Avenue, New York City</p> - -<p class="center larger">MAKE THE SPARE<br /> -MOMENT COUNT</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 483px;"> -<img src="images/back.jpg" width="483" height="700" alt="Back cover page: The Mentor Club Service" /> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Bolivia, vol. 5, Num. 18, -Serial 142, November 1, 1917, by E. M. 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