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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, No. 724 - November 10, 1877 - -Author: Various - -Editor: William Chambers - Robert Chambers - -Release Date: December 29, 2015 [EBook #50787] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBER'S JOURNAL *** - - - - -Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_705" id="Page_705">{705}</a></span></p> - - - -<h1>CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL<br /> -OF<br /> -POPULAR<br /> -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.</h1> - -<div> -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> - -<p class='center'> - -<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --> - -<a href="#THE_ROYAL_GAME_OF_GOLF">THE ROYAL GAME OF GOLF.</a><br /> -<a href="#FROM_DAWN_TO_SUNSET">FROM DAWN TO SUNSET.</a><br /> -<a href="#CHARLES_DICKENS_MANUSCRIPTS">CHARLES DICKENS' MANUSCRIPTS.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_ADMIRALS_SECOND_WIFE">THE ADMIRAL'S SECOND WIFE.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_GUACHO">THE GUACHO.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_GERM_THEORY_AGAIN">THE GERM THEORY AGAIN.</a><br /> -<a href="#OCEAN-VOYAGES_IN_SMALL_BOATS">OCEAN-VOYAGES IN SMALL BOATS.</a><br /> - -<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --> - -</p> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/header.png" width="600" height="294" alt="Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art. Fourth Series. Conducted by William and Robert Chambers." /> -</div> - - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" width="85%"> -<tr><td align="left"><b><span class="smcap">No.</span> 724.</b></td><td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1877.</b></td><td align="right"><b><span class="smcap">Price</span> 1½<i>d.</i></b></td></tr> -</table></div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div> - -<h2><a name="THE_ROYAL_GAME_OF_GOLF" id="THE_ROYAL_GAME_OF_GOLF">THE ROYAL GAME OF GOLF.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">For</span> ages golf has been pre-eminently the national -game of Scotland. As its history emerges from the -mists of antiquity we find football and it linked -together as representative games, in fulminations -against 'unprofitabill sportis,' unduly distracting -the attention of the people from more serious -affairs. But our game far exceeds this old rival in -interest; and if it were not for the popularity of -curling in its season, no rival pastime could pretend -to vie with golf in Scotland.</p> - -<p>The mode of playing golf is so well known in -these days that it may suffice to explain that it is -a game played over extensive commons, or 'links' -as they are termed; that the implements used are -peculiarly constructed clubs, so weighted at the -crook or 'head' of the shaft, as to give great -impetus to the small hard gutta-percha ball to be -driven along the grass; and that the object of the -players—either as single antagonists or two against -two—is to endeavour to vie with each other as to -who shall drive the ball towards and into a series -of small artificially made holes, in the fewest -strokes. From hole to hole the party proceeds, -sometimes one winning a hole, sometimes another, -and occasionally (by evenly contested play) halving: -until the whole round of the green has been -traversed; when the party who has gained the -greatest number of holes is declared the winner. -The links ought to be of considerable extent, -and the holes several hundred yards apart, so -as to give opportunity for skilful driving and -other niceties of the game. To those unfortunates -who have only read of the pastime, it may appear -hard to believe in the reality of the enthusiasm -shewn by its votaries; but whenever they are -privileged to come under its influence, even as -spectators, they will find it is one of the most -fascinating of pursuits. How can a man describe -in fitting language the subtle spell that brings -him out in all weathers and seasons, and makes -him find perfect pleasure in 'grinding round a -barren stretch of ground, impelling a gutta-percha -ball before him, striving to land it in a succession -of small holes in fewer strokes than his companion -and opponent,' as the game might be -described by one of that class of men to whom -the 'primrose by the river's brink a primrose is, -and nothing more.'</p> - -<p>The fascinations of the game have enlisted in -the ranks of its votaries men of all classes, many -of them famous on other fields, who have made -their reminiscences of their beloved pursuit -mediums for many a bright word-picture in prose -and verse. Hitherto no attempt has been made to -gather together what has been so said and sung -in praise of the pastime; but in Mr Robert -Clark's beautiful volume now before us, entitled -<i>Golf—a Royal and Ancient Game</i>, ample amends -have been made for this neglect, by one of the -most enthusiastic and best golfers of the day. -Here we have presented in a gossipy way so -beloved by golfers, wealth of material, both as -regards the history and literature of the fascinating -game—a labour of love in an artistic guise. What -the author is on the links, so seems he to be among -his printers and artists and binders—<i>facile princeps</i>. -The volume before us, though unfortunately too -costly to be very generally available, is a marvel -of beautiful typography and tasteful binding. Our -author has gone for his information to the most -various sources—old acts of the Scots parliament, -proclamations by kings, burgh records, minutes of -the more prominent golf-clubs, books and magazines; -and by judicious editing of this medley -has shewn the many-sidedness of the game in -a way that none but a devotee could.</p> - -<p>Mr Clark wastes no space on unprofitable speculations -as to the origin of golf. All that is clear in -this vexed subject is that though Scotland is the -chosen home of the game, she is not its birthplace. -It is, however, of little moment whether -the game came in with the Scandinavians who -settled on the east coast of Scotland, or whether -it was brought northward over the Border as a -variety of the English 'bandy-ball;' or even if we -have to go back to the Campus Martius, and look -for the parent of golf in the curved club and feather -ball of the Roman <i>Paganica</i>. Games of ball seem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_706" id="Page_706">{706}</a></span> -to have existed in all ages, and it is therefore probable -that golf is a development of some older game, -or perhaps a 'selection of the fittest' from several -previously existing ball-games. It is sufficient for -our purpose that early in the fifteenth century it was -at least as popular with all classes as it is to-day.</p> - -<p>When gunpowder made archery a thing of the -past, the conflict between love of country and love -of golf ceased, and the game went on prospering -under the smiles of royal favour, surviving proclamations -of various town-councils directed against -sacrilegious golfers whose sin was held to be, not -so much that they played on Sunday, as on that -part of the day called 'the tyme of the sermonnes.' -This matter was set at rest by the decree of -James VI. of Scotland, who in 1618 sent from -his new kingdom of England an order that -after divine service 'our good people be not discouraged -from any harmless recreation,' but prohibiting -'the said recreations to any that are not -present in the church, at the service of God, before -their going to the said recreations;' or as Charles -I., when subsequently ratifying this order, puts it, -'having first done their dutie to God.'</p> - -<p>Besides James VI.'s crowning act of founding -the Royal Blackheath Club, Mr Clark has recalled -two other instances of royal connection with the -game in a charming way, as one of the illustrations -in his book is from Sir John Gilbert's picture of -Charles I. receiving, during a game on Leith Links, -the intelligence of Sir Phelim O'Neill's rebellion in -Ireland in 1642; while another is a delicately -drawn pen-and-ink sketch by Mr James Drummond, -R.S.A., of the house in the Canongate of -Edinburgh, which John Patersone, shoemaker, -built for himself with half the stake in that -famous 'foursome'—the Duke of York (James -VII.) and Patersone against two English noblemen.</p> - -<p>With the Stuarts went out for a time royal countenance -of the game, till William IV. became -patron of the Royal and Ancient Club of St -Andrews, and presented to it for annual competition -that coveted golfing trophy, the gold medal.</p> - -<p>But though there came kings who knew not -golf, the game lost none of its old popularity. -Still, as before, pre-eminently the game of the -people, we find it associated with many a notable -scene and character in the history of Scotland. So -fond of the game was the great Montrose, that -hardly had the minstrels ceased to serenade him -and his day-old bride 'Sweet Mistress Magdalene -Carnegie,' when we find him hard at work with -clubs and ball. That fifty years later it continued -to be the favourite amusement of the aristocracy -of the Scottish capital, we can gather from the -curious books of expenditure of Sir John Foulis of -Ravelstoun, who seems to have spent most of his -leisure time 'losing at golfe' on Musselburgh and -Leith Links with Hamilton and Rothes and others -of the highest quality of the time. We read of -Balmerino's brother, Alexander Elphinston, and -Captain Porteous, the victim of the famous 'mob,' -playing in 1724 'a solemn match at golf' for -twenty guineas on Leith Links, where, a few years -later, might constantly be seen Lord President -Forbes of Culloden, who was such a keen golfer, -that when Leith Links were covered with snow he -played on the sands; though even he has to yield -in all-absorbing devotion to the game to Alexander -M'Kellar, 'the Cock o' the Green,' immortalised in -Kay's <i>Portraits</i>, who played every day and all day -long, and then practised 'putting' at the 'short -holes' by candle-light.</p> - -<p>It is almost superfluous to say that in our own -day the noble and ancient pastime is still the game -of the Scots, and latterly of the English, of all -classes and in all parts of the world. One little -fact that incontestably proves the eminent respectability -of the game is that 'the minister' can be -a golfer without the least fear of the straitest-laced -of presbyteries. It is said that when the -canny Scot abroad 'prospects' for a new settlement, -while he naturally rivets one eye on the main -chance, with the other he reckons up the capabilities -of the ground for his favourite game; -therefore it is that golf has taken firm root and -flourishes in many a distant colony. Across the -Border the game is so acclimatised that formidable -rivals to our native players are now trained on -well-known English greens. That it may go on -and prosper is of course the wish of every true -lover of the invigorating pastime.</p> - -<p>Mr Clark gives us some historical notes of the -more prominent of the many golfing clubs that -now flourish in different parts of Scotland, and -extracts from their minute-books the leading events -of their career. Now and then we come across -eccentricities, such as the feats of Mr Sceales and -Mr Smellie of the Edinburgh Burgess Club in -driving balls over the dome of St Giles's Cathedral, -one hundred and sixty-one feet high; or the even -more wonderful achievement of another member -of this club, who drove a ball in forty-four strokes -from <i>inside</i> their golf-house on Bruntsfield Links -over the hill of Arthur Seat. As a rule, however, -these clubs pursue the even tenor of their way, -the members finding their best happiness in playing -the pure and simple game.</p> - -<p>While the Honourable Company of Edinburgh -Golfers is generally held to be the oldest Scotch -Club, so great has been the development of its -sister Club at St Andrews, and so great are the -attractions of golfing on the famous links of the -venerable city, that the 'Royal and Ancient' takes -precedence over all, and is indisputably <i>the</i> club -of the kingdom. What Newmarket is to racing, -or Melton to hunting, St Andrews is to golf. -In St Andrews, it is not a mere pastime, but a -business and a passion. It is the one recreation -of the inhabitants from the Principal of the -College to the youngest urchin; it has even -invaded the domain of croquet, and has taken -captive the ladies, who now take so keen an -interest in the game, that on more links than -those of St Andrews their green is a charming -feature of the place. In short, in St Andrews -'no living thing that does not play golf, or talk -golf, or think golf, or at least thoroughly knock -under to golf, can live.'</p> - -<p>The chief prize of the 'Royal and Ancient'—the -gold challenge medal played for every autumn, -presented in 1837 by King William IV.—is termed -the 'Blue Ribbon of Golf.' To win it is the dream -of every member of the Club. Other clubs, such -as North Berwick, Musselburgh, Montrose, Perth, -Prestwick, Burgess, &c. have each its own time-honoured -challenge trophy, that of the Royal Musselburgh -being laden with more than a century of -medals commemorating each winner. That English -clubs too are following fast the fashion set by their -older brethren north of the Tweed, is attested by -the prizes now competed for at Westward Ho!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_707" id="Page_707">{707}</a></span> -in Devonshire, Hoylake in Cheshire, and at -Wimbledon, &c.; though it is but fair to state -that Blackheath claims with good reason to be -father of all English golf-clubs, and has for long -been celebrated for the keenness of its players and -the prizes offered for competition.</p> - -<p>So much for the history of the game; let us now -glance at its literature. In the interesting collection -of prose papers Mr Clark has gathered from -various quarters, we can study the peculiar features -of the game and the effect it has, for the time, on -the tempers of its votaries. As we have seen at -St Andrews, the ardent golfer has little time for -thought or conversation unconnected with the -game. For the time being the be-all and end-all -of his life lies within the pot-hook-shaped course -he has to traverse; and not a little of his happiness -or his misery for the day depends on the nature -of the match he succeeds in getting. Though the -game is as a rule an exceedingly social one, and -admits of quiet chat and occasional good-natured -banter, the <i>true</i> golfer at work is essentially a man -of silence; chattering during the crises of the game -is as abhorrent to him as conversation during -whist; one thing only is as obnoxious as the -human voice to him then—that is, any movement -of the human body near him. 'Stand -still while I'm putting,' and 'Don't speak on -the stroke,' are two postulates he would fain -enforce. This over-sensitiveness to external influences -may explain the seeming ungallantry of the -'Colonel' in H. J. M.'s amusing account of <i>The -Golfer at Home</i>, which appeared in the <i>Cornhill -Magazine</i> a few years ago. After a charming -little picture of the 'Colonel' resenting, though -he does not openly object to Browne being accompanied -over the course by 'his women,' as he -ungallantly terms Mrs Browne and her sister, he -says to his partner: 'The Links is not the place -for women; they talk incessantly, they never stand -still, and if they do, the wind won't allow their -dresses to stand still.' However, as they settle -down to their game, the 'Colonel's' good temper -returns under the healthy influence of an invigorating -'round,' and gives H. J. M. an opportunity -of pointing out how all ill-humours of body and -mind give way before the equable and bracing -exercise of a round or two of the Links of St Rule. -That the reader may see the amount of walking -exercise taken in a round of St Andrews Links, it -may be interesting to note that the exact distance, -as the crow flies, is three miles eleven hundred -and fifty-four yards; so that the golfer who takes -his daily three rounds walks <i>at least</i> eleven miles. -It is no wonder, then, that in addition to its own -attractions, golf is esteemed as a capital preparation -for the moors or the stubbles, hardening as it -does the muscles both of arms and legs. What -hunting does for the cavalry soldier as a training -for more important bursts in the battle-field, the -like does golf for the infantry soldier in bracing -him to encounter forced marching with ease. The -Links have formed the training-ground of many a -brilliant officer.</p> - -<p>Space will not allow us to dwell on the genial -gossip about St Andrews and St Andrews players—amateur -and professional—that we find in Mr -Clark's book, further than to mention three names. -First, that of the great champion of the professionals, -Allan Robertson, who was 'never beaten -in a match;' of the brilliant but short-lived -career of poor 'young Tom Morris,' the champion -player of his day—son of a worthy sire who -still survives; of Mr Sutherland, an old gentleman -who made golf the chief business of his life, -whose interest in his fellow-men, not as men but -as golfers, is well shewn in this anecdote. His -antagonist was about to strike off for the finishing -hole at St Andrews, when a boy appeared on the -bridge over the burn. Old Sutherland shouted -out: 'Stop, stop! Don't play upon <i>him</i>; he's a -fine young golfer!'</p> - -<p>It is in verse, however, that the votary of golf -finds the field congenial to his subject.</p> - -<p>In 1842 appeared a clever collection of poems, -entitled <i>Golfiana</i>, by George Fullerton Carnegie of -Pittarrow, which delighted the golfers of that day -by the humorous way in which it hit off the -playing characteristics of the men he introduced -into it. He begins by throwing down the gauntlet -to those students of Scottish history who sigh over -the musty memories and deplore the decayed -glories of the city of their patron saint:</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">St Andrews! they say that thy glories are gone,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That thy streets are deserted, thy castles o'er-thrown:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">If thy glories <i>be</i> gone, they are only, methinks,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As it were by enchantment transferred to thy Links.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Though thy streets be not now, as of yore, full of prelates,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of abbots and monks, and of hot-headed zealots,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Let none judge us rashly, or blame us as scoffers,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When we say that instead there are Links full of golfers,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With more of good heart and good feeling among them<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Than the abbots, the monks, and the zealots who sung them!<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>We have many capital songs in honour of the -game; amongst others a parody of Lord Houghton's -well-known song, <i>Strangers yet</i>, from which -it will be seen that something more is necessary -to make a good golfer than a set of clubs and an -anxious 'cady' to carry them:</p> - - -<p class='ph3'>DUFFERS YET.—BY TWO 'LONG SPOONS.'</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">After years of play together,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">After fair and stormy weather,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">After rounds of every green<br /></span> -<span class="i0">From Westward Ho! to Aberdeen;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Why did e'er we buy a set<br /></span> -<span class="i0">If we must be duffers yet!<br /></span> -<span class="i12">Duffers yet! Duffers yet!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">After singles, foursomes—all,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Fractured club and cloven ball;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">After grief in sand and whin,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Foozled drives and 'putts' not in—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ev'n our cadies scarce regret<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When we part as duffers yet,<br /></span> -<span class="i12">Duffers yet! Duffers yet!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">After days of frugal fare,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Still we spend our force in air;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">After nips to give us nerve,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Not the less our drivers swerve;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Friends may back and foes may bet,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And ourselves be duffers yet,<br /></span> -<span class="i12">Duffers yet! Duffers yet!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Must it ever then be thus?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Failure most mysterious!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shall we never fairly stand<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Eye on ball as club in hand?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Are the bounds eternal set<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To retain us duffers yet?<br /></span> -<span class="i12">Duffers yet! Duffers yet!<br /></span> -</div></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_708" id="Page_708">{708}</a></span></p> -<p>In conclusion, we may remark that though -golf, to the uninitiated, may appear to be a game -requiring considerable strength of muscle for its -achievement, it is not so; for the easier it is played, -the better are the results. To apply much force -to the stroke is to imperil the chance of driving -a far ball; whereas by a moderate swing of the -club, the ball is not only driven far and sure, but -goes from no effort apparent to the striker.</p> - -<p>A notion also prevails that golf is a game suited -for young and middle-aged folks only. This is a -delusion, for no outdoor pastime is more fitted for -elderly people. To attain <i>great</i> excellence in the -game, the player must commence early in life; -but to become enamoured of its joys requires -but a beginning, and that beginning may be made -by men who have long passed the meridian of -life. We could point to many elderly gentlemen -whose lives are being lengthened by the vigour-inspiring -game, and who, when their daily round -or rounds are finished, can fight their battles o'er -again in the cheery club-house, with all the -zest of youth. When games such as cricket -have been found too much, or perhaps the exertion -of tramping the moors too severe, the sexagenarian -may safely take to the easy but invigorating -pursuit of golf, and 'bless the chiel who invented -it.' If he misgives his ability to cope with the -exertion, or fancied exertion, of pacing a few miles -of green turf and wielding a club, our advice to -him is to place himself in the hands of a professional -golf-player—plenty of whom are to be found -wherever there are links—and try; and in a -wonderfully short time our veteran may find himself -interested, perhaps absorbed, in a game the -delights of which he has lived all these years without -having been able till now to realise!</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="FROM_DAWN_TO_SUNSET" id="FROM_DAWN_TO_SUNSET">FROM DAWN TO SUNSET.</a></h2> - - -<h3>PART III.</h3> - - -<h4>CHAPTER THE SECOND.</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Deborah</span> waited and watched—a gloom unutterable -weighed on her spirits—and no Mistress -Fleming came. At last old Jordan Dinnage arrived -at the castle alone, looking scared and sorrow-stricken.</p> - -<p>'The master is very ill,' said Mistress Marjory, -as she waited on Jordan. 'These be bad days, -Master Dinnage. I doubt if he lives till morning. -Doctor says he won't; but doctors know naught. -In general, if doctors say "He'll be dead by -mornin'," it means he'll live to a good old -age; I've seed it often. But mark my words, -Jordan Dinnage: there's not much life in our dear -Master; <i>he's goin'</i>. This comes o' leavin' Enderby. -I felt it; I knew'd 'twould be so. <i>This comes o' -Master Sinclair's leavin's.</i> O Jordan Dinnage, it's -wrong, it's grievous wrong, this leavin' Enderby, -for this grand blowed-out old place, an' these -flaunting livery-men an' maids. Master Sinclair's -curse is on us!'</p> - -<p>'Nay, nay, Mistress Marjory; these be women's -superstitions. Mistress Deborah did rightly. A -goose she would ha' been to fling all this grandery -and gold guineas in the ditch, for fear o' bad luck, -'sooth! It's no more that, than thou'rt a wise -woman! The Master'll pull through; an' if he -don't, better die a prince than a beggar.'</p> - -<p>Marjory shook her head. 'Give me honest -beggary. An' where's Mistress Dinnage? Be sure -Lady Deb 'ud be glad o' her company now. Why -didst not bring her along, Jordan? It speaks not -much for her love.'</p> - -<p>Jordan reddened. 'Not a word agen Meg, -Mistress Marjory! She'll be comin' soon. I must -see Mistress Deborah.'</p> - -<p>'Well, come now. An' heaven send Master -Kingston soon.'</p> - -<p>Deborah met the dear old man with outstretched -hands. 'Jordan, I am so glad to see ye! Where -is Margaret?'</p> - -<p>Jordan shuffled from one foot to the other, and -twisted his hat round in his hands. 'Well, Lady -Deb—Mistress Deborah—I've not brought Meg -along.'</p> - -<p>'I see ye have not!' cried Deborah impetuously. -'But where is she?'</p> - -<p>The old gray eyes, growing dim with age, looked -straight and honestly on their young Mistress, yet -humbly too, as he answered in a low voice: -'Where she ought to be, Mistress Deborah—off to -her young husband, Master Charlie Fleming.'</p> - -<p>'Jordan, Jordan! Is this true? Her husband? -Ye bewilder me. Are they wedded then? Is she -gone to Ireland?'</p> - -<p>'Sure enow! O Mistress Deborah, I come to -ask forgiveness! It isn't for the like o' Jordan -Dinnage to have his daughter Mistress Fleming; -but dear heaven knows I know'd naught, an' never -sought it out, nor had high notions. Mistress -Deborah, I ask forgiveness, an' I hope the -master'll forgive me.'</p> - -<p>Deborah took the old trembling hand. 'The -master is in no state to blame or to forgive. But, -Jordan, thou may'st give me joy o' this. It -gladdens mine heart in my sore troubles like a -sunbeam on a dark, dark cloud. Forgive thee? -Ay, I am proud to be Margaret Fleming's sister; -an' well believe my father would bid her welcome -too—faithful honest Jordan. Now come, Jordan, -come, and see how he lies. He knows me not, -and he calls ever upon Charlie. Hast sent my -letter to Ireland? Hast the address?'</p> - -<p>'Ay, ay; it's gone.'</p> - -<p>'Then I will write again to-night. Heaven send -he may come in time. Sometimes, Jordan, he lieth -in a stupor; again he calls for Charlie or for me.'</p> - -<p>Reverently pulling his white forelock, with his -old habit of respect, to his fiery but beloved master, -Jordan stood at the foot of the bed, and saw the -shadow of death on the face of Vincent Fleming.</p> - -<p>'My boy,' murmured the dying man, with his -eyes upon Jordan—'my boy Charlie!'</p> - -<p>Old Jordan gazed helplessly and sorrowfully -from him to the doctor who stood by, and Marjory, -who entered. 'What's to be done?' he muttered. -'It kills him!'</p> - -<p>'Patience, patience!' whispered the solemn -doctor; 'he may see his son yet. There is great -hope for him, Mistress Fleming; keep good heart.'</p> - -<p>'Not hope of his recovery, Master Allan,' said -Deborah, with stern and still despair. 'I know -death when I see it. You have held out hope -before; yet make him live till my brother comes. -Ye hear me, Master Allan?'</p> - -<p>'Ay, Mistress Fleming; I will use my poor skill -to the utmost. Bear up. I will return to-night, -Mistress Fleming;' and with a courtly bow, he left -her.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_709" id="Page_709">{709}</a></span></p> - -<p>But for Deborah, she kneeled beside her father, -and with old days and old memories her heart was -like to break. Jordan was weeping bitterly; she -heard the old man's sobs; but on her own heart a -still Hand was laid, enforcing strength and calmness. -For two things she prayed: that Charlie -might come in time; and that her father might be -himself before he died, to hear that Charlie had -ever been true to him. And so through the long -night she watched; and old Marjory oft slept and -nodded, as age and dulled senses will; and though -Sir Vincent at times called plaintively for his -Deb, his 'Rose of Enderby,' his more frequent -plaint was for his boy.</p> - - -<h4>CHAPTER THE THIRD.</h4> - -<p>In those days there were wild doings in Ireland. -'Liberty and Reform' were the watch-words which -did then, and ever will, electrify the fiery, rebellious, -ardent spirits that flocked under one banner -to struggle and to die. Irish and French met -and fought together against the iron hand of -England; thousands perished; the fated isle ran -blood.</p> - -<p class='p2'>It is the eve of a battle. Gray dawn is slowly -breaking over forest and mountain, where strange -and wonderful echoes are wont to be heard amongst -the rocks and caves; but in the gray of this dread -dawn, on the eve of battle and blood, all seems -silent as the grave, saving the thunderous roar -of the waterfall in its descent into the lake, that -seems to make the silence the more intense.</p> - -<p>But hark! through the mist of morning a bugle -suddenly sounds loud and clear; and when it ceases—far -away, a spirit-bugle answers. A soldier, -driven to frenzy, they say, by an insulting taunt -from a superior officer, had struck him down in -the heat of the instant. Short shrift in those -days; the man has been tried, condemned, and is -about to be led out to execution. So, loud and -clear the bugle calls: 'Come forth to thy death,' -as plain as a human voice could speak; and he -whom it summons cannot mistake that voice, -and comes forth guarded, but with steady step, -and head erect and soldierly; while in front of -him bristles a long line of musketry, and behind -yawns an open grave. The condemned soldier is -Charles Fleming. Have his ungovernable passions -and his strong uncurbed will brought him to this? -Ay; and the stubborn pride which has ever been -his bane, leads him now to die without that -word of extenuation or appeal which even yet -might save him.</p> - -<p>Yet who may tell how that proud heart swells -well-nigh to breaking beneath the broad breast, -as he thinks on the old white-haired father and -his son's death of shame! He sees too the shadows -on the woods of Enderby. He hears the voice -of a little sister, calling 'Charlie, Charlie!' at -play. And the trees are waving their long arms -round the old, old home; and his little playmate -Margaret—his <i>young wife Margaret</i>—stands beneath -and smiles. And then his bold eyes ask for death, -merciful death, which shall put him out of his -anguish. Yet hold! Even as the muskets are -raised, but ere the triggers are pressed, there is a -wild shriek of 'Rescue! rescue! Pardon! pardon -for Charles Fleming!'</p> - -<p>And there, headlong down the way—while all -reel back before him—rides one spurring for life -or death, his horse in a lather of foam, his head -bare, and his long hair flying in the wind. In -one hand he clenches a packet, and waves it -above his head—the Royal pardon! He reaches -them; he stays the deadly fire with his wild outstretched -arms raised to heaven, with white face -and blazing eyes, and lips which fail to speak. -But <i>one</i> could have undertaken and accomplished -that famous ride; but <i>one</i> could have saved him -in this strait. In male disguise, that <i>one</i> proves -to be Margaret Dinning! ''Tis my wife!' cried -Charles Fleming in piercing accents; ''tis my -wife Margaret!' And with that, the king's messenger -sways in the saddle, and is supported to the -ground by the commanding officer....</p> - -<p class='p2'>And thus it came to pass that Deborah, watching -at her father's bedside, heard rumours of that -battle by which the name of Charles Fleming -became famous. It was early morning. The great -wild clouds of dawn were parted, and rolled -asunder. The glorious sun rose on the watcher's -weary eyes, and steeped the land in splendour. -Deborah threw up the windows wide, and returned -to the dying man. O heaven, tender mercy, cannot -the light of summer sunrise rob that dear face -of aught of its wintry wanness?</p> - -<p>'Father, sweet father!' she said in thrilling -tones of grief, 'art thou not better? See the -glorious sun, father!'</p> - -<p>'Nay, Deb,' he answered plaintively; 'I see no -sun; mine eyes are dark. How little thou dost -look to me! Thou'rt grown so small! My child, -my darling, I am very ill.'</p> - -<p>Then Deborah raised his head upon her shoulder; -she knew that he was himself again, himself but -to die; her brave heart sank, yet she answered -calmly: 'Yes, thou hast been very ill. Dost thou -remember all that happed?'</p> - -<p>'Ay, ay. My boy, my boy!' And he sobbed.</p> - -<p>'Hush, father; that was wrong; that was false! -That was a wicked forgery. Charlie never wronged -thee by thought or deed. Charlie hath ever been -loyal to thee and thine. Art thou content now, -dear?'</p> - -<p>A brilliant smile stole over the fading face of -Vincent Fleming. 'Ay,' said he, 'content to <i>die</i>!' -He lay musing, his eyes closed. 'Deb,' said he at -last, 'whisper me. My boy is true to me—is't -not so?'</p> - -<p>'Yes, father; true as steel: he loves thee dearly. -And for <i>thee</i>,' she went on, with heaving breast, -'he hath done brave things! Charlie is a soldier, -and men are all saying he hath won great honour -and renown.'</p> - -<p>'Ah, Deb; thank God, thank God for this! -And thou, Deb, sweet Deb, how is't with thee?'</p> - -<p>'I am rich, dear. I am betrothed to King -Fleming, whom I love most dearly; and I have -wealth enough for all. It is well with thy two -children, thou seest.'</p> - -<p>And ere the night fell, two messengers came -gently to his side. One, radiant with 'white -raiment' and drooped wings; the other, footsore, -travel-stained, and war-worn. And one was the -Angel of Death, who stood and looked upon them -pitifully; the other was his prodigal son, who -kneeled and folded his arms around his father, and -bowed his head and wept.</p> - -<p>'Now,' said Sir Vincent, 'I die in peace. How<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_710" id="Page_710">{710}</a></span> -have I yearned for thee! God bless thee! I -bless thee, my boy! Deb, this is death!'</p> - -<p>And so, raised in Charlie's strong arms and with -his hands in Deborah's, without a struggle, the -spirit passed away.</p> - - -<h4>CHAPTER THE LAST.</h4> - -<p>Two figures stand together in one of the deep oriel -windows of the old hall at Enderby. The blood-red -splendour of a setting sun fills the marsh, the -low land, and the hanging woods; and streaming -like a beacon in at the windows, floods those two -with radiant light. They are Charles Fleming and -his bride. The storms have swept by, and left her -thrice his own, with the old walls and the sacred -hearth of Enderby. Thus may God send on us -the lightning of His chastisement, and yet guide -and guard us through all—through the morning -of wild and sunny childhood; through the noon -of gay and love-bright youth, environed as it is -by perils; through the sudden-falling night of -dread, despair, and death. He does not leave us -'comfortless.' As for Deborah Fleming, passionately -as she loved the beauteous world, she never -again lost sight of the valley up which had passed -the souls of those she loved, and the golden gates -across the shining flood. And in later days, when -children's children clustered eagerly round the -stately old Lady of Lincoln, she, with the faithfulness -of old age, would return lovingly, lingeringly -to the days of her youth, when 'Charlie and she -were young.'</p> - -<p>O happy time—blessed childhood—how can I -end better than with thee? Over the shadows of -evening rises the day-star of childhood's memories.</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">It knows no night—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There is <i>no</i> night in a glad and green old age.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p class='center'>THE END.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="CHARLES_DICKENS_MANUSCRIPTS" id="CHARLES_DICKENS_MANUSCRIPTS">CHARLES DICKENS' MANUSCRIPTS.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">A glimpse</span> of the manuscripts of the late Charles -Dickens, which now form part of the 'Forster -Collection' in the South Kensington Museum, -conjures up a vision of numerous characters in -his popular novels. On looking attentively at the -manuscripts, we are at once struck by the number -of alterations and interlineations with which the -pages abound; and our first sentiment is one of -surprise that the books which appear so wonderfully -natural and fluent when we read them, -should evidently have been the result of much -anxious thought, care, and elaboration.</p> - -<p>The collection comprises the original manuscripts -of the following works: <i>Oliver Twist</i>, -published in 1838-39; <i>Master Humphrey's Clock</i>, -comprising the <i>Old Curiosity Shop</i> and <i>Barnaby -Rudge</i>, published in 1840-41; <i>Barnaby Rudge</i>, -a separate volume, 1840-41; <i>American Notes</i>, -1842; <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i>, 1843-44; <i>The Chimes</i>, -Christmas 1844; <i>Dombey and Son</i>, 1846-48; <i>David -Copperfield</i>, 1849-50; <i>Bleak House</i>, which has in -the original manuscript a secondary title, <i>The East -Wind</i>, 1852-53; <i>Hard Times</i>, 1854; <i>Little Dorrit</i>, -1855-57; <i>A Tale of Two Cities</i>, 1859; and <i>The -Mystery of Edwin Drood</i> (his last but unfinished -work), 1870. There are also proof volumes from -the printers, consisting of <i>Dombey and Son</i>, <i>David -Copperfield</i>, <i>Bleak House</i>, and <i>Little Dorrit</i>, the -pages of which bear marginal and other corrections -and alterations, in ink, by the author.</p> - -<p>Of course, as the collection is placed under a -glass case, the public can only see one or two -pages of each work; but even with this meagre -guide, the acute observer is able in some degree -to trace the working of the writer's mind, and to -follow to some extent the development of his -ideas. As we have already remarked, the first -thing which strikes us is the comparatively large -number of alterations and interlineations which -occur in the manuscript. It is evident that -Charles Dickens wrote with the greatest care, and -scrupulously revised his writing, in order to render -each sentence as perfect as might be. Taking the -works in their chronological order, we may notice -that in <i>Oliver Twist</i>, which is open at 'Chapter -the Twelfth'—'In which Oliver is taken better care -of than he ever was before, with some particulars -concerning a certain picture'—there are few -alterations in the manuscript; the writing also -being larger and firmer than in the majority of the -later works. Charles Dickens made his alterations -so carefully that it is difficult to trace the words -which he had originally written; but the one or -two which occur on this page give us some little -insight into the careful manner in which the -author worked up his sentences into a well-rounded -and euphonious form. The passage at -which this manuscript is opened runs as follows: -'The coach rattled away down Mount Pleasant -and up Exmouth Street—over nearly the same -ground as that which Oliver had traversed when -he first entered London in;' and here occurs the -first alteration, 'the D——' is erased, and 'company -with the Dodger' is written in its place; the -author evidently considering the latter a more -euphonious form of expression than 'in the -Dodger's company,' as it was doubtless his original -intention to make the passage. The alteration to -which we have referred may appear, as indeed it -is, of exceedingly small significance; but we have -mentioned it simply as an instance of the extremely -careful way in which Dickens studied the -details and minutię of composition.</p> - -<p>The next manuscript in point of date is <i>Master -Humphrey's Clock</i>, which is open at 'No. IV.,' -headed 'Master Humphrey from his clock-side in -the chimney corner,' and commences as follows: -'Night is generally my time for walking. In the -summer I often leave home early in the morning -and roam about fields and lanes all day, or even -escape for days or weeks together, but, saving in -the country' [this originally stood 'but, at other -seasons of the year;' but Dickens doubtless saw -that the expression as it now stands would be -more consistent with the context], 'I seldom go out -until after dark, though, Heaven be thanked, I -love its light and feel the cheerfulness it sheds -upon the earth as much as any creature living.' -This page of manuscript has only a moderate share -of alterations.</p> - -<p>Then we come to the volume of <i>Barnaby Rudge</i>, -which is opened at 'Chapter One,' and also contains -only a moderate number of alterations, one being -in the height of the <i>Maypole</i> sign, and another -in the distance of Epping Forest from Cornhill;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_711" id="Page_711">{711}</a></span> -both of which are noticeable as further illustrations -of the conscientious love of accuracy which -characterised the author's mind. Next in order -follows the <i>American Notes</i>, which has very few -corrections, and is opened at the page headed -'Chapter the First. Introductory and necessary to -be read;' in which the author challenges the right -of any person 'to pass judgment on this book or -to arrive at any reasonable conclusion in reference -to it without first being at the trouble of becoming -acquainted with its design and purpose.' Surely a -caution fair and reasonable enough on the part of -the writer of a book which he could not but feel -would probably give offence, where such an end -was farthest from his wish.</p> - -<p><i>The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit</i> -comes next, open at 'Chapter I. Introductory. -Concerning the Pedigree of the Chuzzlewit Family;' -and giving us a brief but telling satire on the pride -of birth by assuring us that this family 'undoubtedly -descended in a direct line from Adam and -Eve, and was in the very earliest times closely -connected with the agricultural interest.' This -page is notably full of alterations, and seems a fair -indication that with Charles Dickens, as with -many others, the first step was the most difficult -of all. The caligraphy in this as in all the other -manuscripts is legible but rather small, the letters -being distinctly formed, and the use of abbreviations -studiously avoided.</p> - -<p>We next turn to <i>The Chimes</i>, one of those delightful -stories with which Dickens introduced -to us those Christmas annuals, which now form -so important a section of our periodical literature. -This again is open at the commencement, -where the author lays down the dogma that -there are not many people who would care to -sleep in a church: 'I don't mean at sermon-time -in warm weather (when the thing has actually been -done once or twice), but in the night, and alone.' -This sentence originally finished with 'in the -night;' but we can readily imagine the development -of the idea in the brain of the writer; and the -words 'and alone' suggesting themselves as lending -an additional ground of fear for the situation. -The manuscript of this page bears a moderate -number of alterations.</p> - -<p>In <i>Dombey and Son</i> we find a large number of -alterations on the first page, the very title itself -having been altered more than once. The sketch -of the newly-born Paul, who was placed in front -of the fire, 'as if his constitution were analogous to -that of a muffin, and it was essential to toast him -brown while he was very new,' is very good -indeed; but it is evident that the passage was -rather the result of careful elaboration than of -spontaneous humour. And the same remark will -apply to the opening chapter of <i>David Copperfield</i>, -in which, although the passage descriptive of the -birth of the hero is very neat and natural as it now -stands, the same careful revision and alteration are -again apparent.</p> - -<p><i>Bleak House</i> too is notably full of alterations on -the first page, especially in the passage which tells -us that in the muddy condition of the London -streets 'it would not be wonderful to meet a -Mesalosaurus forty feet long or so waddling like an -elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill.'</p> - -<p>In <i>Hard Times</i>, where we are introduced to the -gentleman who wants nothing but 'Facts,' and in -the opening chapter of <i>Little Dorrit</i>, in which we -have a description of Marseilles as it 'lay broiling -in the sun one day,' we find a large number of -alterations; but in these, as in most of the other -instances, the primary words have been erased so -carefully, that it is next to impossible to form -an idea of how the passages originally stood. -The <i>Tale of Two Cities</i>, on the contrary, contains -remarkably few corrections; and the opening -passage descriptive of 'The Period' is telling, and -apparently written spontaneously. <i>The Mystery of -Edwin Drood</i> has been opened with good judgment -at the last page. The manuscript is very small, -but fairly legible, and having but a moderate -number of alterations. In a literary sense, it is -not perhaps so interesting as some of the others; -but it possesses a sad and melancholy claim upon -our attention and sympathy, inasmuch as it is the -last page of manuscript ever written by this gifted -hand.</p> - -<p>In the proof volumes with corrections in the -handwriting of the author there is nothing which -calls for especial note save an unimportant deletion -in <i>Bleak House</i>, and a more interesting alteration -in <i>David Copperfield</i>. In the former there is -a passage marked 'out,' in which Sir Leicester -Dedlock speaks to Mrs Rouncewell of her grandson -in the following passage: 'If (he said) the -boy could not settle down at Chesney Wold, in -itself the most astonishing circumstance in the -world, could he not serve his country in the ranks -of her defenders, as his brother had done? Must -he rush to her destruction at his early age and -with his parricidal hand strike at her?'</p> - -<p>In <i>David Copperfield</i> we find by a passage in -which Mr Dick is referring to his Memorial that -his original hallucination took the form of a 'bull -in a china shop;' a rather trite idea, and it was not -until after the proof had actually been submitted -to him by the printers that Charles Dickens introduced -the whimsical and happier notion of 'King -Charles's Head.'</p> - -<p>Before bringing our brief paper to a conclusion, -we would venture to suggest to the gentleman -or gentlemen to whom is intrusted the -arrangement of these manuscripts, that the present -positions of the manuscripts and printed volumes -should be transposed, so that the manuscripts -should occupy the lower half of the case, as in -their present position it is rather difficult to decipher -the caligraphy; and to any one below the -ordinary height it must involve an amount of -physical contortion as uncomfortable as it is inelegant. -The manuscripts being of course of greater -interest than the printed proofs, should certainly -occupy the more prominent space, especially as the -latter could be read without any difficulty if placed -in the rear rank.</p> - -<p>We have no doubt that many of those who read -this short article will have seen the Dickens manuscripts -for themselves; many more doubtless will -see them; but there will still be a large number -who will not have the opportunity; and while we -think that our remarks will be endorsed by the first -and second classes, we hope that they will prove -interesting to the third less fortunate class, and -will enable them to enjoy, at least in imagination, -a somewhat closer intimacy than they have known -before with that great and gifted man, whose books -have effected so many beneficial changes both in -society at large and in many an individual heart -and life, uprooting and casting to the winds much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_712" id="Page_712">{712}</a></span> -that was base, worthless, and contemptible, and -implanting in their stead the seeds of those gentler -sympathies and nobler aspirations which find their -fruition in a well-spent life.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="THE_ADMIRALS_SECOND_WIFE" id="THE_ADMIRALS_SECOND_WIFE">THE ADMIRAL'S SECOND WIFE.</a></h2> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XII.—OTHER EVENTS OF THAT EVENING.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lady Dillworth's</span> reverie is doomed to be a short -one. She feels a soft caressing touch on her arm, -and looks up to see Miss Delmere close by her -chair. Her long light hair is streaming over her -shoulders, and an embroidered Indian dressing-gown -covers her antique dress.</p> - -<p>'Liddy, you quite frightened me! Why do you -come creeping in like a mouse? You ought to be -in bed.'</p> - -<p>'I have something to tell you, Katie; something -you will be <i>so</i> glad to hear, and something that -makes me <i>so</i> happy. I cannot sleep till I tell -you all about it.'</p> - -<p>Miss Delmere flings herself on a low stool at -Katie's feet, and looks up through her mass of -sunny hair with flushed cheeks, glowing eyes, and -lips that <i>will</i> form themselves into smiles. She -cannot hide her joy.</p> - -<p>'Walter Reeves has asked me to be his wife. -Are you surprised, Katie?'</p> - -<p>'Not exactly; I thought there must be some -outcome from all that flirting. Do you know, -Liddy, if he had not made you an offer, and if you -had not accepted him, I should have been very -angry, and should have given you a lecture.'</p> - -<p>Liddy looks up at her friend with surprise, the -words are so cold, the tone of voice so hard and -unsympathising.</p> - -<p>'Are you not glad about it, Katie?'</p> - -<p>'Of course I am; and I hope you will both be -happy.'</p> - -<p>'I owe it all to <i>you</i>, darling Katie! Had it not -been for this dear delightful charade party, I should -never have found out that Walter really cared for -me. How sudden it has all been! And what good -news I shall have to carry home to-morrow! Little -did I think when I came to stay with you, that -my wedding was so near!' The words came out -in joyous gasps between hugs and kisses, for Miss -Delmere is demonstrative, and shews it.</p> - -<p>Then Liddy flits away, radiant in her delight, -never dreaming of the anguish in Katie's heart that -constrains her again to bury her face in her hands, -and utter short, eager, impassioned prayers for the -poor sailors whom she believes are at that very -hour in dire and mortal conflict with the winds -and waves.</p> - -<p>But we must take a glimpse at Sir Herbert's -proceedings. He never even glances at the order -after his wife's fingers have altered it to her will; -he merely folds it up, puts it in the envelope, and -despatches it to its destination. Though he decides -the <i>Leo</i> shall proceed on the dangerous enterprise, -no thought of malice towards Captain Reeves -actuates him. It never enters his thought that it -is a good way of getting rid of him for a while, -and thus stopping the constant visits to Government -House. The idea is altogether too paltry -and despicable—it is beneath a man of Sir Herbert's -tone of mind. He fixes on that particular -ship simply because she is best fitted for the duty. -Weighing anchor in such a storm near the Short -Reefs on an iron-bound coast, and rendering -assistance to a vessel in danger, is an undertaking -that requires a good ship, a steady crew, and an -able captain.</p> - -<p>All these qualifications the <i>Leo</i> possesses to perfection. -She is a well-built handsome craft; her -hardy tars are smart and well disciplined; and -there is no braver officer in the British navy than -Walter Reeves. True, when on shore he seems -rather too fond of amusement, and has been called -'conceited,' 'trifling,' 'frivolous,' 'dandified,' and -what not, by men who are jealous of him; but let -his foot once touch the quarter-deck, and even his -enemies can never charge him with these questionable -qualities. There all his frippery and nonsense -vanish away like dew in the sunshine; and he -becomes the true sailor, with courage to plan and -carry out deeds of daring; he becomes the gallant -officer fired with vigour and ambition. Never -would he shirk a duty or hesitate to undertake -any lawful enterprise even though it led to danger -or death. Sir Herbert knows all this, and therefore -he is right in selecting the <i>Leo</i>.</p> - -<p>Hardly has he sent away the order when he is -called off to Hillview; and when his duties there -are over, he determines to pay a farewell visit to -Lady Ribson. He thinks of Katie all the way he -is going to Belton Park. But when is he <i>not</i> -thinking of her? His love has not lessened, though -he has begun to see her faults. He is sorry she is -not with him, and that she has never paid the -needful respect to his god-mother. He has often -and often urged her to call, but his persuasions -have failed. Whenever he has made the suggestion, -Katie has been so overwhelmed with engagements -that she has hardly given him a hearing, -and of late he has dropped the subject. He goes -towards Belton Park in rather a gloomy mood -after all. Lady Ribson quite expects Katie on this -last evening, and while she welcomes the Admiral, -she looks over his shoulder inquiringly.</p> - -<p>'Ah! I knew you would come to say "good-bye," -Herbert. But where is the "gudewife," the -bonnie Katie?'</p> - -<p>'Miss Delmere is staying with her, and she has -many engagements; besides, you could hardly -expect her out in this storm.'</p> - -<p>'Ah no, certainly not. There are many reasons -for Lady Dillworth's staying at home, and but few -inducements for her to come out to see an old -woman like me.'</p> - -<p>'Katie has often said how anxious she is to -know you.'</p> - -<p>'True, true, Herbert; so you must bring her to -Scotland with you in the bright summer-time—that -is, if I'm spared to see it; but life is uncertain, -my friend, life is uncertain.'</p> - -<p>Lady Ribson, who is the brightest, kindest, -dearest old woman in the world, smiles on her -god-son, and does not let him see how much she -is hurt by Katie's neglect of her; but in her heart -she is sorry for him, more sorry than she would -like him to know. Bessie his first wife was in -her opinion perfection; and Katie she suspects -is very much the reverse.</p> - -<p>To her old eyes, the Admiral is still young, and -she thinks there is hardly a woman in the world -good enough to mate with him. 'I can see -Herbert is not happy; and Laura Best was right -when she foretold the risk her father ran in marrying -a mere frivolous girl,' she decides in her own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_713" id="Page_713">{713}</a></span> -mind; but none of her suspicions float to the surface, -so gay, so kindly, so warm is her manner. -The Admiral sets out early on his homeward -journey; his thoughts still turn to Katie, but they -have grown softer, more tender. The gloom has -passed from his spirit; the interview with Lady -Ribson has calmed his ruffled thoughts; his reserve -and pride have altogether melted down, and he -longs to press his darling wife to his heart and -forgive all her follies. He feels, even with all her -failings, he loves her more completely, more passionately -than he has ever loved the dead Bessie.</p> - -<p>When he reaches Government House, it is -brilliantly lighted up. The guests are assembled, -and fragments of song and melody are floating -out on the rough night-wind. Sir Herbert -makes his way at once to the scene of festivity, -and pauses at the door, astonished at the -unwonted appearance of the rooms. As he has -not been initiated into the arrangements, nor -witnessed the preparations, the merest stranger -present is not more ignorant than he is of all that -has been going on. So he looks on the scene with -curiosity. The music-room has been turned into -a raised stage, with painted wings and festoons of -scarlet curtains. A crescent-shaped row of gas -jets serves as foot-lights, and throws a soft clear -brilliance on the performers. Wreaths of flowers, -clusters of trailing evergreens, pots of rich exotics, -groups of banners, add to the display. Nothing -that taste, art, fancy, or money can accomplish is -wanting. The Admiral looks at all this; then at -the rows of spectators; then at his wife, who comes -forward on the stage at that moment leaning on -Liddy's arm. Presently their voices ring out -through the rooms; then a solo falls to Katie's -share, and her husband listens spell-bound to her -singing. Her voice is tuned to the deepest pathos, -and her face is sad as her song.</p> - -<p>Never has he seen Katie look like that before. -The curiously cut costume suits her wonderfully -well; the dress of azure silk falls in rich bright -folds; her bodice glitters with gold and gems; and -her hair turned back in its own luxuriant wealth -of tresses, has no ornament but a diamond cluster. -The mellowed rays from gas jets, hidden by the -curtains, fall full on her head, and she shines out -as though surrounded by a strange unearthly -glory.</p> - -<p>She seems altered, spiritualised, refined, incorporealised -in her marvellously weird-like beauty, -and her husband cannot remove his rapt gaze from -her. But presently a single turn of his head -changes his glance of admiration into one of surprise -and anger. In the shade of a gigantic -azalea he spies Captain Walter Reeves, standing -in an attitude of calm listening enjoyment. Instantly -the Admiral's eye flashes with indignation. -How dares Walter Reeves to be here, in his -wife's drawing-room, when he ought to be miles -away out on the stormy seas?</p> - -<p>In an instant the offender is called out of the -room, and Sir Herbert demands to know why he -has disobeyed orders by staying on shore.</p> - -<p>'I have had no orders to weigh anchor, Sir -Herbert.'</p> - -<p>'Perhaps the order is still lying on your cabin -table; it was issued at ten o'clock this morning.'</p> - -<p>'No despatch has reached the <i>Leo</i>, for I've been -on board all day, Sir Herbert, and came direct to -Government House.'</p> - -<p>'Very strange, very! There must be some -terrible mistake in the matter. Is Mr Grey here -to-night?'</p> - -<p>'No, Sir Herbert.'</p> - -<p>'I must see him at once. The subject admits -of no delay.'</p> - -<p>'Shall <i>I</i> go to North Street, and fetch him -here?'</p> - -<p>The Admiral pauses for a moment, and takes a -survey of Walter from head to foot. He notes the -velvet suit, the delicate lace ruffles, the Montero -cap, the large plume of feathers, the dark cloak -set so jauntily on his shoulder, the thin shining -shoes, and the huge glittering buckles; and -a <i>soupēon</i> of contempt glances from his eyes, a -slight sneer trembles on his lip. 'I think -I am more fitted to brave the storm than you -are to-night, so I'll go to Mr Grey myself.' -Then without another word, he walks down the -stairs, and passes out into the wind and rain. The -house in North Street is closed for the night, and -Mrs Grey and Helen are sleeping the sleep of the -quiet-minded. Only the master of the house is -still up, and he is finishing a cigar in his library. -He starts up in alarm when he hears the authoritative -knock at the door, and visions of fire and -thieves start up before him. His alarm is in no -whit lessened when he sees his august son-in-law -on the steps.</p> - -<p>'Sir Herbert! Who would have thought of -seeing you so late! Is anything wrong? Is Katie -ill?'</p> - -<p>'No; your daughter is quite well. I left her -just now dressed up like some medieval heroine, -and lamenting her woes in song.'</p> - -<p>'True; I recollect this is the night of Katie's -charade party.'</p> - -<p>They have both gone into the library now; Mr -Grey has flung the stump of his cigar aside, and -the Admiral speedily explains the cause of his late -visit.</p> - -<p>'I acted as your note directed, Sir Herbert, and -at once sent off the <i>Leoni</i> to assist the <i>Daring</i>.'</p> - -<p>'The <i>Leoni</i>! Were you mad, Grey?'</p> - -<p>'I confess your order amazed me. I did all I -could to consult with you about it, but you were -gone to Hillview. Here is the order; you will see -the <i>Leoni's</i> name written plainly.'</p> - -<p>The Admiral takes the paper in his hand, holds -it near his gaze, scrutinises it afar off, glances at it -through his eye-glass; but the fact is indisputable—there -is the word <i>Leoni</i>, apparently in his own -writing.</p> - -<p>'This is a vile forgery, Grey! I never wrote -that, never dreamt of giving such a mad order. -Heaven alone knows what results, what complications -may arise from it! I shudder to think of the -<i>Daring</i> still aground on the Short Reefs, or perhaps -altogether broken up long ere this.'</p> - -<p>'The <i>Leoni</i> couldn't help her much, I fear.'</p> - -<p>'Help her! She'll never reach her. I should -not be surprised if she were a wreck herself by this -time; a hideous, top-heavy, unmanageable craft -like that couldn't take care even of herself in such -a storm.'</p> - -<p>'What had better be done now, Sir Herbert?'</p> - -<p>'Despatch the <i>Leo</i> at once; though I fear her -services will come too late.'</p> - -<p>Practical discussions follow, that keep the -Admiral and his secretary employed for some -time longer. When Sir Herbert returns home, it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_714" id="Page_714">{714}</a></span> -no vain excuse that makes him retire to his room -in very weariness of spirit, very fatigue of body. -He finds Walter Reeves is already gone away; but -some of the guests are still lingering in the rooms, -trying to prolong their amusements to the last -minute.</p> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XIII.—CONFESSION.</h3> - -<p>The storm has spent itself before the next -morning. Katie can see that, as she listlessly -looks out of the bay-window of the breakfast-room. -One would hardly suppose the treacherous gale -had been holding such wild revels the night before. -The tossing waves that had leaped with frothy -crests over the serrated rocks of the Short Reefs, -are placid enough now—dancing perhaps over -those who went down a few hours before into the -cruel depths. Lady Dillworth has a headache; she -listens calmly to Liddy, who blushing and blooming, -pours forth her rose-coloured confidences, and -swallows her coffee between whiles. Hunter is -helping the groom to carry her boxes down-stairs; -and Miss Delmere, with only a few minutes to -spare, is selfish in the exuberance of her joy, and -cannot see the dark circles round Katie's sleepless -eyes nor note the deep sadness of her looks. At -length she goes away, and the Admiral enters the -room.</p> - -<p>'You are just in time, Herbert; Hunter has -brought up some fresh coffee.'</p> - -<p>'None for me, thank you. I knew you would -be engaged with Miss Delmere; and as I had papers -to examine, I had my breakfast brought to the -library.'</p> - -<p>'Liddy is gone away now.'</p> - -<p>'Yes; I met her in the hall, and saw her into -the carriage. I've brought you the newspaper, -Katie; you will see the wreck of the unfortunate -ship I told you of yesterday.'</p> - -<p>'The <i>Daring</i>! Is she wrecked?' Katie takes -the paper into her trembling hands, but cannot -read a word for the throbbing of her brows and -the dizziness of her eyes.</p> - -<p>Her husband goes on: 'Yes; she went to pieces -in the gale, and every soul on board would have -gone down with her had not a merchant-ship -passed by the merest chance. Twenty-three men -are lost. At least they went away in the <i>Daring's</i> -large cutter; but no boat could have lived out the -storm.'</p> - -<p>'How dreadful!' Katie starts at the sound of -her own voice, it is so deep and hoarse.</p> - -<p>'Dreadful indeed! What makes the matter -worse is, that in all human probability every man -might have been saved and the ship also, had -not an atrociously wrong act been perpetrated.'</p> - -<p>Katie hears a rustle of paper; she knows by -instinct what is coming, but she dares not lift her -head.</p> - -<p>The Admiral goes on in an agitated tone: -'Some one has tampered with my papers, has even -dared to meddle with my orders. I directed the -<i>Leo</i> to be sent out at once to the scene of the -wreck; but from malignity or some other motive, -the name <i>Leoni</i> was substituted.'</p> - -<p>'Wouldn't that ship do as well, Herbert?'</p> - -<p>'Certainly not. She would never reach the -Short Reefs in such a gale. I fully suspect she's -foundered at sea or gone on the rocks herself. I'll -find out who did it! If I thought Reeves, or -any one else at his instigation, had been guilty, -I'd, I'd'——</p> - -<p>There is no saying how the sentence might have -ended. Katie has risen from her seat, and stands -before her husband trembling.</p> - -<p>'I did it, Herbert! <i>I</i> altered your order!'</p> - -<p>'You, Katie!—you, my wife!'</p> - -<p>'Yes; but I never thought my silly act would -lead to such misfortune.'</p> - -<p>'What was your motive, Kate? Surely you -could not have wished to injure <i>me</i>? To set me -up as a mark of inefficiency and ridicule?'</p> - -<p>'O no; a thousand times <i>no</i>. But Captain Reeves -was helping me to get up our charade, and I -altered the ship's name that he might not have -to go away.' Here Lady Dillworth's voice fails -her. She cannot utter another word, so choked -and gasping is her breath; the bare blank -sentence remains as it was: 'I altered the ship's -name that he might not have to go away.'</p> - -<p>The Admiral does not reply. There is a stillness -in the room as though some one had died there. -A burst of passion, an angry storm of words would -be a relief; and Katie glances up in alarm to -see her husband looking down sadly at her. He -is pale as death; his lips are set and firm; a dim -haze has clouded his eyes, as though unshed tears -are springing there; but there is no sign of resentment -in his face—only pity, a tender, touching, -tremulous pity, an infinite yearning for something -gone, a regret, sorrowful and deep! Yet all so -mixed with intense love, that Katie knows for the -first time in her life what passionate boundless -strength there is in his affection for her. A sudden -understanding of how dear she is to him dawns -upon her; she feels he would give his very life -for her.</p> - -<p>Katie would have flown to his arms, and told -him his love is fully returned, that at last she -feels his worth and goodness; she would have -fallen at his feet and there have craved for pardon; -but he puts her gently yet firmly away.</p> - -<p>'My poor, poor Katie! Have I then spoiled -your young life? I might have suspected this; -but I was blind and selfish. Forgive me, my poor -child, forgive me! I would give worlds to restore -you your freedom again!'</p> - -<p>Ere Katie has fully grasped the meaning of his -words, he has gone out of the room; she hears -him walk rapidly down the stairs and out of the -house. A sense of numbness creeps over her; -she sits for a while like one stunned. How long -she remains crouching on the sofa she never -knows; a whole lifetime of anguish seems crushed -into that space. All the brightness of youth -appears to die out at her husband's departure; his -retreating footstep sounds like a knell of departed -hope.</p> - -<p>After a time, Lady Dillworth rouses herself; even -sorrow cannot endure for ever. She recollects it -is near the hour for luncheon, and then Herbert -will come home. She dresses herself in the robes -she had on when he made her the offer of marriage. -<i>Why</i> she has done this, she does not confess -even to herself; but perhaps she imagines old -associations may soften present misunderstandings. -She goes down to the dining-room and waits. The -table is laid for luncheon, and the bright fire -glitters on the silver and glasses and flowers. All -is so pleasant and cheerful and homelike! And -even then a thrill of satisfaction comes over her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_715" id="Page_715">{715}</a></span> -that now Liddy Delmere is gone she will be able -to devote all her time to her husband—have him -all to herself. But the luncheon hour passes, and -then the door opens and Hunter enters with a letter -on a salver. The address is written in a rapid -unsteady hand, as though the fingers trembled. -She sees it is Sir Herbert's writing, and tears open -the envelope with a sense of impending trouble, -that blanches her cheeks and chills her heart. The -words run thus:</p> - -<p>'No one shall ever know you did the mischief, -my poor Katie; the blame shall rest on me alone, -and I will bear it willingly for your sake. But -my professional career is over; men will never -again trust my judgment or deem me fit to command. -I was proud of my standing in the service -and of an untarnished reputation; but you have -spoiled it all, merely to enjoy a short interval -more of Walter Reeves's society. Why did you -not tell me he was so dear to you? You should -have said before we married <i>I</i> could never make -you happy. Yet I will not blame you, my poor -wife. My own selfish blindness has caused all -this misery. Before this letter reaches you, I shall -be on my way to London to resign my appointment.'</p> - -<p>This was all! But the contents fell like a blow -on her heart. Katie sits alone in that quiet room -while the iron pierces her soul. The untasted -luncheon stands on the table till the fire goes -out and the shades of night gather round. Then -Hunter knocks at the door in alarm, to know if -'my Lady' will have the things removed. Katie -rouses herself to tell him that while his master is -away she will henceforth have her meals laid in -her boudoir, and that she will receive no visitors -in Sir Herbert's absence.</p> - -<p>Hunter sees her pallid face and tear-stained eyes, -and draws his own conclusions, and thinks things -'never went on like that in the <i>first</i> Lady Dillworth's -time, anyhow.'</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="THE_GUACHO" id="THE_GUACHO">THE GUACHO.</a></h2> - - -<p>'<span class="smcap">Will</span> you ride over with me to the neighbouring -village?' asked my friend Senhor Pedro da Silva. -'There is a <i>festa</i> there to-day. And as you are a -stranger in the country, you will see some feats of -horsemanship quite as clever as can be shewn in -the circus rings of old England.'</p> - -<p>'With the greatest pleasure,' I replied. 'I have -often heard of the wonderful horsemen called -Guachos, and desire much to see if the accounts -are really true.'</p> - -<p>'I think you will not be disappointed. He and -his horse are one; sometimes he acts as its tyrant, -but more frequently they are friends. From infancy -they have scoured over the immense Pampas -of South America, frequently amidst violent storms -of thunder, wind, and rain. His address and grace -on horseback yield neither to your best fox-hunters -nor to the American Indian. But here is -Antonio with our steeds; let us mount.'</p> - -<p>An hour's ride over the dull arid plains of -Buenos Ayres, covered with the grass now so much -cultivated in our gardens, and admired for its light -leathery tufts waving in the wind, brought us to -San Joachim, where the people were already collecting -in their holiday attire, and exchanging -friendly greetings on all sides. The gay striking -dresses of the Guachos mingled in every group. -The <i>poncho</i> or mantle of cloth, woven in bright -coloured stripes, has a hole in the centre through -which the head is passed, and falls down to the -hips in graceful folds. The nether garment is a -combination of bedgown and trousers, bordered by -a fringe or even rich lace on these festa days, -which varies from two to six inches deep according -to the wealth of the wearer. Then to-day the -great jack-boots of untanned leather are exchanged -for the smartest patent leather, with bright -scarlet tops, and enormous spurs at the heels. A -wide-brimmed Spanish hat is worn, a purple or -yellow handkerchief twisted round it; whilst the -belt encircling the waist sparkles with the dollars -sewn upon it—often the whole fortune of the -owner. His weapons are attached to this girdle, -consisting of a formidable knife, a lasso, and a -bolas, which may not be so familiar to the English -reader as the lasso. There are two balls fastened -together by short leathern straps, to which another -thong is attached, by which it is thrown; this is -whirled violently round the head before propulsion, -and entangles itself in the legs of the horse -or cow to be captured.</p> - -<p>But whilst we are gaily chatting to Senhor -Pedro's many friends the games are beginning, and -we hasten off to the ground. There we find two -lines of mounted Guachos, from ten to twenty on -each side, just so far apart as to allow a rider to -pass between the ranks; all are on the alert and -holding the lasso ready for use. One whom they -call Massimo, an evident favourite with the crowd, -comes tearing along at a gallop and dashes in -between the lines. The first horseman in the -ranks throws his lasso at Massimo's horse as he -flashes past, but misses, amidst the derisive shouts -of those around; then the second, quick as lightning -casts his; and so on down the ranks. Presently, -however, the horse is lassoed and brought -to the ground; and the skilful rider alights uninjured -on his feet, smoking his cigarette as coolly -as when he started from the post. The dexterity -and watchfulness of the men, who can throw the -lasso so as to entangle the feet of a horse while -going at full speed, are simply wonderful. -Another and another followed with varying -fortunes; sometimes the first struck down the -horse and rider, rarely was it that one escaped -altogether. The popularity of the famous chief -Rosas was said to be founded on his proficiency in -this adroit but cruel art, and no man can be their -chief who is not the cleverest among them: -renown on horseback is the one great virtue that -exalts a man in their eyes; cruelty to their -favourite animal does not seem to enter into -their thoughts!</p> - -<p>But at length they weary of this sport, and -move off a little way to vary it with another. -Now we seem to have moved back a few hundred -years, and find a pastime of the middle ages still -lingering among these descendants of the Spaniards, -who doubtless introduced it into the New World. -In those days it was called the game of the quintain. -A pole was firmly planted in the ground, -with a cross-bar, to which was hung the figure of -a misbelieving Saracen, well armed and holding a -large sword. The horseman tilted at full gallop -against this puppet; and as it moved lightly on a -pivot, unless it were well struck in the breast, it -revolved, and the sword smote the assailant on the -back amidst the laughter of the crowd. Here in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_716" id="Page_716">{716}</a></span> -the wild Pampas the trial of skill is greater. A -kind of gibbet is erected, to which is hung a finger-ring -by a string. The Guacho, instead of the spear -of knightly days, holds a weapon more characteristic -of his work in the <i>saladero</i>, where the cattle -are killed and salted—namely, a skewer. One after -another the Guachos gallop at full speed and try -to push the skewer into the ring and carry it off. -Antonio, Luis, and Melito succeeded admirably; -but many a novice failed in the difficult task. -Still it was a pretty sight, and enjoyed apparently -by both horses and men.</p> - -<p>Then came the inevitable horse-races, which are -of almost daily occurrence, when associates challenge -one another, and they strike off in a moment -in a straight line until they disappear in the -horizon. In this case, however, a wide straight -avenue near the village was chosen for a short, -rapid, and often renewed race; a pastime for the -idle, and the occasion of ruinous bets. The riders -were dressed with the greatest elegance; their -horses well chosen from the corral, and covered -with silver ornaments. The bridle is of the leather -of a foal, finely plaited and mounted with silver; -stirrup, bit, and spurs of the same metal. A -glittering silver belt, sometimes of a flowery -pattern, and of colossal proportions, hangs round -the breast, and a silver strap across the forehead. -The saddle is a wonderful piece of mechanism, -forming the Guacho's 'bed by night and chest of -drawers by day;' it is very heavy, and consists of -ten parts; skins, carpets, and cow-hides intermingled -with other necessaries. Off they go at -last from the post, spurring and urging their steeds -like modern centaurs, handling them in a manner -well worthy of admiration, and with the most perfect -elegance. When the winner came in, many -a by-stander had lost all his possessions, so mad a -race of gamblers are they. As a last resource, they -pledge their horse, and expose themselves, if they -lose, to the lowest of humiliations—that of going -away on foot!</p> - -<p>We turned at last towards home, leaving the -roystering spirits to finish off their day at the -<i>pulperia</i>. This it is which takes the place of the -club, the café, the newsroom, and the home. A -cottage, neither more simple nor more luxurious -than any other to be found in the Pampas, covered -with thatch; the walls of dried mud, or more -frequently of rushes sparged with mud; the -flooring being of trodden earth; into which the -rain penetrates, the sun never enters, and where -a hot damp air is the prevailing atmosphere. -Before the door stands a row of strong posts, to -which the horses of the guests are tied; the -new-comer jumps off, and there leaves his -steed, saddled and bridled, for many weary hours -in the hot sun or pouring rain; whilst he, to -use a native expression, 'satisfies his vices' in the -<i>pulperia</i>. The door is open to all comers, and -great outward politeness reigns within; there is a -continual exchange of gallantries, to which the -Spanish language easily lends itself; but reason -soon loses its sway, and the strangest bets are -offered and taken. Sometimes it is between two -friends as to who shall first lose blood; when -the whole company sally out, knives are drawn -between the duellers, and a combat, often much -more ridiculous than valiant, ensues!</p> - -<p>The following morning, Senhor Pedro proposed -that we should ride out and see the Guacho at -work and in his home. 'You seem to have been -interested in him yesterday,' he said, 'and he -belongs to a type that is unique. Notwithstanding -the hatred of the original inhabitants towards -their invaders, the two races were mixed, and -these unions produced the Guacho. Look at his -tall figure, bony square face embrowned by the sun, -and stiff black hair—there you see the Indian; whilst -the Spaniard is in his proud haughty manner, -in his vanity, and also in his great sobriety. He -drinks water and eats his dried meat without -bread, not from contempt for better food, but from -a horror of work. To earn his daily food is not -so much his aim as to get money to bet with. -He will go into the <i>saladero</i>, where, knife in -hand, he will kill, skin, and cut up the cattle for -salting, and find enjoyment rather than labour in -it. He easily gains in a few hours a wage that -suffices; and as soon as it is paid, he jumps on -his horse and rides off to the <i>pulperia</i> to gamble -it away.'</p> - -<p>Thus conversing, we reached a hut which could -scarcely be surpassed in its misery. Placed alone -in the middle of the plain, without any garden or -cultivated ground, not a tree to cast a welcome -shadow, or a hand to repair the dilapidated walls, -it seemed formed to repulse rather than attract the -owner. At our approach, the mother came out, -surrounded by her children, her complexion approaching -the mulatto, for the air of the Pampas -quickly destroys the fineness of the skin. It is -only in the capital, Buenos Ayres, that handsome -Creole types are to be seen, where fine features -of an Indian class surpass European beauty, even -when the tint is olive. The wife, like the husband, -hates work: her only occupation is to boil -some water, pour it over maté or tea of Paraguay, -and drink it through a metal tube. Her children, -at the age of three or four, can sit on horseback -and gallop over the plain with no other bridle -than a cord passed through the horse's mouth. At -six they watch the sheep, and at ten are ready to -break in the most spirited colts. Only everything -they do must be on horseback: they will neither -use their arms nor legs.</p> - -<p>'Good-morning, Senorita,' said my friend. -'Where shall we find your husband?'</p> - -<p>'He is gone, Senhor, to break in some horses -for Senhor Melisos; it is not far from here.'</p> - -<p>'So much the better. We will ride on and see -him at work.'</p> - -<p>We reached the place; and the Guacho came out -to meet us.</p> - -<p>'Will you shew my friend your feat at the gate?' -said Senhor Pedro.</p> - -<p>'With the greatest pleasure,' answered the -flattered Guacho. He jumped on to the top -transverse bar which forms the gate of the corral, -and calling to another man to open the lower -ones and drive out a troop of horses at full gallop, -he, with the most astonishing skill, singled one -out with his eye, dropped down on to it, and rode -off without saddle or bridle at the top of its speed. -Soon returning, he proceeded to break a horse that -had been previously caught in the plains. The -Guacho threw two lassos, one over the neck, -the other on the hind-legs. Several men hold the -colt tightly whilst he saddles and passes a cord -through the mouth of the animal; and when -the first paroxysms of fear have passed, the tamer -jumps on, and pressing his powerful knees into its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_717" id="Page_717">{717}</a></span> -sides, the lasso is withdrawn. The horse and -rider then start on a furious course, from which -they both return exhausted, in the midst of the -<i>vivats</i> which resound from every side. All that -is now required is for the breaker to ride ten or -fifteen leagues, when he gives up the horse to the -owner and receives his fee. They are never taught -to trot, but have an easy movement; and a man -has been known to ride two hundred miles a day -without fatigue, and living only on dried meat -and maté.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="THE_GERM_THEORY_AGAIN" id="THE_GERM_THEORY_AGAIN">THE GERM THEORY AGAIN.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">We</span> have on several occasions alluded to the -Germ theory, by which is meant the theory that -invisible germs, capable of producing animalculę -and of spreading disease are constantly floating in -the atmosphere—and that the more impure the air -the greater are the number of these germs. We -revert to the subject, because it is debated in all -quarters, and it is as well that our readers should -know something of what is causing so much controversy. -Some surgeons distinguished as operators -are great believers in the Germ theory; so much -so, that before beginning, for instance, to cut off a -leg, they cause a certain germ-killing liquid to -shower like spray near the part operated on; by -which, as is alleged, the wound is kept free of -anything noxious. Whether there be germs or -not, the use of disinfectants in the air is said to be -beneficial. Notably the celebrated carbolic-acid -plan of Professor Lister has met with marked -success, and is practised by the greatest surgeons -of our time. But though the air certainly contains -something which favours decomposition, it is by -no means yet proved that that something <i>is</i> made -up of germs.</p> - -<p>Professor Tyndall has been the principal advocate -of the Germ theory, and has written some -papers strongly in its favour. Professor Bastian -takes an opposite opinion. He thinks that living -organisms may originate in disease by spontaneous -generation. His notions are that if germs are continually -floating about in the air, they would drop -everywhere and anywhere alike. This argument -applies more forcibly to the fact which Dr Bastian -discovered—namely, that he was able to get life in -flasks containing inorganic solutions, but that he -always failed if such solutions were not made up -of salts containing oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and -nitrogen; that is to say, of the elements of life. If -the organisms are really the result of a molecular -arrangement of the 'mother-liquid,' we should -expect to find them only in those fluids which -already contain the elements necessary for their -composition. Three speculations are involved in -these experiments: on the one hand, that low -forms of life do occasionally arise by spontaneous -generation; on the other hand, either that the heat -which is usually considered destructive of life and -germinating power is in reality nothing of the -kind; or that Dr Bastian's experiments were -incorrectly performed.</p> - -<p>Since the publication of Dr Bastian's observations, -a very lively controversy has been carried -on in scientific quarters between the supporters of -the germ theory and of the theory of spontaneous -generation. Dr Bastian's work was conducted with -great care and in the presence of some distinguished -authorities. Dr Sanderson, on the other -hand, found that upon increasing the heat which -is applied to the flasks, no organisms were produced; -but until we have reason to doubt the -generally received opinion as to the amount of -heat necessary to destroy life, this result may be -equally well explained according to either of the -two theories.</p> - -<p>Dr Bastian insists that the organic solutions in -his own flasks are not found by him to undergo -putrefaction where every precaution is taken for -withholding the entrance of air. Thus a simple -piece of cotton-wool, which acts as a kind of -sieve, will when placed in the mouth of a flask -prevent decomposition. Professor Tyndall has -invented the most ingenious contrivances for -illustrating his views. In one case he employed -a chamber the walls of which were covered by a -sticky substance. The particles of dust in the air -were allowed to collect and adhere to the sides, -and the air in the vessel, as shewn by its non-reflection -of a beam of light, was rendered comparatively -dustless. Flasks were now introduced, -and they remained for a long period free from -organisms. On repeating some of these experiments -this year, however, Professor Tyndall found -that many of the infusions which had previously -been preserved from putrefaction with ease, were -now found, when placed under the same conditions, -to swarm with life. Still he refused to believe in -'spontaneous generation,' and preferred to consider -that the production of life in his flasks was due -to some fault in his experiments, and that the air -of the Royal Institution was not so pure this year -as it was last. Instead, therefore, of introducing -his fluids by means of an open pipette, as he had -previously done, he now made use of a 'separating -funnel,' and by this means the fluids found their -way into the flasks without exposure to the air. -The result of these precautions was that no organisms -appeared. The objection, however, that we -have to find is, that no guarantee can be given -that will enable us to ascertain whether the air is -really free from particles of organic matter or not. -Last year the air was considered to be pure because -moteless; but this year, though moteless, it was -found to be impure.</p> - -<p>Professor Tyndall and his friends are so exceedingly -confident in the power of the germs -of the atmosphere, that they attribute to their -influence every known case of putrefaction; and -they do so because they believe that they have -proved that whenever the air can be excluded from -a putrescible fluid, putrefaction will not take -place. But Dr Bastian has succeeded in producing -life out of organic infusions from which the air -has been excluded, and which have been previously -raised by him to temperatures hitherto considered -by scientific authority as fatal to life. Thus the -question resolves itself into this: What is the -exact point of heat which kills the germs of -bacteria? At present we do not know, and we -have therefore no right to make any supposition -upon this point in favour of either of the two -theories.</p> - -<p>Since Dr Bastian's experiments were first made -public, the holders of the Germ theory have gradually -raised what we may call the thermal death-point -of bacteria, in order to explain away the -results of his experiments by the light of their own -theory. If Dr Bastian's fluids did develop life,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_718" id="Page_718">{718}</a></span> -they say, the germs must have entered into them -by some means or other; and if he superheated -these fluids, the fact of the germs surviving the -process shews that they must be possessed of -greater enduring power than we have given them -credit for.</p> - -<p>Curiously enough, Professor Tyndall declares -that frequent applications of a low degree of -heat, and applied at intervals, have a far greater -'sterilising effect' than a single application of a -high temperature. For a given fluid may contain -germs of all ages. If such a fluid be boiled for a -considerable time, all the germs of recent formation -will be killed; but those of a greater age will -merely be softened, but still capable of reanimation. -If, however, the fluid be heated for a -short time only, the recent germs will be destroyed, -while an older crop will be liberated. A second -application of heat destroys this second crop, and -brings a third into play. Further heat will awaken -successive crops, until at length a point is reached -when the toughest germ must yield. This is -certainly a most ingenious explanation of the -difficulty.</p> - -<p>A very interesting contribution to this subject -has lately been made by Dr Bastian and others; -and we will now briefly describe the main results -of their researches. It has long been known that -slightly alkaline organic fluids are more difficult -to sterilise than those which are slightly acid. -Pasteur the French chemist says that animal water -in its normally acid state becomes sterile at one -hundred degrees centigrade; but that if the infusion -is first rendered alkaline by the addition of potash, -the application of a little more heat is necessary, in -order to insure sterility. If we bear in mind the -two theories, we shall see that these observations -of Pasteur may be explained according to either -of them. We may believe that the germs in the -infusion are fortified against the destructive action -of heat by liquor potassę; or on the other hand, -we may hold that the spontaneous generation of -organisms is favoured by the presence of an alkali. -Acting upon these data, Dr Bastian heated a -similar fluid in its acid condition to the temperature -of one hundred degrees; so that, according to -Pasteur, it was now barren. He then added a -quantity of potash sufficient to neutralise the acid, -the addition of the alkali thus being made <i>after</i> -instead of before the boiling; and he then allowed -the fluid so treated to stand at a temperature of -about one hundred and fifteen degrees Fahrenheit. -In a short time swarms of bacteria appeared.</p> - -<p>Dr Roberts, however, considers that this result -was obtained because sufficient precaution had not -been taken by Dr Bastian to prevent the entry of -germs, which might have been introduced by the -potash. Accordingly, he filled a small flask with -an ounce of the acid infusion, and then sealed up -his potash in a capillary tube. The potash was -then heated in oil to two hundred and eighty -degrees Fahrenheit, and kept for fifteen minutes. -The tube of potash was now introduced into -the flask containing the infusion, and the flask -was boiled for five minutes, and sealed. The flask -was now kept for some time in order to test its -sterility. When this was ascertained, the flask -was shaken, so that the little tube of potash inside -was broken, and the potash was thus allowed to -mingle with and neutralise the infusion. The flask -was now maintained at a low temperature of one -hundred and fifteen degrees Fahrenheit, and it -remained perfectly clear. And so Dr Roberts concludes -that liquor potassę has no power to excite -the generation of organisms in a sterilised infusion. -Professor Tyndall repeated these experiments with -additional precautions, and obtained similar results.</p> - -<p>The <i>general</i> conclusion which is drawn from -various experiments by the advocates of the -Germ theory is, that liquor potassę has no inherent -power to stimulate the production of -bacteria, and that any apparent power of this kind -which it may seem to possess is due to the presence -of germs within it. These germs they consider -are not destroyed until the potash has been -raised to the temperature of one hundred degrees -centigrade if solid, and to one hundred -and ten degrees centigrade if liquid. Dr Bastian, -who repeated his former experiments with every -possible precaution, found no difference in his -results. Moreover, he discovered that liquor -potassę, when added in proper quantities, is just -as efficacious in stimulating the development of -life after it has been heated to one hundred and -ten degrees centigrade, as when it has been heated -to only one hundred degrees. Pasteur will consequently -have to raise the temperature which he -considers sufficient to destroy the germs contained -in a solution of strong liquor potassę to a point -still higher than one hundred and ten degrees.</p> - -<p>But there is still another proof that liquor -potassę if previously heated to one hundred degrees -does not induce fermentation in virtue of its -germs, because if only one or two drops be added, -the infusion will remain as barren as ever; while a -few more drops will immediately start the process -of fermentation. Now if the potash really induced -fermentation because it brought germs along with -it, two drops would be quite as efficacious as any -other amount. Finally, Dr Bastian has shewn us -that an excess of alkali prevents fermentation, and -to this fact he attributes the failure of Pasteur to -develop life when he employed solid potash. He -had added too much of the alkali.</p> - -<p>It is impossible to draw any <i>definite</i> conclusion -from these as from the other experiments, until -we know the precise temperature which is fatal to -germinal life. Dr Bastian indeed thinks that he -has been able to shew that bacteria and their -germs cannot exist at higher temperatures than -one hundred and forty degrees Fahrenheit; but -his evidence here is not quite conclusive. He -does not deny the existence of germs nor their -probable influence in producing life; he merely -says that his experiments furnish evidence to shew -that in some cases organisms may spring into -existence without the aid of a parent. The strong -points of his case are, that as fast as his adversaries -can suggest precautions to insure the destruction -of germs, he has been able to shew life under -the altered conditions; and that whenever the supposed -death-point of bacteria has been raised on -account of his experiments, he has succeeded in -obtaining life after having submitted his flasks to -the required temperatures.</p> - -<p>How this most interesting controversy will end, -we cannot foretell; but we hope that the further -researches of our scientific men upon the subject -will ultimately lead to the discovery of the -truth. Meanwhile, we observe that Dr Richardson, -at the late Sanitary Congress at Leamington, -entirely dissented from the theory of germs being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_719" id="Page_719">{719}</a></span> -the origin of disease, and characterised it as the -wildest and most distant from the phenomena -to be explained, ever conceived. As no one -contests the fact that pure air is a very important -factor in promoting health and averting -the insidious approaches of disease, people keeping -that in mind need not practically give themselves -much concern about germs. See that you draw -pure air into the lungs. That is an advice to -which no theorist can take exception.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="OCEAN-VOYAGES_IN_SMALL_BOATS" id="OCEAN-VOYAGES_IN_SMALL_BOATS">OCEAN-VOYAGES IN SMALL BOATS.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is perhaps not generally known that adventurous -persons occasionally cross the Atlantic from -the American coast to England in small boats. -The undertaking is dangerous, but is accomplished. -Twenty-four years ago, when on board a Cunard -steamer, our vessel passed an open sailing-boat -containing two men on a voyage from America to -Europe. They had no means for taking an observation, -but trusted to fall in with large ships, from -which they would get information as to where -they were. On sighting them, our captain knew -what they wanted, and hung out a black board on -which were inscribed in chalk the latitude and -longitude. This was satisfactory, and on they -went on their perilous expedition. What came of -them we know not. We were told that men who -run risks of this kind, and who happen not to -procure information as to their whereabouts, are -apt to make strange mistakes in their voyage -to England; such, for instance, as running on the -coast of Spain instead of the British Islands—the -whole thing a curious instance of reckless daring.</p> - -<p>Small vessels, possibly better provided, have made -runs which have attracted the admiring attention -of nautical men, for the exceptional circumstances -under which they occurred, but without reference -to competition or bonus. In 1859 three Cornish -fishermen, in a fishing-boat of small tonnage, sailed -from Newlyn near Penzance to the Cape of Good -Hope, and thence across the Indian Ocean to Melbourne, -where they arrived 'all well.' We do not -find the actual tonnage named. In 1866 a small -yacht of twenty-five tons, hailing from Dublin, set -out from Liverpool, and safely reached New South -Wales after a run of a hundred and thirty days. -The distance was set down at sixteen thousand -miles. It was regarded, and justly regarded, as a -bold adventure in 1874, when a schooner of -only fifty-four tons safely brought over a cargo of -deals from St Johns, New Brunswick, to Dublin, -with but seven hands to manage the craft.</p> - -<p>Boat-voyages, however, are evidently more -remarkable than those of clippers, yachts, and -schooners; on account of the extremely small -dimensions of the craft which have ventured to -brave the perils of the ocean, and of the paucity -of hands to manage the sails and helm during a -period measured by months—under privations of -various kinds.</p> - -<p>Eleven years ago the Americans gave an indication -of spirit and pluck in the conception and -fulfilment of a very bold enterprise. Mr Hudson, -the owner of a small craft named the <i>Red White -and Blue</i>, fitted it up for an ocean-trip to England. -It was a life-boat, built of galvanised iron, only -twenty-six feet in length, six feet in breadth of -beam, and three feet deep from deck to hold. -Small as it was, the <i>Red White and Blue</i> carried -what sailors call a very cloud of canvas; it had -mainsail, spritsails, staysails, courses, topsails, -royals, top-gallants, sternsails, trysails, three masts, -bowsprit, booms, yards, gaffs, jib-boom, yard-tops, -cross jack yards, spankers, and all the rest of -it—an enormous amount of furniture, one would -think, for so small a house. The boat was sharp -at both ends, had water-tight compartments lengthwise -and transverse, and safety-valves which would -enable her to right herself in a few minutes -if flooded. There was a tiny cockpit for the -steersman near the mizzen-mast, in which he sat -somewhat in the same position as Mr Macgregor -in his <i>Rob Roy</i> canoe. The air-cylinders at each -end of the boat and along the sides, customary in -life-boats, assisted in maintaining the buoyancy -and upright position. It is amusing to read of a -mainmast only seven feet high and a bowsprit of -two feet in length; but the juvenile ship was proportionate -in all these matters, and bravely she -looked, a plucky handsome little craft.</p> - -<p>The crew of the <i>Red White and Blue</i> was as -exceptional as the boat itself. The owner, Captain -John M. Hudson, took the command; Mr Frank -E. Fitch acted as mate; while in lieu of petty -officers, able seamen, and ordinary seamen was a -dog named 'Fanny.' On the 9th of July 1866 -the pigmy ship took farewell of Sandy Hook, near -New York, on a voyage of unknown duration and -uncertain vicissitude. At midnight on the 18th -the boat struck against something hard and solid, -but fortunately without receiving much damage. -They sailed on till the 5th of August, when they -fell in with the brig <i>Princess Royal</i>, hailing from -Yarmouth, and obtained a bottle of rum, two -newspapers (very precious to the wayfarers), and a -signal-lamp. Narrowly escaping a complete overturn -on the 8th, they spoke with the barque -<i>Welle Merryman</i>, from which they obtained two -bottles of brandy. After another peril of capsizing, -they at length sighted English land, the Bill of -Portland, on the 14th. Beating up the Channel, -the boat entered Margate Harbour on the 16th, -after being thirty-seven days at sea. The little -craft created no small astonishment at Margate. -As there was no chronometer on board, the calculations -of distance, direction, &c. had to be made -by compass, line, and dead-reckoning. So little -opportunity had there been of obtaining a fire, -that the food (mostly preserved in air-tight tins) -had to be eaten cold. The original store of a -hundred and twenty gallons of water supplied -their wants with this essential requisite. Poor -Fanny the dog did not at all relish the voyage; -constant exposure to the weather so weakened her -that she died soon after reaching Margate. When -the <i>Red White and Blue</i> was afterwards exhibited -at the Crystal Palace, a little incredulity was -expressed as to the reality of the voyage; but as -the names of the vessels spoken with were given -and the dates of meeting, there seems no reason to -doubt the faithfulness of the narrative. The two -navigators, however, did not return to America -in the same way; they had 'had enough of it.'</p> - -<p>A still bolder achievement, in so far as the -number of the crew was concerned, was that of -Alfred Johnson, who in June 1876 started from -America in a small boat manned only <i>by himself</i>. -Quitting the port of Gloucester, Massachusetts, on -the 15th, he had fine weather for a time, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_720" id="Page_720">{720}</a></span> -then experienced some of the peril of Atlantic -voyaging under exceptional circumstances. Fogs -and head winds compelled him to put into Shake -Harbour, where he had his compass corrected. -Starting again on the 25th, he experienced tolerably -fair weather until the 7th of July, when a -heavy gale set in from the south-west. The -combings of the hatchway were started, and the -water, finding entrance, damaged some of his -provisions. The gale subsiding, he was favoured -with fine weather and fair wind until the 16th; and -a strong breeze in the right direction coming on, -he made good progress till the 2d of August. -When about three hundred miles from the Irish -coast, the wind increased to a hurricane; he hove -to, but in unshipping his mast for this purpose, -the boat got broadside on a large wave and was -upset. Johnson clambered on the upturned bottom, -where he remained for about twenty minutes. By -dexterous management he succeeded in righting -the boat, got in, and pumped it dry; everything, -however, was wetted by the upset, and he lost his -square-sail and kerosene lamp.</p> - -<p>Wending his way as winds permitted, he reached -within a hundred miles of the Irish coast by the -7th, spoke a ship, and obtained some bread and -fresh water—both of which had become very scanty -with him. On the following day he got soundings, -but fog prevented him from seeing land. On -the 10th he sighted Milford, near the south-west -extremity of Wales. He landed at Abercastle in -Pembrokeshire on the 11th, after being fifty-seven -days at sea; starting again, he put into Holyhead, -and finally arrived at Liverpool on the 21st. The -little <i>Centennial</i>, which measured only twenty feet -in length over all, had run about seventy miles a -day on an average. Johnson maintained his general -health excellently well, though suffering from want -of sleep.</p> - -<p>The little boat that has recently crossed the -Atlantic differed from Johnson's in this among -other particulars, that it had a crew of two persons, -one of whom was a woman. Certainly this woman -will have something to talk about for the rest of -her life: seeing that we may safely assign to her a -position such as her sex has never before occupied—that -of having managed half the navigation of a -little ocean-craft for some three thousand miles. -The <i>New Bedford</i>, so designated after the town of -the same name in Massachusetts (the state from -which Johnson also hailed), is only twenty feet -long, with a burden of a little over a ton and a -half; built of cedar, and rigged as (in sailor-phrase) -a 'leg-of-mutton schooner;' with two masts and -one anchor. Anything less ocean-like we can -hardly conceive. Captain Thomas Crapo, the -owner of this little affair, is an active man in the -prime of life; and his better-half proves herself -worthy to be the helpmate of such a man. On the -28th of May in the present year, Captain and Mrs -Crapo embarked in their tiny ocean-boat, provided -with such provisions and stores as they could stow -away under the deck. The steersman (or steerswoman) -sat in a sunken recess near the stern, with -head and bust above the level of the deck; the -other took any standing-place that he could get for -managing the sails, rope, anchor, &c. The boat -had no chronometer; and the progress had to be -measured as best it could by dead-reckoning.</p> - -<p>The boat, soon after leaving New Bedford, was -forced by stress of weather to seek a few days' -shelter at Chatham, a small port in the same state. -Hoisting sail again on the 2d of June, the boat set -off with a fair wind; and all went well for three -days. An adverse wind then sprang up, a fog -overspread the sky, and for ten days the voyage -continued under these unfavourable circumstances. -Whilst near the shoal known as the Great Banks, -a keg was seen floating; this was secured, and the -iron hoops utilised (with the aid of canvas) in -making a drogue—one which was included among -the outfit of the boat being found too light for its -purpose. The boat, after lying to for three or -four days in a gale of wind, started again, and -sailed on till the 21st of June, when another gale -necessitated another stoppage. The <i>New Bedford</i> -sighted the steamer <i>Batavia</i>, which offered to take -the lonely pair of navigators on board: an offer -kindly appreciated, but courteously declined. After -this meeting, a succession of gales was encountered, -and the rudder broke; a spare oar was made -to act as a substitute. The sea ran so very high -that even when lying down to rest, husband and -wife had to lie on wet clothes, everything on board -being sloppy and half saturated. At one portion -of this trying period Captain Crapo had to steer -for seventy hours uninterruptedly, his wife being -incapacitated from rendering the aid which was -her wont; and on another occasion he had to pay -eighteen hours' close attention to the drogue. The -voyage terminated on the 21st of July, after a -duration of fifty-four days. The average sleep of -the captain did not exceed four hours a day; and -he had no sleep at all during the last seventy hours -of the run. He had intended to make Falmouth -his port of arrival, but was glad to make for -Penzance instead.</p> - -<p>The surname of Crapo, we were informed by the -captain, is not uncommon at New Bedford. The -good wife is Swedish by descent, Scotch by birth, -American by marriage—a citizen of the world. -In examining the boat closely (which we have -done), it becomes more than ever a marvel how it -could have formed the home of a married couple -for seven weeks. Descending through a small -hatchway, the feet rest on the floor of (let us say) -the state-cabin, an apartment three feet high; -consequently the head and body project above the -hatchway. By spreading blankets and rugs, and -crouching down by degrees, a would-be sleeper -can lie down under the deck, or two sleepers close -to the two sides of the boat. The wife of course -acted as stewardess, cook, parlour-maid, scullery-maid, -&c., leaving her husband to manage most of -the navigation. The sperm-oil lamp for the compass-binnacle; -the kerosene or petroleum lamp -for the cooking-stove; the receptacles for biscuit -and preserved meats and vegetables; the butler's -pantry for a few bottles of spirits; the vessels for -containing water—all were packed into a marvellously -small space. The drogue (already mentioned) -is a kind of floating anchor which, dragged -after the vessel by means of a long rope, helps to -steady it in certain states of the wind. Five hundred -pounds weight of stores and six hundred of iron -ballast, kept the boat sufficiently low in the water.</p> - -<p>Such were the interior arrangements of one of -those strange small vessels which adventurously -attempt to cross the Atlantic.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class='center'>Printed and Published by <span class="smcap">W. & R. Chambers</span>, 47 Paternoster -Row, <span class="smcap">London</span>, and 339 High Street, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class='center'><i>All Rights Reserved.</i></p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular -Literature, Science, and Art, No. 724, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBER'S JOURNAL *** - -***** This file should be named 50787-h.htm or 50787-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/7/8/50787/ - -Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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