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diff --git a/old/50787-8.txt b/old/50787-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 509d919..0000000 --- a/old/50787-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2252 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, -Science, and Art, No. 724, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, No. 724 - November 10, 1877 - -Author: Various - -Editor: William Chambers - Robert Chambers - -Release Date: December 29, 2015 [EBook #50787] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBER'S JOURNAL *** - - - - -Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - -[Illustration: CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL - -OF - -POPULAR - -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART. - -Fourth Series - -CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS. - -NO. 724. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1877. PRICE 1½_d._] - - - - -THE ROYAL GAME OF GOLF. - - -For ages golf has been pre-eminently the national game of Scotland. As -its history emerges from the mists of antiquity we find football and -it linked together as representative games, in fulminations against -'unprofitabill sportis,' unduly distracting the attention of the people -from more serious affairs. But our game far exceeds this old rival -in interest; and if it were not for the popularity of curling in its -season, no rival pastime could pretend to vie with golf in Scotland. - -The mode of playing golf is so well known in these days that it may -suffice to explain that it is a game played over extensive commons, or -'links' as they are termed; that the implements used are peculiarly -constructed clubs, so weighted at the crook or 'head' of the shaft, as -to give great impetus to the small hard gutta-percha ball to be driven -along the grass; and that the object of the players--either as single -antagonists or two against two--is to endeavour to vie with each other -as to who shall drive the ball towards and into a series of small -artificially made holes, in the fewest strokes. From hole to hole the -party proceeds, sometimes one winning a hole, sometimes another, and -occasionally (by evenly contested play) halving: until the whole round -of the green has been traversed; when the party who has gained the -greatest number of holes is declared the winner. The links ought to -be of considerable extent, and the holes several hundred yards apart, -so as to give opportunity for skilful driving and other niceties of -the game. To those unfortunates who have only read of the pastime, -it may appear hard to believe in the reality of the enthusiasm shewn -by its votaries; but whenever they are privileged to come under its -influence, even as spectators, they will find it is one of the most -fascinating of pursuits. How can a man describe in fitting language -the subtle spell that brings him out in all weathers and seasons, and -makes him find perfect pleasure in 'grinding round a barren stretch of -ground, impelling a gutta-percha ball before him, striving to land it -in a succession of small holes in fewer strokes than his companion and -opponent,' as the game might be described by one of that class of men -to whom the 'primrose by the river's brink a primrose is, and nothing -more.' - -The fascinations of the game have enlisted in the ranks of its votaries -men of all classes, many of them famous on other fields, who have -made their reminiscences of their beloved pursuit mediums for many a -bright word-picture in prose and verse. Hitherto no attempt has been -made to gather together what has been so said and sung in praise of -the pastime; but in Mr Robert Clark's beautiful volume now before us, -entitled _Golf--a Royal and Ancient Game_, ample amends have been made -for this neglect, by one of the most enthusiastic and best golfers -of the day. Here we have presented in a gossipy way so beloved by -golfers, wealth of material, both as regards the history and literature -of the fascinating game--a labour of love in an artistic guise. What -the author is on the links, so seems he to be among his printers and -artists and binders--_facile princeps_. The volume before us, though -unfortunately too costly to be very generally available, is a marvel -of beautiful typography and tasteful binding. Our author has gone for -his information to the most various sources--old acts of the Scots -parliament, proclamations by kings, burgh records, minutes of the more -prominent golf-clubs, books and magazines; and by judicious editing of -this medley has shewn the many-sidedness of the game in a way that none -but a devotee could. - -Mr Clark wastes no space on unprofitable speculations as to the origin -of golf. All that is clear in this vexed subject is that though -Scotland is the chosen home of the game, she is not its birthplace. -It is, however, of little moment whether the game came in with the -Scandinavians who settled on the east coast of Scotland, or whether -it was brought northward over the Border as a variety of the English -'bandy-ball;' or even if we have to go back to the Campus Martius, and -look for the parent of golf in the curved club and feather ball of the -Roman _Paganica_. Games of ball seem to have existed in all ages, -and it is therefore probable that golf is a development of some older -game, or perhaps a 'selection of the fittest' from several previously -existing ball-games. It is sufficient for our purpose that early in the -fifteenth century it was at least as popular with all classes as it is -to-day. - -When gunpowder made archery a thing of the past, the conflict between -love of country and love of golf ceased, and the game went on -prospering under the smiles of royal favour, surviving proclamations -of various town-councils directed against sacrilegious golfers whose -sin was held to be, not so much that they played on Sunday, as on that -part of the day called 'the tyme of the sermonnes.' This matter was -set at rest by the decree of James VI. of Scotland, who in 1618 sent -from his new kingdom of England an order that after divine service -'our good people be not discouraged from any harmless recreation,' -but prohibiting 'the said recreations to any that are not present in -the church, at the service of God, before their going to the said -recreations;' or as Charles I., when subsequently ratifying this order, -puts it, 'having first done their dutie to God.' - -Besides James VI.'s crowning act of founding the Royal Blackheath Club, -Mr Clark has recalled two other instances of royal connection with -the game in a charming way, as one of the illustrations in his book -is from Sir John Gilbert's picture of Charles I. receiving, during a -game on Leith Links, the intelligence of Sir Phelim O'Neill's rebellion -in Ireland in 1642; while another is a delicately drawn pen-and-ink -sketch by Mr James Drummond, R.S.A., of the house in the Canongate of -Edinburgh, which John Patersone, shoemaker, built for himself with half -the stake in that famous 'foursome'--the Duke of York (James VII.) and -Patersone against two English noblemen. - -With the Stuarts went out for a time royal countenance of the game, -till William IV. became patron of the Royal and Ancient Club of St -Andrews, and presented to it for annual competition that coveted -golfing trophy, the gold medal. - -But though there came kings who knew not golf, the game lost none of -its old popularity. Still, as before, pre-eminently the game of the -people, we find it associated with many a notable scene and character -in the history of Scotland. So fond of the game was the great Montrose, -that hardly had the minstrels ceased to serenade him and his day-old -bride 'Sweet Mistress Magdalene Carnegie,' when we find him hard at -work with clubs and ball. That fifty years later it continued to be -the favourite amusement of the aristocracy of the Scottish capital, we -can gather from the curious books of expenditure of Sir John Foulis of -Ravelstoun, who seems to have spent most of his leisure time 'losing -at golfe' on Musselburgh and Leith Links with Hamilton and Rothes and -others of the highest quality of the time. We read of Balmerino's -brother, Alexander Elphinston, and Captain Porteous, the victim of -the famous 'mob,' playing in 1724 'a solemn match at golf' for twenty -guineas on Leith Links, where, a few years later, might constantly be -seen Lord President Forbes of Culloden, who was such a keen golfer, -that when Leith Links were covered with snow he played on the sands; -though even he has to yield in all-absorbing devotion to the game to -Alexander M'Kellar, 'the Cock o' the Green,' immortalised in Kay's -_Portraits_, who played every day and all day long, and then practised -'putting' at the 'short holes' by candle-light. - -It is almost superfluous to say that in our own day the noble and -ancient pastime is still the game of the Scots, and latterly of the -English, of all classes and in all parts of the world. One little -fact that incontestably proves the eminent respectability of the game -is that 'the minister' can be a golfer without the least fear of the -straitest-laced of presbyteries. It is said that when the canny Scot -abroad 'prospects' for a new settlement, while he naturally rivets one -eye on the main chance, with the other he reckons up the capabilities -of the ground for his favourite game; therefore it is that golf has -taken firm root and flourishes in many a distant colony. Across the -Border the game is so acclimatised that formidable rivals to our -native players are now trained on well-known English greens. That it -may go on and prosper is of course the wish of every true lover of the -invigorating pastime. - -Mr Clark gives us some historical notes of the more prominent of the -many golfing clubs that now flourish in different parts of Scotland, -and extracts from their minute-books the leading events of their -career. Now and then we come across eccentricities, such as the feats -of Mr Sceales and Mr Smellie of the Edinburgh Burgess Club in driving -balls over the dome of St Giles's Cathedral, one hundred and sixty-one -feet high; or the even more wonderful achievement of another member -of this club, who drove a ball in forty-four strokes from _inside_ -their golf-house on Bruntsfield Links over the hill of Arthur Seat. As -a rule, however, these clubs pursue the even tenor of their way, the -members finding their best happiness in playing the pure and simple -game. - -While the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers is generally held to -be the oldest Scotch Club, so great has been the development of its -sister Club at St Andrews, and so great are the attractions of golfing -on the famous links of the venerable city, that the 'Royal and Ancient' -takes precedence over all, and is indisputably _the_ club of the -kingdom. What Newmarket is to racing, or Melton to hunting, St Andrews -is to golf. In St Andrews, it is not a mere pastime, but a business -and a passion. It is the one recreation of the inhabitants from the -Principal of the College to the youngest urchin; it has even invaded -the domain of croquet, and has taken captive the ladies, who now take -so keen an interest in the game, that on more links than those of St -Andrews their green is a charming feature of the place. In short, in -St Andrews 'no living thing that does not play golf, or talk golf, or -think golf, or at least thoroughly knock under to golf, can live.' - -The chief prize of the 'Royal and Ancient'--the gold challenge -medal played for every autumn, presented in 1837 by King William -IV.--is termed the 'Blue Ribbon of Golf.' To win it is the dream -of every member of the Club. Other clubs, such as North Berwick, -Musselburgh, Montrose, Perth, Prestwick, Burgess, &c. have each its -own time-honoured challenge trophy, that of the Royal Musselburgh -being laden with more than a century of medals commemorating each -winner. That English clubs too are following fast the fashion set by -their older brethren north of the Tweed, is attested by the prizes -now competed for at Westward Ho! in Devonshire, Hoylake in Cheshire, -and at Wimbledon, &c.; though it is but fair to state that Blackheath -claims with good reason to be father of all English golf-clubs, and has -for long been celebrated for the keenness of its players and the prizes -offered for competition. - -So much for the history of the game; let us now glance at its -literature. In the interesting collection of prose papers Mr Clark has -gathered from various quarters, we can study the peculiar features -of the game and the effect it has, for the time, on the tempers of -its votaries. As we have seen at St Andrews, the ardent golfer has -little time for thought or conversation unconnected with the game. -For the time being the be-all and end-all of his life lies within the -pot-hook-shaped course he has to traverse; and not a little of his -happiness or his misery for the day depends on the nature of the match -he succeeds in getting. Though the game is as a rule an exceedingly -social one, and admits of quiet chat and occasional good-natured -banter, the _true_ golfer at work is essentially a man of silence; -chattering during the crises of the game is as abhorrent to him as -conversation during whist; one thing only is as obnoxious as the human -voice to him then--that is, any movement of the human body near him. -'Stand still while I'm putting,' and 'Don't speak on the stroke,' -are two postulates he would fain enforce. This over-sensitiveness -to external influences may explain the seeming ungallantry of the -'Colonel' in H. J. M.'s amusing account of _The Golfer at Home_, which -appeared in the _Cornhill Magazine_ a few years ago. After a charming -little picture of the 'Colonel' resenting, though he does not openly -object to Browne being accompanied over the course by 'his women,' -as he ungallantly terms Mrs Browne and her sister, he says to his -partner: 'The Links is not the place for women; they talk incessantly, -they never stand still, and if they do, the wind won't allow their -dresses to stand still.' However, as they settle down to their game, -the 'Colonel's' good temper returns under the healthy influence of an -invigorating 'round,' and gives H. J. M. an opportunity of pointing out -how all ill-humours of body and mind give way before the equable and -bracing exercise of a round or two of the Links of St Rule. That the -reader may see the amount of walking exercise taken in a round of St -Andrews Links, it may be interesting to note that the exact distance, -as the crow flies, is three miles eleven hundred and fifty-four -yards; so that the golfer who takes his daily three rounds walks _at -least_ eleven miles. It is no wonder, then, that in addition to its -own attractions, golf is esteemed as a capital preparation for the -moors or the stubbles, hardening as it does the muscles both of arms -and legs. What hunting does for the cavalry soldier as a training for -more important bursts in the battle-field, the like does golf for the -infantry soldier in bracing him to encounter forced marching with ease. -The Links have formed the training-ground of many a brilliant officer. - -Space will not allow us to dwell on the genial gossip about St Andrews -and St Andrews players--amateur and professional--that we find in Mr -Clark's book, further than to mention three names. First, that of -the great champion of the professionals, Allan Robertson, who was -'never beaten in a match;' of the brilliant but short-lived career -of poor 'young Tom Morris,' the champion player of his day--son of a -worthy sire who still survives; of Mr Sutherland, an old gentleman -who made golf the chief business of his life, whose interest in his -fellow-men, not as men but as golfers, is well shewn in this anecdote. -His antagonist was about to strike off for the finishing hole at -St Andrews, when a boy appeared on the bridge over the burn. Old -Sutherland shouted out: 'Stop, stop! Don't play upon _him_; he's a fine -young golfer!' - -It is in verse, however, that the votary of golf finds the field -congenial to his subject. - -In 1842 appeared a clever collection of poems, entitled _Golfiana_, by -George Fullerton Carnegie of Pittarrow, which delighted the golfers -of that day by the humorous way in which it hit off the playing -characteristics of the men he introduced into it. He begins by throwing -down the gauntlet to those students of Scottish history who sigh over -the musty memories and deplore the decayed glories of the city of their -patron saint: - - St Andrews! they say that thy glories are gone, - That thy streets are deserted, thy castles o'er-thrown: - If thy glories _be_ gone, they are only, methinks, - As it were by enchantment transferred to thy Links. - Though thy streets be not now, as of yore, full of prelates, - Of abbots and monks, and of hot-headed zealots, - Let none judge us rashly, or blame us as scoffers, - When we say that instead there are Links full of golfers, - With more of good heart and good feeling among them - Than the abbots, the monks, and the zealots who sung them! - -We have many capital songs in honour of the game; amongst others a -parody of Lord Houghton's well-known song, _Strangers yet_, from which -it will be seen that something more is necessary to make a good golfer -than a set of clubs and an anxious 'cady' to carry them: - - -DUFFERS YET.--BY TWO 'LONG SPOONS.' - - After years of play together, - After fair and stormy weather, - After rounds of every green - From Westward Ho! to Aberdeen; - Why did e'er we buy a set - If we must be duffers yet! - Duffers yet! Duffers yet! - - After singles, foursomes--all, - Fractured club and cloven ball; - After grief in sand and whin, - Foozled drives and 'putts' not in-- - Ev'n our cadies scarce regret - When we part as duffers yet, - Duffers yet! Duffers yet! - - After days of frugal fare, - Still we spend our force in air; - After nips to give us nerve, - Not the less our drivers swerve; - Friends may back and foes may bet, - And ourselves be duffers yet, - Duffers yet! Duffers yet! - - Must it ever then be thus? - Failure most mysterious! - Shall we never fairly stand - Eye on ball as club in hand? - Are the bounds eternal set - To retain us duffers yet? - Duffers yet! Duffers yet! - -In conclusion, we may remark that though golf, to the uninitiated, may -appear to be a game requiring considerable strength of muscle for its -achievement, it is not so; for the easier it is played, the better are -the results. To apply much force to the stroke is to imperil the chance -of driving a far ball; whereas by a moderate swing of the club, the -ball is not only driven far and sure, but goes from no effort apparent -to the striker. - -A notion also prevails that golf is a game suited for young and -middle-aged folks only. This is a delusion, for no outdoor pastime is -more fitted for elderly people. To attain _great_ excellence in the -game, the player must commence early in life; but to become enamoured -of its joys requires but a beginning, and that beginning may be made -by men who have long passed the meridian of life. We could point -to many elderly gentlemen whose lives are being lengthened by the -vigour-inspiring game, and who, when their daily round or rounds are -finished, can fight their battles o'er again in the cheery club-house, -with all the zest of youth. When games such as cricket have been found -too much, or perhaps the exertion of tramping the moors too severe, -the sexagenarian may safely take to the easy but invigorating pursuit -of golf, and 'bless the chiel who invented it.' If he misgives his -ability to cope with the exertion, or fancied exertion, of pacing a few -miles of green turf and wielding a club, our advice to him is to place -himself in the hands of a professional golf-player--plenty of whom are -to be found wherever there are links--and try; and in a wonderfully -short time our veteran may find himself interested, perhaps absorbed, -in a game the delights of which he has lived all these years without -having been able till now to realise! - - - - -FROM DAWN TO SUNSET. - - -PART III. - - -CHAPTER THE SECOND. - -Deborah waited and watched--a gloom unutterable weighed on her -spirits--and no Mistress Fleming came. At last old Jordan Dinnage -arrived at the castle alone, looking scared and sorrow-stricken. - -'The master is very ill,' said Mistress Marjory, as she waited on -Jordan. 'These be bad days, Master Dinnage. I doubt if he lives till -morning. Doctor says he won't; but doctors know naught. In general, if -doctors say "He'll be dead by mornin'," it means he'll live to a good -old age; I've seed it often. But mark my words, Jordan Dinnage: there's -not much life in our dear Master; _he's goin'_. This comes o' leavin' -Enderby. I felt it; I knew'd 'twould be so. _This comes o' Master -Sinclair's leavin's._ O Jordan Dinnage, it's wrong, it's grievous -wrong, this leavin' Enderby, for this grand blowed-out old place, an' -these flaunting livery-men an' maids. Master Sinclair's curse is on us!' - -'Nay, nay, Mistress Marjory; these be women's superstitions. Mistress -Deborah did rightly. A goose she would ha' been to fling all this -grandery and gold guineas in the ditch, for fear o' bad luck, 'sooth! -It's no more that, than thou'rt a wise woman! The Master'll pull -through; an' if he don't, better die a prince than a beggar.' - -Marjory shook her head. 'Give me honest beggary. An' where's Mistress -Dinnage? Be sure Lady Deb 'ud be glad o' her company now. Why didst not -bring her along, Jordan? It speaks not much for her love.' - -Jordan reddened. 'Not a word agen Meg, Mistress Marjory! She'll be -comin' soon. I must see Mistress Deborah.' - -'Well, come now. An' heaven send Master Kingston soon.' - -Deborah met the dear old man with outstretched hands. 'Jordan, I am so -glad to see ye! Where is Margaret?' - -Jordan shuffled from one foot to the other, and twisted his hat round -in his hands. 'Well, Lady Deb--Mistress Deborah--I've not brought Meg -along.' - -'I see ye have not!' cried Deborah impetuously. 'But where is she?' - -The old gray eyes, growing dim with age, looked straight and honestly -on their young Mistress, yet humbly too, as he answered in a low voice: -'Where she ought to be, Mistress Deborah--off to her young husband, -Master Charlie Fleming.' - -'Jordan, Jordan! Is this true? Her husband? Ye bewilder me. Are they -wedded then? Is she gone to Ireland?' - -'Sure enow! O Mistress Deborah, I come to ask forgiveness! It isn't -for the like o' Jordan Dinnage to have his daughter Mistress Fleming; -but dear heaven knows I know'd naught, an' never sought it out, nor -had high notions. Mistress Deborah, I ask forgiveness, an' I hope the -master'll forgive me.' - -Deborah took the old trembling hand. 'The master is in no state to -blame or to forgive. But, Jordan, thou may'st give me joy o' this. It -gladdens mine heart in my sore troubles like a sunbeam on a dark, dark -cloud. Forgive thee? Ay, I am proud to be Margaret Fleming's sister; -an' well believe my father would bid her welcome too--faithful honest -Jordan. Now come, Jordan, come, and see how he lies. He knows me not, -and he calls ever upon Charlie. Hast sent my letter to Ireland? Hast -the address?' - -'Ay, ay; it's gone.' - -'Then I will write again to-night. Heaven send he may come in time. -Sometimes, Jordan, he lieth in a stupor; again he calls for Charlie or -for me.' - -Reverently pulling his white forelock, with his old habit of respect, -to his fiery but beloved master, Jordan stood at the foot of the bed, -and saw the shadow of death on the face of Vincent Fleming. - -'My boy,' murmured the dying man, with his eyes upon Jordan--'my boy -Charlie!' - -Old Jordan gazed helplessly and sorrowfully from him to the doctor who -stood by, and Marjory, who entered. 'What's to be done?' he muttered. -'It kills him!' - -'Patience, patience!' whispered the solemn doctor; 'he may see his son -yet. There is great hope for him, Mistress Fleming; keep good heart.' - -'Not hope of his recovery, Master Allan,' said Deborah, with stern and -still despair. 'I know death when I see it. You have held out hope -before; yet make him live till my brother comes. Ye hear me, Master -Allan?' - -'Ay, Mistress Fleming; I will use my poor skill to the utmost. Bear up. -I will return to-night, Mistress Fleming;' and with a courtly bow, he -left her. - -But for Deborah, she kneeled beside her father, and with old days and -old memories her heart was like to break. Jordan was weeping bitterly; -she heard the old man's sobs; but on her own heart a still Hand was -laid, enforcing strength and calmness. For two things she prayed: that -Charlie might come in time; and that her father might be himself before -he died, to hear that Charlie had ever been true to him. And so through -the long night she watched; and old Marjory oft slept and nodded, as -age and dulled senses will; and though Sir Vincent at times called -plaintively for his Deb, his 'Rose of Enderby,' his more frequent -plaint was for his boy. - - -CHAPTER THE THIRD. - -In those days there were wild doings in Ireland. 'Liberty and Reform' -were the watch-words which did then, and ever will, electrify the -fiery, rebellious, ardent spirits that flocked under one banner to -struggle and to die. Irish and French met and fought together against -the iron hand of England; thousands perished; the fated isle ran blood. - - * * * * * - -It is the eve of a battle. Gray dawn is slowly breaking over forest -and mountain, where strange and wonderful echoes are wont to be heard -amongst the rocks and caves; but in the gray of this dread dawn, on -the eve of battle and blood, all seems silent as the grave, saving the -thunderous roar of the waterfall in its descent into the lake, that -seems to make the silence the more intense. - -But hark! through the mist of morning a bugle suddenly sounds loud and -clear; and when it ceases--far away, a spirit-bugle answers. A soldier, -driven to frenzy, they say, by an insulting taunt from a superior -officer, had struck him down in the heat of the instant. Short shrift -in those days; the man has been tried, condemned, and is about to be -led out to execution. So, loud and clear the bugle calls: 'Come forth -to thy death,' as plain as a human voice could speak; and he whom -it summons cannot mistake that voice, and comes forth guarded, but -with steady step, and head erect and soldierly; while in front of him -bristles a long line of musketry, and behind yawns an open grave. The -condemned soldier is Charles Fleming. Have his ungovernable passions -and his strong uncurbed will brought him to this? Ay; and the stubborn -pride which has ever been his bane, leads him now to die without that -word of extenuation or appeal which even yet might save him. - -Yet who may tell how that proud heart swells well-nigh to breaking -beneath the broad breast, as he thinks on the old white-haired father -and his son's death of shame! He sees too the shadows on the woods -of Enderby. He hears the voice of a little sister, calling 'Charlie, -Charlie!' at play. And the trees are waving their long arms round -the old, old home; and his little playmate Margaret--his _young wife -Margaret_--stands beneath and smiles. And then his bold eyes ask for -death, merciful death, which shall put him out of his anguish. Yet -hold! Even as the muskets are raised, but ere the triggers are pressed, -there is a wild shriek of 'Rescue! rescue! Pardon! pardon for Charles -Fleming!' - -And there, headlong down the way--while all reel back before -him--rides one spurring for life or death, his horse in a lather of -foam, his head bare, and his long hair flying in the wind. In one hand -he clenches a packet, and waves it above his head--the Royal pardon! He -reaches them; he stays the deadly fire with his wild outstretched arms -raised to heaven, with white face and blazing eyes, and lips which fail -to speak. But _one_ could have undertaken and accomplished that famous -ride; but _one_ could have saved him in this strait. In male disguise, -that _one_ proves to be Margaret Dinning! ''Tis my wife!' cried Charles -Fleming in piercing accents; ''tis my wife Margaret!' And with that, -the king's messenger sways in the saddle, and is supported to the -ground by the commanding officer.... - - * * * * * - -And thus it came to pass that Deborah, watching at her father's -bedside, heard rumours of that battle by which the name of Charles -Fleming became famous. It was early morning. The great wild clouds of -dawn were parted, and rolled asunder. The glorious sun rose on the -watcher's weary eyes, and steeped the land in splendour. Deborah threw -up the windows wide, and returned to the dying man. O heaven, tender -mercy, cannot the light of summer sunrise rob that dear face of aught -of its wintry wanness? - -'Father, sweet father!' she said in thrilling tones of grief, 'art thou -not better? See the glorious sun, father!' - -'Nay, Deb,' he answered plaintively; 'I see no sun; mine eyes are dark. -How little thou dost look to me! Thou'rt grown so small! My child, my -darling, I am very ill.' - -Then Deborah raised his head upon her shoulder; she knew that he was -himself again, himself but to die; her brave heart sank, yet she -answered calmly: 'Yes, thou hast been very ill. Dost thou remember all -that happed?' - -'Ay, ay. My boy, my boy!' And he sobbed. - -'Hush, father; that was wrong; that was false! That was a wicked -forgery. Charlie never wronged thee by thought or deed. Charlie hath -ever been loyal to thee and thine. Art thou content now, dear?' - -A brilliant smile stole over the fading face of Vincent Fleming. 'Ay,' -said he, 'content to _die_!' He lay musing, his eyes closed. 'Deb,' -said he at last, 'whisper me. My boy is true to me--is't not so?' - -'Yes, father; true as steel: he loves thee dearly. And for _thee_,' she -went on, with heaving breast, 'he hath done brave things! Charlie is a -soldier, and men are all saying he hath won great honour and renown.' - -'Ah, Deb; thank God, thank God for this! And thou, Deb, sweet Deb, how -is't with thee?' - -'I am rich, dear. I am betrothed to King Fleming, whom I love most -dearly; and I have wealth enough for all. It is well with thy two -children, thou seest.' - -And ere the night fell, two messengers came gently to his side. One, -radiant with 'white raiment' and drooped wings; the other, footsore, -travel-stained, and war-worn. And one was the Angel of Death, who stood -and looked upon them pitifully; the other was his prodigal son, who -kneeled and folded his arms around his father, and bowed his head and -wept. - -'Now,' said Sir Vincent, 'I die in peace. How have I yearned for thee! -God bless thee! I bless thee, my boy! Deb, this is death!' - -And so, raised in Charlie's strong arms and with his hands in -Deborah's, without a struggle, the spirit passed away. - - -CHAPTER THE LAST. - -Two figures stand together in one of the deep oriel windows of the -old hall at Enderby. The blood-red splendour of a setting sun fills -the marsh, the low land, and the hanging woods; and streaming like a -beacon in at the windows, floods those two with radiant light. They are -Charles Fleming and his bride. The storms have swept by, and left her -thrice his own, with the old walls and the sacred hearth of Enderby. -Thus may God send on us the lightning of His chastisement, and yet -guide and guard us through all--through the morning of wild and sunny -childhood; through the noon of gay and love-bright youth, environed as -it is by perils; through the sudden-falling night of dread, despair, -and death. He does not leave us 'comfortless.' As for Deborah Fleming, -passionately as she loved the beauteous world, she never again lost -sight of the valley up which had passed the souls of those she loved, -and the golden gates across the shining flood. And in later days, when -children's children clustered eagerly round the stately old Lady of -Lincoln, she, with the faithfulness of old age, would return lovingly, -lingeringly to the days of her youth, when 'Charlie and she were young.' - -O happy time--blessed childhood--how can I end better than with thee? -Over the shadows of evening rises the day-star of childhood's memories. - - It knows no night-- - There is _no_ night in a glad and green old age. - -THE END. - - - - -CHARLES DICKENS' MANUSCRIPTS. - - -A glimpse of the manuscripts of the late Charles Dickens, which now -form part of the 'Forster Collection' in the South Kensington Museum, -conjures up a vision of numerous characters in his popular novels. On -looking attentively at the manuscripts, we are at once struck by the -number of alterations and interlineations with which the pages abound; -and our first sentiment is one of surprise that the books which appear -so wonderfully natural and fluent when we read them, should evidently -have been the result of much anxious thought, care, and elaboration. - -The collection comprises the original manuscripts of the following -works: _Oliver Twist_, published in 1838-39; _Master Humphrey's Clock_, -comprising the _Old Curiosity Shop_ and _Barnaby Rudge_, published -in 1840-41; _Barnaby Rudge_, a separate volume, 1840-41; _American -Notes_, 1842; _Martin Chuzzlewit_, 1843-44; _The Chimes_, Christmas -1844; _Dombey and Son_, 1846-48; _David Copperfield_, 1849-50; _Bleak -House_, which has in the original manuscript a secondary title, _The -East Wind_, 1852-53; _Hard Times_, 1854; _Little Dorrit_, 1855-57; _A -Tale of Two Cities_, 1859; and _The Mystery of Edwin Drood_ (his last -but unfinished work), 1870. There are also proof volumes from the -printers, consisting of _Dombey and Son_, _David Copperfield_, _Bleak -House_, and _Little Dorrit_, the pages of which bear marginal and other -corrections and alterations, in ink, by the author. - -Of course, as the collection is placed under a glass case, the public -can only see one or two pages of each work; but even with this meagre -guide, the acute observer is able in some degree to trace the working -of the writer's mind, and to follow to some extent the development of -his ideas. As we have already remarked, the first thing which strikes -us is the comparatively large number of alterations and interlineations -which occur in the manuscript. It is evident that Charles Dickens wrote -with the greatest care, and scrupulously revised his writing, in order -to render each sentence as perfect as might be. Taking the works in -their chronological order, we may notice that in _Oliver Twist_, which -is open at 'Chapter the Twelfth'--'In which Oliver is taken better -care of than he ever was before, with some particulars concerning a -certain picture'--there are few alterations in the manuscript; the -writing also being larger and firmer than in the majority of the later -works. Charles Dickens made his alterations so carefully that it is -difficult to trace the words which he had originally written; but the -one or two which occur on this page give us some little insight into -the careful manner in which the author worked up his sentences into a -well-rounded and euphonious form. The passage at which this manuscript -is opened runs as follows: 'The coach rattled away down Mount Pleasant -and up Exmouth Street--over nearly the same ground as that which Oliver -had traversed when he first entered London in;' and here occurs the -first alteration, 'the D----' is erased, and 'company with the Dodger' -is written in its place; the author evidently considering the latter -a more euphonious form of expression than 'in the Dodger's company,' -as it was doubtless his original intention to make the passage. The -alteration to which we have referred may appear, as indeed it is, of -exceedingly small significance; but we have mentioned it simply as an -instance of the extremely careful way in which Dickens studied the -details and minutiæ of composition. - -The next manuscript in point of date is _Master Humphrey's Clock_, -which is open at 'No. IV.,' headed 'Master Humphrey from his clock-side -in the chimney corner,' and commences as follows: 'Night is generally -my time for walking. In the summer I often leave home early in the -morning and roam about fields and lanes all day, or even escape for -days or weeks together, but, saving in the country' [this originally -stood 'but, at other seasons of the year;' but Dickens doubtless saw -that the expression as it now stands would be more consistent with the -context], 'I seldom go out until after dark, though, Heaven be thanked, -I love its light and feel the cheerfulness it sheds upon the earth -as much as any creature living.' This page of manuscript has only a -moderate share of alterations. - -Then we come to the volume of _Barnaby Rudge_, which is opened at -'Chapter One,' and also contains only a moderate number of alterations, -one being in the height of the _Maypole_ sign, and another in the -distance of Epping Forest from Cornhill; both of which are noticeable -as further illustrations of the conscientious love of accuracy which -characterised the author's mind. Next in order follows the _American -Notes_, which has very few corrections, and is opened at the page -headed 'Chapter the First. Introductory and necessary to be read;' in -which the author challenges the right of any person 'to pass judgment -on this book or to arrive at any reasonable conclusion in reference to -it without first being at the trouble of becoming acquainted with its -design and purpose.' Surely a caution fair and reasonable enough on the -part of the writer of a book which he could not but feel would probably -give offence, where such an end was farthest from his wish. - -_The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit_ comes next, open at -'Chapter I. Introductory. Concerning the Pedigree of the Chuzzlewit -Family;' and giving us a brief but telling satire on the pride of birth -by assuring us that this family 'undoubtedly descended in a direct -line from Adam and Eve, and was in the very earliest times closely -connected with the agricultural interest.' This page is notably full -of alterations, and seems a fair indication that with Charles Dickens, -as with many others, the first step was the most difficult of all. -The caligraphy in this as in all the other manuscripts is legible but -rather small, the letters being distinctly formed, and the use of -abbreviations studiously avoided. - -We next turn to _The Chimes_, one of those delightful stories with -which Dickens introduced to us those Christmas annuals, which now form -so important a section of our periodical literature. This again is -open at the commencement, where the author lays down the dogma that -there are not many people who would care to sleep in a church: 'I -don't mean at sermon-time in warm weather (when the thing has actually -been done once or twice), but in the night, and alone.' This sentence -originally finished with 'in the night;' but we can readily imagine the -development of the idea in the brain of the writer; and the words 'and -alone' suggesting themselves as lending an additional ground of fear -for the situation. The manuscript of this page bears a moderate number -of alterations. - -In _Dombey and Son_ we find a large number of alterations on the first -page, the very title itself having been altered more than once. The -sketch of the newly-born Paul, who was placed in front of the fire, -'as if his constitution were analogous to that of a muffin, and it -was essential to toast him brown while he was very new,' is very good -indeed; but it is evident that the passage was rather the result of -careful elaboration than of spontaneous humour. And the same remark -will apply to the opening chapter of _David Copperfield_, in which, -although the passage descriptive of the birth of the hero is very neat -and natural as it now stands, the same careful revision and alteration -are again apparent. - -_Bleak House_ too is notably full of alterations on the first page, -especially in the passage which tells us that in the muddy condition of -the London streets 'it would not be wonderful to meet a Mesalosaurus -forty feet long or so waddling like an elephantine lizard up Holborn -Hill.' - -In _Hard Times_, where we are introduced to the gentleman who wants -nothing but 'Facts,' and in the opening chapter of _Little Dorrit_, -in which we have a description of Marseilles as it 'lay broiling -in the sun one day,' we find a large number of alterations; but in -these, as in most of the other instances, the primary words have been -erased so carefully, that it is next to impossible to form an idea -of how the passages originally stood. The _Tale of Two Cities_, on -the contrary, contains remarkably few corrections; and the opening -passage descriptive of 'The Period' is telling, and apparently written -spontaneously. _The Mystery of Edwin Drood_ has been opened with good -judgment at the last page. The manuscript is very small, but fairly -legible, and having but a moderate number of alterations. In a literary -sense, it is not perhaps so interesting as some of the others; but it -possesses a sad and melancholy claim upon our attention and sympathy, -inasmuch as it is the last page of manuscript ever written by this -gifted hand. - -In the proof volumes with corrections in the handwriting of the author -there is nothing which calls for especial note save an unimportant -deletion in _Bleak House_, and a more interesting alteration in _David -Copperfield_. In the former there is a passage marked 'out,' in which -Sir Leicester Dedlock speaks to Mrs Rouncewell of her grandson in the -following passage: 'If (he said) the boy could not settle down at -Chesney Wold, in itself the most astonishing circumstance in the world, -could he not serve his country in the ranks of her defenders, as his -brother had done? Must he rush to her destruction at his early age and -with his parricidal hand strike at her?' - -In _David Copperfield_ we find by a passage in which Mr Dick is -referring to his Memorial that his original hallucination took the form -of a 'bull in a china shop;' a rather trite idea, and it was not until -after the proof had actually been submitted to him by the printers that -Charles Dickens introduced the whimsical and happier notion of 'King -Charles's Head.' - -Before bringing our brief paper to a conclusion, we would venture -to suggest to the gentleman or gentlemen to whom is intrusted the -arrangement of these manuscripts, that the present positions of the -manuscripts and printed volumes should be transposed, so that the -manuscripts should occupy the lower half of the case, as in their -present position it is rather difficult to decipher the caligraphy; -and to any one below the ordinary height it must involve an amount -of physical contortion as uncomfortable as it is inelegant. The -manuscripts being of course of greater interest than the printed -proofs, should certainly occupy the more prominent space, especially as -the latter could be read without any difficulty if placed in the rear -rank. - -We have no doubt that many of those who read this short article will -have seen the Dickens manuscripts for themselves; many more doubtless -will see them; but there will still be a large number who will not -have the opportunity; and while we think that our remarks will be -endorsed by the first and second classes, we hope that they will prove -interesting to the third less fortunate class, and will enable them -to enjoy, at least in imagination, a somewhat closer intimacy than -they have known before with that great and gifted man, whose books -have effected so many beneficial changes both in society at large and -in many an individual heart and life, uprooting and casting to the -winds much that was base, worthless, and contemptible, and implanting -in their stead the seeds of those gentler sympathies and nobler -aspirations which find their fruition in a well-spent life. - - - - -THE ADMIRAL'S SECOND WIFE. - - -CHAPTER XII.--OTHER EVENTS OF THAT EVENING. - -Lady Dillworth's reverie is doomed to be a short one. She feels a soft -caressing touch on her arm, and looks up to see Miss Delmere close by -her chair. Her long light hair is streaming over her shoulders, and an -embroidered Indian dressing-gown covers her antique dress. - -'Liddy, you quite frightened me! Why do you come creeping in like a -mouse? You ought to be in bed.' - -'I have something to tell you, Katie; something you will be _so_ glad -to hear, and something that makes me _so_ happy. I cannot sleep till I -tell you all about it.' - -Miss Delmere flings herself on a low stool at Katie's feet, and looks -up through her mass of sunny hair with flushed cheeks, glowing eyes, -and lips that _will_ form themselves into smiles. She cannot hide her -joy. - -'Walter Reeves has asked me to be his wife. Are you surprised, Katie?' - -'Not exactly; I thought there must be some outcome from all that -flirting. Do you know, Liddy, if he had not made you an offer, and if -you had not accepted him, I should have been very angry, and should -have given you a lecture.' - -Liddy looks up at her friend with surprise, the words are so cold, the -tone of voice so hard and unsympathising. - -'Are you not glad about it, Katie?' - -'Of course I am; and I hope you will both be happy.' - -'I owe it all to _you_, darling Katie! Had it not been for this dear -delightful charade party, I should never have found out that Walter -really cared for me. How sudden it has all been! And what good news -I shall have to carry home to-morrow! Little did I think when I -came to stay with you, that my wedding was so near!' The words came -out in joyous gasps between hugs and kisses, for Miss Delmere is -demonstrative, and shews it. - -Then Liddy flits away, radiant in her delight, never dreaming of the -anguish in Katie's heart that constrains her again to bury her face in -her hands, and utter short, eager, impassioned prayers for the poor -sailors whom she believes are at that very hour in dire and mortal -conflict with the winds and waves. - -But we must take a glimpse at Sir Herbert's proceedings. He never -even glances at the order after his wife's fingers have altered it -to her will; he merely folds it up, puts it in the envelope, and -despatches it to its destination. Though he decides the _Leo_ shall -proceed on the dangerous enterprise, no thought of malice towards -Captain Reeves actuates him. It never enters his thought that it is -a good way of getting rid of him for a while, and thus stopping the -constant visits to Government House. The idea is altogether too paltry -and despicable--it is beneath a man of Sir Herbert's tone of mind. He -fixes on that particular ship simply because she is best fitted for -the duty. Weighing anchor in such a storm near the Short Reefs on an -iron-bound coast, and rendering assistance to a vessel in danger, is -an undertaking that requires a good ship, a steady crew, and an able -captain. - -All these qualifications the _Leo_ possesses to perfection. She -is a well-built handsome craft; her hardy tars are smart and well -disciplined; and there is no braver officer in the British navy -than Walter Reeves. True, when on shore he seems rather too fond of -amusement, and has been called 'conceited,' 'trifling,' 'frivolous,' -'dandified,' and what not, by men who are jealous of him; but let his -foot once touch the quarter-deck, and even his enemies can never charge -him with these questionable qualities. There all his frippery and -nonsense vanish away like dew in the sunshine; and he becomes the true -sailor, with courage to plan and carry out deeds of daring; he becomes -the gallant officer fired with vigour and ambition. Never would he -shirk a duty or hesitate to undertake any lawful enterprise even though -it led to danger or death. Sir Herbert knows all this, and therefore he -is right in selecting the _Leo_. - -Hardly has he sent away the order when he is called off to Hillview; -and when his duties there are over, he determines to pay a farewell -visit to Lady Ribson. He thinks of Katie all the way he is going to -Belton Park. But when is he _not_ thinking of her? His love has not -lessened, though he has begun to see her faults. He is sorry she is -not with him, and that she has never paid the needful respect to -his god-mother. He has often and often urged her to call, but his -persuasions have failed. Whenever he has made the suggestion, Katie has -been so overwhelmed with engagements that she has hardly given him a -hearing, and of late he has dropped the subject. He goes towards Belton -Park in rather a gloomy mood after all. Lady Ribson quite expects Katie -on this last evening, and while she welcomes the Admiral, she looks -over his shoulder inquiringly. - -'Ah! I knew you would come to say "good-bye," Herbert. But where is the -"gudewife," the bonnie Katie?' - -'Miss Delmere is staying with her, and she has many engagements; -besides, you could hardly expect her out in this storm.' - -'Ah no, certainly not. There are many reasons for Lady Dillworth's -staying at home, and but few inducements for her to come out to see an -old woman like me.' - -'Katie has often said how anxious she is to know you.' - -'True, true, Herbert; so you must bring her to Scotland with you in -the bright summer-time--that is, if I'm spared to see it; but life is -uncertain, my friend, life is uncertain.' - -Lady Ribson, who is the brightest, kindest, dearest old woman in the -world, smiles on her god-son, and does not let him see how much she -is hurt by Katie's neglect of her; but in her heart she is sorry for -him, more sorry than she would like him to know. Bessie his first wife -was in her opinion perfection; and Katie she suspects is very much the -reverse. - -To her old eyes, the Admiral is still young, and she thinks there is -hardly a woman in the world good enough to mate with him. 'I can see -Herbert is not happy; and Laura Best was right when she foretold the -risk her father ran in marrying a mere frivolous girl,' she decides -in her own mind; but none of her suspicions float to the surface, so -gay, so kindly, so warm is her manner. The Admiral sets out early on -his homeward journey; his thoughts still turn to Katie, but they have -grown softer, more tender. The gloom has passed from his spirit; the -interview with Lady Ribson has calmed his ruffled thoughts; his reserve -and pride have altogether melted down, and he longs to press his -darling wife to his heart and forgive all her follies. He feels, even -with all her failings, he loves her more completely, more passionately -than he has ever loved the dead Bessie. - -When he reaches Government House, it is brilliantly lighted up. The -guests are assembled, and fragments of song and melody are floating -out on the rough night-wind. Sir Herbert makes his way at once to -the scene of festivity, and pauses at the door, astonished at the -unwonted appearance of the rooms. As he has not been initiated into -the arrangements, nor witnessed the preparations, the merest stranger -present is not more ignorant than he is of all that has been going -on. So he looks on the scene with curiosity. The music-room has been -turned into a raised stage, with painted wings and festoons of scarlet -curtains. A crescent-shaped row of gas jets serves as foot-lights, and -throws a soft clear brilliance on the performers. Wreaths of flowers, -clusters of trailing evergreens, pots of rich exotics, groups of -banners, add to the display. Nothing that taste, art, fancy, or money -can accomplish is wanting. The Admiral looks at all this; then at the -rows of spectators; then at his wife, who comes forward on the stage -at that moment leaning on Liddy's arm. Presently their voices ring out -through the rooms; then a solo falls to Katie's share, and her husband -listens spell-bound to her singing. Her voice is tuned to the deepest -pathos, and her face is sad as her song. - -Never has he seen Katie look like that before. The curiously cut -costume suits her wonderfully well; the dress of azure silk falls in -rich bright folds; her bodice glitters with gold and gems; and her hair -turned back in its own luxuriant wealth of tresses, has no ornament -but a diamond cluster. The mellowed rays from gas jets, hidden by -the curtains, fall full on her head, and she shines out as though -surrounded by a strange unearthly glory. - -She seems altered, spiritualised, refined, incorporealised in her -marvellously weird-like beauty, and her husband cannot remove his rapt -gaze from her. But presently a single turn of his head changes his -glance of admiration into one of surprise and anger. In the shade of a -gigantic azalea he spies Captain Walter Reeves, standing in an attitude -of calm listening enjoyment. Instantly the Admiral's eye flashes -with indignation. How dares Walter Reeves to be here, in his wife's -drawing-room, when he ought to be miles away out on the stormy seas? - -In an instant the offender is called out of the room, and Sir Herbert -demands to know why he has disobeyed orders by staying on shore. - -'I have had no orders to weigh anchor, Sir Herbert.' - -'Perhaps the order is still lying on your cabin table; it was issued at -ten o'clock this morning.' - -'No despatch has reached the _Leo_, for I've been on board all day, Sir -Herbert, and came direct to Government House.' - -'Very strange, very! There must be some terrible mistake in the matter. -Is Mr Grey here to-night?' - -'No, Sir Herbert.' - -'I must see him at once. The subject admits of no delay.' - -'Shall _I_ go to North Street, and fetch him here?' - -The Admiral pauses for a moment, and takes a survey of Walter from -head to foot. He notes the velvet suit, the delicate lace ruffles, -the Montero cap, the large plume of feathers, the dark cloak set -so jauntily on his shoulder, the thin shining shoes, and the huge -glittering buckles; and a _soupçon_ of contempt glances from his eyes, -a slight sneer trembles on his lip. 'I think I am more fitted to brave -the storm than you are to-night, so I'll go to Mr Grey myself.' Then -without another word, he walks down the stairs, and passes out into the -wind and rain. The house in North Street is closed for the night, and -Mrs Grey and Helen are sleeping the sleep of the quiet-minded. Only the -master of the house is still up, and he is finishing a cigar in his -library. He starts up in alarm when he hears the authoritative knock -at the door, and visions of fire and thieves start up before him. His -alarm is in no whit lessened when he sees his august son-in-law on the -steps. - -'Sir Herbert! Who would have thought of seeing you so late! Is anything -wrong? Is Katie ill?' - -'No; your daughter is quite well. I left her just now dressed up like -some medieval heroine, and lamenting her woes in song.' - -'True; I recollect this is the night of Katie's charade party.' - -They have both gone into the library now; Mr Grey has flung the stump -of his cigar aside, and the Admiral speedily explains the cause of his -late visit. - -'I acted as your note directed, Sir Herbert, and at once sent off the -_Leoni_ to assist the _Daring_.' - -'The _Leoni_! Were you mad, Grey?' - -'I confess your order amazed me. I did all I could to consult with you -about it, but you were gone to Hillview. Here is the order; you will -see the _Leoni's_ name written plainly.' - -The Admiral takes the paper in his hand, holds it near his gaze, -scrutinises it afar off, glances at it through his eye-glass; but the -fact is indisputable--there is the word _Leoni_, apparently in his own -writing. - -'This is a vile forgery, Grey! I never wrote that, never dreamt -of giving such a mad order. Heaven alone knows what results, what -complications may arise from it! I shudder to think of the _Daring_ -still aground on the Short Reefs, or perhaps altogether broken up long -ere this.' - -'The _Leoni_ couldn't help her much, I fear.' - -'Help her! She'll never reach her. I should not be surprised if she -were a wreck herself by this time; a hideous, top-heavy, unmanageable -craft like that couldn't take care even of herself in such a storm.' - -'What had better be done now, Sir Herbert?' - -'Despatch the _Leo_ at once; though I fear her services will come too -late.' - -Practical discussions follow, that keep the Admiral and his secretary -employed for some time longer. When Sir Herbert returns home, it is -no vain excuse that makes him retire to his room in very weariness of -spirit, very fatigue of body. He finds Walter Reeves is already gone -away; but some of the guests are still lingering in the rooms, trying -to prolong their amusements to the last minute. - - -CHAPTER XIII.--CONFESSION. - -The storm has spent itself before the next morning. Katie can see that, -as she listlessly looks out of the bay-window of the breakfast-room. -One would hardly suppose the treacherous gale had been holding such -wild revels the night before. The tossing waves that had leaped with -frothy crests over the serrated rocks of the Short Reefs, are placid -enough now--dancing perhaps over those who went down a few hours -before into the cruel depths. Lady Dillworth has a headache; she -listens calmly to Liddy, who blushing and blooming, pours forth her -rose-coloured confidences, and swallows her coffee between whiles. -Hunter is helping the groom to carry her boxes down-stairs; and Miss -Delmere, with only a few minutes to spare, is selfish in the exuberance -of her joy, and cannot see the dark circles round Katie's sleepless -eyes nor note the deep sadness of her looks. At length she goes away, -and the Admiral enters the room. - -'You are just in time, Herbert; Hunter has brought up some fresh -coffee.' - -'None for me, thank you. I knew you would be engaged with Miss Delmere; -and as I had papers to examine, I had my breakfast brought to the -library.' - -'Liddy is gone away now.' - -'Yes; I met her in the hall, and saw her into the carriage. I've -brought you the newspaper, Katie; you will see the wreck of the -unfortunate ship I told you of yesterday.' - -'The _Daring_! Is she wrecked?' Katie takes the paper into her -trembling hands, but cannot read a word for the throbbing of her brows -and the dizziness of her eyes. - -Her husband goes on: 'Yes; she went to pieces in the gale, and every -soul on board would have gone down with her had not a merchant-ship -passed by the merest chance. Twenty-three men are lost. At least they -went away in the _Daring's_ large cutter; but no boat could have lived -out the storm.' - -'How dreadful!' Katie starts at the sound of her own voice, it is so -deep and hoarse. - -'Dreadful indeed! What makes the matter worse is, that in all human -probability every man might have been saved and the ship also, had not -an atrociously wrong act been perpetrated.' - -Katie hears a rustle of paper; she knows by instinct what is coming, -but she dares not lift her head. - -The Admiral goes on in an agitated tone: 'Some one has tampered with my -papers, has even dared to meddle with my orders. I directed the _Leo_ -to be sent out at once to the scene of the wreck; but from malignity or -some other motive, the name _Leoni_ was substituted.' - -'Wouldn't that ship do as well, Herbert?' - -'Certainly not. She would never reach the Short Reefs in such a gale. -I fully suspect she's foundered at sea or gone on the rocks herself. -I'll find out who did it! If I thought Reeves, or any one else at his -instigation, had been guilty, I'd, I'd'---- - -There is no saying how the sentence might have ended. Katie has risen -from her seat, and stands before her husband trembling. - -'I did it, Herbert! _I_ altered your order!' - -'You, Katie!--you, my wife!' - -'Yes; but I never thought my silly act would lead to such misfortune.' - -'What was your motive, Kate? Surely you could not have wished to injure -_me_? To set me up as a mark of inefficiency and ridicule?' - -'O no; a thousand times _no_. But Captain Reeves was helping me to get -up our charade, and I altered the ship's name that he might not have -to go away.' Here Lady Dillworth's voice fails her. She cannot utter -another word, so choked and gasping is her breath; the bare blank -sentence remains as it was: 'I altered the ship's name that he might -not have to go away.' - -The Admiral does not reply. There is a stillness in the room as though -some one had died there. A burst of passion, an angry storm of words -would be a relief; and Katie glances up in alarm to see her husband -looking down sadly at her. He is pale as death; his lips are set and -firm; a dim haze has clouded his eyes, as though unshed tears are -springing there; but there is no sign of resentment in his face--only -pity, a tender, touching, tremulous pity, an infinite yearning for -something gone, a regret, sorrowful and deep! Yet all so mixed with -intense love, that Katie knows for the first time in her life what -passionate boundless strength there is in his affection for her. A -sudden understanding of how dear she is to him dawns upon her; she -feels he would give his very life for her. - -Katie would have flown to his arms, and told him his love is fully -returned, that at last she feels his worth and goodness; she would have -fallen at his feet and there have craved for pardon; but he puts her -gently yet firmly away. - -'My poor, poor Katie! Have I then spoiled your young life? I might have -suspected this; but I was blind and selfish. Forgive me, my poor child, -forgive me! I would give worlds to restore you your freedom again!' - -Ere Katie has fully grasped the meaning of his words, he has gone out -of the room; she hears him walk rapidly down the stairs and out of -the house. A sense of numbness creeps over her; she sits for a while -like one stunned. How long she remains crouching on the sofa she never -knows; a whole lifetime of anguish seems crushed into that space. All -the brightness of youth appears to die out at her husband's departure; -his retreating footstep sounds like a knell of departed hope. - -After a time, Lady Dillworth rouses herself; even sorrow cannot endure -for ever. She recollects it is near the hour for luncheon, and then -Herbert will come home. She dresses herself in the robes she had on -when he made her the offer of marriage. _Why_ she has done this, -she does not confess even to herself; but perhaps she imagines old -associations may soften present misunderstandings. She goes down to the -dining-room and waits. The table is laid for luncheon, and the bright -fire glitters on the silver and glasses and flowers. All is so pleasant -and cheerful and homelike! And even then a thrill of satisfaction comes -over her that now Liddy Delmere is gone she will be able to devote -all her time to her husband--have him all to herself. But the luncheon -hour passes, and then the door opens and Hunter enters with a letter on -a salver. The address is written in a rapid unsteady hand, as though -the fingers trembled. She sees it is Sir Herbert's writing, and tears -open the envelope with a sense of impending trouble, that blanches her -cheeks and chills her heart. The words run thus: - -'No one shall ever know you did the mischief, my poor Katie; the blame -shall rest on me alone, and I will bear it willingly for your sake. But -my professional career is over; men will never again trust my judgment -or deem me fit to command. I was proud of my standing in the service -and of an untarnished reputation; but you have spoiled it all, merely -to enjoy a short interval more of Walter Reeves's society. Why did -you not tell me he was so dear to you? You should have said before we -married _I_ could never make you happy. Yet I will not blame you, my -poor wife. My own selfish blindness has caused all this misery. Before -this letter reaches you, I shall be on my way to London to resign my -appointment.' - -This was all! But the contents fell like a blow on her heart. Katie -sits alone in that quiet room while the iron pierces her soul. The -untasted luncheon stands on the table till the fire goes out and the -shades of night gather round. Then Hunter knocks at the door in alarm, -to know if 'my Lady' will have the things removed. Katie rouses herself -to tell him that while his master is away she will henceforth have her -meals laid in her boudoir, and that she will receive no visitors in Sir -Herbert's absence. - -Hunter sees her pallid face and tear-stained eyes, and draws his own -conclusions, and thinks things 'never went on like that in the _first_ -Lady Dillworth's time, anyhow.' - - - - -THE GUACHO. - - -'Will you ride over with me to the neighbouring village?' asked my -friend Senhor Pedro da Silva. 'There is a _festa_ there to-day. And -as you are a stranger in the country, you will see some feats of -horsemanship quite as clever as can be shewn in the circus rings of old -England.' - -'With the greatest pleasure,' I replied. 'I have often heard of the -wonderful horsemen called Guachos, and desire much to see if the -accounts are really true.' - -'I think you will not be disappointed. He and his horse are one; -sometimes he acts as its tyrant, but more frequently they are friends. -From infancy they have scoured over the immense Pampas of South -America, frequently amidst violent storms of thunder, wind, and -rain. His address and grace on horseback yield neither to your best -fox-hunters nor to the American Indian. But here is Antonio with our -steeds; let us mount.' - -An hour's ride over the dull arid plains of Buenos Ayres, covered with -the grass now so much cultivated in our gardens, and admired for its -light leathery tufts waving in the wind, brought us to San Joachim, -where the people were already collecting in their holiday attire, and -exchanging friendly greetings on all sides. The gay striking dresses of -the Guachos mingled in every group. The _poncho_ or mantle of cloth, -woven in bright coloured stripes, has a hole in the centre through -which the head is passed, and falls down to the hips in graceful folds. -The nether garment is a combination of bedgown and trousers, bordered -by a fringe or even rich lace on these festa days, which varies from -two to six inches deep according to the wealth of the wearer. Then -to-day the great jack-boots of untanned leather are exchanged for the -smartest patent leather, with bright scarlet tops, and enormous spurs -at the heels. A wide-brimmed Spanish hat is worn, a purple or yellow -handkerchief twisted round it; whilst the belt encircling the waist -sparkles with the dollars sewn upon it--often the whole fortune of -the owner. His weapons are attached to this girdle, consisting of a -formidable knife, a lasso, and a bolas, which may not be so familiar -to the English reader as the lasso. There are two balls fastened -together by short leathern straps, to which another thong is attached, -by which it is thrown; this is whirled violently round the head before -propulsion, and entangles itself in the legs of the horse or cow to be -captured. - -But whilst we are gaily chatting to Senhor Pedro's many friends the -games are beginning, and we hasten off to the ground. There we find two -lines of mounted Guachos, from ten to twenty on each side, just so far -apart as to allow a rider to pass between the ranks; all are on the -alert and holding the lasso ready for use. One whom they call Massimo, -an evident favourite with the crowd, comes tearing along at a gallop -and dashes in between the lines. The first horseman in the ranks throws -his lasso at Massimo's horse as he flashes past, but misses, amidst the -derisive shouts of those around; then the second, quick as lightning -casts his; and so on down the ranks. Presently, however, the horse -is lassoed and brought to the ground; and the skilful rider alights -uninjured on his feet, smoking his cigarette as coolly as when he -started from the post. The dexterity and watchfulness of the men, who -can throw the lasso so as to entangle the feet of a horse while going -at full speed, are simply wonderful. Another and another followed with -varying fortunes; sometimes the first struck down the horse and rider, -rarely was it that one escaped altogether. The popularity of the famous -chief Rosas was said to be founded on his proficiency in this adroit -but cruel art, and no man can be their chief who is not the cleverest -among them: renown on horseback is the one great virtue that exalts a -man in their eyes; cruelty to their favourite animal does not seem to -enter into their thoughts! - -But at length they weary of this sport, and move off a little way to -vary it with another. Now we seem to have moved back a few hundred -years, and find a pastime of the middle ages still lingering among -these descendants of the Spaniards, who doubtless introduced it into -the New World. In those days it was called the game of the quintain. A -pole was firmly planted in the ground, with a cross-bar, to which was -hung the figure of a misbelieving Saracen, well armed and holding a -large sword. The horseman tilted at full gallop against this puppet; -and as it moved lightly on a pivot, unless it were well struck in the -breast, it revolved, and the sword smote the assailant on the back -amidst the laughter of the crowd. Here in the wild Pampas the trial -of skill is greater. A kind of gibbet is erected, to which is hung a -finger-ring by a string. The Guacho, instead of the spear of knightly -days, holds a weapon more characteristic of his work in the _saladero_, -where the cattle are killed and salted--namely, a skewer. One after -another the Guachos gallop at full speed and try to push the skewer -into the ring and carry it off. Antonio, Luis, and Melito succeeded -admirably; but many a novice failed in the difficult task. Still it was -a pretty sight, and enjoyed apparently by both horses and men. - -Then came the inevitable horse-races, which are of almost daily -occurrence, when associates challenge one another, and they strike off -in a moment in a straight line until they disappear in the horizon. In -this case, however, a wide straight avenue near the village was chosen -for a short, rapid, and often renewed race; a pastime for the idle, and -the occasion of ruinous bets. The riders were dressed with the greatest -elegance; their horses well chosen from the corral, and covered with -silver ornaments. The bridle is of the leather of a foal, finely -plaited and mounted with silver; stirrup, bit, and spurs of the same -metal. A glittering silver belt, sometimes of a flowery pattern, and of -colossal proportions, hangs round the breast, and a silver strap across -the forehead. The saddle is a wonderful piece of mechanism, forming the -Guacho's 'bed by night and chest of drawers by day;' it is very heavy, -and consists of ten parts; skins, carpets, and cow-hides intermingled -with other necessaries. Off they go at last from the post, spurring and -urging their steeds like modern centaurs, handling them in a manner -well worthy of admiration, and with the most perfect elegance. When -the winner came in, many a by-stander had lost all his possessions, -so mad a race of gamblers are they. As a last resource, they pledge -their horse, and expose themselves, if they lose, to the lowest of -humiliations--that of going away on foot! - -We turned at last towards home, leaving the roystering spirits to -finish off their day at the _pulperia_. This it is which takes the -place of the club, the café, the newsroom, and the home. A cottage, -neither more simple nor more luxurious than any other to be found -in the Pampas, covered with thatch; the walls of dried mud, or more -frequently of rushes sparged with mud; the flooring being of trodden -earth; into which the rain penetrates, the sun never enters, and where -a hot damp air is the prevailing atmosphere. Before the door stands a -row of strong posts, to which the horses of the guests are tied; the -new-comer jumps off, and there leaves his steed, saddled and bridled, -for many weary hours in the hot sun or pouring rain; whilst he, to use -a native expression, 'satisfies his vices' in the _pulperia_. The door -is open to all comers, and great outward politeness reigns within; -there is a continual exchange of gallantries, to which the Spanish -language easily lends itself; but reason soon loses its sway, and the -strangest bets are offered and taken. Sometimes it is between two -friends as to who shall first lose blood; when the whole company sally -out, knives are drawn between the duellers, and a combat, often much -more ridiculous than valiant, ensues! - -The following morning, Senhor Pedro proposed that we should ride out -and see the Guacho at work and in his home. 'You seem to have been -interested in him yesterday,' he said, 'and he belongs to a type that -is unique. Notwithstanding the hatred of the original inhabitants -towards their invaders, the two races were mixed, and these unions -produced the Guacho. Look at his tall figure, bony square face -embrowned by the sun, and stiff black hair--there you see the Indian; -whilst the Spaniard is in his proud haughty manner, in his vanity, and -also in his great sobriety. He drinks water and eats his dried meat -without bread, not from contempt for better food, but from a horror of -work. To earn his daily food is not so much his aim as to get money -to bet with. He will go into the _saladero_, where, knife in hand, he -will kill, skin, and cut up the cattle for salting, and find enjoyment -rather than labour in it. He easily gains in a few hours a wage that -suffices; and as soon as it is paid, he jumps on his horse and rides -off to the _pulperia_ to gamble it away.' - -Thus conversing, we reached a hut which could scarcely be surpassed in -its misery. Placed alone in the middle of the plain, without any garden -or cultivated ground, not a tree to cast a welcome shadow, or a hand to -repair the dilapidated walls, it seemed formed to repulse rather than -attract the owner. At our approach, the mother came out, surrounded by -her children, her complexion approaching the mulatto, for the air of -the Pampas quickly destroys the fineness of the skin. It is only in the -capital, Buenos Ayres, that handsome Creole types are to be seen, where -fine features of an Indian class surpass European beauty, even when -the tint is olive. The wife, like the husband, hates work: her only -occupation is to boil some water, pour it over maté or tea of Paraguay, -and drink it through a metal tube. Her children, at the age of three -or four, can sit on horseback and gallop over the plain with no other -bridle than a cord passed through the horse's mouth. At six they watch -the sheep, and at ten are ready to break in the most spirited colts. -Only everything they do must be on horseback: they will neither use -their arms nor legs. - -'Good-morning, Senorita,' said my friend. 'Where shall we find your -husband?' - -'He is gone, Senhor, to break in some horses for Senhor Melisos; it is -not far from here.' - -'So much the better. We will ride on and see him at work.' - -We reached the place; and the Guacho came out to meet us. - -'Will you shew my friend your feat at the gate?' said Senhor Pedro. - -'With the greatest pleasure,' answered the flattered Guacho. He jumped -on to the top transverse bar which forms the gate of the corral, and -calling to another man to open the lower ones and drive out a troop of -horses at full gallop, he, with the most astonishing skill, singled one -out with his eye, dropped down on to it, and rode off without saddle or -bridle at the top of its speed. Soon returning, he proceeded to break a -horse that had been previously caught in the plains. The Guacho threw -two lassos, one over the neck, the other on the hind-legs. Several men -hold the colt tightly whilst he saddles and passes a cord through the -mouth of the animal; and when the first paroxysms of fear have passed, -the tamer jumps on, and pressing his powerful knees into its sides, -the lasso is withdrawn. The horse and rider then start on a furious -course, from which they both return exhausted, in the midst of the -_vivats_ which resound from every side. All that is now required is for -the breaker to ride ten or fifteen leagues, when he gives up the horse -to the owner and receives his fee. They are never taught to trot, but -have an easy movement; and a man has been known to ride two hundred -miles a day without fatigue, and living only on dried meat and maté. - - - - -THE GERM THEORY AGAIN. - - -We have on several occasions alluded to the Germ theory, by which is -meant the theory that invisible germs, capable of producing animalculæ -and of spreading disease are constantly floating in the atmosphere--and -that the more impure the air the greater are the number of these germs. -We revert to the subject, because it is debated in all quarters, and it -is as well that our readers should know something of what is causing so -much controversy. Some surgeons distinguished as operators are great -believers in the Germ theory; so much so, that before beginning, for -instance, to cut off a leg, they cause a certain germ-killing liquid to -shower like spray near the part operated on; by which, as is alleged, -the wound is kept free of anything noxious. Whether there be germs or -not, the use of disinfectants in the air is said to be beneficial. -Notably the celebrated carbolic-acid plan of Professor Lister has met -with marked success, and is practised by the greatest surgeons of our -time. But though the air certainly contains something which favours -decomposition, it is by no means yet proved that that something _is_ -made up of germs. - -Professor Tyndall has been the principal advocate of the Germ theory, -and has written some papers strongly in its favour. Professor Bastian -takes an opposite opinion. He thinks that living organisms may -originate in disease by spontaneous generation. His notions are that -if germs are continually floating about in the air, they would drop -everywhere and anywhere alike. This argument applies more forcibly -to the fact which Dr Bastian discovered--namely, that he was able to -get life in flasks containing inorganic solutions, but that he always -failed if such solutions were not made up of salts containing oxygen, -hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen; that is to say, of the elements of -life. If the organisms are really the result of a molecular arrangement -of the 'mother-liquid,' we should expect to find them only in those -fluids which already contain the elements necessary for their -composition. Three speculations are involved in these experiments: -on the one hand, that low forms of life do occasionally arise by -spontaneous generation; on the other hand, either that the heat which -is usually considered destructive of life and germinating power is in -reality nothing of the kind; or that Dr Bastian's experiments were -incorrectly performed. - -Since the publication of Dr Bastian's observations, a very lively -controversy has been carried on in scientific quarters between the -supporters of the germ theory and of the theory of spontaneous -generation. Dr Bastian's work was conducted with great care and in -the presence of some distinguished authorities. Dr Sanderson, on the -other hand, found that upon increasing the heat which is applied to the -flasks, no organisms were produced; but until we have reason to doubt -the generally received opinion as to the amount of heat necessary to -destroy life, this result may be equally well explained according to -either of the two theories. - -Dr Bastian insists that the organic solutions in his own flasks are -not found by him to undergo putrefaction where every precaution is -taken for withholding the entrance of air. Thus a simple piece of -cotton-wool, which acts as a kind of sieve, will when placed in -the mouth of a flask prevent decomposition. Professor Tyndall has -invented the most ingenious contrivances for illustrating his views. -In one case he employed a chamber the walls of which were covered by -a sticky substance. The particles of dust in the air were allowed to -collect and adhere to the sides, and the air in the vessel, as shewn -by its non-reflection of a beam of light, was rendered comparatively -dustless. Flasks were now introduced, and they remained for a long -period free from organisms. On repeating some of these experiments -this year, however, Professor Tyndall found that many of the infusions -which had previously been preserved from putrefaction with ease, -were now found, when placed under the same conditions, to swarm -with life. Still he refused to believe in 'spontaneous generation,' -and preferred to consider that the production of life in his flasks -was due to some fault in his experiments, and that the air of the -Royal Institution was not so pure this year as it was last. Instead, -therefore, of introducing his fluids by means of an open pipette, as he -had previously done, he now made use of a 'separating funnel,' and by -this means the fluids found their way into the flasks without exposure -to the air. The result of these precautions was that no organisms -appeared. The objection, however, that we have to find is, that no -guarantee can be given that will enable us to ascertain whether the air -is really free from particles of organic matter or not. Last year the -air was considered to be pure because moteless; but this year, though -moteless, it was found to be impure. - -Professor Tyndall and his friends are so exceedingly confident in the -power of the germs of the atmosphere, that they attribute to their -influence every known case of putrefaction; and they do so because they -believe that they have proved that whenever the air can be excluded -from a putrescible fluid, putrefaction will not take place. But Dr -Bastian has succeeded in producing life out of organic infusions from -which the air has been excluded, and which have been previously raised -by him to temperatures hitherto considered by scientific authority as -fatal to life. Thus the question resolves itself into this: What is the -exact point of heat which kills the germs of bacteria? At present we do -not know, and we have therefore no right to make any supposition upon -this point in favour of either of the two theories. - -Since Dr Bastian's experiments were first made public, the holders of -the Germ theory have gradually raised what we may call the thermal -death-point of bacteria, in order to explain away the results of his -experiments by the light of their own theory. If Dr Bastian's fluids -did develop life, they say, the germs must have entered into them by -some means or other; and if he superheated these fluids, the fact of -the germs surviving the process shews that they must be possessed of -greater enduring power than we have given them credit for. - -Curiously enough, Professor Tyndall declares that frequent applications -of a low degree of heat, and applied at intervals, have a far greater -'sterilising effect' than a single application of a high temperature. -For a given fluid may contain germs of all ages. If such a fluid be -boiled for a considerable time, all the germs of recent formation will -be killed; but those of a greater age will merely be softened, but -still capable of reanimation. If, however, the fluid be heated for a -short time only, the recent germs will be destroyed, while an older -crop will be liberated. A second application of heat destroys this -second crop, and brings a third into play. Further heat will awaken -successive crops, until at length a point is reached when the toughest -germ must yield. This is certainly a most ingenious explanation of the -difficulty. - -A very interesting contribution to this subject has lately been made -by Dr Bastian and others; and we will now briefly describe the main -results of their researches. It has long been known that slightly -alkaline organic fluids are more difficult to sterilise than those -which are slightly acid. Pasteur the French chemist says that animal -water in its normally acid state becomes sterile at one hundred degrees -centigrade; but that if the infusion is first rendered alkaline by the -addition of potash, the application of a little more heat is necessary, -in order to insure sterility. If we bear in mind the two theories, we -shall see that these observations of Pasteur may be explained according -to either of them. We may believe that the germs in the infusion are -fortified against the destructive action of heat by liquor potassæ; -or on the other hand, we may hold that the spontaneous generation of -organisms is favoured by the presence of an alkali. Acting upon these -data, Dr Bastian heated a similar fluid in its acid condition to the -temperature of one hundred degrees; so that, according to Pasteur, -it was now barren. He then added a quantity of potash sufficient to -neutralise the acid, the addition of the alkali thus being made _after_ -instead of before the boiling; and he then allowed the fluid so treated -to stand at a temperature of about one hundred and fifteen degrees -Fahrenheit. In a short time swarms of bacteria appeared. - -Dr Roberts, however, considers that this result was obtained because -sufficient precaution had not been taken by Dr Bastian to prevent -the entry of germs, which might have been introduced by the potash. -Accordingly, he filled a small flask with an ounce of the acid -infusion, and then sealed up his potash in a capillary tube. The potash -was then heated in oil to two hundred and eighty degrees Fahrenheit, -and kept for fifteen minutes. The tube of potash was now introduced -into the flask containing the infusion, and the flask was boiled for -five minutes, and sealed. The flask was now kept for some time in order -to test its sterility. When this was ascertained, the flask was shaken, -so that the little tube of potash inside was broken, and the potash -was thus allowed to mingle with and neutralise the infusion. The flask -was now maintained at a low temperature of one hundred and fifteen -degrees Fahrenheit, and it remained perfectly clear. And so Dr Roberts -concludes that liquor potassæ has no power to excite the generation of -organisms in a sterilised infusion. Professor Tyndall repeated these -experiments with additional precautions, and obtained similar results. - -The _general_ conclusion which is drawn from various experiments by the -advocates of the Germ theory is, that liquor potassæ has no inherent -power to stimulate the production of bacteria, and that any apparent -power of this kind which it may seem to possess is due to the presence -of germs within it. These germs they consider are not destroyed until -the potash has been raised to the temperature of one hundred degrees -centigrade if solid, and to one hundred and ten degrees centigrade if -liquid. Dr Bastian, who repeated his former experiments with every -possible precaution, found no difference in his results. Moreover, he -discovered that liquor potassæ, when added in proper quantities, is -just as efficacious in stimulating the development of life after it has -been heated to one hundred and ten degrees centigrade, as when it has -been heated to only one hundred degrees. Pasteur will consequently have -to raise the temperature which he considers sufficient to destroy the -germs contained in a solution of strong liquor potassæ to a point still -higher than one hundred and ten degrees. - -But there is still another proof that liquor potassæ if previously -heated to one hundred degrees does not induce fermentation in virtue -of its germs, because if only one or two drops be added, the infusion -will remain as barren as ever; while a few more drops will immediately -start the process of fermentation. Now if the potash really induced -fermentation because it brought germs along with it, two drops would be -quite as efficacious as any other amount. Finally, Dr Bastian has shewn -us that an excess of alkali prevents fermentation, and to this fact -he attributes the failure of Pasteur to develop life when he employed -solid potash. He had added too much of the alkali. - -It is impossible to draw any _definite_ conclusion from these as from -the other experiments, until we know the precise temperature which -is fatal to germinal life. Dr Bastian indeed thinks that he has been -able to shew that bacteria and their germs cannot exist at higher -temperatures than one hundred and forty degrees Fahrenheit; but his -evidence here is not quite conclusive. He does not deny the existence -of germs nor their probable influence in producing life; he merely -says that his experiments furnish evidence to shew that in some cases -organisms may spring into existence without the aid of a parent. The -strong points of his case are, that as fast as his adversaries can -suggest precautions to insure the destruction of germs, he has been -able to shew life under the altered conditions; and that whenever the -supposed death-point of bacteria has been raised on account of his -experiments, he has succeeded in obtaining life after having submitted -his flasks to the required temperatures. - -How this most interesting controversy will end, we cannot foretell; -but we hope that the further researches of our scientific men upon the -subject will ultimately lead to the discovery of the truth. Meanwhile, -we observe that Dr Richardson, at the late Sanitary Congress at -Leamington, entirely dissented from the theory of germs being the -origin of disease, and characterised it as the wildest and most distant -from the phenomena to be explained, ever conceived. As no one contests -the fact that pure air is a very important factor in promoting health -and averting the insidious approaches of disease, people keeping that -in mind need not practically give themselves much concern about germs. -See that you draw pure air into the lungs. That is an advice to which -no theorist can take exception. - - - - -OCEAN-VOYAGES IN SMALL BOATS. - - -It is perhaps not generally known that adventurous persons occasionally -cross the Atlantic from the American coast to England in small boats. -The undertaking is dangerous, but is accomplished. Twenty-four years -ago, when on board a Cunard steamer, our vessel passed an open -sailing-boat containing two men on a voyage from America to Europe. -They had no means for taking an observation, but trusted to fall in -with large ships, from which they would get information as to where -they were. On sighting them, our captain knew what they wanted, and -hung out a black board on which were inscribed in chalk the latitude -and longitude. This was satisfactory, and on they went on their -perilous expedition. What came of them we know not. We were told -that men who run risks of this kind, and who happen not to procure -information as to their whereabouts, are apt to make strange mistakes -in their voyage to England; such, for instance, as running on the coast -of Spain instead of the British Islands--the whole thing a curious -instance of reckless daring. - -Small vessels, possibly better provided, have made runs which have -attracted the admiring attention of nautical men, for the exceptional -circumstances under which they occurred, but without reference -to competition or bonus. In 1859 three Cornish fishermen, in a -fishing-boat of small tonnage, sailed from Newlyn near Penzance to the -Cape of Good Hope, and thence across the Indian Ocean to Melbourne, -where they arrived 'all well.' We do not find the actual tonnage named. -In 1866 a small yacht of twenty-five tons, hailing from Dublin, set out -from Liverpool, and safely reached New South Wales after a run of a -hundred and thirty days. The distance was set down at sixteen thousand -miles. It was regarded, and justly regarded, as a bold adventure in -1874, when a schooner of only fifty-four tons safely brought over a -cargo of deals from St Johns, New Brunswick, to Dublin, with but seven -hands to manage the craft. - -Boat-voyages, however, are evidently more remarkable than those of -clippers, yachts, and schooners; on account of the extremely small -dimensions of the craft which have ventured to brave the perils of the -ocean, and of the paucity of hands to manage the sails and helm during -a period measured by months--under privations of various kinds. - -Eleven years ago the Americans gave an indication of spirit and pluck -in the conception and fulfilment of a very bold enterprise. Mr Hudson, -the owner of a small craft named the _Red White and Blue_, fitted -it up for an ocean-trip to England. It was a life-boat, built of -galvanised iron, only twenty-six feet in length, six feet in breadth -of beam, and three feet deep from deck to hold. Small as it was, the -_Red White and Blue_ carried what sailors call a very cloud of canvas; -it had mainsail, spritsails, staysails, courses, topsails, royals, -top-gallants, sternsails, trysails, three masts, bowsprit, booms, -yards, gaffs, jib-boom, yard-tops, cross jack yards, spankers, and all -the rest of it--an enormous amount of furniture, one would think, for -so small a house. The boat was sharp at both ends, had water-tight -compartments lengthwise and transverse, and safety-valves which would -enable her to right herself in a few minutes if flooded. There was -a tiny cockpit for the steersman near the mizzen-mast, in which he -sat somewhat in the same position as Mr Macgregor in his _Rob Roy_ -canoe. The air-cylinders at each end of the boat and along the sides, -customary in life-boats, assisted in maintaining the buoyancy and -upright position. It is amusing to read of a mainmast only seven feet -high and a bowsprit of two feet in length; but the juvenile ship was -proportionate in all these matters, and bravely she looked, a plucky -handsome little craft. - -The crew of the _Red White and Blue_ was as exceptional as the boat -itself. The owner, Captain John M. Hudson, took the command; Mr Frank -E. Fitch acted as mate; while in lieu of petty officers, able seamen, -and ordinary seamen was a dog named 'Fanny.' On the 9th of July 1866 -the pigmy ship took farewell of Sandy Hook, near New York, on a voyage -of unknown duration and uncertain vicissitude. At midnight on the 18th -the boat struck against something hard and solid, but fortunately -without receiving much damage. They sailed on till the 5th of August, -when they fell in with the brig _Princess Royal_, hailing from -Yarmouth, and obtained a bottle of rum, two newspapers (very precious -to the wayfarers), and a signal-lamp. Narrowly escaping a complete -overturn on the 8th, they spoke with the barque _Welle Merryman_, from -which they obtained two bottles of brandy. After another peril of -capsizing, they at length sighted English land, the Bill of Portland, -on the 14th. Beating up the Channel, the boat entered Margate Harbour -on the 16th, after being thirty-seven days at sea. The little craft -created no small astonishment at Margate. As there was no chronometer -on board, the calculations of distance, direction, &c. had to be made -by compass, line, and dead-reckoning. So little opportunity had there -been of obtaining a fire, that the food (mostly preserved in air-tight -tins) had to be eaten cold. The original store of a hundred and twenty -gallons of water supplied their wants with this essential requisite. -Poor Fanny the dog did not at all relish the voyage; constant exposure -to the weather so weakened her that she died soon after reaching -Margate. When the _Red White and Blue_ was afterwards exhibited at the -Crystal Palace, a little incredulity was expressed as to the reality of -the voyage; but as the names of the vessels spoken with were given and -the dates of meeting, there seems no reason to doubt the faithfulness -of the narrative. The two navigators, however, did not return to -America in the same way; they had 'had enough of it.' - -A still bolder achievement, in so far as the number of the crew was -concerned, was that of Alfred Johnson, who in June 1876 started from -America in a small boat manned only _by himself_. Quitting the port -of Gloucester, Massachusetts, on the 15th, he had fine weather for a -time, but then experienced some of the peril of Atlantic voyaging -under exceptional circumstances. Fogs and head winds compelled him to -put into Shake Harbour, where he had his compass corrected. Starting -again on the 25th, he experienced tolerably fair weather until the 7th -of July, when a heavy gale set in from the south-west. The combings of -the hatchway were started, and the water, finding entrance, damaged -some of his provisions. The gale subsiding, he was favoured with fine -weather and fair wind until the 16th; and a strong breeze in the right -direction coming on, he made good progress till the 2d of August. When -about three hundred miles from the Irish coast, the wind increased to -a hurricane; he hove to, but in unshipping his mast for this purpose, -the boat got broadside on a large wave and was upset. Johnson clambered -on the upturned bottom, where he remained for about twenty minutes. By -dexterous management he succeeded in righting the boat, got in, and -pumped it dry; everything, however, was wetted by the upset, and he -lost his square-sail and kerosene lamp. - -Wending his way as winds permitted, he reached within a hundred miles -of the Irish coast by the 7th, spoke a ship, and obtained some bread -and fresh water--both of which had become very scanty with him. On -the following day he got soundings, but fog prevented him from seeing -land. On the 10th he sighted Milford, near the south-west extremity -of Wales. He landed at Abercastle in Pembrokeshire on the 11th, after -being fifty-seven days at sea; starting again, he put into Holyhead, -and finally arrived at Liverpool on the 21st. The little _Centennial_, -which measured only twenty feet in length over all, had run about -seventy miles a day on an average. Johnson maintained his general -health excellently well, though suffering from want of sleep. - -The little boat that has recently crossed the Atlantic differed from -Johnson's in this among other particulars, that it had a crew of two -persons, one of whom was a woman. Certainly this woman will have -something to talk about for the rest of her life: seeing that we may -safely assign to her a position such as her sex has never before -occupied--that of having managed half the navigation of a little -ocean-craft for some three thousand miles. The _New Bedford_, so -designated after the town of the same name in Massachusetts (the state -from which Johnson also hailed), is only twenty feet long, with a -burden of a little over a ton and a half; built of cedar, and rigged as -(in sailor-phrase) a 'leg-of-mutton schooner;' with two masts and one -anchor. Anything less ocean-like we can hardly conceive. Captain Thomas -Crapo, the owner of this little affair, is an active man in the prime -of life; and his better-half proves herself worthy to be the helpmate -of such a man. On the 28th of May in the present year, Captain and Mrs -Crapo embarked in their tiny ocean-boat, provided with such provisions -and stores as they could stow away under the deck. The steersman (or -steerswoman) sat in a sunken recess near the stern, with head and bust -above the level of the deck; the other took any standing-place that he -could get for managing the sails, rope, anchor, &c. The boat had no -chronometer; and the progress had to be measured as best it could by -dead-reckoning. - -The boat, soon after leaving New Bedford, was forced by stress of -weather to seek a few days' shelter at Chatham, a small port in the -same state. Hoisting sail again on the 2d of June, the boat set off -with a fair wind; and all went well for three days. An adverse wind -then sprang up, a fog overspread the sky, and for ten days the voyage -continued under these unfavourable circumstances. Whilst near the -shoal known as the Great Banks, a keg was seen floating; this was -secured, and the iron hoops utilised (with the aid of canvas) in making -a drogue--one which was included among the outfit of the boat being -found too light for its purpose. The boat, after lying to for three -or four days in a gale of wind, started again, and sailed on till the -21st of June, when another gale necessitated another stoppage. The -_New Bedford_ sighted the steamer _Batavia_, which offered to take -the lonely pair of navigators on board: an offer kindly appreciated, -but courteously declined. After this meeting, a succession of gales -was encountered, and the rudder broke; a spare oar was made to act as -a substitute. The sea ran so very high that even when lying down to -rest, husband and wife had to lie on wet clothes, everything on board -being sloppy and half saturated. At one portion of this trying period -Captain Crapo had to steer for seventy hours uninterruptedly, his wife -being incapacitated from rendering the aid which was her wont; and on -another occasion he had to pay eighteen hours' close attention to the -drogue. The voyage terminated on the 21st of July, after a duration of -fifty-four days. The average sleep of the captain did not exceed four -hours a day; and he had no sleep at all during the last seventy hours -of the run. He had intended to make Falmouth his port of arrival, but -was glad to make for Penzance instead. - -The surname of Crapo, we were informed by the captain, is not uncommon -at New Bedford. The good wife is Swedish by descent, Scotch by birth, -American by marriage--a citizen of the world. In examining the boat -closely (which we have done), it becomes more than ever a marvel how -it could have formed the home of a married couple for seven weeks. -Descending through a small hatchway, the feet rest on the floor of (let -us say) the state-cabin, an apartment three feet high; consequently the -head and body project above the hatchway. By spreading blankets and -rugs, and crouching down by degrees, a would-be sleeper can lie down -under the deck, or two sleepers close to the two sides of the boat. The -wife of course acted as stewardess, cook, parlour-maid, scullery-maid, -&c., leaving her husband to manage most of the navigation. The -sperm-oil lamp for the compass-binnacle; the kerosene or petroleum lamp -for the cooking-stove; the receptacles for biscuit and preserved meats -and vegetables; the butler's pantry for a few bottles of spirits; the -vessels for containing water--all were packed into a marvellously small -space. The drogue (already mentioned) is a kind of floating anchor -which, dragged after the vessel by means of a long rope, helps to -steady it in certain states of the wind. Five hundred pounds weight of -stores and six hundred of iron ballast, kept the boat sufficiently low -in the water. - -Such were the interior arrangements of one of those strange small -vessels which adventurously attempt to cross the Atlantic. - - * * * * * - -Printed and Published by W. & R. 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