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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Anthropological Survey in Alaska - -Author: Ales Hrdlicka - -Release Date: December 23, 2015 [EBook #50752] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, PM for Bureau of American -Ethnology and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by the Bibliothèque nationale -de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="tnotes covernote"> - <p>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> -<div id="titlepage"> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h1>ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA</h1> - - -<p class="ph2">By ALEŠ HRDLIČKA -</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a><br /><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> - - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS"> -<thead> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Page</th> - </tr> -</thead> -<tbody> - <tr> - <td>Introduction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">General remarks</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Northwest coast—Juneau</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The Coast Indians</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Notes of archeological interest</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The writer's trip on the Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Tanana—Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Ancient man</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The Indians at Tanana</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ruby</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Galena</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nulato</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kaltag</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The Anvik people</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Bonasila</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Holy Cross</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ghost Creek</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Paimute</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Russian Mission</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Marshall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">St. Michael</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">About Nome</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Aboriginal remains</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nome—Bering Strait—Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Savonga</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The Diomedes</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Yukon Territory—Sites, the Indians, the Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The Tanana</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Brief historical data</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Population</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Indian sites and villages along the Tanana</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Lower Tanana, Nenana to Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The Yukon below Tanana</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Brief history</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The Yukon natives</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Native villages</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Present conditions</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Archeology of the Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The random specimens</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Location of villages and sites on the Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Pre-Russian sites</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Archeology of Central Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ancient stone culture</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The pottery</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The Alaskan grooved stone ax</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Anthropology of the Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The living Indian</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Pure bloods</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">General type</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Color</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Stature and strength</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Head form</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Body</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Photographs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Skeletal remains of the Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Detailed measurements of skulls</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Lower middle Yukon Indian crania</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Skeletal parts</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Skeletal remains from the bank at Bonasila</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The crania</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Additional parts</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The Yukon Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The living</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Measurements on living Yukon Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Skeletal remains of Yukon Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Skeletal parts of the Yukon Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Notes on the archeology of the Western Eskimo region</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Old sites in the region of the Western Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Present location of archeological sites</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Sites and villages</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Burial grounds</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Prince William Sound, Kodiak Island, Alaska Peninsula</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Kodiak Island and neighborhood</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Alaska Peninsula</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Bristol Bay to Cape Romanzof</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cape Romanzof to Northern (Apoon) Pass of the Yukon and northward</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Norton Sound</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">South shore of Seward Peninsula west of Bluff</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Scammon Bay, Norton Sound, south coast of Seward Peninsula, to Cape Rodney</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The northern shore of the Seward Peninsula</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kotzebue Sound, its rivers and its coast northward to Kevalina</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Seward Peninsula, Kotzebue Sound, and northward</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kevalina—Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Point Hope (Tigara)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Point Hope to Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Barrow and Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The St. Lawrence and Diomede Islands</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The Diomede Islands and the Asiatic coast</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Physical anthropology</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Earlier data</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Older anthropometric data on the western Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Stature and other measurements on the living</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The skull</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_231">231</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Present data on the western Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The living</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Measurements of living western Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Stature</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Height sitting</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Arm span</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The head</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The forehead</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The face</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Lower facial breadth</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The nose</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The mouth</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The ears</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The chest</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The hand</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The foot</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Girth of the calf</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Physiological observations</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Summary of observations on the living western Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Remarks</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Present data on the skull and other skeletal remains of the western Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The skull</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Skull size</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Module and capacity</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Additional remarks on cranial module</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Skull shape</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Height of the skull</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The face</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The nose</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The orbits</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The upper alveolar arch</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">The basion-nasion diameter</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Prognathism</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Skulls of Eskimo children</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Crania of Eskimo children</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Southwestern and midwestern Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Principal cranial indices in children compared with those in adults</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The lower jaw</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Strength of the jaw</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth of the rami</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Other dimensions</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The angle</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Résumé</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_306">306</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mandibular hyperostoses</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_306">306</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Main references</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Skeletal parts other than the skull</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">The long bones</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Comparative data</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_315">315</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Long bones in Eskimo and stature</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_316">316</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length of principal long bones, and stature in the living, on the St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Long bones vs. stature in Eskimo of Smith Sound</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>A strange group of Eskimo near Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Anthropological observations and measurements on the collections</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Physical characteristics</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Origin and antiquity of the Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Origin of the name "Eskimo"</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Opinions by former and living students</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Origin in Asia</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Origin in America</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Origin in Europe—Identity with Upper Palaeolithic man</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Other hypotheses</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_332">332</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Theories as to the origin of the Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Asiatics</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">American</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_340">340</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">European</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_347">347</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Opposed to European</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Miscellaneous and indefinite</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Discussion and conclusions indicated by present data</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_355">355</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Summary</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Bibliography</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_367">367</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index</td> - <td class="tdr">629</td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="ILLUSTRATIONS"> -<thead> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th></th> - <th>Page</th> - </tr> -</thead> -<tbody> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>PLATES</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, "Old Minto" on the Tanana. Indian village. (A. H., 1926.) <em>b</em>, Present Nulato and its cemetery (on hill to the right of the village) from some distance up the river. (A. H., 1926.) <em>c</em>, The Greyling River site, right bank, 22 miles above Anvik; site and graveyard (male skeleton) from top of knoll. (A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, View on the Yukon from above Kaltag. (A. H., 1926.) <em>b</em>, Indian burial ground, middle Yukon. (A. H., 1926.) <em>c</em>, Anvik, from the mission. (A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Midnight on the Yukon. <em>b</em>, Lower middle Yukon: painted burial box of a Yukon Indian (before 1884) said to have been a hunter of bielugas (white whales), which used to ascend far up the Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Eskimo camp below Paimute, Yukon River. <em>b</em>, Old "protolithic" site 12 miles down from Paimute, right bank, just beyond "12-mile hill" (skull, bones, stones). <em>c</em>, "Old" site in bank seen in middle of picture, 12 miles down from Paimute, opposite that shown in preceding figure. (A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">5.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Cape Prince of Wales from the southeast. (A. H., 1926.) <em>b</em>, Village and cemetery slope. Little Diomede. (A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">6.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Asiatics departing for Siberia from the Little Diomede Island. (Photo by D. Jenness, 1926.) <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, "Chukchis" loading their boat with goods on Little Diomede Island, before departure for Siberia. (Photos by D. Jenness, 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">7.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Eskimos from East Cape arriving at Nome, Alaska. <em>b</em>, East Cape of Asia (to the southward). (Photo from Joe Bernard.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">8.</td> - <td>A group of women at Shishmaref. (Taken at 2 a. m. by A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">9.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, My "spoils," loaded on sled, Point Hope. (A. H., 1926.) <em>b</em>, The load is heavy and sledding over sand and gravel difficult. (A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">10.</td> - <td>Characteristic stone axes, middle Yukon. (A. H. coll., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">11.</td> - <td>Crude stone artifacts, found at Bonasila, lower middle Yukon. (A. H. coll., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">12.</td> - <td>Crude stone artifacts, found at Bonasila, lower middle Yukon. (A. H. coll., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">13.</td> - <td>Tanana Indian woman</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">14.</td> - <td>Chief Sam Joseph, near Tanana village, on the Yukon. (A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">15.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Yukon Indians, at Kokrines, Jacob and Andrew. Jacob probably has a trace of white blood. (A. H., 1926.) <em>b</em>, Yukon Indians at Kokrines. (A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">16.</td> - <td>Yukon Indians. <em>a</em>, Marguerite Johnny Yatlen, Koyukuk village. (A. H., 1926.) <em>b</em>, Lucy John, Koyukuk, daughter of a former chief. (A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">17.</td> - <td>Yukon Indians. <em>a</em>, George Halfway, Nulato on the Yukon. (A. H., 1926.) <em>b</em>, Jack Curry of Nulato, 41 years. (Now at Ruby, middle Yukon; Eskimoid physiognomy.) <em>c</em>, Arthur Malamvot, of Nulato</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">18.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Indian children, mission school at Anvik, lower middle Yukon. <em>b</em>, Indian children, mission school at Anvik, lower middle Yukon. <em>c</em>, Two women of Anvik, on the Yukon, somewhat Eskimoid</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">19.</td> - <td>Terminal piece of a lance or harpoon, northern Bering Sea. Black, high natural polish. Most beautiful piece of the fossil ivory art. (A. H., 1926, U.S.N.M.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">20.</td> - <td>Fossil ivory specimens showing the old curvilinear designs. Northern Bering Sea. (A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">21.</td> - <td>Objects showing the old fossil ivory art, northern Bering Sea. (U.S.N.M., Nos. 1 and 3 coll., A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">22.</td> - <td>Fossil ivory needle cases and spear heads, northern Bering Sea, showing fine workmanship. (A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">23.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Small, finely made objects in fossil ivory and stone (the head), from the ruins at Point Hope. (A. H. coll., 1926.) <em>b</em>, Old fossil ivory objects, northern Bering Sea. The article to the right is almost classic in form; it is decorated on both sides. (A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">24.</td> - <td>Fossil ivory combs, upper Bering Sea. (A. H. coll., 1926)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">25.</td> - <td>Fossil ivory objects from the upper Bering Sea region. Transitional art. (Museum of the Agricultural College, Fairbanks, Alaska.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">26.</td> - <td>Old black finely carved fossil ivory figure, from the northeastern Asiatic coast. (Loan to U.S.N.M. by Mr. Carl Lomen.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">27.</td> - <td>Wooden figurines from a medicine lodge, Choco Indians, Panama. (U.S.N.M. colls.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">28.</td> - <td>Left: Two beautiful knives lately made of fossil mammoth ivory by a Seward Peninsula Eskimo. (Gift to the U.S.N.M. by A. H., 1926.) Right: Two old ceremonial Mexican obsidian knives. Manche de poignard en ivoire, avec sculpture représentant un renne. Montastruc (Peccadeau de l'Isle; in De Quatrefages (A.)—Hommes fossiles, Paris, 1884, p. 50.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">29.</td> - <td>Billings and Gall's map of Bering Strait and neighboring lands, 1811</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">30.</td> - <td>Eskimo villages and sites, Norton Sound and Bay and Seward Peninsula, and the Kotzebue Sound, from Zagoskin's general map, 1847</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">31.</td> - <td>Graves at Nash Harbor, Nunivak Island. (Photos by Collins and Stewart, 1927.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">32.</td> - <td>The school children at Wales</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">33.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Children, Nunivak Island. (Photo by Collins and Stewart, 1927.) <em>b</em>, Adults, Nunivak Island. (Photo by Collins and Stewart, 1927.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">34.</td> - <td>King Island Eskimo; a family group</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">35.</td> - <td>King Island native</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">36.</td> - <td>A fine full-blood Eskimo pair, northern Bering Sea region. <em>a</em>, Young Eskimo woman, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) <em>b</em>, Eskimo, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by F. H. Nowell.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">37.</td> - <td>Typical full-blood Eskimo, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">38.</td> - <td>Elderly man, St. Lawrence Island. (Photos by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">39.</td> - <td>The Wales people. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">40.</td> - <td>The long broad-faced types, Wales. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">41.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, The broad-faced and low-vaulted Eskimo, St. Lawrence Island. (Photo by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.). <em>b</em>, Broad-faced type, St. Lawrence Island. (Photo by R. D. Moore, 1912. U. S. N. M.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_242">242</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">42.</td> - <td>The long-faced type. <em>a</em>, A young man from Seward Peninsula. <em>b</em>, A boy from St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">43.</td> - <td>A "Hypereskimo," King Island. Excessively developed face</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">44.</td> - <td>Eskimo "Madonna" and child, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">45.</td> - <td>Young woman, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">46.</td> - <td>Young women, full-blood Eskimo, Seward Peninsula. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">47.</td> - <td>A Point Hope group</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">48.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Eskimo woman, Kevalina. (Photo on the "Bear" by A. H., 1926. U.S.N.M.). <em>b</em>, The body build of an adult Eskimo woman, upper Bering Sea</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">49.</td> - <td>Elderly woman, St. Lawrence Island. (Photos by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">50.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Yukon Eskimo, below Paimute. (A. H., 1926.) <em>b</em>, Norton Sound Eskimo woman and child. (A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">51.</td> - <td>Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photos by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">52.</td> - <td>Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photos by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">53.</td> - <td>Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">54.</td> - <td>Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">55.</td> - <td>Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">56.</td> - <td>Eskimo, Indianlike, Arctic region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">57.</td> - <td>Siberian Eskimo and child, Indian type</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">58.</td> - <td><em>a</em>, Mrs. Sage, Kevalina. Fine Indian type. Born on Notak. Both parents Notak "Eskimo." (Photo by A. H., 1926.) <em>b</em>, Eskimo family, Indianlike, near Barrow. (Photo by A. H., 1926.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">59.</td> - <td>Skulls from old burials, Point Hope; right skull shows low vault. (U.S.N.M.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">60.</td> - <td>Skulls from old burials, Point Hope; right skull shows low vault. (U.S.N.M.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">61.</td> - <td>Western Eskimo and Aleut (middle) lower jaws, showing lingual hyperostoses. (U.S.N.M.)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_308">308</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>TEXT FIGURES</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1. </td> - <td>The Tanana River between Nenana and Tanana, with Indian villages</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>The Yukon from Tanana to below Kokrines</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td>The Yukon from below Kokrines to below Koyukuk</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4.</td> - <td>The Yukon from below Koyukuk to Lofkas</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">5.</td> - <td>Old map of the Nulato district</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">6.</td> - <td>Map of Kaltag and vicinity. (By McLeod)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">7.</td> - <td>The Yukon from Bystraia to below Holy Cross</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">8.</td> - <td>The Yukon from above Holy Cross to below Mountain Village</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">9.</td> - <td>The Yukon from below Mountain Village to near Marshall</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">10.</td> - <td>The Yukon from near Marshall to below Kavlingnak</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">11.</td> - <td>From above Kobolunuk to mouth of river</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">12.</td> - <td>Conventionalized design from fossil ivory specimen shown in Plate 19</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">13.</td> - <td>World map</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_177">177</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">14.</td> - <td>Dall's map of the distribution of the tribes of Alaska and adjoining territory, 1875</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">15.</td> - <td>Nelson's map, Eighteenth Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., 1898</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">16.</td> - <td>Linguistic map, United States census, 1920</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">17.</td> - <td>Villages and sites on Kodiak Island</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">18.</td> - <td>Villages and sites on the proximal half of Alaska Peninsula</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">19.</td> - <td>Villages and sites on the distal half of Alaska Peninsula</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">20.</td> - <td>Eskimo villages and sites on Nushagak Bay to Kuskokwim Bay</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">21.</td> - <td>Eskimo villages and sites, Kuskokwim Bay to Scammon Bay</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">22.</td> - <td>Eskimo villages and sites, Scammon Bay to Norton Sound and Bay to Cape Rodney</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">23.</td> - <td>Eskimo villages and sites, Wales. (By Clark M. Garber, 1927)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">24.</td> - <td>Eskimo villages and sites, Seward Peninsula, Kotzebue Sound, and Arctic coast, to Kevalina</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">25.</td> - <td>Eskimo villages and sites, Kevalina to Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">26.</td> - <td>Russian map of St. Lawrence Island, 1849. (Tebenkof)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">27.</td> - <td>Eskimo villages and sites, St. Lawrence Island, the Diomedes, and the eastern Asiatic coast</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">28.</td> - <td>The Bering Strait Islands</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">29.</td> - <td>Probable movements of people from northeastern Asia to Alaska and in Alaska. (A. Hrdlička)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_360">360</a></td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> - -<p class="ph1">ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA</p> - -<p class="ph2">By <span class="smcap">Aleš Hrdlička</span> -</p> -<div class="chapter"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> - - -<p>Alaska and the opposite parts of Asia hold, in all probability, the -key to the problem of the peopling of America. It is here, and here -alone, where a land of another continent approaches so near to -America that a passage of man with primitive means of navigation -and provisioning was possible. All the affinities of the American -native point toward the more eastern parts of Asia. In Siberia, -Mongolia, Tibet, Manchuria, Formosa, and in some of the islands -off southeastern Asia, living remnants of the same type of man as -the American aborigines are to this day encountered, and it is here -in the farthest northwest where actual passings of parties of natives -between the Asiatic coast and the Bering Sea islands and between -the latter and the American coasts have always, since these parts were -known, been observed and are still of common occurrence.</p> - -<p>With these facts before them, the students of the peopling of this -continent were always drawn strongly to Alaska and the opposite -parts of Asia; but the distances, the difficulties of communication, -and the high costs of exploration in these far-off regions have proven -a serious hindrance to actual investigation. As a result, but little -direct, systematic, archeological or anthropological (somatological) -research has ever been carried out in these regions; though since -Bering's, Cook's, and Vancouver's opening voyages to these parts a -large amount of general, cultural, and linguistic observations on the -natives has accumulated.</p> - -<p>For these observations, which are much in need of a compilation -and critical analysis, science is indebted to the above-named captains; -to the subsequent Russian explorers, and especially to the Russian -clerics who were sent to Alaska as missionaries or priests to the -natives; to various captains, traders, agents, miners, soldiers, and -men in collateral branches of science, who came in contact with the -aborigines; to special United States Government exploratory expeditions, -with an occasional participation of the Biological Survey -and the Smithsonian Institution, such as resulted in the fine "Corwin" -reports and the highly valuable accounts of Leffingwell, Dall,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> -Nelson, and Murdoch; to the separate pieces of scientific work by men -such as Gordon and Jennes; and to Jochelson and Bogoras of the -Jesup exploring expedition of the American Museum.</p> - -<p>As a result of all these contributions, it may be said that there has -been established a fair cultural and linguistic knowledge of the Aleut, -the Eskimo, and the Chukchee, not to speak of the Tlingit, consideration -of which seems more naturally to fall with that of the Indians -of the northwest coast.</p> - -<p>There are also numerous though often very imperfect and occasionally -rather contradictory notes on the physical status of these -peoples, and some valuable cultural and even skeletal collections were -made. Since 1912 we possess also a good series of measurements on -the St. Lawrence Island natives, together with valuable cranial material -from that locality, made, under the direction of the writer, by -Riley D. Moore, at that time aide in the Division of Physical -Anthropology in the United States National Museum.</p> - -<p>The need of a further systematic archeological and somatological -research in this important part of the world was long since felt, and -several propositions were made in this line to the National Research -Council (Hrdlička) and to the Smithsonian Institution (Hough, -Hrdlička); but nothing came of these until the early part of 1926, -when, a little money becoming available, the writer was intrusted -by the Bureau of American Ethnology with the making of an extensive -preliminary survey of Alaska. The objects of the trip were, -in brief, to ascertain as much as possible about the surviving Indians -and Eskimos; to trace all indications of old settlements and migrations; -and to collect such skeletal and archeological material as might -be of importance.</p> - -<p>The trip occupied approximately four months, from the latter -part of May to the latter part of September, affording a full season -in Alaska. It began with the inside trip from Vancouver to Juneau, -where at several of the stopping places groups of the northwest coast -Indians were observed. At Juneau examination was made of the -valuable archeological collections in the local museum. After this -followed a trip with several stops along the gulf, a railroad trip with -some stops to Fairbanks, a return trip to Nenana, a boat trip on the -Tanana to the Yukon, and then, with little boats of various sorts, a -trip with many stops for about 900 miles down the Yukon. This -in turn was followed by a side trip in Norton Sound, after which -transportation was secured to the island of St. Michael and to Nome. -From Nome, after some work in the vicinity, the revenue cutter <em>Bear</em> -took the writer to the St. Lawrence and Diomede Islands, to Cape -Wales, and thence from place to place of scientific interest up to -Barrow. On the return a number of the more important places,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> -besides some new ones, were touched upon, while the visit to others -was prevented by the increasing storms, and the trip ended at -Unalaska.</p> - -<p>Throughout the journey, the writer received help from the Governor, -officials, missionaries, traders, and people of Alaska; from -the captain, officers, and crew of the <em>Bear</em>; and from many individuals; -for all of which cordial thanks are hereby once more rendered. -Grateful acknowledgments are especially due to the following -gentlemen: Governor George A. Parks, of Alaska; Mr. Harry G. -Watson, his secretary; Mr. Karl Thiele, Secretary for Alaska; Judge -James Wickersham, formerly Delegate from Alaska; Father A. P. -Kashevaroff, curator of the Territorial Museum and Library of -Juneau; Dr. William Chase, of Cordova; Mr. Noel W. Smith, general -manager Government railroad of Alaska; Mr. B. B. Mozee, -Indian supervisor, and Dr. J. A. Romig, of Anchorage; Prof. C. E. -Bunnell, president Alaska Agriculture College, at Fairbanks; Mr. and -Mrs. Fullerton, missionaries, at Tanana; Rev. J. W. Chapman and -Mr. Harry Lawrence, at Anvik; Father Jetté and Jim Walker, at -Holy Cross; Mr. C. Betsch, at the Russian Mission; Messrs. Frank -Tucker and E. C. Gurtler, near the mission; Mr. Frank P. Williams, -of St. Michael; Judge G. J. Lomen and his sons and daughter, at -Nome; Rev. Dr. Baldwin, Fathers La Fortune and Post, Captain -Ross, United States Coast Guard, and Mr. Elmer Rydeem, merchant, -at Nome; C. S. Cochran, captain of the <em>Bear</em>, and his officers, particularly -Mr. H. Berg, the boatswain; Rev. F. W. Goodman and -Mr. LaVoy, at Point Hope; the American teachers at Wales, Shishmareff, -Kotzebue, Point Hope, and elsewhere; Messrs. Tom Berryman, -Jim Allen; and Charles Brower, traders, respectively, at Kotzebue, -Wainright, and Barrow; Mr. Sylvester Chance, superintendent -of education, Kotzebue, Alaska; the United States marshals, deputy -marshals, and postmasters along the route; and the numerous traders, -miners, settlers, and others who were helpful with specimens, advice, -guidance, and in other matters.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">General Remarks</span></h3> - -<p>The account of the survey will be limited in the main to anthropological -and archeological observations; but it is thought best to -give it largely in the form of the original notes made on the spot -or within a few hours after an event. These notes often contain -collateral observations or thoughts which could be excluded, but the -presence of which adds freshness, reliability, and some local atmosphere -to what otherwise would be a rather dry narrative. A preliminary -account of the trip and its results was published in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> -Smithsonian exploration volume for 1926 (Washington, 1927, pp. -137-158).</p> - -<p>Not much reference is possible to previous work of the nature -here dealt with in the parts visited, except in the Aleutian Islands, -where good archeological work was done in the late sixties by -William H. Dall,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and in 1909-10 by Waldemar Jochelson.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> - -<p>The archeology and anthropology of the Gulf of Alaska, the inland, -the Yukon Basin, the Bering Sea coasts and islands, and those -of the Arctic coasts up to Point Barrow are but little known. The -archeology is in reality known only from the stone and old ivory -implements that have been incidentally collected and have reached -various institutions where they have been studied; from the excavations -about Barrow, conducted by an expedition of the University -Museum, Philadelphia, in charge of W. B. Van Valin, and by the -trader, Mr. Charles Brower, the results of which have not yet been -published; and from the recent diggings at Wales and on the smaller -Diomede Island by Doctor Jenness.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Neither Dall, Nelson, Rau, nor -Murdoch conducted any excavations outside the already mentioned -work in the Aleutians.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Dall, Wm. H.: Alaska as it Was and Is; 1865-1895. Bull. Phil. Soc. Wash., 1900, -vol. XIII, 141. On Prehistoric Remains in the Aleutian Islands. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., -November, 1872, vol. IV, 283-287. Explorations on the Western Coast of North America. -Smiths. Rept. for 1873, Wash., 1874, 417-418. On Further Examinations of the -Amaknak Cave. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1873, vol. V, 196-200. Notes on Some Aleut -Mummies. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., October, 1874, vol. V. 399-400. Deserted Hearths. -The Overland Monthly, 1874, vol. XIII, 25-30. Alaskan Mummies. Am. Naturalist, 1875, -vol. IX, 433-440. Tribes of the Extreme Northwest. Contrib. N. Am. Ethnol., vol. I, -Wash., 1877. On the Remains of Later Prehistoric Man Obtained from Caves in the -Catharina Archipelago, Alaska Territory, etc. Smiths. Contr. to Knowledge, No. 318, -Wash., 1878.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Jochelson, W., Archæological Investigations in the Aleutian Islands. Carnegie Inst. -of Wash. Publ. No. 367, Wash., D. C., 1925.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Rau, Chas., North American Stone Implements. Smiths. Rept. for 1872, Wash., -1873. Prehistoric Fishing in Europe and North America. Smiths. Contr. to Knowledge, -Wash., 1884, vol. XXV. Thomas, Cyrus, Introduction to the Study of North -American Archæology. Cincinnati, 1898. Jennes, D. Archæological Investigations in -Bering Strait. Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada for 1926 (Ottawa 1928), pp. 71-80.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Northwest Coast—Juneau</span></h3> - - -<h4>THE COAST INDIANS</h4> - -<p>Passage was taken on a small steamer from Vancouver. The -boat stopped at a number of settlements on the scenic "inside" -route—which impresses one as a much enlarged and varied trip -through the Catskills—permitting some observations on the Indians -of these parts.</p> - -<p>The main opportunity was had at Aleut Bay. Here many British -Columbia Indians were seen on the dock, belonging to several tribes. -Names of these, as pronounced to me, were unfamiliar. They have -a large agency here; engage in salmon industry. A minority, only, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>full bloods—of the younger a large majority mixed (white blood). -The full bloods all show one marked type, of short to moderate -stature, rather short legs, huge chest and head, i. e., face. Color -near onion-brown, without luster. Indians, but modified locally. -Remind one (chest, stature, stockiness, shortness of neck and legs) -of Peruvian Indians.</p> - -<p>Indians at Prince Rupert same type; color pale brown; eyes and -nose rather small for the faces in some, in others good size. Look -good deal like some Chinese or rather some hand-laboring Chinese -and Japanese look like them.</p> - -<p>Indians at Juneau (the Auk tribe) very similar, but most mixed -with whites.</p> - -<p><em>Juneau.</em>—A week was spent at Juneau, gathering information, obtaining -letters of introduction, and making a few excursions. The -city has an excellent museum devoted to Alaskan history and archeology, -under the able curatorship of Father Andrew P. Kashevaroff, -himself a part of the history of the Territory. The archeological -collections of Alaska Indians and Eskimos are in some respects—e. g., -pottery—more comprehensive than those of any other of -our museums; but they, together with the valuable library, -are housed in a frail frame building, under great risks from both -fire and thieves. Fortunately the latter are still scarce in Alaska, -but the fire risk is great and ever present. The museum is a decided -cultural asset to Juneau.</p> - - -<h4>NOTES OF ARCHEOLOGICAL INTEREST</h4> - -<p><em>Auk Point.</em>—Thanks to Father Kashevaroff and Mr. Charles H. -Flory, the district forester, an excursion was arranged one day to -Auk Point, approximately 15 miles distant, a picturesque wooded -little promontory near which there used to be a settlement of the Auk -Indians. On the point were several burials of shamans and a chief of -the tribe (all other dead being cremated), and near the graves stood -until a short time ago a moderate-sized totem pole. Of all this -we found but bare remnants. The burials of three shamans and one -chief had been in huge boxes above ground; but they had all been -broken into and most of the contents belonging to the dead were -taken away, including the skulls. The skeletal parts of two of the -bodies and a few bones of the chief remained, however, with a few -objects the vandals had overlooked. The latter were placed in the -Juneau Museum while the bones, showing some features of interest, -were collected and sent to Washington. A large painted board near -the graves of the shamans remained, though damaged. The totem -pole, however, had been cut down the year before by a young man -from Juneau, who then severed the head, which he carried home,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> -and left the rest on the beach, from where it was soon washed -away. Thus a group of burials, the only ones known of the once -good-sized Auk tribe, have been despoiled and their record lost to -science. And such a fate is, according to all accounts, rapidly -overtaking similar remains everywhere in southeastern Alaska.</p> - -<p><em>Rare stone lamp (?).</em>—At the museum one of the first and most -interesting objects shown the writer by Father Kashevaroff was a -large, heavy, finely sculptured oblong bowl, made of hard, dark -crystalline stone, decorated in relief on the rim and with a squatting -stone figure, cut from the same piece, near one of the ends. The -bowl looks like a ceremonial lamp, though showing no trace of -oil or carbon. Subsequently four other bowls of this same remarkable -type and workmanship were learned of, two, the best of -the lot, in the University Museum at Philadelphia; one in the -Museum of the American Indian, New York; and one, somewhat inferior -and of reddish stone, in the possession of Mr. Müller, the -trader at Kaltag, on the Yukon (later in that of Mr. Lynn Smith, -marshal at Fairbanks). The localities where the five remarkable -and high-grade specimens have been found range from the Kenai -Peninsula in southwestern Alaska to the lower Yukon. The Juneau -specimen comes from Fish Creek, near Kuik, Cook Inlet (see Descriptive -Booklet Alaska Hist. Mus., Juneau, 1922, pp. 26, 27); that -in the Heye Museum is from the same locality; the one in Philadelphia -was found in the Kenai Peninsula; while that at Kaltag came -from an old Indian site on the Kaiuh slough of the Yukon. Locally, -there is much inclination to regard these specimens as Asiatic, especially -Japanese, and a bronze Japanese Temple medal has been -found near that now at Juneau. On the other hand, a strong suggestion -of similarity to these dishes is presented by some undecorated -large stone lamps from Alaska, and by a class of pottery bowls with -a human figure perched on the rim at one end from some of the -Arkansas mounds, Mexico, and farther southward. (See Mason, -J. A. A remarkable stone lamp from Alaska. The Museum Jour., -Phila., 1928, 170-194.)</p> - -<p><em>Copper mask.</em>—Shortly before leaving Juneau I became acquainted -with Mr. Robert Simpson, manager of the "Nugget" curio shop, and -found in his possession a number of interesting specimens made in -the past by the Tlingit Indians. An outstanding piece was an old -copper mask, which was purchased for the National Museum. -Mr. Simpson obtained it years ago from a native of Yakutat and -stored it with native furs and other articles of value. It originally -belonged to a shaman of the Yakutat tribe and was said to have been -worn by him in sacrificial slave killings, the shaman with the mask -representing some mythical being. It is an exceedingly good and rare -piece of native workmanship.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> - -<p><em>Copper "shield."</em>—Another interesting article secured from Mr. -Simpson is a large old shieldlike plate of beaten copper, decorated -on one side with a characteristic Tlingit engraved design. Mr. Simpson, -in a letter to Doctor Hough, dated June 26, 1926, says: "The -shield, or to speak more correctly the copper plate—for it was not -used as a shield—was the most valuable possession of the Tlingits. -They were usually valued in slaves, this one, at the last known exchange, -having been traded for three slaves. The possessor of four -or five such plates was a man of the utmost wealth. Some claim that -they got these copper plates from the early New England traders and -others that they came from the Copper River. Either is possible. -Lots of the Copper River nuggets were very large and flat and could -have readily been hammered into plate form. I bought this in the -village of Klawak on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island. I -do not know of another one around here. All of the local elderly -natives are familiar with its previous value, and when they have -wandered into my shop to sell things they always made deep obeisance -to this plate."</p> - -<p><em>Talks.</em>—While in Juneau the writer spoke before the Rotarians, -who honored him with a lunch; and later, in the auditorium of the -fine new high school, gave a public lecture on "The Peopling of -America," etc. The object of these and the many subsequent talks in -Alaska was, on the one hand, to reciprocate as far as possible the -kindness and help received on all sides, and on the other to leave -wholesome information and stimulus in things anthropological. The -audience was invariably all that a lecturer could desire, and many -were left everywhere eager for help and cooperation. The aid of -some of these men, including prospectors, miners, settlers, engineers, -foresters, and various officials, may some day prove of much value -in the search for Alaskan antiquities.</p> - -<p><em>Juneau—Seward.</em>—June 8, leave Juneau. It has been raining -every day, with one exception, and is misting now, depriving us of -a view of most of the coast. Wherever there is a glimpse of it, -however, it is seen to be mountainous, wooded below, snowy and icy -higher up, inhospitable, forbidding.</p> - -<p>June 10, arrive at Cordova, a former native and Russian settlement -of some importance. Will stay here large part of the day and -go to see about Indians, old sites, burials, and specimens, the main -hotel keeper, the assistant superintendent of the local railway, the -postmaster, the supervisor of the forests, and Dr. William Chase, -who has been connected with the work of the Biological Survey in -these regions. Mr. W. J. McDonald, the forester, takes me out some -miles into the very rugged country, where there are still plenty of -bear and mountain goat. After which Doctor Chase takes me to the -old Russian and Indian cemetery. There are many graves, mostly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> -Indian, but also a few whites, and even a Chinaman. Russian -crosses are still common. The older Indian part could be easily -excavated. Learn of skulls and bones on "mummy" island in Prince -William Sound.</p> - -<p><em>Indians.</em>—See quite a few. Nearly all appear more or less mixed; -color in these more or less pronounced tan with red in cheeks and -some tendency to paleness. Heads still all brachycephalic and of -only moderate height; faces broad, noses not prominent, in males -tend to large.</p> - -<p>Two adult men, evidently full-bloods—pure Indian type of the -brachycephalic form, head moderate in size, medium short, face not -very large, nose slightly or moderately convex, not prominent, but -all Indian. Color of skin submedium to near medium brown, no trace -of whitish or pink. Stature and build medium; feet rather small; -hair typical Indian, black, straight; beard sparse and short; mustache -sparse, no hair on sides of the face.</p> - -<p>The boat makes two or three more commercial and passenger -stops before reaching Seward, the main one at Valdez, the terminal -of the Richardson Trail to the interior. These stops permit us to -see some fish canneries, which are of both general and anthropological -interest. These establishments employ Japanese, Philippine, and -Chinese labor, and it was found to be quite a task to distinguish -these, and to tell them from the coast Indians. The Chinamen can -be distinguished most often, though not always, the Japanese less -so, while the Filipino usually can not be told from the Indian, even -by an expert. Here was a striking practical lesson in relationships.</p> - -<p><em>Seward—Anchorage.</em>—Seward found to be a fine little town, full -of the same good brand of people that one finds everywhere in -Alaska and who go so far to restore one's faith in humanity. It -is the terminus of the Government railroad to Fairbanks and a port -of some importance.</p> - -<p><em>Indian basketry.</em>—No Indians were seen here, though some come -occasionally. But several of the stores, including that of the Seward -Drug Co. (Mr. Elwyn Swestmann), have an unexpectedly good -supply of decorated Alaska Indian baskets. It was found later, in -fact, that the Alaskan Indians, with the Aleutians, compare well in -basketry with those of Arizona and California.</p> - -<p><em>Anchorage.</em>—June 12-13. Anchorage, on Cook's Inlet, is a good-sized -town for Alaska and the headquarters of the railroad. Here -were met some very good friends, particularly Mr. Noel W. Smith, -general manager of the railroad; Dr. J. H. Romig, formerly of the -Kuskokwim; and Mr. B. B. Mozee, the Indian supervisor. Here, at -Ellis Hall, I lectured on "The Origin and Racial Affiliations of -the Indians," and the large audience included seven male (some full<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> -blood) and two female (mix blood) Indians—of the latter, one very -pretty, approaching a Spanish type of beauty. Near town I also -visited with a launch two small Indian fishing camps. From Doctor -Romig information was obtained about the Indians and some old -sites of the Kuskokwim; and through the kindness of Messrs. Smith -and Mozee I was enabled to visit the Indian school at Eklutna. Here -at Anchorage I also was given the first and rather rare old Indian -stone implement.</p> - -<p>The Indians at the camps included 6 full bloods—4 men, 2 women. -One of the men tested on chest. Typical full-blood results.</p> - -<p>Type of full bloods: Color slightly submedium to medium brown, -never darker; heads, subbrachycephalic to full brachycephalic, -rather small; forehead in men more or less sloping in two; face, -not large, Indian; nose tends to convex but not high. Indian in -features and behavior, but features not as pronounced as general -in the States tribes.</p> - -<p>The full bloods in town: Medium to short stature, not massive -frames, moderate-sized faces, Indian type, but not the pronounced -form; head brachycephalic; hair all black; mustache and beard -scarce, as in Indians in general; color of skin submedium brown. -Children in camp (up to about 5 years) were striking by a relatively -considerable interorbital breadth, otherwise typical Indian.</p> - -<p><em>Birch-bark dishes.</em>—At Anchorage, in several of the stores, but -particularly at one small store, were seen many nicely decorated -birch-bark dishes or receptacles. They are made by inland Indians, -are prettily decorated with colored porcupine quills, and evidently -take the place of the baskets of other tribes. It was difficult to learn -just what Indians made the best or most, though the Tanana -people were mentioned. No such fine assortment of these dishes -was seen after leaving Anchorage.</p> - -<p><em>Eklutna.</em>—Sixteen miles from Anchorage, along the railroad, is -the Indian village and school Eklutna. Mr. Smith made it possible -for me to reach this place on a freight and to be picked up later the -same day by the passenger train.</p> - -<p>At Eklutna was found an isolated but prettily located and well-kept -Indian school, with about fifty children from many parts of -southwestern Alaska. More than half of these children showed -more or less admixture of white blood, but there was a minority of -unquestionable full bloods. There were two children from Kodiak -Island and two or three southern Eskimo. The main impression -after a detailed look at the children was that, while they all showed -clear Indian affinities and some were typically Indian, yet on the -whole there was a prevalent trace of something Eskimoid in the -physiognomies—an observation that was to be repeated more than -once in other parts of Indian Alaska.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> - -<p><em>Burials.</em>—At a few minutes' walk from the school at Eklutna -there is in a clearing of the forest a small Indian village, with a -late graveyard showing Russian influence. A short distance -farther, however, according to the Indians, there is an old burial -place of some magnitude, with traces of graves, although quite -obliterated.</p> - -<p><em>Eklutna—Fairbanks.</em>—Since reaching Seward the almost incessant -drizzles have ceased and the weather has been fine and pleasantly -warm. Everything is green, grass is luxuriant, and there are many -flowers.</p> - -<p>The railroad journey is a regular scenic tour, with its crowning -point a glorious view of Mount McKinley. The trains run only in the -daytime. For the night a stop is made at a railroad hotel, in a -quiet, picturesque location, at the edge of a good-sized river. They -have foxes in cages here and a tame reindeer. There are no natives -in this vicinity.</p> - -<p>There are two interesting passengers on the train, with both of -whom I became well acquainted. One is Joe Bernard, an explorer -and collector (besides his other occupations) in Alaska and Siberia. -He furnishes me with some valuable pictures and much information. -The other man is Captain Wilkins, the flier of Point Barrow fame, -who strikes me as an able and modest man.</p> - -<p>The next day, as the train stops at Nenana, I am met, thanks to a -word sent by Mr. Noel W. Smith, by Chief Thomas and a group of -his people. These behave kindly and tell me of a potlatch to be held -at Tanana "after some days," where they will visit. The chief impresses -me with his rather refined though thoroughly Indian -countenance.</p> - -<p><em>Fairbanks.</em>—Before reaching Fairbanks, the inland capital of -Alaska, I am met by Prof. C. E. Bunnell, head of the Alaska Agricultural -College. This college, located on an elevation about 4 miles -out of the city, I visit with Professor Bunnell soon after arrival, to -find there some interesting paleontological and archeological collections. -Here are fair beginnings which well deserve the good will of -the Alaskans. Unfortunately the college has not yet the means -for any substantial progress or research in these lines, and the collections -are housed in a frame building where they are in serious danger -from fire. But their presence will aid, doubtless, in the saving of -other material of similar nature from the Tanana region, and specimens -of special scientific importance will doubtless be referred to -scientific institutions outside.</p> - -<p>Fairbanks is a good-sized town, built on the wide flats of the -Tanana River. Its population, now reduced, includes some civilized -natives, most of whom, however, are mix breeds. A large petrified -mammoth tusk on the porch of one of the semi-log houses shows<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> -that these are regions of more than ordinary biological interest. And -there is soon an occurrence which demonstrates this further. Mr. -John Buckley, the deputy marshal, takes me to an old Japanese -resident, now a rooming-house keeper, who has had a hobby of collecting -fossils, and who in the end is happy to donate to the National -Museum a fine skull of a fossil Alaskan horse, together with some -other specimens, refusing all payment. Such is the human Alaska, -or at least the most of it.</p> - -<p>Here, too, to a full hall in the library, a lecture is given on "The -Peopling of Alaska and America," after which follows a return to -Nenana to catch a steamer to the Yukon.</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>THE WRITER'S TRIP ON THE YUKON</h2> - - -<h3>TANANA—YUKON</h3> - -<p>June 17. Nenana: This is a small town on the Tanana, mostly -railroad buildings, with a hospital; there is one street of stores -(three short blocks), most of them now empty. About half a mile -off a small Indian settlement about an Episcopalian mission.</p> - -<p>Country flat on both sides of the rather large river, except for -some hills back of the right shore beyond the railroad bridge, for a -short distance. The river flats seem scarcely 3 or 4 feet above water, -overgrown with brush and a few scrubby trees, later spruce thickets. -Purple flowers (fireweed) strike the eye.</p> - -<p>No relics found at Nenana; no information concerning old sites or -abandoned villages along the stream.</p> - -<p>Physically, the Indians seen at Nenana were submedium brown, -good many still full blood, pure Indian type, brachycephalic, faces -(nose, etc.), however, of but medium prominence. Moderate to good -stature.</p> - -<p>They are all fairly "civilized," wear white men's clothing, to -which on gala occasions are added bands or collars of beadwork, and -speak more or less English. The younger men are evidently good -workers.</p> - -<p>The distance from Nenana to Tanana is given as about 190 miles -by the river.</p> - -<p>The government boat <em>Jacobs</em>, on which we shall go down the -Tanana, is a moderate-sized, shallow-bottomed stern-wheeler, and, -like all such boats on these rivers, will push a heavily laden freight -barge before it. There are about a dozen passengers, the boat -labor, a trader or two. All kindly, open. A few women—most of -both sexes of the Scandinavian type. On barge some horses, a cow, -pigs, chickens.</p> - -<p>Leave after lunch—very good, generous, and pleasant meal in a -local restaurant that would do credit to a large city; only the people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> -are better, more human. Meals $1, the almost universal price in -Alaska.</p> - -<p>Some quaint expressions: When anyone has been away, especially -to the States, they say he was "outside." I am an "outsider;" -show it "by my collar." Underdone bacon is "easy." To assent -they say "you bet." In a restaurant, to a decent, cheerful girl: -"May I have a little hot coffee?" "You bet!" Which bright -answer is heard so often that one finishes by being shy to ask.</p> - -<p>Dogs, of course, do not pull, but "mush." This is from the Canadian -French "marche." Dogs do not understand "go" or "go on," -only "mush."</p> - -<p>Extensive flats. Below Nenana these flats, plainly recent alluvial, -are said to extend up to 60 miles to the left (southwestward) and to -20 miles to the right. As one passes nearer they are seen to range -from 3 up to about 8 feet above the level of the river at this stage -of water.</p> - -<p>Cabins and fishing camps along the river, mostly flimsy structures, -with a few tents. Indians in some. The Indians are said by the -whites to be pretty lazy, living from day to day; yet they seem -industrious enough in their own camps and in their own way.</p> - -<p>Storage or caches, little houses on stilts. Dog houses in rows. -Curious wheel fish traps, revolving like hay or wheat lifting machines, -run by the current. They scoop out the fish and let them fall -into a box, from which the fisherman collects them twice a day. It -is the laziest fishing that could be devised. The contraption is said -to come from the northwest coast, but has become one of the characteristic -parts of the scenery along the Tanana and the Yukon. -An Indian camp—stacks of cordwood—canoes.</p> - -<p>The day is sunny, moderately warm and rather dry—about as a -warm, dry, fall day with us. The river shows bars, with caught -driftwood; also considerable floating wood. There are seagulls, -said to destroy young ducks and geese and water birds' eggs. -Shores now wooded, mainly poplar, not large. Farther back and -farther down, spruce.</p> - -<p>The river averages about 200 to 300 yards but differs much in -places and there are numerous side channels (sloughs). It is crooked; -many bends. The current is quite marked, stated to run 4 to 6 miles -an hour. The water is charged with grayish-brown silt, part from -glaciers higher above, part from banks that are being "cut." The -banks are entirely silt, no trace of gravel or stone. Indian camps -getting very scarce. Boat making good time, but now and then requires -careful manipulation, with its big, heavy barge in front. Once -driven to shore, but no damage, and after some effort gets away -again. No trouble yet from mosquitoes, but there are some horseflies.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> - -<p>Pass a large camp—a Finn married to a squaw, and three or four -Indian families—all snug in a clearing of the fresh-looking woods -on the bank of the river.</p> - -<p>Bend after bend in the stream, and boat has to follow them all, -and more, for the current and deeper water are now near this bank -and again at the opposite bank.</p> - -<p>The water in many places is undermining the bank, exposing -frozen strata of silt. The top often falls in without breaking, with -trees and all, and it then looks like heavy, ragged mats hanging over -the bank, with green trees or bushes dipping into the water, and perhaps -a clump of wild roses projecting from the sward. There are -many low bushes of wild roses in this country, pink and red kinds, -now blooming. Also many small bushes of wild berries—cranberries -(low and high), raspberries, dewberries or blueberries.</p> - -<p>Meat is imported even to here from Seattle, and carried far down -the Yukon. When received they place it in a "cellar" or hole dug -down to the frozen ground and place the meat there—a natural and -thoroughly efficient refrigerator.</p> - -<p>Past Old Minto, a little Indian village, a few little log houses in -a row facing the river, with a wheel fish trap in front (pl. 1, <em>a</em>). -Later a few Indian houses and a "road house" with a store at Tolovana. -Most Indians there (and elsewhere here) died of the "flu" -in 1918, the bodies being left and later buried by the Government. -A few isolated little Indian camps.</p> - -<p>The boat ties to trees along the banks. No docks or anything of -that nature. Not many mosquitoes yet, more horseflies, which, however, -do not bother man very much.</p> - -<p>After reaching Hot Springs (right bank), there is seen a long -range of more or less forested, fairly steep-sloped hills along the -right bank, coming right down to the water's edge for miles, with -bush and forested flats opposite. At the end of one of the ravines -with a little stream, right on the bank, remnants of a little glacier -melting very slowly in the sun. Strange contrast, ice and green -touching. Boat making good time along the hills.</p> - -<p>June 18. Hardly any sleep. Sun set after 10 and rose about 2.30, -with no more than dusk between. Then heat in the cabin, and above -all the noises. The boat stuck five hours on a bar and there were all -sorts of jerks and shudders and calls.</p> - -<p>Flats again on both sides, but hills beyond, with just one little -spot of snow. Will be warm day again.</p> - - -<h4>ANCIENT MAN</h4> - -<p>Prospects of old remains of man all along the river are slight if -any. Old silt flats have doubtless been mostly washed away (as now) -and rebuilt. Only on the older parts, now often far from water,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> -could anything remain and there it is all a jungle of forest with undergrowth, -with all surface traces absent (no stone, no shell), and no -one here to find things accidentally. As to the hills that approach -the river, the slopes (shales, overlain by what looks like stratified -mud and silt rock) are mostly of recent exposure, and have doubtless -been receding slowly through erosion, so that the bank line along -them is not old; and their valleys are few, narrow, and were higher -formerly as well as more extended toward where the river flowed -then. The only hopeful spot is about Hot Springs, where fossil -animal remains are said to exist, but here nothing as yet has been -noted suggesting ancient man.</p> - -<p>June 18, 4 p. m. River getting broader. Some low dunes. In -distance a range of bluish hills before us—the hills along the Yukon. -Boat meandering from side to side. Every now and then a necessary -steam blow-out of mud, or a short whistle, hurry of a man over the -top of the barge and of two half-breeds along its side to the prow -to test, with long pointed and graduated poles, the depth of the -water, calling it out to the captain. The calls range from "no -bottom" to "4 feet," at the latter of which the boat begins to touch -and back water.</p> - -<p>5 p. m. Arrived at Tanana, a cheerful looking town, extending -over about half a mile along the right bank of the Yukon, here -about 20 feet high; but now, with the gold rush over, rather "slack" -on both business and population, as are all other Yukon towns. -Somewhat disappointed with the Yukon—not as majestic here as -expected. See storekeeper—introduced by captain. Hear good news. -The Indians have a big potlatch at the mission, 2 miles above. -Tanana Indians expected. And there will be many in attendance. -Rumors of this potlatch were heard before, but this was the first -definite information. Get on a little motor boat with Indians who -were making some purchases, and go to the St. Thomas Episcopal -Mission, Mr. Fullerton in charge.</p> - - -<h4>THE INDIANS AT TANANA</h4> - -<p>The mission above Tanana is beautifully located on the elevated -right Yukon bank, facing Nuklukhayet island and point, the latter, -according to old reports, an old trading and meeting spot of the -Kuchin tribes, and the confluence of the Tanana with the Yukon. -The mission house, located on rising ground, the wooden church -lower down, the cemetery a bit farther up, and the Indian village a -bit farther downstream, with their colors and that of the luxuriant -vegetation, form a picturesque cluster.</p> - -<p>I am kindly received by Mr. Fullerton and his wife and given -accommodation in their house. On the part of the good-sized In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>dian -village everything is life and bustle and we soon are over. -Motor launches owned and operated by the Indians in the river; -dogs, scores of the big, half-wild, noisy sled dogs tied to stakes along -the slope of the bank, fighting stray ones, barking in whole outbursts, -feeding on smelly fish, or digging cooling holes into the bank -in which they hide most of the body from the warm rays of the -sun; and many Indians, about 400 in all, in whole families, in houses, -large canvas tents, cooking, eating, visiting—a busy multitude, but -with white man's clothes, utensils, etc., not nearly so interesting -as a group of more primitive Indians would be.</p> - -<p>Walk, visit, talk, and observe. Note many mix-bloods, especially -among the younger ones and the children. Among the full bloods, -many, about one-half, with features reminding more or less of Eskimoid; -but a few typically Indian, i. e., like most of the States -Indians.</p> - -<p>Medium stature, substantial but not massive build, quite a few of -the older women stout. Color of full bloods generally near medium -brown, features regular Indian but not exaggerated, noses rather -low especially in upper half, eyes and hair Indian. Epicanthus -not excessive in children, absent in adults (traces in younger women), -eyes not markedly oblique. Behavior, Indian.</p> - -<p>The more pronounced Eskimoids have flatter and longer faces, -more oblique eyes, and more marked epicanthus. They should come, -it would seem, from Eskimo admixture. The Tanana Indians -(Nenana) did not, so far as seen, show such physiognomies.</p> - -<p>Toward evening, and especially after supper, natives sing and -dance. Songs of Indian characteristics, and yet different from those -in south; some more expressive. A song "for dead mother," very -sad, affects some to crying aloud (a woman, a man). A wash song—a -row of women and even some men imitating, standing in a row, the -movements in washing, while others sing; humorous. A dance in a -line, curving to a circle, of a more typical Indian character. Late -at night, a war dance, with much supple contortion. Also other -songs and dances up to 2.30 a. m.—heard in bed.</p> - -<p>June 19. With dogs barking and whining and Indians singing, got -little rest. All Indians sleep until afternoon. No chance of doing -anything, so go down to town to get instruments and blanks. Find -that storekeeper has an old stone ax—sells it to me for $1. Also -tells of a farmer who has one—go there with the boat and obtain -it as a gift; told of another one—a Finn—has two, sells them for $1. -Come from the gravelly bank of the river or are dug out in gardening. -There may well have been old settlements in this favorable -location. After return, visit some tents to see sick. Much sickness—eyes, -tuberculosis—now and then probably syphilis.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> - -<p>Indians relatively civilized, more than expected, and most speak -tolerable English. Have flags, guns, sleep in some cases on iron -beds and under mosquito netting, smoke cigarettes and cigars; and -even play fiddles. Of course some have also learned the white man's -cupidity and vices.</p> - -<p>This day I met with something unexpected, due to perversity of -mix-breed nature. Seeing so many Indians present, and after a -good reception by them the evening preceding, I thought of utilizing -the occasion for taking some measurements. I therefore mentioned -the thing to some of the head men shortly after my arrival -and receiving what seemed assent, went to-day to Tanana to -get my instruments. On coming back and finding a few of the old -men, who were quite friendly, I invited them into the "kashim" -(community house) and began to question them on old sites, etc., -when in came, probably somewhat under the influence of liquor, -a mix-breed to whom I had been introduced the night before and -who at that time acted quite civilly, but now coming forward began -rather loudly and offensively to question about what I wanted here -and about authority, giving me to understand at last quite plainly -that he wanted to "be paid" if I was to take any measurements. -He claimed to be one of the "chiefs," and I would not be allowed -to do anything without his help. His harangue quite disturbed -the other Indians, who evidently were both ashamed and afraid -of the fellow. And as I would not be coerced into employing and -paying him, and there being no one, as I learned, of supreme authority, -the "chief" of these Indians being little more than a figurehead, -it was decided to give up the attempt at measurements. The rest -of the visit was therefore given to further observations and to the -witnessing of the potlatch. Chief Joseph (pl. 14), nominally the -head of these Yukon Indians, expressed his sorrow and tried to -make amends by offering himself.</p> - -<p>The potlatch was evidently in the main a social gathering of -the Yukon Indians, with the Tanana natives as visitors. It consisted -mainly of eating, singing, and dancing, to be terminated -by a big "give-away." This latter was witnessed. It proved a -disappointing and rather senseless affair. The whole transaction -consists in the buying and gathering, and on this occasion giving -away, of all sorts of objects, by some one, or several, who have lost -a husband, wife, mother, etc., during the preceding year. The possessions -of the deceased are included in this and doubtless often -transmit disease. All the color of the observance is now gone. -The goods—blankets, clothing, fabrics, guns, and many other objects, -even pieces of furniture, trunks, or stoves—are gathered in -the open and when the time comes are one after another selected<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> -by those dispensing and brought to this or that man or woman of -those who have gathered around. No song, no ceremony, no talks, -no thanking, no "wake" following. Just a poor shadow of something -that formerly may have been a tragic, memorable, and meaning -occasion.</p> - -<p>Returned to Tanana near 10 p. m. and found lodging with a storekeeper -who kept a "hotel." Got a big room, big bed, and when -store closed was alone in the house, the storekeeper sleeping elsewhere.</p> - -<p>June 20. But, Alaska was evidently not made for sleepers. Had -not a wink until after 3 a. m.—daylight, people talking loud and -walking on the board walk outside, and heard so clearly in my -room—loud-laughing girls, the dogs, and at last another boat with -its siren; and every now and then a singing mosquito trying to get -at me through even the small opening left under the sheet for -breathing—there being no netting. Finally doze off, to wake near -9 a. m., but everything closed, deadlike. However, go to a little -frame house for breakfast, and in waiting until it is made find myself -with two elderly men who go to-day down the river with their -boats. One is a former store clerk, etc., and now an "optician"—peddles -eyeglasses down the river; the other was a prospector, miner, -and blacksmith, now an itinerant "jeweler" and a reputed "hootch" -peddler. As the latter—otherwise a pretty good fellow—has a -good-sized though old boat, arrange to go down with him. See the -marshal, storekeeper, settle with my hotel man (had to go at 11 to -awake him), and ready to start.</p> - -<p>The outfit is largely homemade, not imposing, old, unpainted, and -unfit for the rough—but it could be worse. It consists of a scow, -a low, flat-bottomed boat, partly covered with canvas roof on birch -hoops, in which Peake (the owner) carries fresh meat to some one, -a stove, dishes, bedding, and many other things; and the motor boat -proper, in which there is little room except for the machine and its -tender. The latter sits on a soap box; I, on a seat extemporized from -a cylindrical piece of firewood with a little board across it, with my -two boxes and bedding within easy reach. Sit in front of the scow, -except when driven back by spray. But our motor works and so we -start quite well at some time after 11. The arrangement is to stop at -every white man's camp or settlement down to Ruby. I could have -gone on a better boat with its owner, but they charge here $15 a day, -with "keep," and twice the amount for the return of the man and -the boat, which is beyond my resources.</p> - -<p>Tanana—Ruby. The river is clearer than the Tanana, and much -broader. It is a great fine stream and its shores, while mostly still -low on the left, on the right rise here and there into moderate loess<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> -bluffs, far beyond which are seen higher elevations and bluish forested -mountains. All covered with poplar and spruce.</p> - -<p>2.15 p. m. Wind has so increased that the scow bumps and squeaks -and there is danger of opening its seams. Therefore side to the -beach and make lunch—a roast of fat pork, over-salted, canned -spinach, dry bread, and black coffee. All on a simple, old, but efficient -little stove in the boat. Our companion, the oculist, rides not -with us but in a nice little green canoe with a plaything of a gasoline -motor fastened to the backboard, but we all eat and sleep together.</p> - -<p>But a few small Indian camps seen, and no white man's house. -Soon after lunch, however, approach "The Old Station," where -there are a few Indian houses, and later a white man's place (Burchell's). -Stop at the latter. Learn that we are 20 miles from -Tanana and on a 5-mile-long channel. There are here 15 to 40 feet -high loess-like (silt) bluffs with a flat on the top, which latter -was from far back one of the most important sites of the Indians -of these regions. Mr. Burchell and his partner kindly take me back, -with their better boat, to the main old site. Many old graves there, -a few still marked. Traces of dugouts (birch-bark lined), houses, -caches, etc., from Burchell's place to old main site. Important -place that deserves to be thoroughly excavated, though this will -entail no little work. Site was of the choicest, dominant, healthy. -Connects by a trail, still traceable, with the Koyukuk region.</p> - -<p>There are said to be no traces of pottery in any of these parts. -But average to very large stone axes are washed out occasionally -from the banks, and other articles are dug out (long ivory spear, -bone scraper, etc.). Promise of bones, etc., by Mr. Burchell.</p> - -<p>One hundred miles more to Ruby. Near 8 p. m. start again—sun -still high, little wind—endeavor to get to the "bone yard," a great -bank bearing fossils. Fine clean scenery, flat on left, flat to elevated -with grey-blue mountainous beyond on right. Water now calm and -we make good progress. Very few camps—dogs on the beach, fish-drying -racks a little farther, then a little log cabin and perhaps a -tent, with somewhere near by in the river the inevitable fish wheel, -turning slowly with the current.</p> - -<p>Had supper at Burchell's; white fish, boiled potato, coffee, some -canned greens.</p> - -<p>Scenery in spots precious, virginal, flat at the river, elevated behind, -foreground covered by the lighter green of poplars and birches, -with upright, somber, dark spruce behind. Sun on the right, half -moon on the left, and river like a big glassy lake, just rippling a -little here and there. Cooler—need a coat. On right, getting -gradually nearer the mountains.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> - -<p>Near 10 p. m. Sun still above horizon. On left a long (several -miles), mostly wooded, but here and there denuded, palisade-like -bank, apparently 200-400 feet high—the "graveyard."</p> - -<p>Monday, June 21. Just at sunset last night—after 10 o'clock—came -to the "bone yard" bank—a long curving line of loess bluffs -100 to 300 feet high, steep right to water's edge, riven by many ravines. -Lowest third (approximately) light compact loess; then a -thick layer of river sand (stratified more or less) and small gravel, -then from one-third to nearly two-fifths of darker loess. In spots -quite dark, frozen, but on surface melting, "running," also tumbling -in smaller or larger masses. Wherever darker there emanates from -it and spreads far out over the river a decided mummy-like smell. -Too late to photograph from boat, and no other place available. -Also impracticable to explore with any detail—would take several -days and be a difficult work. The bluffs become gradually lower -downstream. No bones seen from boat, but mostly were not near -enough to discern. A remarkable formation, in many ways, and -in need of masterly study as well as description.</p> - -<p>Night on a low gravelly and pebbly beach. Many mosquitoes. -Mosquito netting found bad—sides too short (gave directions, but -they were disregarded) and mesh not small enough. In a short time -impossible to stay under. Supplemented by old netting of Mr. -Peake, who will sleep under his canvas in the boat; but the old dirty -net has holes in it and the mosquitoes keep on coming through the -two. Fighting them until some time after midnight, then under all -my things—netting, blanket, clothes—find some rest, sleeping until -4.30 a. m. After that—full day, of course—sleep impossible. The -"optician," who slept well under proper Alaska netting, gets up, -wakes my man; we both get up, shake, roll up bedding, have a cat-wash, -then breakfast, and at 6.30 off once more along the beautiful -but not hospitable river.</p> - -<p>Inquiry at a local white man's cabin about fossils and Indian -things negative—has paid no attention, and fossil bones that he -sometimes comes across generally not in good state of preservation.</p> - -<p>Right bank now hilly, with greater hills and then mountains behind. -Warm, river smooth, just a light breeze. How puny we are -in all this greatness.</p> - -<p>A lot of trouble develops with the engine to-day—bad pump. -Will not get to Ruby until evening. Meat, on which I must sit -occasionally, begins to smell, and there are numerous horseflies, -probably attracted by the smell.</p> - -<p>Four p. m. Visit Kokrines, on a high bank, native village, cemetery. -Photograph some natives, are good natured, talk pidgin English. -Clearly considerable old Eskimo admixture, but the substratum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> -and main portion is Indian. All kind and cheerful here, glad to -have pictures taken. Only white man is a "road-house" keeper; -i. e., storekeeper. Store, however, poorly stocked, probably in all not -over $200 worth of goods. "Optician," who is hoggish, has headache, -but eats and drinks all he can nevertheless. "Jeweler" repaired -his pump, and so we are once more on the way—35 miles more -to Ruby. No trace of any relics at Kokrines.</p> - -<p>River now a mile wide, with many "slews" (side channels, -sloughs), and many low, flat, forested islands. Mountains to right, -higher, traces of snow. Smoke wall from forest fire advancing from -the west—now also smell. Islands beautiful, fresh colors and clean—light -grass on border, then green and grayish poplars, birches, and -alder, from among which rise the blackish green spruces. Little -native fishing camps a mile or two apart, right bank—on left wilderness -of flats, as usual.</p> - -<p>A few miles above Ruby conditions change—high bluffs (rocky) -now on left, flat on right side. Ruby, from a distance and after the -loneliness of the day, looks quite a little town on the left bank, at -the base of the higher ground.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Ruby</span></h3> - -<p>June 22-23. Our approach to Ruby was very modest. With -Mr. Peake paid off, we just sided against and tied to the bank, on -which are the lowest houses of the village, and carried out my boxes -and bedding on the bank. There two or three men were idly watching -our arrival. I asked about the local marshal, to whom I had a -note, and had my things carried to the combined post office and hotel. -In almost no time I meet Mr. Thomas H. Long, the marshal, become -acquainted with the people about, tell my mission, and begin to collect. -It does not take long for one properly introduced to be thoroughly -and warmly at home in Alaska. The first specimen I get is a -fine fossilized mammoth molar. It is brought to me by Albert -Verkinik, who was about to depart for some mines, but went back to -get the tooth. And he asks no compensation.</p> - -<p>The parts of two days spent at Ruby were quite profitable. Visiting, -and in the jail, were several Indians who could be noted and -photographed. At the old jail there were two skulls of Indians -that were donated. The teacher had two of the characteristic Yukon -two-grooved axes. The postmaster, Mr. H. E. Clarke, gave a collection -of fresh animal skulls. Mr. Louis Pilback donated two mammoth -molars, found 2 miles up the Yukon on Little Melozey Creek, -about 8 feet deep, in the muck right over the gravel. Mrs. Monica -Silas brought me a good old stone knife. Several of the men took -me down to the beach to see a damaged fossil elephant skull, also to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> -see some fossiliferous workings above the town. Another party took -me a few miles up and across the river to see an Indian camp and -near by some old burials. The collections were sent through parcel -post; and the evening before departure I gave a lecture to an attentive -and respectful audience.</p> - -<p>The town itself, however, is now a mere damaged and crumbling -shell of what it was in the heyday of its glory, during the gold rush. -Many of the frame dwellings and stores are empty; the board sidewalks -are rickety and with big holes; and in the air is a general lack -of impetus.</p> - -<p>June 23. Failing to find another suitable boat, I once more made -an arrangement to go farther down the river with Mr. Peake and -his friend. Peake's boat and scow were not much to look at, and -the troubles with the engine, and with its owner's raw swearing at -times, were somewhat trying; but for my purpose the outfit did well -enough, and I was treated very well and given all needed opportunity -to examine what was of importance on the banks. I was -quite sorry when eventually we had to part company, and I know -Mr. Peake has not forgotten my quest, for I heard of his talking -about it to parties, with whom I was very glad to come in contact, -on the Kuskokwim.</p> - -<p>June 23. The sunny evening of my second busy day at Ruby, -near 10 p. m., Peake unexpectedly comes to the hotel to tell me he -will be ready to start to-night, on account of quiet water. His -wash "is being ironed" and will be ready soon. The marshal comes -in, calls the prisoners to take down my baggage, and at 10.15, after -true, hearty good-byes, I am once more in the old scow. Then Peake -goes for his wash, with an Indian woman, and does not come until -near 11. River peaceful, sun shortly set, sky somewhat cloudy, forest -fire on opposite shore below still smoking a great deal. Leaving -good people at Ruby, who promise to help in the future. It is -getting much cooler after a pretty warm day. Will lie on the hard -boxes and try to get a little sleep.</p> - -<p>Thursday, June 24. We went long into the night, then stopped -at a lone cabin. Up timely, but slow start—it is 10.10 a. m. before -we go. The time gained at night lost now—bad habits. Breeze up -the river, occasionally strong, but not severe.</p> - -<p>The cabin was the "Dutchman's," or Meyer's. He came out at -1 a. m. to meet us, at the bark of his big dogs, a good-hearted, -weather-seared prospector, fisherman, and trapper of about 40, alone -with his huskies. Asked me into his little log hut, prepared a place -for my bedding on a frame, burned powder against the mosquitoes, -brought out from cool "cellar" a bottle of root beer he brews, and -then we went to sleep. But dogs kept waking us and Meyer went<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> -out several times to quiet them. Fall asleep at 3.20 and oblivious -until near 7. Meyer forces on me six bottles of root beer, I leave -him some prescriptions, and taking my bed roll we go down to the -boat. My men still sleeping, as I expected. And then slow awakening, -breakfast, and late starting.</p> - -<p>Meyer never saw any Indian bones or stones, but promises cheerfully -to watch for them hereafter and to make inquiries. Of course, -he also, like so many in these lands, tells of a "prospect" of a gold -find, and is quite confident he'll "make good." As usual, also, it -is a "lead" that was "lost" and he believes he has found it. And -all the time the gold is inside, not outside, of these hunters of the -yellow star.</p> - -<p>Hills on the right again; flat islands, banks, etc., on the left. -Meyer's is 18 miles down from Ruby, right bank. About 5 miles -farther down on the slopes of the right bank is a pretty little Indian -graveyard (pl. 1, <em>b</em>), and a little lower down there are three -now empty Indian huts.</p> - -<p>Hills and mountains seen also now beyond the wide flats of the -left bank. The hills on right, along which we pass, are more or less -forested, but often just bushy and grassy. They rise to about 600 -to 700 feet and the slopes are seldom steep. Along their base there -are many elevated platforms, low swells, and nooks, that could have -served of old—as they serve here and there now—for native habitation, -though only few could have accommodated larger villages.</p> - -<p>Pass an Indian camp—the inevitable staked dogs; a swimming -boy—first being seen bathing in the open.</p> - -<p>Whiskey Creek next. Sixty-two dogs, all along the bank, and -each one-half or more in his own cooling hole; holes they dig down -to near the frozen ground. A settler, and two Indians—a photograph. -No relics or bones now, but will watch; promise also to save -some animal skulls, etc.</p> - -<p>Twelve o'clock. Off again. Day better now, less squally, warm.</p> - -<p>Hills above and below lower and earthy—loess, at least much of -it. The right shore is all along sunnier, higher, more beautiful, and -more open to wind (less mosquitoes). These are the reasons, doubtless, -why it was of old and is still the favored side for habitations -by natives as well as whites.</p> - -<p>Just before reaching "Old Lowden," overtaken by a rather crazily -driven small motor boat with four young Indians, who hand us a -crude message for the storekeeper at Galena, telling him that a baby -in the camp is to die to-night. I offer to see the baby. Find a boy -infant about one year or a little over, ill evidently with bronchitis. -Father and mother, each about 30, sit over it brooding in dumb -grief, each on one side. Respond not to my presence, and barely so -to my questions. And when I begin to tell to the fellow who inter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>prets -and is some relative that the baby need not die, and what to -do—I note that he is somewhat under the influence of liquor and a -little flushed—to my dismay he begins to rant against me as a doctor -and against the Government, and wants me perforce, seemingly, to -say that the child is going to die and die to-night. There are two -guns around and I almost anticipate his catching hold of one. The -gist of the piecemeal talk is that they believe I am a Government -doctor, who ought to stay four or five days with them and take over -the child's treatment, and yet the fellow insists that the child will -die before next morning. I do not know what they would say or -do to the doctor if he undertook to stay and the child died—or if it -recovered. It is dismal. They have the idea that the "Government" -is obliged to do all sorts of things for them, without being clear -just what, and that it does not do them. They believe, and try to say -so, that I am sent and paid by the Government to treat them. -Probably they have heard about the Government medical party that -is to examine conditions along the river this summer, and think that -I do not want to do or give what is necessary. I give all the possible -advice, but there is plainly no inclination to follow it. I offer -some medicine; they sneer at medicine. Even the father says he does -not understand it or want it. They are all surly and in a dangerous, -stupid mood. So there is nothing left but to go away as well as -one may.</p> - -<p>On way down the bank a woman is seen cleaning and cutting -fish—knife steel, with wood or ivory handle, of the Chinese and -Eskimo type. A porcupine, bloated, and with flies and maggots on -it already about the nose, mouth, and eyes, lies next to the woman, -and its turn will probably come next after the fish.</p> - -<p>Have modest lunch—canned pears, a bit of cold bacon left from -morning, a bit of cheese, and coffee; and start once more onward. -So much beauty here, and such human discord.</p> - -<p>3.30 p. m. Passing on right bank a line of bluffs, wholly of loess, -about 200 feet high and approximately 4 miles long, and as if shaven -with knife from top to water's edge. After that flats only on both -sides, with but one hill far ahead of us.</p> - -<p>Motor trouble again—same old pump; but not for long; in half -an hour on again. A steamer upward passes us—like a stranger, and -power.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Galena</span></h3> - -<p>A little town (village), on a flat promontory. An old consumptive -storekeeper—no knowledge of any old implements or skeletal -remains. Lowden village moved here due to mine opposite and better -site. About 10 Indian houses here; inhabitants now mostly in fishing -camps.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> - -<p>From Galena down, low shores and islands as on the Tanana, as -far as can be seen, with mountains, grayish blue, in far distance -(and only occasional glimpses). River never less than three-fourths -of a mile and sometimes together with its sloughs and islands several -miles broad. Some geese; occasional rabbit seen on land; otherwise -but little life. First gulls.</p> - -<p>The Indians at Ruby and Galena show here and there an Eskimoid -type, with the younger nearly all mix bloods (with whites). Full -bloods of same type as all along the river, brachycephalic, low to -moderate high vault of head, moderate to medium (rarely above) -stature, medium brown, noses not prominent, concavo-convex, moderately -convex or nearly straight, Indian cast of the face, but quite a -few more or less Eskimoid. Not very bright.</p> - -<p>Sit in the bottom of the scow, in front, before the stove and make -notes. When we stop, jump out to tie the boat; when leaving, push -it off. Getting sunburnt dark. Forgetting once again that I have -a stomach or any other organ. Only sleep, never fully, much less -than ought to; but even that is somehow much more bearable here -than it would be at home.</p> - -<p>6.45 p. m. Suddenly, after a turn, confronted with a steep rocky -promontory about 500 feet high—stratified mud rocks. On side, -high above, a tall white cross; learn later an Indian murdered a -bishop here. A little farther, on a flat below the slope, a small settlement. -A remarkable landmark, known as the Bishop's Rock. Afterwards -again flats, but some more elevated than before to the left. -River like a great looking-glass. Same character of vegetation and -colors as farther above, but details varied.</p> - -<p>At Ruby had made a genuine, effective, Alaska mosquito netting, -and so now feel quite independent of the pest; also have two bottles -of mosquito oil, which helps. Fortunately on the water we are not -bothered.</p> - -<p>Toward night reach Koyukuk River, and later on, Koyukuk village, -a pleasant row of houses, white and native, on a high bank. Here, -at last, pass one good night, sleeping under good mosquito netting -in the house and on the bed of an Italian trader. Also had good supper -of salmon, and good breakfast of bacon and eggs, and so feel -rested and strong.</p> - -<p>Friday, June 25. But in the morning the sky is overcast and every -now and then there is a loose shower. Of course my boon companions -are not ready again until long after 9 o'clock, and then the engine will -not go again, so a longer delay. They were inclined, in fact, to -"lay over," but I urged them on. But they are determined if it rains -a bit more to "tie to" somewhere. Fortunately there is no wind. -About 3 miles below Koyukuk and its flats, the high bluffs with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> -steep more or less shaved-like barren slopes recommence. A gloomy -day.</p> - -<p>About 7 miles down, after a large rocky promontory, a small graveyard -on the side of a hill, with a little native camp about a third of a -mile beyond.</p> - -<p>10.45 a. m. Beautiful wooded great hills, 400 to 800 feet high, all -along the right bank again, with large <strong>V</strong>-shaped valleys between. A -fine, rounded, slightly more than usually elevated island ahead. Left -banks flat.</p> - -<p>Sun coming out a little; cool, but not unpleasant. No more -showers, river smooth, boat making time. Blue hazy mountains far -to the left front.</p> - -<p>Hills to right rocky, strata horizontal to warped, mud rocks, broad -banks of sandy, gravelly or mucky materials, not consolidated, between -hard strata.</p> - -<p>Now and then a small Indian camp, usually two or three tents, -Indians, dogs, boats; some drying fish (not much).</p> - -<p>11.00 a. m. Another isolated little graveyard, right slope, near an -old camp.</p> - -<p>There is no possibility now of excavating any of these graveyards, for -the Indians are in unpleasant disposition toward the Government for -various reasons. But such a place as that near Burchell's could be -excavated as soon as conditions improve. Also that above Ruby and -another opposite and just below Ruby. There are no longer any -superstructures left at these (or but traces), and the graves, as seen -above Ruby, are near (within 2 feet of) the surface.</p> - -<p>No trace or indication of anything older than the double-grooved -ax culture has thus far been seen anywhere in the valley; and large -stretches of present banks are quite barren.</p> - -<p>As we approach Nulato the horizon before us becomes hilly and -mountainous. The sun is now fully out and its warmth is very -pleasant. Pass an Indian woman paddling a canoe; later an Indian -family going upstream in a motor boat. Most of these Indians -possess a motor boat of some sort, and know how to run it, though -it is not in their nature to be overcareful.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Nulato</span><br /> - -(Pl. 1, <em>b</em>)</h3> - -<p>Arrive midday. Quite a village, as usual along the water front -on a high bank. Large fancy modern surface burial ground with -brightly painted boxes and flying flags on a hill to the right. Met -by local marshal and doctor; my things are taken to a little hospital. -Natives here have poor reputation, but now said to be better. Boys -nearly all mix bloods. Several men and women show Eskimo type,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> -but majority are Indian to somewhat Eskimoid. Soon find they are -not very well disposed—want pay for everything, and much pay. -Have a few specimens, but to obtain anything from them is difficult. -Have been spoiled.</p> - -<p>A visit with the marshal to the site of old Nulato on the proximate -point; nothing there, just a rabbit's skull and a lot of mosquitoes. -Photograph old graveyard (that of old Nulato), on the -distal point beyond the creek.</p> - -<p>Mr. Steinhauser, trader, of Czech descent, helpful and kind. But -nothing further to do here. Steamer that was to be here to-night -or to-morrow will not arrive, just learned, until Tuesday (this is -Friday); and so must engage a little gasoline boat to the next station, -Kaltag, 40 miles down the river.</p> - -<p>Sleep under my new netting in the hospital. In the morning, after -parting with doctor and marshal, start 8.30 a. m. Boat little, shaky, -run by a half-breed boy of about 18. My old scow with Peake and -his companion will stay a day longer. Partly cloudy, warm.</p> - -<p>Pass flats, and come again to similar shaved-off bluffs like yesterday. -We are now running close to the shore so that I can see -everything. Flowers, but not many or many varieties.</p> - -<p>9.50 a. m. Pass (about 8 miles from Nulato) a few burials (old -boxes) on right slope. (Pl. 1, <em>c</em>.) Indian camp about one-half -mile farther, and a few old abandoned huts and caches.</p> - -<p>Everything on and along the river about the same as yesterday, -except in little details. Sky clouded; light clouds, however. The -boy with me has had good schooling (for a native) and is a good -informer. But there is little of archeological or anthropological -interest hereabouts. (Pl. 2, <em>a</em>.)</p> - -<p>12.10 p. m. Another rounded island ahead of us; far beyond it -grayish-blue hills and mountains. Six miles more to Kaltag. But -little life here—a few small birds, a lone robin, a lone gull.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Kaltag</span></h3> - -<p>1.00 p. m. Kaltag in view—a small modern village on right bank, -less than half the size of Nulato; a nearly compact row of log and -plank houses. Nothing of any special interest seen from distance, -and but little after landing. The old village used to be somewhat -higher up the river.</p> - -<p>There is an old abandoned site also just opposite the present -Kaltag. Another site, "Klenkakaiuh," is, I am told, in the Kaiuh -slough south of Kaltag, in a straight line about 10 miles, but no one -there; and several other old villages in that region along that -slough—same Indians as those of Kaltag. All of Kaltag go there -on occasions, but do not live there permanently any more.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 1</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_1a.jpg" width="700" height="517" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, "Old Minto" on the Tanana. Indian village. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_1b.jpg" width="700" height="363" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Present Nulato and its cemetery (on hill to right of village) from some distance up the river. -(A. H., 1926)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_1c.jpg" width="700" height="335" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>c</em>, The Greyling River site, right bank, 22 miles above Anvik; site and graveyard (male skeleton) -from top of knoll. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> -</div> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 2</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_2a.jpg" width="700" height="351" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, View on the Yukon from above Kaltag. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_2b.jpg" width="700" height="355" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Indian burial ground, Middle Yukon. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_2c.jpg" width="700" height="360" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>c</em>, Anvik, from the mission. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> - -<p>At Kaltag Eskimoid features already predominate and some of -those seen are fully like Eskimo.</p> - -<p>There is a tradition of an Asiatic (Chukchee) attempt at Kaltag -once.</p> - -<p>Later in the afternoon photograph some natives and go with -Mr. Müller, the storekeeper, and Mr. McLeod, the intelligent local -teacher, on the latter's boat, "hunting" along the banks up the -stream. Meet an old Indian (Eskimo type) paddling a birch-bark -canoe, said to be the only canoe of that sort now on the Yukon. -About three-fourths of a mile above the village see caved bank and -find a skull and bones—"split" old burial of a woman.</p> - -<p>A canoe coming, so we all go farther up the beach, pretending to -examine stones. It is only the boy who brought me, however, going -home with some planks, and he grins knowingly.</p> - -<p>After that we locate three exposed coffins, two undisturbed and -covered with sod. These two, for fear of irritating the natives, are -left. But the third is wrapped only in birch bark. It was a powerful -woman. With her a bone tool and a white man's spoon. With -the burial that had tumbled out of the bank there were large blue -and gray beads and three iron bracelets—reserved by the teacher.</p> - -<p>I gather all the larger bones and we put them temporarily in a -piece of canvas. It is hard to collect all—the men are apprehensive—it -might be dangerous for them if detected. Everything smoothed -as much as possible, and we go across the river to examine two fish -nets belonging to the trader. One of these is found empty; but the -other contains five large king salmon, 15 to 20 pounds each, three -drowned, two still alive. The latter are hooked, hoisted to the edge -of the boat, killed with a club, and, full of blood, thrown into the -boat—great, stout, fine fish. To secrete our other findings from the -natives the storekeeper gets a large bundle of grass and ties it to -my package. We shall be bringing "medicine."</p> - -<p>Arrive home, only to learn that against our information the river -boat has left Tanana on schedule time, is now above Koyukuk, and is -expected to arrive at Kaltag before 8 p. m. Hurriedly pack, a few -more photographs, supper, and the smoke of the steamer begins to -be visible. In a little while she is at the bank, my boxes are brought -down, a greeting with old friends on the boat—the same boat -(<em>Jacobs</em>) on which I went from Nenana to Tanana—and we start off -for Anvik.</p> - -<p>Mr. Müller, the trader at Kaltag, German by birth, has a young, -fairly educated Eskimo wife, a good cook, housekeeper, and mother -of one child. The child is an interesting white-Eskimo blend.</p> - -<p>In his store Mr. Müller showed me a good-sized heavy bowl of red -stone with a figure seated in a characteristic way near one end. The -specimen was said to have come from an old site on the Kaiuh and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> -is of the same type as that at the museum in Juneau and the two -in the east, one at the Museum of the American Indian, New York, -and the other at the University Museum, Philadelphia. Regrettably -Mr. Müller would not part with the specimen. (See also p. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.)</p> - -<p>The natives of Kaltag, so far as seen, are more Eskimoid than -those of any of the other settlements farther up the river.</p> - -<p>Fine evening; sit with a passenger going to Nome, until late. -Learn that the boat to St. Michael is waiting for this boat and will -go right on—not suitable for my work. Also we are to stop but a -few minutes at Anvik, where I am to meet Doctor Chapman, the -missionary.</p> - -<p>Sunday, June 27. About 5 a. m. arrive in the pretty cove of -Anvik. Received on the bank by Doctor Chapman, the head of the -local Episcopalian mission and school, and also the Anvik postmaster. -The doctor for the present is alone, his wife and daughter -having gone to Fairbanks, and so he is also the cook and everything. -In a few minutes, with the help of some native boys, I am with -my boxes in Doctor Chapman's house, and after the boat has left -and the necessities connected with what she left attended to we -have breakfast. I am soon made to feel as much as possible "at -home," and we have a long conversation. Then see a number of -chronic patients and incurables; attend a bit lengthy service in -Doctor Chapman's near-by little church; have a lunch with the -ladies at the school; visit the hill graveyard. They have reburied -all the older remains and there is nothing left. Attend an afternoon -service and give a talk to the congregation of about half a dozen -whites and two dozen more or less Eskimoid Indians on the Indians -and our endeavors; and then do some writing, ending the day by -going out for about a mile and a half along the banks of the Anvik -River, looking in vain for signs of something older, human or -animal. (Pl. 2, <em>c</em>.)</p> - -<p>There are many and bad gnats here just now—how bad I only -learned later, when I found my whole body covered with patches -of their bites; and also many mosquitoes, which proved particularly -obnoxious during the lunch. As the doctor is alone, the three excellent -white ladies of the school, matron and teachers, invited us, as -already mentioned, to lunch with them. We had vegetable soup, -a bit of cheese, two crackers each, a piece of cake, and tea. But I -chose an outlandish chair the seat of which was made of strips of -hide with spaces between; and from the beginning of the lunch to its -end there was a struggle between the proprieties of the occasion and -the mosquitoes that kept on biting me through the spaces in the seat. -Chairs of this type, and I finally told that to the ladies to explain -my seeming restlessness during the meal, should be outlawed in -Alaska.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Anvik People</span></h3> - -<p>The Anvik people, it will be recalled, were the first Yukon natives -seen by a white man. They were discovered in 1834 by Glazunof, -and since then have occupied the same site, located favorably on a -point between the Anvik and the Yukon Rivers. They belonged -to the Inkalik tribe, a name given to them, according to Zagoskin, -by the coast people and signifying "lousy," from the fact that they -never cut their hair, which in consequence, presumably, harbored -some parasites. Their village was the lowest larger settlement of the -Indians on the Yukon, the Eskimo commencing soon after.</p> - -<p>The Anviks to-day are clearly seen to be a hybrid lot. There are -unmistakable signs of a prevalent old Eskimo mixture. The men -are nearly all more or less Eskimoid, and even the head is not infrequently -narrower, fairly long, jaws much developed. The women, -however, show the Eskimo type less, and the children in a still smaller -measure—they are much more Indian. Yet even some women and -an occasional child are Eskimoid—face flat, long, lower jaw high, -cheek bones prominent forward (like welts on each side of the nose), -whole physiognomy recalling the Eskimo. The more Indianlike -types resemble closely those of the upper Yukon. There is perceptible, -too, some mixture with whites, particularly in the young.</p> - -<p>To bed about 11. Attic warm and window can not be opened -because of the insects. Sleep not very good; some mosquitoes in -room anyway. Wake up after 3 and just begin to doze off again -when the doctor gets up. About 4 he puts his shoes on—one can -hear every sound throughout the frame house, even every yawn—and -then goes to the kitchen where there soon comes the rattling of -pots. At 4.30 comes up to bid me good morning and ask me if I am -ready to get up and have breakfast. A man with a boat is to be -ready at 6 to take me to some old site. So a little after 5 I get up, -shave, dress and go down. Another night to make up for sometime, -somewhere.</p> - -<p>We finish breakfast and the doctor goes to look for the man, but -everything deadlike, no one stirring anywhere. So I pack my stone -specimens from the river above and the bones from Kaltag, etc. It -is 8 a. m. and then at last Harry Lawrence, our man, appears—having -understood to come about that time—and before long we -start, in a good-sized boat, up the Yukon.</p> - -<p>Day mostly cloudy but fairly good; no wind. Must use mosquito -mixture all the time, even after I get on boat, but they quit later. -Am standing on the back of the boat against and over the "house" -over it—inside things shake too much and I can not see enough.</p> - -<p>Passing by fish wheels—heaps of fish in their boxes—some just -being caught and dumped in. Picturesque bluffs passed yesterday<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> -seen to be of volcanic stone, near basalt, not granite, with indication -of minerals. Passing close to vertical cliffs of fissured and fragmented -rocks 200 to 500 feet high—dangerous. Consolidated volcanic -ashes with inclosure of many bowlders—fine lessons in geology. -Slides of soil and vegetation here and there. Large spruces and -altogether a richer vegetation since this particular rock region was -reached. There was in fact a plain line of demarcation in the vegetation -where the rocks changed.</p> - -<p>Sleepy. Afraid to doze and fall off, so go inside. But there the -motor thumps and shakes too much for a nap to be possible.</p> - -<p>About 12 miles upstream from Anvik, on the north bank, the mineralized -rocks and tufa suddenly cease, to be superseded by a line, -several miles long, of sheared-off loess bluffs about 200 feet high. -Here the vegetation changes very perceptibly. Two mammoth jaws -obtained from these deposits have a few years ago been given to Mr. -Gilmore, of the United States National Museum.</p> - -<p>22 to 23 miles up the river, north bank, a fine large platform and an -old native site. Many signs still of pit and tunnel houses. A little -farther upstream a hill with abandoned burials. Excavate a grave -on a promontory over the river—not very old—wet and not much -left of soft parts, but succeed in getting the skeleton. Fine middle-aged -adult, somewhat Eskimoid, about typical for this region. -Carry down in a bag, dry on the beach gravel. Lunch on beach; -cheese, bread, coffee. The site is known as that of the Greyling River. -(Pl. 2, <em>b</em>.)</p> - -<p>Start back a little after 3. Very warm day. River smooth. Sky -looks like there might be a storm later.</p> - -<p>Hear of pottery—40 years ago it was still made at Anvik. Was -black, of poor quality. The women used to put feathers in the clay -"to make the pots stronger." When buried it soon rotted and fell -to pieces. In shapes and otherwise it was much like the Eskimo -pottery. Its decorations consisted of nail or other impressions, in -simple geometrical designs, particularly about the rim. It was -rather gross, but better pieces did occur, though rarely.</p> - -<p>It is becoming plain that there are no known traces of any really -old settlements along the present banks of the Yukon; nothing beyond -a few hundred years at most. If there was anything older no -external signs of it have been noted, and no objects of it have ever -been found. It seems certain that the stone implements thus far seen -were used and made by the pre-Russian and probably even later -Indians. They all belong to the polished-stone variety. No "paleolithic" -type of instrument has yet been seen.</p> - -<p>It is also evident that the Eskimo admixture and doubtless also cultural -influence extended far up the river. The farther down the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> -river, particularly from Ruby, the more the Eskimoid physical characteristics -become marked and the Indian diluted, until at Anvik -most, or at least much, physical and cultural, is clearly Eskimo.</p> - -<p>Have further learned quite definitely that native villages on the -Yukon were seldom if ever stable. Have been known (as at Kaltag -and elsewhere) to have changed location as much as three times -within the last few scores of years, though in general they keep to the -same locality in a larger sense of the word. Anvik alone seems to -have remained on the old site since the advent of the whites.</p> - -<p>Anvik, Tuesday, June 29. Last night gave talk on evolution to -white teachers, etc. Quite appreciated, regardless of previous state -of mentality.</p> - -<p>Caught up with some sleep, even though my attic room was so -hot that the gum from the spruce boards was dropping down on me. -Good breakfast with the doctor—canned grapefruit, corn flakes with -canned milk, bread toasted in the oven, and coffee.</p> - -<p>Pack up my Greyling skeleton—much drier to-day—and dispatch -by parcel post, through the doctor as postmaster.</p> - -<p>Photograph school children and village. Gnats bad and have to -wear substantial underclothing (limbs are already full of dark red -itching blotches where bitten by them) though it is a hot day again.</p> - -<p>The full-blood and especially the slightly mixed children would -be fine, not seldom lovely, were they fully healthy; but their lungs -are often weak or there is some other tubercular trouble.</p> - -<p>The color of the full-bloods, juvenile and others, on the body, is -invariably submedium to near medium brown, the exposed parts -darker; and the chest test (mine) for full-bloodedness holds true. -The young are often good looking; the old rather ugly.</p> - -<p>All adults fishing now, the fish running much since a day or -two; all busy at the fish camps, not many, in the daytime especially, -about the mission.</p> - -<p>At noon air fills with haze—soon recognized as smoke from a fire -which is located at only about a mile, and that with the wind, from -the mission. We all hasten to some of the houses in the brush—find -enough clearing about them for safety. The school here burned -two years ago and so all are apprehensive. Natives from across -the river hasten to their caches. Luckily not much wind.</p> - -<p>After lunch children come running in saying they hear thunder; -one girl saying in their usual choppy, picturesque way, "Outside -is thunder"; another smaller one says, "It hollers above." Before -long a sprinkle and then gradually more and more rain until there -is a downpour followed by several thunderclaps (as with us) and -then some more rain. That, of course, stops the fire from approaching -closer and all is safe. Such storms are rare occurrences -hereabouts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> - -<p>My limbs are a sight from the gnats. Must apply Aseptinol. -Worse than any mosquitoes; like the worst chiggers. Poisonous—some -hemolytic substance, which causes also much itching, especially -at night.</p> - -<p>Arrange to leave to-morrow. Good people these, unpretentious, -but white through and through.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lawrence, the local trader, who with his boy was with me -yesterday, is going to take me to an old site down the river and then -to Holy Cross. Donates a fine old ivory arrow point from the site -mentioned. Doctor Chapman gives three old dishes and two stone -axes—haft on one of recent manufacture. The natives seem to have -nothing of this nature, and no old site is near. The nearest is -Bonasila, where we go to-morrow.</p> - -<p>This is truly a fish country. Along the placid Anvik River fish -smell everywhere—dead fish on shore here and there, or fish eggs, -or offal.</p> - -<p>Wednesday, June 30. Hazy and cool, 52° F. Take leave with -friend, Doctor Chapman, then at school, and leave 8 a. m. for -Bonasila.</p> - -<p>The gnat pest was bad this morning—could hardly load my baggage; -had to apply the smear again, but this helps only where -put and for a time only.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Bonasila</span></h3> - -<p>Close to 10 a. m. arrive at the Bonasila site. Not much—just -a low bank of the big river, not over 4 feet high in front, and -a higher rank grass-covered flat with a little stream on the left and a -hill on the right. But the flat is full of fossae of old barabras -(pit and tunnel dwellings), all wood on surface gone; and there is a -cemetery to the right and behind, on a slope.</p> - -<p>Examine beach and banks minutely until 12. Modest lunch—two -sandwiches, a bit of cake and tea—and then begin to examine the -shore again. Soon after arrival finding bones of animals, some -partly fossilized; beaver, deer, caribou, bear, fox, dog, etc., all -species still living in Alaska, as found later, though no more in the -immediate neighborhood.</p> - -<p>Mosquitoes and gnats bad—use lot of oil. Begin soon to find -remarkably primitive looking stone tools, knockers, scrapers, etc. -Crawl through washed-down trees and brush. Many stones on the -beach show signs of chipping or use. Very crude—a protolithic industry; -but a few pieces better and showing polished edge. Also -plenty of fragments of pottery, not seldom decorated (indented). -Make quite a collection. And then, to cap it, find parts of human -skeleton, doubtless washed out from the bank. Much missing, but a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> -good bit recovered, and that bit is very striking. (See p. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.) Also -a cut bone (clean cut, as if by a sharp knife) in situ in the mud -of the bank, and a little birch-bark basket still filled with mud from -the bank, with later a larger basket of same nature in situ; could -save but a piece. Conditions puzzling. Was there an older site -under one more recent?</p> - -<p>2 p. m. About 2 p. m. go to the cemetery. About a dozen burials -recognizable. A pest of mosquitoes and gnats—Lawrence soon -bleeds over face and neck, while I keep them off only by frequent -smearing. He soon has to smear, too. Open five graves—placed -above ground, wooden (split and no nails) boxes covered with earth -and sod. Skeletons all in contracted position, head to the east and -lying on right side. Some in poor condition. Three women, one -man, one child. Gnats swarm in the moss and the graves, and with -the smears, here and there a trickle of blood, the killed pests and -the dust, we soon look lovely. But there is enough of interest. -With each burial appears something—with the man two large blue -Russian beads; first woman—a pottery lamp (or dish), iron knife; -with the second two fire sticks, stone objects (sharpeners), partly -decayed clay dish; with the third, a Russian bead and a birch-bark -snuffbox; with the child a "killed" (?) glass bottle of old form -and an iron flask; in the grave of an infant (bones gone) a Russian -bead. A grave of a child—bones burned.</p> - -<p>6.15 p. m. Rest must be left. Lawrence may be enabled to do -some work in the fall. Leave 6.15; carry quite a lot—in sacks, gasoline -cans, lard cans. Wonder how I shall be able to send things from -Holy Cross, and what next. Cool, sky overcast whole day.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Holy Cross</span></h3> - -<p>Thursday, July 1. Slept on the floor of a little store last night -at Ghost Creek. The Catholic mission at Holy Cross, with all sorts -of room, about 1½ miles down, and where, though late and tired, I -visited Father Jules Jetté, a renowned student of the dialects of the -Yukon Indians, did not offer to accommodate me, and the trader in -their village could only offer me a "bunk" in one little room with -three other people. So after 10 p. m. we went down to the "Ghost -Creek," where I was gladly given a little corner in the store of Alec -Richardson. Of course there were whining dogs outside, right next -to the store on both sides, and they sang at times (or howled) like -wolves, whose blood they seem to carry. And a cat got closed in with -me and was pulling dried fish about, which she chewed, most of the -night it seemed. So there was not much sleep until from about 5 -a. m. to 8.30, after the cat was chased out and the dogs got weary. -Then no breakfast till near 9.30.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> - -<p>Went to mission again to see Father Jetté—he is not of the mission—a -fine old Frenchman and scholar. He was not responsible for -last night and anyway I was spoiled farther up the river. His -meritorious work deserves to be known and published.</p> - -<p>After a very simple lunch packed yesterday's collections from the -Bonasila site—five boxes. The parcel post here alone will cost -$20.40. How odd that the transportation of the collections of a -Government institution must be paid for from the little appropriation -received for scientific work to another department of the same -Government.</p> - -<p>It is cloudy, drizzly, cold. Am endeavoring to leave to-morrow, -but they want $35 to the next station, and the boat does not leave -for St. Michael until the 11th. Fortunately I am able to send away -the collections, and there will surely be some way down the river.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Ghost Creek</span></h3> - -<p>July 1-2, 10.30 p. m. A night on the Yukon. (Pl. 3, <em>a</em>,) They -have lit a powder against the mosquitoes. Smear the many gnat -bites with Mentholatum—helps but for a while—and having now my -fine meshed netting, my own bedding, and a clean pillow, I feel -fine, safe from all the pests, and ready for a quiet night, all alone.</p> - -<p>Commenced dozing off when a he-cat, who hid in the store at -closing, begins to make all kinds of unnamable noises. Stand it for -a while, but he does not stop and one could never sleep—so crawl -out from the bed, catch the beast, and throw him out.</p> - -<p>In again and settling down, when another cat—did not know there -were two here—begins to mew and tries to force its way out under -the door, which is about 2½ inches above the floor. Persists until -I have to get up the second time. Throw that cat out and in bed -once more.</p> - -<p>In a minute, however, the dogs outside espied the cats and began -a pandemonium of howls and yelps and barks. Try hard, but can -not stand it. Moreover, the last cat got on the roof, where I hear -him walking, and he seems in no hurry to get off. So finally have -to get out, catch the cat on the edge of the roof, throw him back into -the store, and to bed for another trial. But soon have to smear the -body; the bites itch too much. The sleepiness is now quite gone. -A mild amusement as to what next. It must be midnight or later -now, and it has grown cold. One blanket is not sufficient. Doze off -a little, wake up with cold, readjust blanket and flaps of bag, doze -off a little again—the dogs commence to howl, just for a song this -time, in two, three, then a unison. The bites itch bitterly, now here, -now there. The sun has risen; it is real cold, probably no more than -about 40° to 45° F. And so on until 5.30, when at last fall into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> -a deep, dreamless sleep, regardless of light, cats, dogs, and everything -and sleep until 8.30.</p> - -<p>Wake up, can not believe my watch; but it goes, and so probably -is right. But no one anywhere yet stirring.</p> - -<p>Dress, wash a bit in the muddy river; head feels as if it had been -knocked by something heavy. Make my "roll" of bedding and -then work on notes, putting down faithfully what has transpired. -About 9.30, at last, the storekeeper comes to say they overslept and -that a cup of coffee will be ready before long.</p> - -<p>Friday, July 2. "Ghost Creek" was named so because of many -burials about the creek. The flat between the hills here is about -three-fourths of a mile long by the water front, with rising slopes, -and used to extend considerably farther out, but was "cut" or -washed away by the river. It has been used for a village site and -burial ground by the old Indians of the vicinity. As the banks -tumble away, bone arrow points, barbed and not, stone scrapers, and -other objects wash out. Graves are found in the ground as well as -above it. Russian influence prevalent in the objects buried with the -bodies, but site extends to pre-Russian time. Same type graves as -at Bonasila, with slight local modifications.</p> - -<p>At Bonasila the burials above ground were in boxes of hewn wood, -joined somewhat as the logs in a log house, and without any base. -The body inside was covered with birch bark (three or four pieces), -then covered with the top planks, unfastened, and these in turn -covered with about a foot of earth and sod. At Ghost Creek the -same, but there is an undressed-stake base or platform on which the -sides of the "coffin" rest and with somewhat less earth and sod on -the top of the box. But graves differ here from underground and -birch bark alone (no trace of wood, if any was ever there; but -probably none used) to such aboveground as have iron nails and -sawed planks. Here, as at Bonasila, a few simple articles are -generally found buried at the head, and for these many of the graves -were already despoiled and the skeletal remains scattered or reburied.</p> - -<p>There appears to be no line of demarcation between the underground -and aboveground graves; possibly the latter were winter -burials, but this must be looked into further.</p> - -<p>The bodies here, except the latest, are buried flexed. Exceptionally, -both at Bonasila and here, the planks surrounding the grave -were painted with some mineral pigments which resist decomposition -better than the wood, and decorated in a very good native way with -series of animals and men, caribou, bear, etc. Too faint to photograph, -and too bulky and decayed to take away; but decoration much -superior to ordinary Indian pictographs, and apparently connecting -with the type of art of the northwest coast. It is of interest that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> -practically the same decorated burials were seen by Dall among the -Eskimo of Norton Sound (Unalaklik).<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> In this case it was probably -the Indian habit that was adopted by the near-by Eskimo, for -none of the more northern Eskimo practiced such burials. The habit -was also known in southeastern Alaska. (Pl. 3, <em>b</em>.)</p> - -<p>Jim Walker, the helpful local mix-breed trader, has dug out many -of these graves (alone or with Harry Lawrence), and a good many -of the objects are said to have been taken away by Father O'Hara, -formerly of the Holy Cross Mission.</p> - -<p>According to all indications the stone culture of Bonasila and of -Ghost Creek (1½ miles upstream from Holy Cross) were related, -both passing apparently into the Russian period, and that at Ghost -Creek continuing down to our times, for there is still living here an -old man who belongs to this place which once had a large village. -Much could be done yet and saved in both places.</p> - -<p>Saturday, July 3. At last slept, notwithstanding everything, and -succeeded even in being warm.</p> - -<p>Breakfast 8.30, for a wonder. Two soft-boiled Seattle eggs, two -bits of toast with canned butter (not bad at all), some over-preserved -raspberries, and a faded-looking nearly cold "flapjack" with -sirup, also mediocre tea. But all goes here, and the stomach calls -for no other attention than to fill it.</p> - -<p>Finishing work, getting further information from the old Indian, -writing, and waiting to go away with a trader to Paimute, the first -all-Eskimo village, 25 miles farther down the river. Rains occasionally, -but not very cold. Many gnats when wind moderates.</p> - -<p>Lunch—canned sardines (in this land of fresh salmon!), a bit of -toast, some canned fruit, and that unsavory tea.</p> - -<p>Have utilized this day in a profitable manner. Have learned -that there was another burial ground about half a mile farther upstream, -behind an elevation. So got a rowboat and with Jim -Walker's young boy rowed over. Had to wade through high grass -over a wet flat, and then up the rank grass and bush-covered slope, -and there found a number of old burials. All rifled, but most of -the bones still there. So send boy back, on the quiet—there is above -the store the camp of the old man with an old Indian woman and -sick girl—for some boxes, and meanwhile collect. It is an unceasing -struggle with the mosquitoes and gnats in the tall grass and weeds; -but one after another I find what remains of the usual old box -burials. The bones are mostly in good condition. The boy arrives -with several empty gasoline boxes, we gather drier grass and moss, -and pack right on the spot, eventually get to the boat, strike off as -far as possible from the shore so none could see what is carried, and -proceed to Walker's storehouse. Old Indian and his old crony -nevertheless stand on bank and look long at us. In storehouse boxes -closed, later delivered by the boy to the mail boat, and so that much -is saved; for were it not collected, in a few years the weather, vegetation, -and animals, human and other, would destroy everything.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 3</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_3a.jpg" width="700" height="389" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Midnight on the Yukon</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_3b.jpg" width="700" height="527" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Lower middle Yukon: Painted burial box of a Yukon Indian (before 1884) said to have been a -hunter of Bielugas (white whales), which used to ascend far up the Yukon</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 4</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_4a.jpg" width="700" height="340" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Eskimo camp below Paimute, Yukon River</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_4b.jpg" width="700" height="380" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Old "protolithic" site 12 miles down from Paimute, right bank, just beyond "12-mile hill." -(skull, bones, stones)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_4c.jpg" width="700" height="376" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>c</em>, "Old" site in bank seen in middle of picture, 12 miles down from Paimute, opposite that shown in -preceding figure. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> - -<p>Moreover, the utmost care is taken always to leave everything in as -good shape as found; and the remains taken will be treated so well -and may give us so much that we need that there is no more hesitation -in securing them than there would be on the part of a paleontologist -in securing old bones for his purposes.</p> - -<p>For supper, though it is still early, am invited by Simel, an elderly -Jew mail carrier. Have fine meat-and-potato soup, lettuce-and-cucumber -salad (even if the cucumbers from the Holy Cross hothouse -are overripe and bitter), fresh (storage) meat, cooked dried -apples, and poor but hot coffee—all seasoned with the best will and -genuine, simple friendliness.</p> - -<p>Max Simel, whose home is at Ophir, has been in this country 29 -years, and "never needed to buy a quarter's worth of medicine." -Has a wife in Seattle, also a daughter and a son; has not seen them -for four years. Wants me to call on them and tell them I met him. -With his companion, Paul Keating, of Holikachakat, gives me some -interesting information. They tell me independently and then together -of an occurrence that shows what may happen along this great -river. A well-known white man and woman, prospectors on their -mail route, have last year thawed and dug out a shaft, nearly 40 feet -deep, through muck and silt, to the gravel, in which they hoped to -get gold; and just before they reached the gravel they found a piece -of calico, old and in bad condition, but still showing some of its -design and color.</p> - -<p>7 p. m. It rains, but wind has moderated, and so near 7 p. m. -we start on our way farther down the river, stopping just long enough -at Holy Cross to attend to my reservation for St. Michael. The agent -has no idea when the boat will go—maybe the 11th, maybe not until -the 14th or later.</p> - -<p>Going on an old leaky scow with an elderly, faded, chewing, not -very talkative but for all that very kindly and accommodating man, -who with one hand holds the steering wheel and with the other most -of the time keeps on bailing. He carries supplies for his store and I -my outfit, camera, and umbrella. Sky has here and there cleared,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> -even patches of sun appear on far-away clean-cut hills. Water not -very rough; make fair time downstream. Banks flat now, river -broad, some hills in distance.</p> - -<p>8.00 p. m. Hills nearer ahead of us. Some of the flats look from -distance like fine tree nurseries. Getting cool. Cloudy ahead. The -banks flat and low, no good site for habitation. Not even fishing -camps here—just long "cut-banks" (banks being cut by the river) -and low beaches. Here and there new bars and islands that are -being built by the river. No birds, no boats, just an occasional -floating snag or a rare solitary gull.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Alaska and Its Resources, p. 19: "Our attention was attracted by the numerous graves. -These are well worth the careful attention of the ethnologist; many of them are very old. -The usual fashion is to place the body, doubled up, on its side, in a box of plank hewed -out of spruce logs and about 4 feet long; this is elevated several feet above the ground -on four posts, which project above the coffin or box. The sides are often painted with -red chalk, in figures of fur animals, birds, and fishes."</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Paimute</span></h3> - -<p>Paimute down river, I am told, has nothing but Eskimo; Holy -Cross, but a few natives now, mainly Indian; above Holy Cross, -Indian, Eskimo only as adapted or in admixture.</p> - -<p>July 3, 8.30 p. m. Hills on right now right before us. Behind first -a fish camp of the Holy Cross Mission natives. River narrows and -bends. Two other fish camps become visible. Stop; damp, cold, -smoke, fish smell, a few natives, Eskimo. River now like molten -glass, but air damp and cold, and I must sit behind the engine and -keep my hands over the hot exhaust pipe to keep somewhat comfortable.</p> - -<p>Pass bulging bluffs on right—old stratified shales.</p> - -<p>11.00 p. m. Arrive at our destination about 11 p. m. But a few log -huts on the right side of the river, with few others and a primitive -frame church in the back. A little store and a big storehouse (with -skins, etc.), trader's house (log cabin) a few rods away. Open -store, only to find that a pup had been forgotten there, made a lot -of mess and dirt and ate most of one side of bacon.</p> - -<p>12.00 p. m. Got to bed in the cabin at 12. Spread bed roll on -two reindeer skins which, with fire in the stove, keep me fairly warm. -Rain in night and several earth tremors—common in these parts; -feel several light ones every night and a stronger one occasionally -even in daytime (a big "fault" in the Alaskan range and a proximity -to the Aleutian volcanic zone).</p> - -<p>Awake before 8, but as it still rains nothing can be done, while -my man within a few feet of me still snores; stay in blanket till 9. -Modest breakfast at 10 a. m.</p> - -<p>10.00 a. m. A little house cleaning—watch kitten clean windows -of the many flies, which it eats; and then my man, a Swede by birth, -sailor, self-taught painter (of ships and sea scenes), and musician -(accordion), goes to bail out the boat. Still full of bites that itch -and need a lot of Aseptinol, which in turn makes underwear look -dreadful. And no bath possible.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> - -<p>Last night met some of the local Eskimo, full bloods, mostly from -the Kuskokwim River. Strong, kinder than the Yukon Indians. -But they differ but little in some cases from the latter. They are -medium brown in color, hair exactly like the Indian, beard also—only -the rather flat (not prominent) mid parts of the face, with -rather long and narrow (upper two-thirds) nose, and the cheek -bones protruding more or less forward, with face long (often), due -to the vertical development of the jaws, helps to distinguish them as -Eskimo. There is no clear line of demarcation between the Indian -farther up the river and the Eskimo down here, yet in some here -the Eskimo type is unmistakable. They have more epicanthus, -flatter, longer, and stronger (more massive) face, stronger frame, -rather submedium length of legs, and less brachycephalic (or more -oblong) head, but not the characteristic, narrow and high, keel-shaped -dome that one is used to associate with the Eskimo.</p> - -<p>1 p. m. A little lunch—just a cup of coffee and a few crackers. -Photograph two natives.</p> - -<p>1.30 p. m. Start toward Russian Mission. Trader carries sugar -in bags and tea for camps.</p> - -<p>Near 2. Stop at an Eskimo camp, see sick baby, photograph a -few individuals. Get an ax for a pocketbook—old man happy as a -child at the exchange. Made another one happy this morning in -payment for information with one of my steamer caps. (Pl. 4, <em>a</em>.)</p> - -<p>Pass along the still continuing bulging hills on the right. They -are forested over lower parts, barren, though mostly greenish, above. -As usual flats on left, devoid of man. Occasionally a fish camp on -right, or a small village, somewhat different, though in essentials -like the Indian (more gregariousness noticeable—up river mostly -individual or at most two or three families). Every favorable higher -flat or low saddle among the hills on the right and facing the river -(or a slough) is utilized by the natives, but such places are scarce.</p> - -<p>The ax obtained looks as if it had been broken after found, to make -of it a single-edge tool. Tumbled out of a bank. Old Eskimo knew -not who made it. Found some miles below Paimute by the old man. -Others found, but lost. Ivory arrow and spear points also known -to natives, but no one now has any.</p> - -<p>A mountain ahead of us. Sky clouded mostly, high diffuse vapors -and low, heavy but separated cumuli in the east; one would expect -soon a heavy rain. Visibility exceptionally good, horizons far -away, uncommonly clear. Mountains sharply outlined against the -sky.</p> - -<p>About 12 miles below Paimute, on left, some higher banks (old silts -and dunes). The ax from the old man had been found here. Stop. -Find pottery 12 feet, charcoal 15 feet from surface. Also polished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> -and worked stones. But most of bank has already been cut off and -what remains shows no signs of man on the top. (Pl. 4, <em>b</em>.)</p> - -<p>Cross river obliquely to right bank, just beyond last ("12-mile") -hill. Find at once numerous evidences of stone work along the stony -beach. In an hour have a fair collection, mainly rejects, but interesting. -On top of bank find several mounds and ridges, doubtless dunes, -though the one farthest up the river looks very much like a large -oval man-made mound. Parts of two much-weathered skulls and -one bone lay on the top of this. No definite marks of graves excepting -perhaps in one instance. A sign of old clearing farther down, -but no "barabras." A spot well worthy of exploration. It was, I -learned a little later from Nick Williams, a native who used to act -as a pilot on the river, the old mountain village or "Ingrega-miut," -and the site is 12 miles downstream from Paimute. (Pl. 4, <em>c</em>.)</p> - -<p>Beyond are flats and cut banks, both sides, but with hills (old -water front) behind on the right and mountains in front. River -here very wide.</p> - -<p>Many of the worked stones, and occasionally, according to native -information, skulls and bones, are washed out from the banks and -deposited (rolling, etc.) lower on the beach in something like strata, -and in that way evidence is being perverted. Some day a new bank -or even a dune may be formed over these secondary deposits and a -great source of possible future error be completed.</p> - -<p>All the natives along the river (to here) like to bury on the lower -slopes of near-by hills.</p> - -<p>To bed on floor of kitchen tent at the fine, clean little place of -Tucker's, at 10.30. At 1.30 the 20 dogs start a fine, sustained, unison -howl song, and I seem to hear an approaching boat. As the Governor -of Alaska is expected, slip on shoes and necktie, brush hair, -and run out. There is a little boat at the little "dock" (the only -one seen so far on the Yukon). Tucker and his son are already -there, and I soon hear that the governor is on the boat, which is -that of Mr. Townsend, of the Fish Commission. In a few minutes -we meet, both in shirt sleeves. And I learn the <em>Matanuska</em>, the -boat that was to take me from the Russian Mission to St. Michael, -has broken down and is not coming. In her place, but no telling -as to time, will be sent the <em>Agnes</em>, a smaller and slower boat, on -which three people have already this season been "gassed" (overcome -by the exhaust gases), one of them jumping into the river. -She has accommodation for four persons at most, and that of the -most primitive, they say. The governor fortunately gives me some -hope that I may be picked up and taken down by the same boat which -is taking him to Holy Cross. He also tells me of a skull for me at -one of the stopping places, Old Hamilton. A frank, good, strong -man.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> - -<p>Boat leaves in a few minutes. Back to bed, but now almost full -daylight—also cold, and so no more than a doze until 6.15, at which -time the boy comes to the kitchen where I was kindly accommodated -to start fire and breakfast. So up with a drowsy head. At 7 breakfast—coffee, -oatmeal, flapjacks, and good company. Everything -about this place is neat, fresh, pleasing—the best individual place -on the river. Cloudy, blustery, cool; can not start, so go 1½ miles -down to Dogfish village, or I-ka-thloy-gia-miut—probably the same -as Zagoskin's I-ka-lig-vig-miut. Only three or four families there -now; nearly all the inhabitants died of influenza in 1900. But -already before reaching the village, in examining the stones along -the beach, I find some chipped ones, and they represent the same -industry evidently as those at the two sites yesterday. Later find -numerous chipped scrapers, pointed hammers, crude cutters and -chisels, and a few axes. Make quite a collection, including a few -objects found in possession of natives.</p> - -<p>This is a good site, above high water. Must be old. Pottery also -encountered occasionally by present occupants, but not one bead; -little if any river cutting here for a long period. Worth exploration. -Photograph another Indianlike Eskimo. Want to buy an old dish -from an Eskimo, border inlaid with six white stones, shaped like an -oblong lozenge with rounded corners, but he wants $20. Lunch all -together, some Eskimo included, at Tucker's, and then as the wind -moderates and the sun comes out, start for the Russian Mission. -Mostly still clouds and cool, with some rain in the mountains to -the right.</p> - -<p>Finds and inquiries made at Dogfish village make it positive that -the stone culture there is Eskimo, i. e., of the Eskimo of this region -who are probably not a little mixed with Indians. Their head is -but moderately oblong, not keel shaped. The majority, however, -have Eskimo features.</p> - -<p>But the cupid-bow (double-grooved) axes are not known to have -been made by these people, and when used after being found or -brought down from farther up the river they apparently were -broken. One such example was seen already at Ruby—another one -at Anvik—secured; and one found yesterday at Mountain village. -The axes here are most often oblong, quadrilateral, without groove, -or approaching the single-grooved axes of the Indians in the States.</p> - -<p>July 6. Proceed down the river toward Russian Mission, examining -the banks as closely as possible. Toward evening stop at -"Gurtler's," a short distance above the mission.</p> - -<p>Mr. Gurtler is a German by birth; his wife is half Indian, of Ruby. -She, as well as her 14-year-old daughter, are neat, apt, and very industrious, -quiet and nice mannered. With an Eskimo woman, she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> -cleans and cuts up—a whole art of its own—on the average over 200 -good-sized salmon a day. Clean place, very good smoking house—much -superior to those up the river, except Tucker's.</p> - -<p>Sleep in a clean bed of theirs; would much prefer my own and -the hard floor, but fear to offend.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Russian Mission</span></h3> - -<p>Pack my stones and bones collected between here and Holy Cross, -and after lunch go to Russian Mission. Meet Mr. Cris Betsch, the -trader, and find him both friendly and anxious to help. Teacher -and her mother invite me to supper. Before that Mr. Betsch calls in -a number of the older men, and we have a talk about ancient things, -but they know nothing worth while beyond a few score of years at -most; they give me, however, some data and names of old villages.</p> - -<p>A few years ago some human bones and skulls were dug up here -and reburied. Eskimo readily agree to help us find them and to let -me take them. Moreover, they are quite eager to dig up an old medicine -man supposed to be buried under a good-sized (for this country) -blue spruce. They get shovels, soon find some of the old bones and a -damaged skull, and later on, with the help of information given by -an elderly woman, uncover also a female skull. Uncover further -the end of two birch-bark-covered coffins, from Russian time, and -would readily dig them out did I not restrain them; as also with -the medicine man. We shall probably get some such specimens from -this locality later, so there is no need of disturbing the burials.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Barrick, the teacher, gives us a "civilized" supper, at which I -am introduced for the first time to a great and fine Yukon specialty, -namely, smoked raw strips of king salmon, and find them excellent. -Then a good talk with all, after which pack specimens—still somewhat -damp, but it would be difficult to wait—deliver to the post, and -am sent to my place around the hill at a little past 10 p. m. with an -invitation by Mr. Betsch to go to-morrow to "the slough of the 32 -kashims (council or communal house)," about 10 miles down the -river. But I have already been promised by Gurtler to take me -down to this place, and so I can not accept. Just now I need sleep.</p> - -<p>July 7. After breakfast examine banks and beach along Gurtler's -place and find two stone implements, two pieces of decorated pottery, -and a bone of some animal. Wash, dry, and pack, then a cup -of coffee—the Gurtler's have a habit of drinking a second cup at -about 10 a. m. each day—and then, after some of the seemingly -inevitable trouble with motor, start down the river. It rained yesterday; -the clouds show low pressure; it is not warm and the water -is somewhat rough.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> - -<p>Stop a bit at the mission to give Mrs. Barrick a fish and get a bag -or two from Mr. Betsch, and then proceed. From the river the -Russian Mission settlement is seen to be very favorably situated at -the foot of the southern slope of a big hill. But the recency of the -flat below and in front of the church and schoolhouse is clearly -seen again. The site about where the church and school are may—in -fact must, it is so favored—be a very old one, and doubtless a -thorough excavation of the slope from the back of the houses -upward would be both easy and very instructive. The place should -by all means receive attention.</p> - -<p>Reach and examine the "32 kashim slough," a beautiful side channel -about 7 miles long; reach about 1½ miles from its entrance, -examine banks and pass through jungle, find tracks of foxes and of -a bear, also see one big beautiful red fox trotting ahead of us on the -other beach—but not a trace of man. Examine also the "mounds" -on Grand Island, but find them to be only dunes.</p> - -<p>Lunch on the beach; remarkably few mosquitoes and no gnats; -smoked raw salmon strips again, and coffee; and at 5 leave for home, -it being impossible so late to go down to the end of the channel.</p> - -<p>On return all going nicely until 5. Then, in a slough 3½ miles -from the Russian Mission, after an examination of another likely site, -breakdown of the motor. Do everything possible to make it go until -about 8, but in vain. Then I take the crazy little rowboat that luckily -we took with us, bail out the water with our shovel, and row to -the mission for help. Get there about 9, send back a launch with some -natives, have a little supper with the teacher, and row home around -the hill, reaching Gurtler's near 11. In a few minutes the launch -is towed in and all is well once more. Mr. Betsch got for us two -good native "kantágs" or wooden dishes. Also we fix to go down to -the "32 kashims" to-morrow once more with Mr. Betsch and the -teacher.</p> - -<p>July 8. Up a little after 6; breakfast; and then comes in a native -from the mission with two letters and information that the <em>Agnes</em>, -the little mail-carrier boat, has arrived during the night and is waiting -for me to take me to Marshall and to Old Hamilton, whence -another boat will take me in a day or two to St. Michael. So get -ready in a minute, put my baggage on a native's boat, pay my bill, -leave another lot of good friends, and row to the mission. There is -the little dinghy <em>Agnes</em> with its "accommodation" for three passengers -already two-thirds filled up, and towing two big logs as a freight. -Put my things partly in a "bunk," partly on the roof, give good-byes -to Betsch and the teacher, help to push off the boat which is stuck in -the mud, and we are off for another Yukon chapter.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> - -<p>We pass by the lower end of the "32 kashim" slough—no sign of -any site—all recently made flats. If there is anything left of the old -sites it must be at the foot of the hills, or has been covered with silt. -The site is so favorable that in all probability there was once there -a good-sized settlement, but due to river action and the jungle it -could not be located. Mr. Betsch visited the place that day, and again -with some old natives on another occasion, without being more -fortunate.</p> - -<p>Cloudy, slightly drizzly day, no trace of sun, mists over the tops of -the hills. Could not stand it in the boat, so sitting on my box on -the roof of the boat, wrapped, due to the cold, in a blanket.</p> - -<p>A little below the "32 kashim" slough a small stream enters from -inland—a place to be examined; but this boat can not stop for such -a purpose.</p> - -<p>A half mile or so farther down a few graves and crosses, with -remnants of a native habitation.</p> - -<p>Over 3 miles down, just beyond first bluff, fine site, with low hills -stretching far beyond it—now but a few empty, half-ruined native -houses. Should be explored.</p> - -<p>South of second rocky bluff a live camp, and farther down another.</p> - -<p>The left side of the river is still all flats as far as one can see, -but about 17 miles below Russian Mission human bones came out of -a bank there (on a slough).</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Marshall</span></h3> - -<p>At 3 p. m. reach Marshall, a little cheerful-looking mining town, -high on a bank. See the place, identify the skeleton from the above-mentioned -bank as that of a missing white man, see telegraph operator, -postmaster, teacher, commissioner. Sun comes out, is warm. -Almost no mosquitoes here and no gnats. Hills above and beyond -town belong already to the coast range and are barren of trees, even -largely bare of shrubs and bushes. Leave 4.30.</p> - -<p>Soon after Marshall—after passing by an Eskimo village (white -man's style of buildings)—leave the hills and enter flats on both -sides. This is the beginning of the delta region. River like glass, -and it is warm in the sun but very perceptibly cooler when sun is -hidden.</p> - -<p>The boat has only three bunks, and there are five of us with the two -pilots. But on the last trip up, there were, fortunately only for -about eight hours, seven, including two women and a child, and that -without any privacy or conveniences whatsoever. It is almost criminal, -and they charge a very steep fare. However, for me it will -soon be over—only about 36 hours. Still it is hard to believe this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> -is yet in the United States and presumably under some sort of -supervision.</p> - -<p>Which brings me to a realization that the first half of my journey—the -preliminary survey of the Yukon—is slowly closing; a -little, and it will be the sea and other conditions, which also brings -the realization that I have seen much but learned not greatly. What -should be done would be to own a suitable fast boat; to locate on each -of the more important old sites a party for careful, prolonged excavation; -and to try to locate, in the rear of or on the higher places on -the present river flats, more ancient sites than are known to date. -These steps, together with the enlisting of the interest in these matters -of every prospector, miner, and trader, would before many years -lead to much substantial knowledge.</p> - -<p>Friday, July 9. Must keep up these notes, for they alone keep me -posted on the day and date; even then I am not always sure. There -are no Sundays in nature.</p> - -<p>Slept in my bag on the roof of the <em>Agnes</em>. Her namesake must -have been one of these goodly but insufficient and but indifferently -clean native women, plodding, doing not a little work, but wanting -in many a thing. It was cold and dreary, but I found an additional -blanket, and so, with mosquito netting about my head—one or two -got in anyway—would have slept quite well had it not been for a -dog. At about 1 a. m. we stopped in front of a little place called -also "Mountain Village." And almost at once we began to hear a -most piteous and insistent wail of a dog who either had colic or thirst -or hunger, and he kept it up with but little stops for what seemed -like two hours, making my sleep, at least, impossible.</p> - -<p>Saturday, July 9. Morning. Cold, cloudy, rough—head almost -beginning to feel uncomfortable, the boat is tossing so much. A -teacher comes aboard with an inflamed hand which I fix; a few -questions, the mail bag, and we are off again. Enter a slough where -it is less rough and warmer. Later the sun will probably come out -again. This evening we shall be at Old Hamilton and then a new -anxiety—how to get to St. Michael.</p> - -<p>Just had a little walk over the roof—my roof, for the other two -passengers prefer to sleep in the gassy, dingy room below, though how -they can stand it is beyond my medical ken. It is four short steps -long, or five half steps in an oblique direction.</p> - -<p>Every object in distance appears magnified all along the river for -many days now. An old snag will look like a boat or a man, hills -look higher, a boat looks much more pretentious than she proves to -be on meeting.</p> - -<p>Firs and spruce have now completely disappeared, also forests of -birch, etc., are reduced to brush both on flats and lower parts of hills.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> -Very large portion of the hills in distance just greenish with grass -and lichens, not even a brush.</p> - -<p>9.45 a. m. Meet the <em>Matanuska</em> bound upward. Looked from distance -like an ocean steamer; from near, just a lumbering, moderate-sized -river boat with a barge in front. But a whole lot better than -ours.</p> - -<p>The scenery has become monotonous. The gray river, although -only one of the "mouths," is broad, and the country is all low. -Nothing but bushy or grassy cut banks on the right, and mud flats, -"smoking" under the wind, to low banks on left. It is a little -warmer and the warm sun shows itself occasionally, but I still need -the wrapping of a double blanket. The wind luckily is with us and -the waves not too bad.</p> - -<p>Noon. Passing "Fish village"; a few huts and tents.</p> - -<p>No "camps" here outside the few villages; just an endless dreary -waste and water.</p> - -<p>New Hamilton—a few native huts only now—no whites.</p> - -<p>Reach Old Hamilton—about a dozen houses with a warehouse, -a store of the Northern Commercial Co., and a nice looking but now -unoccupied school.</p> - -<p>Here the governor told me there was somewhere a skull waiting -for me, and the storekeeper would tell me of it. But when we arrive -there are only two or three natives to meet us. The storekeeper, -who is also postmaster, is said to be sick in bed. He is supposed to -have an ulcer or some other bad thing of the stomach. So we go to -his house and find him in bed, with a lot of medicine bottles on a table -next to him. Is alone; no wife. Shows no enthusiasm in seeing me, -though heard of my coming. Reads letters—no attention to me. -Gets up—I ask him about his illness—answers like a man carrying a -chip on his shoulder. Goes to store to attend to mail, and barely -asks me to follow. I wait in store; he finishes mail and goes out—orders -the Eskimo present out gruffly, and to me says, "You may -stay in the store; I'll be back." But I wait and wait, and finally -decide the man for some reason is unwilling to help me. Asked him -before he went out about the <em>Matanuska</em>, but he told me she might -not be back from Holy Cross in a month, trying doubtless to discourage -me to stay. On going toward the <em>Agnes</em> I find him sitting -on a log and talking to a couple of men from a tugboat that has -arrived—just talk, no business, judging from their laughing. So I -go on the boat, write a few words to Mr. Townsend of the Bureau of -Fisheries, who makes this place his headquarters, and with some -feeling hand this to the man, telling him at the same time that -plainly he does not wish to assist me in any way. This, of course, -rouses him; he gets red and says a few lame words, ending with, -"Do you think I would touch any of them dam things or that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> -I would let any of my men (natives) touch them? Not on your -life!" So I leave Old Hamilton, for he is the only white man there -now. But the place had other distinctions. Until recently, I am -told, they have had a teacher, a young girl, who in her zeal had the -natives collect all the burial boxes with their contents and had them -all thrown into the river. Not long after she accomplished that she -left. The storekeeper told me that "If I want them so bad I could -pick them up (skulls and bones) along the river where the water -washed them out after the teacher threw them in." Luckily there -were not many "Old Hamiltons."</p> - -<p>We met here a boat from St. Michael with Mr. Frank P. Williams, -the well-known postmaster and trader of St. Michael, who comes -for the two men, my fellow passengers. We get acquainted and, to -escape the gases of the <em>Agnes</em>, I go with them. The boat is heavier -and free from fumes, though without accommodation. At about 7 -p. m. we arrive at Kotlik, at the mouth of the river—an abandoned -wireless station, a store, and four tents of natives. But the old -wireless building, now the storekeeper's house, is the dwelling place -of a clean white man, Mr. Backlund, who is now "outside," but -with whom Mr. Williams is in some partnership; so we occupy the -building. Outside the wind has risen to half a gale and there are -squalls of rain and drizzle. The <em>Agnes</em> has to "tie to," as she would -be swamped in the open. My boxes and bedding, which were on the -roof of the <em>Agnes</em>, are soaked, though the contents will be dry. So -both boats are fastened to a little "dock," and we soon have fire in -the stove, supper, and then—it is 11 p. m.—a bed, not overclean, -somewhat smelly, but a bed and free from mosquitoes, rain, wind, -and cold.</p> - -<p>July 10. Up at 6.30. Outside a storm and rain—just like one of -the three-day northeasters with us, and cool. Both boats were to -leave, but are unable to do so. I find that Mr. Williams's tug will -come back here and go to St. Michael on the 13th, so arrange with -Mr. Williams to take me and leave the <em>Agnes</em> for good. This partly -because I learn of two graveyards near, one 1½, the other 4½ -miles distant.</p> - -<p>After lunch, rain for a while ceasing, I set out for the nearer -burial place. This is already a tundra country—treeless and bush-less -flats overgrown with a thick coat of moss, into which feet bury -themselves as in a cushion, and dotted with innumerable swampy -depressions with high swamp grass. Walking over all this is very -difficult—lucky I have rubber boots. Even so, it is no easy matter, -except where a little native trail is encountered.</p> - -<p>The graveyard, belonging to the now abandoned little village above -Kotlik, consists of only about half a dozen adult graves. These -consist of boxes of heavy lumber laid on a base raised above the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> -ground level, and covered with other heavy boards. Some of the -burials are quite recent. Open three older ones. In two the remains -are too fresh yet, but from one secure a good female skeleton, -which I pack in a practically new heavy pail, thrown out probably -on the occasion of the last funeral. Then back, farther out, to avoid -notice, through swamps and over moss, and with a recurring wind-driven -drizzle against which my umbrella is but a weak protection.</p> - -<p>Reach home quite wet and a bit tired. Have to undress and, -wrapped in a blanket, dry my clothes and underwear about the -stove.</p> - -<p>Nothing further this day and evening—just wind and heavy low -clouds and rain.</p> - -<p>July 11. Up at 4.40. Weather has moderated. The <em>Agnes</em> left -at 4 and Mr. Williams's boat, due to favorable tide, must soon go -also. Breakfast, and all leave me before 6.</p> - -<p>Yesterday we brought up my needs—i. e., collection of skeletal -material—to the few natives here, explaining to them everything, -and they do not object in the least. One of them, in fact, is to take -me to-day to the more distant cemetery in a rowboat and help me -in my work.</p> - -<p>My man, after being sent for, comes at a little after 7. He is a -good-looking and well-behaving Eskimo of about 35. He brings a -good-sized tin rowboat—a whaling or navy boat probably; but "he -leaks a whole lot." The oarlocks are not fastened to the boat, the -plate of one is loose, and the oars are crudely homemade of driftwood -and pieces of lumber fastened on with nails; in one the shaft -is crooked, while the other is much heavier. But we start, with the -sky still leaden and gray but no wind and calm water. I row -and he paddles; then he rows and I paddle. We carry but the -camera, a little lunch, a heavier coat each, and a box and two bags -for the specimens. We pass a number of broods of little ducks, the -mother prancing before us until the young are in safety, and there -are several species of new kinds (to me) of water birds, some of -which fly right above us, examining us. In the distance we see a -big abandoned dredge, then a few empty log houses and "barabras" -on the bank of a stream and the edge of the tundra. This is Pastolik, -our destination. There is no one anywhere near, an ideal condition -for work, if work there'll be. And there will be—for almost -immediately upon landing I see, beginning at a few rods distance -on the tundra, a series (about 50) of old graves, in all grades of -mossiness and preservation. A few are, we later find, quite late, but -the majority are old—60 years and over according to information -given by the natives of Kotlik. They do not, except perhaps the -few late ones, seem to belong to anyone still living. Yet "Pash<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>tolik," -as they wrote it then, used to be a place of some importance -in the Russian times, and even later.</p> - -<p>We settle in an empty native house, and I start investigation. -The older graves are found widely spread in several clusters, but a -few are isolated at a distance.</p> - -<p>The graves are all aboveground and resemble in substance those -along the lower Yukon (Bonasila and downward). They consist -of a base of small logs or splits; a rude box about 3 feet long by -about 2 feet wide, of heavy, unpainted, unnailed, split boards; four -posts near the four corners; a cover, unjoined, of two to three heavy -split boards; two crosspieces over this, at head and base, perforated -and sliding over the upright posts, and a few half splits (smaller -drift logs split in two) laid over the top of the crosspieces.</p> - -<p>On the first cover lies as a rule a stone—generally a piece of a -slab or a good-sized pebble—unworked, though now and then showing -some trace of use. The pebble is generally broken.</p> - -<p>When the grave is opened there is usually over the body, as a -canopy on a light frame, a large (probably caribou) skin—rarely -birch bark. Neither covers or envelops the body but simply forms -a covering over it, with some space between it and the body. The -body lies flexed, on left or (rarely) right side, with the head toward -(or near) the east (same as at Bonasila). It is often covered with -or enveloped in a native matting. There are but few traces of -clothing on women; none on men. And very seldom is there anything -else in the coffin.</p> - -<p>Some of the oldest graves were found tumbled down and could -not be examined. The moss and roots envelop the bones, and it is a -tough job to get them out; also they eat the bones and destroy them. -Even in the older boxes, however, the downward part of the skeleton—generally -the left—is, due to moisture, usually in much worse -state of preservation than the upper.</p> - -<p>Children have been buried in large native wooden dishes and -these were in some cases placed on the top of adult graves, but more -generally about these, or even apart.</p> - -<p>Many household articles, from matches and pails to dishes, alarm -clocks, lamps, etc., are placed upon the ground near the more recent -dead. Excavation would probably recover here many older objects, -though wood decays.</p> - -<p>The wind has died down and the flat is as full of mosquitoes as a -Jersey salt meadow, and there is an occasional gnat. They bite, and, -having been almost free of the pest at Kotlik, I failed to take my -"juice" along, so just have to do the best possible. The gnats enter -even the eyes, however.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> - -<p>Work as never before. Decide to utilize the rare opportunity to -the limit, and to take the whole skeletons, not merely the skulls, leaving -only the few fresher ones and those that are badly damaged. A -great Sunday; burial after burial; opening the wooden grave—taking -out and marking on the spot bone after bone—fighting mosquitoes -all the while—and packing temporarily in any convenient -receptacle. Fortunately there are quite a few boxes and pails and -oil cans on the spot, left by the dredge people and the few natives -who evidently sometimes come to the place. At about 2 eat lunch—coffee -(the Eskimo put what was for three cups into about two -quarts of water, so there is but a suggestion of coffee), raw smoked -fish for me and eggs with bacon (left over from breakfast) for my -companion, and on again until about 5 p. m. or a little later. Last -two or three hours, however, work with some difficulty. A gnat bit -me in an eyelid, or got into my eye, and that has now swollen so -that I can hardly see with it. My Eskimo, however, is about all I -could wish. He just looks at me working in a matter-of-fact way, -and carries the filled boxes, or looks around for something I could -take with me, and even helps on a few occasions with the bones, finding -evidently the whole proceeding quite right and natural. Brings -me, among other things, an old copper teakettle, but to his wonder I -do not want it and leave it. I find a fine large walrus-ivory doll -and a handsome decorated "kantág" (wooden bowl), besides smaller -objects, and also a large piece of a poor quality clay pot (no pottery -now), with a fragment of a decorated border as on the lower Yukon.</p> - -<p>Pack up, we load on the boat—lucky now she is so spacious—get -into the shallow river—the tide has run out—push the boat out and -start for home.</p> - -<p>Thus far we had but slight drizzles. But the clouds now grow -heavier, and as we have much farther to row than this morning, -due to the low water, we are caught by showers. The last mile or so -we have to hurry, see a big rain approaching. My man pushes her -with a pole while I row all I can, with both hands, with the heavy -oar. Of course the whole population of Kotlik has to see our arrival. -And more, too, for in our absence a schooner came in with wood and -a number of the natives. They talk, but no one is either angry or -excited. We two carry the boxes, pails, etc.—grass covered—into the -house; how lucky I am now alone. Inside I remove the wet grass -from them—the bones, too, are somewhat wet—then pay my Eskimo -$5, which again is taken as a matter-of-fact thing, without thanks, -but he well deserved the amount, even if I rowed a full half.</p> - -<p>It is 9 p. m. My man comes again, we have a modest supper, he -some left-over meat and I again the smoked fish, which I feel is -strengthening me as well as agreeing with my stomach, and then to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> -rest, quite earned to-day. Seldom have done as much in a day. -Thirty-three graves collected, with over twenty nearly complete skeletons, -and all restored so that I had to take considerable care not to go -again into some already emptied. But this place should be dug -over. The tundra in a few years swallows up everything on the -surface. It literally buries or assimilates bones and all other objects, -the moss and other vegetation with probably blown dust covering -them very effectively. Finding anything below the surface and that -even a foot or more, as was actually experienced, means something -quite different under these conditions than it might elsewhere.</p> - -<p>Monday, July 12. Slept fairly well and feel refreshed, but the -eye still badly swollen. The Eskimo believe, I think, I got it from -the bones. Yet they are quite sensible—a marked mental difference -between them and the Yukon Indians.</p> - -<p>Breakfast before 7—cereal, raw smoked fish, and coffee. Then -pack. At the store buy empty gasoline boxes, but no nails to be had, -and no packing. Lunch at 1—macaroni, raw smoked fish, sauerkraut, -coffee; then pack again, fix boxes, break old ones to get nails, -even pull a few unnecessary ones from the boards of the house, go -see my man's wife, a hopeless consumptive, and at 6 through with all -except cleaning. Another fair work-day, 12 tightly packed boxes. -Then clean up, burn rubbish, and ready for departure early to-morrow.</p> - -<p>Supper—macaroni, raw smoked fish, greengage plums, a little -sauerkraut, and coffee. Then a little walk outside, watch Eskimo -women and children jump the rope (hilariously, but awkwardly), -and go in to catch up with my notes. Nobody scowls at me, so that -although they probably fear me as a "medicine man" they are not -at all resentful for what I did yesterday. They are grown-up children, -much more tractable than the Indians. But otherwise they -show so much in common with the Indian that the more one sees of -them the more he grows drawn to the belief of the original (and that -not so far distant) identity of their parentage. It seems the Eskimo -and the Indian are after all no more than two diverging fingers -of one and the same hand; or they were so a bit farther back. -Mental differences there are, yet these are no more than may be found -in different tribes of the Indians or different groups of other races.</p> - -<p>Tuesday, July 13. Rise a little after 6. Eye still sore after -Sunday's gnat and sweat and dirt; must use boric acid frequently. -An Eskimo actually said yesterday it was a sickness from touching -the bones. A little breakfast—have no more salmon strips, so just -cereal, canned plums, and coffee. And then with the help of two -young Eskimo carry my spoils and baggage on to the tug, which has -come for me. By about 7 start. Good-by Kotlik, what little there -is of it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> - -<p>At 9 arrive at Mr. Williams's reindeer camp farther up the coast. -There are five tents and two small log houses of natives—the herders -with their families, dogs, and fish racks; and three whites, Mr. -Williams, owner of the boat and of most of the herd of about -8,000 animals; Mr. Palmer, of the United States Biological Survey; -and a Dane, Mr. Posielt, here for the Biological Survey of Canada. -All are already at the corral some distance over the hill, branding, -counting, etc., the great reindeer herd, which belong to several -owners.</p> - -<p>A short walk along the shore brings me in sight of the herd. -The animals can be heard grunting a good distance off. The herd -is so large and so compact that it looks like a forest of horns. The -animals keep on moving in streams, but remain in the herd. They -go to the shore to drink some of the salty water, instead of salt. -All is of interest, even though the branding, the cutting off of big -slices from the ears, and castration, is rather cruel.</p> - -<p>At lunch, for the first time, reindeer meat, a select steak. It is -tender and decidedly good. Has no special flavor and is poor in -fat, but tender and good.</p> - -<p>Afternoon, once more to the corral, and then various things, -including a photograph of a little impromptu native group.</p> - -<p>Supper once more on reindeer meat. This time prepared as a -sort of a stew with onions—again very good. But we were to leave -after supper for St. Michael and I see no intention to that effect. -Instead they all go once more to the corral to continue the work -until about 11 p. m. So I have to settle for the night, with some -hope that we may leave in the morning. We sleep four side by -side in a tent 10 feet wide. Luckily they had a spare clean blanket -or two, and but one of the three snores, and he like a lady; also -the weather has cleared and is warmer, so the night is fairly good.</p> - -<p>Wednesday, July 14. Morning bright, calm. Breakfast, and all -hurry off to corral without even any explanation—just a few casual -words, from which I understand that we shall not go. So I write -whole forenoon, though feeling none too good about the delay. -Had I my own boat, as one should have in this country, all would be -different. As it is I am utterly helpless. At lunch speak to Mr. -Williams; and though not much willing, he half promises that we -may go to St. Michael to-night.</p> - -<p>Afternoon. Walk 8 miles along the beach, to a cape and back, -looking in vain for traces of human habitation and collecting along -the beach what this offers, which outside of some odd, flat, polished -stones is but little. Come back near 6—soon after supper—and hear -with much satisfaction that, after all, we will go to-night to St. -Michael.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center">RÉSUMÉ</p> - -<p>So ends the Yukon and its immediate vicinity. What has been -learned?</p> - -<p>1. The great and easily navigable river, extending for many hundreds -of miles from west to east, could not but have played a material -part in the peopling of Alaska, and quite probably in that -of the continent, and all human movements along it must have left -some material remains. It seems, therefore, a justified inference that -the valley of the Yukon harbors human remains of much scientific -value.</p> - -<p>2. Such remains, judging from the present conditions, were left -exclusively along the banks of the river, on the flood-safe elevated -platforms of the banks, and especially about the mouths of the -tributaries of the Yukon of those times.</p> - -<p>3. But the banks and mouths of the past are seldom, if ever, those -of to-day. The river, with its currents, storms, and ice pack every -spring, is changing from year to year. It is ever cutting and eroding -in places, and building bars and islands or covering with flood silts -in others. In many stretches no one can be sure where the banks -were 500 or 1,000 years ago, not to speak of earlier periods.</p> - -<p>4. The banks and islands of to-day, therefore, are for the most -part recent formations, in which it would be useless to expect anything -very ancient. And there is nothing like the successive ocean -beaches at Nome and elsewhere, which would guide exploration.</p> - -<p>5. The right hilly side of the river alone seems to offer some hope -of locating some more ancient sites and remains; yet it is quite -certain that the river ran once far to the left, for all the vast flats -on that side are of its construction; so that the more ancient remains -of man may lie in that direction. But there everything is, -from the point of view of archeology, a practically unexplorable -jungle and wilderness, and there is no one there who might make -accidental discoveries.</p> - -<p>6. It would seem that the best hope for the archeologist along the -Yukon, so far as the more ancient remains are concerned, lies along -the tributaries of the stream, and that particularly at the old limits -of the more recently made lands.</p> - -<p>7. Nevertheless the banks of the Yukon as they are now are not -wholly barren. Up from Tanana, at the Old Station, probably about -Ruby and Nulato, about Kaltag and the Greyling River, at Bonasila, -Holy Cross and Ghost Creek, and at the Mountain village, Dog -village, Russian Mission, and doubtless a number of other sites, they -contain both cultural and skeletal remains that, if recovered, will be -invaluable to the anthropological history of these regions.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> - -<p>8. The line of demarcation between the Indians of the Yukon and -the Eskimo, outside of language, is indefinite. Traces of old Eskimo -admixture are perceptible among the Indians far up the river, and -the cultures of the two peoples in many respects merge into each -other; while among the Eskimo of the lower river and farther on -there are physiognomies that it would be hard to separate from the -Indian. Whether all this means simply extensive past mixture, or -whether, as would seem, the Alaska Indians as a whole are nearer -physically to the Eskimo than are the tribes in the States, remains -to be determined. Among the Athapascan Mescalero Apache, who -have reached as far south as New Mexico, a somewhat Eskimoid -tinge to the face, especially in young women, was by no means very -unusual 25 years ago when I studied this tribe. This problem will -be touched upon again in this volume.</p> - -<p>9. All along the Yukon, from near Tanana (Old Station) to the -mouth of the river, in the Indian and in the Eskimo region, there prevailed -the same type of winter house, namely, a largely subterranean -room with a subterranean tunnel or corridor entrance; and also a -similar type of summer dwelling, formerly a skin, now a canvas, tent. -The winter dwellings were built within of stout posts and covered -with birch bark and sod, looking from outside much like the present-day -Navaho hogan; while the pits left by them remind one of the -southwestern "pit dwellings," the kashims of the Pueblo kivas. As -a hogan, so these largely subterranean dwellings along the Yukon -had a smoke-air-and-light hole in the center of the top, a fireplace -in the middle of the floor, and benches (of heavy hewn planks in the -north) along the sides. Each village, furthermore, had at least one -larger structure of similar nature, the "kashim," or communal house. -All this may still be traced more or less plainly on the dead sites -along the Yukon, and houses as well as a kashim of this type were -seen at Kotlik and Pastolik, at the mouth of the river.</p> - -<p>10. The native industry of the river presents also much similarity, -though there are differences.</p> - -<p>Pottery, of much the same type and decoration, was made at -least as far as the lower middle Yukon.</p> - -<p>Stone implements were made and used all along the river, and -were much alike. But the double-grooved, cupid-bow ax of the -Yukon Indian, hafted in the center and used for chipping rather -than cutting, is lower down replaced by the same ax, in which one -end has been broken off (or has not been finished), and which is -hafted as an adze; or by oblong quadrilateral flat axes which have -not been found up the river.</p> - -<p>The peculiar and apparently very primitive stone industry of -Bonasila is, it seems, just a development of local conditions—nature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> -of most available stone, and essentially hunting habit of the people -that resulted in many skins which called for numerous scrapers. -Nevertheless the site deserves a thorough further exploration.</p> - -<p>There was apparently not much basketry along the river, the place -of the baskets being taken by the birch-bark dishes of the Indian and -the kantág or ingeniously made wooden dish of the Eskimo part of -the river.</p> - -<p>Canoes among the Yukon Indians were mainly of birch bark, -while the Eskimo had mainly skin canoes.</p> - -<p>11. Neither the Indians nor the Eskimo of the Yukon practiced -deformation of the head or of any other part of the body, or dental -mutilation. The Indians as well as the Eskimo occasionally pierced -the septum of the nose, for nose pieces, while the Eskimo cut on -each side a slit in the lower lip for the introduction of labrets. The -Eskimo cut their hair short in a characteristic way, reminding -strongly of certain monks; the Indians left their hair long. But -at Anvik the Indians both cut their hair and wore labrets. They -also used the wooden dish.</p> - -<p>12. From all the preceding it appears that there must have been -long and intensive contacts between the Yukon Eskimo and Indians; -that, through war or in peace, they became mutually admixed; and -that there were mutual cultural transmissions.</p> - -<p>13. No further light for the present could be gained on the origin, -antiquity, or early migrations of the Yukon Indian. It was determined, -however, that he represents but one main physical type, and -that this type is the same as that of the Indians of the Tanana and -most other Alaskan Indians of the present time.</p> - -<p>14. Exceptional skeletal remains were washed out from the bank -at Bonasila. They are of Indians (?), but appear to be not those -of the Yukon Indian of to-day. They present a problem which is -to be solved by further exploration of the site.</p> - -<p>15. The Eskimo of the lower parts of the river are in general -better preserved and more coherent than the Indians. They are -more tractable people and are taking more readily to work and -civilization.</p> - -<p>16. These Eskimo show, in the majority of cases, fairly typical -Eskimo physiognomies. But their heads are not as those of the -northern and eastern members of the race. The head is less narrow, -less high, and has but now and then a suggestion of the scaphoid -form that is so characteristic of the Greenland, Labrador, or northern -Eskimo cranium; also, the angles of the jaws are less bulging -and the lower jaws themselves do not appear so heavy.</p> - -<p>17. The Yukon Eskimo burials are in all essentials much like -those of the Indians up the river. Here again a cultural connection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> -is very evident, in this case there having in all probability been an -adaptation of methods by the Eskimo from the Indians.</p> - -<p>18. Archeological prospects along the delta flats occupied by the -Eskimo appear very limited.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">St. Michael</span></h3> - -<p>Thursday, July 15. In the morning, after a good trip, reach St. -Michael—quite a town from a distance, with many boats on the -shore in front of it; but soon find that it is largely a dead city and -ships' graveyard, not harbor. With the gold rush over, and the Government -railroad from Seward to the Tanana, men and business -have departed. Before the summer is over most of the large buildings -and the fine large boats are to be demolished, and there will -be left but a lonely village.</p> - -<p>Unload my collections on the old dock. The postman kindly comes -down from his place, which, with Mr. Williams's store, is far up on -the hill above the harbor, the boxes are weighed and stamped for -the parcel post, and relieved of them I go to the hotel and spend the -day in visiting the teacher, the marshal, Mr. Williams's store, where -I see a whole lot of recent Eskimo ceremonial masks decorated with -colors and feathers, and the wireless station to send a message to the -Institution. All native (Eskimo) character is almost gone from the -place, what remains being mainly civilized mix bloods; and also -little, if anything, remains to be collected, particularly now when all -vacant land is thickly overgrown with grass and weeds. An occasional -skull appears, one having been seen recently on the beach and -one on Whale Island, but there is little besides, though things could -be found doubtless by excavation.</p> - -<p>Items of interest in Mr. Williams's store, and also in that of the -N. C. Co., are various articles cut handsomely by the Eskimo -from walrus ivory, both fresh and "fossil" (old and nicely discolored). -There are beads, napkin rings, hairpins, cigar and cigarette -holders, and other objects, generally exceedingly well made and -decorated. It is, of course, well known that the Eskimo are very apt -in this work; it is not, however, so well known that every island -or village has certain specialties and types of decoration. This is -so true that an observer before long can tell in many instances just -where a given article has been made.</p> - -<p>The fossil ivory industry is, it was soon learned, becoming a -serious detriment to archeological work in these regions; of which, -however, more later.</p> - -<p>During the day I find that a small boat, the <em>Silver Wave</em>, belonging -to Lomen Bros., will leave St. Michael for Nome that same evening. -As this suits me very well I engage a berth on the boat, help<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> -to get my baggage on deck over a broken landing place, and get -ready to depart.</p> - -<p>At 6 leave St. Michael. The <em>Silver Wave</em> is a tub—too short—am -told if it were of proper length they would have to have more help. -Result—very unsteady. Fortunately the weather is fair, and the -captain gives me a berth in his cabin. I had originally a stateroom, -right in the back, with three bunks or beds, so small that one could -barely get into the beds; but there came two mix-breed women with -a girl and so they turned me out and put me in the "hole"—seven -bunks in an ill-ventilated cabin under the deck in the stern of the -ship. She is only about 60 feet long by about 15 broad. As it is I -have a bunk in what would have been a well-ventilated little cabin, -had it not been for rough weather which came on later in the night -and which necessitated the closing of the window.</p> - -<p>Friday, July 16. The rougher weather came and the boat began -to pitch and roll. Luckily I slept for the most part. At about 6.30 -the captain called me to breakfast with him. I got up rather groggy -from the sea, but managed to wash my face and get to the little -messroom, where the cook started to bring eggs, bacon, coffee, etc.—and -then I had enough and had all I could do to reach my bunk -again without getting seasick. I was kept on the verge of it until -after 10, when we arrived off Nome.</p> - -<p>This, however, meant no relief. There was no bay, no dock, no -shelter for even such a small boat, and so we anchored a few hundred -yards off the shore along which stretch the long line of unpainted -(mostly), weather-beaten frame dwellings of this northern capital.</p> - -<p>By this time I barely keep my feet, but they lowered a heavy rowboat, -and several of us—there were four other men passengers—are -helped to tumble in. I get back, and to steady myself catch hold -of the borders of the boat, only for this the next moment to be -dashed against the larger boat with my hand between. It was almost -too much, the seasickness and added to it the very painful hurt. -Fortunately the fingers were not crushed, just bruised badly—they -might easily have been mashed to a pulp.</p> - -<p>They row us in and we tumble out on the sand, and there is no one -to receive anybody or take any notice. However, after a while there -comes accidentally an old two-seated Ford. Three of us crowd in, -leave the few bulkier things we brought along on the beach unguarded, -and are driven to the other end of the town, to the Golden -Gate Hotel.</p> - -<p>This is a big old frame building, out of plumb in several directions. -There is no one in the spacious lobby. However, after a time some -one, not looking much like a proprietor—more like a groom at work—comes -out from somewhere and without much ado shows us each to a -room. Mine smells musty, old sweat and blankets and mould, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> -looks out on a dilapidated tin roof—must ask for another. Finally -get one "front" for $3—the other was only $2.50. Musty too, but -fairly large, and with a double bed with, at last again, clean covers.</p> - -<p>Unshaven—in the khaki worse for rain and work—with fingers -so sore they can not bear a touch, feverish, and head still dizzy—I go -to lunch. On my way stop at Coast Guard building—no one there; -at the Roads Commission—office empty; at the Customs—not a soul. -But at the courthouse they tell me where Judge Lomen sometimes -lunches, and so I go there. It is near by—nothing here is far distant—and -so I soon sit at Mrs. Niebeling's, a justly famed Nome's -"for everybody," at a clean table and to a big civilized dinner. -Order reindeer roast—find it this time, in my condition, not much to -boast of—one could hardly tell it from similarly done beef—and -begin on the coffee when in comes a young man, asks me if I am the -doctor, and introduces himself as Mr. Alfred Lomen, the judge's -son; and in a minute or two in comes the judge himself, a kindly -man of something over 70. It all makes me feel a lot better, though -still weak. Have rest of lunch together and talk, but do not get -very far in anything that interests me; but the judge takes me to -the Catholic Fathers here, who have an orphanage somewhere near -where I want next to go, and leaves me with Father Post. The -father is kindly, but himself does not know much, and so makes -arrangements for me to meet next day Father Lafortune, who works -among the Eskimo.</p> - -<p>Then I go once more to the Coast Guard building and meet Captain -Ross, in charge. The <em>Bear</em>, I learn, has just arrived here, and -is soon going north. She is my godsend, evidently. So Captain -Ross sends me over to see Captain Cochran. The meeting is good, -and I have a promise to be taken to the cape and some other stations. -But the <em>Bear</em> goes first to coal at St. Michael, and then will make -a visit to St. Lawrence Island. So I propose to go to Teller first, -see what I can of the Chukchee-Eskimo "battle field" near there, -and be taken from there by the <em>Bear</em>. The priests give me some -hope for getting there over an inland route, but later on tell me one -of the boats of the orphanage which is located in that region is away -and the other has broken down, so that there will be no possibility -of making the trip through the Salt Lake and to Teller. But the -<em>Victoria</em> (the Seattle boat to come to-night) will go to Teller. Unfortunately, -if weather is rough or there are no passengers she will -not stop at Nome, so all is again uncertain. The <em>Silver Wave</em> goes -northward next Monday, but I have a dread of her. All of which -is put down merely to show slightly what an explorer without a -boat of his own may expect in these regions.</p> - -<p>Nome, Saturday, July 17. Poor night again—it surely seems to -be the fashion in Alaska. The <em>Victoria</em> came at night (or what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> -should be night). The ramshackle big frame hotel, with partitions -so thin that they transmit every sound, got about 40 guests, and next -room to mine came to be occupied by two women who had visitors, -female and male, were taken out for a ride after 12 and returned -about 2 a. m. One of them, or their visitor, had a perpetual vocal -gush, the others chimed in now and then, and a strong male voice -added the bass from time to time, with old Fords noisily coming -and going outside, and people going up and down the stairs. So -sleep for some hours was out of the question. And there was nothing -to do about it.</p> - -<p>After breakfast went to meet Father Lafortune, a Catholic missionary -priest to the Eskimo, who speaks their language well and -who promised to accompany me to their habitations; and together -we spent the forenoon on one side of the town, among the natives -of the Diomedes, and most of the afternoon on the other end among -the people from King Island. It was a good experience, resulting -in seeing a good many of the Eskimo and getting some information, -a few photographs, and quite a few old specimens. Then we went to -the parsonage, where I got a few good photos from Father Lafortune's -collection. He is a matter-of-fact, always ready to help, -natural he-man, rather than a priest and teacher, and a great practical -helper to the natives, who all are his friends.</p> - -<p>Also saw Judge Lomen, arranged for lecture to-morrow, saw -Captain Ross about the <em>Bear</em>, and various other people; but there -is not much to be obtained here about old sites and specimens. Telegraphed -Institution, and also to the Russian consul at Montreal for -permission to visit the Great Diomede Island. Evening packing. -Natives bring walrus ivory, some excellent pieces. Weather whole -day cloudy, threatening, occasional showers, cool but not cold.</p> - -<p>Sunday, July 18. Heavy sleep 10 p. m. to 7 a. m., regardless of -a typewriter going in the next room and the women (now quieter, -however) on the other side.</p> - -<p>Forenoon spent in talking with people and attending a little -service, for the natives mainly, at the Catholic Church of Fathers -Post and Lafortune. Poor, simple, but sincere and interesting.</p> - -<p>After lunch more consultations, then a visit to bank where they -smelt gold dust (even to-day), and then a lecture on "The Peopling -of America," at the courthouse. Well attended, and many came to -shake hands after. Then a dinner, with examination of a number -of interesting and valuable specimens, at Judge Lomen's. Among -other objects there is a duplicate, in ivory, of the broken double ax -from the Yukon, the two grooves and even the break being well -represented. Evening—examination of specimens at Reverend Baldwin's. -Cloudy, cool, threatening, but stormy weather abating.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">About Nome</span></h3> - -<p>Due to the delay with the <em>Bear</em>, the next few days until July 23 -were spent at and about Nome. They proved more profitable than -was expected. Numbers of interesting specimens were found in the -possession of some of the dealers, and more of those of scientific -value were secured either through gift or by purchase for the -National Museum. These collections consisted of objects of stone—i. e., -spear points, knives, axes, etc.—but above all of utensils, -spear points, effigies, etc., some of them of remarkable artistry and -decoration, were made of walrus ivory that through age has turned -"fossil."</p> - -<p>Among the stone objects were several axes made of the greenish, -hard nephrite which came from the "Jade Mountain" on the Kobuk -River. The objects from fossil ivory came principally from the St. -Lawrence Island, the Diomede Islands, Cape Wales, unknown parts -of the nearer Asiatic coast, and here and there from the Seward -Peninsula.</p> - -<p>A large majority of these objects are now collected by the natives -themselves, who assiduously excavate the old sites, and are sold at -so much per pound as "fossil ivory" to crews of visiting boats or to -merchants at Nome and elsewhere, to be worked up into beads, -pendants, and other objects of semi-jewelry that find ready sale -among the whites.</p> - -<p>In addition a certain part of these objects is reserved by the -natives, especially those of the Diomede Islands, and worked up by -themselves. The more striking the coloration of the ivory, the more -desirable it is for the beads, etc., and the less chance of the object, -regardless of its archeological or artistic value, to be preserved. -The most artistic pieces, nevertheless, are usually disposed of separately, -bringing higher prices than could be obtained for beads.</p> - -<p>In this way hundreds of pounds collectively of ancient implements, -statuettes, etc., are recovered each year from the old sites on -both the Asiatic and the American side of the Bering Sea, and are -cut up, their scientific value being lost. Most of the fossil ivory, -fortunately, consists of objects which, though showing man's workmanship, -are of relatively little scientific value; nevertheless it was -seen repeatedly that specimens of real archeological value and artistic -interest would be destroyed if their color and texture made them suitable -for some of the higher-priced jewelry.</p> - -<p>The Eskimo, as repeatedly found later, have not the slightest hesitation -about excavating the old sites, and whatever they can not -use, which as a rule includes animal and human bones, and in fact -everything else except stone tools and ivory, is left in the excavated -soil and lost. The amount of destruction thus accomplished by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> -women, children, and even men each year is large and promises to -grow from year to year as long as the supply lasts. This means that -unless scientific exploration of these old sites is hastened there will -be little left before long to study.</p> - -<p>The fossil ivory trade has become such that many of the officers -and the crews even of the visiting vessels, including the revenue cutters, -engage in buying the ivory from the natives and cutting it up in -their spare time into beads and other ornaments. A captain of a well-known -boat who with his crew visited in the summer of 1926 a small -island on which there is an extensive frozen refuse heap containing -many bones and tools of the natives who once occupied the place, -exclaimed, "Gad, there's $50,000 of ivory in sight."</p> - -<p>The boat crew took away about "2 bushels" of it, or all that could -be removed from the extensive frozen pile. I saw some of this ivory -later, all cut up, but with a number of the pieces still showing old -human handiwork, and some beads made of other parts of the lot -were brought later to my office in Washington.</p> - -<p>If American archeology and ethnology are to learn what they need -in these regions it is absolutely essential that they take early steps -for a proper exploration of the old sites, besides which every effort -should be made by the intelligent traders, missionaries, teachers, and -officials to save the more artistic and characteristic pieces of human -workmanship in the old ivory, and bring them with such data as -may be available to the attention of scientific men or institutions. -It would in fact be of much value, and the writer has suggested -this to the Governor of Alaska, to establish a local museum at Nome, -where such objects could be gathered and saved to science.</p> - - -<h4>ABORIGINAL REMAINS</h4> - -<p>The coast of which Nome is now the human center, up to Cape -Wales, together with the nearer islands, was occupied by the Maiglemiut -(Zagoskin), or Mahlemut (Dall et al.) subdivision of the -Eskimo. They were a strong group, and great traders. During -the Russian times the Aziags, from what is now the Sledge Island, -with probably others from the coast, visited yearly for trading purposes -as far as St. Michael and the Yukon, while the Wales people -were known to trade up to fairly recently as far as Kotzebue, both -at the same time having trading connections with Asia.</p> - -<p>Of these natives, with the exception of those at Wales, there -remains but little. On Sledge Island there are only two dead villages, -and on the coast from Port Clarence to far east of Nome there -is not a single existing native settlement. A few remnants of the -people live in Nome, but they have lost all individuality.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> - -<p>Dead sites are known to exist from west to east, at Cape Wooley; -at the mouth of the Sonora or Quartz Creek; at the mouth of the -Penny River—some natives are said to still go to fish there in summer; -at the mouth of a small river 3 miles east of Nome; both west -(a larger village) and east (a small site) of Cape Nome; and 18 -miles east of Nome (the "Nook" village).</p> - -<p>Most of these sites have been peopled within the memory of the -oldest inhabitants.</p> - -<p>Thanks to the kind aid of the Reverend Doctor Baldwin, I was -able to visit several of the sites east of Nome, more particularly the -Nook village, and it was still possible to find two skeletons and a -skull on these sites.</p> - -<p>The Nook site must have been one of considerable importance. -It was an especially large village, or rather two near-by villages, in -one of which I counted upward of 30 depressions, remnants of the -semisubterranean houses with vestibules, such as are elsewhere described -from the Yukon.</p> - -<p>Here a clear illustration was had of what changes on sites of this -nature may be wrought in a short time by the elements.</p> - -<p>Fifteen years ago, I was assured, there were still many burials -and skeletal remains scattered along the coast near the Nook village. -Then in 1913 came a great southwestern storm, which at Nome -ripped up the cemetery and carried away some coffins with bodies, -scattering them over the plains in the vicinity. Since that storm -not a vestige remains of any of the burials or bones near the large -Nook village. On prolonged examination I found nothing but sands -overgrown with the usual coast vegetation. Everything had been -carried away or buried and the pits of the houses were evidently -themselves largely filled in.</p> - -<p>The burials on this coast west of Golovnin Bay were evidently all -of a simpler nature than those on Norton Sound and the Yukon. -There is plenty of driftwood, but for some reason this was not hewn -into boards with which to make burial boxes. The dead were merely -laid upon and covered with the driftwood, though this was done, -as later seen on Golovnin Bay, rather ingeniously. One of the two -skeletons found near Cape Nome, an adult male, lay simply among -the rocks on the lower part of the slope of the hill.</p> - -<p>Old sites, though often small, may be confidently looked for along -all these coasts in the shelter of every promontory, at the mouth of -each stream, and on the spits which separate the ocean from inland -lagoons (as in the case of the Nook village).</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Nome—Bering Strait—Barrow</span></h3> - -<p>Friday, July 23. Received word to be on the <em>Bear</em>, which arrived -yesterday, before 10 o'clock this morning. Due to the shallow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>ness -of the water the boat, though drawing only 18 feet, stands -far out from the shore and makes a pretty sight, looks also quite -large in these waters where there is nothing above a few hundred -tons.</p> - -<p>Am soon at home. The captain's cabin, with three beds, is nicely -furnished, but has the disadvantage of being situated at the very -rear of the vessel, above and beyond the screw. There is another -passenger, a teacher-nurse for Barrow. I take the isolated bunk on -the right, and this becomes my corner for the next six weeks. -Toward 11 a. m. the wind begins to freshen, soon after which we -leave for St. Lawrence Island. After midday the wind increases -considerably, waves rise, and the <em>Bear</em> begins to plunge. Before -the afternoon is over the wind blows a half gale and we are being -tossed about a great deal. Have to take to bed. The boat is being -tossed up and down and in all directions. Resist in vain, then at -last become ill, and this passes into a long spell of about the worst -seasickness I have ever endured. There were a good many sick on -the <em>Bear</em> that evening and night.</p> - -<p>Saturday, July 24. Wind and water slowly quieting down, and -the boat is approaching Cape Chibukak off St. Lawrence Island, -where is located the main of the two villages of the island, known -as Gambell. The <em>Bear</em> gradually approaches to within about a -half mile of the shore, where we anchor. The water here is quieter, -and before long a large baidar (native skin boat) is shoved off from -the land and approaches our boat. This is the usual procedure -when the sea permits. There are no docks, and closer in there is -danger from rocks and shallows. There are a number of natives -in the boat, together with the local teacher, and each one, including -the teacher, carries a smaller or larger bag of fossil ivory, various -articles made of fresh ivory, and some other objects, for sale to -the officers and crew of the boat. They climb on our deck, where -they evidently feel quite at home, and in a few minutes carry on -a busy trade and barter with everyone. I succeed in getting a -fine fossil ivory pick; but the main supply had evidently been preempted -and I only see it later in the possession of the officers, who -kindly let me have what is of less value to them and more to -science.</p> - -<p>Some of the Eskimo bring, in addition to the ivory, other articles -for sale—fish, birds, and the meat of the reindeer, which are for the -ship's messes and constitute very welcome additions to the diet. -Besides all this the natives also frequently bring skins of foxes and -even bear, which also find buyers. In return the boats carry off the -mail and such supplies as they have obtained by barter or purchase. -These visits are mutually enjoyable as well as profitable occasions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> -and afford one the opportunity of seeing many of the natives, even -if prevented, as in this case, from visiting their village.</p> - -<p>The Eskimo impress one here as in every further locality as a -lively, cheerful, and intelligent lot, good traders, and advancing -in many ways in civilization. The latter is perhaps especially true -of the St. Lawrence Eskimo, who from what was seen now and -later must have had especially good missionaries and teachers as -well as a considerable freedom from bad influences from the outside.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Savonga</span></h3> - -<p>About 40 miles east-southeast of Gambell is the second and smaller -village of the St. Lawrence Island, known as Savonga, which was -the object of our next visit. It was here that we were to buy two -or three reindeer carcasses, the animals being killed and dressed for -us by the natives in an astonishingly short time. The little village -is prettily situated on the green flat of the elevated beach. It consists -of less than a dozen modern small frame dwellings. One of -these, that of the headman, Sapilla (who regrettably died during the -following winter), is of two stories—a unique feature for an Eskimo -dwelling in these waters. Here we were visited by three boats and -the previous scenes were repeated, only, due to the proximity of -a rich old site, there were more objects of old ivory.</p> - -<p>The captain made me acquainted with Sapilla, whom I found -remarkably white-man-like in behavior. Then the ship doctor, not -feeling very well after yesterday's storm, filled my pockets with -tooth forceps and I was taken to the shore, to see the women and -children who would not venture out and to attend to any tooth extraction -that might be needed.</p> - -<p>We were considerably farther from the shore than even at Gambell, -but I was sent on one of our motor boats and so it did not take -long to land. Upon landing we came to bright and clean and -smiling little groups of women and children, full of color in their -cotton dresses, and I was soon in one of their houses. All these -dwellings were built by the Eskimo themselves, and it was a most -gratifying surprise to find them as clean and wholesome as any -similar dwelling of whites could be. Moreover, these houses were -furnished with stoves, chairs, tables, crockery and other utensils -exactly as if they were those of a good class of whites, with the smell -of the seal, which as a rule is so clinging to and characteristic of -the Eskimo house, barely perceptible.</p> - -<p>It was a busy and interesting hour that I spent at Savonga. I -saw probably all the inhabitants that were at home; pulled five -teeth—the teeth of these quite civilized people are no more as sound -and solid as were those of their fathers and mothers—and found and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> -purchased cheaply many smaller objects of fossil ivory, which they -excavate from a near-by old site.</p> - -<p>These objects are obtained from an old village located on the coast -about 4 miles farther east, on or near the North Cape, visible from -our boat. The natives excavate in this site as far as it thaws every -summer, and find many objects. They, moreover, make an occasional -trip to the two little rocky Punuk islands located about 12 -miles south of the East Cape of the St. Lawrence, which, though -accurately charted by the Russians as early as 1849, yet until the -summer of 1926 remained practically unknown. On one of these -islands there is now known to exist an extensive frozen refuse heap, -containing large quantities of old ivory implements as well as other -objects of scientific interest.</p> - -<p>The land visit was a great tonic after the wild and mean preceding -night, and I did not relish at all the <em>Bear's</em> whistle calling us -away. What a great thing it would be if a revenue cutter could for -just one season be given to science!</p> - -<p>Sunday, July 25. Left St. Lawrence 9.30 last night, sea quieting. -We are now passing, on our right, King Island, isolated rocky mass. -Day fair, cool, water getting smooth.</p> - -<p>About 50 miles north one can now see plainly Cape Prince of -Wales (pl. 5, <em>a</em>), and to the left, hazy, the two Diomedes. We are -now 95 miles from St. Lawrence. On really clear days one could see -from here even the Asiatic heights. Therefore, from the latter on a -clear day one sees the Diomedes, the Cape, the highlands beyond, -and King Island, while a little farther south there is on such a day -a good view from Asia of the St. Lawrence Island. All this was in -good weather easily reached from Asia and must have been utilized -from the earliest time in passing onward from one continent to -the other.</p> - -<p>We can now see also much of the coast in the direction of Teller -and the York Mountains behind.</p> - -<p>From hour to hour there is growing on one a profound appreciation -that the Bering Sea was a most favorable amphitheater of -migration, particularly from the less hospitable Asia eastward into -America. And practically the whole trend of native movements to -this day is from Asia toward America.</p> - -<p>Later in the day, now a fine, bright summer day, arrive off Wales. -Here again anchor far out. Last year the <em>Bear</em> grounded here and -our captain is apprehensive. Wales is a straggly village—or two -villages—located on a large, flat sandy spit, dotted with water pools, -and projecting from the Seward Peninsula toward Asia. Near by -are old sites, probably of much archeological value, and in these -for some weeks now excavations have been carried on by Dr. D.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> -Jenness, of the Victoria Memorial Museum of Ottawa. Here also -is located an exceptionally educated and observant teacher, Mr. Clark -M. Garber.</p> - -<p>A big umiak comes to us with many natives bringing the usual -trade, and on it, much to my pleasure, are both Doctor Jenness and -Mr. Garber. Doctor Jenness asks to go with us to the Little Diomede -to do some work there. He has had encouraging experience here, -finding evidences of occupation dating many centuries back, and -has collected some valuable specimens, including a few with the -fine old curved-line decoration. Mr. Garber gives me some valuable -information about the skeletal remains of this place and engages -to collect for me, who can not leave the boat, a few boxes of these -specimens, which promise is fulfilled later.</p> - -<p>The natives are a jolly and sturdy lot, even though they bear, and -that since their earliest contacts with whites, a rather bad reputation. -That this is founded in some fact, at least, is told us in the -annals of the Russians, and is also shown by the little structure on -the hillside off which we are anchored. This has a tragic and at the -same time quaint history. It is the grave of a missionary Doctor -Thornton, who was killed, we are told, by two local young fellows. -These were apprehended, sentenced to die, and were to be shot by -their relatives, which all evidently found quite just. On the appointed -day they were taken out to the burial ground, helped to -prepare their burials, one asked yet to be allowed to go to the village -to get a drink, went and returned, and then both were shot. The -executioner of the boy who went to get the drink is said to have been -his uncle.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Diomedes</span></h3> - -<p>Late that night we leave slowly for the Diomede Islands, the -nearer of which is only about 18 miles distant. The two islands -lie, as is well known, just about in the middle of the Bering Strait. -One is known as the larger or Russian, the other as the smaller -or American Diomede. The boundary line between Russia and the -United States passes between the two. Both islands have been occupied -since far back by the Eskimo. To-day there is one small -village on the American and two small settlements on the Russian -island.</p> - -<p>July 26. Up at 5.40, breakfast 6, and off in one of our staunch -motor boats, with Jenness, for the Little Diomede. Countless birds -flying in streams about the island.</p> - -<p>The island is just a big rock, with barren flat top and steep -sides, covered where inclination permits with great numbers of larger -and smaller granite bowlders. There is neither tree nor brush here. -The village, if it deserves that name, with a school, occupies an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> -easier slope, facing the larger island across a strait seemingly about -a mile broad. There are but a few dwellings, due to local necessities -and conditions built above ground and outside of stone. One that -was entered showed a dark fore-room, a storage attic, and a cozy -somewhat lighted living and sleeping back room, entered through -a low and narrow entrance. The houses seem to be built on old -débris of habitations, and there are refuse heaps, one of which was -eventually worked in by Doctor Jenness, though without much -profit.</p> - -<p>The bowlder-covered slope above the village was the burial ground -of the natives. (Pl. 5, <em>b</em>.) Unfortunately most of the skeletal remains -have been collected by a former teacher and then left and lost. -With Doctor Jenness and the present teacher, himself an Eskimo, we -climb from bowlder to bowlder and collect what remains. The work -is both risky to the limbs and difficult in other respects. The large -bowlders are piled up many deep; and there being little or no soil, -there are all sorts of holes and crevices between and underneath the -stones. Deep in these crevices, completely out of sight or reach, nest -innumerable birds (the little auk), and their chatter is heard everywhere. -But into these impenetrable crevices also have fallen many -of the bones and skulls of the bodies that have been "buried" among -the bowlders, and also doubtless many of the smaller articles laid -by the bodies.</p> - -<p>The burials here were made in any suitable space among the rocks. -The body was laid in this space, without any coffin and evidently -not much clothing. About it and on the rocks above were placed -various articles. We found clay lamps, remnants of various wooden -objects, the bone end pieces of lances, and finally one or two pieces -of driftwood to mark the place. Here the bodies decayed and what -was left had either tumbled or was washed by rain into the crevices. -It was suggested, however, that much may have been taken by dogs -and foxes. Some of the skulls and here and there one of the larger -bones remained, to eventually be covered by moss and eroded. With -the help of Doctor Jenness and the teacher I was able to find five -male and seven female crania in fair condition, which will be of -much value in the study of this interesting contingent of the Eskimo.</p> - -<p>No evidence in the graveyard among the rocks of any great antiquity, -nothing more than perhaps a few scores of years. But traces -of older burials would surely be completely lost among the rocks, -though they may lie in the deep crevices and holes where they can -not be reached.</p> - -<p>Upon return am treated to a cup of good hot coffee—never can -get a real hot cup of coffee on the boat—and excellent bread, made -by the Eskimo wife of the teacher; and see his family of fine chubby<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> -children. Can not help but kiss his girl of about 10—she is so -fresh and innocent and pretty. Obtain also from the wife of the -teacher a good old hafted "jade" ax, though she hesitates much -to part with it—it used to belong to her grandmother; and from -the teacher himself a number of interesting articles in old ivory. -Leave Doctor Jenness. Have learned to like him much, both for -his careful work and personally, in our short association; and at 11 -a. m. return to the boat.</p> - -<p>Cold, but calm and sunny. Sit on boxes at the very end of the -good old <em>Bear</em>. See Asia, the two Diomedes, and Seward Peninsula, -all in easy reach, all like so many features of a big lake. Pass around -Greater Diomede.</p> - -<p>There never could have been any large settlement on the Diomede -Islands—they are not fit for it. The Great Diomede has just two -mediocre sites, which are occupied now each by about half a dozen -dwellings. A small old settlement, a few stone houses, has also -once existed, I am told, on the elevated top of the larger island opposite -the Little Diomede. On the latter only the one visited—everywhere -else the steep slopes or walls come right down into the water, -and there is even no landing possible (or only a precarious one at -best) except where we landed. The old natives of the Little Diomede -are said to have believed that another village had once existed farther -out from the present site and that it has become submerged. The -evidence cited (told by the native teacher) is not conclusive, and -no indication of such a settlement could be seen from the beach. But -in front and possibly beneath the native houses, in the old refuse, -there may be remnants of older dwellings.</p> - -<p>Just passed from Monday to Tuesday, and then back to Monday, -all in a few hours—the day boundary. We are now just north of the -Bering Strait and see all beautifully, in moderate bluish haze.</p> - -<p>A grand panorama of utmost anthropological interest. A big lake, -scene of one of the main migrational episodes of mankind. Sea -just wrinkling some, day calm, mostly sunny, mildly pleasant, -with an undertone of cold.</p> - -<p>How trivial feel here the contentions about the possibilities of -Asiatic migrations into America. There can be no such problem -with those who have seen what we now are witnessing. Here is a -great open pond which on such days as this could be traversed by -anyone having as much as a decent canoe. As a matter of fact it -has always been and is still thus traversed. (Pl. 6, <em>a</em>.) The Chukchee -carried on a large trade with America, so much so that we find -the Russians complaining of their interfering with their trade. -(Pl. 6, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>.) The Diomede people stand in connection on one hand -with the northeastern Asiatics and on the other hand with the whites -as far as Nome, where most of them go every summer to sell their -ivory and its products and bring back all sorts of provisions. And -in the same way the King Islanders come every summer to Nome, -on the east end of which, as the Diomedes on the west, they have -their summer habitations. (Pl. 7, <em>a</em>, <em>b</em>.) Only a year or two ago, -the natives tell, an Eskimo woman of St. Lawrence Island set out -alone in a canoe with her child to visit a cousin on the Asiatic coast, -50 miles distant, and returned safe and sound after the visit was -over.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 5</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_5a.jpg" width="700" height="380" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Cape Prince of Wales from the southeast. (A.H., 1926)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_5b.jpg" width="700" height="483" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Village and cemetery slope, Little Diomede. (A.H., 1926)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 6</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_6a.jpg" width="700" height="357" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Asiatics departing for Siberia from the Little Diomede Island. (Photo by D. Jenness, 1926)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_6b.jpg" width="700" height="387" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, "Chukchis" loading their boat with goods on Little Diomede Island, before departure for Siberia. -(Photo by D. Jenness, 1926)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_6c.jpg" width="700" height="366" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>c</em>, "Chukchis" loading their boat with goods on Little Diomede Island, before departure for Siberia. -(Photo by D. Jenness, 1926)</p></div> -</div> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 7</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_7a.jpg" width="700" height="401" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Eskimos from East Cape arriving at Nome, Alaska</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_7b.jpg" width="700" height="395" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, East Cape of Asia (to the southward). (Photo by Joe Bernard)</p></div> -</div> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 8</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_8a.jpg" width="700" height="429" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A Group of Women at Shishmaref</span></p> - -<p>(Taken at 2 a. m. by A. H., 1926.)</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> - -<p>To bed dressed—the captain tells me we shall soon be at Shishmaref, -on the north shore of the Seward Peninsula, and that he will -have me called, if I want to visit the village.</p> - -<p>Awake 11.30 p. m. At 11.45 word comes that we have arrived and -a boat is getting ready. On deck in five minutes. Of course it is -still light—there is no real night any more in these regions.</p> - -<p>Have a cinnamon roll—the night specialty for the crew on the -<em>Bear</em>—and a bowl of coffee. The natives, two boats full, already -coming, and a fine full-blooded lot they show themselves to be. They -are accompanied by Mr. Wegner, a big, pleasant young teacher.</p> - -<p>Leave natives trading and set off in ship's boat. The <em>Bear</em> is -anchored about 1⅓ miles off. Fortunately fairly quiet or we should -not be able to go ashore. Teacher and a young English-speaking -native go with us. We have the launch and the skin whaleboat. -Anchor first off shallow beach and transfer into the skin boat for -the landing.</p> - -<p>Tuesday, July 27. It is about 12.30 a. m. Many native women, -youngsters, and some men gather about us at the school. Talk to -them—explain what I want, which is mainly skulls and bones—all -quite agreed. Take two young natives, some bags, and proceed to -where they lead me.</p> - -<p>Find, about half a mile from the present village, a big and important -old site, which existed up to the white man's time. But -dunes on which burials were made and house sites have been largely -graded by a fox-farm keeper and trader, Mr. Goshaw. He had -gathered many skulls—shows me a photo of two rows, at least 40—will -not tell what he did with them. Says he sent "many things to -the Smithsonian," but can give no details, "and to the universities," -but will not mention which. Also "buried a lot." Bad business.</p> - -<p>Gathering what is possible from the débris thrown out by the -Eskimo working for the fox farm, we proceed rapidly from mound -(dune) to mound. Find burials still on the surface in situ—i. e., -nearly buried by the rising carpet of the vegetation—but skulls gone. -Many of those on remaining heaps imperfect, but at least something -can be saved. Collect all that is worth collecting. See Mr. Goshaw—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>get -but little out of him. Donates a few archeological specimens of -no great value—has no more.</p> - -<p>We hurry on to the other village and burial ground, almost a mile -west of the present settlement. Find only a small pile of bones, -with one whole male skeleton of fairly recent date.</p> - -<p>Then back, as fast as possible, the Indians carrying the bags with -bones, and load on boat. My shoes and feet have long since become -thoroughly wet, after which Mr. Wegner loaned me wool socks and -native shoes that protected my feet. But now these must be left -behind and I have to get into my wet, cold shoes—socks too wet. -Officers in a hurry to get back. It is now 3.00 a. m.; the sun rose -about 1.30. Pay my men, change shoes, photograph women (pl. 8) -and then men—all pleasant and willing. See a few poor articles of -archeological nature—not worth getting; and after a hearty handshake -with the teacher we take off through the somewhat rougher -water to the whaleboat, then on to the motor boat and the ship. Arrive -with six bags of specimens, reaching boat just a little after 4. -Sleepy captain meets us, but luckily shows no grudge, though this -stop and his loss of sleep were essentially for me. Though it would -seem they could have readily waited for our going ashore until morning, -or have given me a little more time at the Diomedes, which -would have brought us here later. Am too much awake now and -worked up to sleep. Lie down a while but fully awake. Total sleep -last night 2½ hours. But it was worth it, except for the vandalism.</p> - -<p>Pack—inadequate boxes—until 3.30 p. m. Whole collection made -last night put in order. But back and knees stiff. Weather two-thirds -fair (my own estimate), some wind, sea choppy. Lie down but -can not sleep.</p> - -<p>At 5.30 off Kotzebue. Due to shallowness of water must anchor -far out of sight. At 6 go to land in ship's larger launch. Waves -rather bad, much tossing about and spray, have to get behind the -canvas canopy that is raised over one seat. It is 15 miles from where -the <em>Bear</em> is anchored to the Kotzebue village—over two hours of (at -times) rather violent tossing up and down and sidewise. Run for -a part of the time not far from beach—a number of isolated, orderly -fish camps—lots of fish drying. Wonder at not getting seasick -again—it must be the open air or difference of movement.</p> - -<p>Kotzebue village lies around a point on a not very high, flat bank, -facing the bay of three rivers (Selavik, Kobuk, Noatak). As we approach -I count over 50 clean tents of Eskimos, about 15 frame houses -and stores, and many skin and other boats on beach or in water. -Many natives hurry to meet us.</p> - -<p>Go ashore. Thomas Berryman, the trader, with the local judge -and two or three other whites come also to meet us. After getting ac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>quainted -inquire about possibility of exploring the Kobuk and reaching -the Koyukuk and Yukon. But all that I learn is uncertain and -discouraging. There are but few native villages on the river, all Eskimo; -and higher up the water is rapid, necessitating much hauling -of the boat by the natives, which is costly; upon which follow three -or four days' portage. The trip would cost much, and no loads -over 40 pounds to a man could be carried.</p> - -<p>Only a few old sites hereabouts are known by those whom I have -a chance to ask. Say there is a somewhat important one at Cape -Krusenstern. Mr. Berryman has from there a big stone (slate) -lance. He also has a huge piece of serpentine, over 80 pounds in -weight, with a moderate depression in top and some cutting (old -native work), said to have been used as a lamp. Wants to keep this -and spearhead, but donates an old rusty tin box full of smaller -things and promises to obtain skulls for us; and I get a similar -promise from a man (probably one of Mr. Berryman's storekeepers) -from farther up the country.</p> - -<p>Later meet here Mr. Chance, the school superintendent of these -parts; a young and not prepossessing man, but one who steadily -improves on closer acquaintance. Learn from him of a skeleton -recently dug out from the ground under the schoolhouse.</p> - -<p>See many natives, all Eskimo, good looking, clean, and kind. -Some mix bloods, but the majority pure. Good to moderate stature, -well proportioned though not fat body, medium to somewhat lighter -brown color, physiognomies less typical Eskimo than hitherto and -often strongly like Indian. Too late and dusky to photograph.</p> - -<p>Go to see the teacher and find that the skeleton he dug out was -placed by him in an open box, pushed as far as possible under the -rafters of the floor of the schoolhouse and covered with gravel and -earth. There are four of us—start hurriedly digging for it, remove -with shovel, hoe and arms about a ton of the "filling"—and can not -reach the box. It is 10 p. m., the wind rising, officer comes and -urges me to get back to the boat. So must leave with promise that -the box will be gotten out and await me on our return from the -north. Have by this time decided the best policy will be to go -with the <em>Bear</em> as far as she may go. Load empty boxes, some packing—and -one of the young white men who have been digging with -us runs up from the distant schoolhouse announcing that they -"struck" the box. Urge him to run back as fast as he can and get it. -Luckily the postmaster and a good many others who came to see us -off delay us; also the transfer of the mail and boxes to the larger -boat. Finally, after a good many anxious looks, I see at last the -two young men appear, one with a wheelbarrow on which is the box -of bones. Bones look not very old, and Eskimoid at first sight, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> -take box, which contains a good deal of gravel, carry it through the -very interested Eskimo to the boat, all get in, hurried good-bys to -everybody, and we are off.</p> - -<p>A two and a half hours' trip once more, and the last more than -half of it very rough. Such tossing and dancing and dipping and -twisting, with the spray, fortunately not cold, shooting high up at -times, or an angry wave splashing over. But the boat is large and -strong and so eventually we reach the <em>Bear</em>, which was completely -out of sight until about an hour after we started, and in a few minutes -off we go to the north. A little fruit, bed, and know nothing -more until near 7 the next morning. It was a long day—over 25 -hours in a stretch without a wink. Yet did not feel bad; the work -and good nature of people about and those met with, with some -success, are good tonics.</p> - -<p>Wednesday, July 28. All of us have to consult the calendar to be -sure of the day and date.</p> - -<p>Sort and wash Berryman's specimens—a nice lot of little things, -mainly of stone, slate, flint, etc.</p> - -<p>Then go after my bones. Find the spray made the earth and -gravel in the box thoroughly wet, so that it is necessary carefully to -excavate all the bones. Find a male, rather short-statured, typically -Eskimo. May have been a burial of the Russian times. Wire for all -details. Must dry bones. Meanwhile try to catch up with notes. -Toward evening expect to be in another village. Weather fair. -Have passed the Arctic Circle during night, but it is not cold nor in -any way strange here. Sunset coloring lasts long and passes into -that of sunrise—no real night, no stars; but moon seen late at night -and far to the south.</p> - -<p>May this weather continue, for in rough weather landing at any of -these places—there are no harbors whatever and always shallows and -bars and shoals—would be extremely risky or impossible and my -work, for which I feel ever more eager, would suffer. If only I could -see all worth seeing, and stay a little longer when I find what I am -after.</p> - -<p>We reach Kevalina. It is just a schoolhouse and about seven sod -houses. Only a native school teacher, from whom I do not get much.</p> - -<p>No remains or old site very near, but an old village, with "good -many things," exists on the Kevalina River within a few hours' distance -(by canoe) from Kevalina.</p> - -<p>Natives bring old adzes (mounted by them, however), and a harpoon -handle from the old site—bought.</p> - -<p>Spend rest of day in washing, sorting, and packing specimens.</p> - -<p>After supper am invited to the officers' room and given by Lieut. -M. C. Anderson a fine selection of old ivory harpoon heads and other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> -things. Many of these are from the old site on the St. Lawrence -Island, and especially from little isles off that island named Punuk. -All this strengthens the importance of those islands for regular -exploration.</p> - -<p>Thursday, July 29. In anticipation of being called up again during -the night, at Point Hope, which is evidently another important -spot for archeological exploration, for the natives are said to bring -many old articles for sale each year, I do not undress and go to bed -earlier, but have, because of the anticipation, closeness of air, and a -cat jumping on my face just as I am dozing off, a very poor night; -and no call came after all. In the morning there are cold showers, -the sky is much clouded, and the wind keeps on blowing from the -north-northwest, threatening, the officers say, to drive the ice toward -this shore, which would be bad for us. It is cool and disagreeable. -We have anchored to the south of the spit on which stands the village -and can not unload or get ashore. Nor can the natives come -here to us.</p> - -<p>The village consists of a schoolhouse, a little mission (Rev. F. W. -Goodman), an accumulation of houses, semi-subterraneans, and tents. -A few tents are also seen a good distance to the right—a reindeer -camp. Otherwise there is nothing but the long, low, sandy, and -grassy spit projecting far out into the ocean.</p> - -<p>Later. The north-northwest still blows, and so the ship has to -anchor to the south of the long spit on the point of which is the village. -Of this but little can be seen, just a few houses, and it seems -near and insignificant.</p> - -<p>The captain is evidently waiting again for the natives to come out, -and I am helpless. Finally, however, a boat is made ready and I -am taken to the shore with the mail. This is piled on the beach, and -with two officers we start to walk toward the dwellings opposite to -us, which are the mission. Heavy walking in the loose sand and -gravel of the steep beach, and as we ascend it is seen the buildings -which seemed so near to the shore are about a mile or more away.</p> - -<p>A man coming toward us—the missionary, Archdeacon Goodman. -Tell him my mission; says he has some business on the ship, but will -come, and there will be no trouble in helping me to a "good deal of -what I want," which sounds fine.</p> - -<p>In the absence of the missionary, go to see the teacher. The school -is over a mile in the direction toward the point. Find him at home -and helpful. In 15 minutes, with his aid, engage two native boys, -give two sacks to each, and send them out over the long flats (old -beaches) to pick up every skull and jaw they can find. They go -cheerfully, and we depart shortly after to see Mr. La Voy, a movie-picture -man, who has been staying here for some time making movie<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> -pictures of the natives, and at the same time collecting all the -antiquities they could bring him. We go to see his collection, but -find him not home; has gone for mail. The rare mail in these regions -is, of course, the most important of events. So back to the school -(a good many rods from the sod house part of the native village to -the left), and then—it is now near noon—to the mission, a good -mile from the school and more from the village.</p> - -<p>Road staked on one side with whale ribs about 2 rods distance. -Flats on both sides show many parts of bleached human bones. They -are a part of the old extensive burial grounds. Unfortunately, about -two years ago the predecessor of the present missionary had most of -the skulls and bones collected and put in a hole in the new cemetery, -now seen in the distance to the right of the mission. This new -burial place is surrounded by a unique whale-rib fence. Reach mission, -but no one there. Does not look good. Try one building and -door after another—no one—learn later that the missionary has no -family. Twenty minutes to 1. Nothing remains but to go back to -the school for some lunch. So leave my raincoat, camera, and remaining -bags (expecting to do main work on the buried bones) and -hurry back to the school, which I reach just after 1, and, thanks to -their late clock, just in time for a modest lunch, but with a real hot -cup of coffee. Queer that the only genuinely hot cups of coffee I -got on this journey were furnished by Eskimo—for Mrs. Moyer, the -wife of the teacher, is an Eskimo.</p> - -<p>Then comes the mail and Mr. La Voy, and I go to see the latter's -collection.</p> - -<p>Find a mass of old and modern material, of stone, bone, and -wood. All the older things are from an old site on the point. It is -an important and large site, as found later (at least 50 houses), which -the natives (getting coffee, tea, chewing gum, chocolate, candy, etc., -for what they find) are now busy digging over and ruining for -scientific exploration. Women dig as well as men, confining themselves -to from 2 to 3 uppermost feet that have thawed; but even thus -finding a lot of specimens. Bones, of course, and other things are -left and no observation whatever on the site is made. It is a pity.</p> - -<p>Mr. La Voy donates some stone objects, mainly scrapers, and then -I go with a native he employs to the "diggings." Find much already -turned over—one woman actually digging—but very much more still -remaining. Examine everything—site evidently not ancient but of -the richest—and then return with the woman to get some of her -"cullings."</p> - -<p>On the way am called by a man whose sod house (semisubterranean) -we pass. We sit on the top of his house and soon establish -a regular trading place, with a big flat stone as a counter. One<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> -after another the native women and men bring out a few articles, -good, bad, or indifferent, lay them on the stone, I select what I want, -lay so much money against the articles, and usually get them. -Everybody in the best of humor. The natives surely enjoy the -sport, and so do I, if only I was not hurried. Thus trade for at -least an hour until my pockets are bulging. Then once more to the -school and once more to the mission. In the latter get my things, -as nobody is there yet, Doctor Goodman having doubtless been delayed -on the boat. I hear that there are prospects of both him and -Mr. La Voy going north with us on a little vacation. Send the coat -with spare bags to the school by a native I meet, while I go to look -at the rib cemetery and photograph it. Find the bones have been -interred in its middle and a low mound raised over them, so there -is for the moment nothing to do there. Therefore go over the -plain a little farther, picking up a few odds and ends, a damaged -skull, and finally, from a fairly recent burial box, a fine skull with -its lower jaw. Then attempt to pass a pool of water and sink in -the mud to above my rubber boots, so that the icy water runs in, -wetting me thoroughly, and gurgling henceforth with every step -in the shoes. Try to get these off but can not. The feet must be -congested. So spill out all I can by raising the feet, and then do -some hard walking which takes away the cold.</p> - -<p>Evening, though no dusk approaching. Sit on gravel to empty -more water from shoes, but can still hardly get one off. And just as -I succeed I see, across another long pool, two men, one with a cap of -an officer of the ship, waving their arms, evidently signifying to -me that the time is up and I am to return. Call to them to wait. -Impossible to make them hear me or for me to hear them. All -here is elusive—enchanted-like—distances, sounds. Finally they -stop. I catch up with them after passing a broad ditch, and learn -that the ship is about to sail and they are waiting for me. My coat, -however, and collections are still at the school, over a mile away, -so once more it is necessary to hurry to the school and then back -to the ship. So things go when promises go wrong and one is -alone under a constant apprehension.</p> - -<p>The boys collected four bags full. Moreover, they undertook to -bring them toward the boat, and are bringing the last two just as -I approach the beach. There are Eskimos on the beach with dog -teams and sledges waiting to cart off what was unloaded from the -ship. Photograph one of the teams and then on into the boat and -to the <em>Bear</em> with the four bags, a box full, part of another bag, and -all pockets full of specimens. Only to learn when we reach the -boat that both Doctor Goodman and Mr. La Voy are going with -us and that the former after supper is still to go and get his things<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> -from the mission. I have no boat to go back with, and so lose -several hours.</p> - -<p>July 30. Gloomy morning, windy, cool, sea not good. Do not -feel easy. But need to pack. One of the officers, Boatswain Berg, -lends me his short sheepskin coat, and I pack up to lunch. The sea -is getting worse. Have but little lunch and soon after have to take -to bed or would again be sick. To avoid the pitching of the end -of the boat where my bed is I go to the dispensary and lie until 6. -From 6 on the sea moderates somewhat, so that I am able to have a -little supper. After that go to officers' wardroom, play two games of -checkers with the doctor, get some more specimens from two of the -officers, and retire.</p> - -<p>When I boarded the <em>Bear</em> it became plain to me that I must earn -as much as possible the sympathetic understanding of my work by -both the officers and the crew, and so I gave two talks, one to the -officers and the other to the men, telling them of our problems in -Alaska, of the meaning and value of such collections as I was making, -and of other matters that I felt would be useful on this occasion. As -a result I had throughout the voyage nothing but the friendliest feelings -of all and their cooperation. Sincere thanks to the officers and -the crew of the <em>Bear</em>, from the captain downward.</p> - -<p>Saturday, July 31. At 4.30 a. m. suddenly a heavy bump forward, -followed by several smaller ones. Ship rises and shivers. Have -struck ice floes. Going very slowly. Further bumps at longer or -shorter intervals and occasionally the ship stops entirely. Sea -fortunately much calmer.</p> - -<p>Up at 7. We are in a loose field of ice—aquamarine-blue ice -covered with hillocks of snow, all shapes and sizes, as after a hard -winter on the Hudson, only floes mostly larger and especially deeper.</p> - -<p>Soon after breakfast hear walrus and seals had been observed on -the ice, and shortly before 9 the captain comes down hurriedly to tell -us they have just spied—they now have a man in the crow's nest up -on the foremast—a white bear.</p> - -<p>Run up—everybody pleasurably excited—to the front of the ship. -See a black-looking head of something swimming toward a large ice -floe about 500 yards in front of us. As we approach the head reaches -the floe, then a big yellowish paw comes out upon the ice, then the -shoulders, and finally the whole bear. The officers hurry forward, -each with a gun. Soon men all there. Some one fires. Bear stands -broadside watching us. The bullet goes way over. Then other -shots—still missing—water spouting high in many places. Bear -bewildered, does not know what to do, lopes off a little here and there, -stops again, looking at us, and now—we are less than 100 yards from -him it seems—a bullet strikes him above the loin—we can see him jerk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> -and the red spot following. He runs clumsily, but other shots follow, -some seemingly taking effect, and then he drops, first on his belly, -then, twisting, turns over on his back. A few more movements with -his paws and head, and he lies still, quite dead. Can not but feel -sorry for the poor bear, who did not know why he was being killed, -and had no chance.</p> - -<p>A motor boat is lowered and goes to get him. They find on the floe -the remains of a seal on which he fed. Tie a rope to him, drag him -into the water, tow him to the <em>Bear</em>, which has stopped and where -all stand on the bows in expectation and with all sorts of cameras, -and prepare to hoist the brute aboard. Captain says it is the second -case of this nature in 20 years. Ropes are fastened about the big -body, attached to a winch, and the big limp form is hauled up, though -not without some difficulty, due to its size and weight. All stand -about him, examine, photograph. They will let the natives at Wainwright -skin it and give them the flesh. It is a middle-sized, full-grown -male. It shows only two wounds, the one in the side and one -where the bullet passed through his mouth, knocking out one of the -canines.</p> - -<p>Cold—must put on second suit of underwear. Very gloomy, but -storm abated. No land in sight—above Cape Lombard all is flat. -It rains in that direction. We meander among the floes, now and -then bumping and shivering. Should a wind come up and blow the -ice landward we would be in danger of being closed in and stopped -or delayed.</p> - -<p>Evening. Arrive off Wainwright. Village recent—older site 20 -miles away. People the usual type of Eskimo. Visit the village, but -soon return.</p> - -<p>After supper the boat stops—fear the ice. Another passenger is -added here, Jim Allen, the local trader, with a bagful of white -fox skins and a bear skin. Conditions becoming a bit crowded.</p> - -<p>Sunday, August 1. No movement to-day. They are apprehensive -of the ice, and so we stay here, the one place of all where there is -nothing for me to do. Of course there are the natives, but with the -constant uncertainty as to when we shall start and a lack of facilities -I can not do much with them.</p> - -<p>The weather is quiet but still cloudy, though the sun may possibly -peep out. Ice seen in the offing. Would be more interesting to be -in it, as yesterday. The bear has been skinned, cut up, and we shall -try some of its flesh at noon. Rest of day quiet but still mostly -cloudy, though occasionally a little of pale, lukewarm sun. At -3.30 give lecture to the officers and fellow passengers on the subject -of evolution. Seems quite appreciated. Reading, writing, and -walking the deck fills the time. Ate a little of the bear meat—some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>what -tough, otherwise not much different from reindeer or even beef. -If better prepared (especially roasted on coals) would be quite -palatable.</p> - -<p>Yesterday there were several flurries of snow, none to-day, but air -cold enough to make a long stay outside disagreeable.</p> - -<p>Toward evening Captain announces that he is going to try to reach -Barrow, about 80 miles northeastward, and soon after supper we -start. He also tells me we may be there at or not long after midnight -and so to be ready, for the boat will be unable to stop more -than an hour or two. As the only place where a few skulls and -bones may be found is about 1½ miles outside of the village and it -takes a good 30 minutes to make a mile over the tundras, I shall -have to rush once more. But I am promised a man to help me.</p> - -<p>August 2. With clothes on, and anticipation, slept poorly. Ship -stopped about 1 a. m. and I imagined we were off Barrow. But on -rising find that we have gone on and then backward again, encountering -ever more ice. It is cold and foggy outside, and cloudy and -gloomy. We now meander among the big floes, now and then bump -into one until the whole ship heaves and shivers, and occasionally -the siren, stop for a while to diminish the shock. We are now on -way back to Wainwright. If we only could go as far back as Point -Hope, where there is so much of interest. I might have stayed over, -but would surely have reproached myself for missing the remainder -of the coast.</p> - -<p>Back off Wainwright, cold, windy, sky gloomy as usual.</p> - -<p>Late in the afternoon go with the trader to land, to visit the site -of an older village, about a mile down the shore. Walk along the -beach. Cold wind, raincoat stiffens. Walrus meat and blubber -chunks (slabs, etc.) along the beach at several places, also a large -skinned seal. Traces, as one nears the village, of worked stones, but -all waterworn and no finished objects. At one place in bank, about -3 feet deep, a layer of clear blue ice about 20 inches thick—strangely -pure ice, not frozen earth or even inclusion of any dirt or gravel.</p> - -<p>Village site small, along the edge of the low (about 10 feet) bluff. -Count remains of eight dwellings. Some animal bones, but nothing -else on surface or in vicinity. Burial place not seen. Companion -says there is nothing.</p> - -<p>A simple supper at the trader's, prepared by his Eskimo wife, and -good company: Doctor Smith, of the Geological Survey, with two of -his men; Jim Allen, the storekeeper, a big, good-hearted fellow; -La Voy, the big, active movie man, who knows all the gossip and -enjoys telling it with embellishment; and two men of the trader. -Menu: Soup, boiled reindeer meat, underdone biscuits, coffee.</p> - -<p>After supper go to a meeting at the school, where our missionary, -Doctor Goodman, is to talk to the natives. Large schoolroom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> -crowded. I talk through an interpreter—a serious disadvantage—on -cleanliness. Fine study for me on the many present, though like -elsewhere on such occasions they are mainly women and children. -Good many Indianlike faces, though cheekbones more prominent -and more flatness between them. But hair, low foreheads, eyes (except -in children where they are more superficial, less sunken, and -with more epicanthus than in Indians), lips, and other characteristics -the same as in Indians. Some of the faces are strong, many -among the younger pleasant, some of the young women handsome. -A moderate number of mix bloods, even among the adults. Color -of skin in full bloods medium to submedium brown, exactly as in -full-blood Indians along the Yukon, but cheeks more dusky red.</p> - -<p>The behavior of these people is in all important points radically -that of the Indian, but they are more approachable and open and -matter-of-fact people. More easily civilized. Good mechanics. -Less superstitious, more easily converted to white man's religion. -And good singers. Their singing at the meeting in the schoolhouse -would have shamed a good many whites in this respect.</p> - -<p>Except for epidemics, I am told, these natives would more than -hold their own in numbers. They are fecund, if conditions are -right. Sterility is rare. They marry fairly young.</p> - -<p>August 3. Still standing, though we had to pull out farther -south and away from the shore. The water was pretty rough and -I had to go to bed again, but weather moderated.</p> - -<p>We are in touch with the world through the ship's radio, but get -more trash—same all through the radio service in Alaska—than -serious news. Spend time in reading, talking; some play solitaire -games; captain and Allen play cribbage. Deck too small for any -outside games, even if it were not so cold.</p> - -<p>Ice floes floating about us, now scarce, now thicker; water splashing -against them and wearing them out into pillared halls, mushrooms, -and other strange forms. Due to their snow covering, the water -upon them, so far as it results from melting, is sweet, and in it swim -many small fishes. It snowed a bit again to-day.</p> - -<p>August 4. No change, except that the sea is somewhat calmer, -and for a while we have once more seen the sun, but it was hazy -and just mildly warm, while the same wind, from the sea, even though -now subdued, has an icy undertone. It snowed a little this morning.</p> - -<p>Thursday, August 5. Sea calm, atmosphere hazy, but the wind -has turned at last slightly offshore and the sun penetrates through -the mists, until it conquers and shines, warm and bright if not -wholly clear, once more. Ice visible only on the horizon. At 7.15 -we start on another effort to reach Barrow.</p> - -<p>Pass Wainwright, and all is well until after lunch, when fog -(though fortunately not thick) develops and the floes increase until<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> -they are as thick as at the first attempt in this same region. Heavy -bumps and strains follow one another and the boat must often go -very slow or even stop altogether. Sometimes the heavy ship just -staggers from the impact, but the floes are generally broken by the -shock and swirl away out of our way, or scraping the ship pass -to the rear. All aboard show new interest and energy. The forced -stops and inaction were dulling even to the crew.</p> - -<p>File a wireless to be sent from Barrow. It will reach Washington -to-morrow after we shall have started on the return journey.</p> - -<p>Two dogs on board fight fiercely. An officer, the owner of one, -trying to separate them is bitten by his own through a finger.</p> - -<p>A marine, in swinging the heavy lead with which they are constantly -sounding the depth, gets the cord caught about his hand -and suffers a bad sprain with fracture.</p> - -<p>The captain's little black cat, Peter, helps to entertain us by his -antics. No wonder sailors in their often monotonous existence like -all sorts of mascots.</p> - -<p>Friday, August 6. Of course our dates got mixed, and more than -one has to consult the calendar and count. The <em>Bear</em> had to turn -back once more last night; ice too heavy. Anchored, however, not -far to south. This morning very cloudy, rainy, chilly, but wind -from near to east, and so from about 6 a. m. we are once more laboriously -on our way. Now and then a bump, heave, stagger, then again -the screw resumes its cheerful song. We are passing through the -most dangerous part of all the coast here where many vessels have -been lost, sometimes whole small fleets of whalers. But very few -come here now—we have seen but one since leaving Kotzebue. They -call this stretch "the boat graveyard."</p> - -<p>Saturday, August 7. Stalled, about 30 miles from Barrow. Anchored -in the protection of a great grounded flat, in a clear pond of -water, with ice all around it, but especially seaward, where the pack -seems solid. Some open water reported beyond it, but wind (wild) -keeps from the wrong quarter and the captain will make no further -attempt until conditions change. Of course it is cloudy again and -has rained some during the night and morning, but the temperature -is somewhat higher, so that one does not need an overcoat and -gloves, although the officers wear their sheep-lined short coats which -are nice and warm.</p> - -<p>After noon asked the captain for the skin whaleboat to explore -the shore. The latter is nearly a mile distant and shows about 60 -feet high dirt bluffs. Got the boat and went with the boatswain. -Berg, a young "hand," Weenie, and the movie man, La Voy. -Rowed with La Voy. Had a wholesome two and a half hours -exploring. Found a little stream, with traces of native deer camp<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> -(collected two seal skulls); a moderate number of flowers and grasses -(collected some mushrooms); some fossil shells from the bluffs; and -two Eskimo burials. One of these, a woman, nearly all washed away -and lost; of the other, a man, secured the skull, jaw, one shoulder -blade and part of a diseased femur with corresponding socket -(mushroom arthritis), also the two humeri. A good specimen. Returned, -rowing again, near 4. All there playing cribbage and -solitaire.</p> - -<p>Am tempted to walk to Barrow; but there are some streams in the -way which it might be impossible to ford. Moreover, no one knows -the distance.</p> - -<p>Sunday, August 8. Morning finds us once more thwarted, and -standing at our place of refuge. No change in conditions, but there -will be a change of moon to-night, so I at least have hopes. In my -travels I learned too much about the moon not to believe in it. -Toward evening ice begins to move out.</p> - -<p>Monday, August 9. At 12.30 a. m., unexpectedly, a new start. -The wind has turned at last (new moon!) to northeast, but is mild. -Soon in ice. Many bumps and much creaking and shaking. Captain's -collie gets scared and tries to get into our beds, one after -another. But very little sleep under these conditions.</p> - -<p>In the morning we find ourselves in a thicker ice field than any -before, with floes on all sides. Boat barely creeps. Toward 10 a. m. -further progress found almost impossible, and so forced to turn backward -once more. However, can not even go back and so, near 12, -anchor about a mile offshore opposite a small river with lagoon-like -mouth and two tents of natives—"Shinara," or "Shinerara."</p> - -<p>Ask captain for a boat to visit and explore the coast. Consents, -and so at 1 we go forth, about eight of us, with the captain's dog. -Reach Eskimo, photograph the group. All look remarkably Indianlike. -Then go to look for skeletal material. Nothing near, so return -for the Eskimo boy. He leads me about a mile over the highland -tundra to two burials in boxes—not old. Look through crevices -shows in one an adolescent, in the other a female (or a boy) with -hair and skin still on. Leave both.</p> - -<p>Then into the boat once more after buying some fossil teeth, and -with the boy Isaac—his father is Abraham—try to go into the river, -and soon get stuck in the stickiest mud (oily shale) imaginable—great -work to clean even the oar with which we had to push ourselves -off. Land then on the beach and for the next two hours explore -that side of the basin. Find remains of two small settlements—seven -huts in all, none very old.</p> - -<p>Gather five skulls with parts of four skeletons, most bones missing; -also some mushrooms, several interesting humeri of seals, and a piece<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> -of pumice-like fossil bone. Near 4.30 begins to rain a bit so we hurry -to boat, and in a little while, after depositing Isaac near his camp, -reach the <em>Bear</em>.</p> - -<p>Eskimo on shore had two skinned seal lying on the ground, and -there were many reindeer horns. A pile of them was over a fire, -being smoked.</p> - -<p>The wind has been the whole day from the northeast, the long-wished-for -wind, and the ice has moved out sufficiently to induce -the captain to make another start. So at 5 p. m. off we go again, -and for quite a while the screw sings merrily, until we reach some -remaining ice, when there are more bumps and staggers.</p> - -<p>The waters about the ship show, whenever calmer, the heads of -swimming seal, grown and little. But they are wary and keep at -a distance. Otherwise the only live things are an occasional gull, -and rarely a couple of ducks. In the icy water, however, on and -about the floes, are seen again numerous small, dark fish (from the -size of a big minnow to that of a tomcod); and along the shore swim -merrily hundreds of very tame and graceful little snipes, lovely small -birds, too little, luckily, to be hunted.</p> - -<p>Little enthusiasm about my collecting, but the boatswain and some -at least of the men are genuinely helpful. I believe some of the -others are a bit superstitious. But I get some chance at least, and -that is precious.</p> - -<p>Expect to reach Barrow before 12 p. m., and to start back before -morning—a big chance for some sleep again if I want to do some -collecting. Sleep, through the frequent lack of it, has become a -kind of obsession in one's thoughts, yet when there were chances during -the days of waiting it would not come.</p> - -<p>August 9, evening, to 10 next morning. This is a land of odds and -wonders. In the morning things looked hopeless; toward evening -the wind has driven away enough ice to make a narrow open lane -near the shore, and utilizing this we arrived without difficulty -at 8 p. m. at the long unreachable Barrow. At 9 boat takes us -ashore. At 9.30 p. m. I start with an Eskimo and a seaman (Weenie) -from the <em>Bear</em> on a collecting trip over about 3 square miles -of tundra behind Barrow, and at 12.30 return to ship with four bags -of skulls and bones. But sleep! Hardly any since 12.30 last night, -and very little after return to-day, for due to fear of ice they -called in everybody from shore before 3 a. m., and the newcomers -keep on walking and talking and banging with their baggage until -5, when, fearing a return of the ice, we start once more southward, -toward—it feels strange, but it is so—home. It was a remarkable -good fortune, our getting there thus and getting out again, as we -did, without damage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> - -<p>Barrow is a good-looking and rather important place. It stretches -about 2 miles along the low shore, in three clusters, the two main -ones separated by a lagoon. It has a radio station, a mission -hospital, and a school. There are over 200 natives here, and also quite -a few whites, including Mr. Charles Brower, the trader, observer -and collector, with his native wife and their family, the teacher, the -missionary and his family, and the nurses.</p> - -<p>The burial place here is the most extensive in the Eskimo territory. -Taking the older parts and the new, it covers over a square mile of -the tundra, beginning not far beyond the site of the hospital and -extending to and beyond a small stream that flows over a mile inland. -But the burials were grouped in a few spots, the rest being barren.</p> - -<p>This extensive burial ground is now about exhausted for scientific -purposes, except for such skeletons and objects as may have been -assimilated—i. e. buried—by the tundra. That such exist became -quite evident during our search, and they naturally are the oldest -and most valuable. We secured two good skulls of this nature. They -were completely buried, only a little of the vault showing, and had -there been time we should doubtless have found also parts of the -skeletons. The skulls were discolored brown.</p> - -<p>Of the later skeletal material we found but the leavings, the best -having been carried off by other collectors. There were remnants -of hundreds of skulls and skeletons, but for the most part so damaged -as not to be worth saving. Nevertheless our diligent midnight -search was not in vain, and we brought back four sacks full of specimens, -the Eskimo carrying his with the utmost good nature. The -destruction here is due to sailors and other whites and to dogs, foxes, -and reindeer.</p> - -<p>The reindeer herds, going in hundreds over the ground, help -materially to scatter and damage the bones. So, the older material -gone, while the more recent burials are, at least so far as the -younger element is concerned, quite worthless to science, containing -many mix bloods of all sorts—even occasionally with the negro -(men from the wrecked whaleboats). The collection now secured -was the last one possible from this locality, except through excavation.</p> - -<p>Tuesday, August 10. The boat is now crowded. We lost one -woman and got three; also about five or six men—newspaper, movie, -radioman, a dog teamster, a trapper. Quite a variety, in every way, -and most are to go with us at least as far as Nome. They will have -to hang up two hammocks in our little cabin each night, and some -must sleep elsewhere.</p> - -<p>Packing the whole morning. Five boxes. My man of last night -helping, a fine, big young fellow. This aid in the work is a great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> -boon to me, and the transportation of the many specimens by the -<em>Bear</em> down to Seattle or San Francisco will be a fine service to the -Institution.</p> - -<p>The older of us, that is those who have been longer on the ship, -feel like veterans and are drawn closer together. The new lot, -heterogeneous, do not attract, particularly one of the women. An -older one, evidently a well-liked nurse, goes off at Wainwright, -which we reach once more at 8 p. m. Here goes off also Jim Allen, -the trader, who is a good fellow in a rough shell and whom I -learned to like. He helped us all a good deal while in the ice.</p> - -<p>The movie man from Point Hope is a somewhat spoiled, gossipy, -and roughshod, but otherwise, a good-hearted big kid—not very -wise, but not mischievous, and more than efficient in his own calling. -Is 40, but already aging, like a weather-beaten poplar—not pine -or oak. Is violently against all "kikes," or eastern money-lending -Jews, from whom he used to borrow at usurious interest and who -sold him out once or twice when he could not pay.</p> - -<p>Lost Jim Allen and dropped the nurse, but are still too many. -At 10 p. m., just as the minister and I have retired, there comes a -call for the former to go up. A couple of Eskimos have arrived, -with their friends, to be married. So he dresses and performs the -function. I am too weary to rise and dress to go and look at it. -He says it was quite tame. Then the anchor, and once more we -are off. No ice any more, and the sea has again a swell, which was -absent in the ice-covered waters.</p> - -<p>Wednesday, August 11. Swell, but not bad, though one of the -women, another nurse, is ill, and the other, a "writer," etc., will not -get up for breakfast. Quite a problem now to get washed and -shaved. Both the minister (archdeacon) and the movie man like -to use perfumed things, and the former takes much time with his -toilet, so I endeavor as before to be first up.</p> - -<p>August 12. A great day. Was called a little after 12.30 a. m., after -but little sleep (through anticipation), to examine a site ashore—a -coal mine, a water source, and possibly something human. Two -miles to shore, in semidarkness; no night yet in these regions. A -long tramp over the mossy and grassy tundra; mosquitoes. One -native igloo, and on a little elevation some distance off a grave of -a child; otherwise nothing. After examination of the coal strata, -a curious secondary inclusion in sand and gravel, and the stream -of water (good to drink, even if not clear), we depart and reach -ship again after 4 a. m.</p> - -<p>Beginning to be—in fact am already—a "night doctor," for sure. -Never thought I could stand such doings, but am standing it, and -that even with some cold and bothersome night cough. But am<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> -sure short on sleeping, for it is impossible for me to catch up during -the days; am not a day sleeper. I suppose when one is most of -the time half hungry his mind naturally reverts to hunger, as mine -does to sleep.</p> - -<p>We are due to-day again at Point Hope, and I am anxious for a -little time there.</p> - -<p>At night. This was a day of harvest. Reached Point Hope about -3 p. m., but had to go around again to the other side, due to the -swell and surf on the north. I went to shore in the first boat, about -4 p. m. Doctor Goodman, with whom we are very friendly, was -with me and promised to go over and help me get some men with -whom I want to excavate the burial hole of his predecessor. But -when on the shore stays behind and remains. So we go on with my -man from the ship to the whalebone graveyard. Near there see -two Eskimo men with some dogs. They smile; so I tell them what -I want; in two minutes have engaged them; in about three more -we begin to dig, and in about five minutes after strike first bones.</p> - -<p>My good friend the boatswain, Mr. Berg, comes to help, and as I -now have four to work I take a bag and go on collecting a little -more over the plains beyond where we are. Get a good bag. Find -another good-natured Eskimo, Frank, coming from fishing, engage -him to help carrying and eventually to take place of one of my first -workers, who is an old man. Then we see Doctor Goodman, far -away, coming to the mission. Borrow two more shovels from his -stock and a few coal bags. Meanwhile bone and skull pile is fairly -exposed from one side and top gravel partly removed, so I give up -intended trip to old village site and, as we were given only to 9.30 -p. m., go to work on the pile.</p> - -<p>A great deal here. More than anticipated, though all is a jumble, -with the long and other bones of the skeleton on the top. The work -is to get down in the moist gravel, disengage one bone and skull after -another as rapidly as possible, give it a rapid look-over, and either -save, if fairly well preserved or showing some special feature, or -discard. If saved, the specimen is handed to one of the Eskimo, -who cleans it of gravel, lays it out to dry a little, and then places it -gently in a bag.</p> - -<p>Many of the bones and skulls were found so damaged that they -had to be left. But much was also good. The strenuous work, however, -had to go on without interruption and at the fullest possible -speed, if the main part of what was there was to be saved. So no -supper, no stop for even a minute, until after 8 p. m. Sixteen bags -full, and some of the sacks quite spacious. At last had to give up—no -more time, no sacks, and lower down everything frozen as hard -as flint. The main part, however, secured—183 good skulls, several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> -hundred lower jaws, and a lot of long and other bones. This, together -with the rest of the material from this place, ought to give -us data of much value.</p> - -<p>But now, how shall the lot be got on the boat. Luckily, one of the -Eskimo that has been working for me has a dog team and sled. So -I engage these; and shortly after we finish putting everything in -order—in the presence now of Doctor Goodman, who comes to look at -us—the man arrives, with a good-sized sled and 13 whitish dogs. -Load all the bags on—and then a sight never to be forgotten—the -dogs pulling the load across the tundra, depressions, gravels, right -down to the water's edge and to the motor boat that is waiting for us. -How they strained, pulled with all will, and obeyed. A wise leader -in front, six pairs behind. No reins, only a few calls from the -Eskimo, and they knew just what to do. Tried to photograph them, -but light already poor—advancing season. (Pl. 9, <em>a.</em> <em>b.</em>)</p> - -<p>Then hurry to the teacher, not home; to La Voy, not home. Find -teacher in tent, sick, trembling; I fear beginning of typhoid. Did -not get anything for me in our absence. La Voy promised to give -me some things from his collections, but now is not here. A native -woman, however, meets me far out on the beach, and I learn she has -dug out for me since our first visit five good skulls from the ground—some, -she shows, deep to above the elbow. She has them near the -ship—we go on—on the road boys and women overtake me with a -few things to sell. Then the woman brings her skulls, in a bag on -her back, in excellent condition. I pay her for her trouble. Reach -our boat, and the bell on the <em>Bear</em> rings 9.30.</p> - -<p>The bone pile—the sled and dogs and load over the tundra—the -woman carrying a native (seal) bag with skulls—will be three rare, -indelible pictures.</p> - -<p>On the <em>Bear</em> at 10. A little sandwich, fruit, and a cinnamon cake -with coffee, and to bed. But irritating tire-cough keeps me up for -another hour.</p> - -<p>Friday, 13th. Packing. A nice day. Toward evening stop at -Kevalina. Obtain a few things and pictures. To bed soon, but -cough still bothers. I have nothing for it; there is but little on the -boat in the way of medicines outside of the most ordinary things.</p> - -<p>Saturday, 14th. Up 5.30, early breakfast, and 6.45 start once more -for Kotzebue. The <em>Bear</em> has anchored about 12 miles off, so do not -reach village until 8.35, and have to go back at 9.10. Rush to store, -get boxes, barrels, and packing. And then to the schoolhouse, where -I expect some information about the skeleton found under the house -and obtained on my former visit. Also promised information from -Mr. Chance, the supervisor, about old sites. But Mr. Chance is gone, -and no letter or message—it came later, to Washington. A few<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> -words with the teacher, and one of the boys from our boat is already -calling me.</p> - -<p>Return at 11 a. m. and spend the rest of the day packing, finishing -just at supper. A curious sunset at 8, a horizontally banded sun, -several clear-cut, fairly broad, dark bands. Sea getting rougher.</p> - -<p>Sunday, August 15. Bad sea, wind, waves, fog. Have to take to -bed and do without breakfast. Stay in until lunch. We could not -stop again at Shishmareff; could not get ashore. The next stop, late -afternoon, is to be at the Little Diomede, to take off Jenness; but if -too rough we shall go on to Teller. The wind is from the northwest -and the foghorn keeps on blowing.</p> - -<p>The whole day continues rough, foggy, unfriendly. The ship can -not stop at the Diomede, nor go to Teller; obliged to go to Nome. -After supper all chairs and movable articles have to be tied up. -Most day in bed, but escaped real seasickness, and got some sleep.</p> - -<p>Monday, 16. Weather moderated. We are in lee of the mountainous -part of Seward Peninsula. After breakfast off Nome, and at -11 a. m. in town. First stop at Lomen's. Then from one to another -till 4.55 p. m., when Dan Sutherland, the Alaska Delegate to Congress, -escorts me to the boat. Saw many friends, got some mail, -and, best of all, got a fine deposit collection for the National Museum -from Mr. Carl Lomen. The judge asked me for another lecture for -next Saturday, when we are to see Nome for the last time.</p> - -<p>About 5 a. m. arrive at Golovnin Bay to take water. At this place -this is generally a day of partial rest and recreation for the crew. -The water is taken from a small stream fed by a spring that comes -out from a cave of the mountain, and is put direct into the whaleboats, -brought to ship, and pumped into its tanks.</p> - -<p>Shortly after breakfast the captain gives us the larger motor boat, -and with Mr. Berg and two of the seamen I start for a little survey -trip along the northern shore of the bay. In less than an hour we -reach a sheltered nook with a small stream, where there is an old -frame dwelling with some out-structures, all evidently abandoned, -though various articles of use hang or lie about, including several -guns of old patterns.</p> - -<p>On a bluff to the left of the house are six burials, some old, wood -near all rotten, some more recent. The latter, two in number, both -show a large animal skin covering of the body, besides which the -latter shows remnants of clothing. Secure two good skeletons, -practically complete; also head and a few parts of a newborn (or -near) child. A unique feature—with one of the male skeletons is -found a complete skeleton of an eagle. Could have got also a female -skeleton, but was still unclean, and we perceived a small native motor -boat coming toward us from the reindeer camp about 1½ miles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> -farther inward. So we replaced everything (outwardly) and started -off to meet the native boat. Found in it two young men and three -women. Inquired about old sites and learned of one about 3 miles -farther inward.</p> - -<p>Stopped at the reindeer camp. Found there about a dozen individuals. -Got more information, also a young man to go with us, -bought for the <em>Bear</em> a dozen good-sized silver salmon—caught this -morning and lying for protection against flies, in a pool of water—and -left for the old site "around the point."</p> - -<p>A nice site, but small. Fine beach for bathing if it were in a -warmer climate. Remains of about a half dozen semisubterranean -houses. A copper nail from one shows they were not very ancient. -And no burials left, save one, more recent, of a child, most of which -is gone. But there is a green elevated plane rising from the beach -and we soon find several varieties of berries, especially large and good -blueberries, a variety of huckleberry, and a sort of wine-tasting -dwarf blackberry. Collect enough for immediate consumption—a -most welcome diversion in every way—and get some for the captain.</p> - -<p>Leave near 1 p. m. A little lunch on boat, then once more the -reindeer camp, where the young women make us good hot coffee -with as good biscuits as one could find anywhere. Buy more berries -from them, load our fish (12 salmon ranging about 12 pounds each, -for $3), and start off for another site just around Stony Point.</p> - -<p>Round up one point, then another and another, up to five, and by -that time the going has become so rough that we get much tossed -about, ship water, dog gets frightened and near sick, and just -as we reach what we thought must be the last point there juts out -still another. It is now so rough that the boatswain thinks we could -not land, and so nothing remains but to turn back to the mother -boat. Reach there near 3.30 p. m. Soon all boats are hoisted, and at -4 the <em>Bear</em> is on her way to St. Michael.</p> - -<p>August 18. Arrived about midnight off St. Michael; must stay outside -due to shoal water. Somewhat rough.</p> - -<p>In the morning boat coaling, dirty work, so all who can go ashore. -Meet Mr. Williams again; buy a few native articles in stores, visit -Mrs. Evans, the teacher-nurse, who has on an occasion successfully -amputated a native's finger. The deputy marshal takes me to his -house, gives me some dried deer meat and smoked salmon strips, and -promises to be on a lookout for specimens for us. Near noon return. -Still rough.</p> - -<p>At night a bad blow and the ship tossing a great deal, almost as -during the storm to St. Lawrence. Feel it considerably, but after -3 a. m. wind and water moderate. Feel effects of it, however, whole -morning. For an explorer to be ever in rough weather subject to -seasickness is a horrid affliction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> - -<p>August 19. Off Nome once more. Everything, city, mountains, -appear exceedingly, unnaturally clear—not a good sign. After -9 a. m. go to town. Soon at the Lomens' headquarters, and the sons, -particularly Carl, bring out three smaller boxes full of things from -St. Lawrence and Nunivak Islands, and give me the choice of all. -And after I am through—near two hours' fast work—Carl adds one -beautiful tusk (carved) from Nunivak Island, and then adds another, -and two big bones of a mammoth, some as gifts, some as an addition -to his loan to our institution. Excellent men.</p> - -<p>Lunch with Ralph and Carl; then a good walk in the open; and -then another lecture. All pleased, and two bring me specimens for -our museum. Slowly back to boat and 4.45 on the <em>Bear</em> again. Nice -day, but getting cooler and blustery.</p> - -<p>Captain Ross comes to port, the graphophone starts its usual jazz -songs next (ward) room, then the supper, all visitors gone, and the -<em>Bear</em> raises anchor to be off for the north once more.</p> - -<p>August 19, evening. A new, final chapter begins with to-day. -What will it contain when over?</p> - -<p>August 20. Rough. Go north until in plain sight of the Diomedes -as well as Cape Wales, and then the captain decides landing would -be risky, if not impossible; and so reluctantly we turn back and -proceed toward Teller. What a tantalizing experience this must -have been to poor Jenness, who is waiting for us on the Little -Diomede, a most dreary place, to be taken off; and I, too, expected -collections at both the Diomedes and the Cape.</p> - -<p>Saturday, August 21. Port Clarence, off Teller. This proved -a day never to be forgotten; for failure of a rigid system, for bad -weather, for strain and endurance, and nearness to almost anything.</p> - -<p>My purpose was to utilize the <em>Bear's</em> visit to Teller for a survey -of a Chukchee-Eskimo battle field, of which I heard repeatedly -from the Yukon onward. Sometime during the earlier half of the -last century the Chukchee from Asia are said to have made an invasion -of the peninsula and to have reached as far as the Salt Lake, -east of Teller, when they were met by the united Eskimo and badly -defeated. The exact spot where this happened is, however, somewhat -uncertain, and it was to locate it, examine, and collect what -might be possible of the remains that were said to be still there -that I asked Captain Cochran to let me have one of the motor boats, -to which he kindly consented, uniting the trip with some topographical -observations for his own purposes.</p> - -<p>The evening before I was told by the second officer that we shall -start some time soon after midnight for that part of the old battle -field—there seemed to be two of them—at the eastern point of the -Salt Lake. As a result could not undress, and after ship stopped in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> -Port Clarence, near 11 p. m., had but a little rest. The call came at -4 a. m. A little breakfast, a package of lunch, and start at 5.10.</p> - -<p>First note. Ship about 7 miles from Teller. Water deep enough -much nearer, but we came at night. Here there are already dark -nights between about 9 p. m. and 4 a. m., and so they were cautious.</p> - -<p>Second. The officer says he has orders not to stop at Teller, where -there is an old Indian (Dunak) from whom I expected to get exact -bearings, and where there is also a white trader, Mr. Peterson, who -knows the place and might possibly have accompanied us.</p> - -<p>Third. Distances, as usual, longer than estimated. We find eventually -that the destination is about 32 miles from Teller.</p> - -<p>Fourth. A brisk head wind and sea retarding us.</p> - -<p>Fifth. As we approach our spot, a shoal water, with grass, preventing -us from going straight to the most likely place, and no other way -was tried. It is 11 a. m. and already I hear an intimation that we -shall not have time for anything except to make a lunch. This is -the same officer, a very good man at his post but rigid and without -much interest in anything else than his own field, who after 10 -miles' trip to Kotzebue gave us 25 minutes there, when it required -15 minutes alone to reach the school from the boat.</p> - -<p>So we end by landing on the extremity of a spit there to make -lunch, and I have only the time it takes to prepare the latter. I find, -in hurry, remains of five old semisubterranean dwellings on the -northern side of the point, and about as many low mounds with -remnants about of rotten driftwood—undoubtedly old burials. -Probably the skeletons have been assimilated by the tundra vegetation -and blown material. A single native skull, a female, without -face, is lying about. Collected.</p> - -<p>While lunch is being made ready the officer and the boatswain, -Mr. Berg, each shoot a duck. Then the lunch, a hurried loading, -and departure, after some delay in setting the sail, at 1.30 p. m. I -saw nothing that looked like a battle field. Its determination and -survey must be left for some future explorer.</p> - -<p>Sail rapidly. Wind fresh, with us, also waves. Cross Salt Lake, -and Tussoc "River." About 4.30 reach Grantly Harbor and wind -increases; also waves. We run fast, and well enough, but the -umiak (skin boat) we are pulling begins to suffer. It rides crazily -and is jerked over the seething waves. The crossbar by which it is -partly held breaks, and now the boat goes more sidewise, with water -lapping over its border and getting in. Wind now quite a gale, -breaking waves everywhere—every now and then a big one—whitecaps -all over. A dim view of Teller in distance, when the skin -boat begins to fill more rapidly and sag. Must stop engine—waves -toss us like mad—one could be thrown bodily out of the boat if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> -not careful in bending or moving and holding. The sail comes -down and the mast is laid down, a bad piece of work. Berg and -Pete Brant (an elderly trapper with us but formerly of Coast -Guard Service at Nome, a good sailor and knowing these waters) -work very hard and well. The skin boat has to be pulled alongside -and bailed out by young Weenie, a very hard and dangerous task. -Mr. Berg's rain hat ("souwester") blows off and is lost in the -seething waves. Later Weenie nearly loses his—snatches it out -between the boats with a narrow escape for his head. Then Weenie -climbs into the skin boat—a brave act—and finishes the bailing, but -is much "in" after getting back. Then our big staunch motor -launch starts again at reduced speed. But the skin boat does great -antics and threatens to fill again or break; so Pete Brant holds the -rope and is jerked every now and then, until I fear that he may -any moment be jerked out into the waves and watch to catch his -legs. Fortunately he succeeds in preventing it, but there was a -slim margin.</p> - -<p>It has drizzled or rained, besides the wind, most of the afternoon, -and there is a lot of spray to splashes from the waves. All this has -to be taken as it comes, but the water is not cold, and our boots and -oilskins give protection. Nevertheless my right knee to hip gets -thoroughly wet and chilly, and I was not alone. But there is little -time to think of such things. We see at Teller the waves breaking -high on the shore, some boats already on the beach and others being -driven there, a few people looking helplessly on.</p> - -<p>About 5.50 we round the Teller spit and come in the lee of it into -calmer water. But the visibility over the water is probably not -over a mile now, and we see no trace of the <em>Bear</em>. The gasoline -supply is getting rather low; and all are more or less cold, though -dressed warmer than I and, due to their hip-high rubber boots—mine -reach only to the knee—not wet. I now shake a lot with -the cold, without being able to stop it. So we skirt the protecting -bluffs southward to where everyone thinks the <em>Bear</em> is, near a little -stream from which they were to take fresh water. But though we -all strain our eyes to the limit, there is no trace of the ship.</p> - -<p>Thus reach Cape Riley and the stream, which is found dry, without -a drop of water. Get on the pebbly beach, turn skin boat over to -get the water out, and hurry to chop wood. No wood save the water -troughs, so chop these. Must have fire. I warm up a little by -running around and chopping. They pour gasoline on the wood, -make a big fire, cook a pot of coffee, and with bread and preserved -meat make a supper, though it is mainly coffee.</p> - -<p>Near 8 and getting dark. Storm, outside of protection of cliffs, -unabated. There is a second watering place, 7 or 8 miles across the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> -bay, and our only chance to find the <em>Bear</em> is to rush for this. But to -do this we must go diagonally across the waves and similarly against -the wind—a bad prospect. Also, we have only just about enough -gasoline to reach the place. But there is no help.</p> - -<p>Thus a new start, and before long we are once more in the waves. -It is now quite obscure. The waves break now and then and splash -over us. Before long the skin boat is again sagging and in danger -of sinking. Once more pull alongside and dangerous, exhausting -bailing by Weenie.</p> - -<p>And so on, tossed, driven aside, but thanks to the good engine -never stopping. I hold to seat not to be thrown against things or -even out; the others are becoming gruff, irritable. And then Higsby -makes out a faint light far ahead. No one certain, but in a while -it seems moving. A solitary small light somewhere far on the shore, -probably, not the boat.</p> - -<p>But soon another stronger light discerned, seemingly moving to -the left, and later several—the ship in all probability.</p> - -<p>We toss and reel and stagger nearer, but motor still going strong. -For the skin boat they found at last a position in which it takes but -little water. Finally see decisively a blinking light, the mast signal. -We show our lantern a few times. Then the ship looms before us, -but there is still the risky task of getting alongside and aboard. -However, all is accomplished without real damage.</p> - -<p>The cabin—the good and anxious captain—a little canned grapefruit, -and bed. But head falls and rises, the events of the day reappear, -wonder what has become of the trade schooner we saw being -driven on the beach—and so on until consciousness passes into deep -sleep. The <em>Bear</em> is fairly quiet, not in the brunt of the weather. -And this eventually moderates, so that a little after 4 we start again, -only to anchor once more at 6, a little below where last night we had -our supper.</p> - -<p>August 22. Cloudy, drizzly, rough still, and wireless news of -widespread bad storms, even in the States. So we shall wait. One -more hope for my collections at the Cape and with Jenness.</p> - -<p>Captain says this morning the officer misunderstood his orders -about Teller. The trip demonstrated a number of things. One of -the main and most gratifying was the sterling quality of the men -with me, officer, boatswain, motorman. Weenie, Pete, in the teeth of -real danger. They were all that men should be under such conditions, -which is the best way I can express it. The trip may have been -in vain so far as its scientific object was concerned, but it brought -a number of men face to face with life's stresses and found their -mettle of the truest quality, without exception, to witness which -was worth the whole experience.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> - -<p>August 22-23. During the night have left Port Clarence and -endeavored once more to reach Wales and the Diomedes, to be again -turned away by fog and rough weather. The captain doubts if -there will be any more decent "spells." The season for this stormy -sea is too far advanced. Unable to land anywhere.</p> - -<p>The day is followed by another horrid night, again off the St. -Lawrence Island. Boat tossing and heaving and rolling, waves -reaching and even splashing over the level of the high upper deck -in the back, everything tied tip and cleared or fastened, a danger -in making even a few steps of being thrown against something, or -on the deck of being thrown overboard, and everything constantly -cracking, creaking, with every few minutes an impact big thud-like -or a splash of a wave, the floor heaving and twisting; and thus from -before evening until morning. Then a trace easier, but the whole -day gloomy and rough and the night again more unsettled. To-day -better, wind which began east then turned northwest, then almost -north, now stopped, but a heavy swell is running, heaving us nearly -as much as yesterday. We have gone very slowly.</p> - -<p>Have arrived off Savonga. The sky is now clear and there is -not much wind, but the swell is and keeps on such that, notwithstanding -the repeated calls of our siren, the Eskimo whom we -see above the beach near their boats, do not dare to launch these -and come, nor does the captain care to risk one of our own launches, -though we need fresh reindeer meat and all would like once more -to meet the nice lot of natives of this village. After a prolonged -wait and as conditions show no improvement, nothing remains but -to leave the island.</p> - -<p>Our next stop, if the weather permits, is to be at Nunivak Island. -This is a large island off the Alaskan coast, well below the present -delta of the Yukon and some distance above Kuskokwim Bay. The -island is one of the least explored, and the people living upon it -one of the least known. It is only during the last few years that -a trading and a reindeer post has been established on this island, -and only the second year that there is a teacher. What little is -known of the natives, a branch of the Eskimo, shows that they have -many different habits from those farther north, in clothing, decoration, -etc. They make rather good black pottery, and from this -island come the most elaborate carvings in ivory, reminding strongly -of small totem poles. A photograph of a group of these people, -seen at the Lomen Studio at Nome, showed remarkably broad and -short faces, unlike the Eskimo of the north. All of which made me -very anxious to visit the island.</p> - -<p>To be brief such a visit, though promised to me by the captain, -could not be realized. The waters about the island are so im<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>perfectly -charted that in weather that continued half rough it was -thought unwise to risk a landing. I felt this keenly, as the various -other impossibilities of the trip. But I could never forget all the -unexpected help I received from the Revenue Cutter Service, for -which I was deeply grateful, and had to acknowledge the justice of -the captain's position. We came so near that the land birds from -the island were already about us, but then turned toward the -Pribilofs and Unalaska....</p> - -<p>Only little remains to be told. At the Pribilof Island, St. Paul, -we stopped at night, to take on four live fur seals for the Academy -of Sciences of San Francisco, and there we ran once more into -stormy weather. Here are a few notes from this period:</p> - -<p>August 27. Toward evening again a gale, southwest. At night -worse. Ship tossing rather wildly. No possibility to me of either -getting up or resting. Barely keep from being horribly ill again.</p> - -<p>Later in night ship had to be turned back and just drift.</p> - -<p>August 28. All day the storm continues. I could take no meals, -not even a drop of water. In bed and barely standing it. Ship -hove to at last and just drifting.</p> - -<p>August 29. Gale keeps on just as bad, howling till 1.30 a. m. -Then it moderates somewhat and ship starts going again. Last night -we were only 60 miles from Unalaska, now a good deal farther out. -Steam, still in half a gale and big sea, until after midday, when, not -without some difficulty and danger, we reach the fine little protected -harbor of Unalaska. Feel weak, near worn out.</p> - -<p>August 30, p. m. Rest, and all is well again. Secure a little rowboat -and go with old Pete Brant to near-by islands. Storm over -for the day and fair, though not entirely. Row, climb hills, pick -berries and mushrooms, watch a bearlike semiwild pig, out whole -afternoon, returning strengthened, refreshed. Only no appetite yet. -Found no traces of human occupancy, but heard of some in the -"Captain's Bay" and at other spots.</p> - -<p>The few Aleuts in Unalaska at this time show physiognomies -akin to the brachycephalic Indian, and not the Eskimo type.</p> - -<p>August 31-September 1. A new gale, with drizzles. Luckily we -are at a dock, but I can do little. They are cleaning the boilers and -coaling. Evening of 1st have a good dinner—captain and the rest -of us from the <em>Bear's</em> cabin—at a friendly local trader, Louis Strauss, -and after that give lecture on "Man's Origin, etc." Introduction -by Capt. Van Buskirk, local commodore of the Revenue Cutter -Service. Lecture well received, make numerous friends, get good -information. Strauss's supper was the first I could eat with some -taste and hunger. But the lecture did me good.</p> - -<p>September 2. Coaling and overhauling of boilers finished. Gale -stopped. Ship leaves 1 p. m. Day fairly sunny. Everyone sees us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> -off. Harbor and hills look fine, though sky again clouded. Outside -quite a swell after the gales. Pass the <em>Haida</em>, practicing with her -cannon. The <em>Algonkin</em> was here too, with the story of their visit to -the Punuk Islands. The fresh green steep mountains toward the -entrance of the harbor are refreshing to the eye.</p> - -<p>Pass through Akitan. Pass picturesque, especially the outstanding -isolated rocks near the islands.</p> - -<p>Toward evening, far to the left (east), see under the clouds a -glorious icy cone, the "Pogrovemoi," and later a lower but still great -mountain a little farther and to the right an old but not so very old -volcano. Other volcanoes there are, the captain tells me, now hidden -by the low clouds.</p> - -<p>Have a new passenger, Mr. Charles Brower, the trader of Barrow. -Came from the <em>Brower</em>, ship of his own company, a little larger and -faster than the <em>Bear</em>, and going also to San Francisco, but with -poorer accommodations. Brings with him a box of archeological -specimens from the Barter Island, in the north. Examine them, but -find little of special interest.</p> - -<p>It takes us a little less than 10 days of a fairly good journey to -reach San Francisco. Dock at Oakland late in the evening. The -next morning, after breakfast, the boxes and barrels with collections -are taken on the dock—a big pile. Then the Santa Fe officials -kindly run a flat freight car to the pile, the boxes, etc., are loaded -on, the main part taken to the freight depot, the most valuable ones -to express, shipped, and shortly after what remains of the expedition -is on the Santa Fe Limited for Chicago. It only needs to -be added that, notwithstanding the variety of receptacles and the -difficulties of packing, the collections reached the Institution without -damage to a single specimen. Thanks once more for the help -received in making all safe to the captain and officers of the <em>Bear</em>, to -Mr. Berg, the best of boatswains, to the carpenter, and to all those of -the crew who assisted.</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>THE YUKON TERRITORY—SITES, THE INDIANS, THE -ESKIMO</h2> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Tanana</span></h3> - - -<h4>BRIEF HISTORICAL DATA</h4> - -<p>The Tanana is the largest tributary of the Yukon. It is over -600 miles in length, and in its breadth, though not in its volume, it -appears to equal, if not to exceed, the Yukon at their junction. The -first white men to see the mouth of the Tanana were the Russian -traders (about 1860), followed before long by the employees of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> -Hudson Bay Co. Dall says that it has long been noted on the -old maps of Russian America, under the name of the River of -the Mountain Men, while the Hudson Bay men called it the Gens-des-Buttes -River. (Alaska and Its Resources, 281-282.) Dall -mapped the junction of the river with the Yukon. The first who -descended a part of its course were two traders, Harper and Bates, -who reached the river higher up, sometime in the late seventies. -The name of Harper is preserved by having been given to the -big bend of the stream, 12 miles above its mouth. Its scientific -exploration begins only in 1885, with the passage down nearly its -entire length of Lieut. Henry T. Allen, United States Army;<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> the -main work concerning the geography and geology of the river being -done in 1898 by A. H. Brooks.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Allen, Henry T., Military Reconnaissance in Alaska. Comp. Narr. Expl. Alas., 415-416, -446-452.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Brooks, A. H., Reconnaissance in the Tanana and White River Basins. Twentieth -Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 1900, pt. <span class="smcap">VII</span>, 437-438; also the Geog. and Geol. -Alas., U. S. Geol. Surv. Doc. 201, 1906.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>POPULATION</h4> - -<p>The native population of the Tanana has always been remarkably -scarce. Dall obtained an estimate of their whole number as about 150 -families.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Petrof, in 1880, thought they numbered perhaps seven -or eight hundred;<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Allen in 1885 estimated them at between 550 and -600;<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Brooks, in 1898, thought there were less than 400;<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> and the -1910 United States Census gives the total number of the "Tenan-kutchin," -full bloods and mix bloods, as 415.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> - -<p>According to Brooks (Reconnaissance, 490-491), the Tanana natives -were separated into two geographic contingents, the eastern or -highland and the northwestern or lowland groups. The most easterly -group included the Indian settlements in the vicinity of Forty-mile -and Mentasta Pass trail; the northwestern comprises to-day -those from Nenana to the mouth of the river.</p> - -<p>The Tanana Indians were generally regarded by other natives -as warlike and dangerous, but so far as their relation with the whites -was concerned there was little justification for this notion.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Physically -they were reported by Brooks to "average rather better than -the Indians of the Yukon" (Reconnaissance, 492). There are but -a few and scanty other references to them in this connection.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> "Their numbers are supposed not to exceed 150 families." Alaska and Its Resources, -p. 108.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Notes Alas. Ethn., 161.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Brooks, op. cit, 493.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Brooks, op. cit., 493.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Population, <span class="smcap">III</span>, 1137.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> See Castner, J. C., A Story of Hardship and Suffering In Alaska: Comp. Narr. Expl. -Alaska, 686-709.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Indian Sites and Villages Along the Tanana</span></h3> - -<p><em>Upper course.</em>—On this much larger part of the river it is possible -to report but indirectly.</p> - -<p>A. H. Brooks, in 1898, reports thus on this subject:<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> "Several -Indian houses are found on and near the Tanana between the Good-paster -and Salchakat and constitute a subgroup of the upper Tanana -Indians. * * * The most thickly settled part of the region is -along the sluggish portions of the lower Tanana. The largest villages -are at the mouth of the Cantwell and Toclat Rivers, and each -of these consists of a number of good cabins. In the intervening -region there are a number of isolated houses and fishing stations, -which are marked on the accompanying map."</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_1a.jpg" width="700" height="406" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 1.</span>—The Tanana River between Nenana and Tanana, with Indian villages</p></div> -</div> - -<p>To which Lieutenant Castner, who explored the upper Tanana, -adds the following:<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> "On 750 miles of the Tanana proper and its -tributaries I saw seven small hamlets, and not to exceed 100 Indians—men, -women, and children."</p> - -<p>From information obtained by me at Fairbanks, at the United -States marshal's office and from miners, it appears that the following -villages are better known:</p> - - -<ul><li>Village, 150 miles east of Fairbanks.</li> - -<li>Mansfield Lake village, 300 miles east of Fairbanks.</li> - -<li>Tetlen, 410 miles east of Fairbanks.</li> - -<li>East Tetlen, 7 miles southeast of Tetlen.</li> -</ul> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Brooks, A. H., A Reconnaissance in the White and Tanana River Basins, Alaska, in -1898: Twentieth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1900, pt. <span class="smcap">VII</span>, p. 491.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Castner, op. cit., p. 706.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h4>LOWER TANANA, NENANA TO YUKON</h4> - -<p>No old sites were learned of on this part of the river, and few, if -any, are probably preserved, due to lowness of banks and extensive -destruction (cutting of the banks) by the river.</p> - -<p>The present Indian villages on the river are as follows:</p> - -<p>1. Nenana (or Tortella), about a mission, half a mile from the -railroad station and town of the same name, on the left bank of -the Tanana and near the mouth of the Nenana River. (Fig. 1.)</p> - -<p>2. "Old Minto," 27 miles from Nenana, right bank; but a small -number of Indians there now.</p> - -<p>3. Village at the mouth of the Tolovana, right bank (where the -Tolovana enters the Tanana); the village is on the distal (downstream) -point. Nearly abandoned; only two families there now. -Summer (fishing) camp on the opposite point.</p> - -<p>4. A small settlement at mouth of Baker Creek, right bank, about -4 miles upstream from Hot Springs.</p> - -<p>5. "Crossjacket village," on left bank, about 45 miles above Tanana, -40 miles below Hot Springs. Used to be called "Cosna." -Occupied, though only a few there.</p> - -<p>6. Near 5, but on the opposite bank, a few habitations.</p> - -<p>During the open season the Indians live scattered along the river -in fishing camps. This is especially true along the right bank downstream -from Nenana.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Yukon Below Tanana</span></h3> - - -<h4>BRIEF HISTORY</h4> - -<p>The Yukon is the principal river of Alaska. It is one -of the greatest and most scenic rivers in the world. It is approximately -2,300 miles long (from the headwaters of the Lewes -River), in its middle and lower courses ranges at times with its -sloughs to several miles in breadth, and includes many hundreds of -islands of its own formation. Its scenery is still essentially primeval, -affected but little by human occupation or industry. It has, in fact, -gone considerably back in these respects since the gold rush was over.</p> - -<p>This great stream has been known to the white man for less than -a century. Cook, in September of 1778, sailed near, discovering -Stuart Island and Cape Stephens of the St. Michael Island, but -missed the river.</p> - -<p>In 1829 P. E. Chistiakof, director (1826-1830) of the Russian-American -colonies, sent the naval officer Vasilief to explore the -coasts between the Alexander Redoubt (at the mouth of the Nushagak) -and the Shaktol or Norton Sound, and in 1830 Vasilief explored -the larger part of the Kuskokwim River, of which the Russians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> -knew already from their earlier explorers. Here they heard of an -even greater stream to the north.</p> - -<p>In 1831, on the recommendation of Vasilief, Michail Dmitrievich -Tebenkof was sent to Norton Sound with the view of further exploration -and the establishing of a post in that region. Tebenkof discovered -that Cape Stephens was not a part of the mainland but of -an island; and he built here a fortified post which in honor of his -patron saint is called St. Michael, a name which subsequently passed -to the whole island. The post was to serve both trade and further -exploration.</p> - -<p>From St. Michael, at the end of 1834, a small party is sent out -under the leadership of an educated "kreol" (son of a native mother -and Russian father), Andrei Glazunof, and on January 26, 1835, they -reach the good-sized Indian village of Anvik, on the Kwikhpak, or -Yukon.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> From here Glazunof travels down the river to the large -village of Aninulykhtykh-pak (above Holy Cross), the last Indian -(as distinguished from Eskimo) village down the river, whence -Glazunof sends most of his party back to St. Michael and himself -proceeds to the Kuskokwim.</p> - -<p>In 1836 the Russians effect the first settlement on the Yukon, at -Ikogmiut (Zagoskin, 6), later known as the Russian Mission.</p> - -<p>In 1838 Malakof, over land portage, reaches Nulato and builds -there a trading post, which, during his absence the next winter, is -burned by the natives. In 1841 Dieriabin rebuilds and fortifies this -post, becomes its headman, and is there eventually (1851) killed by -the Indians.</p> - -<p>In 1841 Lieut. Laurenti Alexief Zagoskin is delegated to explore -the "Kwikhpak," with its portages to the Kotzebue Sound, and the -Kuskokwim River; and in 1843 he navigates and maps 600 miles of -the Yukon, or from about the mouth of the Apkhun (northern) pass -to the mouth of the Novitna River, with approximately 100 miles of -each, from their mouth, of the Koyukuk and of the Ittege (or -Innoko) Rivers.</p> - -<p>The Russian post at Nulato remains until the sale of their American -dominions by the Russians to the United States in 1867. From it and -from St. Michael individual Russian traders ranged over the river<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> -and its lower affluents, but there was no further noteworthy scientific -exploration. In 1863, however, Lukin, who after Vasilief and Kolmakof -helped to explore the Kuskokwim, reached to Fort Yukon.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the river has been visited by both the English and -the Americans. In 1847 Mr. Bell, of the Hudson Bay Co., having -heard of the great stream from some of the Indians who visited the -fort on Peels River, set out in quest of it, accompanied by a native -guide, and reached it by the Rat and the Porcupine Rivers.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> - -<p>Between 1843 and 1867 the river in its lower and middle reaches -is freely traversed by the Russian traders. In 1851 Nulato is reached -by Lieutenant Barnard, of H. M. S. <em>Enterprise</em>, in search of Franklin, -only to be massacred there with some of the Russians and natives -by the offended Indians of the Koyukuk. In 1861 Robert Kennicott -traverses a part of the Yukon, and in 1865 he, with Capt. Charles -S. Bulkley, leads there the expedition of the Western Union Telegraph -Co., which is accompanied by William H. Dall and Frederick -Whymper, and results in much information. Already, however, in -1863, Strahan Jones, commander of the Peels River Fort, has descended -the Yukon to the mouth of the Novitna River or the uppermost -point reached by Zagoskin, thus completing its identification -as one and the same great stream. This point and the Tanana mark -the westernmost penetration by the English (the Hudson Bay Co.).</p> - -<p>In 1865 begin American explorations proper. In that year, under -an agreement with the Russians, Maj. Robert Kennicott, heading a -party of the Western Union Telegraph explorers, crosses from St. -Michael to Nulato. Kennicott dies in Nulato a year later, but the -explorations are carried on to result eventually in a series of valuable -publications, more particularly by Dall and Whymper.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> - -<p>The researches under the auspices of the Western Union Telegraph -Co., themselves backed by the Government, are followed by explorations -under the direct auspices of the American Government. -Thus, in 1869 there is a reconnaissance of the river by Capt. -C. W. Raymond; in 1883, that by Lieut. Frederick Schwatka; in -1885 by Lieut. Henry T. Allen; in 1898 by Capt. W. P. Richardson; -and these are succeeded by the geological surveys of A. H. Brooks -and companions.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> - -<p>From 1878 on commenced placer and mining explorations for gold -in Alaska leading gradually to the eventual great gold rush of the -later nineties, which brought a whole flotilla of large river steamers -and other craft to the Yukon and led to a rapid growth of some of -the old and the establishment of a number of new settlements along -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>its banks. The rash passed in turn, many of the miners and others -departed, boats became idle and were beached or taken to the St. -Michael ship "bone yard," where, together with most of the buildings, -they are now (1926) being broken up; and the Yukon has -reverted in a large measure to its former primeval, dormant, lonely -state.</p> - -<p>Such, in brief, is the white man's history of the Yukon, with all of -which the river remains but half known, at best. It has never -been fully surveyed, which would be a vast and unending task. It -contains a large number of barely known little tributaries that are -lost in the jungle-covered flats with their many pools and lakes. -It has innumerable islands and channels, in which the traveler is -easily lost, and it cuts and builds constantly during the open season. -Its valley is squally and rainy. The stream may one moment be -like a great, liquid, softly flowing mirror, to be in a few minutes -churned into an ugly and dangerous roughness from which every -smaller boat must seek shelter. Its shores are inhospitable, except -for the native fisherman and hunter, and torment man with swarms -of gnats and mosquitoes.</p> - -<p>But there is no malaria; no snakes or other poisonous things. And -when the weather is decent the water, the wooded shores, and the -fresh, clean virginal parklike islands have a greatness and charm -that compensate for much. Besides which there is the still more -intensive allure of original exploration. Botany, zoology, and above -all paleontology, find here still a fruitful field, while for anthropology, -and especially archeology, the land is still largely a terra -incognita.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> There is some confusion about the exact date of Glazunof's journey, partly due perhaps -to the fact that he started on Dec. 30. Wrangell (Stat. and Ethnog. Nachricht., 138) -says that Glazunof's expedition was outfitted the same year (1833) in which the St. -Michael redoubt was established. In Zeleny's abstract of Zagoskin's report (p. 212) and -by Zagoskin himself (pp. 6, 23) the departure of the expedition is put a year later, or -1834, which is probably correct. Dall's remarks (Alaska and Its Resources, 276, 338) -on the subject contain several errors, both of dates and facts. There is also considerable -confusion as to the names Kvikhpak and Yukon. The term Kvikhpak (Kvikh, river; pak, -large) is of Eskimo origin and was applied by these to that part of the river which they -occupied. The name Yukon, or something near this, is of Indian derivation and was -applied to those parts of the river, below Tanana at least, that were peopled by the -Khotana or Indians.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Richardson, J., Arctic Searching Expedition, London, 1851, <span class="smcap">II</span>, 206.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> For details see Dall's Alaska and Its Resources, Boston, 1870.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> See Compilation of Explorations in Alaska, Senate Rept. 1023, Washington, 1900; and -reports on Alaska of the United States Geological Survey.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Yukon Natives</span></h3> - -<p>Upon their arrival on the Kvikpak and Yukon, the Russians found -the banks of the stream peopled in its upper and middle courses by -Indians and lower down by the Eskimo.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> The last Indian village -downstream was Aninulykhtykh-pak, since completely gone. Its -site is identifiable with one that used to exist in front of the present -mission of Holy Cross or just above. The first Eskimo village of -some note was Paimute.</p> - -<p>As to the Indians of the Yukon and its tributaries, there is a considerable -confusion of names, almost every author using his own -spelling and subdivisions. It is evident that there were two sets of -names of the various Indian contingents, namely the names, sometimes -contemptuous, given to them by outsiders, and the names in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> -use among themselves, which generally meant the people of this or -that locality. The facts are that they all belonged to the Tinné or -Dené family;<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> that there were two probably related generic names -for them, namely Kutchin (used especially on the upper Yukon) and -Khotana (used mainly along the central and lower parts of the -stream); and that along the Yukon itself, with its channels, there -were three main subdivisions of the people: The Kutchin (with various -qualifications) on the upper parts of the river, down to Fort -Yukon; the Yukonikhotana, from Fort Yukon to Nulato;<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> and the -Kain (Petrof) or Kaiyuh (Dall) Khotana, or Inkaliks (of the -Russians), from Nulato to Holy Cross.</p> - -<p>In addition there were the Tenan-kutchin Tenan-khotana or -Mountain-men of the Tanana; and the Yunnaka-khotana (Zagoskin) -or Koyukuk-khotana (Dall), the people of the Koyukuk.</p> - -<p>These groups were settled in a moderate number of permanent or -winter villages along the rivers, in the summer spreading along the -streams in camps. The population found by the first Russian explorer, -Glazunof, from Anvik to Aninulykhtykh-pak, was seemingly -a rather large one. He is reported by Wrangell to have counted, at -Anvik, 240 grown males; at Magimiut, 35; and at Aninulykhtykh-pak -300. At the last-named village in particular there were present -"many people," Glazunof estimating altogether nearly 700. These -figures, except for Magimiut, seem too large and were not even approached -later; but before the next count, that by Zagoskin, all these -settlements had been visited by smallpox; and at the big village -Glazunoff may have seen a potlatch, such as may still yearly be -witnessed at some settlements on the river.</p> - -<p>Zagoskin in 1843 made a detailed and evidently reliable count of -all the villages that became known to him. His data in this respect, -as in others, being of fundamental value, are here given, the Eskimo, -for convenience, being included.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> See Auszug aus dem Tagebuche des Schiffer-gehülfen Andreas Glasunow. In Wrangell. -Ferd. v., Statistische und ethnographische Nachrichten ü. d. Russichen Besitzungen a. d. -Nordwestküste v. Amerika. Ed. by K. C. v. Baer, St. Petersburg, 1839, 137-160. Zagoskin, -A., Pes̆echodnaia opis c̆asti russkick vladenii v. Amerikě. 2 parts, St. Petĕrsburg. -1847-1848, pp. 1-183, 1-120, and 1-43; with a map.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Dall, Contr. N. A. Ethn., vol. 1, p. 17.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Zagoskin: "* * * great family of the Ttynai nation, which occupies the interior -of the mainland of our colonies and known to us under various names—Yug-elnut, Tutna, -Golcanĕ or Kilc̆anĕ [according to the pronunciation of those giving the information], -Kenaici, Inkaliti, Inkalich-liuatov [distant Inkaliks], and others—names given to them -by the neighboring coastal people."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Petrof, Ivan, p. 161: "This tribe, comprising the Yunakhotana and the Kutchakutchin -of Dall, inhabits the banks of the Yukon River from Fort Yukon westward to -Nulato."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h4><span class="smcap">Native Villages on the Yukon and in the Vicinity, 1843 (Zagoskin, III, -39-41)</span><a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></h4> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Native Villages on the Yukon and in the Vicinity"> -<thead> - <tr> - <th>Villages</th> - <th>Total</th> - <th>Adult<br />males<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></th> - <th>Houses</th> - </tr> -</thead> -<tbody> - <tr> - <th>INDIANS</th> - <th></th> - <th></th> - <th></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Inkalit-Iugelnut:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Inselnostlende</td> - <td class="tdr">33</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Khuingitatekhten</td> - <td class="tdr">37</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Iltenleiden</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Tlego</td> - <td class="tdr">45</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Khuligichagat</td> - <td class="tdr">70</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kvygympainag-miut</td> - <td class="tdr">71</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Vazhichagat</td> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Anvig</td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - <td class="tdr">37</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Makki</td> - <td class="tdr">44</td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Anilukhtakpak</td> - <td class="tdr">170</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">770</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">225</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">43</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Inkiliks proper:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kunkhogliuk</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ulukak</td> - <td class="tdr">35</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ttutago</td> - <td class="tdr">32</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kakoggo-khakat</td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Khutul-khakat</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Khaltag</td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Khogoltlinde</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdr">17</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Takaiak</td> - <td class="tdr">81</td> - <td class="tdr">27</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Khuli-kakat</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">264</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">80</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">24</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yunnaka-khotana:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Notaglit</td> - <td class="tdr">37</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Tlialil-kakat</td> - <td class="tdr">27</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Toshoshgon</td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Tok-khakat</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nok-khakat</td> - <td class="tdr">50</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kakhliakhlia-kakat</td> - <td class="tdr">26</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Tsonagogliakhten</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Tsogliachten</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Khotyl-kakat</td> - <td class="tdr">65</td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Unylgakhtkhokh</td> - <td class="tdr">17</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nulato</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">289</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">70</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">23</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tlegon-khotana:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Innoko natives seen on the Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">44</td> - <td class="tdr">33</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Village totality</td> - <td class="tdr">45</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">89</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">47</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">All Indians counted on Yukon and Koyukuk</td> - <td class="tdr bd">1,359</td> - <td class="tdr bd"><a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>422</td> - <td class="tdr bd">132 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>ESKIMO</th> - <th></th> - <th></th> - <th></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kavliunag-miut</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nygyklig-miut</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kanyg-miut</td> - <td class="tdr">45</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ankachag-miut</td> - <td class="tdr">122</td> - <td class="tdr">32</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Takchag-miut</td> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ikuag-miut</td> - <td class="tdr">130</td> - <td class="tdr">35</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nukhluiag-miut</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdr">17</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ikogmiut</td> - <td class="tdr">92</td> - <td class="tdr">22</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ikaligvig-miut</td> - <td class="tdr">45</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Pai-miut</td> - <td class="tdr">123</td> - <td class="tdr">35</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Total of Kvikhpag-miut</td> - <td class="tdr bt">681</td> - <td class="tdr bt">185</td> - <td class="tdr bt">38</td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> - -<p>Dall, referring to 1866-67 (Contr. Am. Ethn., I, 23, 39), estimated -the number of the Yukon Eskimo at 1,000 and that of the -Yukon and Koyukuk Indians, from the mouth of the Tanana downward, -at 2,800. Only a few sites of villages are incidentally given -by Dall.</p> - -<p>Ivan Petrof, as a special agent for Alaska of the United States -Census for 1880, reports himself the following Indian settlements -and numbers of inhabitants on the Yukon (Compil. Narrat. Expl. -Alaska, 68; gives also data on Eskimo, but his arrangement and -unidentifiable localities prevent these data from being used here):</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Indian settlements and numbers of inhabitants on the Yukon"> - <tr> - <td>Anvik station and village</td> - <td class="tdr">94</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Single house</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Single house</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Single house</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tanakhothaiak</td> - <td class="tdr">52</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Single house</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chageluk settlements</td> - <td class="tdr">150</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Khatnotoutze</td> - <td class="tdr">115</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kaiakak</td> - <td class="tdr">124</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kaltag</td> - <td class="tdr">45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nulato, station and village</td> - <td class="tdr">163</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koyukuk settlements</td> - <td class="tdr">150</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Terentiefs station</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Big Mountain</td> - <td class="tdr">100</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Single house</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sakatalan</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yukokakat</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Melozikakat</td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mentokakat</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Soonkakat</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Medvednaia</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Novo-kakat</td> - <td class="tdr">106</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kozmas</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nuklukaiet</td> - <td class="tdr">27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rampart village</td> - <td class="tdr">110</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fort Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">82</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>Later demographic records on the Yukon and its tributaries and -on the coast comprise additional data by Petrof, published as a -part of the Eleventh (1890) United States Census and arranged -by districts and linguistic groups; and the data of three subsequent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> -United States Censuses, 1900, 1910, and 1920, which are given in differing -ways, but in the main by major ethnic and territorial or -jurisdictional subdivisions.</p> - -<p>Due to incomplete enumerations; to the use of native estimates for -actual count (as seems to have been the case with Dall's figures, as -well as others); the different methods and classifications employed; -and the inclusion of units now into one and now into another group -(as with Petrof, who includes three Indian villages below Anvik -among the Eskimo, etc.), the various counts are not comparable and -give but hazy ideas of the true conditions. Yet they are not without -value, particularly in showing the earlier population of the villages -and the relative proportion of the sexes and ages. The more helpful -details are given in the appendix; for still others see references -in bibliography.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> See also Petrof (Ivan), Tenth Census Rep., Wash., 1880, VIII, 37; but his transliteration of names -is not always correct.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> This doubtless included many subadults.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> 31 per cent, or 1 in 3.2.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>PRESENT CONDITIONS</h4> - -<p>To-day, judging from all the obtained evidence, which comprised -information, the witnessing of a potlatch at Tanana at which were -assembled practically all the Indians above Nulato, and a visit below -the Tanana of nearly all the villages where the Indians still live, -the total number of the Tinneh on the lower Tanana (from Fairbanks -to the mouth of the river) and on the Yukon from Tanana -to Anvik, can scarcely be estimated to reach 1,000. It is probably -well below that number. Moreover, not one-half of the adults and -much fewer among the young are still full bloods. Disease, bad -liquor (Yukon), and mostly as yet imperfect accommodation to -changing conditions are steadily diminishing the numbers. Since -our visit many have died from influenza, especially at Anvik. Their -future is not hopeful. On the Tanana, however, and with the more -educated in general, conditions are better, and much good is being -done by the four missions on the two rivers (Nenana, Tanana, Anvik, -and Holy Cross).</p> - -<p>The old Indian settlements along the Yukon are gone, with a few -exceptions. On some of the sites, as at Tanana, Nulato, Kaltag, etc., -there are new villages bearing the old names but built by or in imitation -of whites and sheltering a mixed population. The very names -of not a few of the older Indian sites have gone into oblivion; or -the natives call those they still know by a corruption of a white man's -name, such as "Ulstissen" (for Old Station). Anvik alone has kept -its original site and some of its old character, the mission and the -white trader being across the river.</p> - -<p>In the Eskimo part of the Yukon, below Holy Cross, conditions on -the whole appear to be somewhat better. There has also been a -diminution in population. The majority of the old villages have -ceased to exist, while under the influence of whites some new settle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>ments -or names have appeared. Yet there are respectable remnants -of the Eskimo, and, being better workers than the Indian and seemingly -more coherent, they manage to sustain themselves somewhat -better than he does. Their greatest handicap is disease. The beneficial -effect among them of the old Russian Mission has declined, but -there are a number of Government schools which have a good influence. -They are more tractable, sensible, and in some respects -perhaps more able than the Indians.</p> - -<p>But there exists to-day no clear-cut demarcation, geographical, -cultural, or even physical, between the two people. Anvik, the last -Indian village downstream, is in every respect at least as much -Eskimo as Indian; more or less Eskimo-like physiognomies are seen -again and again among the Indians; and Indianlike features are common -among the Eskimo. There has either been an old and considerable -admixture on both sides, or there are some fundamental similarities -of the two groups; perhaps both.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Archeology of the Yukon</span></h3> - -<p>Up to 1926 no archeological work had been done along the Yukon -or its tributaries, and barring a few isolated specimens there were no -archeological collections from these regions.</p> - -<p>The archeology of the river consists, (1) of the dead but formerly -known villages; (2) of older sites, "dead" and unknown before even -the Russians arrived; and (3) of random stone objects worked by -man that now and then are washed out from the river banks or are -found in working the ground. Except in details conditions are much -alike along the whole river and will best be dealt with as a whole.</p> - - -<h4>THE RANDOM SPECIMENS</h4> - -<p>Wherever the beach of the river shows more or less of stones -that are not talus or just pebbles, there are generally found stones -worked by man. Such localities are scarce. The first exists between -Tanana (the village) and the mission above it. Here specimens are -found occasionally on the beach and occasionally in the soil of the -local gardens. Other such sites were located at Bonasila, below -Anvik, and in four places between Paimute and the Russian Mission. -A few are also present from Marshall seaward.</p> - -<p>An examination of the terrain adjacent to such parts of the beach -shows mostly, but not always, traces of an old settlement.</p> - -<p>The specimens consist of characteristic axes or adzes, stone scrapers, -hammers, stone knives (along the Eskimo part of the river), -tomahawk heads (probably), objects less well defined, and chips. -There may be semifossilized animal bones, and rarely a bit of char<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>coal, -a piece of pottery (for details see Narrative), or an object of -ivory.</p> - -<p>The ax proper is peculiar. It is a cupid's-bow ax, double-edged, -and with one or two grooves across its middle. (Pl. 10.) It is as -a rule made of heavy basaltic stone, and its edges are sharpened by -polishing. Rough parts may have been polished also on the body. -Its distal surface is convex (from sharp edge to sharp edge), its -proximal surface straight or mildly convex. I succeeded in getting -a specimen remounted recently by one of the Indians near Tanana. -This form of an ax is still remembered by the old Indians when in -use. They cut trees with it, cutting sidewise and detaching the wood -in splinters. They also remember clubs with stone heads, and told -me they were carried on the back over the right shoulder so as -to be ready for instant and effective use.</p> - -<p>These axes have apparently been used by both the Indians and the -Eskimo, but there is an interesting difference. The several specimens -I obtained or saw from Tanana to Ruby were all complete. But -from, about the vicinity of Ruby downstream the bi-edged ax seems -to disappear, or, rather, one-half of it disappears, the butt henceforth -either being left unfinished or one-half of the double ax being -broken off and the remainder being mounted now as an adze on a -shorter handle. This form, and it exclusively, with various secondary -modifications, is found over a wide area among the Eskimo -and may reach into Asia, for I obtained a specimen of it from one -of the Diomede Islands. It connects directly with the Bering Sea -Eskimo ivory adze and chisel. On the other hand the bi-edged ax -appears, in various modifications, to extend widely over Indian -Alaska.</p> - -<p>The remaining stone implements need but little mention here. -They will be studied and reported separately by our archeologist. -A special note will, however, be necessary later about the very primitive -stone industry of Bonasila, below Anvik. (See p. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.)</p> - -<p>Of pottery I have seen no example above Anvik, but this can -not be taken as evidence of its absence above that point. At Anvik, -Bonasila, and farther down the pottery is like that of the western -Eskimo. It is coarse ware, hand shaped, and of rather poor quality. -It consists of small round bowls to fairly large, more or less conical, -jars. It is never painted but is frequently decorated with thumb -marks and especially with grooves running parallel with the border.</p> - -<p>Ivory implements were encountered first at Bonasila and consisted -of a few fine long points barbed on one side, looking like those of -the Eskimo and probably of Eskimo origin. There were also a few -tools of bone, generally scrapers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> - -<p>Russian beads, especially those of the large blue variety, are occasionally -encountered, usually singly or in small numbers, especially -in some spots.</p> - -<p>A unique archeological specimen from the lower middle portion -of the Yukon Valley is the large stone dish obtained by Mr. Müller, -the trader at Kaltag. (See p. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.)</p> - -<p>Besides these random specimens, other cultural objects are found -along the Yukon in connection with old burials. These consist of -an occasional wooden dish, sharpening or polishing stones, rarely a -figurine (doll?) in ivory, Russian snuffboxes, fire sticks, dishes of -birch bark, etc. The cullings in this field are quite poor, but there -has been no excavation of older burials that have been assimilated by -the tundra and lie now in the earth beneath.</p> - -<p>The archeology of the old habitation sites, on the other hand, -particularly perhaps on the Shageluk and between Holy Cross and -Marshall, is decidedly promising and invites careful excavation.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Location of Villages and Sites on the Yukon</span></h3> - -<p>Especial attention was given to the location of the numerous dead -villages and older sites along the Yukon. This task was found, in -most instances, fairly easy with villages that "died" since the -Russo-American occupation, for mostly they still show plain traces -and are generally remembered by the old Indians or even old white -settlers. Their precise allocation on a map, however, is not always -easy or certain. As to the prehistoric sites the search is much more -difficult and depends largely on chance discoveries.</p> - -<p>The villages still existing give only a partial clue, in many cases, -to the old, even where these bore the same name, for on occasions a -village changed its location, though remaining in the same general -vicinity and retaining the same name. Thus there existed at different -times apparently, between the earliest contacts with whites and -the present, at least 2 Nuklukhayets, 2 Lowdens, 3 Nulatos, 3 Kaltags, -2 Anviks, etc.; besides which there were differences in recording the -names and changes due to efforts at translation of the native term, -or an application by the whites of a new name, often that of a trader -or settler, to an old site.</p> - -<p>In places even late village sites, in others burials, were witnessed -being undermined by the river or the sea. Such sites with their contents -will probably sooner or later be completely lost from this -cause. Many doubtless have thus been lost previously.</p> - -<p>The villages and sites located along the Yukon are here enumerated -and as far as possible charted. Information about them was -obtained from the older Indians or river Eskimo and from such -whites as had direct knowledge in that line. Most of these sites were -examined personally, but in some instances this was impossible. The -details concerning those seen will be found in the Narrative, but a -few generalizations may here be useful.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 9</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_9a.jpg" width="700" height="421" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, My "spoils," loaded on sled, Point Hope. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> -<img src="images/plate_9b.jpg" width="700" height="449" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, The load is heavy and sledding over sand and gravel difficult. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 429px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 10</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_10a.jpg" width="429" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Characteristic Stone Axes. Middle Yukon</span></p> - -<p>(A. H. coll., 1926.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 491px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 11</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_11a.jpg" width="491" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Crude Stone Artifacts, Found at Bonasila, Lower Middle Yukon</span></p> - -<p>(A. H. coll., 1926.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 12</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_12a.jpg" width="447" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Crude Stone Artifacts, Found at Bonasila. Lower Middle Yukon</span></p> - -<p>(A. H. coll., 1926.)</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_2a.jpg" width="700" height="388" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 2.</span>—The Yukon from Tanana to below Kokrines</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_3a.jpg" width="700" height="382" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 3.</span>—The Yukon from below Kokrines to below Koyukuk</p></div> -</div> - -<p>The dead village sites are much alike along the whole river. -They are generally located at the mouth, of some inland stream that -carries clear fresh water, particularly if on the other side there is -the protection of a hill. The dwellings were invariably on a flat -and were throughout semisubterranean and of the same general -type; which applies also to the larger communal houses or -"cashims." The sites can often be told from afar in summer by -the rich grass that covers them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 501px;"> -<img src="images/figure_4a.jpg" width="501" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 4.</span>—The Yukon from below Koyukuk to Lofkas</p></div> -</div> - -<p>The burials were as a rule not far from a village and preferably -on the slopes of the nearest hill. They were mostly above ground, -but under the influence of Russians there were also shallow-ground -burials. The latter can readily be told by the sawed planks of -the coffins and the iron nails by which they are fastened. In -many places no surface burials remain or there are mere traces. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> -such, places little mounds may betray old burials assimilated by the -tundra. Trenching in likely spots would doubtless reveal others of -which no trace remains on the surface.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_5a.jpg" width="700" height="291" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 5.</span>—Old map of the Nulato district</p></div> -</div> - -<p>No excavations of any of these sites have ever been attempted, -but many of the surface burials were disturbed or destroyed by -seekers of relics and the curious vandal, who is present on the -Yukon as in other parts of the country.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_6a.jpg" width="700" height="529" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 6.</span>—Map of Kaltag and vicinity. (By McLeod)</p></div> -</div> - -<p>The maps shown here were made under my direction on the basis -of maps and charts provided by the Geological and Geodetic Surveys, -in Washington. Additional old sites will doubtless be located -in the future and may be added to these records.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Pre-Russian Sites</span></h3> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 585px;"> -<img src="images/figure_7a.jpg" width="585" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 7.</span>—The Yukon from Bystraia to below Holy Cross</p></div> -</div> - -<p>As already told in the Narrative, a search for truly ancient sites -along the Yukon has proven largely negative. A more intense and -prolonged archeological survey, with exploratory trenches wherever -there is promise, may one day prove more fruitful. But, as pointed -out before, much can never be expected. Man could at no time -have occupied the Yukon Valley and watershed in large numbers. -He would not have found enough sustenance. Even with fair resources -he would hardly have tarried in these inclement regions as -long as the ways toward the south were open. He never built here -of lasting materials and had little chance to develop or even keep up -any higher culture, and since he is gone the ever-cutting river has -taken away whatever it could reach and scattered it through its -silts and gravels. There is nevertheless a number of small elevated -plateaus along the right bank that ought to be sounded by exploratory -pits or trenches, particularly perhaps where there are traces of -later habitations.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_8a.jpg" width="700" height="483" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 8.</span>—The Yukon from above Holy Cross to below Mountain Village</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_9a.jpg" width="700" height="544" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 9.</span>—The Yukon from below Mountain Village to near Marshall</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> - -<p>There are, of course, some sites that are older than others. The -most interesting of these was found at Bonasila, beneath the old -site of Makki or Magimute, 18 miles downstream from Anvik. (See -Narrative.) The main facts concerning this site are as follows:</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_10a.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 10.</span>—The Yukon from near Marshall to below Kavlingnak</p></div> -</div> - -<p>At the above distance from Anvik, on the right bank of the river -and following a wooded hill, is a low flat backed by rising ground -and cut across by a little stream. The flat is narrow, at present about -300 feet; and the part above the stream is deeply pitted by the remains -of semisubterranean houses of a "dead" native village, which -I believe is identifiable with the Magimute of the Russians. On the -slope behind the village were still about a score of old surface burials, -with an article here and there of Russian derivation.</p> - -<p>The bank of the flat rises at present only about 4 feet above the -beach of the river, but the flat behind is higher. The bank itself -contains many specimens showing human workmanship, consisting -of objects of stone, birch bark, bone, and rarely also of ivory, besides -many fragments of pottery, many bones of wild Alaskan animals, -and here and there a human skeleton. Some of these objects are low -down in the bank. All the bones from the bank, including the -human, and even the rare points of ivory, are semifossilized; the -stone industry is peculiar; and the human remains differ plainly from -both those of the later Yukon Indian and from those of the Eskimo. -They are apparently Indian (see section on physical characteristics), -but a tall Indian of a type that now is only met with much farther -south.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 366px;"> -<img src="images/figure_11a.jpg" width="366" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 11.</span>—From above Kobolunuk to mouth of river</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> - -<p>The stone industry from the bank appeared at first sight so -primitive that even the term "paleolithic" would not fit and the -only term that seemed to meet the situation was "protolithic." It -consists predominantly of scrapers and knockers, with here and there -a tool sharpened for cutting. The scrapers look especially crude. -They consist simply of pieces of smaller or larger andesite-like volcanic -slabs broken to the desired size and chipped more or less -roughly along what was to be the scraping edge. A closer examination -of the stones, which were obtained from a base of a cliff -farther down the river, showed, however, that they were of material -which is hard to work, and that the chipping, under the circumstances, -was not really bad. (Pls. 11, 12.) Pottery must have been -fairly plentiful and quite up to the average of the river, both in make -and decoration.</p> - -<p>Two fine long, partly fossilized ivory points picked up formerly -on the site were obtained from Mr. Lawrence. They are handsomely -barbed on one side and show a high grade of skill. They must have -come from the Bering Sea and may belong to the old fine ivory -culture of the western part of that region, of which more later.</p> - -<p>There are also some fairly ancient sites farther down the river -(see Narrative), but just what they are and how old remains to be -determined.</p> - -<p>A report on the archeological remains from the bank of Bonasila -by Mr. H. W. Krieger, one of the curators of the Department of -Anthropology, United States National Museum, follows:</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>ARCHEOLOGY OF CENTRAL ALASKA</h2> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Ancient Stone Culture</span></h3> - -<p>"Until the results of Doctor Hrdlička's Alaskan reconnaissance -were first made known to science it had been generally assumed that -Alaskan and Canadian subboreal regions were archeologically barren. -It had been currently accepted that only as one approached -the great river valleys of the Skeena, the Fraser, and the Columbia -could anthropological exploration be conducted to advantage. One -might expect to uncover cemeteries and ancient village sites only -there where a dense and sedentary population had long been established. -Through the discovery of ancient village sites and centers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> -of population in the lower and middle Yukon River Valley, Doctor -Hrdlička has extended the northern archeological horizon into the -sub-Arctic.</p> - -<p>"Of the many sites examined, the old village site at Bonasila, 18 -miles below the confluence of the Anvik and Yukon Rivers, yielded -the most interesting data. Crudely flaked implements of trap rock -with cutting edges showing evidence of chipping and grinding were -uncovered. These implements are unique among Alaskan artifacts -and have no relationship with known types of Eskimo or Indian -stonework. In the shaping technic employed by their aboriginal -makers; in form, and in type; and, generally, in their undeveloped -character, the stone artifacts from Bonasila and other ancient archeological -sites on the middle Yukon may be classified as primitive -neolithic.</p> - -<p>"The stone implements uncovered at Bonasila are so crudely fashioned -and are apparently of such an improvised nature as to suggest -an extreme conservatism in culture development, or perhaps a -degeneration, due largely to lack of better materials. Due to the -lack of basalt, jadeite, or other hard stone in the valley of the lower -middle Yukon, recourse was had to sandstone and trap rock by the -primitive makers of stone axes and celts.</p> - -<p>"Crude pottery vessels and potsherds were discovered associated -with the objects of stone. This ware incorporates elementary decorative -designs distinct from the known historic Eskimo or Indian -types of pottery decoration. There can be no intimation that this -ware is archaic or that it belongs to any archaic culture offshoot -from farther south. It therefore becomes a question of some unknown -earlier Asiatic culture connection that manifested itself in -crude forms of flaked and ground stone implements and in unique -pottery forms. It is uncertain that the ancient fossil ivory culture -of northwest Alaska, of which Doctor Hrdlička has brought in some -excellent examples, is in any manner associated with the primitive -neolithic stone and pottery forms uncovered at Bonasila. It is -established, however, beyond a doubt that both cultures and types of -artifacts are Asiatic in origin and have little or no connection with -the culture of the western Eskimo.</p> - -<p>"The Eskimos of the lower Yukon Valley made extensive use of -slate and of jadeite in the production of their polished knives and -celts. Slate knives and polished celts of jadeite are characteristic of -Eskimoan culture throughout the whole of its extent in Alaska. -Each of these materials as well as the finished products shaped from -them were subjects of native barter. Eskimos often undertook long -journeys for their procurement. It is therefore noteworthy that no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> -single object fashioned from slate or jadeite and but few points of -fossilized ivory were recovered at any of the sites characterized by -the primitive stone culture and pottery of the Bonasila type.</p> - -<p>"The most characteristic finds at Bonasila are the crudely flaked -implements of stone, some of which show incipient chipping and -grinding. The coarse type of pottery is unlike that of the modern -Eskimo in tempering, firing, and decorative design.</p> - -<p>"The stone culture of the site, although rich in forms, is deficient -in technical development and is scarcely worthy of being classed as -neolithic. There were found in numbers the following types of -artifacts: Circular, discoidal stone pebbles with rim fractures due -to use; river wash pebbles of irregular form used as improvised -scrapers and hammerstones; basaltic, discoidal hammerstones with -abraded edges and pitted at the center; large flake saws of trachyte -(trap rock) triangular in section but provided with sharply -fractured cutting edges; slender flaked fragments of trap rock -tapered to the form of wedges with intentionally worked end sections -and cutting edges; crudely flaked stone knives with evidence of -secondary chipping at cutting edges; other knives of thin slabs of -trap rock with flaked and bilaterally ground beveled cutting edges; -oblong axes of flaked sandstone with hafting notches struck off at -the edges midway from the base; abrading tools of sandstone; celts -of sandstone with ground and beveled working edge and notched -for hafting as an ax; stone scrapers with ground and beveled cutting -edges; fragmentary perforators of stone; re-chipped, flaked -knives shaped by grinding; roughly worked, multiple-grooved -hammers or mauls; and many stone objects unformed and unworked -but classified generally as hammerstones.</p> - - -<h4>THE POTTERY</h4> - -<p>"About a hundred pottery shards and smaller pottery vessels were -recovered from the site at Bonasila. Pottery vessels representative -of the Bonasila culture were shaped out of the solid and show no -trace of coiling. In this respect they conform to the generalized -north Asiatic and Eskimo ware. There is, however, no check stamp -decorative design that is applied with a paddle by the Eskimo nor -evidence that pottery vessels had been built up about a basketry base. -The paste is light buff or gray in color, the buff ware being better -fired and of the same color on the inside, while the gray ware is either -gray or black on the inner surface. A well-defined unfired area covers -one-half of the sectional diameter. Both buff and gray wares show -evidence of better firing than in modern Eskimo pottery. Tempering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> -is of coarse fragments of steatite, which is much more durable than -tempering materials such as blood, feathers, and ashes formerly employed -by the primitive Eskimo potter.</p> - -<p>"The pottery from Bonasila is utilitarian and consists of shallow -spherical lamps, globose bowls, and cooking pots without feet or -bases. The ware is coarse, side walls and bottom varying from 1 to -2 centimeters in sectional thickness. This type of pottery is practically -duplicated in shards recovered by Doctor Hrdlička from what -is now Eskimo territory in the Yukon Valley near the Russian Mission. -It is probable that further search would bring to light an extensive -region yielding this type of ancient pottery of distinctive -design and unrelated either to Tinné or Eskimo ware.</p> - -<p>"Decorative attempts consist of bold incised parallel transverse -lines on the upper sector of the outer surface of the vessel. Deep -corrugations appear on the inside of the rim flare. Both corrugations -and incised line decorations were made with a paddle or wood -splinter shaped for the purpose. Some of the shards have deeply -incised punctations irregularly encircling the outer surface of the -vessel just below the rim extension.</p> - -<p>"Shallow spherical pottery lamps accompanied surface burials at -Bonasila. These lamps have a less durable tempering material than -the other pottery fragments recovered. The paste is porous and is -poorly fired. Decorative designs incised on the interior surface of -the lamps are reminiscent of typical Eskimo punctate designs as -traced on the inner circumference of rectilinear or curvilinear etchings -on ivory and bone. It is very probable that these pottery lamps -are of a later date and are of Eskimoan handicraft.</p> - - -<h4>THE ALASKAN GROOVED STONE AX<br /> - -[Pl. 10]</h4> - -<p>"The grooved stone ax is a typical New World implement. Its distribution -is limited to tribes of the eastern maize area, the Pueblo -tribes of the Southwest, the Athapascans, and the northern woodlands -tribes. Elsewhere in America grooved stone implements of any description -are rare, although not unknown. The groove for the attachment -of cord or sinew binding is common also to the stone adze, -which is characteristic of Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest and -of the Eskimo of Arctic America. The distribution of the stone adze -is more intensive but is much less extensive than is that of the grooved -stone ax and appears to be an environmental form borrowed from -the Arctic tribes by the Indian of southeast Alaska and of British -Columbia.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> - -<p>"The double-bitted, multiple-grooved stone ax has two areas of distribution -in North America. One of these is the country of the -northeastern woodlands Indians, extending as far south as the Central -Atlantic States. The other area of distribution is the extreme northwest, -or the mainland of Alaska.</p> - -<p>"In the collection brought to the National Museum from Alaska by -Doctor Hrdlička are eight grooved stone implements. All but one -of these have cutting edges for use as axes or adzes. The exception, -Cat. No. 332809, U.S.N.M., is a grooved spherical stone maul or -club 9.5 centimeters (3.7 inches) long and 7.5 centimeters (2.9 -inches) in sectional diameter. This grooved object was found near -Tanana on the beach of the Yukon River. Like the grooved stone -axes in Doctor Hrdlička's collection, the groove is incomplete. A -flattened space of approximately 2 centimeters is left un-grooved for -the hafting of a flat surfaced handle end with binding, which is -passed around the transverse groove and then through a hole in the -wooden handle.</p> - -<p>"Three single-grooved, double-bitted stone axes were collected from -various points on the Yukon River. These are of interest because -of their similar grooving and double cutting edges. Each is identical -in form, each has been shaped by pecking, except in the sector near -the cutting edges where they have been sharpened and polished by -grinding. Between the raised borders of the centrally pecked groove -and the cutting edges the surface has been shaped to a slight concavity -by pecking. In Cat. No. 332805, U.S.N.M., this concavity -is replaced by a well-defined convex bevel. The pecked groove is -at right angles to the longitudinal axis and is comparatively shallow -but has a wide diameter of 2 centimeters or more. The material is -uniformly of basalt. The axes are 20 centimeters or more long, while -the sectional diameter varies from 6 to 10 centimeters according to -whether the ax is flattened or oval in section.</p> - -<p>"Grooved, double-bitted stone axes similar to those collected by -Doctor Hrdlička from the Middle Yukon region have since become -known also from stations farther south in Alaska. One was plowed -up in a field near Matanuska and is now in the chamber of commerce -exhibit at Anchorage, while another was collected in 1927 by the writer -from near Chitna, Alaska. This Alaskan type of grooved ax is -practically identical with that of the central Atlantic seaboard -States, as figured by Walter Hough in the Proceedings of the United -States National Museum, volume 60, article 9, page 14.</p> - -<p>"Another grooved type of stone object brought to the National -Museum by Doctor Hrdlička is a stone war club of unusual type. -It was found on the Yukon River beach 1½ miles below the Mis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>sion -at Tanana. It is 20 centimeters (7.9 inches) long and is slender, -the maximum sectional diameter being but 3.5 centimeters (1.4 -inches). Like the single-grooved axes, it was shaped by pecking, -but much of the surface was also ground. The reverse or hafting -surface is flat; the obverse is convexly tapered to sharp cutting -edges which are at right angles to the haft. The material is basalt. -The hafting grooves, two in number, are comparatively deep and -closely spaced. As to form this stone weapon is unique, appearing, -so far as is known to the writer, nowhere else on the American -Continent. It has been entered on the records of the National -Museum as Cat. No. 332807, U.S.N.M.</p> - -<p>"One form of the double-bitted, multiple-grooved stone axes resembles -closely ivory forms made from walrus tusks in the Bering Sea -region. This form also gives evidence of secondary modification, -specimens having been broken intentionally to reduce the tool to a -simple adze. The material is basalt and its range in the north is -limited to the Eskimo area, but becomes widespread to the south in -southeastern Alaska and in British Columbia. The form of this -widely diffused stone adze is approximated in a series of broken -stone axes collected by Doctor Hrdlička. Two such broken and -originally double-bitted axes, Cat. Nos. 332806 and 332810, U.S.N.M., -were collected from the banks of the Yukon at an old village site -below Anvik. These axes are broken with a crude irregular fracture -just above the upper transverse groove. Another stone ax, Cat. -No. 332812, U.S.N.M., is from Ruby, Alaska, and is practically identical -with the double-bitted but single-grooved stone ax from Tanana.</p> - -<p>"It would appear from this brief presentation that there is a remarkable -similarity of form, approaching identity, in the ancient -stone axes from the river valleys of central Alaska. Whether the -particular ax has one cutting edge or is double-bitted; whether it is -provided with one or with two parallel transverse hafting grooves, -the general identity of form remains. The striking thing about the -presence of the double-bitted ax among archeological finds from central -Alaska is that we do not find it represented in such numbers -anywhere until it again reappears in the Atlantic seaboard States. -The very interesting cultural objects discovered by Doctor Hrdlička -and supplemented by my collection in 1927 show that Alaska is far -from sterile or fully known archeologically and make further exploration -both promising and important."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE YUKON</h2> - - -<p>Notes on the physique of the Yukon natives are found in the reports -of all the explorers of the river, but they are imperfect and of little -scientific value; the principal ones are given below.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Anthropometric -observations on the living people of the middle and lower -Yukon, with its tributaries, are nonexistent.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> As to crania, there -are a few measurements on two "Yukon Indian" skulls (No. 7530, -and probably No. 7531), and on three crania of the Yukon Eskimo, -by Jeffries Wyman (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868, XI, 452); on -one "Ingaleet" and three "Mahlemut" or Norton Sound Eskimo -skulls by George A. Otis (List of Specimens, etc., 35); and on four -skulls collected by Dall, one from Nulato and the rest presumably -from St. Michael, by Hrdlička (Catal. of Crania, p. 30, Nos. 242925, -242899, 242901, 242936).</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Glazunof (Wrangell, Stat. und Ethnog. Nachr., 146-147): "The men are big, -brunette, with bristly black hair." -</p> -<p> -Zagoskin (pt. II, 61-62): "The Tinneh belong in general to the American family of -redskins, but marked external differences are perceptible in those who are mixed with the -Eskimo. The Tinneh are of medium stature, rather dry but well shaped, with oblong -face, forehead medium, upright, frequently hairy, nose broad and straight, hooked, eyes -black and dark brown, rather large * * * expression intelligent, in those of more -distant tribes somber, roving; lips full, compressed; teeth white, straight; hair straight, -black to dark brown, fairly soft; many of the men hairy over the body and with fairly -thick, short mustache and beard; hands and feet medium, calves small; in general lively, -communicative, cheerful, and very fond of pleasure and song." -</p> -<p> -Dall, William H., Alaska and Its Resources, 53-54: "The Ingaliks are, as a rule, tall, -well made, but slender. They have very long, squarely oval faces, high, prominent cheek -bones, large ears, small mouths, noses, and eyes, and an unusually large lower jaw. The -nose is well formed and aquiline, but small in proportion to the rest of the face. The -hair is long, coarse, and black, and generally parted in the middle. * * * Their complexion -is an ashy brown, perhaps from dirt in many cases, and they seldom have much -color. On the other hand, the Koyúkuns, with the same high cheek bones and piercing -eyes, have much shorter faces, more roundly oval, of a pale olive hue, and frequently -arched eyebrows and a fine color. They are the most attractive in appearance of the -Indians in this part of the territory, as they are the most untamable. The women especially -are more attractive than those among the Ingaliks, whose square faces and ashy -complexion render the latter very plain, not to say repulsive." (Some of these statements -were evidently somewhat in error.—A. H.) -</p> -<p> -Schwatka, F. (Milit. Reconn. (1883), Comp. Narr. Explor. Alas., 350): "As regards -these Ingaliks as a class, they are, as a rule, of average height, tolerably well built, but -slender, differing in this respect from the natives farther down the river. They have -long black hair and a complexion brown by nature, but often verging toward black on -account of a liberal covering of dirt." -</p> -<p> -See also Richardson, J. (Arctic Search. Exp., I, 379). Jones, S., The Kutchin Tribes -(Smiths. Rept. for 1866, 320-327). Whymper, F., Travel and Advent., etc.; and later -writers (including Bancroft's "Native Races," etc., I, 127 et seq.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Ten (8 m. 2 f.) Loucheux, or Kucha-Kuchin, from the upper Yukon, were measured -by A. J. Stone and reported by F. Boas (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, New York, vol. <span class="smcap">XIV</span>, -pp. 53-68, 1901).</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Living Indian</span></h3> - -<p>Notes on the living Indians of the Yukon have already been given -in the Narrative. They will be briefly summarized in this place. -Measurements of the living were impracticable during the journey.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 13</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_13a.jpg" width="425" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Tanana Indian Woman</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 678px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 14</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_14a.jpg" width="685" height="700" alt="" /> -<img src="images/plate_14b.jpg" width="678" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Chief San Joseph, near Tanana Village, on the Yukon</span></p> - -<p>(A. H., 1926.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 15</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_15a.jpg" width="700" height="492" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>. Jacob and Andrew, Yukon Indians at Kokrines. Jacob probably has a trace of white blood.</p> - -<p>(A. H., 1926.)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_15b.jpg" width="700" height="535" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Yukon Indians at Kokrines. (A. H., 1926.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 16</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_16a.jpg" width="700" height="674" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Marguerite Johnny Yatlen, Koyukuk village. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_16b.jpg" width="700" height="674" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Lucy John, Koyukuk, daughter of a former chief. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> - -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Yukon Indians</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 17</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_17a.jpg" width="423" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, George Halfway, Nulato, on the Yukon. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_17b.jpg" width="412" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Jack Curry, of Nulato, 41 years old. (Now at Ruby, -Middle Yukon; Eskimoid physiognomy)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_17c.jpg" width="392" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>c</em>, Arthur Malamvot, of Nulato</p></div> - -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Yukon Indians</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 18</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_18a.jpg" width="700" height="412" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Indian children, Mission School at Anvik, Lower Middle Yukon</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_18b.jpg" width="700" height="404" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Indian children, Mission School at Anvik, Lower Middle Yukon</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_18c.jpg" width="542" height="686" alt="" /> - -<img src="images/plate_18d.jpg" width="532" height="686" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>c</em>, Two women of Anvik, on the Yukon, somewhat Eskimoid</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> - -<p><em>Pure bloods.</em>—The Yukon Indians are a sparse and largely mixed -population. The mixture is especially evident in the children and -the younger generation. It is mainly that with whites, but in the -lower settlements there is also a good deal of older mixture with the -Eskimo. There is fortunately as yet no Negro admixture.</p> - -<p><em>General type.</em>—The full bloods are typically Indian, though not -of the pronounced plains type. The type is fairly uniform, but there -is not seldom, even up the river, as elsewhere in Alaska, a suggestion -of something Eskimoid in the physiognomy.</p> - -<p><em>Color.</em>—The color in general is near medium brown, ranging to -lighter rather than darker. The hair is the usual full black of the -Indian.</p> - -<p><em>Stature and strength.</em>—- The stature and build are generally near -medium, rather slightly below than above.</p> - -<p><em>Head form.</em>—The head is generally moderately rounded high meso- -to moderately brachycephalic. The face is medium Indian.</p> - -<p><em>Body.</em>—The body proportions seldom impress one with unusual -strength, yet some of the men are by no means weaklings. The most -fitting term by which to characterize conditions in this respect is -again "medium," with an occasional deviation one way or the other.</p> - -<p><em>Photographs.</em>—The accompanying photographs, taken by the -writer from Tanana to Anvik, show a few of the physiognomies. -Some of the girls and women, as well as boys and men, are quite -good looking. (Pls. 13-18.)</p> - -<p>From Anvik downward along the river the type of the people -becomes plainly more Eskimoid and on the whole more robust. But -as one can frequently meet farther up the river individuals who -remind one more or less of the Eskimo, so here it is frequent to see -faces that look like Indian. Whether due to old mixture or to other -reason, the fact is that there is no line of somatological demarcation -in the living populations of the river, and the same applies, as will -be seen later, to the skulls.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Skeletal Remains of the Yukon</span></h3> - -<p>The first Yukon Indian skull measured was that of a half-chief -of the Nulato group, collected in the early sixties by William H. -Dall. There are now three records of this skull, originally and again -now a Smithsonian specimen, one in Wyman ("Observations on -Crania," Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868, XI, 452, No. 7530), one in -the Otis "Catalogue" (35, No. 259), and one in Hrdlička's "Catalogue -of Human Crania in the United States National Museum -Collections" (p. 30, No. 242925). It is a normal, well-developed -male skull, which gives no suggestion of mixture. The true measurements -of this "type" specimen, taken by present-day instruments -and methods, are as follows:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Yukon Indian skull No. 242925"> - <caption><em>Yukon Indian skull No. 242925</em></caption> - <tr> - <td>Vault:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">18.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height to bregma</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cranial index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height-breadth index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cranial module (mean diameter)</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">15.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cranial capacity</td> - <td>c. c.</td> - <td class="tdr">1,520</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Face:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Menton-nasion (teeth but slightly worn)</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">12.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Alveolar point-nasion</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">7.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter bizygomatic maximum</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial index, total</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial index, upper</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Facial angle</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">69°</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Alveolar angle</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">53.5°</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orbits:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Right—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Height</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">3.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">4.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Left—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Height</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">3.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">5.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">2.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>49</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Upper alveolar arch:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">5.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">6.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Basio-facial diameters:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">10.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-subnasal point</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">9.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basal-nasion</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">10.5</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The skull is seen to be mesocephalic, rather high, and of good -brain capacity; the face is of medium Indian proportions; the orbits -are unequal, rather low; the nose is of medium height and breadth; -the upper dental arch, the basic-facial diameters, and the facial and -alveolar angles, are all near medium Indian.</p> - -<p>There was another Indian skull in the five Wyman reported, but -its identity is uncertain. A later collection by Dall included three -Indian female crania from Alaska, but their exact provenience is -uncertain; their measurements are given in my catalogue.</p> - -<p>On the 1926 trip I succeeded in collecting directly from the burials -along the lower middle Yukon 17 adult skulls and skeletons. Such -material is both scarce and difficult to obtain, due to the attitude -of the Indians. All the specimens in the collection are from the -Russian times on the river. A few of the skulls show traces of -Eskimoid in their features, but none offer a suspicion of a mixture -with the whites. The measurements are given below. They partly -agree, partly disagree, with those of the Nulato skull. The vault, -the breadth of the nose, the dimensions of the dental arch, are much -alike, but the height of the face, nose, and orbits in the Nulato specimen -is somewhat lower. These may be tribal but also simply individual -differences. We may generalize by stating that the lower -middle Yukon Indian was mesocephalic, with a fairly high vault, -and moderate capacity. The face was of relatively good height but -moderate breadth, resulting in a high upper facial index. Facial -and alveolar prognathism and other features approach the prevalent -Indian medium.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="LOWER MIDDLE YUKON INDIAN CRANIA"> - <caption>LOWER MIDDLE YUKON INDIAN CRANIA</caption> -<col span="12" width="8.3%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">SEX: MALE</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Catalogue No.</th> - <th>Collection</th> - <th>Locality</th> - <th>Approximate age of subject</th> - <th>Vault: Diameter antero-posterior maximum (glabella ad maximum)</th> - <th>Diameter lateral maximum</th> - <th>Basion-bregma height</th> - <th>Cranial index</th> - <th>Mean height index</th> - <th>Height-breadth index</th> - <th>Cranial module</th> - <th>Capacity, in c. c. (Hrdlička's method)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332512</td> - <td>A. Hrdlička</td> - <td>Magi (Bonasila)</td> - <td>Adults</td> - <td class="tdr">18.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - <td class="tdr">14.0</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>101.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">15.40</td> - <td class="tdr">1,480</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332517</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Ghost Creek, near Holy Cross.</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">18.1</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">15.10</td> - <td class="tdr">1,375</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332514</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">18.0</td> - <td class="tdr">13.9</td> - <td class="tdr">14.0</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>100.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr">15.30</td> - <td class="tdr">1,425</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332503</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Greyling River (above Anvik).</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>(17.3)</td> - <td class="tdr">(13.4)</td> - <td class="tdr">(12.7)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr">(14.47)</td> - <td class="tdr">(1,220)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332507</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Ghost Creek</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">18.2</td> - <td class="tdr">14.1</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">15.17</td> - <td class="tdr">1,480</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332526</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">18.5</td> - <td class="tdr">14.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.7</td> - <td><em>77.</em>8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">15.53</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339752</td> - <td>H. W. Krieger</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">17.5</td> - <td class="tdr">13.9</td> - <td class="tdr">13.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">14.97</td> - <td class="tdr">1,515</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332502</td> - <td>A. Hrdlička</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr bd">17.8</td> - <td class="tdr bd">14.2</td> - <td class="tdr bd">13.3</td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>79.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>83.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>93.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr bd">15.10</td> - <td class="tdr bd">1,370</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Total</td> - <td class="tdr">126.5</td> - <td class="tdr">98.1</td> - <td class="tdr">95.1</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">106.57</td> - <td class="tdr">8,645</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Average</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>18.07</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.01</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>13.59</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>15.22</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>1,441</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">17.5</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">14.97</td> - <td class="tdr">1,370</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">18.5</td> - <td class="tdr">14.4</td> - <td class="tdr">14.0</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>101.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">15.53</td> - <td class="tdr">1,515</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="LOWER MIDDLE YUKON INDIAN CRANIA"> -<col span="12" width="8.3%"></col> - <tr> - <th>Catalogue No.</th> - <th>Teeth: Wear menton-nasion height (a)</th> - <th>Alveolar point-nasion height (b)</th> - <th>Diameter bizygomatic maximum (c)</th> - <th>Facial index, total <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(a × 100)</span><br />c</span></th> - <th>Facial index, upper <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(b × 100)</span><br />c</span></th> - <th>Basion-alveolar point</th> - <th>Basion-subnasal point</th> - <th>Basion-nasion</th> - <th>Facial angle</th> - <th>Alveolar angle</th> - <th>Height of symphysis</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332512</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>12.3</td> - <td class="tdr">7.5</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56</em></td> - <td class="tdr">10.2</td> - <td class="tdr">8.9</td> - <td class="tdr">10.2</td> - <td class="tdr">68.5</td> - <td class="tdr">51</td> - <td class="tdr">3.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332517</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">7.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">10.2</td> - <td class="tdr">8.9</td> - <td class="tdr">9.7</td> - <td class="tdr">64.5</td> - <td class="tdr">51.5</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332514</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>13</td> - <td class="tdr">7.7</td> - <td class="tdr">13.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr">10.2</td> - <td class="tdr">9.4</td> - <td class="tdr">10.4</td> - <td class="tdr">69</td> - <td class="tdr">63.5</td> - <td class="tdr">4.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332503</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>12.8</td> - <td class="tdr">8.1</td> - <td class="tdr">13.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>59.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">10.5</td> - <td class="tdr">9.5</td> - <td class="tdr">10.4</td> - <td class="tdr">66.5</td> - <td class="tdr">59.5</td> - <td class="tdr">3.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332507</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">14.1</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.6</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332526</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.4</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332552</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">13.6</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.8</td> - <td class="tdr">10.1</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332502</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>13</td> - <td class="tdr">8.1</td> - <td class="tdr">14.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">10.4</td> - <td class="tdr">9.2</td> - <td class="tdr">9.7</td> - <td class="tdr">62</td> - <td class="tdr">53</td> - <td class="tdr">4.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr bu">(4)</td> - <td class="tdr bu">(5)</td> - <td class="tdr bu">(5)</td> - <td class="tdr bu">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr bu">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr bu">(5)</td> - <td class="tdr bu">(7)</td> - <td class="tdr bu">(8)</td> - <td class="tdr bu">(5)</td> - <td class="tdr bu">(5)</td> - <td class="tdr bu">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Totals</td> - <td class="tdr">51.1</td> - <td class="tdr">38.8</td> - <td class="tdr">67.8</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">51.5</td> - <td class="tdr">63.3</td> - <td class="tdr">80.9</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">27.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Averages</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>12.78</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>7.76</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>13.56</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>10.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>9.04</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>10.11</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>3.97</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">12.3</td> - <td class="tdr">7.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.3</td> - <td class="tdr">91.8</td> - <td class="tdr">55.2</td> - <td class="tdr">10.2</td> - <td class="tdr">8.6</td> - <td class="tdr">9.7</td> - <td class="tdr">62</td> - <td class="tdr">51</td> - <td class="tdr">3.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">8.1</td> - <td class="tdr">14.1</td> - <td class="tdr">97.7</td> - <td class="tdr">59.6</td> - <td class="tdr">10.5</td> - <td class="tdr">9.5</td> - <td class="tdr">10.4</td> - <td class="tdr">69</td> - <td class="tdr">63.5</td> - <td class="tdr">4.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr bu"></td> - <td class="tdr bu"></td> - <td class="tdr bu">(7)</td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Totals</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">95.5</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Averages</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>13.64</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minimum</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">13.3</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Maximum</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">14.1</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> -</table><a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="LOWER MIDDLE YUKON INDIAN CRANIA"> -<col span="10" width="10%"></col> - <tr> - <th>Catalogue No.</th> - <th>Orbits: Height, right, left</th> - <th>Breadth, right, left</th> - <th>Orbital index, mean</th> - <th>Nose: Height</th> - <th>Breadth, maximum</th> - <th>Nasal index</th> - <th>Palate: external length (a)</th> - <th>External breadth, maximum (b)</th> - <th>Palatal index <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(b × 100)</span><br />a</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332512</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.65<br />3.65</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.8<br />3.8</td> - <td class="tdr">96</td> - <td class="tdr">5.3</td> - <td class="tdr">2.55</td> - <td class="tdr">48.1</td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr">6.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332517</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.35<br />3.45</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.9<br />3.8</td> - <td class="tdr">88.3</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">2.6</td> - <td class="tdr">52</td> - <td class="tdr">5.6</td> - <td class="tdr">6.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332514</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.5<br />3.5</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.7<br />3.7</td> - <td class="tdr">94.6</td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - <td class="tdr">41.8</td> - <td class="tdr">5.3</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332503</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.65<br />3.6</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">4<br />3.95</td> - <td class="tdr">91.2</td> - <td class="tdr">5.7</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">43</td> - <td class="tdr">5.4</td> - <td class="tdr">6.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332507</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.75<br />3.7</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.85<br />3.95</td> - <td class="tdr">95.5</td> - <td class="tdr">5.2</td> - <td class="tdr">2.5</td> - <td class="tdr">48.1</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332526</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332552</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.5<br />3.5</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.9<br />3.9</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.35</td> - <td class="tdr">2.5</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332502</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.45<br />3.4</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">4.15<br />4</td> - <td class="tdr">84</td> - <td class="tdr">5.8</td> - <td class="tdr">2.95</td> - <td class="tdr">50.9</td> - <td class="tdr">5.9</td> - <td class="tdr">6.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Right</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Left</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Totals</td> - <td class="tdr">r. 24.85<br />l. 24.80</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">27.30<br />27.10</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">37.85</td> - <td class="tdr">17.85</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">27.7</td> - <td class="tdr">32.7</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Averages</td> - <td class="tdr">r. <em>3.55</em><br />l. <em>3.54</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>3.90</em><br /><em>3.87</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91</em><br /><em>91.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>5.41</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>2.55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>5.54</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>6.54</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">r. 3.35<br />l. 3.4</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.7<br />3.7</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>41.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>5.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr">6.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">r. 3.75<br />l. 3.7</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">4.15<br />4</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.8</td> - <td class="tdr">2.95</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.9</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.8</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="LOWER MIDDLE YUKON INDIAN CRANIA"> - <caption>SEX: FEMALE</caption> -<col span="12" width="8.3%"></col> - <tr> - <th>Catalogue No.</th> - <th>Collection</th> - <th>Locality</th> - <th>Approximate age of subject</th> - <th>Vault: Diameter antero-posterior maximum (glabella ad maximum)</th> - <th>Diameter lateral maximum</th> - <th>Basion-bregma height</th> - <th>Cranial index</th> - <th>Mean height index</th> - <th>Height-breadth index</th> - <th>Cranial module</th> - <th>Capacity, in c. c. (Hrdlička's method)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332506</td> - <td>A. Hrdlička</td> - <td>Magi (Bonasila)</td> - <td>Adult</td> - <td class="tdr">18.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr">14.90</td> - <td class="tdr">1,400</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332520</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Ghost Creek</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">17.9</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr">12.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">14.60</td> - <td class="tdr">1,335</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332508</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Magi</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">17.2</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>102.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr">14.37</td> - <td class="tdr">1,225</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332519</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Ghost Creek</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">16.2</td> - <td class="tdr">12.3</td> - <td class="tdr">12.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>100.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - <td class="tdr">1,070</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332510</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Magi</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">17.6</td> - <td class="tdr">13.5</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr">14.77</td> - <td class="tdr">1,375</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332504</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">17.9</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr">15.07</td> - <td class="tdr">1,355</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332525</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Ghost Creek</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">17.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.5</td> - <td class="tdr">12.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">14.47</td> - <td class="tdr">1,260</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332525</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Magi</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">17.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">12.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr">14.40</td> - <td class="tdr">1,230</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332522</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Novi River</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">16.7</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">14.30</td> - <td class="tdr">1,210</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339751</td> - <td>H. W. Krieger</td> - <td>Magi</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr">16.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">12.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr">14.13</td> - <td class="tdr">1,210</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4"></td> - <td class="tdc bu">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Totals</td> - <td class="tdr">172.7</td> - <td class="tdr">132.7</td> - <td class="tdr">128.4</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">144.6</td> - <td class="tdr">12,670</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Averages</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>17.27</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>13.27</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>12.84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.46</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>1,267</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">16.4</td> - <td class="tdr">12.3</td> - <td class="tdr">12.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - <td class="tdr">1,070</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">18.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>102.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr">15.07</td> - <td class="tdr">1,400</td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="LOWER MIDDLE YUKON INDIAN CRANIA"> -<col span="12" width="8.3%"></col> - <tr> - <th>Catalogue No.</th> - <th>Teeth: Wear menton-nasion height (a)</th> - <th>Alveolar point-nasion height (b)</th> - <th>Diameter bizygomatic maximum (c)</th> - <th>Facial index, total <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(a × 100)</span><br />c</span></th> - <th>Facial index, upper <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(b × 100)</span><br />c</span></th> - <th>Basion-alveolar point</th> - <th>Basion-subnasal point</th> - <th>Basion-nasion</th> - <th>Facial angle</th> - <th>Alveolar angle</th> - <th>Height of symphysis</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332506</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>12.1</td> - <td class="tdr">7.5</td> - <td class="tdr">12.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>59.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.9</td> - <td class="tdr">8.8</td> - <td class="tdr">-10</td> - <td class="tdr">-69</td> - <td class="tdr">-54</td> - <td class="tdr">3.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332520</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6.9</td> - <td class="tdr">13.3</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr">10.6</td> - <td class="tdr">9.4</td> - <td class="tdr">9.7</td> - <td class="tdr">-63</td> - <td class="tdr">-52</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332508</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>10.8</td> - <td class="tdr">-7</td> - <td class="tdr">12.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.6</td> - <td class="tdr">8.5</td> - <td class="tdr">9.9</td> - <td class="tdr">-71</td> - <td class="tdr">-51</td> - <td class="tdr">-3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332519</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6.7</td> - <td class="tdr">12.1</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.3</td> - <td class="tdr">7.8</td> - <td class="tdr">8.8</td> - <td class="tdr">64.5</td> - <td class="tdr">42.5</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332510</td> - <td class="tdr">+11.6</td> - <td class="tdr">-7</td> - <td class="tdr">-12</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>58.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.7</td> - <td class="tdr">8.4</td> - <td class="tdr">9.5</td> - <td class="tdr">-67</td> - <td class="tdr">-51</td> - <td class="tdr">3.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332504</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>13.1</td> - <td class="tdr">-8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56</em></td> - <td class="tdr">10.4</td> - <td class="tdr">9.1</td> - <td class="tdr">10.5</td> - <td class="tdr">-68</td> - <td class="tdr">54.5</td> - <td class="tdr">3.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332525</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">12.9</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.7</td> - <td class="tdr">9.9</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332505</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>11.8</td> - <td class="tdr">6.8</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.5</td> - <td class="tdr">8.4</td> - <td class="tdr">9.6</td> - <td class="tdr">-70</td> - <td class="tdr">-51</td> - <td class="tdr">3.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>322522</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">7.1</td> - <td class="tdr">13.3</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.2</td> - <td class="tdr">8.6</td> - <td class="tdr">-10</td> - <td class="tdr">74.5</td> - <td class="tdr">-64</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332751</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>11</td> - <td class="tdr">6.7</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>-84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.6</td> - <td class="tdr">8.5</td> - <td class="tdr">9.3</td> - <td class="tdr">-67</td> - <td class="tdr">48.5</td> - <td class="tdr">3.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Totals</td> - <td class="tdr">70.4</td> - <td class="tdr">63.7</td> - <td class="tdr">128.4</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">87.8</td> - <td class="tdr">86.2</td> - <td class="tdr">97.2</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">25.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Averages</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>11.73</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>7.08</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>12.84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>9.76</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>8.62</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>9.72</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>-68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>-52</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>3.58</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">10.8</td> - <td class="tdr">6.7</td> - <td class="tdr">-12</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>-84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.2</td> - <td class="tdr">7.8</td> - <td class="tdr">8.8</td> - <td class="tdr">-63</td> - <td class="tdr">42.5</td> - <td class="tdr">-3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td class="tdr">-8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>59.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">10.6</td> - <td class="tdr">9.4</td> - <td class="tdr">10.5</td> - <td class="tdr">74.5</td> - <td class="tdr">-64</td> - <td class="tdr">3.9</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="LOWER MIDDLE YUKON INDIAN CRANIA"> -<col span="10" width="10%"></col> - <tr> - <th>Catalogue No.</th> - <th>Orbits: Height, right, left</th> - <th>Breadth, right, left</th> - <th>Orbital index, mean</th> - <th>Nose: Height</th> - <th>Breadth, maximum</th> - <th>Nasal index</th> - <th>Palate: external length (a)</th> - <th>External breadth, maximum (b)</th> - <th>Palatal index <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(b × 100)</span><br />a</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332506</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.55<br />3.6</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.8<br />3.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr">2.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>40</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.2</td> - <td class="tdr">6.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332520</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.3<br />3.4</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.7<br />3.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">4.75</td> - <td class="tdr">2.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>50.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.4</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332508</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.7<br />——</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">4<br />——</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.2</td> - <td class="tdr">2.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.2</td> - <td class="tdr">5.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332519</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.4<br />3.5</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.7<br />3.65</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr">4.7</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.4</td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332510</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.3<br />3.2</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.55<br />3.55</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">4.7</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.3</td> - <td class="tdr">6.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332504</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.7<br />3.65</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.95<br />4.05</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.4</td> - <td class="tdr">2.15</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.7</td> - <td class="tdr">6.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332525</td> - <td class="tdr">——<br />3.25</td> - <td class="tdr">——<br />3.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.15</td> - <td class="tdr">2.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.7</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332505</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.8<br />3.6</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.95<br />3.85</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr">4.9</td> - <td class="tdr">2.35</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.3</td> - <td class="tdr">5.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332522</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.7<br />3.6</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.95<br />3.95</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">6.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332751</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.1<br />3.2</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.8<br />3.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">2.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.3</td> - <td class="tdr">6.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Right</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - <td class="bu"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Left</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total</td> - <td class="tdr">r. 31.55<br />l. 31</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">34.4<br />34.05</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">50.75</td> - <td class="tdr">23.1</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">47.8</td> - <td class="tdr">55.4</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Average </td> - <td class="tdr">r. <em>3.51</em><br />l. <em>3.44</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>3.82</em><br /><em>3.78</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.7</em><br /><em>91</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>5.07</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>2.31</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>5.31</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>6.16</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">r. 3.1<br />l. 3.2</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">3.55<br />3.55</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">4.7</td> - <td class="tdr">2.15</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">r. 3.8<br />l. 3.65</td> - <td class="tdr bbox">4<br />4.05</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr">2.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>50.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.7</td> - <td class="tdr">6.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.2</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Premature occlusion of sagittal and subdevelopment of vault; probably a moron, facial and skeletal parts -all normal.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Medium.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Slight.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Moderate.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Cons.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Unknown; all lost.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Slight.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Cons.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Medium.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Moderate.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> U. medium; l. moderate</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Skeletal Parts</span></h3> - -<p>There are seven adult skeletons of males and seven of females. For -present purposes it will suffice to take the males alone and to restrict -consideration to the long bones. The essential data on these are -given on page <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, where they are contrasted with those of North -American Indians in general, and with those of the western Eskimo.</p> - -<p>The bones show both relations to as well as differences from the -bones of Indians in general and fair distinctness from those of the -Eskimo.</p> - -<p>Contrasted with the long bones of miscellaneous North American -tribes taken together, the Yukon Indian bones show absolutely -slightly shorter humerus (or arm), somewhat shorter radius (or -forearm), a slightly shorter femur (or upper part of the leg), and -a plainly shorter tibia. These Indians had therefore relatively somewhat -shorter forearm and especially the leg below the knees than their -continental cousins. These facts are plainly evident from the radio-humeral -and tibio-femoral indices of the two groups. In this relative -shortness of the distal parts of the limbs the Yukon Indian approaches -the Eskimo, standing near midway between the Indian in -general and the Eskimo. There might be a ready temptation to -attribute this to a mixture with the Eskimo; but an examination of -the records will show that the same condition, so far at least as the -upper limb is concerned (lower?), is already present in the old -Bonasila skeleton, which gives no suggestion of an Eskimo mixture. -It is more likely, therefore, that these are generalized characteristics -of functional origin such as a considerable use of the small canoes. -This view seems to be supported by the relative strength of the bones. -In the Yukon Indian the humerus is stouter, the femur of the same -strength, and the tibia very perceptibly weaker than they are in Indians -in general. In the Eskimo, with even greater dependence on the -canoe, both the humerus and the femur are notably stouter, while -the tibia is weaker, than are similar bones in the Indians in general.</p> - -<p>The humero-femoral index in the Yukon Indians is unusually -high, indicating a relative shortness of the femur. This character -is not present in the Eskimo, nor in the continental Indian. It is -probably also of old functional origin, though, this for the present -must remain a mere suggestion.</p> - -<p>All of this shows clearly the interest and value of other skeletal -parts than the skull, and particularly of the long bones, for anthropological -studies.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Skeletal Remains from the Bank at Bonasila</span></h3> - -<p>The skeletal material from the bank at Bonasila consists now of -portions of three adult skulls, one male and two females, and of 13 -bones of the male skeleton. All the specimens are more or less<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> -stained by manganese and iron and all are distinctly heavier than -normal, showing some grade of fossilization. They closely resemble -in all these respects the numerous animal bones from the bank and -in all differ from the later surface burials of the place.</p> - - -<h4>THE CRANIA</h4> - -<p>The male skull, No. 332513, is represented by the frontal bone -united with a larger part of the face, a separated left temporal, and -the right half of the lower jaw. A large Inca bone, recovered from -the beach a year later, may also belong to the same specimen. The -missing parts are probably still somewhere in the sands of the -beach where there is going on a very instructive scattering and redeposition -on a 4 to 6 feet lower level of the contents of the old bank.</p> - -<p>The skull is that of a male of somewhat over 50 years of age, judging -from the moderate to marked wear of the remaining teeth. It is -a normal undeformed specimen, and the same applies to the bones -of the skeleton.</p> - -<p><em>Notes and measurements.</em>—The frontal shows a medium development, -no slope. The supraorbital ridges are rather weakly developed -for a male, leaving the upper borders of the orbits rather sharp.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="male skull, No. 332513"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Cm.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter frontal minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">9.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter frontal maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">11.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter nasion-bregma</td> - <td class="tdr">11.5</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The skull as a whole was evidently mesocephalic, and neither low -nor very high. The thickness of the frontal is about medium for -an Indian.</p> - -<p>The face is of medium proportions and strength, with rather large -orbits, good interorbital breadth, medium malars, medium broad -nose, and but moderate alveolar prognathism. The nasal bridge is -not high, nasal bones fairly broad, spine moderate, lower borders -well defined though not sharp. The sub-malar (canine) fossae are -shallow.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="male skull, No. 332513"> - <caption><em>Measurements</em></caption> - <tr> - <td>Alveolar point-nasion height</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">7.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Facial breadth about medium for an Indian.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth, near</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">2.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>50</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Left orbit:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">3.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minimum interorbital distance</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">2.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Upper dental arch:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length, approximately</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">5.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth, approximately</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index, approximately</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lower jaw:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height at symphysis approximately</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">4.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Thickness at M<sub>2</sub> (with the tooth held midway between branches of compass)</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">1.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height of asc. ramus</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">6.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth minimum of asc. ramus</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">3.7</td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> - -<p>The condyloid process of the lower jaw is high, mandibular notch -deep. The whole jaw is strong but not thick or massive. It is Indianlike, -not Eskimoid, in all its features. The teeth are of good -medium size.</p> - -<p><em>Skull No. 333383.</em>—Of this skull I brought the right parietal with -about one-third of the frontal; Mr. Krieger, a year later, the remainder -of the frontal. Other parts are missing.</p> - -<p>The specimen was evidently, a good-size female skull, normal, undeformed, -probably mesocephalic in form, and moderately high. The -thickness of the bones is not above moderate.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Skull No. 333383."> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Cm.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter frontal minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">9.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter frontal maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">12.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter nasion-bregma</td> - <td class="tdr">11.1</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p><em>Skull No. 333950.</em>—Of the third skull, recovered from the sands -of the beach at low water in 1927 by Mr. Lawrence, there are only -the two parietals. The specimen is that of a young adult female. -The bones, rather submedium in thickness, indicate a skull of slightly -smaller size and slightly shorter than the preceding but of much the -same general type.</p> - -<p><em>The skeletal parts of male No. 332513.</em>—Humeri: The long bones -all give the impression of straightness, length, and of a certain -gracility of form combined with strength, but without massiveness. -The right humerus presents a small but distinct supracondylar process, -a rarity among Indians. The fossae are not perforated. Measurements:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="skeletal parts of male No. 332513"> - <tr> - <td>Length, maximum:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Right</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">35.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Left</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">35.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Major diameter at middle:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Right</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">2.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Left</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">2.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Minor diameter at middle:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Right</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">1.65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Left</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">1.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index at middle:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Right</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Left</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Type of shaft at middle, prismatic:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Right</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Left</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Right radius:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length, maximum, near</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Radio-humeral index, approximately</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.5</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The shaft approaches type IV (quadrilateral). There is but small -curvature.</p> - -<p>Right ulna: Lacks the olecranon; shaft prismatic, with anterior -and posterior surfaces fluted; but a moderate curvature backward -upper third.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="skeletal parts of male No. 332513"> - <tr> - <td>Femora:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length, bicondylar, right</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">48.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Humero-femoral index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter antero-posterior maximum at middle—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Right</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">3.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Left</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">3.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter lateral maximum at middle—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Right</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">2.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Left</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">2.65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index at middle—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Right</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Left</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter maximum at upper flattening—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Right</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">3.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Left</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">3.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter minimum at upper flattening—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Right</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">2.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Left</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">2.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index at upper flattening—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Right</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>60</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Left</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>60.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Type shaft at middle—</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Right</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Left, near</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The bones, especially the right, are remarkable for their graceful -form and approach to straightness. The linea aspera is high but -not massive or rough.</p> - -<p>Right tibia: Length (?), extremities wanting. A moderate physiological -curvature forward, middle third.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Right tibia"> - <tr> - <td>Diameter antero-posterior at middle, right</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">3.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter lateral at middle</td> - <td class="tdc">cm</td> - <td class="tdr">1.95</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index at middle</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>60</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The bone is distinctly platycnaemic, as the femora are platymeric -and the humeri platybrachic, a harmony of characters which is often -met with in the continental Indian.</p> - - -<h4>ADDITIONAL PARTS</h4> - -<p>These include four ribs, the atlas and two lumbar vertebræ. The -first rib approaches the semicircular in type and is rather large, -indicating a spacious chest. Otherwise there is nothing special.</p> - -<p>A comparison of the long bones of this interesting skeleton with -those of the later Indians from the same and near-by localities as -well as with those of the western Eskimo (see table, p. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>) shows -a number of striking conditions. The length of the bones of the -skeleton is far above the mean of both those of Indians and the -Eskimo, indicating a stature of at least 10 centimeters (4 inches) -higher. In none of their characteristics are the bones near to those -of the Eskimo, making it doubly certain that the subject was not of -that affiliation. Compared with those of the later Indians of the -same territory, the bones show in one line remarkable differences, in -another remarkable likenesses. The differences concern all the relative -proportions of the shafts—the bones of the old skeleton give -without exception indices that are markedly lower; they are distinctly -more platybrachic, platymeric, and platycnaemic. But the -more basic humero-femoral and radio-humeral indices are practically<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> -the same; showing fundamental identity. The humero-femoral -index is especially important in this case. It is exceptionally high in -the Yukon Indians, due to a relatively long humerus, and the same -condition is seen in the old skeleton. It seems safe, therefore, to -conclude that the owner of the old skeleton was not only an Indian -but an Indian of the same physical stock from which were derived -the later Indians of the Yukon; but he was evidently of an earlier -and different tribe or of a purer derivation than those who followed. -To more fully establish and then trace this type, both as to its -derivation and extension, will be tasks of future importance.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="YUKON INDIANS: MAIN LONG BONES"> - <caption>YUKON INDIANS: MAIN LONG BONES<br /> - SEX: MALES<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Paired bones</th> - <th colspan="2">Yukon Indians</th> - <th rowspan="2">Miscellaneous North American Indians</th> - <th rowspan="2">Western Eskimos</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Older skeleton at Bonasila</th> - <th>From Russian times</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Humerus:</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>(378)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>(76)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length</td> - <td class="tdr">35.55</td> - <td class="tdr">31.17</td> - <td class="tdr">31.8</td> - <td class="tdr">30.88</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At middle—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, major</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.38</td> - <td class="tdr">2.22</td> - <td class="tdr">2.42</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, minor</td> - <td class="tdr">1.68</td> - <td class="tdr">1.67</td> - <td class="tdr">1.63</td> - <td class="tdr">1.82</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Radius:</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(378)</td> - <td class="tdc">(76)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length</td> - <td class="tdr">n. 27</td> - <td class="tdr">23.61</td> - <td class="tdr">24.7</td> - <td class="tdr">22.85</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Radio-humeral index</td> - <td class="tdr">n. <em>75.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Femur:</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc"><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>(902)</td> - <td class="tdc">(84)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length (bycondylar)</td> - <td class="tdr">48.2</td> - <td class="tdr">41.92</td> - <td class="tdr">42.7</td> - <td class="tdr">42.70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Humero-femoral index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">n. <em>72.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">n. <em>-72</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At middle—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, antero-posterior, maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">3.12</td> - <td class="tdr">2.96</td> - <td class="tdr">2.95</td> - <td class="tdr">3.03</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, lateral</td> - <td class="tdr">2.57</td> - <td class="tdr">2.58</td> - <td class="tdr">2.58</td> - <td class="tdr">2.71</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At upper flattening—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">3.60</td> - <td class="tdr">3.25</td> - <td class="tdr">3.27</td> - <td class="tdr">3.37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">2.18</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - <td class="tdr">2.42</td> - <td class="tdr">2.48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>60.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tibia:</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(324)</td> - <td class="tdc">(84)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">34.19</td> - <td class="tdr">36.9</td> - <td class="tdr">33.61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Tibio-femoral index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">81.5</td> - <td class="tdr">84.4</td> - <td class="tdr">78.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At middle—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, antero-posterior, maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">3.25</td> - <td class="tdr">3.04</td> - <td class="tdr">3.28</td> - <td class="tdr">3.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, lateral</td> - <td class="tdr">1.95</td> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td class="tdr">2.16</td> - <td class="tdr">2.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>60</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>65.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68.5</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> See also data in writer's "Physical Anthropology of the Lenape," etc., Bull. 62, Bur. Amer. Ethn., -Washington, 1916; and his "Anthropology of Florida," Fla. Hist. Soc. Pub. No. 1, Deland, Fla., 1922.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> These numbers apply to length only; under the other items the numbers are in some cases smaller, in -some larger. The differences are due to defects in some of the old bones.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> See also data on p. <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Yukon Eskimo</span></h3> - - -<h4>THE LIVING</h4> - -<p>As with the Indians farther up the river, the necessities of the -writer's journey did not permit more than visual observations, but -in 1927 Henry B. Collins, jr., succeeded in measuring six adult males -at Marshall.</p> - -<p>In general, the people of the Yukon delta and from this to Paimute -are true Eskimo. By this is meant that in the majority of individuals -they can readily be told as a type apart from the Indian and -belonging plainly to that of the extensive family of the Eskimo. -But when the differences are to be defined the task is not easy; some -of the distinguishing marks, though well appreciated, are somewhat -intangible.</p> - -<p>The physical differences are essentially those of the physiognomy. -The head is neither narrow nor scaphoid, or even very high. The -Indian face is more prominent and more sculptured; that of the -Eskimo appears fuller, especially in the lower part, and flatter. Part -of this is due to the bony structure, part to the differing amounts -of fat. An eversion of the angles of the lower jaw, which is relatively -frequent and sometimes excessive in the Eskimo male while almost -absent in the Indian, may give the Eskimo face almost a square appearance. -Take with this the seemingly somewhat low Eskimo forehead, -the not very widely open and somewhat on the whole more -slanting eye, and the characteristic Eskimo nose with its rather -narrow and not prominent nasal bridge, the ridiculous monk-like cut -of the hair (in the older males), the often rather full lips with, in -the males, a tuft of sparse mustache above each corner of the mouth; -add to all this a mostly smiling or ready-to-smile "full-moon" expression, -and it would be impossible to take the subject for anything -else than an Eskimo. The Indian's face is more set, less fat, in the -males at least, less broad below, with seemingly a higher forehead, -sensibly made-up hair, not seldom a bit more mustache, and a nose -that generally is both broader and more prominent.</p> - -<p>But the differences are less marked in the women and still less so -in the children, especially where similarly combed and clothed. And -there are, particularly on the Yukon, not a few of both Indian and -Eskimo who even an expert is at a loss where to class. They may be -due to old mixtures; no new ones are taking place; but it seems that -there may be present another important factor, that of a far-back -related parentage.</p> - -<p>In the color of the skin and eyes, in the color and nature of the -hair, there is no marked difference between the two peoples of the -Yukon. In stature the Eskimos are slightly higher.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p> - - -<h4>MEASUREMENTS ON LIVING YUKON ESKIMO</h4> - -<p>The exact provenience of the six men measured at Marshall is -uncertain, but they seemingly were all from the lower Yukon and -all were apparently full-blood Eskimo. But the measurements are -rather peculiar. They are given, for comparison, with those of the -western Eskimo in general (p. <a href="#Page_165">165</a>). They approach nearest to those -of the Togiak Eskimo, well down below the Kuskokwim. They -show a higher stature than all of their relations farther south, except -the Togiaks, and they have a rounder head. They are, in fact, -moderate brachycephals, a very unexpected form in this strain of -people. The Togiaks also are brachycephalic. The vault is relatively -somewhat higher than it is in the other groups, though the -height is not excessive. The nose is slightly lower as well as narrower -than it is in all the other contingents. The face is close to -those of St. Lawrence Island. The ear is perceptibly smaller and -especially narrower than elsewhere, but perhaps the age factor enters -into the case. The hand is much like that of Togiak and St. Lawrence, -the index being identical.</p> - -<p>The brachycephaly of the group for the present is hard to explain. -It can not be ascribed to a mixture with the river Indians, for these, -as has been seen from the skulls, were meso- rather than brachycephalic. -There is need here for further inquiry.</p> - - -<h4>SKELETAL REMAINS OF YUKON ESKIMO</h4> - -<p>As with the Indian, such remains are still rare. Some measurements -of three "Smithsonian Mahlemute" skulls from the Yukon, -collected by William H. Dall, are given by Jeffries Wyman, and -probably the same specimens appear in the Otis Catalogue, the measurements -in which are regrettably not very reliable. These specimens -can not now be located, and the scarce data are of but little -value. The three skulls examined by Wyman were all mesocephalic.</p> - -<p>It is now possible to report on 40 adult skulls from the lower -Yukon and the delta. An abstract of the measurements is given in -the next table. The data indicate a considerable local variation. -All the skulls, or very nearly all, are mesocephalic; but they differ -considerably in height and in all the facial features. The Pilot -Station group, from the apex of the delta, and hence the midst of -the Eskimo territory on the Yukon, is especially peculiar. Both the -vault and the face, in the series as a whole, range from low to high, -and much the same is true of the height of the nose and that of the -orbits, while the palate is exceptionally broad, giving a low index, -all of which would seem to indicate instability or conditions in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> -change, together probably with admixtures from farther up the -river. We need more material, particularly from the stretch of the -river between the apex of the delta and Paimute.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="YUKON ESKIMO CRANIA"> - <caption>YUKON ESKIMO CRANIA<br /> - UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM:</caption> -<col></col> -<col span="8" width="10%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="4">17 males</th> - <th colspan="4">23 females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Pilot Station</th> - <th>"Lower Yukon"</th> - <th>Kashunok (of Yukon)</th> - <th>Kotlik and Pastolik</th> - <th>Paimute</th> - <th>Pilot Station</th> - <th>Kashunok mouth</th> - <th>Kotlik and Pastolik</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number of adult skulls</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Collector</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - <td class="tdc"><a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></td> - <td class="tdc"><a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></td> - <td class="tdc"><a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></td> - <td class="tdc"><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - <td class="tdc"><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></td> - <td class="tdc"><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Vault:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">18.90</td> - <td class="tdr">18.8</td> - <td class="tdr">18.45</td> - <td class="tdr">18.44</td> - <td class="tdr">18.7</td> - <td class="tdr">17.80</td> - <td class="tdr">18.7</td> - <td class="tdr">17.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">15.07</td> - <td class="tdr">14.2</td> - <td class="tdr">14.10</td> - <td class="tdr">13.90</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdr">13.9</td> - <td class="tdr">3.62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">13.77</td> - <td class="tdr">13.7</td> - <td class="tdr">13.65</td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - <td class="tdp">n. 13.5</td> - <td class="tdr">13.20</td> - <td class="tdr">12.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.04</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Module</td> - <td class="tdr">15.91</td> - <td class="tdr">15.57</td> - <td class="tdr">15.40</td> - <td class="tdr">15.31</td> - <td class="tdr">15.40</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdr">14.81</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Capacity</td> - <td class="tdr">1,660</td> - <td class="tdr">1,535</td> - <td class="tdr">1,468</td> - <td class="tdr">1,486</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,442</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,359</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cranial index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mean height, index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>n. 82.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height-breadth, index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>n. 96.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Face:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Menton-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">12.40</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">12.67</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.90</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.82</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Alveolar point-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">7.85</td> - <td class="tdr">7.1</td> - <td class="tdr">8.25</td> - <td class="tdr">7.78</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">7.40</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">7.49</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter bizygomatic maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">14.97</td> - <td class="tdr">14.4</td> - <td class="tdr">14.25</td> - <td class="tdr">14.13</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">13.47</td> - <td class="tdr">13.90</td> - <td class="tdr">13.26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Facial index, total</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.1</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.1</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Facial index, upper</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>49.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orbits:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height</td> - <td class="tdr">3.58</td> - <td class="tdr">3.55</td> - <td class="tdr">3.80</td> - <td class="tdr">3.67</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.54</td> - <td class="tdr">3.50</td> - <td class="tdr">3.62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">4.07</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">3.91</td> - <td class="tdr">3.98</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.89</td> - <td class="tdr">3.80</td> - <td class="tdr">3.86</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.3</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">5.27</td> - <td class="tdr">5.05</td> - <td class="tdr">5.65</td> - <td class="tdr">5.53</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">5.50</td> - <td class="tdr">5.19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">2.57</td> - <td class="tdr">2.15</td> - <td class="tdr">2.28</td> - <td class="tdr">2.51</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.33</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>40.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Upper alveolar arch:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">5.70</td> - <td class="tdr">5.4</td> - <td class="tdr">5.4</td> - <td class="tdr">5.57</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.40</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">7.40</td> - <td class="tdr">6.6</td> - <td class="tdr">6.65</td> - <td class="tdr">6.70</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6.60</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6.38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.8</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Basi-facial diameters:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdr">10.35</td> - <td class="tdr">n. 10.3</td> - <td class="tdr">10.15</td> - <td class="tdr">10.40</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.17</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.09</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-subnasal point</td> - <td class="tdr">9.07</td> - <td class="tdr">9.4</td> - <td class="tdr">9.10</td> - <td class="tdr">9.17</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">8.80</td> - <td class="tdr">8.90</td> - <td class="tdr">8.86</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">10.60</td> - <td class="tdr">10.8</td> - <td class="tdr">10.15</td> - <td class="tdr">10.41</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">9.97</td> - <td class="tdr">10.20</td> - <td class="tdr">9.98</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Facial angle</td> - <td class="tdr">70</td> - <td class="tdr">74</td> - <td class="tdr">66</td> - <td class="tdr">68</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">67</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Alveolar angle</td> - <td class="tdr">55</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdr">52</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">52</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">53</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height of lower jaw at symphysis</td> - <td class="tdr">3.63</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.75</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.67</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.56</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Howgate & Schwatka Exp.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Rev. P. I. Delon.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> A. Hrdlička.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>SKELETAL PARTS OF THE YUKON ESKIMO</h4> - -<p>The next table gives the measurements of the long bones in both -sexes in the Yukon Indian (for comparison), in the Yukon Eskimo, -and in the western Eskimo, the latter coming mainly from the coast<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> -south of the Yukon and from the Nunivak and St. Lawrence Islands. -The Yukon Eskimo material, collected from intact burials by the -writer, is unfortunately limited to the northern mouth of the river. -The skeletons from St. Lawrence Island were collected on the -Smithsonian expedition to the place in 1912 by Riley D. Moore, -1927 expedition by H. B. Collins, jr., and T. D. Stewart, all of the -National Museum.</p> - -<p>The Yukon Eskimo show perceptibly longer bones than do either -the Indians or the southeastern and midwestern Eskimo, indicating -a somewhat taller stature.</p> - -<p>The humerus in the males is less broad than either in the Indians -or the midwestern and southwestern Eskimo and has as a consequence -high shaft index; but in the females the index in the Yukon and -western Eskimo series is identical. The radius is relatively even -shorter in the Yukon that it is in the other Eskimo, giving low radio-humeral -index.</p> - -<p>The femur is notably less platymeric in the male and slightly less -so in the female Yukon Eskimo than it is in both the Indians and -the rest of the southwestern and midwestern Eskimo, giving a higher -index at the upper flattening. The meaning of these facts is not -obvious and they may undergo some modification with more material.</p> - -<p>As to strength, measured by the mean diameter of the shafts, the -Yukon Eskimo in comparison to the southwestern and midwestern -show a slightly weaker humerus, and in the males a slightly weaker -femur at middle, but in the males again, a slightly stronger tibia. -If, however, the mean diameters of the bones are taken in relation -to the length of the bones, then in both sexes and in all the parts the -southwestern and midwestern Eskimo are slightly stronger. This -would seem to indicate more exertion, with harder life, among the -coastal and insular than among the river Eskimo. As a matter of -fact Kotlik and the near-by Pastolik, from which our skeletons came, -were favorably situated at the northern mouth of the river.</p> - -<p>The Yukon Eskimo females, as compared with the males, have a -somewhat weaker and especially somewhat flatter humerus, with a -consequently lower shaft index; they have relatively even a shorter -radius, giving a lower radio-humeral index; their humerus itself is -relatively short, giving a lower humero-femoral index; their femur is -relatively somewhat flatter at the upper flattening, giving a lower -index of platymery; while their tibia is relatively less strong antero-posteriorly, -resulting in an index that is more than four points higher -than that of the males.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="YUKON INDIAN, YUKON ESKIMO, AND WESTERN ESKIMO LONG BONES"> - <caption>YUKON INDIAN, YUKON ESKIMO, AND WESTERN ESKIMO LONG BONES<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Paired bones of the two sides</th> - <th colspan="3">Male</th> - <th colspan="3">Female</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Yukon Indian</th> - <th>Yukon Eskimo</th> - <th>Southwestern and midwestern Eskimo</th> - <th>Yukon Indian</th> - <th>Yukon Eskimo</th> - <th>Southwestern and midwestern Eskimo</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Humerus:</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(143)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(136)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length (right and left)</td> - <td class="tdr">31.17</td> - <td class="tdr">32.10</td> - <td class="tdr">30.69</td> - <td class="tdr">28.12</td> - <td class="tdr">28.31</td> - <td class="tdr">28.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At middle—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, major</td> - <td class="tdr">2.38</td> - <td class="tdr">2.83</td> - <td class="tdr">2.40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.90</td> - <td class="tdr">2.07</td> - <td class="tdr">2.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, minor</td> - <td class="tdr">1.67</td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.51</td> - <td class="tdr">1.54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Radius:</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(98)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(109)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length</td> - <td class="tdr">23.61</td> - <td class="tdr">23.44</td> - <td class="tdr">22.90</td> - <td class="tdr">21.10</td> - <td class="tdr">20.18</td> - <td class="tdr">20.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Radio-humeral index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Femur:</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - <td class="tdc">(195)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(132)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length (bicond.)</td> - <td class="tdr">41.92</td> - <td class="tdr">43.78</td> - <td class="tdr">42.50</td> - <td class="tdr">40.15</td> - <td class="tdr">41.11</td> - <td class="tdr">39.36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Humero-femoral index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>n. 73</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>n. 69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At middle—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter antero-posterior maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">2.96</td> - <td class="tdr">3.05</td> - <td class="tdr">3.08</td> - <td class="tdr">2.59</td> - <td class="tdr">2.74</td> - <td class="tdr">2.69</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter lateral</td> - <td class="tdr">2.58</td> - <td class="tdr">2.67</td> - <td class="tdr">2.70</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.44</td> - <td class="tdr">2.46</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At upper flattening—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">3.25</td> - <td class="tdr">3.31</td> - <td class="tdr">3.35</td> - <td class="tdr">2.84</td> - <td class="tdr">3.02</td> - <td class="tdr">3.02</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - <td class="tdr">2.57</td> - <td class="tdr">2.51</td> - <td class="tdr">2.16</td> - <td class="tdr">2.27</td> - <td class="tdr">2.26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tibia:</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - <td class="tdc">(141)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(147)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length (I. A.)</td> - <td class="tdr">34.19</td> - <td class="tdr">35.14</td> - <td class="tdr">33.86</td> - <td class="tdr">31.97</td> - <td class="tdr">32.01</td> - <td class="tdr">31.32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Tibio-femoral index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At middle—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter antero-posterior maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">3.04</td> - <td class="tdr">3.16</td> - <td class="tdr">3.12</td> - <td class="tdr">2.72</td> - <td class="tdr">2.61</td> - <td class="tdr">2.71</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter, lateral</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">2.15</td> - <td class="tdr">2.12</td> - <td class="tdr">1.82</td> - <td class="tdr">1.90</td> - <td class="tdr">1.89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69.9</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> See also data on p. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</p></div></div> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>NOTES ON THE ARCHEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN -ESKIMO REGION</h2> - - -<p>Archeological work in the vast area of the western Eskimo is still -in its infancy. Until the 1926 Smithsonian expedition nothing whatever -had been done in this line in the Eskimo parts of the southwestern -coasts of Alaska<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> or on the Kuskokwim or Yukon Rivers.</p> - -<p>Some time between 1877 and 1881 E. W. Nelson made limited excavations -on St. Michael Island<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> (see p. <a href="#Page_170">170</a>) and also dug on Whale -Island.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> - -<p>In 1912 V. Stefánsson excavated at Barrow.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> Having two months -to spend at this place he engaged numerous Eskimo of the village and -had them excavate the native village sites in the neighborhood. He -says (p. 388): "It was a small army that turned out to dig wherever -there was a ruin or a kitchen midden, and they worked energetically -and well. While the excavations were not done as methodically and -scientifically as could have been wished, still we were able to get from -them a collection of over 20,000 archaeological specimens within the -space of six weeks. This collection (which is now safely stored in -the American Museum of Natural History) brings out many significant -and some revolutionary ideas with regard to the prehistoric -history of the Eskimo. My method was to dig as much as possible -myself, and to go around as best I could to see the others at work. In -many cases I was able to see the exact position from which the important -finds were taken." The specimens have since in part been -described by Wissler.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> Stefánsson brought also some archeological -specimens from Point Hope, where, however, no excavations were -made; and collected a valuable series of crania from Point Barrow.</p> - -<p>In 1917-19 excavations near Barrow were conducted by W. B. Van -Valin, leader of the John Wanamaker expedition to northwestern -Alaska, for the University Museum at Philadelphia. The excavations -were made in some mounds located about 8 miles southwest of -Barrow and about 1,000 yards back from the beach on the tundra, -and uncovered six old igloos containing, aside from many cultural -objects, the skeletal remains of 83 individuals. These remains have -since been found to be those of an intrusive group of people and to -be of special interest.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> - -<p>In 1924 Rasmussen during the last parts of his great journey -gathered numerous archeological specimens at Point Hope and from -other localities along the west coasts of Alaska.</p> - -<p>In 1926, finally, the year of my survey, some careful initial excavations, -with very interesting results, were carried on at Wales and -on the Little Diomede Island by Dr. D. Jenness, of the National -Museum of Canada, Ottawa. A preliminary report on the results -of this work has been published in the annual report of the National -Museum of Canada for 1926.</p> - -<p>Besides such more professional work a good deal of archeological -collection has been done in the regions under consideration by local -people, particularly traders and teachers; and the demand for specimens -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>has made assiduous excavators of some of the Eskimo themselves, -particularly at Point Hope and at St. Lawrence Island.</p> - -<p>Beginning with the north, the first white man to be mentioned -in this connection is Charles Brower, the well-known trader at -Barrow. Mr. Brower has not only aided all the explorers who -have reached this northernmost point, but he has also been directly -instrumental in excavating and the making of archeological collections, -though, regrettably, some of these have been scattered.</p> - -<p>During 1925-26 there lived at Point Hope a very active and interesting -man, sent there by the Fox Film Co. to photograph the -Eskimo—Mr. Merle La Voy. La Voy, whom I met at Point Hope -and who for a time became our fellow-passenger on the <em>Bear</em>, had -not only succeeded remarkably in his own line, but had also amassed -during his stay a large archeological collection. He did not excavate -himself, and unfortunately paid no attention to the scientific -side of the case; but by offering the natives sugar, tea, chocolate, -chewing gum, tobacco, etc. in exchange for specimens, he so stimulated -them that they engaged most assiduously in the excavation, or -rather picking over as they thawed, of their old ruins, and brought -him thousands of objects, some of which are of considerable interest. -At the time of my visit there were several barrels full of specimens, -largely of stone and ivory. Skulls and bones, regrettably, were -neglected and reburied in the débris. Later this collection was -transported to San Francisco, where it remains at the date of this -writing, in Mr. La Voy's possession.</p> - -<p>At Kotzebue Mr. Tom Berryman, the trader, has made some collections -of Eskimo archeological material, from which I benefited -for the National Museum; and the local teacher, Mr. C. S. Replogle, -informed me that he had a large collection at his home in the States.</p> - -<p>At Nome I found a valuable lot of specimens in fossil ivory, pottery, -and stone, in the possession of the well-known Lomen brothers, -members of one of the foremost families in Alaska. The best parts -of this collection I was fortunate to secure for exhibit in the United -States National Museum.</p> - -<p>A large and valuable collection of western Eskimo archeological -material was made some years ago by Dr. Daniel Neuman. A part -of this collection is in the museum at Juneau; the whereabouts of -the rest and of Doctor Neuman himself I was unable to discover. -There are several collections of archeological material from the -western Eskimo region at Seattle and San Francisco, but none represents -scientific excavation.</p> - -<p>The names of Joe Bernard, Prof. H. N. Sverdrup, and O. W. -Geist should be mentioned in this connection, all having collected -archeological objects in the western Eskimo region. Many speci<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>mens -of value collected by these men and others are in various -museums or in private hands in Fairbanks, along the west coast or in -Europe.</p> - -<p>My own small part in the archeology of Bering Sea and the northwestern -coast of Alaska was, as already stated, mainly that of making -a survey of conditions. The object was to obtain a good general -view of what there was in the line of archeological sites and remains, -and thus help to lay a foundation for more organized research -in the future. In addition all possible effort was made to -collect and obtain specimens of distinct archeological value. Both of -these endeavors met with results of some importance.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Dall, W. H., and Jochelson, W., made, as is well known, valuable excavations in the -Aleutian Islands; but the Aleuts were not Eskimos. (See Cat. of Crania, etc., U.S.N.M., -1924, 39.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Nelson, E. W., The Eskimo About Bering Strait; Eighteenth Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. -Ethn., pt. 1, Washington, 1899, p. 263.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> My Life with the Eskimo, N. Y., 1913, 387, 388. See also his The Stefánsson-Anderson -Arctic Expedition: Preliminary Ethnological Report. Anthrop. Papers -Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, N. Y., 1914.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Wissler, Clark, Harpoons and Darts in the Stefánsson Collection. Anthrop. Papers -Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1916, XIV, 401-443.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> See section devoted to this find, p. <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Old Sites in the Region of the Western Eskimo</span></h3> - -<p>The shores of the Alaska rivers, the littoral parts of Alaska, the -more northern Bering Sea islands, and those portions of the Asiatic -coast that were once or are still occupied by the Eskimo, are strewn -with "dead" villages and old sites. Many of these dead villages or -sites are historic, having been abandoned, or very nearly so, since -the coming of the whites; some are older, in instances doubtless considerably -older. Collectively they offer a large, almost wholly virginal -and highly important field to American archeology. They -may contain much of the secrets of Eskimo origin and of his cultural, -as well perhaps as physical, evolution. But these secrets are -not to be given up easily. They are held within a perpetually -frozen ground, which on one hand preserves everything, but on the -other will not yield its contents except to assiduous and prolonged -labor.</p> - -<p>Ruined or "dead" villages began to be encountered by the earliest -Russian and other explorers. Beechey (1826) tells us that between -approximately the latitude of Nelson Island and Point Barrow -(60° 34´ to 71° 24´ N.) they noticed 19 (Eskimo) villages, some -of which were very small and consisted only of a few huts, and -others appeared to have been deserted a long time.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> - -<p>Hooper, in 1884, reports Eskimo ruins on the Asiatic side:</p> - -<p>"Near the extremity of the cape [Wankarem] we found the ruins -of houses similar to those now in use by the Innuits, half underground, -with frames of the bones of whales. Probably they were -former dwellings of Innuits, who for some reason crossed the -straits and attempted to establish themselves on the Siberian side. -These houses have been found by different travelers at many places -along this coast, and various causes assigned for the abandonment -of the attempt to settle here by the Innuits. * * *</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> -<p>"At Cape Wankarem and at other places on the Siberian coast we -found the ruins of houses similar to those now in use by the Innuits. -These houses, which have been found by different travelers at many -places along that coast, are not at all like those used by the Tchuktchis, -which, on account of the migratory habits of the reindeer -tribes, are so constructed that they can be taken down and put up -again at will."<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> - -<p>Ray and Murdoch both speak of old sites. The very spot they -selected for their observatory at Barrow was one of these. Ray says -of it:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"A point about 12 feet above the sea level, lying between the sea -and a small lagoon three-fourths of a mile northeast from Uglaamie, -was finally selected. The soil was firm and as dry as any unoccupied -place in that vicinity, and as it was marked by mounds of an ancient -village would be free from inundation."<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p></div> - -<p>And farther on:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"That the ancestors of those people have made it their home for -ages is conclusively shown by the ruins of ancient villages and winter -huts along the seashore and in the interior. On the point where -the station was established were mounds marking the site of three -huts dating back to the time when they had no iron and men 'talked -like dogs'; also at Perigniak a group of mounds mark the site of -an ancient village. It stands in the midst of a marsh; a sinking of -the land causing it to be flooded and consequently abandoned, as -it is their custom to select the high and dry points of land along -the seashore for their permanent villages. The fact of our finding -a pair of wooden goggles 26 feet below the surface of the earth, -in the shaft sunk for earth temperatures, points conclusively to the -great lapse of time since these shores were first peopled by the race -of man."<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p></div> - -<p>The village of Sidaru, southwest of Cape Belcher, which in Ray's -time had a population of about 50, has since gone "dead."</p> - -<p>The most direct attention to this subject has been given by Nelson. -In his excellent large memoir on "The Eskimo about Bering -Strait"<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> he states as follows:</p> - -<p>"Ruins of ancient Eskimo villages are common on the lower Yukon -and thence along the coast line to Point Barrow. On the Siberian -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>shore they were seen from East Cape along the Arctic coast to Cape -Wankarem....</p> - -<p>"On the shore of the bay on the southern side of St. Michael Island -I dug into an old village site where saucer-shape pits indicated the -places formerly occupied by houses. The village had been burned, -as was evident from the numerous fragments of charred timbers -mixed with the soil. In the few cubic feet of earth turned up at -this place were found a slate fish knife, an ivory spearhead, a doll, -and a toy dish, the latter two cut from bark. The men I had with -me from the village at St. Michael became so alarmed by their superstitious -feelings that I was obliged to give up the idea of getting -further aid from them in this place. I learned afterward that this -village had been built by people from Pastolik, at the mouth of the -Yukon, who went there to fish and to hunt seals before the Russians -came to the country.</p> - -<p>"On the highest point of Whale Island, which is a steep islet -just offshore near the present village of St. Michael, were the ruins -of a kashim and of several houses. The St. Michael people told me -that this place was destroyed, long before the Russians came, by a -war party from below the Yukon mouth. The sea has encroached -upon the islet until a portion of the land formerly occupied by the -village has been washed away. The permanently frozen soil at this -place stopped us at the depth of about 2 feet. Here, and at another -ancient Unalit village site which was examined superficially, we -found specimens of bone and ivory carvings which were very ancient, -as many of them crumbled to pieces on being exposed.</p> - -<p>"Along the lower Yukon are many indications of villages destroyed -by war parties. According to the old men these parties -came from Askinuk and Kushunuk, near the Kuskokwim, as there -was almost constant warfare between the people of these two sections -before the advent of the Russians.</p> - -<p>"Both the fur traders and the Eskimo claim that there are a large -number of house sites on the left bank of the Yukon,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> a few miles -below Ikogmut. This is the village that the Yukon Eskimo say had -35 kashims, and there are many tales relating to the period when it -was occupied. At the time of my Yukon trips this site was heavily -covered with snow, and I could not see it; but it would undoubtedly -well repay thorough excavation during the summer months. One -of the traditions is that this village was built by people from Bristol -Bay, joined by others from Nunivak Island and Kushunuk. One -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>informant said that a portion of this village was occupied up to -1848, when the last inhabitant died of smallpox, but whether or not -this is true I was unable to learn.</p> - -<p>"Another informant told me that near the entrance of Goodnews -Bay, near the mouth of the Kuskokwim, there is a circular pit about -75 feet in diameter, marking the former site of a very large kashim. -A few miles south of Shaktolik, near the head of Norton Sound, I -learned of the existence of a large village site. Both the Eskimo -and the fur traders who told me of this said that the houses had been -those of Shaktolik people, and that some of them must have been -connected by underground passageways, judging from the ditch-like -depressions from one to the other along the surface of the ground. -The Shaktolik men who told me this said that there were many other -old village sites about there and that they were once inhabited by a -race of very small people who have all disappeared.</p> - -<p>"From the Malemut of Kotzebue Sound and adjacent region I -learned that there are many old village sites in that district. Many -of these places were destroyed by war parties of Tinné from the -interior, according to the traditions of the present inhabitants.</p> - -<p>"On Elephant Point, at the head of the Kotzebue Sound, I saw -the site of an old village, with about 15 pits marking the locations -of the houses. The pits sloped toward the center and showed by their -outlines that the houses had been small and roughly circular, with a -short passageway leading into them, the entire structure having been -partly underground.</p> - -<p>"The Eskimo of East Cape, Siberia, said that there were many -old village sites along the coast in that vicinity. These houses had -stone foundations, many of which are still in place. There is a large -ruined village of this kind near the one still occupied on the cape.</p> - -<p>"On the extreme point of Cape Wankarem, and at its greatest -elevation, just above the present camp of the Reindeer Chukchi, a -series of three sites of old Eskimo villages were found."</p> - -<p>To this, on pages <a href="#Page_269">269</a> et seq., Nelson adds an account of the villages -that "died" on St. Lawrence Island during the winter of 1879-80. -Capt. C. L. Hooper, in the "Cruise of the Corwin in 1881, Notes -and Observations" (published in Washington, 1884, p. 100) gives the -date as 1878-79, and adds further details about these villages.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Beechey, F. W., Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Bering's Strait. Phila., -1832, 474.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Hooper, C. L., Report of Arctic Cruise of the Revenue Steamer <em>Corwin</em>, 1881. Washington, -1884, 63, 99.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Ray, Lieut. P. H., Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, -Alaska. Washington, 1885, 22.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Ray, P. H., Ethnographic Sketch of the Natives. Report of the International Polar -Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington, 1885, 37.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Eighteenth Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Eth., pt. 1, Washington, 1900, 263 et seq.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> This is the "village of 32 kashims," which I mention in the Narrative and of which -I heard independently (p. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>). The present Eskimo claim that it existed on the right -bank, about 12 miles below Russian Mission (Ikogmut). My visit and subsequently that -of Mr. Chris Betsch, the kind and interested trader at Russian Mission, the latter with -an old Eskimo, failed to definitely locate the site, but further efforts are desirable.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Present Location of Archeological Sites</span></h3> - -<p>Through personal visits, wherever possible, and through information -from all available sources, an effort was made to locate and -learn the character of as many of the old sites as could be traced. In -this endeavor I was aided by many whose services are hereby gratefully -acknowledged. Especial thanks are due to Captain Cochran<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> -with the officers and men of the <em>Bear</em>, particularly Boatswain H. -Berg; to the Lomen brothers and their esteemed father, at Nome; -to Father B. La Fortune and the Reverend Baldwin at Nome; to -Mr. Sylvester Chance, superintendent of the northwestern district, -Bureau of Education; to Mr. Charles D. Brower, trader at Barrow; -to Mr. Jim Allen, trader at Wainwright; and to Dr. E. P. Walker, -head of the Biological Survey of Alaska. The list to follow, supplemented -by maps, will give in brief the name, location, and description -of the remains.</p> - -<p>The old sites occur, (1) in the form of refuse heaps; (2) as late -village sites, smaller or larger areas of ground covered with mostly -circular elevations and depressions, with occasionally the wooden remains -of igloos or kashims, or only partly ruined dwellings; such -remains are the most common; (3) as old village sites in the form of -a long irregular ridge mound or of more or less separate heaps; -(4) as heaps or "mounds" of individual structures. And as -"passed" sites, covered completely by sand or silt and unknown until -uncovered through the washing away by the sea or rivers of some of -the deposits.</p> - -<p>In addition there are the remains of burial grounds which are -occasionally marked by small low mounds or hummocks produced by -decayed burials that have been more or less assimilated by the tundra. -Stony beaches with chips, implements, etc., such as are found off old -sites on the Yukon, have not been seen in the region now dealt with -in any instance.</p> - -<p>The ruined dwellings and communal houses throughout this region, -with a few minor exceptions, were of one general type. They were -circular, yurta-shaped, semisubterranean structures, with a more or -less subterranean tunnel approach, built of hewn driftwood and -earth. These dwellings, when the wood decays and the dome falls -in, leave characteristic saucer-and-handle-like depressions. But -where such dwellings were close, and especially where they were -heaped up or superimposed on older ones, the remains, together with -the refuse, may form an irregular elevated ridge or a large irregular -mound.</p> - -<p>On the Diomede Islands the dwellings are built of stone, and ruins -of stone houses have been reported to me from inland of the westernmost -parts of the Seward Peninsula. Stone dwellings were also -known on Norton Sound.</p> - -<p>Some of the ridges and heaps, as at Shishmaref, Point Hope, one -of the Punuk Islands, etc., are large and may be up to 15 feet and over -in depth, but mostly the remains are of moderate to small size. The -latter sometimes could easily be confounded with natural formations. -The older remains may superficially be indistinguishable even to an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> -experienced observer; and if there is anything still more ancient, it -lies somewhere in the old sands and beaches where, except through -some fortunate accident, it can not be discovered. Except for their -surface, the remains are generally frozen hard, and no excavation is -possible except through gradual exposure and the melting of layer -after layer by the warmth of the sun or a melting of the ground -with water or by some other artificial means.</p> - -<p>Some at least of these ruins are rich archeologically. They greatly -exceed in this respect a large majority of village ruins and mounds -in the interior of the continent. This appears from their gradual -excavation by the natives at Barrow, Point Hope, St. Lawrence -Island, and elsewhere. The natives have now for many years been -selling thousands of articles thus obtained to traders, teachers, and -crews of visiting vessels. A regular and growing trade detrimental -to archeology is now being carried on in "fossil ivory," which generally -consists of pieces showing human workmanship and occasionally -includes specimens of rare beauty and importance.</p> - -<p>The archeological contents of such old sites as that near Savonga -on the St. Lawrence Island, or those at Wales, Point Hope, Barrow, -etc., are varied, and in instances exceedingly interesting. They comprise -a large variety of objects of stone, ivory, bone, and wood, while -in the more superficial layers are also found occasionally glass beads -or objects of metal. Some ruins, such as those at Point Hope and -Kotzebue, are very rich in stone objects; others, as those at the St. -Lawrence Island, are rich in articles of ivory and bone. Pottery is -generally scarce. Articles of stone comprise mainly points, knives, -adzes, and lamps; those of wood, goggles and masks; of bone, various -parts of sleds, a large assortment of snow and meat picks, and scrapers; -of ivory, barbed points, harpoons, and lance heads, and a large -variety of tools, fetishes, and ceremonial objects; of clay, a few dishes -and pots for culinary purposes. Traces of objects made of whalebone -or even birch bark may also appear.</p> - -<p>The stones used were mainly slate and flint, but there may also -be met with quartz, quartzite, and especially the Kobuk "jade." -The workmanship is as a rule good to excellent. The arrow points -show a number of interesting, not yet fully known, types, the long -blade with parallel sides predominating. The stone lamps and rare -dishes also need further study. The knives all approach the Asiatic -semilunar variety.</p> - -<p>The bones and wooden objects and the pottery from this region -are fairly well covered by the writings of Ray, Murdoch, Nelson, -Rau, Thomas, and others; the masks need further study.</p> - -<p>The most interesting archeological specimens from the region of -the western Eskimo, however, are some of those in "fossil ivory," -the term being applied to walrus ivory that through long lying in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> -the ground has assumed more or less of a pearly yellow, variegated, -sepia-brown or black color. These objects are known as yet very -imperfectly. They are scarce at and especially north of Point Hope, -and again along the west coast south of Norton Sound. Their center -of frequency comprises seemingly the St. Lawrence Island, some -parts of the Asiatic coast, the Diomedes, and parts of the Seward -Peninsula. But they occur at least up to Point Hope, while west -of Bering Strait they are said to appear as far as the river Kolyma.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 520px;"> -<img src="images/figure_12a.jpg" width="520" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 12.</span>—Conventionalized design from -fossil ivory specimen shown in Plate 19</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Some of the objects in fossilized ivory show the well-known Eskimo -art, with geometrical design. But besides these there occur here and -there beautiful specimens, harpoon -heads, figures, needle cases, -etc., which are of the finest workmanship -and which both in form -and design differ from the prevailing -Eskimo types. They are -examples of high aboriginal art; -and their engraved decorative -lines are not geometrical but -beautifully curvilinear. (Fig. -12.) The accompanying illustrations -of specimens I succeeded in -obtaining from different sources -will show the nature of this art. -(Pls. 19-26.) Isolated specimens -of this nature have been secured -before by Nelson, Neuman, Sverdrup, -Stefánsson, and others. -Jenness in 1926 dug out a few -from the old sites at Wales. -There are several in the Museum -of the American Indian in New York. But the largest and best -collection of these remarkable articles is now that of the United -States National Museum.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p> - -<p>The large fossil ivory figure (20.3 cm. maximum length, pl. 26) -collected by Mr. Carl Lomen and now in the National Museum is of -special interest. It comes from the Asiatic side. It is a handsomely -made piece, belonging in all probability to the high fossil ivory -culture. Its peculiarity is the bi-bevel face, a face made by two -planes rising to a median ridge. It is so far a unique specimen of -its kind. But with the aid of Mr. H. W. Krieger, curator of -ethnology, United States National Museum, we found similar bi-beveled -faces in wooden figures from northeast Asia, in wooden -Eskimo masks from the Yukon, and in wooden ceremonial figures -from Panama. The latter are shown herewith. (Pl. 27.) The -whole presents evidently a nice problem for the archeologist and -student of culture.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 418px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 19</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_19a.jpg" width="418" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Terminal Piece of a Lance or Harpoon. Northern Bering Sea</span></p> - -<p>Black, high natural polish. Most beautiful piece of the fossil ivory art. (A. H., 1926, U.S.N.M.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 224px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 20</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_20a.jpg" width="224" height="700" alt="" /> -<img src="images/plate_20b.jpg" width="183" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fossil Ivory Specimens Showing the Old Curvilinear Designs. -Northern Bering Sea</span></p> - -<p>(A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 21</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_21a.jpg" width="700" height="574" alt="" /> - -<img src="images/plate_21b.jpg" width="700" height="697" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Objects Showing the Old Fossil Ivory Art. Northern -Bering Sea</span></p> - -<p>(U.S.N.M., Nos. 1 and 3, coll. A. H., 1926.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 22</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_22a.jpg" width="700" height="452" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fossil Ivory Needle Cases and Spear Heads, Northern Bering Sea, Showing Fine Workmanship</span></p> - -<p>(A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 23</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_23a.jpg" width="700" height="550" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Small, finely made objects in fossil ivory and stone (the head), from the ruins at Port Hope -(A. H. coll., 1926.)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_23b.jpg" width="700" height="596" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Old fossil ivory objects, northern Bering Sea. The article to the right is almost classic in form; -it is decorated on both sides. (A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 24</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_24a.jpg" width="700" height="412" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fossil Ivory Combs. Upper Bering Sea</span></p> - -<p>(A. H. coll., 1926)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 25</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_25a.jpg" width="700" height="422" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fossil Ivory Objects From the Upper Bering Sea Region. Transitional Art</span></p> - -<p>(Museum of the Agricultural College, Fairbanks, Alaska.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 445px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 26</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_26a.jpg" width="445" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Old Black Finely Carved Fossil Ivory Figure, From the Northeastern -Asiatic Coast</span></p> - -<p>(Loan to U.S.N.M. by Mr. Carl Lomen.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 27</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_27a.jpg" width="700" height="455" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Wooden Figurines From a Medicine Lodge, Choco Indians, Panama</span></p> - -<p>(U.S.N.M. colls.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 488px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 28</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_28a.jpg" width="488" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>Top: Manche de poignard en ivoire, avec sculpture représentant un renne. Montastruc (Peccadeau -de l'Isle; in de Quatrefages (A.), Hommes fossiles, Paris, 1884, p. 50)</p> - -<p>Left: Two beautiful knives of fossil mammoth ivory lately made by a Seward Peninsula Eskimo. -(Gift to the U.S.N.M. by A. H., 1926.)</p> - -<p>Right: Two old ceremonial Mexican obsidian knives.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p> - -<p>I had further the good fortune to secure, through the kindness of -Reverend Baldwin, two handsome and remarkable knives from -fossil mammoth ivory. These knives were said to have been made -recently by the Eskimo of the Seward Peninsula. They are shown in -Plate 28. They each bear on the handle a nicely carved crouching -animal figure. With them are shown, somewhat more reduced, two -probably ceremonial knives from Old Mexico; and also the handle -of a late palaeolithic poignard from France, illustrated by De -Quatrefages.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> Regarding the latter form we read the following in -Mortillet:<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> "D'autres poignées de poignard, faites dans des données -pratiques et artistiques analogues, ont été recueillies dans diverses -collections. Les plus remarquables sont deux poignées en ivoire -trouvées par Peccadeau de l'Isle, à Bruniquel. L'une se rattachait à -la lame, comme dans la pièce précédente, par le train de derrière; -l'autre, au contraire, par la tête." Knives with similar crouching -animal figures on the handle are being made by the King Islanders.</p> - -<p>Here, evidently, is one more interesting problem for the archeologists.</p> - -<p>The art shown by these objects, the conventionalization, and -especially the decorations, appear to show affinity on one hand to -deeper eastern Asia and on the other to those of the American northwest -coast and even lower. This may prove to mean much or little. -The fact that these specimens establish beyond question is that at one -time and up to a few hundreds of years ago there existed in the lands -of the northern Bering Sea native art superior to that existing -there later and at the present, and comparable with the best native -Siberian or American.</p> - -<p>The meaning of this fact seems to me to be of importance. The -evidence suggests, aside from other things, that American cultural -developments may after all not have been purely local or even -American, but that they may, in part at least, have been initiated or -carried from Asia. In view of these and other recent developments -it seems rational to consider that America may have been peopled -by far eastern Asiatic groups that not merely carried with them -differences in language and physique but also in some cases relatively -high cultural developments. But these for the present are mere -hypotheses.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> - -<p>There is no definite indication as yet that the people of the high -fossil ivory art in the northern Bering Sea and neighboring parts -were any others than the ancestors of the Eskimo. The skeletal remains -from these regions, as will be shown later, rather support -this view. But those ancestors may not yet have represented the -characteristic present type of the people. Here, too, nothing definite -can be said before the results of sufficient scientific excavations -become available.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> MacCurdy described the first specimen of this kind in 1921 as "An Example of Eskimo -Art," in Amer. Anthrop., vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 384-385. See also Collins (H. B., jr.), Prehistoric -Art of the Alaskan Eskimo, Smith. Misc. Coll., vol. 81, No. 14, 52 pp., Washington, -1929.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Quatrefages, A. de., Hommes fossiles et hommes sauvages. Paris, 1884.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Mortillet, G. de., Le préhistorique origine et antiquité de l'homme. Paris, 1900, -206-207.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Sites and Villages</span></h3> - -<p>The location of the western Eskimo villages has received more or -less attention by most of the explorers in their region from the -Russian time onward; but such efforts are generally limited to the -living villages in the area visited by the observers.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the earliest Russian map of value in this connection on -the Bering Sea region is that which I find in Billings and Gall's -Voyage or "Putěshestvie" of 1791, printed in St. Petersburg 1811. -The map bears no date, but is evidently quite early. It gives three -villages on the western point and north coast of the Seward Peninsula, -namely Kiemile (later Nykhta, now Wales), Chegliukh, and -Tykiak. (Pl. 29.)</p> - -<p>The most notable and valuable of the Russian contributions to this -subject is that of Zagoskin. This refers to the period of 1842-1844 -and is contained partly in his "Peshechodnaia Opis," etc. (St. -Petersburg, 1847), but especially on his maps. There are, I find, -two of these maps—the "Merkatorskaia Karta Časti Sieverozapadnago -Berega Ameriky" and the "Merkatorskaia Generalnaia Karta -Časti Rossijskich Vladěnii v Amerikě." I came across the first in -one copy of Zagoskin's invaluable account, which should long ago -have been translated into English, and the other in another copy. -Part of the second is here reproduced. (Pl. 30.) Both bear the -statement that they were made by Zagoskin as the result of his explorations -on the Yukon in 1842-1844. The second ("general") map -is much the clearer and richer. Both maps, but especially the second, -give a good number of villages, especially about Norton Sound and -along the southern shore of Seward Peninsula. The orthography -differs somewhat on the two charts.</p> - -<p>The Tebenkof Atlas of 1849 includes a remarkably good map of the -St. Lawrence Island. As on other Russian maps it gives the Punuk -Islands, that later are lost by most map makers, and indicates the -location of what probably were all the living settlements of that -time, except on the Punuk. (Fig. 27.)</p> - -<p>Finally, in 1861, Tikhmenief, in his "Istoričeskoie Obozrenie" -(history of Russian America) gives a detailed map with many locations -of Eskimo villages.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Aleutian Islands and Kodiak are excellently dealt with by -Veniaminof and also Tikhmenief, though little special attention is -given to the location of the settlements.</p> - -<p>None of the Russian explorers, regrettably, report verbally on the -deserted sites or ruins. But their registration and location of many -villages that have since become "dead" is of much historical as -well as anthropological value.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_13a.jpg" width="700" height="418" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 13.</span>—World map</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Of later and particularly American authors who gave attention to -the location of the western Eskimo settlements, the foremost is E. W. -Nelson. Beginning in 1877 with the St. Michael Island and ending -with the cruise of the <em>Corwin</em> in 1881, Nelson made trips down the -coast to the Kuskokwim, up the Yukon to Anvik, over the Bering -Sea, the St. Lawrence Island and parts of the Chukchee Peninsula, -and finally, with the <em>Corwin</em>, along the northern coasts to Point Barrow. -And these journeys were devoted largely to biological and -ethnological observations and collections, the latter including the -location of the western Eskimo habitations of that time. His locations -are given on the accompanying map (fig. 15) taken from his -classic memoir, "The Eskimo about Bering Strait," published in 1900 -in the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. -This memoir contains a section of "Ruins" (pp. 263-266), a -brief account of the recently dead villages on St. Lawrence Island -(p. <a href="#Page_269">269</a>), and an instructive section on Eskimo burials (pp. <a href="#Page_310">310</a>-322). -Nelson brought also the first more substantial collection of Eskimo -crania.</p> - -<p>The next deserving man in these connections is Ivan Petrof. Of -Russian-American extraction, Petrof was charged in 1880 with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> -census enumeration of the natives in Alaska, and he later published<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> -a valuable report on his work, together with detailed demographic -data and a map on which are given all the living settlements of his -time. Nelson's map is partly based on Petrof's data.</p> - -<p>Since Nelson and Petrof but little has been done in this field. -But the maps of these two observers have been utilized more or less -by the map makers of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, -the Geological Survey, and other Government agencies concerned -with Alaska. The result is that some of these charts are exceptionally -useful to the anthropological explorer in Alaska; nevertheless -the data they carry are incomplete and the locations or names -are not always exact, a good many of the villages shown are now -dead, and old ruins, as usual, have received no attention.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_14a.jpg" width="700" height="493" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 14.</span>—Dall's map of the distribution of the tribes of Alaska and adjoining -territory, 1875</p></div> -</div> - -<p>A very valuable supplement to all the maps has in 1902 been -published by the United States Geological Survey. It is the -Geographic Dictionary of Alaska, by Marcus Baker. This -volume, besides brief but serviceable historical data, gives in -alphabetical order nearly all the then-known names of localities in -Alaska, including those of the Eskimo and Indian settlements; and -each name is accompanied by brief but in many instances most -helpful information. This highly deserving volume, indispensable -to every student of Alaska, has for many years been out of print, -but it is understood that a new revised edition is slowly being -prepared.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 29</span><br /></p> -</div> -<a href="images/plate_29a_full.jpg"><img src="images/plate_29a_thumb.jpg" width="400" height="362" alt="" /></a> -<div class="caption"><a href="images/plate_29a_full.jpg"><span class="smcap">Billings and Gall's Map of Bering Strait and Neighboring Lands,</span> -1811</a></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 30</span><br /></p> -</div> -<a href="images/plate_30a_full.jpg"><img src="images/plate_30a_thumb.jpg" width="400" height="353" alt="" /></a> -<div class="caption"><a href="images/plate_30a_full.jpg"><span class="smcap">Eskimo Villages and Sites. Norton Sound and Bay and Seward -Peninsula, and the Kotzebue Sound, from Zagoskin's General Map</span>, -1847</a></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 502px;"> -<img src="images/figure_15a.jpg" width="502" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 15.</span>—Nelson's map. (Eighteenth Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., 1898)</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Other useful publications in these connections are the United -States Coast Pilots of Alaska, the various accounts of travelers, explorers, -and men in collateral branches of science (geology, biology,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> -etc.), the publications of the Alaska Division of the United States -Department of Education, the annual reports of the Governor of -Alaska, and the decennial reports on Alaska of the United States -Census.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 518px;"> -<img src="images/figure_16a.jpg" width="518" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 16.</span>—Linguistic map, United States census, 1920</p></div> -</div> - -<p>The object of the following notes and data is some measure of -usefulness to future anthropological and archeological workers in -Alaska. They are surely incomplete and very imperfect, yet they -may be of some service.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> - -<p>Archeological and anthropological research in the highly important -western Eskimo region is bound to develop in a not far distant -future; for this is the region through which in all probability -America was peopled. It is this region that promises to solve the -problem of the antiquity of the Eskimo and may throw much light -upon the origin of these people, and one that, as shown, above, has -begun to reveal highly interesting old cultural conditions. And it -is a region in which destruction of the remains by nature, but most -so recently by the natives themselves, proceeds at an alarming pace.</p> - -<p>The information on which these notes and the accompanying -charts are based has been obtained largely from the Russian and -other maps, from local traders, teachers, missionaries, and natives, -and from a few explorers.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> Only in a minority of cases was it -possible to visit the places in person; to have visited all would have -been a task of pleasure, but would have required a staunch boat of -my own and at least three full seasons.</p> - -<p>Many of the sites to be given are now "dead" and there may be -several old sites in the vicinity of a living village. Others combine -ruins with present habitations. Still others are partly or even wholly -abandoned a part of the year when the inhabitants go camping or -hunting, and are partly or wholly occupied during the rest of the -year. Finally, there are some new settlements, with modern dwellings -and ways, and their number will increase, the Eskimo taking -kindly to civilization and individual property.</p> - -<p>The data to be given here are limited to the Eskimo territory -in southwestern and western Alaska, leaving out those in Siberia -where much is uncertain. Due to the uncertainties of the Prince -William Sound region they will begin with Kodiak Island. There -are also on hand, principally due to Dr. E. P. Walker, numerous -locations of old sites and villages in the Indian parts of southern -and southeastern Alaska, but these will best be reserved for another -occasion.</p> - -<p>The Eskimo area will be roughly seen from the accompanying map -published on the basis of the enumeration by the Fourteenth United -States Census of 1920. A very great part of the territory allotted -to the Eskimo, as well as that of the Indian, is barren of any population<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> -or its traces; the divisions represent the hunting grounds or -grounds claimed by each people, not an occupied territory. The data -will be given in south-to-north order.</p> - -<p>Nearly all the settlements in these regions are now, and have -evidently always been, on the shores of the seas and bays, as close -to the water as safety would permit. A few villages and sites occur -also, however, on inland lakes and rivers. The favored locations -have been an elevated flat near the mouth of a fresh-water stream -or the outlet of a lagoon, a sufficiently elevated spit projecting into -the sea, or an elevated bar between the sea and an inland lake. The -essentials were an elevated flat, a supply of fresh drinking water, -and a location favorable for fishing and hunting; if there was some -natural protection, so much the better. There were no inland settlements -except on the lakes and rivers. In a few cases, as at the -Kings and the Little Diomede Islands, very difficult locations were -occupied only because outweighed by other advantages.</p> - -<p>Caves throughout the occupied region north of the Aleutian chain -are absent, and there was therefore no cave habitation.</p> - -<p>None of the settlements were very large, though a few were much -larger than others. They ranged from one or two family camps -or houses to villages of some hundreds of inhabitants. A large majority -of the settlements had from but two or three to approximately -a dozen families.</p> - -<p>There were two main types of dwellings, the semisubterranean -sod houses for the winter and the skin tents for summer. In some -places the two were near each other; in others the summer dwellings -were in another and at times fairly distant locality.</p> - -<p>The "zimniki" (in Russian) or winter houses were throughout -the region of one general type. They were fair-sized circular semisubterranean -houses, made of driftwood and earth, and provided -with a semisubterranean entrance vestibule. Their remains are characterized -everywhere by a circular pit with a short straight trench -depression, the same pot-and-handle type as found along the Yukon. -Rarely for the construction of the houses, where driftwood did -not suffice, recourse was had to whale ribs and mandibles. The -"letniki," or summer houses, were constructed on the surface of -wood, sod and skins, or of whale ribs and skins, approaching on one -hand the summer huts of various continental tribes and on the other -the "yurts" of the north Asiatic peoples. The "kashims," or communal -houses, were built, much as on the Yukon, like the family -dwellings, but occasionally quadrilateral and much larger. Smaller -semisubterranean storage houses of driftwood and sod near the -winter dwellings were seemingly general.</p> - -<p>Ruins of stone dwellings, without mortar, are said to exist in -places on Norton Sound and Bay and on a lagoon near the western<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> -end of the Seward Peninsula. The few houses on the Little Diomede -are made of loose unhewn stone slabs. The dwellings of the King -Islanders are built on the rocky slope of the island on platforms supported -by poles, all of driftwood.</p> - -<p>There is as a rule an absence of separate refuse heaps near the -villages. The refuse apparently has been dumped about and between -the houses rather than on separate piles.</p> - -<p>Dead villages abound. On consulting the older Russian records, -however, it is seen that nearly all were still "living" as late as the -early forties of the last century. Yet there are sites that were -"dead" already when the Russians came, and the accumulations in -other cases denotes a long occupation.</p> - -<p>The site of a dead village, in summer, is generally marked by -richer and greener vegetation; same as on the Yukon. The site -itself is usually pitted or humped in a line forming a more or less -elevated ridge, or the pits may be disseminated without apparently -much order. And there may be irregular mound-like heaps without -external traces of any structure.</p> - -<p>In the older sites no trace of wood is visible; in the later rotten -posts, crosspieces, parts of the covering of the house or tunnel, or even -a whole habitation may be present. In the old sites the wood is -hewn with stone axes; in the later it is sawed, and there may be nails.</p> - -<p>Older accumulations lie occasionally beneath more recent ones, -though no interruption of continuity may be traceable. Of a superposition -of villages no trace was observable.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Tenth Census, <span class="smcap">VIII</span>; reprinted in Compilation of Narratives of Explorations in Alaska. -U. S. Senate Rept. 1023, Washington, 1900, 55-281.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> I am especially indebted to the two maps of Zagoskin (one prepared by himself, one -from his data); to the 1849 Russian map of the St. Lawrence Island; to the various maps -of the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey; to the maps and -data of W. H. Dall, E. W. Nelson, and Ivan Petrof; to the various reports of the <em>Corwin</em> -and other voyages in the Bering Sea and the western Arctic; to the Geographic Dictionary -of Alaska, by Marcus Baker, and to the U. S. Coast Pilots of Alaska; to the data of the -Alaska Division, U. S. Department of Education; to Dr. E. P. Walker, of the Biological -Survey; to Father La Fortune, the Reverend Baldwin, and to Mr. Carl J. Lomen at Nome; -to Mr. Sylvester Chance, superintendent in 1926 of the schools of the Kotzebue district; -to Messrs. James Allen at Wainwright and Charles Brower at Barrow; and to numerous -other friends who aided me in this direction.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Burial Grounds</span></h3> - -<p>Due to the impossibility of digging sufficiently deep into the frozen -ground the western Eskimo buried their dead near or on the surface -or among rocks. Occasionally they utilized also, it seems, old dwellings -for this purpose, and in more recent times at least the surface -burials, wherever there was driftwood, would be protected by heavy -rough-hewn planks put together in the form of boxes or by driftwood. -They bear close fundamental resemblance to those of the -Yukon. On the Nunivak Island occur graves made of rough stone -slabs piled up without much order. (Pl. 31, <em>a</em>, <em>b</em>.)</p> - -<p>Throughout the region the burials were located near the village, -but the distance varied according to local conditions and habits. In -some of the Eskimo villages of the lower Yukon, as at Old Hamilton, -some burials were close to the houses of the living. In the Bering -and Arctic regions the burial grounds, though sometimes of necessity -not far from the houses, as at the Little Diomede, in other places, -as at Point Hope and Barrow, were at a distance extending to beyond -a mile and a half from the village.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> - -<p>As a rule the wood of burials older than about 80 years was found -fully decayed with the bones secondarily buried. Of earlier burials -there is generally no trace on the surface, but on excavation skeletal -remains are found at various depths below the surface. These characteristic -self-burials, or rather tundra burials, may prove of much -importance to anthropology in the future. As outlined before (see -Narrative, pp. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>) the process is a decay of the wood; the sagging -down of the bones, covered more or less by the decayed material; an -encroachment of moss or other vegetation on the little mound thus -produced; and gradual accumulation through wind or water carried -materials of more covering over the bones, until the mound disappears -and the remains, generally still in good condition, are buried -as if intentionally inhumed.</p> - -<p>The Eskimo everywhere were found to be exceedingly sensible -about the older, and even recent, skeletal remains, and assisted readily -in their collection, as well as in excavation, offering thus the best -possible conditions for anthropological and archeological work in -these regions.</p> - -<p>The notes, charts, and a detailed list of the sites and villages follow. -In numerous cases it was found impossible to say whether a -site was completely "dead" or still occasionally partly occupied, so -that distinctive markings had to be abandoned.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Prince William Sound, Kodiak Island, Alaska Peninsula</span></h3> - -<p>Very largely still a terra incognita for anthropology and archeology. -Partly occupied by Indians (Prince William Sound, Kodiak -Island?), partly by mix-blood Aleut (parts of Peninsula, and of -Kodiak), partly by Eskimo. There is but little skeletal or archeological -material from the whole extensive territory.</p> - - -<h4>KODIAK ISLAND AND NEIGHBORHOOD<br /> - -[<span class="smcap">Fig. 17</span>]</h4> - -<p>1. <em>Litnik</em> (probably the Russian "Lietnik," the name for a summer -village).—Indian village on Afognak Bay, Afognak Island. -This name is found on a map made by the Fish Commission in 1889. -Apparently it is the Afognak of other maps (G. D. A.).<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p> - -<p>2. <em>Afognak.</em>—On the southwestern part of Afognak Island. Village -or row of scattered dwellings on shore of Afognak Bay, in -southwestern part of Afognak Island. Population in 1890, 409. -(G. D. A.) According to Walker, "an important, occupied native<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> -village which has probably been occupied for a long time. No doubt -there are other native villages in this immediate vicinity."</p> - -<p>3. <em>Spruce Island.</em>—Ouzinkie, or Uzinki; an occupied native village -and cannery. (E. P. W.).<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 540px;"> -<img src="images/figure_17a.jpg" width="540" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 17.</span>—Villages and sites on Kodiak Island</p></div> -</div> - -<p>4. <em>Eagle Harbour or Ugak Bay.</em>—Possibly the native village -"Orlova" of the Russians. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>5. <em>Kiliuda.</em>—Native village, on the north shore of Kiliuda Bay, -Kodiak. Has been generally written Killuda. (G. D. A.)</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p> -<p>6. <em>Nunamiut.</em>—Native village, on the shore of Three Saints Harbor, -Kodiak. (G. D. A.) Better known locally as Three Saints -Bay. There was formerly an old native and Russian settlement at -this point and vicinity, and fishing operations are frequently now -conducted here. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>7. <em>Kaguyak.</em>—Village, at Kaguyak Bay, on the southwestern shore -of Kodiak. It may be identical with the Kaniag-miut of the Russian-American -Co., in 1849. (G. D. A.) An old native village at -present occupied by only one or two families. Possibly an old -site. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>8. <em>Aiaktalik.</em>—Village on one of the goose islands, near Kodiak. -Population in 1890, 106. (G. D. A.) An occupied native village -consisting of about a dozen houses, but which has probably been -occupied for a long time. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>9. <em>Akhiok.</em>—Native village on the northern shore of Alitak Bay, -Kodiak. Native name from Petrof, 1880. Apparently identical -with Oohaiack of Lisianski in 1805. (G. D. A.) An occupied native -village consisting of about a couple of dozen houses. This or possibly -other villages in the vicinity have undoubtedly been occupied -for a long time. It is possible that there was a native settlement at -Lazy Bay near this point, for Lazy Bay was formerly a native headquarters -for sea otter hunting. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>10. <em>Karluk.</em>—Village at mouth of Karluk River, Kodiak. Native -name from the Russians. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>11. <em>Uyak.</em>—Bay indenting the northwestern coast of Kodiak; also -a village. Native name from the Russians. Lisianski, 1805, spells it -Oohiack and the village Ooiatsk. Petrof, 1880, writes it Ooiak. Has -also been written Uiak. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>12. <em>Larsen Bay.</em>—A cannery has been located at this point for a -number of years, and there is an old native trail from Larsen Bay -to Karluk River, so presumably natives have frequented this section -and no doubt have at some time had settlements there. Definite -information regarding this is not available. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>13. <em>Uganik.</em>—Native village at head of Uganik Bay. Shown by -Lisianski, 1805, who spells it Oohanick. (G. D. A.) An occupied -native village and one which has apparently been in use for a considerable -period. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> G. D. A.: Geographic Dictionary of Alaska, by Marcus Baker, U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington, -1902.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> E. P. W.: Dr. E. P. Walker.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>ALASKA PENINSULA<br /> - -[<span class="smcap">Figs. 18, 19</span>]</h4> - -<p>Native settlements or old villages at one or more points in Kamishak -Bay, Ursus Cove, or Iliamna Bay are reported, but there is -nothing definite on the subject. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> - -<p>14. <em>Iliamna.</em>—An occupied native village, and undoubtedly there -are various village sites on Iliamna Lake regarding which information -could be obtained from parties in Iliamna. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>15. <em>Ashivak.</em>—Native village (population 46 in 1880), near Cape -Douglas, Cook Inlet. Native name reported by Petrof in 1880. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>16. <em>Kayayak.</em>—Village, on Svikshak Bay, Shelikof Strait, about -25 miles southwest of Cape Douglas. Tebenkof, 1849, has Kaiaiak -settlement, which has on many charts appeared as Kayayak. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 696px;"> -<img src="images/figure_18a.jpg" width="696" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 18.</span>—Villages and sites on the proximal half of Alaska Peninsula</p></div> -</div> - -<p>17. <em>Kukak.</em>—Native village on Kukak Bay. Lütke, 1835, has -Koukak Bay and village. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>18. <em>Katmai.</em>—Village, on Katmai Bay, Shelikof Strait, northwest -of Kodiak. This is one of the most important of the native villages. -Population in 1880, 218; in 1890, 132. (G. D. A.) A native village -which was occupied up to the time of the Katmai eruption but was -abandoned at that time. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> - -<p>19. <em>Cold Bay.</em>—Small village.</p> - -<p>20. <em>Kanatak.</em>—A native village consisting of about half a dozen -houses until in 1922, when oil activity in the vicinity caused a small -white settlement to locate at this point. This, however, has since -been almost entirely abandoned by whites. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>21. <em>Kuiukuk.</em>—Small village.</p> - -<p>22. <em>Chignik.</em>—Fishing station on Chignik Bay, Alaska Peninsula. -Population in 1890, 193. (G. D. A.) There are three canneries in -this immediate vicinity, a number of natives, and undoubtedly some -native villages and probably old village sites. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_19a.jpg" width="700" height="545" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 19.</span>—Villages and sites on the distal half of Alaska Peninsula</p></div> -</div> - -<p>23. <em>Kaluiak.</em>—Native village, on the southern shore of Chignik -Bay, Alaska Peninsula. So given by Petrof in 1880 and the Fish -Commission in 1888. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>24. <em>Mitrofania.</em>—An old native village which has recently been -abandoned or practically abandoned; was apparently a rather important -village at one time. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>25. <em>Perryville.</em>—A recently established native village consisting of -natives from various points along the Alaska Peninsula who were -moved there primarily by the Bureau of Education since the Katmai -eruption. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>26. <em>Kujulik.</em>—Walker has been informed that there is an old village -site of that name either in this bay or on Kumlik.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> - -<p>27. Old village mentioned on this island; uncertain.</p> - -<p>28. <em>Wosnesenski.</em>—An old village site on this island reported. -(E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>29. <em>Pavlof.</em>—Rev. D. Hotvoitzky, of Belkofski, informed Walker -that there is a very old abandoned village site at the head of this bay.</p> - -<p>30. <em>Belkofski.</em>—Bay, cape, and village on south coast of Alaska -Peninsula. Named, by the Russians as early as 1835 and probably -earlier. (G. D. A.) The most important occupied native village on -the Alaska Peninsula. Quite an old village and a former headquarters -for sea-otter hunting. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>31, 32. <em>Morzhovoi.</em>—Native village at western end of Alaska -Peninsula. Named Morzhovoi (Walrus) by the Russians. Variously -spelled. There are or were two villages, one called Old Morzhovoi, -the other New Morzhovoi, being about 12 miles apart. Old Morzhovoi -was at the head of Morzhovoi Bay; New Morzhovoi is on -Traders Cove, which opens into Isanotski Strait. The Greek church -here is named Protassof, and Petrof, 1880, called the settlement -Protassof. (G. D. A.) An occupied native village. The natives -from this village also live during the canning season at the cannery -in False Pass directly across the strait from Morzhovoi and at Ikatan -a short way to the south. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>33. <em>Herendeen.</em>—Walker has been informed that there are some -shell mounds or kitchen middens about this bay. Walter G. Culver, -formerly an employee of the Bureau of Education, but who is at -present in Anchorage in care of the Alaska Railway, can give information -regarding this and can also give information regarding most -of the other native villages along the Alaska Peninsula. (E. P. W.)</p> - -<p>34. <em>Port Moller.</em>—Eskimo site somewhere in this vicinity; name -and exact location uncertain.</p> - -<p>35. <em>Unangashik.</em>—A native village, or portage, near Port Heiden.</p> - -<p>36. <em>Meshik.</em>—A village on Port Heiden.</p> - -<p>37. <em>Ugashik.</em>—A native village on the Ugashik River. Reported -by Petrof, 1880.</p> - -<p>38. <em>Igagik (or Egegik).</em>—A village at the mouth of the Egegik -River.</p> - -<p>39. <em>Kiniak (or Naknak, or Suvorof).</em>—A village (of "Aleuts," -Sarichef) at mouth of Naknak River, Bristol Bay, south side.</p> - -<p>40. <em>Pawik (or Pakwik).</em>—Eskimo village, at mouth of Naknak -River, Bristol Bay, north side.</p> - -<p>41. <em>Kogiunk.</em>—Eskimo village at mouth of Kvichak River, Bristol -Bay. Native name, reported in 1880 by Petrof, who spelled it Koggiung. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>42. <em>Lockanok.</em>—Small village.</p> - -<p>43. <em>Kashanak.</em>—Small old village.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p> - -<p>44. <em>Kvichak.</em>—Old Eskimo village on river of same name between -Kvichak Bay and Iliamna Lake.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Bristol Bay to Cape Romanzof</span></h3> - -<p>From the northern part of Bristol Bay to Cape Romanzof a -partial survey of the coast was made in 1927 by Collins and Stewart -(U. S. National Museum Expedition). In these regions and on -the Nunivak Island it was possible to locate a series of villages -some of which are still "living," others in ruins. In the late -seventies of the last century, as stated before, the coast between -Kuskokwim Bay and St. Michael Island was visited and its villages -recorded by Nelson. A detailed archeological survey of this coast -remains for the future. Doctor Romig, formerly a medical missionary -at Bethel, told me of a number of old sites on the river. -Some notes of interest by T. D. Stewart are given in the details. -Mr. F. W. Bundy, for a time my companion on the <em>Bear</em>, told of -an old site on the Kuskokwim. In March, 1927, H. W. Averill, -writing from Bethel, tells of a deep-lying old site on the southern -coast of the Kuskokwim Bay. (See details.) And later the same -year Father Philip I. Delon, of the Holy Cross Mission, sent in -three skulls from Kashunuk, in the Yukon delta, with information -of much additional material in that locality.</p> - -<p>45. <em>Nushagak.</em>—Old Russian post, "Alexandrovsk." Eskimo village, -a few whites; a number of old native sites scattered about -head of Nushagak Bay.</p> - -<p>46. <em>Ekuk.</em>—Eskimo settlement near the mouth of Nushagak River. -Name from Lütke, 1928, who spelled it Ekouk. Has also been written -Yekuk. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>46a. Reported site of Eskimo village.</p> - -<p>47. <em>Ualik.</em>—Native village, on the western shore of Kulukak Bay, -Bristol Bay, Bering Sea. Given by Petrof, 1880, as Ooallikh and -by Spurr and Post as Oallígamut; i. e., Oallik people. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>48. <em>Togiak.</em>—Old Eskimo settlement.</p> - -<p>49. <em>Ekilik.</em>—Possibly the same as Togiakmute, reported in 1880 -by Petrof. Eskimo village on the west bank of Togiak River, -about 10 miles from its mouth. Eskimo name obtained by Spurr -and Post, in 1898, who write it Ekilígamut; i. e., Ekilik people.</p> - -<p>50. A small Eskimo village.</p> - -<p>51. <em>Mumtrak.</em>—Eskimo village at head of Goodnews Bays, Bering -Sea. Population in 1890, 162. Name from Petrof, 1880, who -spelled it Mumtrahamute. (G. D. A.) Visited 1927 by Collins -and Stewart; collections.</p> - -<p>52. Site of a village, at junction of Bessie Creek and Arolic -River.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p> - -<p>53. <em>Arolik.</em>—A village. H. W. Averill of Bethel writes me under -date of March 3, 1927, as follows: "I am sending you some old stone -pieces that came from the Aralic River, a tributary of the lower -Kuskokwim River, that were washed up by a bend in the river from -an old village that is now 6 feet underground."</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 582px;"> -<img src="images/figure_20a.jpg" width="582" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 20.</span>—Eskimo villages and sites on Nushagak Bay to Kuskokwim Bay</p></div> -</div> - -<p>54. <em>Kwinak.</em>—Eskimo village on the eastern shore of Kuskokwim -Bay, at the mouth of the Kwinak or Kanektok River, Bering Sea. -So given by Sarichef, 1826, and Tebenkof, 1849. Petrof, 1880, writes -it Quinehahamute, or, omitting the termination <em>mute</em>, meaning <em>people</em>, -it would be Quene-a-ak. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>55. <em>Apokak.</em>—Eskimo village on the eastern shore of Kuskokwim -Bay, at the mouth of Apoka River. According to Nelson, 1878-79,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> -its native name is Apokagamute; i. e., Apokak people. In the -Eleventh Census, 1890, it is called Ahpokagamiut. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>56. <em>Eek.</em>—Eskimo village at mouth of Eek River.</p> - -<p>57. <em>Akiak.</em>—Eskimo village on the right bank of the Kuskokwim, -about 30 miles above Bethel. Petrof, 1880, wrote its name Ackiagmute; -i. e., Akiak people. Spurr and Post, 1898, write Akiagmut, -following Missionary J. H. Kilbuck. (G. D. A.) Reindeer camps -in vicinity.</p> - -<p>58. <em>Bethel.</em>—White and Eskimo settlement and mission at or near -the old Eskimo village Mumtrelega.</p> - -<p>59. <em>Napaiskak.</em>—Eskimo village on the left bank of the Kuskokwim, -about 4 miles below Bethel. According to Nelson, 1878-79, its -native name is Napaskiagamute, and according to Missionary Kilbuck, -1898, it is Napaiskagamut; i. e., Napaiskak people.</p> - -<p>60. <em>Old sites.</em>—Mr. Bundy, my companion for a time on the <em>Bear</em>, -gives the following details: "Specimens found about 12 miles below -Bethel, Alaska, at the mouth of the Kuskokwim River, beneath -about 10 or 12 feet of alluvial soil deposits of sand and clay.</p> - -<p>"Mr. Jack Heron, of Bethel, first noted the presence of old implements, -and upon returning with him about August 1, 1923, we -found the river had cut into the bank quite a bit and had brought to -view, after the high waters had receded, additional specimens.</p> - -<p>"Those found included: A large copper kettle of perhaps 8 gallons -capacity of early Russian pattern, several arrowheads of slate -or dark gray flint, and two spearheads of bone with several broken -knife blades of slate and one or two small ivory ornaments resembling -birds."</p> - -<p>61. <em>Napakiak.</em>—Eskimo village on the right bank of the Kuskokwim, -about 10 miles below Bethel. Nelson, 1878, reports the -native name as Napahaiagamute. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>62. <em>Kinak.</em>—Eskimo village on right bank of the lower Kuskokwim. -Visited by Nelson in January, 1879, who reported its native -name to be Kinagamiut; i. e., Kinak people. Its population was at -that time about 175. Population in 1880, 60; 1890, 257. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>63. Village site (?).</p> - -<p>64. <em>Kuskovak.</em>—Eskimo village, on the right bank of the Kuskokwim -River, near its mouth. Name from Nelson, who passed near -it in January, 1879, and who writes it Kuskovakh. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>65. <em>Popokak.</em>—Native village.</p> - -<p>66. <em>Kulvagavik.</em>—Eskimo village, on the western side of Kuskokwim -Bay, Bering Sea. Visited by Nelson in January, 1879, and -its native name reported by him to be Koolvagavigamiut. (G. -D. A.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p> - -<p>67. <em>Kongiganak.</em>—Eskimo village (of about 175 people in 1878) -on north shore of Kuskokwim Bay. Visited by Nelson in December, -1878. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>68. <em>Anogok.</em>—Eskimo village, on the mainland shore just west of -Kuskokwim Bay, Bering Sea. Visited by Nelson in December, 1878. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>69. <em>Chalit.</em>—Eskimo village, of about 60 people in 1878, on left -bank of the Kuguklik River, northwest of Kuskokwim Bay. Visited -by Nelson in December, 1878. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_21a.jpg" width="700" height="578" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 21.</span>—Eskimo villages and sites, Kuskokwim Bay to Scammon Bay</p></div> -</div> - -<p>70. <em>Chichinak.</em>—Eskimo village on the mainland, east of Nunivak -Island, Bering Sea. Visited by Nelson in December, 1878. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>70a. Old village site.</p> - -<p>71. <em>Sfaganuk.</em>—Eskimo village, on the mainland, east of Nunivak -Island, Bering Sea. Visited by Nelson in December, 1878. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>72. <em>Agiukchuk.</em>—Eskimo village, on the mainland, east of Nunivak -Island, Bering Sea. Visited by Nelson in December, 1878. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>73. <em>Kashigaluk.</em>—Eskimo village, on Nelson Island, Bering Sea. -Visited by Nelson in December, 1878. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> - -<p>74. <em>Kaliukluk.</em>—Eskimo village, on Nelson Island, near Cape Vancouver, -Bering Sea. Visited by Nelson in December, 1878. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>74a. Old village site.</p> - -<p>75. <em>Tanunak.</em>—Eskimo village, at Cape Vancouver, Nelson Island, -Bering Sea. Name from Nelson, who visited it in December, 1878. -Visited 1927 by Collins and Stewart; collections.</p> - -<p>75a. Village site.</p> - -<p>76. <em>Ukak.</em>—Eskimo village, in the Yukon Delta, on shore of Hazen -Bay. Visited by Nelson in December, 1878, and its name reported -by him as Ookagamiut; i. e., Ukak people. Petrof, 1880, calls it -Ookagamute. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>77. <em>Unakak.</em>—Eskimo village, in the Yukon Delta, near Hazen -Bay. Nelson, who visited it in December, 1878, reports its name -to be Oonakagamute; i. e., Unakak people. Petrof, 1880, calls it -Oonakagamute. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>78. <em>Kvigatluk.</em>—Eskimo village, in the Big Lake country, between -the Yukon and Kuskokwim. Nelson in 1879 passed near it and reports -its name to be Kvigathlogamute. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>79. <em>Nunochok.</em>—Eskimo village, in the Big Lake region. Visited -by Nelson in January, 1879, who reports its native name to be -Nunochogmute; i. e., Nunochok people.</p> - -<p>80. <em>Nanvogaloklak.</em>—Eskimo village, in the Big Lake country. -Visited by Nelson in January, 1879. Population in 1880, 100; in -1890, 107. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>81. <em>Nash Harbor.</em>—Living village, Nunivak Island; school; Collins -and Stewart, 1927, anthropometric data, collections (also from -other parts of island).</p> - -<p>82. <em>Koot.</em>—Village, Nunivak Island, near Cape Etolin; partly occupied. -Population in 1890, 117.</p> - -<p>83. <em>Inger.</em>—(In Eleventh Census: Ingeramiut.) Dead village, in -southeast part of Nunivak Island. Population, 1890, 35.</p> - -<p>84. <em>Kvigak</em> (<em>or Kwik</em>).—Dead village, southern part of Nunivak -Island.</p> - -<p>85. <em>Tachikuga.</em>—Dead village, Nunivak Island, below Cape -Mohican.</p> - -<p>86. <em>Kashunuk.</em>—Eskimo village; some collections; skeletal material -in vicinity reported 1927 by Father Delon, of the Holy Cross -Mission, Yukon.</p> - -<p>87. <em>Askinuk.</em>—Eskimo village on the southern shore of Hooper -Bay, Yukon Delta. Native name, from Nelson. Population 1878, -200. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>87a. Village site.</p> - -<p>88. <em>Agiak.</em>—Eskimo village on promontory north of Hooper Bay.</p> - -<p>88a. Village site.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p> - -<p>89. <em>Igag.</em>—Small village.</p> - -<p>90. <em>Kut</em> (<em>Kutmiut</em>).—Small village on Kut River, head of Scammon -Bay.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Cape Romanzof to Northern (Apoon) Pass of the Yukon and -Northward</span></h3> - -<p>On this coast there is little information since the time of Nelson. -There are a number of occupied villages as well as of old sites. The -region is bleak and the Eskimo there are reported to live miserably.</p> - -<p>The principal Eskimo villages and sites along the lowermost -branch of the Yukon have been given previously. (Fig. 11.)</p> - -<p>From the northernmost pass of the Yukon to St. Michael Island -the coast is poor in Eskimo remains. A site of interest here is the -old camping ground, with a few permanent houses, of Pastolik, and -there are two small sites farther up the coast. Pastolik to the -writer's visit was still occasionally occupied by a few Eskimo families. -There are only three houses, but a relatively large and old -cemetery speaks of a larger population, probably camping here in -tents during the summer seasons of the past. The burial grounds -were found to be rather extensive and give indications of containing -human bones as well as artifacts below the present surface (buried -by the tundra). The main part of the burial grounds may well -repay an excavation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">St. Michael Island.</span>—Eskimo remains exist on the northeastern -point of the island beyond the present white man's village, and also -on the rock (Whale Island) opposite this point. During my visit -the ground was so overgrown by high weeds that details were -hidden. On this same northeastern point near the extension of the -white settlement is a small living Eskimo village, most of the inhabitants -of which are now of mixed blood. Across St. Michael -Bay are said to be some old traces of Eskimo, and Nelson reported -an old site in the southern part of the island. Finally at Cape -Stephens, in the western extremity of the island, there is "Stebbins," -another living village. Nothing could be learned of any human -remains on the opposite Stuart Island.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Norton Sound.</span>—North of St. Michael Island is Norton Sound -and Norton Bay. Along the east coast of the Sound there are three -villages still occupied, but with old accumulations. It is reported -that in this region there are some ruined houses in which mammoth -tusks had been used in the construction, but nothing definite could -be learned as to the location of these houses and the whole may be -but a story. The village of Unalaklik was of importance in the -past and its older remains would probably repay excavation. Old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> -sites are reported from the vicinity of Shaktolik and at Cape -Denbigh.</p> - -<p>The Norton Bay region (fig. 22), now almost depopulated, had in -1840 a whole series of moderate-sized living Eskimo settlements, both -on the east and the west shore. These shallows are but little visited, -and it is probable that the remains of the villages and some at least of -the skeletal material of their burying grounds are well preserved. -They call for early attention.</p> - -<p>To the west of Norton Bay, on the southern coast of Seward -Peninsula, is Golovnin<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> Bay. On the eastern shore of this bay -are now, as there were in Russian times, two settlements, but the -name of one has been misplaced. On Zagoskin's map it is clearly -seen that the village Ching or Chinig corresponds in location to -what now is the mission, while what is now called "Cheenik" was -in 1840 Ikalik or Ikalikhaig. There will soon be seen another -instance of such a misapplication of the original names.</p> - -<p>To the west Golovnin Bay is bounded by a large promontory ending -in Rocky Point. To the east of this point is a shallow bay, -where I found a late Eskimo house and on the elevated shore a little -to the left four fairly recent adult burials. Farther down the bay -was an Eskimo camp, without signs of anything older; but Zagoskin's -map gives a settlement, probably also a camp, at this place, -named Knikhtak. From this a rocky point projects eastward into -the bay. Behind this point is a shallow cove with elevated ground -above the beach, and at the inland end of this bay I found the remains -of a small old village. Traces of burials were seen on the elevated -ground but skeletal remains were absent.</p> - -<p>On the southwestern shore of the promontory that bounds Golovnin -Bay on the west the Russians (Zagoskin) recorded two villages, -the one near to Rocky Point being Chiukak, that on a point farther -northwest being named Chaimiut. Later the name Chiukak became -applied to the former Chaimiut, while Chiukak proper was dead and -forgotten. On latest maps, such as Chart 9302 United States Coast -and Geodetic Survey, neither of the old names appears. The name -Bluff denotes a small settlement in about the location of the former -Chaimiut. Some Eskimo met in Golovnin Bay said that there are -skeletal remains near the original Chiukak, but an attempt to reach -the place failed through rough water.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> This is the correct orthography. See Russian maps.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">South Shore of Seward Peninsula West of Bluff</span></h3> - -<p>A number of dead villages are found along this coast. The first -and largest is located a few miles west of Port Safety, 18 miles east<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> -of Nome. This was a large village extending for a considerable -distance along the elevated beach separating an inland lagoon from -the sea. The depressions of the dwellings, of the usual dipper-with-handle -type, are very plain. Old settlers at Nome remember when -the village was still occupied. Nearer the sea the beach is said to -have been lined with burials, but the storm of 1913 took or covered -everything. (See Narrative, p. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.)</p> - -<p>A small Eskimo settlement existed on a rocky elevation east of -Cape Nome. There are some house sites, but the place gives little -promise of archeological importance. We found evidence that the -site must have been occupied until fairly recently. Among the -bowlders were found two skeletons.</p> - -<p>A larger dead village is located near the mouth of a little stream -west of Cape Nome. It is doubtless the Azachagiag of the Zagoskin -general map. It gives no great promise archeologically.</p> - -<p>From Nome to Point Spencer there are several old sites, all -"dead"; and there are one or two recently "dead" villages on Sledge -(the old Aiak or Aziak) Island. Of the coast sites, the most important -is reported to be that at Cape Woolley. It is said to have been -the stopping point of the King Islanders and may have been their -old mainland village.</p> - -<p>A number of old sites and burial grounds have been seen or learned -of in Port Clarence and Salt Lake. They are marked on the map, -and those of the lake have been discussed in the Narrative (p. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>). -Those on Salt Lake (Imuruk Basin) deserve attention.</p> - -<p>Between Port Clarence and Cape Prince of Wales only one, and -that evidently not a very large site, was learned of at Cape York.</p> - -<p>The most important site of the peninsula region is doubtless that -at the cape. Thanks to the able local teacher of that time, Mr. Clark -M. Garber, I am able to present a detailed map of this locality. It -is here that Doctor Jenness in 1926 conducted some excavations with -interesting results. But the site has barely been touched. It is the -nearest point to Asia. There are ample indications that it has been -occupied for a long period and by relatively large numbers of people. -Besides the ruined parts and old heaps there are still the skulls and -bones of many burials among the rocks about the village, and there is -evidence that more are in the ground. It is one of the chief sites of -the far northwest for systematic thorough exploration, and such exploration -is a growing necessity for all branches of anthropology -interested in the problems of the Bering Sea and Asiatic-American -connections.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Scammon Bay, Norton Sound, South Coast of Seward Peninsula, -to Cape Rodney</span><br /> - -[<span class="smcap">Fig. 22</span>]</h3> - -<p>91. <em>Melatolik.</em>—A small coast village.</p> - -<p>92. <em>Bimiut.</em>—A small coast village.</p> - -<p>93. <em>Kwikak.</em>—Eskimo village on the outer coast in the Yukon -Delta, a little south of the mouth of Black River. Native name, from -the Coast Survey, 1898, which gives it as Kwikagamiut. (G. D. A.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 657px;"> -<img src="images/figure_22a.jpg" width="657" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 22.</span>—Eskimo Villages and sites, Scammon Bay to Norton Sound and Bay to -Cape Rodney</p></div> -</div> - -<p>94. <em>Kipniak.</em>—Eskimo village and Coast Survey tidal station at -mouth of Black River in the Yukon Delta. Nelson, 1879, reports -its name to be Kipniaguk and Dall writes it phonetically Kip-nai-ak. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>95. <em>Kogomiut.</em>—A small village.</p> - -<p>96. <em>Waklarok.</em>—A small village.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> - -<p>97. <em>Nunamekrok.</em>—A small village.</p> - -<p>97a. <em>Eleutak.</em>—A small settlement.</p> - -<p>98. <em>Nilak.</em>—A small village.</p> - -<p>99. <em>Kwikluak.</em>—A small village near the mouth of the Kwikluak -Pass of the Yukon, south bank.</p> - -<p>100. <em>Alakanuk.</em>—A small settlement.</p> - -<p>101. <em>Kwiguk.</em>—A village on Kwikluak Pass of the Yukon, north -bank.</p> - -<p>102. <em>Kwikpak.</em>—Village near mouth north bank of pass of same -name, Yukon River.</p> - -<p>103. <em>Nakhliwak.</em>—A small village, occupied part of time, about 2 -miles from mouth of Apoon Pass, Yukon; visited by the writer; small -skeletal collection.</p> - -<p>104. <em>Kotlik Point.</em>—A store and Eskimo camp (summer) at mouth -of Apoon Pass, north bank. (A. H.)</p> - -<p>105. <em>Pastolik.</em>—Four Eskimo houses, occupied winter. Extensive -burial ground near. Collections, A. Hrdlička. Good prospects for -excavation in burial places.</p> - -<p>106. <em>Pikmiktalik.</em>—Eskimo village, near the mouth of Pikmiktalik -River, about 30 miles to the south of St. Michael, western Alaska. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>106a. <em>Pastoliak.</em>—A site near mouth of next small stream to the -north. A few houses. Some burials.</p> - -<p>107. <em>St. Michael and Whale Island.</em>—Old sites, northeast end of -St. Michael and on Whale Island, opposite. A small living village -near the point of the main island, mostly mix bloods. (A. H.)</p> - -<p>107a. Dead village. Nelson reports it had been peopled by the -Pastolik Eskimo ("Eskimo about Bering Strait," p. 263).</p> - -<p>108. <em>Stebbins.</em>—A living Eskimo village at Cape Stephens.</p> - -<p>110. <em>Golsova.</em>—A small camp at mouth of river of same name.</p> - -<p>111. <em>Unalakleet</em> (<em>or Unalaklik</em>).—Important old Eskimo village, -Norton Sound; western end of portage to Yukon. Population in -1880, 100; in 1890, 175.</p> - -<p>112. <em>Shaktolik.</em>—Eskimo village, at mouth of Shaktolik River, -Norton Sound. Population in 1880, 60; in 1890, 38. (G. D. A.) -Old settlement; several old sites in this region.</p> - -<p>113. <em>Nuklit.</em>—Eskimo village, on the eastern shore of Norton -Sound, immediately behind Cape Denbigh. (G. D. A.) Originally -given on Zagoskin's general map. (A. H.)</p> - -<p>113a. <em>Tapkhalik.</em>—Old village on east shore of Norton Bay.</p> - -<p>114. <em>Unakhtuglig or Unagtulig.</em>—Originally given on Zagoskin's -general map. (A. H.)</p> - -<p>115. <em>Kviguk.</em>—Eskimo village, on north shore of Norton Bay, at -mouth of the Kviguk River. Eskimo name, from the Russians.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> -Tikhmenief, 1861, has Kviegmiut and Kvieguk-miut; i. e., Kviguk -people. (G. D. A.) Originally on Zagoskin's general map.</p> - -<p>116. <em>Kvig-miut.</em>—Old village, above the preceding; originally on -Zagoskin's general map.</p> - -<p>117. <em>Kvinkhak</em> (<em>now Inglestat</em>).—Old village at head of Norton -Bay. Originally on Zagoskin's general map.</p> - -<p>118. <em>Tulukhtulig</em> (<em>at or near Elim</em>).—Old village on west coast -of Norton Bay.</p> - -<p>119. <em>Atnik.</em>—Old village below the preceding.</p> - -<p>120. <em>Camp</em> (<em>Reindeer</em>).</p> - -<p>121. <em>Chinig.</em>—Old village at or near the site of present mission; -name now erroneously applied to village at Point Golovnin.</p> - -<p>122. <em>Ikalikhvig.</em>—Present Cheenik, at Point Golovnin.</p> - -<p>123. Old site; located 1926 (A. H.); a moderate-sized village; -not promising for excavation.</p> - -<p>124. <em>Knikhtak.</em>—Originally on Zagoskin's general map; now a -camp, no old remains in evidence; a house and four burials on same -shore, 2 miles farther south; collection (A. H.).</p> - -<p>125. <em>Chiukak.</em>—Dead village; on Zagoskin's general map; some -skeletal material remaining; name now applied to a village farther -up the coast.</p> - -<p>126. <em>Chaimiut.</em>—Dead village; originally on Zagoskin's general -map; name belonged to village nearer the point.</p> - -<p>127. <em>Ukvikhtulig.</em>—Dead village at Topkok Head; originally on -Zagoskin's general map.</p> - -<p>128. Dead village, 18 miles east of Nome, near Port Safety. -(A. H.)</p> - -<p>129. <em>Azachagiag.</em>—Dead village, west of Cape Nome; originally -on Zagoskin's general map.</p> - -<p>130. <em>Nome.</em>—Probably small native village at this site in the past. -Now principal white settlement in western Alaska. King Island, -Diomede, and some Wales natives reside on the outskirts during -summer.</p> - -<p>131. <em>Aziak Island</em> (<em>Sledge Island</em>).—Two dead villages; the principal -one at the northern point of the island. Visited by Collins, -1928. Collections.</p> - -<p>132. <em>Sinuk.</em>—Small old site.</p> - -<p>133. <em>King Island</em> (<em>Ukiook</em>).—Old village, still occupied in winter; -in summer inhabitants live at Nome.</p> - -<p>133a. A village site at Cape Woolley; said to be the stopping place -of the King Islanders.</p> - -<p>134. Dead sites.</p> - -<p>135. Burials.</p> - -<p>136. <em>Siniak.</em>—Now a Lutheran Mission for the Eskimo.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 462px;"> -<img src="images/figure_23a.jpg" width="462" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> - - -<ul><li>·LEGEND·</li> -<li>1 U·S· PUBLIC SCHOOL·</li> -<li>2 PRESBY MISSION·</li> -<li>3 <span class="smcap">SITE of ANCIENT VILLAGES·</span></li> -<li>I <span class="smcap">UMIAKS or SKIN BOATS·</span></li> -<li>X <span class="smcap">FOOD and SKIN CACHES·</span></li> -<li>✛ NATIVE CEMETERIES·</li> -<li>O <span class="smcap">IGLOOS or INNIES·</span></li> -<li>⬛ FRAME BUILDINGS·</li> -<li>·1927·</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="smcap">Figure 23.</span>—Eskimo villages and sites, Wales. (By Clark M. Garber, 1927)</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> - -<p>137. <em>Teller.</em>—Old Eskimo site; some still live here with, a few -whites. A few Eskimo camps along Tuksuk Channel.</p> - -<p>138. <em>Salt Lake</em> (<em>Imuruk Basin</em>).—Ruins seen on north shore. -(A. H.)</p> - -<p>139. Old sites near eastern end of lake; a Chukchee-Eskimo battlefield -in vicinity. (A. H.)</p> - -<p>140. Old village site on the St. Marys River.</p> - -<p>141. Burials reported.</p> - -<p>142. <em>Wales.</em>—Old Nykhta, Zagoskin's maps; see special description; -collections.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Northern Shore of the Seward Peninsula</span></h3> - -<p>This shore is but little known to science. It is dangerous of approach -to any except small boats. The only place that could be -visited by me was Shishmaref, a good-sized thriving Eskimo village, -on both sides of which along the sea are remains of old sites with -burials. The more important old settlement was that to the east -of the village. Here are found large and extensive heaps, the tops -of which have recently been leveled for fox cages, the whole site -belonging, regrettably, to a newly established fox farm. It is an -old site, though probably occupied up to white man's times, and -is doubtless of some importance. Excavations would still be possible, -as the bulk of the remains is intact; and though the surface skeletal -material has been removed (part saved for our collections), there are -indications of surface burials (assimilations by the tundra) in the -ground.</p> - -<p>Between Wales and Shishmaref are several dead sites, as shown -on the map, and some of them, judging from the information obtained, -are of promise. One of these settlements, "Tapkhaig," was -evidently still a living village at the time of Zagoskin (1840).</p> - -<p>Northeast and east of Shishmaref the coast is known even less than -that to the west. A few miles off Shishmaref I saw from a distance—the -boat could not approach nearer—what to all appearances was a -large ridge of ruins, and from various maps and other sources information -was obtained of several other sites, all of which represent -former villages. From one of these sites on the Bucknell River Mr. -Carl Lomen secured a fine piece of fossil ivory carving, and the site -is said to be of much promise. The whole coast is a virgin field for -archeology.</p> - -<p>143. <em>Mitletukeruk.</em>—Old village site. Visited by Collins, 1928; -collections.</p> - -<p>144. <em>Tapkhaig or Ekpik.</em>—Old village site, originally shown in -Zagoskin's general map.</p> - -<p>145. <em>Sinrazat.</em>—Old site.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> - -<p>146. <em>Karatuk or Shishmaref.</em>—Living village, with ruins on both -sides. Visited by A. H.; collections.</p> - -<p>147. <em>Kividlow.</em>—Old site.</p> - -<p>148. Old site reported.</p> - -<p>148a. <em>Siuk.</em>—Old site.</p> - -<p>149. Old site (?).</p> - -<p>150. <em>Paapkuk.</em>—Old site.</p> - -<p>151. <em>Deering.</em>—Recent settlement, but old sites probable in vicinity.</p> - -<p>151a. <em>Kualing.</em>—Old village, now long dead, shown by Zagoskin. -(General map.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_24a.jpg" width="700" height="559" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 24.</span>—Eskimo villages and sites, Seward Peninsula, Kotzebue Sound, and Arctic -Coast, to Kevalina</p></div> -</div> - -<p>152. <em>Kiwalik.</em>—A village at mouth of river of same name.</p> - -<p>153. Dead villages reported on the two promontories; promising -archeologically. On Elephant Point Nelson saw the site of an old -village "with about 15 pits marking the locations of the houses." -(Eskimo of Bering Strait, 264.)</p> - -<p>153a. Buckland River. Camp sites.</p> - -<p>153b. Old village site.</p> - -<p>154. Old whaling place, occupied summers only. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>155. <em>Selawik.</em>—Old village. Old igloos and camps at various -places in the Selawik Basin. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>156. Camps. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p> - -<p>156a. <em>Chilivik.</em>—A village, now long dead, shown on the general -map of Zagoskin.</p> - -<p>157. Fish camps. (A. H.)</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Kotzebue Sound, Its Rivers and Its Coast Northward to Kevalina</span></h3> - -<p>Figure 24 shows the village sites that it was possible to locate in -these regions. Nearly all these are now "dead villages," though some -Eskimo may still occasionally camp in their vicinity. A large -present settlement of the Eskimo, well advanced toward civilization, -is found at Kotzebue, and fish camps extend from here along the -shore in the direction of Cape Blossom. Another important recent -living village and school center is Noorvik on the lower Kobuk -River.</p> - -<p>Inquiries as to old sites in this region were greatly assisted by Mr. -Sylvester Chance, at the time of my visit the supervisor of the Government -schools of the district. At my request and with the aid -of the natives Mr. Chance has compiled a list of such sites and -settlements as could still be remembered, and the information has -been incorporated into these records.</p> - -<p>Among the more important ruins of this vicinity are apparently -those at and near Cape Krusenstern, and again those near Kevalina -farther to the northward. Archeological specimens of considerable -interest were seen and partly secured from both localities. The old -Kevalina especially should receive early attention, for it is being -excavated by the Eskimo of the present village, though fortunately -this is at some distance.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Seward Peninsula, Kotzebue Sound, and Northward</span></h3> - -<p>158. <em>Kotzebue.</em>—Old name: Kikikhtagiuk. (Zagoskin, general -map.) A small white with a large Eskimo settlement. Old burials -in ground (assimilated). A. H. collections.</p> - -<p>159. <em>Noorvik.</em>—White and native village; school center.</p> - -<p>160. <em>Oksik.</em>—Old camp, still occupied. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>161. <em>Kiana.</em>—Old village, still occupied. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>162. <em>Shesoalik.</em>—Old camp, still occupied in summer. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>162a. <em>Kubok.</em>—Old village shown on general map of Zagoskin.</p> - -<p>163. <em>Aniyak.</em>—Old camp, still occupied. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>164. Old site reported here; said to be promising archeologically.</p> - -<p>165. <em>Tikizat.</em>—Eskimo village, at Cape Krusenstern, Arctic Ocean. -Eskimo name, from Petrof, 1880, who reported a population in that -year of 75.</p> - -<p>166. <em>Kiligmak.</em>—Old camp, still occupied.</p> - -<p>167. <em>Noatak.</em>—A living village.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> - -<p>168. Old camp, exact location not certain. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>169. <em>Matthew or Aniyak.</em>—Old camp.</p> - -<p>170. <em>Ottala.</em>—Camp, occupied. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>171. Old site reported; exact location (?).</p> - -<p>172. Old site, rich archeologically, exact location undetermined; -small collection. (A. H.)</p> - -<p>173. <em>Kevalina.</em>—Living Eskimo village.</p> - -<p>174. <em>Pingo.</em>—Old dead village. (S. Chance, Jim Allen.)</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Kevalina—Point Barrow</span></h3> - - -<h4>POINT HOPE (TIGARA)</h4> - -<p>This is the most important ruin as well as living Eskimo village -in Arctic Alaska. It is unanimously declared by the Eskimo of the -coast to be one of the oldest settlements and has always been the -largest native center on the coast. The point was called Golovnin -Point by the early Russians; it was called Point Hope by Beechey -in 1826 in honor of Sir William Johnston Hope. At the time of its -visit by the revenue cutter <em>Corwin</em>, 1884, there are said to have been -two villages;<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> the second being possibly at the site of the old whaling -station. Rasmussen, who visited the village about 1924, speaks of -it in part as follows:<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> "Point Hope or Tikeraq, 'the pointing finger,' -is one of the most interesting Eskimo settlements on the whole coast -of Alaska, and has doubtless the largest collection of ruins. The -old village, now deserted, consists of 122 very large houses, but as -the sea is constantly washing away parts of the land and carrying -off more houses, it is impossible to say what may have been the original -number. Probably the village here and its immediate neighborhood -had at one time something like 2,000 souls, or as many as are -now to be found throughout the whole of the Northwest Passage -between the Magnetic Pole and Herschel Island."</p> - -<p>The ruins are to the northwest and west of the present village. -Those to the northwest consist of imposing heaps, which together -form an elevated ridge facing the sea. It is said that this old -settlement was abandoned because of the encroachments upon it by -the sea, particularly during storms.</p> - -<p>The ruins of this main compound have been for several years -assiduously excavated inch by inch by the local Eskimo, and thousands -of articles of great variety, of stone, bone, ivory, and wood, -with here and there in the uppermost layers an object of metal, are -being gathered and sold to all comers. With these are found a few -human skulls and bones, but especially the skulls and bones of various -animals, all of which unfortunately have hitherto been left behind in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>the mud. But the probably most valuable central and lower portions -of the piles remain. The locality calls loudly for proper exploration, -which will well repay any museum by the quantity and -value of the specimens that are sure to be recovered.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Healy, M. A. Cruise of the <em>Corwin</em> in the Arctic Ocean 1884. Washington, 1889, p. 27.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Rasmussen, Knud, Across Arctic America. New York, London, 1927, 329-330.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>POINT HOPE TO POINT BARROW</h4> - -<p>Information about this part of the northwesternmost coast of -Alaska was obtained principally from Jim Allen, the trader at -Wainwright, and Charles Brower, the trader at Barrow; but parts -of the coast were also examined in person. The number of old sites -is rather large, but it appears that there is not much of special -promise until we reach near Barrow.</p> - -<p>Old "igloos" southwest of Barrow: From 5 to 8 miles southwest -of Barrow and at some distance (up to about 400 yards) from -the shore there existed, and in part still exist, a series of elevations -which the natives of Barrow always regarded as natural. On -excavation the larger of these elevations proved to be old structures -with numerous burials and cultural objects, and the remains, as -shown elsewhere, are exceptional for this coast. Six of these -"mounds" have been excavated by the University of Pennsylvania -Expedition (Van Valin), while several are still remaining. It is -very important that these should be carefully excavated before they -are attacked by the natives of Barrow for mercenary purposes.</p> - - -<h4>BARROW AND POINT BARROW</h4> - -<p>Two large living villages, with old sites and inhumed (natural) -burials in their vicinity, and with some old remains between them. -Barrow is the most important present mixed settlement and center of -civilization in the Arctic. Besides the school, it contains a mission -hospital and recently a meteorological observatory and wireless station. -The tundras to the east of the village for about 1½ miles show -patches of burials, particularly in the more distant parts of this -region on the elevations to both sides of a small stream.</p> - -<p>Much archeological work remains to be done about Barrow, particularly -in the remainder of the old "igloos." East of Point Barrow -the population is very sparse and no ruins of any note or settlements -are reported before those of the Barter Island and the mouth -of the Colville River.</p> - -<p>175. <em>Pingishuguruk.</em>—A small old site.</p> - -<p>176. <em>Ketchemeluk.</em>—A small old site.</p> - -<p>176a. <em>Ipnot.</em>—Eskimo village on the Arctic coast, near Cape -Thomson, a little south of Point Hope. Name from Petrof, who -wrote it Ip-Not and Ipnot, and reported a population of 40 in 1880.</p> - -<p>177. Old whaling station.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p> - -<p>178. <em>Point Hope or Tigara.</em>—Eskimo village at Point Hope, Arctic -Ocean. It is Tiekagag-miut of Tikhmenief, 1861; Tikirak of Petrof, -1880, who reports a population in that year of 276. Spelled Tikera -in the Eleventh Census. Herendeen gives Tik-i-rah. The Eskimo -name of the settlement is said to be Tik-i-rah-mum. Visited by -A. H.; important collections.</p> - -<p>179. <em>Wewuk</em> (<em>or Wevok</em>).—Eskimo village on the Arctic coast, -near Cape Lisburne. Eskimo name, published by the Hydrographic -Office in 1890. (G. D. A.) (Jim Allen.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_25a.jpg" width="700" height="638" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 25.</span>—Eskimo villages and sites, Kevalina to Point Barrow</p></div> -</div> - -<p>180. <em>Iniktilik.</em>—Small village, occupied. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>181. <em>Pitmegia.</em>—A small old site at the mouth of river of same -name, north side. (Jim Allen, S. Chance.)</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>e.</em> <em>Napayochak.</em>—Old camp, two igloos. (S. Chance.)</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>f.</em> <em>Tolageak.</em>—A small old site. (S. Chance.)</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>g.</em> <em>Emelik.</em>—A small old site. (S. Chance.)</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><em>h.</em> <em>Pingasoogarook.</em>—Old village, still occupied. (S. Chance.)</span><br /> -<br /> -182. <em>Umalik.</em> <span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">}</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 8em;">}</span><br /> -183. <em>Koochik.</em> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">}</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 8em;">} Trapping stations; igloos. (S. Chance.)</span><br /> -184. <span style="margin-left: 6em;">}</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 8em;">}</span><br /> -185. <span style="margin-left: 6em;">}</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p> - -<p>186. <em>Kokolik.</em>—Eskimo settlement, at Point Lay, Arctic coast. -(G. D. A.) Old but still partly occupied village. (S. Chance.) -Kelik. (Jim Allen.)</p> - -<p>187. <em>Napayochik.</em>—Old camp, two igloos. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>188. <em>Tolageak.</em>—Old dead igloos. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>189. <em>Utukok.</em>—Old small settlement at northern mouth of Utukok -River.</p> - -<p>190. <em>Emelik.</em>—Old deserted igloo. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>191. <em>Kayakshulik.</em>—A live village at Icy Cape. (Jim Allen, S. -Chance.)</p> - -<p>192. <em>Nokotlik</em> (<em>?</em>).—Old igloo. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>193. <em>Mitliktavik.</em>—A dead moderate-sized village, about 5 miles -below Kilik. (Jim Allen.)</p> - -<p>194. <em>Kilimantavic.</em>—Eskimo village, near Wainwright Inlet, Arctic -coast. Tikhmenief, 1861, calls it Kilametagag-miut; Petrof, 1880, -calls it Kolumakturook; Hydrographic Chart 68 calls it Kelamantowruk, -while later charts omit it or call it Kilimantavic. According -to Murdoch this name is Ke-lev-a-tow-tin (sling). (G. D. A.) A -large dead village about 20 miles below Wainwright. (Jim Allen.) -Kilamitavic. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>195. Old abandoned camp. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>196. <em>Wainwright.</em>—A large living native village; some remains -of old habitations on its eastern outskirts. (A. H.) About a mile -south of present settlements are the remains of the old village once -occupied by the Wainwright people. (Jim Allen.)</p> - -<p>197. <em>Kululin.</em>—Old site.</p> - -<p>198. <em>Sedaru.</em>—Old dead village.</p> - -<p>199. <em>Atnik.</em>—Old dead village. (S. Chance.) Possibly same with -next.</p> - -<p>200. <em>Itanik.</em>—On maps Atanik. Old village, still partly occupied. -(S. Chance, Jim Allen.) Called Ataniek in Tikhmenief, 1861. -(G. D. A.)</p> - -<p>201. <em>Pinoshuragin.</em>—Petrof, 1880, shows a native village of this -name (population 29) on the Seahorse Islands. On British Admiralty -Chart 593 (ed. of 1882) it is called Pingoshugarun. -(G. D. A.) Pingasoogarook: Old village, still occupied. (S. -Chance.)</p> - -<p>202. <em>Kokolak.</em>—Two old igloos, still occupied. (S. Chance.)</p> - -<p>203. <em>Sakamna.</em>—Small camp.</p> - -<p>204. <em>Sinaru.</em>—Small camp about 22 miles from Barrow; visited -by A. H.; small skeletal collection.</p> - -<p>205. <em>Walakpa.</em>—A small dead old settlement about 12 miles from -Barrow.</p> - -<p>206. <em>Nunava.</em>—Small camp.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p> - -<p>207. "<em>Old Igloos.</em>"—A very important site archeologically. Explored -partly by Van Valin. (See special section devoted to this -site.)</p> - -<p>208. <em>Barrow.</em>—Known also as Utkiavik, Uglaamie, or the Cape -Smyth village. Important white and Eskimo settlement. Old remains. -Extensive burial grounds east of village. (A. H. collections.)</p> - -<p>209. <em>Nunawa.</em>—Remains of old camping site, about 4 miles from -Barrow.</p> - -<p>210. <em>Point Barrow.</em>—The Eskimo Nuwuk. Good-sized living village. -Remains of older habitations. Population in 1853, 309. -(G.D.A.)</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The St. Lawrence and Diomede Islands</span></h3> - - -<h4>ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND</h4> - -<p>Ranking in archeological and anthropological importance with -Wales and in some respects perhaps even exceeding the latter, is -the large island of St. Lawrence, with the almost forgotten little -Punuk group at its eastern extremity.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_26a.jpg" width="700" height="396" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 26.</span>—Russian map of St. Lawrence Island, 1849. (Tebenkof)</p></div> -</div> - -<p>The main island was discovered by Bering on St. Lawrence Day, -August 10, 1728, and it was found peopled by the Eskimo. In 1849 -an excellent map of it was published by Tebenkof in Novo-Archangelsk, -and on this map (fig. 26) are indicated about a dozen smaller -or larger Eskimo settlements, some of which, however, are not named -and may already have been "dead."</p> - -<p>About 1878 there were still six settlements with somewhat less than -1,500 Eskimo inhabitants on the island. That winter (1878-79) not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> -less than 1,000 of the population died of famine (Hooper), three of -the villages becoming completely depopulated and a fourth nearly so. -The Punuk Island village may have become extinct about the same -time.</p> - -<p>To-day there are on the St. Lawrence Island but two living settlements, -the main one, now known as Gambell, at the old site of Chibukak -on the northwestern cape, and the other, Savonga, about 40 -miles east of it, near Cape North.</p> - -<p>A number of the old sites on this island, and also that on one of the -Punuks, indicate a long occupation, antedating by far the advent -of the Russians. The accumulations rise in some places to imposing -heaps or ridges. Their frozen contents yield quantities of fossil -ivory, all of which shows the work of man, and among them occur -specimens with fine curvilinear designs and of high scientific as well -as artistic value.</p> - -<p>Through Nelson in 1881 and R. D. Moore in 1912 the Smithsonian -Institution has acquired a large quantity of human skeletal material -from the main island, and there is now (1928) an expedition of the -Institution under Collins on the Punuk as well as the St. Lawrence -exploring some of the principal ruins.</p> - - -<h4>THE DIOMEDE ISLANDS AND THE ASIATIC COAST<br /> - -[<span class="smcap">Figs. 27 and 28</span>]</h4> - -<p>The smaller or American Diomede, though a very inhospitable -place, supports, and that evidently since long, a small Eskimo village -of stone houses, below and about which there is a considerable -accumulation of refuse. Doctor Jenness dug here for a short time -in 1926.</p> - -<p>The larger or Russian Diomede has two villages, each of which is -larger than the one on the smaller island. There are also said -to be some remains in a broad depression on the eastern side of the -island, while skeletal remains are reported by the natives to exist -among the rocks on the top. This island is in need of thorough -attention. Its people are reputed to be skilled ivory workers. They -come yearly to Nome, where they were visited and seen at their -work by the writer. They bring each year some fossil ivory, said -to come mainly from the Asiatic coast, and among this are occasionally -articles of much interest.</p> - -<p>Ruins of Eskimo villages are also present along the coasts of the -Chukchee Peninsula, both those facing the Bering Sea and those -along the Arctic. Very little is definitely known or can be found -from the American Eskimo about these ruins, and some of them -may not be Eskimo. Nelson in his book (p. 265) reports briefly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> -on a few about Cape Wankarem. Interesting objects of the fossil -ivory culture are said to occur in these old sites as far west as the -Kolyma, but nothing is certain except that there are ruins, that a -good number of them are probably Eskimo, and that fossil ivory, -both worked (walrus) and unworked (mammoth), comes from these -coasts. A noteworthy report is that of a large native cemetery -on the Bering Sea side, with hundreds of burials in rough stone-slab -graves. Information of this was given me by Joe Bernard, -well known in connection with Bering Sea explorations, who had -seen the site in person.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 553px;"> -<img src="images/figure_27a.jpg" width="553" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 27.</span>—Eskimo villages and sites, St. Lawrence Island, the Diomedes, and the -eastern Asiatic coast</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p> - -<p>211. <em>Gambell</em> (<em>or Chibukuk</em>).—Old Eskimo settlement on the -northwest cape of St. Lawrence Island. United States National -Museum expedition, 1912, by Riley D. Moore; anthropometric data; -important collections.</p> - -<p>212. Small sites, north bay, St. Lawrence Island, indicated on 1849 -Russian map (q. v.).</p> - -<p>213. <em>Savonga.</em>—A small modern Eskimo village. A. H., 1926; -some collections.</p> - -<p>214. Ruins of an old site 4 miles northeast of Savonga. Important -archeologically.</p> - -<p>215. <em>Kukuliak.</em>—Dead village.</p> - -<p>216. Former summer site. Given on the 1849 Russian map.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_28a.jpg" width="700" height="508" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 28.</span>—The Bering Strait Islands</p></div> -</div> - -<p>217. Important old site with large accumulations on one of the -two Punuk Islands. Explored 1928 by Collins; collections.</p> - -<p>218. <em>Kialegak.</em>—Dead village. Important archeologically. Partly -explored by Collins, 1928; collections.</p> - -<p>219. <em>Chitnak.</em>—One of the dead villages of 1879. (Nelson, -Hooper.)</p> - -<p>220. <em>Puguviliak.</em>—One of the dead villages of 1879. (Nelson, -Hooper.)</p> - -<p>221. Old site; no details available.</p> - -<p>222. Living small village on the smaller (American) Diomede Island. -Some old accumulations. A. H., 1926, collections; some excavations -same year by D. Jenness.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> - -<p>223. <em>Nunarbuk.</em>—Village still occupied, on greater (Russian) -Diomede, located on an elevated slope around the southern cape of -the island. Skeletal and other remains reported on top of mesa.</p> - -<p>224. Village, still occupied, on an elevated saddle near middle of -west coast of island.</p> - -<p>225. Eskimo village, East Cape of Asia. Other villages indicated -along the coast of Chukchee Peninsula. Others on north coast. -(See Nelson, The Eskimo of Bering Strait, p. 265.)</p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY</h2> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Earlier Data</span></h3> - -<p>The previously published data on the western Eskimo are few in -number and mostly not as well documented as would be desirable. -There are, however, a good number of references to the physical -characteristics of the people by explorers. The main of these are -given below. These references in general are not of much scientific -value, yet in some instances they approach this closely and are of -considerable interest collectively.</p> - -<p>1784, Cook:<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The inlet which we had now quitted, was distinguished by Captain Cook -with the name of Prince William's Sound. * * * The natives whom we -saw were in general of a middling stature, though many of them were under -it. They were square or strong chested, with short thick necks, and large -broad visages which were for the most part rather flat. The most disproportioned -part of their body appeared to be their heads, which were of great magnitude. -Their teeth were of a tolerable whiteness, broad, well set, and equal -in size. Their noses had full round points, turned up at the tip; and their -eyes, though not small, were scarcely proportioned to the largeness of their -faces. They had black hair which was strong, straight, and thick. Their -beards were in general thin or deficient, but the hairs growing about the lips, -of those who have them, were bristly or stiff and often of a brownish color; -and some of the elderly men had large, thick straight beards. * * * The -complexion of some of the females, and of the children, is white without any -mixture of red. Many of the men, whom we saw naked, had rather a swarthy -cast, which was scarcely the effect of any stain, as it is not their custom to -paint their bodies.</p> - -<p>Vol. 3, page 31: All the Americans we had seen since our arrival on that -coast (west coast of Alaska) had round, chubby faces, and high cheek bones, -and were rather low of stature.</p> - -<p>Ibid., page 72: <em>Norton Sound.</em>—The woman was short and squat and her -visage was plump and round. * * * Her husband was well made and about -5 feet 2 inches in height. His hair was black and short, and he had but little -beard. His complexion was of a light copper cast. * * * The teeth of both -of them were black, and appeared as if they had been filed down level with -the gums.</p></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p> -<p>1821, Kotzebue:<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><em>Kotzebue Sound.</em>—The Americans [i. e., Eskimo] are of a middle size, robust -make, and healthy appearance; their countenances * * * are characterized -by small eyes and very high cheek bones.</p></div> - -<p>1832, Beechey:<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The western Esquimaux appear to be intimately connected with the tribes inhabiting -the northern and northeastern shores of America, in language, features, -manners, and customs. They at the same time, in many respects, resemble -the Tschutschi, from whom they are probably descended. * * *</p> - -<p>They are taller in stature than the eastern Esquimaux, their average height -being about 5 feet 7½ inches. They are also a better looking race, if I may -judge from the natives I saw in Baffin's Bay, and from the portraits of others -that have been published. At a comparatively early age, however, they (the -women in particular) soon lose this comeliness, and old age is attended with a -haggard and careworn countenance, rendered more unbecoming by sore eyes -and by teeth worn to the gums by frequent mastication of hard substances.</p></div> - -<p>1850, Latham:<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Physically the Eskimo is a Mongol and Asiatic.</p> - -<p>The Eskimos of the Atlantic are not only easily distinguished from the -tribes of American aborigines which lie to the south or west of them, and with -which they come in contact, but they stand in strong contrast and opposition -to them—a contrast and opposition exhibited equally in appearance, manners, -language, and one which has had full justice done to it by those who have -written on the subject.</p> - -<p>It is not so with the Eskimos of Russian-America, and the parts that look -upon the Pacific. These are so far from being separated by any broad and -trenchant line of demarcation from the proper Indians or the so-called red -race, that they pass gradually into it, and that in respect to their habits, manner, -and appearance, equally. So far is this the case that he would be a bold -man who should venture, in speaking of the southern tribes of Russian-America, -to say here the Eskimo area ends and here a different area begins.</p></div> - -<p>1853, Hooper:<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><em>Kotzebue Sound Esquimeaux.</em>—The men generally were taller than the average -of Europeans, strongly built and well formed; some had well-marked -features * * *. The women, were generally short, the visages of the younger -ones tolerably good but * * * the very reverse was the case with the dames -of more advanced age. Their figures inclined to the squat, their mien and expression -promised intelligence and good nature. Although both sexes had in -most instances the round flat face of the Mongolian cast, a few individuals -possessed well-defined, though petite features, and all had fine eyes.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 31</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_31a.jpg" width="700" height="455" alt="" /> -<img src="images/plate_31b.jpg" width="700" height="460" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Graves at Nash Harbor, Nunivak Island</span></p> - -<p>(Photos by Collins and Stewart, 1927.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 32</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_32a.jpg" width="700" height="414" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">School Children at Wales</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 33</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_33a.jpg" width="700" height="583" alt="" /> -<img src="images/plate_33b.jpg" width="700" height="666" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Children, Nunivak Island. (Photo by Collins and Stewart, 1927)</p> - -<p><em>b</em>, Adults, Nunivak Island. (Photo by Collins and Stewart, 1927)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 34</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_34a.jpg" width="700" height="487" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">King Island Eskimo: A Family Group</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 428px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 35</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_35a.jpg" width="428" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">King Island Native</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 593px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 36</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_36a.jpg" width="558" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Young Eskimo woman, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -<img src="images/plate_36b.jpg" width="593" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Eskimo, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by F. H. Nowell.)</p></div> - -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A Fine Full-blood Eskimo Pair, Northern Bering Sea Region</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 512px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 37</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_37a.jpg" width="512" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Typical Full-blood Eskimo. Northern Bering Sea Region</span></p> - -<p>(Photo by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 555px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 38</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_38a.jpg" width="559" height="700" alt="" /> -<img src="images/plate_38b.jpg" width="555" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Elderly Man, St. Lawrence Island</span></p> - -<p>(Photos by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.)</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p> - -<p>1853, Seemann, vol. II, pages 49-51:<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><em>The Eskimos.</em>—By comparing the accounts transmitted by different writers -we find that the various tribes, however widely separated geographically, differ -but slightly from each other in appearance, manners, customs, or language. -They are, however, by no means as uniform in size as might have been -expected. Those inhabiting the vicinity of Norton and Kotzebue Sounds are -by far the finest and tallest, while those living between Cape Lisburne and -Point Barrow are, like the tribes of the eastern portions of America, much -shorter in stature, and bespeak the inferiority of the districts in which -they live.</p> - -<p>Both sexes are well proportioned, stout, muscular, and active. The hands -and feet are small and beautifully formed, which is ascribed by some writers -to their sedentary habits, but this cannot be the case, as probably no people -take more exercise or are more constantly employed. Their height varies. In -the southern parts some of the men are 6 feet; in the more northern there is -a perceptible diminution, though by no means to the extent generally imagined.</p> - -<p>Their faces are flat, their cheek bones projecting, and their eyes small, -deeply set, and, like the eyebrows, black. Their noses are broad; their ears -are large, and generally lengthened by the appendage of weighty ornaments; -their mouths are well formed, their lips are thin. * * *</p> - -<p>The teeth of the Eskimos are regular, but from the nature of their food and -from their practice of preparing hides by chewing, are worn down almost to -the gums at an early age. Their hair is straight, black, and coarse; the men -have it closely cut on the crown, like that of a Capuchin friar, leaving a band -about two inches broad, which gradually increases in length towards the back -of the neck; the women merely part their hair in the middle, and, if wealthy, -ornament it with strings of beads. The possession of a beard is very rare, -but a slight moustache is not infrequent. Their complexion, if divested of its -usual covering of dirt, can hardly be called dark; on the contrary, it displays -a healthy, rosy tint, and were it not for the custom of tattooing the chin -some of the girls might be called pretty, even in the European acceptation of -the term.</p></div> - -<p>1861, Richardson:<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The Eskimos are remarkably uniform in physical appearance throughout -their far-stretching area, there being perhaps no other nation in the world so -unmixed in blood. Frobisher's people were struck with their resemblance in -features and general aspect to the Samoyeds and their physiognomy has been -held by all ethnologists to be of the Mongolian or Tartar type. Doctor Latham -calls the Samoyeds Hyperborean Mongolidae, and the Eskimos he ranges among -the American Mongolidae, embracing in the latter group all the native races of -the New World. The Mongol type of countenance is, however, more strongly -reproduced in the Eskimos than in the red Indians—the conterminous Tinné -tribes differing greatly in their features, and the more remote Indians still -more.</p> - -<p>Generally the Eskimos have broadly egg-shaped faces with considerable -prominence of the rounded cheeks caused by the arching of the cheek bones, but -few or no angular projections even in the old people, whose features are always -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>much weather beaten and furrowed. The greatest breadth of the face is just -below the eyes, the forehead tapers upward, ending narrowly, but not acutely, -and in like manner the chin is a blunt cone; both the forehead and the chin -recede, the egg outline showing in profile, though not so strongly, as in a -front view. The nose is broad and depressed, but not in all, some individuals -having prominent noses, yet almost all have wider nostrils than Europeans. -The eyes have small and oblique apertures like the Chinese, and from frequent -attacks of ophthalmia and the effect of lamp smoke in their winter habitations -adults of both sexes are disfigured by excoriated or ulcerated eyelids. The -sight of these people is, from its constant exercise, extremely keen, and the -habit of bringing the eyelids nearly together when looking at distant objects -has in all the grown males produced a striking cluster of furrows radiating -from the outer corners of each eye over the temples.</p> - -<p>The complexions of the Eskimos when relieved from smoke and dirt are -nearly white and show little of the copper color of the red Indians. Infants -have a good deal of red on the cheeks, and when by chance their faces are -tolerably clean are much like European children, the national peculiarities of -countenance being slighter at an early age. Many of the young women appear -even pretty from the liveliness and good nature that beams in their countenances. -The old women are frightfully ugly * * *.</p> - -<p>The young men have little beard, but some of the old ones have a tolerable -show of long gray hairs on the upper lip and chin. * * * The Eskimo -beard, however, is in no instance so dense as a European one.</p> - -<p>The hair of the head is black and coarse, the lips thickish, and the teeth of -the young people white and regular, but the sand that, through want of cleanliness, -mixes with their food, wears the teeth down at an early age almost to -the level of the gums, so that the incisors often have broad crowns like the -molars.</p> - -<p>The average stature of the Eskimos is below the English standard, but they -can not be said to be a dwarfish race. The men vary in height from about -5 feet to 5 feet 10 inches or even more. They are a broad-shouldered race, -and when seated in their kayaks look tall and muscular, but when standing -lose their apparent height by a seemingly disproportionate shortness of the -lower extremities. This want of symmetry may arise from the dress, as the -proportions of various parts of the body have not been tested by accurate -measurements. The hands and feet are delicately small and well formed. -Mr. Simpson (Blue Book, 1855) observed an undue shortness of the thumb in -the western Eskimos, which, if it exists farther to the east, was not noted by -the members of the searching expeditions.</p></div> - -<p>1870, Dall:<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Page 136: The Innuit, as they call themselves, belong to the same family as -the northern and western Eskimo. I have frequently used the term Eskimo -in referring to them, but they are in many respects very different -people. * * * It should be thoroughly and definitely understood that they are not -Indians nor have they any known relation, physically * * * to the Indian -tribes of North America. Their grammar, appearance, habits, and even their -anatomy, especially in the form of the skull, separate them widely from the -Indian race. On the other hand, it is almost equally questionable whether -they are even distinctly [distantly?] related to the Chukchees and other probably -Mongolian races, of the eastern part of Siberia.</p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> -<p>The Innuit of Norton Sound and the vicinity are of three tribes, each of -which, while migrating at certain seasons, has its own peculiar territory. The -peninsula between Kotzebue and Norton Sounds is inhabited by the Kaviaks -or Kaviagemut Innuit. The neck of this peninsula is occupied by the Mahlemut -Innuit. The shore of Norton Sound south of Cape Denbigh to Pastolik -is the country of the Unaleets or Unaligmut Innuit. The habits of these -tribes are essentially similar. They are in every respect superior to any -tribe of Indians with which I am acquainted.</p> - -<p>Their complexion I have described as brunet. The effect of the sun and -wind, especially in summer, is to darken their hue, and from observing those -who lived in the fort, I am inclined to think that a regular course of bathing -would do much toward whitening them. They are sometimes very tall; I -have often seen both men and women nearly 6 feet in height and have known -several instances where men were taller. Their average height equals that -of most civilized races. Their strength is often very great. I have seen a -Mahlemut take a 100-pound sack of flour under each arm and another in his -teeth and walk with them from the storehouse to the boat, a distance of some -20 rods, without inconvenience.</p> - -<p>Page 140: The women * * * are often of pleasing appearance, sometimes -quite pretty. They preserve their beauty much longer than Indian -women. Their clear complexion and high color, with their good humor, make -them agreeable companions, and they are often very intelligent. A noticeable -feature is their teeth. These are always sound and white, but are almost -cylindrical, and in old people are worn down even with the gums, producing a -singular appearance. The eyes are not oblique as in the Mongolian races, -but are small, black, and almost even with the face. The nose is flat and -disproportionately small. Many of the Innuit have heavy beards and mustaches, -while some pull out the former.</p> - -<p>Page 17: I * * * made the acquaintance of a fine-looking young Mahlemut -who * * * introduced me to his wife and child, the latter about 2 -years old. The former was not particularly ugly or pretty. * * * The husband -was a fine-looking, athletic fellow, standing about 5 feet 5 inches, with a -clear brunet complexion, fine color, dark eyes, and finely arched eyebrows. -The flat nose, common to all the Eskimo tribes, was not very strongly marked -in him, and a pleasant smile, displaying two rows of very white teeth, conquered -any objection I might have felt to his large mouth. The baby looked -like any other baby. * * *</p> - -<p>Page 376: It has been frequently remarked that the Tuski and Innuit -tribes have a Mongolian cast of countenance. This, upon an actual comparison, -will be found to be much less than is usually supposed. The real points of -resemblance are principally in the complexion, which is somewhat similar, and -in the eyes. But the eyes of the Innuit are not oblique, as in the Chinese. -They have an apparent obliquity, which is due to the peculiar form of the -zygomatic arch, but the eyes themselves are perfectly horizontal. The prominent -characteristics of the Orarian<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> skull are the strongly developed coronary -ridge, the obliquity of the zygoma, and its greater capacity compared with the -Indian cranium. The former is essentially pyramidal, while the latter more -nearly approaches a cubic shape.</p> - -<p>The mean capacity (in cubic centimeters) of three Tuski skulls from Plover -Bay, according to Doctor Wyman, was 1,505; that of 20 crania of northern -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>Eskimo, according to Doctor Davis, was 1,475, and that of 4 Innuit crania of -Norton Sound was 1,320; thus showing a wide variation. The mean capacity -of 20 West American Indian crania was only 1,284.06. The mean height of all -the Orarian skulls above referred to was 136.55 millimeters, against a breadth -of 134.47 millimeters, while the height of the Indian skulls was 120.14 millimeters, -against a breadth of 100.025 millimeters. The zygomatic diameter of -the Orarian crania was 134.92 millimeters, while that of 12 Indian skulls was -134.65 millimeters. The Orarian skulls were most dolichocephalic, and the -Indian most brachycephalic. The latter averaged 378.71 cubic centimeters less -capacity than the former. The average height of the Orarians, except among -the stunted tribes of the extreme north, will average as great as that of their -Indian neighbors. The strength and activity of the former far exceed that -of any northern Indians with whom I am acquainted.</p> - -<p>Page 401: The Kaniagmuts are of middle stature and a complexion more -reddish than that of the Aleutians or more northern Innuit. They are stoutly -built, with large broad faces, and their hair is coarse, black, and straight.</p> - -<p>Page 407: The Magemuts * * * are tall, finely formed, and have very -fair complexions. Blue eyes are not unknown among them, but their hair -is black and their beards are very light.</p> - -<p>The Ekogmuts. * * * A noticeable feature in many of them is the extreme -hairiness of their persons. Many have very strong black beards and -hairy bodies.</p> - -<p>Page 410: The Point Barrow tribe are said by Richardson to be called -Nuwungmëun. * * * These northern Innuit are very few in -number. * * * Simpson mentions that their thumbs appeared to be disproportionately -short. The same may be true of the Norton Sound Innuit; at all events, no -white man can wear one of their mittens comfortably until the thumb is -lengthened.</p></div> - -<p>Doctor Otis, of the United States Army Medical Museum, says that -the skulls found in the northern mounds have the same peculiarities -which distinguish all Orarian crania, and that both are instantly -distinguishable from any Indian skulls.</p> - -<p>1874, Bancroft (compilation):<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"The physical characteristics of the Eskimos are: A fair complexion,<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> the -skin, when free from dirt and paint, being almost white; a medium stature, -well proportioned, thickset, muscular, robust, active,<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> with small and beautifully -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>shaped hands and feet;<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> a pyramidal head;<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> a broad egg-shaped face; -high rounded cheek bones; flat nose; small oblique eyes; large mouth; teeth -regular, but well worn;<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> coarse black hair closely cut upon the crown, leaving -a monk-like ring around the edge,<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> and a paucity of beard."<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p> - -<p>Simpson, 1875:<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>These people are by no means the dwarfish race they were formerly supposed -to be. In stature they are not inferior to many other races and are -robust, muscular, and active, inclining rather to spareness than corpulence. -The tallest individual was found to be 5 feet 10½ inches, and the shortest -5 feet 1 inch. The heaviest man weighed 195 pounds, and the lightest 125 -pounds. The individuals weighed and measured were taken indiscriminately -as they visited the ship, and were all supposed to have attained their full -stature. Their chief muscular strength is in the back, which is best displayed -in their games of wrestling. The shoulders are square, or rather raised, -making the neck appear shorter than it really is, and the chest is deep; but -in strength of arm they can not compete with our sailors. The hand is -small, short, broad, and rather thick, and the thumb appears short, giving -an air of clumsiness in handling anything; and the power of grasping is not -great. The lower limbs are in good proportion to the body, and the feet, -like the hands, are short and broad with a high instep. Considering their -frequent occupations as hunters, they do not excel in speed nor in jumping -over a height or a level space, but they display great agility in leaping to -kick with both feet together an object hanging as high as the chin, or even -above the head. In walking, their tread is firm and elastic, the step short -and quick; and the toes being turned outward and the knee at each advance -inclining in the same direction, give a certain peculiarity to their gait difficult -to describe.</p> - -<p>The hair is sooty black, without gloss, and coarse, cut in an even line across -the forehead, but allowed to grow long at the back of the head and about the -ears, whilst the crown is cropped close or shaven. The color of the skin is -a light yellowish brown, but variable in shade, and in a few instances was -observed to be very dark. In the young, the complexion is comparatively fair, -presenting a remarkably healthy sunburnt appearance, through which the -rosy hue of the cheeks is visible; before middle life, however, this, from -exposure, gives place to a weather-beaten appearance, so that it is difficult to -guess their ages.</p> - -<p>The face is flat, broad, rounded, and commonly plump, the cheek bones high, -the forehead low, but broad across the eyebrows, and narrowing upwards; -the whole head becomes somewhat pointed toward the crown. The nose is -short and flat, giving an appearance of considerable space between the eyes. -The eyes are brown, of different shades, usually dark, seldom if ever altogether -black, and generally have a soft expression; some have a peculiar -glitter, which we call gipsy-like. They slope slightly upwards from the nose, -and have a fold of skin stretching across the inner angle to the upper eyelid, -most perceptible in childhood, which gives to some individuals a cast of countenance -almost perfectly Chinese. The eyelids seem tumid, opening to only a -moderate extent, and the slightly arched eyebrows scarcely project beyond -them. The ears are by no means large, but frequently stand out sideways. -The mouth is prominent and large, and the lips, especially the lower one, -rather thick and protruding. The jawbones are strong, supporting remarkably -firm and commonly regular teeth. In the youthful these are in general -white, but toward middle age they have lost their enamel and become black -or are worn down to the gums. The incisors of the lower jaw do not pass behind -those of the upper, but meet edge to edge, so that by the time an individual -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>arrives at maturity, the opposing surfaces of the eye and front teeth -are perfectly flat, independently of the wear they are subjected to in every -possible way to assist the hands. The expression of the countenance is one -of habitual good humor in the great majority of both sexes, but is a good deal -marred in the men by wearing heavy lip ornaments. * * *</p> - -<p>While young the women are generally well formed and good looking, having -good eyes and teeth. To a few, who besides possessed something of the Circassian -cast of features, was attributed a certain degree of brunette beauty. -Their hands and feet are small, and the former delicate in the young, but soon -become rough and coarse when the household cares devolve upon them. Their -movements are awkward and ungainly, and though capable of making long -journeys on foot, it is almost painful to see many of them walk. Unlike the -men, they shuffle along commonly a little sideways, with the toes turned inwards, -stooping slightly forward as if carrying a burden, and their general -appearance is not enhanced by the coat being made large enough to accommodate -a child on the back, whilst the tight-fitting nether garment only serves -to display the deformity of their bow legs. * * *</p> - -<p>The physical constitution of both sexes is strong, and they bear exposure -during the coldest weather for many hours together without appearing inconvenienced, -further than occasional frostbites on the cheeks. They also show -great endurance of fatigue during their journeys in the summer, particularly -that part in which they require to drag the family boat, laden with their summer -tent and all their moveables, on a sledge over the ice.</p> - -<p>Extreme longevity is probably not unknown among them; but as they take -no heed to number the years as they pass, they can form no guess of their -own ages, invariably stating "they have many years." Judging altogether -from appearance, a man whom we saw in the neighborhood of Kotzebue Sound -could not be less than 80 years of age. He had long been confined to his bed -and appeared quite in his dotage. There was another at Point Barrow, whose -wrinkled face, silvery hair, toothless gums, and shrunk limbs indicated an age -nothing short of 75. This man died in the month of April, 1853, and had paid -a visit to the ship only a few days before, when his intellect seemed unimpaired, -and his vision wonderfully acute for his time of life. There is another -still alive, who is said to be a few years older.</p></div> - -<p>1877, Dall:<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Page 9: The Orarians are distinguished * * * by a light fresh yellow -complexion, fine color, broad build, scaphocephalic head, great cranial capacity, -and obliquity of the arch of the zygoma.</p> - -<p>Page 17: The Ekogmut inhabit the Yukon delta from about Kipniuk to -Pastolik * * *. Their most noticeable personal peculiarity consists in their hairy -bodies and strong beards.</p></div> - -<p>1884, Hooper:<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>About 3,000 Innuits inhabit the northwest coast of America, from the Colville -River, on the east, to Bering Strait, including the islands therein, on the -west. Many of these came under my observation while cruising in the Arctic -Ocean in command of the <em>Corwin</em>.</p> - -<p>In appearance they are tall and muscular, many being 6 feet in height, and -some were seen that would exceed that even. Their peculiar dress gives them -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>a squat appearance, and their stature seems less than it is in reality. The -women are much shorter than the men, but both sexes are strong and active, -though not equal in these respects to the Tchuktchis and other reindeer tribes -of Siberia.</p> - -<p>The face of the Innuit is broad below the eyes, the forehead is narrow and -receding, the chin and lower jaw broad and heavy. The nose is usually broad -and flattened, but not always; occasionally one is seen whose features are well -formed and handsome. In the young children this is the almost invariable -rule; many of them are really beautiful. The eyes are small and black, and -appear to be slightly oblique, and for this reason, perhaps more than any other, -they have been classed with the Mongolidae. They have large mouths, thick, -loosely hanging lips, and fine, strong teeth. These, however, from eating raw -food, are usually very much worn. The labrets worn in the lips are hideous-looking -things, made of bone, glass, stone, ivory, or in fact anything within the -reach of the native which can be worked into the requisite shape.</p> - -<p>They have rather light skin, very different from the Indians of the plains; -and in this also they differ from the Tchuktchis, being much lighter, and when -cleansed from the dirt which usually covers them, and freed from the sunburn -and tan due to long exposure, they become quite fair. They have small, well-formed -hands and feet, much smaller in proportion than white men. This was -particularly noticeable when buying boots and mittens from them for our -use; only the largest sizes made by them could be used at all. They are generally -without beard, but as the men grow old, they sometimes have a thin, -straggling mustache and beard, but it is never full and regular. The hair is -coarse and black.</p></div> - -<p>1885, Ray:<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Pages 37-38: The following table will show that physically the Inyu of -North American coast does not conform to the typical idea of the Eskimo. -They are robust, healthy people, fairer than the North American Indian, with -brown eyes and straight black hair. The men are beardless until they attain -the age of from 20 to 25 years, and even then it is very light and scattering, -and is always clipped close in the winter; at this season they also cut off -their eyebrows and tonsure their crown like a priest, with bangs over their -forehead. Their hands and feet are extremely small and symmetrical; they -are graceful in their movements when unincumbered by heavy clothing.</p> - -<p>Page 46: Physically both sexes are very strong and possess great powers of -endurance.</p></div> - -<p>1888, Murdoch:<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>In stature these people are of a medium height, robust, and muscular, inclining -rather to spareness than corpulence, though the fullness of the face and the -thick fur clothing often gives the impression of the latter. There is, however, -considerable individual variation among them in this respect. The women are -as a rule shorter than the men, occasionally almost dwarfish, though some -women are taller than many of the men. The tallest man observed measured -5 feet 9½ inches and the shortest 4 feet 11 inches. The tallest woman was -5 feet 3 inches in height and the shortest 4 feet ½ inch. The heaviest man -weighed 204 pounds and the lightest 126 pounds. One woman weighed 192 -pounds and the shortest woman was also the lightest, weighing only 100 -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>pounds. The hands and feet are small and well shaped, though the former -soon become distorted and roughened by work. We did not observe the peculiar -breadth of hands noticed by Doctor Simpson, nor is the shortness of the -thumb which he mentions sufficient to attract attention. Their feet are so -small that only one of our party, who is much below the ordinary size, was -able to wear the boots made by the natives for themselves. Small and delicate -hands and feet appear to be a universal characteristic of the Eskimo race and -have been mentioned by most observers from Greenland to Alaska.</p> - -<p>The face is broad, flat, and round, with high cheek bones and rather low -forehead, broad across the brow and narrowing above, while the head is somewhat -pointed toward the crown. The peculiar shape of the head is somewhat -masked by the way of wearing the hair and is best seen in the skull. The -nose is short, with little or no bridge—few Eskimo were able to wear our -spring eyeglasses—and broad, especially across the alæ nasæ, with a peculiar, -rounded, somewhat bulbous tip, and large nostrils. The eyes are horizontal, -with rather full lids and are but slightly sunken below the level of the face.</p> - -<p>The mouth is large and the lips full, especially the under one. The teeth are -naturally large, and in youth are white and generally regular, but by middle -age they are generally worn down to flat-crowned stumps, as is usual among -the Eskimo. The color of the skin is a light yellowish brown, with often considerable -ruddy color on the cheeks and lips. There appears to be much natural -variation in the complexion, some women being nearly as fair as Europeans, -while other individuals seem to have naturally a coppery color. In most cases -the complexion appears darker than it really is from the effects of exposure -to the weather. All sunburn very easily, especially in the spring, when there -is a strong reflection from the snow.</p> - -<p>The old are much wrinkled, and they frequently suffer from watery eyes, -with large sacks under them, which begin to form at a comparatively early -age. There is considerable variation in features, as well as complexion, among -them, even in cases where there seems to be no suspicion of mixed blood. -There were several men among them with decided aquiline noses and something -of a Hebrew cast of countenance. The eyes are of various shades of -dark brown—two pairs of light hazel eyes were observed—and are often -handsome. The hair is black, perfectly straight, and very thick. With the men -it is generally coarser than with the women, who sometimes have very long -and silky hair, though it generally does not reach much below the shoulders. -The eyebrows are thin and the beard scanty, growing mostly upon the upper -lip and chin and seldom appearing under the age of 20. In this they resemble -most Eskimo. Back, however, speaks of the "luxuriant beards and -flowing mustaches" of the Eskimo of the Great Fish River. Some of the -older men have rather heavy black mustaches, but there is much variation -in this respect. The upper part of the body, as much as is commonly exposed -in the house, is remarkably free from hair. The general expression is good -humored and attractive.</p> - -<p>The males, even when very young, are remarkable for their graceful and -dignified carriage. The body is held erect, with the shoulders square and -chest well thrown out, the knees straight, and the feet firmly planted on the -ground. In walking they move with long swinging elastic strides, the toes -well turned out and the arms swinging. * * *</p> - -<p>I should say that they walked like well-built athletic white men. The women, -on the other hand, although possessing good physiques, are singularly ungraceful -in their movements. They walk at a sort of shuffling half trot, with -the toes turned in, the body leaning forward, and the arms hanging awkwardly.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p> - -<p>A noticeable thing about the women is the remarkable flexibility of the -body and limbs and the great length of time they can stand in a stooping -posture. * * * Both men and women have a very fair share of muscular -strength. Some of the women especially showed a power of carrying heavy -loads superior to most white men. We were able to make no other comparisons -of their strength with ours. Their power of endurance is very great, and -both sexes are capable of making long distances on foot. Two men sometimes -spend 24 hours tramping through the rough ice in search of seals, and -we knew of instances where small parties made journeys of 50 or 75 miles on -foot without stopping to sleep.</p> - -<p>The women are not prolific. Although all the adults are or have been -married, many of them are childless, and few have more than two children. -One woman was known to have at least four, but investigations of this sort -were rendered extremely difficult by the universal custom of adoption. Doctor -Simpson heard of a "rare case" where one woman had borne seven children. -We heard of no twins at either village, though we obtained the Eskimo word -for twins.</p></div> - -<p>1890, Murdoch:<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The people who live on the extreme northwest corner of our continent are -far from being an ugly or an ill-made race. Though they are not tall—a man -of 5 feet 10 inches is a tall man among them—they are well proportioned, -broad shouldered, and deep chested. The men, as a rule, are particularly well -"set up," like well-drilled soldiers and walk and stand with a great deal of -grace and dignity.</p> - -<p>The women do not have such good figures, but are inclined to slouchiness. -They are seldom inclined to be fleshy, though their plump, round faces, along -with their thick fur clothing, often give them the appearance of being fat. -They generally have round, full faces, with rather high cheek bones, small, -rounded noses, full lips, and small chins. Still, you now and then see a person -with an oval face and aquiline nose. Many of the men are very good looking, -and some of the young women are exceedingly pretty. Their complexion is a -dark brunet, often with a good deal of bright color on the cheeks and especially -on the lips. They sunburn very much, especially in the spring, when the glare -of the sun is reflected from the snow. They have black or dark-brown eyes and -abundant black hair. The women's hair is often long and silky. When they -are young they have white and regular teeth, but these are worn down to -stumps before middle life is reached. Cheerful and merry faces are the rule.</p></div> - -<p>1890, Kelly:<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><em>Personal appearance.</em>—There are three types observable among the Arctic -Eskimos of Alaska. The tall, cadaverous natives of Kangoot, Seelawik, Koovuk, -and Kikiktowruk, on Kotzebue Sound, who live on fish, ptarmigans, and marmots. -They always have a hungry look and habitually wear a grin of fiendish -glee at having circumvented an adverse fate. There is a tendency among these -people to migrate north.</p> - -<p>Then there is the tall, strongly knit type of the Nooatoks, a gigantic race, of -a splendid physique that would be remarkable in any part of the world.</p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> -<p>Rugged as the mountains among which they live, vigorous and courageous, -they stop at nothing but the impossible to accomplish a desired end. Their -food supply is the reindeer, mountain sheep, ptarmigans, and fish. There are -many of the coast natives of this type, but they lack the healthy glow and the -indomitable will of the Nooatoks.</p> - -<p>The third type is the short, stumpy one, probably that of the old Eskimo before -the admixture with southern tribes, now found on the Arctic coast. * * *</p> - -<p>The Eskimos have coarse, black hair, some with a tinge of brown. Many of -the coast people of both sexes are bald from scrofulous eruptions. Males have -the crown of the head closely cropped, so that reindeer may not see the waving -locks when the hunter creeps behind bunch grass. They have black eyes and -high cheek bones. The bones of the face are better protected from the severity -of the climate by a thicker covering of flesh than southern races.</p> - -<p>Among the coast people the nose is broad and flat, with very little or no ridge -between the eyes. The adult males have short mustaches, and some of the -elder ones—more noticeable in the interior—have rough, scraggy beards. Generally -their beard is very scant, and most of them devote otherwise idle -hours to pulling out the hairs.</p></div> - -<p>1900, Nelson:<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The Eskimo from Bering Strait to the lower Yukon are fairly well-built -people, averaging among the men about 5 feet 2 or 3 inches in height. The -Yukon Eskimo and those living southward from that river to the Kuskokwim -are, as a rule, shorter and more squarely built. The Kuskokwim people are -darker of complexion than those to the northward, and have rounder features. -The men commonly have a considerable growth of hair on their faces, becoming -at times a thin beard 2 or 3 inches in length, with a well-developed -mustache. No such development of beard was seen elsewhere in the territory -visited.</p> - -<p>The people in the coast region between the mouths of the Kuskokwim and the -Yukon have peculiarly high cheek bones and sharp chins, which unite to give -their faces a curiously pointed, triangular appearance. At the village of -Kaialigamut I was impressed by the strong development of the superciliary -ridge. From a point almost directly over the pupil of the eye and extending -thence inward to the median line of the forehead is a strong bony ridge causing -the brow to stand out sharply. From the outer edge of this the skull -appears as though beveled away to the ears, giving the temporal area a considerable -enlargement beyond that usually shown. This curious development -of the skull is rendered still more striking by the fact that the bridge of the -nose is low, as usual among these people, so that the shelf-like projection of -the brow stands out in strong relief. It is most strongly marked among the -men and appears to be characteristic at this place. Elsewhere in this district -it was noted only rarely here and there.</p> - -<p>All of the people in the district about Capes Vancouver and Romanzof, and -thence to the Yukon mouth, are of unusually light complexion. Some of the -women have a pale, slightly yellowish color, with pink cheeks, differing but -little in complexion from that of a sallow woman of Caucasian blood. This -light complexion is so exceptionally striking that wherever they travel these -people are readily distinguished from other Eskimo, and before I visited their -territory I had learned to know them by their complexion whenever they came -to St. Michael.</p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> -<p>The people of the district just mentioned are all very short and squarely -built. Inland from Cape Vancouver lies the flat marshy country about Big -Lake, which is situated between the Kuskokwim and the Yukon. It is a -well-populated district and its inhabitants differ from those near the coast -at the capes referred to, in being taller, more slender, and having more -squarely cut features. They also differ strikingly from any other Eskimo -with whom I came in contact, except those on Kowak River, in having the -bridge of the nose well developed and at times sufficiently prominent to suggest -the aquiline nose of our southern Indian tribes.</p> - -<p>The Eskimo of the Diomede Islands in Bering Strait, as well as those of -East Cape and Mechigme and Plover Bays on the Siberian coast, and of St. -Lawrence Island are tall, strongly built people and are generally similar in -their physical features. These are characterized by the unusual heaviness of -the lower part of the face due to the very square and massive lower jaw, which, -combined with broad, high cheek bones and flattened nose, produces a wide, -flat face. These features are frequently accompanied with a low retreating -forehead, producing a decidedly repulsive physiognomy. The bridge of the nose -is so low and the cheek bones so heavy that a profile view will frequently show -only the tip of the person's nose, the eyes and upper portion of the nose being -completely hidden by the prominent outline of the cheek. Their eyes are less -oblique than is common among the people living southward from the Yukon -mouth. Among the people at the northwestern end of St. Lawrence Island -there is a greater range of physiognomy than was noted at any other of the -Asiatic localities.</p> - -<p>The Point Hope people on the American coast have heavy jaws and well-developed -superciliary ridges. At Point Barrow the men are remarkable for -the irregularity of their features, amounting to a positive degree of ugliness, -which is increased and rendered specially prominent by the expression produced -by the short, tightly drawn upper lip, the projecting lower lip, and the small -beady eyes. The women and children of this place are in curious contrast, -having rather pleasant features of the usual type.</p> - -<p>The Eskimo from Upper Kowak and Noatak Rivers who were met at the -summer camp on Hotham Inlet are notable for the fact that a considerable -number of them have hook noses and nearly all have a cast of countenance -very similar to that of the Yukon Tienné. They are a larger and more robustly -built people than these Indians, however, and speak the Eskimo language. -They wear labrets, practice the tonsure, and claim to be Eskimo. * * * -Among them was seen one man having a mop of coarse curly hair, almost -negroid in character. The same feature was observed in a number of men and -women on the Siberian coast between East Cape and Plover Bay. This latter -is undoubtedly the result of the Chukchi-Eskimo mixture, and in the case of -the man seen at Hotham Inlet the same result had been brought about by the -Eskimo-Indian combination. Among the Eskimo south of Bering Strait on the -American coast not a single instance of this kind was observed. The age of -the individuals having this curly hair renders it quite improbable that it came -from an admixture of blood with foreign voyagers, since some of them must -have been born at a time when vessels were extremely rare along these shores. -As a further argument against this curly hair having come from white men, -I may add that I saw no trace of it among a number of people having partly -Caucasian blood. As a general thing, the Eskimo of the region described, have -small hands and feet and the features are oval in outline, rather flat and with -slightly oblique eyes.</p> - -<p>Children and young girls have round faces and often are very pleasant and -attractive in feature, the angular race characteristics becoming prominent after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> -the individuals approach manhood. The women age rapidly, and only a very -small proportion of the people live to an advanced age.</p> - -<p>The Malemut and the people of Kaviak Peninsula, including those of the -islands in Bering Strait are tall, active, and remarkably well built. Among -them it is common to see men from 5 feet 10 inches to 6 feet tall and of proportionate -build. I should judge the average among them to be nearly or quite -equal in height to the whites.</p> - -<p>Among the coast Eskimos, as a rule, the legs are short and poorly developed, -while the body is long with disproportionately developed dorsal and lumbar -muscles, due to so much of their life being passed in the kaiak.</p> - -<p>The Eskimo of the Big Lake district, south of the Yukon, and from the Kaviak -Peninsula, as well as the Malemut about the head of Kotzebue Sound, are on -the contrary very finely proportioned and athletic men who can not be equaled -among the Indians of the Yukon region. * * * There were a number of -half-blood children among the Eskimo, resulting from the intercourse with -people from vessels and others, who generally show their Caucasian blood by -large, finely shaped, and often remarkably beautiful brown eyes. The number -of these mixed bloods was not very great.</p></div> - -<p>1905, Jackson:<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The Eskimos of Alaska are a much finer race physically than their kindred -of Greenland and Labrador. In the extreme north, at Point Barrow, and -along the coast of Bering Sea they are of medium size. At Point Barrow the -average height of the males is 5 feet 3 inches and average weight 153 pounds; -of the women, 4 feet 11 inches and weight 135 pounds. On the Nushagak -River the average weight of the men is from 150 to 167 pounds. From Cape -Prince of Wales to Icy Cape along the Arctic Coast and on the great inland -rivers emptying into the Arctic Ocean they are a large race, many of them -being 6 feet and over in height.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> They are lighter in color and fairer than -the North American Indian, have black and brown eyes, black hair, some -with a tinge of brown, high cheek bones, fleshy faces, small hands and feet, -and good teeth. The men have thin beards.</p></div> - -<p>1916, Hawkes:<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The Alaskan Eskimo are a taller and more symmetrical people than their -brethren of the central and eastern districts. They lack that appearance of -stoutness and squatness inherent in the eastern stock, and for proportion and -development of the various parts of the body they do not compare unfavorably -with Indians and whites. It is not unusual to find in an Alaskan Eskimo -village several men who are 6 feet tall, with magnificent shoulders and arms -and bodily strength in proportion. The usual height, however, is about 168 -centimeters for men, which is some 10 centimeters above the height of the -eastern Eskimo. * * * The average for women among the western Eskimo -is 158 centimeters, which approximates the height of the men in the Hudson -Bay region, 158 centimeters (Boas). The female type in Alaska is taller and -slimmer than in the east, and the width of the face is considerably less. -Eskimo women of large stature are often seen in the northern section of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>Alaska. The individual variation here is more conspicuous than in Labrador -or Hudson Bay.</p></div> - -<p>1923, Jenness:<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>In his report on the Copper Eskimos, D. Jenness gives excellent descriptive -notes on this group with references to others. These notes, too voluminous to -be transcribed, may well be consulted in these connections.</p></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Cook, Capt. James, and Capt. James King. A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean. London, -1784, <span class="smcap">II</span>, vol. 2, p. 300.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Kotzebue, Otto von, A voyage of discovery into the South Sea and Bering Strait, -1815-1818, vol. 1, p. 209. London, 1821.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Beechey, F. W., Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Bering Strait. Philadelphia, -1832, pp. 474-476.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Latham, Robert G., The varieties of man. London, 1850, pp. 290-292.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Hooper, W. H., Ten months among the tents of the Tuski. London, 1853, pp. 223-224.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Seemann, Berthold, Narrative of the voyage of H. M. S. <em>Herald</em>. London, 1853, vols. -<span class="smcap">I-II</span>. On the Anthropology of Western Eskimo Land and on the Desirability of Further -Arctic Research. J. Anthrop. Soc., London, 1865, vol. <span class="smcap">III</span>, p. 301.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Richardson, Sir John, The Polar Regions. Edinburgh, 1861, p. 301.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Dall, W. H., Alaska and Its Resources. Boston, 1870.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Orarian, a term used by the author to distinguish the tribes of Innuit, Aleutians, and -Asiatic Eskimo from the natives known under the name of Indian, in allusion to the -universal coastwise distribution of the former.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Bancroft, Hubert H., The Native Races of the Pacific States. Vol. <span class="smcap">I</span>, New York, 1874. -Wild Tribes, p. 45.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <em>Color.</em>—"Their complexion, if divested of its usual covering of dirt, can hardly be -called dark."—Seemann's Voy. <em>Herald</em>, vol. <span class="smcap">II</span>, p. 51. "In comparison with other Americans -of a white complexion."—McCulloh's Aboriginal Hist. of America, p. 20. "White complexion, -not copper coloured."—Dobb's Hudson's Bay, p. 50. "Almost as white as Europeans."—Kalm's -Travels, vol. <span class="smcap">II</span>, p. 263. "Not darker than that of a Portuguese."—Lyon's -Journal, p. 224. "Scarcely a shade darker than a deep brunet."—Parry's Third -Voyage, p. 493. "Their complexion is light."—Dall's Alaska, p. 381. "Eyewitnesses -agree in their superior lightness of complexion over the Chinooks."—Pickering's Races of -Man, U. S. Ex. Ex., <span class="smcap">IX</span>, 28. At Coppermine River they are "of a dirty copper color; some -of the women, however, are more fair and ruddy."—Hearne's Travels, p. 166. "Considerably -fairer than the Indian tribes."—Simpson's Nar., p. 110. At Cape Bathurst "the -complexion is swarthy, chiefly, I think, from exposure and the accumulation of dirt."—Armstrong's -Nar., p. 192. "Show little of the copper color of the Red Indians."—Richardson's -Pol. Reg., p. 303. "From exposure to weather they become dark after manhood."—Richardson's -Nar., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 343.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <em>Proportions.</em>—"Both sexes are well proportioned, stout, muscular, and active."—Seemann's -Voy. <em>Herald</em>, <span class="smcap">II</span>, 50. "A stout, well-looking people."—Simpson's Nar., pp. 110, -114. "Below the mean of the Caucasian race."—Doctor Hayes in Historic Magazine, -vol. <span class="smcap">I</span>, p. 6. "They are thick set, have a decided tendency to obesity, and are seldom -more than 5 feet in height."—Figuier's Human Race, p. 211. At Kotzebue Sound "tallest -man was 5 feet 9 inches; tallest woman 5 feet 4 inches."—Beechey's Voy., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 360. -"Average height was 5 feet 4½ inches"; at the mouth of the Mackenzie they are of -"middle stature, strong, and muscular."—Armstrong's Nar., 149, 192. "Low, broad set, -not well made nor strong."—Hearne's Trav., p. 166. "The men were in general stout."—Franklin's -Nar., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 29. "Of a middle size, robust make, and healthy appearance."—Kotzebue's -Voy., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 209. "Men vary in height from about 5 feet to 5 feet 10 inches."—Richardson's -Pol. Reg., p. 304. "Women were generally short." "Their figure inclines -to squat."—Hooper's Tuski, p. 224.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> <em>Hands and feet.</em>—"Tous les individus qui appartiennent à la famille des Esquimaux -se distinguent par la petitesse de leurs pieds et de leurs mains, et la grosseur énorme de -leurs têtes."—De Pauw, Recherches Phil. <span class="smcap">I</span>, 262. "The hands, and feet are delicately -small and well formed."—Richardson's Pol. Reg., p. 304. "Small and beautifully made."—Seemann's -Voy. Herald, <span class="smcap">II</span>, 50. At Point Barrow "Their hands, notwithstanding the great -amount of manual labor to which they are subject, were beautifully small and well formed, -a description equally applicable to their feet."—Armstrong's Nar., p. 101.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <em>Head.</em>—"The head is of good size, rather flat superiorly, but very fully developed -posteriorly, evidencing a preponderance of the animal passions; the forehead was for the -most part low and receding; in a few it was somewhat vertical but narrow."—Armstrong's -Nar., p. 193. Their cranial characteristics "are the strongly developed coronary -ridge, the obliquity of the zygoma, and its greater capacity compared with the Indian -cranium. The former is essentially pyramidal, while the latter more nearly approaches a -cubic shape."—Dall's Alaska, p. 376. "Greatest breadth of the face is just below the eyes, -the forehead tapers upwards, ending narrowly but not acutely, and in like manner the -chin is a blunt cone."—Richardson's Pol. Reg., p. 302. Doctor Gall, whose observations on -the same skulls presented him for phrenological observation are published by M. Louis -Choris, thus comments upon the head of a female Eskimo from Kotzebue Sound: -"L'organe de l'instinct de la propagation se trouve extrêmement dévelopé pour une tête de -femme." He finds the musical and intellectual organs poorly developed, while vanity and -love of children are well displayed. "En général," sagely concluded the doctor, "cette -tête femme présentait une organization aussi heureuse que celle de la plupart des femmes -d'Europe."—Voy. Pitt., pt. <span class="smcap">II</span>, p. 16.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <em>Face.</em>—"Large, fat, round faces, high cheek bones, small hazel eyes, eyebrows slanting -like the Chinese, and wide mouths."—Beechey's Voy., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 345. "Broad, flat faces, -high cheek bones."—Doctor Hayes in Hist. Mag., <span class="smcap">I</span>, p. 6. Their "teeth are regular, but -from the nature of their food and from their practice of preparing hides by chewing, are -worn down almost to the gums at an early age."—Seemann's Voy. <em>Herald</em>, <span class="smcap">II</span>, 51. At -Hudson Strait, "broad, flat, pleasing face; small and generally sore eyes; given to bleeding -at the nose."—Franklin's Nar., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 29. "Small eyes and very high cheek bones."—Kotzebue's -Voy., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 209. "La face plate, la bouche ronde, le nez petit sans être écrase, -le blanc de l'oeil jaunâtre, l'iris noir et peu brillant."—De Pauw, Recherches Phil., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 262. -They have "small, wild-looking eyes, large and very foul teeth, the hair generally black, -but sometimes fair, and always in extreme disorder."—Brownell's Indian Races, p. 467. -"As contrasted with the other native American races, their eyes are remarkable, being -narrow and more or less oblique."—Richardson's Nar., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 343. "Expression of face -intelligent and good natured. Both sexes have mostly round, flat faces, with Mongolian -cast."—Hooper's Tuski, p. 223.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <em>Hair.</em>—"Allowed to hang down in a club to the shoulder."—Richardson's Pol. Reg., -p. 305. "Their hair is straight, black, and coarse."—Seemann's Voy. <em>Herald</em>, <span class="smcap">II</span>, 51. -A fierce expression characterized them on the McKenzie River, which "was increased by -the long, disheveled hair flowing about their shoulders."—Armstrong's Nar., p. 149.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <em>Beard.</em>—"The old men had a few gray hairs on their chins, but the young ones, -though grown up, were beardless."—Beechey's Voy., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 322. "The possession of a beard -is very rare, but a slight mustache is not infrequent."—Seemann's Voy. <em>Herald</em>, <span class="smcap">II</span>, 51. -"As the men grow old they have more hair on the face than red Indians."—Richardson's -Nar., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 343. "Generally an absence of beard and whiskers."—Armstrong's Nar., p. 193. -"Beard is universally wanting."—Kotzebue's Voy., <span class="smcap">I</span>, 252. "The young men have little -beard, but some of the old ones have a tolerable show of long, gray hairs on the upper lip -and chin."—Richardson's Pol. Reg., p. 303. "All have beards."—Bell's Geography, <span class="smcap">V</span>, 294. -Kirby affirms that in Alaska "many of them have a profusion of whiskers and beard."—Smiths. -Report, 1864, p. 416.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Simpson, John, Observations on the Western Eskimo and the Country They Inhabit. -<em>In</em> A Selection of Papers on Arctic Geography and Ethnology, Pres. by the Roy. Geogr. -Soc., London, 1875, pp. 238-246.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Dall, W. H., Tribes of the Extreme Northwest. Contribution to North American -Ethnology, <span class="smcap">I</span>, Washington, 1877.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Hooper, C. L., Report of cruise of the revenue steamer <em>Corwin</em>, 1881. Washington, -1884, p. 101.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Ray, P. H., Ethnographic sketch of the natives. Report of the International Polar -Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington, 1885.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Murdoch, J., Ethnological results of the Point Barrow expedition. Ninth Ann. Rept. -Bur. Ethn., 1887-88, pp. 33-39, Washington, 1892.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Murdoch, J., Dress and physique of the Point Barrow Eskimos. Popul. Sci. Month., -Dec., 1890, 222-223.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Kelly, J. W., Arctic Eskimos in Alaska and Siberia. Revised and edited by Sheldon -Jackson. Bull. No. 3, Soc. Alaskan Nat. Hist. and Ethnol., Sitka, 1890, p. 15.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Nelson, Edward W., The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Eighteenth Ann. Rept. Bur. -Amer. Ethn., Washington, 1900, pp. 26-29.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Jackson, Sheldon, Our barbarous Eskimos in northern Alaska. The Metropol. Mag., -Vol. <span class="smcap">XXII</span>, New York, June, 1905, pp. 257-271.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Either a bad misprint or bad error.—A. H.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Hawkes, Ernest William, Skeletal measurements and observations of the Point Barrow -Eskimo, with comparisons with other Eskimo groups. Am. Anthrop., n. s. <span class="smcap">XVIII</span>, No. 2, -pp. 206-207, Lancaster, 1916.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Jenness, D., Physical characteristics of the Copper Eskimos. Rept. Canad. Arct. Exp. -1913-1918. Ottawa, 1923, p. 38.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Older Anthropometric Data on the Western Eskimo</span></h3> - - -<h4>STATURE AND OTHER MEASUREMENTS ON THE LIVING</h4> - -<p>The earliest actual measurements of the living among the western -Eskimo are those given in Captain Beechey's Narrative (1832, p. -226), where we read that of the Eskimo of Cape Thompson (north of -Kotzebue Sound) "the tallest man was 5 feet 9 inches (175.3 centimeters), -the tallest woman 5 feet 4 inches (162.6 centimeters) in -height." As seen before, Beechey also stated that the stature of the -Eskimo increases from the east to the west.</p> - -<p>In 1881-82, Lieutenant Ray collects and in 1885 reports evidently -careful measurements of 51 men and 30 women from the villages of -Uglaamie, at Cape Smythe, now Barrow, and Nuwuk, on Point -Barrow.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> An abstract of the data shows as follows:</p> - - -<ul><li>Average height: Male, 5 feet 3½ inches (161.3 centimeters); female, 4 feet 11¾ inches (151.8 centimeters).</li> -<li>Average weight: Male, 153⅗ pounds; female, 135⅔ pounds.</li> -<li>Tallest male: 5 feet 8¾ inches (174.6 centimeters).</li> -<li>Tallest female: 5 feet 3 inches (160 centimeters).</li> -<li>Shortest male: 4 feet 11 inches (149.9 centimeters).</li> -<li>Shortest female: 4 feet ½ inch (123.2 centimeters).</li> -<li>Weight: Male, 126 to 204 pounds; female, 106 to 172 pounds.</li> -</ul> - -<p>In 1892, in connection with the preparation of the anthropological -exhibits for the World Exposition at Chicago, an extensive effort was -made under the direction of Frederick W. Putnam and Franz Boas -to secure, by the help of a group of specially instructed students, -physical data on many tribes of the American aborigines, and this -included a contingent of the western Eskimo. An abstract of the -results was reported by Boas in 1895.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> The locality where the -Eskimo were measured is not given, but it was most likely Nome -or St. Michael Island. Thirty-four men gave the high (for the -Eskimo) average of 165.8 centimeters, an unstated number of -women an equally elevated average of 155.1 centimeters. No details -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>are given. There is also given the mean and distribution of the -cephalic index on 114 living western Eskimo of both sexes. (On -chart, p. 395, the number is 141.) The mean index was 79.2. There -are again, as under Stature, no details as to locality, and none -could be obtained from the author.</p> - -<p>In 1901 Deniker, in his Races of Man (p. 580), reports the stature -of 85 Eskimo of Alaska, doubtless males, as 163 centimeters. -There are no details, no references, and I have not been able to trace -the source of the measurement.</p> - -<p>During the years 1897-1899 A. J. Stone made an extended journey -along a portion of the upper Yukon and through parts of -northwestern Alaska and the Mackenzie River basin, for the American -Museum of Natural History. On this journey he made some -measurements of Indian and Eskimo, and these were published in -1901 by Franz Boas.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> The Eskimo measured were the "Nunatagmiut" -(11 males, 5 females), of the Noatak River, Alaska, and the -"Koukpagmiut," (12 males, 6 females), east of the mouth of the -Mackenzie. The Noataks, who alone interest us more closely here, -gave the relatively high (for Eskimo) stature of 167.9 centimeters in -the men and 155.6 centimeters in the women. The number of subjects -is small and there may possibly have been some unconscious selection; -yet it is clear that in this group there are numerous fairly tall -individuals.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Stone's Data on the Noatak River Eskimo"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Stone's Data on the Noatak River Eskimo</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="2" width="25%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Males (11)</th> - <th>Females (5)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stature</td> - <td class="tdr">167.9</td> - <td class="tdr">155.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stretch of arms</td> - <td class="tdr">173.0</td> - <td class="tdr">159.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height of shoulder</td> - <td class="tdr">139.7</td> - <td class="tdr">128.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of arm</td> - <td class="tdr">73.9</td> - <td class="tdr">66.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height sitting</td> - <td class="tdr">86.8</td> - <td class="tdr">81.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width of shoulders</td> - <td class="tdr">38.0</td> - <td class="tdr">34.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of head</td> - <td class="tdr">18.9</td> - <td class="tdr">18.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width of head</td> - <td class="tdr">15.45</td> - <td class="tdr">14.26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width of face</td> - <td class="tdr">15.57</td> - <td class="tdr">14.46</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height of face</td> - <td class="tdr">12.84</td> - <td class="tdr">11.98</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height of nose</td> - <td class="tdr">5.63</td> - <td class="tdr">5.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width of nose</td> - <td class="tdr">3.76</td> - <td class="tdr">3.34</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index of stretch of arms</td> - <td class="tdr">103.1</td> - <td class="tdr">102.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index of arm</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">42.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index of height sitting</td> - <td class="tdr">52.6</td> - <td class="tdr">52.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index of width of shoulders</td> - <td class="tdr">22.6</td> - <td class="tdr">22</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cephalic index</td> - <td class="tdr">81.6</td> - <td class="tdr">78.8</td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p> -<p>In addition, Doctor Jenness, in 1913, measured 13 adult male Point -Hope Eskimo for stature, head length, and head breadth.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> He -obtained the following records:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<col span="4" width="25%"></col> - <tr> - <th>Stature</th> - <th>Head length</th> - <th>Head breadth</th> - <th>Cephalic index</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">160.5</td> - <td class="tdr">19.7</td> - <td class="tdr">15.1</td> - <td class="tdr">76.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">168.5</td> - <td class="tdr">19.6</td> - <td class="tdr">14.7</td> - <td class="tdr">75.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">167.3</td> - <td class="tdr">19.4</td> - <td class="tdr">14.5</td> - <td class="tdr">74.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">162.9</td> - <td class="tdr">21.0</td> - <td class="tdr">14.6</td> - <td class="tdr">69.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">162.4</td> - <td class="tdr">19.2</td> - <td class="tdr">14.5</td> - <td class="tdr">75.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">167.8</td> - <td class="tdr">19.5</td> - <td class="tdr">14.9</td> - <td class="tdr">76.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">170.2</td> - <td class="tdr">18.8</td> - <td class="tdr">14.7</td> - <td class="tdr">78.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">170.4</td> - <td class="tdr">18.8</td> - <td class="tdr">14.8</td> - <td class="tdr">78.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">168.3</td> - <td class="tdr">19.4</td> - <td class="tdr">15.3</td> - <td class="tdr">78.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">174.3</td> - <td class="tdr">18.6</td> - <td class="tdr">15.1</td> - <td class="tdr">81.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">158.3</td> - <td class="tdr">18.7</td> - <td class="tdr">15.4</td> - <td class="tdr">82.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">168.2</td> - <td class="tdr">19.2</td> - <td class="tdr">16.3</td> - <td class="tdr">84.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">167.3</td> - <td class="tdr">18.7</td> - <td class="tdr">15.9</td> - <td class="tdr">85.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><em>Means</em><a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">168.2</td> - <td class="tdr">19.28</td> - <td class="tdr">15.06</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.1</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>Doctor Jenness<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> also gives useful data on the stature and cephalic -index of living Eskimo from other localities which, with the addition -of the sources and a slightly different arrangement, are here reproduced:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Stature"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Stature</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Place</th> - <th colspan="2">Men</th> - <th colspan="2">Women</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Cases</th> - <th>Stature</th> - <th>Cases</th> - <th>Stature</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound (Steensby)</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">157.4</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">145.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>S. W. Greenland (Hansen)</td> - <td class="tdr">21</td> - <td class="tdr">157.6</td> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - <td class="tdr">151.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Labrador (Duckworth and Pain)</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">157.7</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">149.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound (Hrdlička)<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">157.7</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>S. E. Greenland (Hansen)</td> - <td class="tdr">22</td> - <td class="tdr">160.4</td> - <td class="tdr">23</td> - <td class="tdr">152.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow (Ray)</td> - <td class="tdr">51</td> - <td class="tdr">161.5</td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - <td class="tdr">153.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay (South Island and Aivilik)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>(S. I. 35, Tocher; A. 9, Boas)</td> - <td class="tdr">44</td> - <td class="tdr">162.0</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">151.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mackenzie Delta (Jenness)</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">162.2</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>N. E. Greenland (Hansen)</td> - <td class="tdr">31</td> - <td class="tdr">164.7</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdr">155.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Coronation Gulf (Jenness)</td> - <td class="tdr">82</td> - <td class="tdr">164.8</td> - <td class="tdr">42</td> - <td class="tdr">156.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Iglulik, Hudson Bay (Parry)</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - <td class="tdr">166.0</td> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - <td class="tdr">153.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope (Jenness)</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">166.5</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mackenzie Delta (Stone)</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">167.5</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">151.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Noatak River (Stone)</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">167.9</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">155.5</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Cephalic Index"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Cephalic Index</span><a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Place</th> - <th colspan="2">Men</th> - <th colspan="2">Women</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Cases</th> - <th>Stature</th> - <th>Cases</th> - <th>Stature</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mackenzie Delta (Stone)</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">73.9</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mackenzie Delta (Jenness)</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">76.1</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">75.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southeast Greenland (Hansen)</td> - <td class="tdr">22</td> - <td class="tdr">75.7</td> - <td class="tdr">23</td> - <td class="tdr">75.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Labrador (Duckworth and Pain)</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">77.0</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">74.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay (Tocher and Boas)</td> - <td class="tdr">35</td> - <td class="tdr">77.2</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Coronation Gulf (Jenness)</td> - <td class="tdr">82</td> - <td class="tdr">77.6</td> - <td class="tdr">42</td> - <td class="tdr">76.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northeast Greenland (Hansen)</td> - <td class="tdr">31</td> - <td class="tdr">77.8</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdr">76.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound (Steensby)</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">78.0</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">77.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwest Greenland (Hansen)</td> - <td class="tdr">21</td> - <td class="tdr">78.1</td> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - <td class="tdr">76.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope (Jenness)</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>78.3</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Noatak River (Stone)</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">81.6</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">78.8</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Ray, Lieut. P. H., Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, -Alaska. Washington, 1885, p. 50.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Zur Anthropologie der Nordamerikanischen Indianer. Verh. Berl. Ges. Anthrop., -Sitz. Mai 18, 1895 (with Z. Ethnol. for same year).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> A. J. Stone's Measurements of Natives of the Northwestern Territories. Bull. Am. -Mus. Nat. Hist., 1901, <span class="smcap">XIV</span>, pp. 53-68.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimo. Rep. Canad. Arch. Exped. 1913-1918, Ottawa, 1923, -Introd., also p. B37.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> By present writer.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Rep. Canad. Arct. Exped., 1913-1918, B50.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Added from author's Anthropology of Central and Smith Sound Eskimo, 1910, 228; the stature of one -woman was 146.7.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimo. Rep. Canad. Arct. Exped., 1913-1918, Ottawa, 1923, -p. B55.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> The totals of the measurements give <em>78.1</em>—A. H.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>THE SKULL</h4> - -<p>The first western Eskimo skull collected for scientific purposes -was apparently that of a female St. Lawrence Islander. It was -taken from the rocks of the island by the Kotzebue party in 1817. -It was reported upon phrenologically in 1822 by Gall.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p> - -<p>In 1839 Morton, in his "Crania Americana" (p. 248), gives -measurements and the illustration of a western Eskimo skull from -Icy Cape, collected by Dr. A. Collie, surgeon of H. M. S. <em>Blossom</em>. -The principal measurements of this evidently female skull were: -Length, 17.02 centimeters; breadth, 12.70; height, 12.70. Cephalic -index, <em>74.6</em>.</p> - -<p>In 1862<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> and 1863<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> Daniel Wilson reports briefly on six -Tchuktchi skulls, which were probably those of Asiatic Eskimo. He -says:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>My opportunities for examining Esquimaux crania have been sufficient to -furnish me with very satisfactory data for forming an opinion on the true -Arctic skull form. In addition to the measurements of 38 skulls, * * * -I have recently compared and carefully measured six Tchuktchi [probably -Asiatic coast Eskimo] skulls, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, -exhumed from the burial place of a village called Tergnyune, on the island of -Arikamcheche, at Glassnappe Harbor, west of Bering Strait, and during a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>recent visit to Philadelphia I enjoyed the advantage of examining, in company -with Dr. J. Aitken Meigs, a series of 125 [eastern] Esquimaux crania, obtained -by Doctor Hayes during his Arctic journey of 1860. The comparison -between the Tchuktchi and the true Esquimaux skull is interesting. Without -being identical, the correspondence in form is such as their languages and -other affinities would suggest. Of the former, moreover, the number is too -few, and the derivation of all of them from one cemetery adds to the chances -of exceptional family features; but on carefully examining the Hayes collection -with a view to this comparison, I found it was quite possible to select -an equal number of Esquimaux crania closely corresponding to the Tchuktchi -type, which indeed presents the most prominent characteristics of the former, -only less strongly marked.</p></div> - -<p>In Prehistoric Man, Volume II, Plate XV, this author gives also -the measurements of the Icy Cape skull recorded by Morton.</p> - -<p>The principal mean measurements of the six Tchuktchi skulls (both -sexes) were: Height, 17.60 centimeters; breadth, 13.59; height, 13.77; -cranial index, <em>77.2</em>.</p> - -<p>The next measurements on western Eskimo crania are those given -in 1867 by J. Barnard Davis (<em>Thes. cran.</em>). This author measured 6 -skulls, 3 of which were from Port Clarence (Seward Peninsula), -2 from Kotzebue Sound, and 1 from Cape Lisburne. The measurements, -regrettably, are in inches. They include the greatest glabello-occipital -length, greatest breadth, height (plane of for. magn. to -vertex), height of face (chin-nasion), and breadth of face (d. bizygom. -max.). The cranial index of the 4 specimens identified as -male averaged <em>75.5</em> (75-76), that of the 2 females <em>77.5</em> (77-78). On -page <a href="#Page_226">226</a> the author mentions also an artificially deformed skull -of a Koniag; this was in all probability a wrong identification for -no such deformations are known from the island (Kodiak).</p> - -<p>In 1868 Jeffries Wyman<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> published measurements of 5 skulls of -"Tsuktshi," the same as those of Daniel Wilson, and of 5 from the -Yukon River, "three of which are Mahlemuts."</p> - -<p>The identification of the specimens was partly erroneous. The -data with corrected identification are republished by Dall (q. v.) in -1877. And the same skulls figure in all future measurements.</p> - -<p>In 1875 Topinard<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> gives the Barnard Davis measurements in -metric form without, so far as the western Eskimo are concerned, -any additions.</p> - -<p>The main measurements of Barnard Davis's western Eskimo skulls, -converted to metric values, follow. The sex identification in some -of the specimens is doubtful.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Skull length</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Height (to vertex)</th> - <th>Cranial index</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Port Clarence, male</td> - <td class="tdr">17.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.45</td> - <td class="tdr">-14</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Do</td> - <td class="tdr">17.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.45</td> - <td class="tdr">14.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Port Clarence, female</td> - <td class="tdr">-18</td> - <td class="tdr">-14</td> - <td class="tdr">13.45</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Means of the three</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">17.86</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">13.64</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">13.59</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd"><em>76.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue Sound, male</td> - <td class="tdr">17.55</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.45</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue Sound, female</td> - <td class="tdr">17.3</td> - <td class="tdr">13.45</td> - <td class="tdr">13.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Means of the two (probably both females)</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">17.4</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">13.35</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd">13.6</td> - <td class="tdr bt bd"><em>76.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cape Lisburne, male</td> - <td class="tdr">18.3</td> - <td class="tdr">14.2</td> - <td class="tdr">-14</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.8</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The next records are those by George A. Otis, published in 1876 -in the Check List of the Specimens in the Section of Anatomy of the -United States Army Medical Museum, Washington (pp. 13-15). -Aside from those on Greenland crania the author gives here the measurements -of 3 presumably Eskimo skulls collected by Dall; of 2 -western Eskimo skulls, no locality; and of 3 Mahlemut skulls, probably -from Norton Sound (St. Michael Island). In his later (1880) -catalogue,<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> page 13, Otis adds to the above three skulls from Prince -William Sound, which, however, were more probably Indian; the -three Mahlemuts, on the other hand, are given with the Alaskan -Indians (p. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>). These data are of but little value. The Eskimo -skulls are the same Smithsonian specimens that were reported upon -in 1868 by Jeffries Wyman.</p> - -<p>In 1878, Rae<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> mentions some measurements or observations on -the skulls of Western Eskimo by Flower, but no records of these -could be located. Rae says:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>I had the privilege of attending the series of admirable lectures so ably -given by Professor Flower at the Royal College of Surgeons a few weeks ago -on the "Comparative Anatomy of Man," from which I derived much useful -information and on one point very considerable food for thought.</p> - -<p>I allude to the wonderful difference in form exhibited between the skulls of -the Eskimos from the neighborhood of Bering Strait, and of those inhabiting -Greenland, the latter being extremely dolichocephalic, whilst the former are -the very opposite—brachycephalic, the natives of the intermediate coast, from -the Coppermine River eastward, having mesocephalic heads.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p> - -<p>In 1879 Lucien Carr, in his "Observations on the Crania from the -Santa Barbara Islands, California"<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> (p. 281), gives erroneously -Otis's measurements of Aleut skulls as those of "Alaskan Eskimo."</p> - -<p>Meanwhile W. H. Dall has published (1877) his monograph on -the "Tribes of the Extreme Northwest,"<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> in which he includes -Wyman's and also some of Otis's data on the Eskimo (and Aleut) -skulls from Alaska and Asia. The Tshuktshi are now classed as -Asiatic Eskimo, the Mahlemuts as Eskimo from St. Michael Island. -The total number of skulls described in the former series is 11, in -the latter series 6 (of Aleuts the number of skulls measured is 27 -adults and 7 children). The means of the principal measurements -of the Eskimo series, both sexes together, are as follows:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Jeffries Wyman's and Otis's Measurements of Western Eskimo Crania"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Jeffries Wyman's and Otis's Measurements of Western Eskimo Crania</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th>Crania (both sexes)</th> - <th>Length</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Height</th> - <th>Cranial index</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Asiatic Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr">17.8</td> - <td class="tdr">14.1</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northwest American Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr">17.5</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.1</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>There were also taken the weight, capacity, circumference, longitudinal -arch, length of the frontal, parietal, and occipital, "zygomatic -diameter," and in two specimens of each series the facial -angle. To-day these data have but a historical value.</p> - -<p>In 1882, Quatrefages and Hamy,<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> in their "Crania ethnica" -(p. 440) give the measurements of two male Kaniagmiouts (Kodiak -Indian, A. Pinart, collector) and one female Mahlemiout. The principal -measurements of these skulls are as follows:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Crania ethnica"> -<col></col> -<col span="2" width="33.3%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Males (2)</th> - <th>Female (1)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Skull:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">18.6</td> - <td class="tdr">17.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">14.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height (bas.-bg.)</td> - <td class="tdr">14.3</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cranial index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.34</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.65</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">5.9</td> - <td class="tdr">5.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nasal index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>38.98</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.09</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Facial index, total</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70.37</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orbital index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.24</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>In 1883 Dr. Irving C. Rosse, in his "Medical and Anthropological -Notes on Alaska,"<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> refers to his examination of a number of Eskimo -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>skulls from the St. Lawrence Island brought to the Army Medical -Museum.<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> There are no measurements outside of a reference to the -capacity, but there are two excellent chromolithographs showing two -female crania, besides a number of outline drawings.</p> - -<p>The next data on the western Eskimo skull are in rather unsatisfactory -condition. They are those of Boas. In his report on the "Anthropologie -der nordamerikanischen Indianer,"<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> Doctor Boas mentions -the cranial index of the Alaska Eskimo to average <em>77</em>; and on -page 397 he reports the same index as secured on 37 "Alaska Eskimo" -skulls, apparently of both sexes. The only note relating to these -figures is found on page 393, where it is stated that these results -proceed from measurements that had been made for the author at -the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, the American Museum, New York, -the Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, and the United States Army -Medical Museum, Washington; and that he utilized also the measurements -of Barnard Davis and Otis. On 22 of the above western -Eskimo skulls there is also given the length-height index of <em>76.6</em>. -There is no information as to either sex or locality. There are no -other measurements.</p> - -<p>Deniker (1901) and later Martin (1914) repeat the data given by -Boas.</p> - -<p>In 1890 Tarenetzky<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> publishes measurements and observations on -four Koniag (Kodiak) skulls and one Oglemute (Aglegmute, Alaska -Peninsula). The main measurements (pp. 70-71) are:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="1890 Tarenetzky"> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Koneage<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></th> - <th>Koneage</th> - <th>Koneage</th> - <th>Koneage</th> - <th>Means<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> of the four from Kodiak Island</th> - <th>Aglegm-jute (Alaska Peninsula)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Skull:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">17.1</td> - <td class="tdr">16.4</td> - <td class="tdr">17.2</td> - <td class="tdr">16.8</td> - <td class="tdr">16.88</td> - <td class="tdr">19.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - <td class="tdr">15.7</td> - <td class="tdr">15.8</td> - <td class="tdr">14.4</td> - <td class="tdr">14.93</td> - <td class="tdr">13.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td class="tdr">14.4</td> - <td class="tdr">14.0</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.68</td> - <td class="tdr">14.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cranial index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">4.7</td> - <td class="tdr">5.3</td> - <td class="tdr">5.7</td> - <td class="tdr">5.9</td> - <td class="tdr">5.40</td> - <td class="tdr">5.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">2.4</td> - <td class="tdr">2.5</td> - <td class="tdr">2.6</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nasal index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Orbital index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.1</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p> - -<p>In 1900 Sergi<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> reports on four Kodiak skulls that he examined in -Paris. Two of these are probably Aleut (or Indian). The cranial -indices were, respectively, <em>75.8</em>, <em>78.3</em>, <em>88</em>, and <em>88.2</em>.</p> - -<p>In 1916 E. W. Hawkes presented a thesis on the "Skeletal Measurements -and Observations on the Point Barrow Eskimo, with Comparisons -from other Eskimo Groups."<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> The number of skulls measured -was 27, of which 14 were identified as adult males, 5 adult females, 6 -adolescents, and 2 infants. In addition there are measurements by -Ralph Linton of other skeletal parts than the skull of three skeletons.</p> - -<p>The measurements, though the first taken by this author, have evidently -been taken in a painstaking manner and according to modern -methods, and are therefore of some value. An abstract of those on -the adults follows:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Principal Measurements of Point Barrow Crania, by Hawkes"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Principal Measurements of Point Barrow Crania, by Hawkes</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="2" width="25%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Males (14)</th> - <th>Females (5)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Vault:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">18.91</td> - <td class="tdr">17.86</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">13.73</td> - <td class="tdr">13.58</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-bregma height</td> - <td class="tdr">13.86</td> - <td class="tdr">13.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cranial index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.65</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.06</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height-length index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.24</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.45</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height-breadth index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>100.68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.01</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Face:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diam. bizygom. max</td> - <td class="tdr">14.10</td> - <td class="tdr">13.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">BF:BH proportion</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>102.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Chin-nasion height</td> - <td class="tdr">13.15</td> - <td class="tdr">11.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Alveolar point-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">7.42</td> - <td class="tdr">6.80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial index, total</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.13</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.48</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial index, upper</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.20</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.05</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">5.66</td> - <td class="tdr">5.24</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - <td class="tdr">2.18</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>40.69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>41.62</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orbits:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">3.76</td> - <td class="tdr">3.59</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">4.13</td> - <td class="tdr">4.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dental arch:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">5.31</td> - <td class="tdr">6.27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">4.96</td> - <td class="tdr">6.06</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.7</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>In 1923 Cameron<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> published the following data on six western -Eskimo skulls from Port Clarence, collected by the Canadian Arctic -Expedition:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Post Clarence (Seward Peninsula) Eskimo Crania"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Post Clarence (Seward Peninsula) Eskimo Crania</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="7" width="11.1%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="4">Vault</th> - <th colspan="4">Nose</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Length</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Height</th> - <th>Cranial index</th> - <th>Length</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Nasal index</th> - <th>Orbital index</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Males:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">18.9</td> - <td class="tdr">13.9</td> - <td class="tdr">14.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.9</td> - <td class="tdr">2.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">18.7</td> - <td class="tdr">14.3</td> - <td class="tdr">13.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.3</td> - <td class="tdr">2.5</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">18.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.25</td> - <td class="tdr">14.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">6.0</td> - <td class="tdr">2.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>36.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">17.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.0</td> - <td class="tdr">13.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">19.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.7</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mean: 18.68</td> - <td class="tdr">13.63</td> - <td class="tdr">13.82</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.97</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.73</td> - <td class="tdr">2.40</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>41.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Female: 17.85</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.1</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The last contribution to the craniology of the western Eskimo -before the present report are the data embodied in my "Catalogue -of Human Crania in the United States National Museum Collections," -published in 1924.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> These data are embodied in those of the -present report.</p> - -<p>For ready survey the old records on western Eskimo crania are -given in the following table. A sex distinction in the earlier reports -was mostly impracticable or remained doubtful.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Previous Measurements of Western Eskimo Skulls"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Previous Measurements of Western Eskimo Skulls</span></caption> -<col span="2"></col> -<col span="8" width="9.1%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="4">Vault</th> - <th colspan="4">Nose</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Length</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Height</th> - <th>Cranial index</th> - <th>Length</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Nasal index</th> - <th>Orbital index</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td>Icy Cape, ♀ (Morton, 1839)</td> - <td class="tdr">17.02</td> - <td class="tdr">12.70</td> - <td class="tdr">12.70</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.6</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td>Asiatic Eskimo ("Tschuktchi"): mean (Daniel Wilson, 1862)</td> - <td class="tdr">17.60</td> - <td class="tdr">13.59</td> - <td class="tdr">13.77</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.2</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td>Port Clarence (Barnard Davis, 1867)</td> - <td class="tdr">17.86</td> - <td class="tdr">13.64</td> - <td class="tdr">13.59</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td>Kotzebue Sound, ♀ (Barnard Davis, 1867)</td> - <td class="tdr">17.40</td> - <td class="tdr">13.35</td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.6</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td>Asiatic Eskimo (Wyman and Otis, 1868-1876)</td> - <td class="tdr">17.80</td> - <td class="tdr">14.10</td> - <td class="tdr">13.20</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.3</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td>N. W. Amer. Eskimo (St. Michael Island) (Wyman and Otis, 1868-1876)</td> - <td class="tdr">17.50</td> - <td class="tdr">13.20</td> - <td class="tdr">13.10</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.1</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td>Kodiak Island, ♂ (Quatrefages and Hamy, 1882)</td> - <td class="tdr">18.60</td> - <td class="tdr">14.20</td> - <td class="tdr">14.30</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.35</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.9</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39</em></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td>Kodiak, ♀ (Quatrefages and Hamy, 1882) </td> - <td class="tdr">17.90</td> - <td class="tdr">13.90</td> - <td class="tdr">13.20</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.65</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.1</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.1</em></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>(37 western Eskimo)<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> (Boas, 1895)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>77</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td>Kodiak Island, ♀<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> (Tarenetzky, 1900)</td> - <td class="tdr">16.88</td> - <td class="tdr">14.93</td> - <td class="tdr">13.68</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.4</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td>Kodiak Island,<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> (Sergi, 1900)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr bbox">2:<em>77.1</em><br />2:<em>88.1</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td>Point Barrow, ♂ (Hawkes, 1916)</td> - <td class="tdr">18.91</td> - <td class="tdr">13.73</td> - <td class="tdr">13.86</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.65</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.66</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>40.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td>Point Barrow, ♀ (Hawkes, 1916)</td> - <td class="tdr">17.86</td> - <td class="tdr">13.58</td> - <td class="tdr">13.30</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.24</td> - <td class="tdr">2.18</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>41.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td>Port Clarence, ♂ (Cameron, 1923)</td> - <td class="tdr">18.68</td> - <td class="tdr">13.63</td> - <td class="tdr">13.82</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.73</td> - <td class="tdr">2.40</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>41.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td>Port Clarence, ♀ (Cameron, 1923)</td> - <td class="tdr">17.85</td> - <td class="tdr">13.10</td> - <td class="tdr">12.80</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.1</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Voyage pittoresque autour du Monde, by Louis Choris, Paris, 1822, pp. 15, 16.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Wilson, Daniel, Prehistoric man. Two vols. Lond., 1862; <span class="smcap">II</span>, pl. 15; 3d ed., 1876, -<span class="smcap">II</span>, 192, 15.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Wilson, Daniel, Physical ethnology. Smithsonian Report for 1862, Washington, 1863, -pp. 261-262. The measurements of the Tchuktchi are given in the Prehistoric Man, -vol. <span class="smcap">II</span>, Table 16.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Observations on Crania. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., <span class="smcap">XI</span>, 440-462. Boston, 1868.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Topinard, P., Mesures craniometriques des Esquimaux. Rev. d'Anthrop., 1873, <span class="smcap">II</span>, -499-522.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> List of the specimens in the Anatomical Section of the Army Medical Museum. -Washington, 1880.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Rae, John, Eskimo skulls. J. Anthrop. Inst. Gr. Brit, London, 1878, <span class="smcap">VII</span>, 142.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Rep. U. S. Geogr. Surv. W. of 100 Merid., vol. <span class="smcap">VII</span>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> U. S. Geog. and Geol. Surv. Rocky Mt. Reg. Contributions to North American Ethnology, -<span class="smcap">I</span>. Washington, 1877, p. 63 et seq.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Quatrefages, A. de, and Hamy, E. T., Crania ethnica. Paris, 1882, 438, 440.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Cruise of the <em>Corwin</em> in 1881. Washington, 1883, p. 38.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Now in the Division of Physical Anthropology of the U. S. National Museum.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> 1895, Verh. Berliner, Ges. Anthrop. p. 367 et seq.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Tarenetzky, Al., Beitrüge zur Craniologie der Ainos auf Sachalin. Mem. Acad. imp. -Sc. St. Pétersb., 1890, XXXVII, No. 13, 1-55.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Most if not all the Kodiak skulls are doubtless females, the Oglemute a male. Quite probably also -the Kodiak skulls are those of Aleuts and not of Eskimo.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> By present author.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Sergi, G., Crani Esquimesi. Atti della società Romana di antropologia, Roma, 1900, -<span class="smcap">VII</span>, 2, 93-102.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Am. Anthrop., 1916, <span class="smcap">XVIII</span>, 203-244.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Cameron, John, Osteology of the western and central Eskimo. Rep. Canad. Arctic -Exp., 1913-1918. Ottawa, 1923. With a report on the teeth by S. G. Ritchie and J. S. -Bagnall. Table and means by the present writer.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> No. 1: The Eskimo, Alaska and Related Indians, Northeastern Asiatics. Proc. U. S. -Nat. Mus., 1924, <span class="smcap">LXIII</span>; sep., 51 pp.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> No details; series comprises specimens measured by Wyman, Otis, and Barnard Davis.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Probably Aleuts, not Eskimo.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Not the same with those of Tarenetzky; two probably Aleut.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Present Data on the Western Eskimo</span></h3> - - -<h4>THE LIVING</h4> - -<p>Barring the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands in the south and the -Chukchee territory in the west, the Bering Sea is wholly the sea of -the Eskimo, the Indians occupying the inland but reaching nowhere -to the coast. There is doubtless much of significance in this remarkable -distribution. It is now quite certain that the Eskimo has not -been pressed out by the Indian; there are as a rule no traces of him -farther inland than where he has been within historic times. On -the other hand no Indian remnants or remains are known from -any part of the coasts or islands within the Eskimo region; though -the study of the older sites in these regions has barely as yet begun, -besides which (see Narrative) it is a serious question whether really -old sites could now be located in these regions at all even if they had -once existed. At all events the Eskimo appears from all indications -to be the latest comer, and judging from his remains his occupancy -here is not geologically ancient; it is one to be counted, apparently, in -many hundreds of years rather than in thousands. The Aleuts in the -south are, as I have pointed out in the Catalogue (No. 1, 1924, p. 39), -not Eskimo but Indians, related to the general Alaska Indian type; -and the Pribilof Islands appear never to have been occupied until -fairly recently, when a good number of Aleuts, mostly mixed bloods, -have been transported and established there in the interest of the -seal fisheries.</p> - - -<h4>MEASUREMENTS OF LIVING WESTERN ESKIMO</h4> - -<p>Thanks to Moore, Collins, and Stewart, all of the National -Museum, instructed by me and working with the same instruments, -we now have several small to fair series of measurements on -the living western Eskimo of both sexes. They are tabulated below. -They are the first made on these groups and will be of much interest -both in general and in connection with the measurements made on the -skulls and bones of most of the same people. The main points shown -are as follows:</p> - -<p><em>Stature.</em>—The stature of the males ranges from markedly to moderately -submedium. There is a considerable similarity. Only the -Yukon group and that of Togiak reach near or slightly above medium, -the general human medium for males approaching 165 centimeters. -The female stature on the St. Lawrence Island averages 12 -centimeters less than that of the males, which is about the difference -found in most other peoples. At Hooper Bay, and especially at the -Nunivak Island, the difference is less, indicating either that the males -are slightly stunted or that the growth of the females is somewhat -favored.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p> - -<p><em>Height sitting.</em>—The height-sitting-stature index ranges from -slightly to quite notably higher than it is in other races, indicating -a tendency toward a relatively long trunk and somewhat short limbs. -A study of the long bones shows that this is due especially, if not -wholly, to the relative shortness of the tibia; and the subdevelopment -of this bone may, it seems, be ascribed to a great deal of squatting -both at home during the long winters and in the canoes. The male -Eskimo show more difference from other males in this respect than -the Eskimo females show from other females.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p> - -<p><em>Arm span.</em>—Relatively to the stature the length of the arms in the -Eskimo males is shorter than it is in other racial groups, though there -appears to be some inequality in this respect. This shortness would -be especially marked if we compared the arm span with the height -sitting. It is due essentially to a shortness of the distal half of the -upper limbs. The males once more show this disproportion more -as compared to other males than the females compared with others -of their sex. (See comp. data in Old Americans.) This may be -connected in some way with the male Eskimo work and habits; or it -may be an expression of a correlative subdevelopment with that of the -lower limbs. It is a good point for further study.</p> - -<p><em>The head.</em>—The head, especially when taken in relation to the -stature, is of good size, particularly on the Nunivak Island and on the -Yukon. This agrees with what is known of the Eskimo head, skull, -and brain elsewhere.</p> - -<p>The size of the Eskimo head—which is not caused by a thick skull—will -best be appreciated by contrasting it with that of civilized whites. -In whites in general the mean head diameter or cephalic module -ranges in males from approximately 15.70 to 16.40; in the male western -Eskimo groups the range is 15.87 to 16.08, and 16.11 in the group -at Marshall on the Yukon. The percentage relation of the module to -stature in 12 groups of male whites, including the old Americans, -averages <em>9.31</em> to <em>10.11</em>; in the male Eskimo groups it is from <em>9.57</em> to -<em>9.94</em>. In females, the cephalic module is 15.57 in the old Americans, -15.36 to 15.68 in the Eskimo; the relation of the module to stature in -the former being <em>9.59</em>, in the latter <em>10.15</em> to <em>10.25</em>.</p> - -<p>In the western Eskimo woman the head dimensions are particularly -favorable. In the old American whites the mean head diameter -in the female is to that of the male on the average as <em>95</em> to 100; in -the two main groups of the western Eskimo it is as <em>96.1</em> and <em>96.7</em> to -100. Nothing is known as to the cause of this apparently favorable -status of the Eskimo woman; it is another interesting point for -further inquiry.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p> -<p>In shape, the head of the western Eskimo is highly mesocephalic -to moderately brachycephalic and of only fair height, and it seldom -approaches the scaphoid or dome-shaped. It is not the narrow, high, -keeled skull of the northeastern and often the northern Eskimo. -The physiognomy, the characteristics of the body, and the mentality -and behavior, are in general typical Eskimo; but the form of the -vault is substantially different. It is a form which approaches on -one side that of the northwesternmost Indian, and on the other that of -the northeastern and Mongoloid Asiatics. More must be said about -this when we come to consider the skull.</p> - -<p><em>The forehead.</em>—Anthropometric studies have shown repeatedly<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> -that the height of the forehead is not a safe gauge of intelligence, -as commonly believed, but is controlled by the variable height of -the hair line. Thus the common full-blood American Negro -laborer and servant show a slightly higher forehead than the educated -old American whites.</p> - -<p>Something of a similar nature is found in the Eskimo. As seen -in the following table, in the males the western Eskimo forehead is -absolutely, and especially relatively to stature, higher than it is in -the whites. In the females the absolute height in the two races is -identical, but relatively to stature the Eskimo again shows a clear -though somewhat lesser advantage. The condition is apparently not -due to the size of the head, for this is not greater than in the whites, -in the males; while in the females, where the Eskimo shows a -slightly larger head than the white in relation to stature, the forehead -fails to correspond.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Dimensions of Forehead"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Dimensions of Forehead</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Western Eskimo</th> - <th colspan="2">Old Americans</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Male</th> - <th>Female</th> - <th>Male</th> - <th>Female</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>cm.</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>cm.</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>cm.</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>cm.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height, nasion to hair line</td> - <td class="tdr">6.86</td> - <td class="tdr">6.45</td> - <td class="tdr">6.59</td> - <td class="tdr">6.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation to stature</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>4.23</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>4.23</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>3.78</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>3.80</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Breadth: Diameter frontal minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">10.58</td> - <td class="tdr">10.54</td> - <td class="tdr">10.59</td> - <td class="tdr">10.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation of diameter frontal minimum to breadth of face</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Forehead index <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(H×100)</span><br />(B)</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>64.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>61.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>63.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>62.1</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>With the lower breadth of the forehead, conditions are also interesting. -The absolute figures for the two races show a reversal. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> -The height of the forehead is larger in the Eskimo than in the white -males, equal in the females; the lower frontal breadth is equal in the -males but larger in the Eskimo than in the white female. Proportionately -to stature, which is so much lower in the Eskimo, both sexes -of the latter show an advantage in the dimension over the white.</p> - -<p>The percental relation of the breadth of the forehead to that of -the face reflects the excess of the latter in the Eskimo, particularly -the male. There is evidently not a full direct correlation between -the two dimensions. Yet relatively to its height the face is broader -in the females than in the males (see below), which is doubtless -not without influence on the lower breadth of the forehead in the -former.</p> - -<p>To summarize, the western Eskimo forehead exceeds in area that -of the American whites, in both sexes, and that particularly in relation -to stature. As to the individual measurements, the male Eskimo -forehead as contrasted with that of the white is especially high, the -female especially broad.</p> - -<p>To which should be added that in the Eskimo the spheno-temporal -region is often remarkably full, almost bulging, so that, contrary -to what may be observed in the Negro, the frontal maximum -diameter is also probably larger than in the whites, all of which -doubtless has significance, even though this is not yet fully understood.</p> - -<p><em>The face.</em>—The principal measurements and relations are given -below. They show a face large and especially broad. Moreover, -relatively to its height the face is especially broad in the Eskimo -female, in connection doubtless with the well-known excess of the -work (in softening leather, etc.) of her jaws, with consequent development -of the muscles of mastication, which in turn broaden the -zygoma.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Dimensions of the Face"> - <caption class="bb"><span class="smcap">Dimensions of the Face</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb"></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl bb">Western Eskimo</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl bb">Old Americans</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl bb">Male</th> - <th class="bb">Female</th> - <th class="bl bb">Male</th> - <th class="bb">Female</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height, menton-nasion</td> - <td class="tdc bl">12.67 </td> - <td class="tdc">11.64</td> - <td class="tdc bl">12.15 </td> - <td class="tdc">11.09</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Females to males (M=100)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>91.9</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>91.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter bizygomatic maximum</td> - <td class="tdc bl">14.88 </td> - <td class="tdc">14.30</td> - <td class="tdc bl">13.87 </td> - <td class="tdc">12.99</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Females to males (M=100)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>96.1</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>93.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Facial index, anatomic</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>85.2</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>81.4</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>87.6</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>85.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Facial module (or mean diameter), anatomic</td> - <td class="tdc bl">13.77 </td> - <td class="tdc">12.97</td> - <td class="tdc bl">13.01 </td> - <td class="tdc">12.04</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Female to male (M=100)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>94.2</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>92.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation of female and male to stature</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>8.49</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>8.50</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>7.46</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>7.44</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p> - -<p>The great size of the Eskimo face is especially apparent in the -relations of the mean diameter of the face to stature; it is in this -respect no less than 12 per cent in excess of that of the whites in the -males and 12.5 per cent in the females.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p> - -<p><em>Lower facial breadth.</em>—Due to the great development of the masseter -muscles and the consequent frequent lesser or greater eversion -of the angles of the lower jaw, the bigonial diameter in the Eskimo -is very large, particularly when taken in relation to stature, and in -such relation it looms especially large in the females. Compared -with the old American whites, the bigonial breadth in its relation to -stature is higher in the Eskimo males by 15.5 per cent, in the Eskimo -females by 17.7 per cent. And measurements of Eskimo lower jaws -in general show that this breadth in the western contingents is not -exceptional.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Lower Facial Breadth"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Lower Facial Breadth</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb"></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl bb">Western Eskimo<br />(St. Lawrence Island)</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl bb">Old Americans</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl bb">Males</th> - <th class="bb">Females</th> - <th class="bl bb">Males</th> - <th class="bb">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter bigonial</td> - <td class="tdc bl">11.78 </td> - <td class="tdc">11.18</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.63 </td> - <td class="tdc">9.84</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Female vs. male</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>94.9</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>92.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation to stature</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>7.21</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>7.39</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>6.09</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>6.08</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation to breadth of face</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>80</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>79.5</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>76.7</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>75.8</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p><em>The nose.</em>—The nose of the western Eskimo promises to be of -much importance in the study of Eskimo origins in general. Nowhere -in this region is it like the nose of the northern or northeastern -groups. It is decidedly broader. Its breadth is intermediary -between that of the Alaska and other Indians and that of the northern -and northeastern Eskimo, connecting with both, and these characteristics -are so generalized throughout western Alaska and the Bering -Sea islands that they can not possibly be attributed to Indian or -other admixture. Nor can this relatively broad nose of the western -Eskimo be well attributed to environmental effects, i. e., to a broadening -of a formerly narrow nose through climatic conditions. There -do not appear to be any such conditions. The only rational explanation -seems to be that this is the more original condition of the -Eskimo nose, and that the northern and northeastern narrowness -is a later derivation. More may be said on this point when we -come to consider the skeletal remains.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 39</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_39a.jpg" width="700" height="415" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">The Wales People</span></p> - -<p>(Photo by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 528px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 40</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_40a.jpg" width="528" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">The Long and Broad-faced Types, Wales</span></p> - -<p>(Photo by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 41</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_41a.jpg" width="563" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Broad-faced and low-vaulted Eskimo, St. Lawrence Island. (Photo by R. -D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_41b.jpg" width="569" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Broad-faced type, St. Lawrence Island. (Photo by R. D. Moore, 1912. -U.S.N.M.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 482px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 42</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_42a.jpg" width="482" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, A young man from Seward Peninsula.</p></div> -<img src="images/plate_42b.jpg" width="585" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, A boy from St. Lawrence Island.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Long-faced Type</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 492px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 43</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_43a.jpg" width="492" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A "Hypereskimo," King Island. Excessively Developed -Face</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 480px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 44</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_44a.jpg" width="480" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Eskimo "Madonna" and Child, Northern Bering Sea Region</span></p> - -<p>(Photo by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Eskimo nose is also high, which goes with the height of the -whole face; that in turn evidently is attributable to more work and -demand—in brief, more mastication. The nose, face, lower jaw, and -other parts of the Eskimo anatomy offer rare opportunities for -studies in the heredity of acquired characters.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Nose Measurements"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Nose Measurements</span></caption> -<col span="5" width="20%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="3"></th> - <th colspan="2">American whites</th> - <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Western Eskimo</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Old Americans and immigrants</th> - <th>Old Americans</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13 groups)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6 groups)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height</td> - <td class="tdr">4.95-5.4</td> - <td class="tdr">4.94</td> - <td class="tdr">5.47-6.03</td> - <td class="tdr">5.03</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">3.45-3.6</td> - <td class="tdr">3.25</td> - <td class="tdr">3.82-3.93</td> - <td class="tdr">3.61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>62.5-73</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>63.7-71.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.9</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p><em>The mouth.</em>—The western Eskimo mouth is large. It is considerably -larger (wider) than in the old American whites, though -these are of much higher stature. In relation to stature the width -of the western Eskimo mouth exceeds that in the white old Americans -by 13 per cent in the males and by nearly 14 per cent in the -females, but there is a close relation with that of a large group -of Indians. The details follow:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="bb" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Mouth Width"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Mouth Width</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb bt"></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bt bl">Western Eskimo<br />(Nunivak and<br />St. Lawrence Islands)</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bt bl">16 tribes of Indians<br />of the Southwest<br />and northern Mexico.</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bt bl">Old American whites.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl bb">Males</th> - <th class="bl bb">Females</th> - <th class="bl bb">Males</th> - <th class="bl bb">Females</th> - <th class="bl bb">Males</th> - <th class="bl bb">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Width</td> - <td class="tdc bl">5.73 </td> - <td class="tdc">5.44</td> - <td class="tdc bl">5.85 </td> - <td class="tdc">5.49</td> - <td class="tdc bl">5.37 </td> - <td class="tdc">4.95</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Females versus males</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>94.9</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>93.8</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>92.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation to stature</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>3.53</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>3.57</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>3.50</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>3.55</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>3.07</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>3.08</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p><em>The ears.</em>—The ears of the western Eskimo are large. They are -especially long. They exceed in both size and relative length those -of whites, but are in both respects much more like those of the -American Indian. The excess in length, both in the Eskimo and -the Indian, is especially marked when this measurement is taken in -relation to stature.</p> - -<p>Relatively to its length, the ear of the female Eskimo in all our -groups is somewhat narrow, giving a lower index. This is not -observed in the available whites and Indians.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p> - -<p>None of the series below are affected seriously by the age factor; -though with an organ so much influenced by age as the ear the ideal -way would be to compare only groups of the same age.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Ears"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Ears</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Western Eskimo</th> - <th colspan="2">Miscellaneous North<br />American Indian</th> - <th colspan="2">Old American whites<br />(Labor Ser.)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height of left ear</td> - <td class="tdr">7.05</td> - <td class="tdr">6.61</td> - <td class="tdr">7.25</td> - <td class="tdr">6.95</td> - <td class="tdr">6.69</td> - <td class="tdr">6.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Breadth of left ear</td> - <td class="tdr">3.82</td> - <td class="tdr">3.49</td> - <td class="tdr">3.90</td> - <td class="tdr">3.70</td> - <td class="tdr">3.79</td> - <td class="tdr">3.47</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ear index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation of ear length to stature</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>4.34</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>4.33</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>4.25</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>4.35</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>3.84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>3.68</em></td> - </tr> -</table> -<br /> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Ears"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Western Eskimo groups</th> - <th>Whites in general</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height of left ear</td> - <td class="tdc">6.71- 7.40 6.49-6.73</td> - <td class="tdc">6.20- 6.69</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Breadth of left ear</td> - <td class="tdc">3.72- 4.04 3.45-3.57</td> - <td class="tdc">3.58- 3.79</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ear index</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>53.3 -58.9</em> <em>52.3 -53.1</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56 -58.6</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p><em>The chest.</em>—The best measurements of the chest, experience has -shown, are the antero-posterior and lateral diameters at the nipple -height in the males and at the corresponding level of the upper border -of the fourth costal cartilages in the females. They give not merely -the individual dimensions but also their relation, which is of much -ontogenic as well as other interest, and their mean gives the chest -module which in relation to the stature is anthropologically as well as -individually (medically) important.</p> - -<p>The table following gives the chest measurements in the western -Eskimo, in a large group of Indians (my older data), and in the old -American whites as well as others.</p> - -<p>The Eskimo chest is large. In the males, in addition, it is very -deep. Compared to that of the white old Americans it is markedly -deeper in the males and broader in the females, notwithstanding the -fact that the Americans are much taller. It is even larger, besides -being relatively deeper in the males and somewhat broader in the -females, than it is in many tribes of the Indian. Only tall and -bulky Indians such as the Sioux show a chest that is absolutely -somewhat larger, but in relation to stature, with which the dimensions -of the chest stand in close correlation,<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> the Eskimo prevails -even in this instance. This excess in chest development in the Eskimo -must be ascribed in the main to his occupations and exertions, particularly -again, it would seem, in connection with the canoe.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Chest Measurements"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Chest Measurements</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Western Eskimo,<br />Nunivak Island</th> - <th colspan="2">16 tribes of southwestern<br />and New Mexico Indians</th> - <th colspan="2">Old Americans</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stature</td> - <td class="tdr">161.8</td> - <td class="tdr">153.1</td> - <td class="tdr">167.3</td> - <td class="tdr">-155.</td> - <td class="tdr">174.3</td> - <td class="tdr">161.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">29.97</td> - <td class="tdr">28.63</td> - <td class="tdr">29.89</td> - <td class="tdr">28.21</td> - <td class="tdr">29.76</td> - <td class="tdr">26.62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Depth</td> - <td class="tdr">24.63</td> - <td class="tdr">-22.</td> - <td class="tdr">22.77</td> - <td class="tdr">21.91</td> - <td class="tdr">21.70</td> - <td class="tdr">20.03</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.15</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.66</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Module</td> - <td class="tdr">27.30</td> - <td class="tdr">25.32</td> - <td class="tdr">26.33</td> - <td class="tdr">25.06</td> - <td class="tdr">25.73</td> - <td class="tdr">23.32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Module vs. stature</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>16.87</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>16.53</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>15.74</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>16.17</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.75</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.41</em></td> - </tr> -</table> -<br /> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Chest Measurements"> -<col span="4" width="25%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>4 other groups of<br />western Eskimo, males</th> - <th>72 Sioux<br />Indians, males</th> - <th>12 other groups<br />of white males</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stature</td> - <td class="tdc">-160.6-166.</td> - <td class="tdc">-174.</td> - <td class="tdc">163.4-171.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Breadth</td> - <td class="tdc">-29.6-30.</td> - <td class="tdc">31.92</td> - <td class="tdc">-25.9-28.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Depth</td> - <td class="tdc">-23.-24.75</td> - <td class="tdc">-26.</td> - <td class="tdc">20.9-22.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>76.7-83.3</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>81.4</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>72.9-81.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Module</td> - <td class="tdc">26.97</td> - <td class="tdc">28.96</td> - <td class="tdc">23.4-25.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Module vs. stature</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>16.56</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>16.64</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>14.22-14.84</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p><em>The hand.</em>—The hand of the Eskimo is small, both absolutely and -relatively to stature. But it is rather broad relative to its length, -giving a high index. The index is higher than that of any of the -groups available for comparison, white or Indian, excepting a few -groups of immigrant whites, laborers.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Hand"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Hand</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="7" width="11.1%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Western Eskimo,<br />(group means)</th> - <th colspan="2">16 tribes of<br />southwestern and<br />Mexican Indians</th> - <th colspan="2">Old Americans</th> - <th>12 groups of<br />immigrant<br />whites</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Left hand:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdc">17.35-18.42</td> - <td class="tdc">16.60-16.85</td> - <td class="tdc">18.53</td> - <td class="tdc">17.20</td> - <td class="tdc">19.28</td> - <td class="tdc">17.34</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdc">8.60-8.90</td> - <td class="tdc">7.78-8.20</td> - <td class="tdc">8.51</td> - <td class="tdc">7.71</td> - <td class="tdc">9.18</td> - <td class="tdc">7.87</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation of hand length to stature</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>10.96</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>10.94</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>11.07</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>11.13</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>11.05</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>10.70</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>-11.-11.3</em></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Hand"> -<col></col> -<col span="10" width="8.3%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Western<br />Eskimo</th> - <th colspan="2">Southwestern and<br />Mexican Indians</th> - <th colspan="2">Sioux</th> - <th colspan="2">Old American<br />whites</th> - <th colspan="2">12 other groups<br />of whites</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="bb">Hand index</td> - <td class="tdr bb">49.5</td> - <td class="tdr bb">47.5</td> - <td class="tdr bb">45.9</td> - <td class="tdr bb">44.8</td> - <td class="tdr bb">47.6</td> - <td class="bb"></td> - <td class="tdr bb">47.6</td> - <td class="tdr bb">45.4</td> - <td class="tdr bb">47.6-50.3</td> - <td class="bb"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="0">72 Sioux males: <em>11.40.</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p> - -<p><em>The foot.</em>—The foot of the western Eskimo, like his hand, is both -absolutely and relatively to stature rather short, but it is broad, -giving a high breadth-length index. Its actual breadth perceptibly -exceeds that of the much taller old American whites, though not -reaching that of any of the immigrant laborers.</p> - -<p>Contrary to what was seen in the case of the hand, the relative -proportions of the Eskimo foot, as expressed by the index, are almost -identical with those of the southwestern and Mexican Indians. The -Sioux foot is relatively longer, and so is that of whites except -southern Italians, who, though their foot as a whole is larger, give -the same index as the Eskimo.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Foot"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Foot</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="7" width="11.1%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Western<br />Eskimo</th> - <th colspan="2">16 tribes of<br />southwestern and<br />Mexican Indians</th> - <th colspan="2">Old Americans</th> - <th>12 groups of<br />immigrant<br />whites</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Left foot:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">24.23</td> - <td class="tdr">22.13</td> - <td class="tdr">25.42</td> - <td class="tdr">23.30</td> - <td class="tdr">26.12</td> - <td class="tdr">23.33</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">9.72</td> - <td class="tdr">8.70</td> - <td class="tdr">10.15</td> - <td class="tdr">9.07</td> - <td class="tdr">9.49</td> - <td class="tdr">8.36</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation foot length-stature</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.94</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.51</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>15.19</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>15.08</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.97</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.42</em></td> - <td><em>15.36-15.73</em></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Hand"> -<col></col> -<col span="10" width="8.3%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Western<br />Eskimo</th> - <th colspan="2">Southwestern and<br />Mexican Indians</th> - <th colspan="2">Sioux</th> - <th colspan="2">Old American<br />whites</th> - <th colspan="2">12 other groups<br />of whites</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="bb">Foot index</td> - <td class="tdr bb">40.1</td> - <td class="tdr bb">39.3</td> - <td class="tdr bb">39.9</td> - <td class="tdr bb">38.9</td> - <td class="tdr bb">37.1</td> - <td class="bb"></td> - <td class="tdr bb">36.3</td> - <td class="tdr bb">35.8</td> - <td class="tdr bb">37.9-40.1</td> - <td class="bb"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="0">72 Sioux males: <em>15.40.</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p><em>Girth of the calf.</em>—The western Eskimo, like the American Indians, -are characterized by a rather slender calf. The size of the -calf correlates in a large measure with stature. Reducing our measurements -to calf girth-stature ratios, these are seen to be much alike -in the three racial groups used for comparison, namely the Eskimo, -the Indian, and the old American white. But this is deceptive. -The correlation of size of calf with stature is not uniform (see "Old -Americans," p. 348) for all stature groups; as the scale in stature -descends the calf is relatively stouter. If we take white Americans -of approximately the same stature with the Eskimo here considered, -there appears a higher ratio, showing that stature for stature the -girth of the calf of the Eskimo is smaller, notwithstanding his generally -more ample supply of adipose tissue. Once more his relation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> -is closer with the Indian. The Eskimo and the Indian women -are especially much alike, while the white women make a marked -exception—their calfs (as well as thighs) have more fat than is -found in those of their Eskimo and Indian sisters.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="bt bb" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Measurements of the Leg"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Measurements of the Leg</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th class="bt bb"></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bt bb bl">Western<br />Eskimo</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bt bb bl">Southwestern and<br />Mexican Indians<br />(16 tribes)</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bt bb bl">Old white<br />Americans</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>Male</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>Female</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>Male</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>Female</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>Male</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>Female</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Maximum girth of left calf</td> - <td class="tdc bl">33.6 </td> - <td class="tdc">31.4</td> - <td class="tdc bl">34.1 </td> - <td class="tdc">32</td> - <td class="tdc bl">36.1 </td> - <td class="tdc">35.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation to stature</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>20.7</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>20.6</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>20.52</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>20.54</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>20.3</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>21.95</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation to stature in those approaching the Eskimo stature</td> - <td class="tdc bl"></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc bl"></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>21.6</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>22.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Females v. males (M=100)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>93.5</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>93.9</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>98.3</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> For comparative data on these and other proportions see writer's Old Americans, -Baltimore, 1925; also Topinard's and Martin's textbooks.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> See Old Americans; also the writer's The natives of Kharga Oasis, Egypt, Smiths. -Misc. Coll., Washington, 1912; Anthropology of the Chippewa, Holmes Anniv. Vol., -Washington, 1916; and Measurements of the Negro, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1928, <span class="smcap">XII</span>, -No. 1.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> A word of slight caution is due here. In all these cases the proper way would be to -compare the Eskimo with whites of same mean stature. But we have no such whites -available. As it is the comparisons must be taken merely as approximations, but they -are so close approximations that the substance of the conclusions is probably correct.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> The chest dimensions correlate with stature, respectively the trunk height, and the -breadth correlates with the depth; but both are influenced by function.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Physiological Observations</span></h3> - -<p>Due to various difficulties which do not exist to that extent elsewhere, -the physiological observations on the Eskimo are neither as numerous -or extended as would be desirable; yet there are some data of value. -They extend to the pulse, respiration, temperature, and dynamometric -tests of hand pressure. They were made mainly on St. Lawrence -and Nunivak Islands, by Moore, Collins, and Stewart. They -quite agree, especially after elimination of some records that are -clearly erroneous or abnormal. The tests should be extended with -even more rigid precautions in future work among the Eskimo.</p> - -<p>The results are given below. They were all made in the summer -season and on healthy subjects, yet there were numerous indications -of temporary disorders, pathological or functional. Even after a -careful elimination of the obvious cases of such disorders not a few -minor irregularities have doubtless remained, so that the data can -not be taken for more than fairly close approximations to the normal.</p> - -<p>The data show remarkably low pulse, respiration rate and temperature -close to those of whites, with a submedium hand pressure. -(For comparative data see "Old Americans.") The low pulse is -also characteristic in the Indian, as I have repeatedly pointed out -before (see especially my "Physiological and Medical Observations -among the Indians," etc., Bull. 34, Bur. Amer. Ethn., Washington, -1908).</p> - -<p>The dynamometric tests agree also better with those on the Indians -than with those on whites; they are valid only as to the hands, and -they embody not only the strength of the muscles but also that of the -conscious impulse behind them. The age factor, of importance, does -not here enter materially into the case.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border tdc bbox" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Pulse, Respiration, Temperature, and Strength"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Pulse, Respiration, Temperature, and Strength</span><br /> - ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND ESKIMO<br /> - MALES—ALL</caption> -<col span="5" width="20%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Pulse<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></th> - <th rowspan="2">Respiration<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></th> - <th rowspan="2">Temperature<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></th> - <th colspan="2">Strength (Collins dynamometer)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Pressure right hand</th> - <th>Pressure left hand</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>(63)</td> - <td>(54)</td> - <td>(61)</td> - <td>(60)</td> - <td>(60)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>62.1</td> - <td>20.1</td> - <td>98.64</td> - <td>34.36</td> - <td>28.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>(40-78)</td> - <td>(15-25)</td> - <td>(97.6-99.4)</td> - <td>(19.5-45.5)</td> - <td>(19.5-44)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>(47)</td> - <td>(47)</td> - <td>(47)</td> - <td>(57)</td> - <td>(57)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>61.3</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>20.4</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>98.84</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>34.34</td> - <td><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>29.78</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">FEMALES—SUSPICIOUS CASES ELIMINATED</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>(25)</td> - <td>(25)</td> - <td>(25)</td> - <td>(47)</td> - <td>(47)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>72.4</td> - <td>20</td> - <td>99.13</td> - <td>20.13</td> - <td>16.81</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>(54-84)</td> - <td>(15-23)</td> - <td>(98.4-99.9)</td> - <td>(14.5-29)</td> - <td>(12-22.5)</td> - </tr> -</table> -<br /> -<table class="border tdc bbox" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Pulse, Respiration, Temperature, and Strength"> - <caption>NUNIVAK ISLAND ESKIMO</caption> -<col span="3" width="33%"></col> - <tr> - <th>Pulse <a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></th> - <th>Respiration<a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></th> - <th>Temperature<a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><em>Males</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>(6)</td> - <td>(6)</td> - <td>(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>63.2</td> - <td>18.2</td> - <td>98.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>(52-68)</td> - <td>(16-21)</td> - <td>(97.8-98.4)</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The details of these six records were:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border bbox" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Pulse, Respiration, Temperature, and Strength"> -<col span="5" width="20%"></col> - <tr> - <th>Age<br />(year)</th> - <th>Time of day</th> - <th>Pulse<br />(p. m.)</th> - <th>Respiration</th> - <th>Temperature</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">4.40</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdr">21</td> - <td class="tdr">98.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">33</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">66</td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr">97.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - <td class="tdr">68</td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr">98.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">45</td> - <td class="tdr">1.25</td> - <td class="tdr">68</td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr">98.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">40</td> - <td class="tdr">1.30</td> - <td class="tdr">64</td> - <td class="tdr">(14)</td> - <td class="tdr">97.8</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>In connection with the pressure tests in the two hands, some interesting -comparisons are possible between the Eskimo here dealt with -and the old white Americans. As all the tests were made with the -same instrument and method the results inspire confidence. It is in -details of this nature that the anthropologist finds again and again -the most striking proofs of the basal unity of the living races and -their necessarily common origin somewhere in the past.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="bb bt" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Pressure Force in the Hands in the Western Eskimo and Old White"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Pressure Force in the Hands in the Western Eskimo and Old White Americans</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb bt"></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bl bt">Western Eskimo</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bl bt">Old Americans</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bb bl">Male</th> - <th class="bb bl">Female</th> - <th class="bb bl">Male</th> - <th class="bb bl">Female</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pressure:</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>Kg.</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>Kg.</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>Kg.</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>Kg.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Right hand</td> - <td class="tdc bl">34.36 </td> - <td class="tdc">20.13</td> - <td class="tdc bl">41.8 </td> - <td class="tdc">23.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Left hand</td> - <td class="tdc bl">28.75 </td> - <td class="tdc">16.81</td> - <td class="tdc bl">36.1 </td> - <td class="tdc">19.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation of left to right</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>83.7</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>83.5</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>86.4</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>83.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation of female to male (M=100)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - <td></td> - <td class="bl"></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Right hand</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>55.8</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>55.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Left hand</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>53.7</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl"><em>53.7</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Sitting, at rest, no signs of any health disorder.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Sitting, at rest.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Sitting, at rest, sub lingua.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Subjects where all three determinations were not possible -and the most suspicious ones (abnormally above or below the -mean) eliminated.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Summary of Observations on the Living Western Eskimo</span><a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></h3> - -<p>These Eskimo are generally of submedium stature, occasionally -reaching medium. The distal parts of their extremities are relatively -short. Walk in adult males somewhat awkward.</p> - -<p>In head form they are highly mesocephalic to moderately brachycephalic; -the height of the head averages about medium. The -head is of good size, especially when taken in relation to stature. -The forehead is above medium in both height and breadth.</p> - -<p>The face is large in all dimensions, generally full and rather -flat. In men it not seldom approaches a square form. The lower -jaw region is largely developed, the angles of the lower jaw are -broad to protruding.</p> - -<p>The nose is of fair breadth, with bridge somewhat narrow above -and on the whole only moderately high. The mouth is large, lips -medium to somewhat above. The ears are long. Beard spare on -sides of face, mostly sparse on chin; mustache sparse and often limited -to tufts above the corners of the mouth. Expression generally good-natured, -smiling.</p> - -<p>The chest is large, in females broad, in males especially deep. -There is but a mild lumbar curve and no steatopygy. The lower -limbs in females are less stout and shapely than they are in whites. -The hands and feet are small, but, particularly the foot, relatively -broad.</p> - -<p>Temperature and respiration approach those in normal whites, -though they appear frequently to be slightly higher; pulse normally is -slow.</p> - -<p>Dynamometric tests of strength (pressure, both hands) give somewhat -lower records than in whites.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Incorporated in this are writer's own observations.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Remarks</span></h3> - -<p>The most noteworthy and important result of these studies on -the living western Eskimo is the evidence, coming to light again -and again, of their fundamental somatic relations to the Indian. -These relations are too numerous and weighty to be accidental. Nor -can they be ascribed to mixture with the Indian in such far-away -groups as the St. Lawrence Islanders, who so long as known have -never had any direct or even indirect contact with Indians. These -relations in dimensions and relative proportions of the body, and -in physiological characteristics such as the slow normal pulse, are -supplemented by many phases of behavior, and often by a more or -less Indianlike physiognomy. They inevitably lead to the conclusion -that the Eskimo and the Indian are in the root members of -the same family. They are two digits of the same hand, separate -and diverging, yet at base joined to and derived from the same -source. And this source, according to many indications, is the -paleo-asiatic, "mongoloid," stem of northern Asia. The western -Eskimo shows to be nearer this source than his more northern and -northeastern relatives, indicating either that he is a later comer, or, -which is more probable, that he has changed less in the south than -in the north. It may be possible to say something more on this -subject after the skeletal remains have been considered.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 421px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 45</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_45a.jpg" width="421" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Young Woman, Northern Bering Sea Region</span></p> - -<p>(Photo by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 492px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 46</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_46a.jpg" width="492" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Young Women, Full-blood Eskimos, Seward Peninsula</span></p> - -<p>(Photo by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 47</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_47a.jpg" width="700" height="406" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">A Point Hope Group</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 48</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_48a.jpg" width="562" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Eskimo woman, Kevalina. (Photo on the <em>Bear</em> by A. H., 1926. U.S.N.M.)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_48b.jpg" width="560" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, The body build of an adult Eskimo woman. Upper Bering Sea</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 549px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 49</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_49a.jpg" width="555" height="700" alt="" /> -<img src="images/plate_49b.jpg" width="549" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Elderly Woman, St. Lawrence Island</span></p> - -<p>(Photos by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 584px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 50</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_50a.jpg" width="584" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Yukon Eskimo, below Paimute. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_50b.jpg" width="632" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Norton Sound Eskimo woman and child. (A. H., 1926)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 555px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 51</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_51a.jpg" width="581" height="700" alt="" /> -<img src="images/plate_51b.jpg" width="555" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Eskimo, Indianlike; Northern Bering Sea Region</span></p> - -<p>(Photos by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 542px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 52</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_52a.jpg" width="529" height="700" alt="" /> -<img src="images/plate_52b.jpg" width="542" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Eskimo, Indianlike; Northern Bering Sea Region</span></p> - -<p>(Photos by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 588px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 53</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_53a.jpg" width="584" height="700" alt="" /> -<img src="images/plate_53b.jpg" width="588" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Eskimo, Indianlike; Northern Bering Sea Region</span></p> - -<p>(Photos by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 415px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 54</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_54a.jpg" width="415" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Eskimo, Indianlike; Northern Bering Sea Region</span></p> - -<p>(Photo by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 424px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 55</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_55a.jpg" width="424" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Eskimo, Indianlike; Northern Bering Sea Region</span></p> - -<p>(Photo by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 441px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 56</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_56a.jpg" width="441" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Eskimo, Indianlike; Arctic Region</span></p> - -<p>(Photo by Lomen Bros.)</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 440px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 57</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_57a.jpg" width="440" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Siberian Eskimo and Child, Indian Type</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 494px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 58</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_58a.jpg" width="494" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>a</em>, Mrs. Sage, Kevalina. Fine Indian type. Born on Notak. Both -parents Notak "Eskimo." (A. H., 1926.)</p></div> - -<img src="images/plate_58b.jpg" width="700" height="377" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><em>b</em>, Eskimo family, Indianlike; near Barrow. (A. H., 1926.)</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Western Eskimo: Measurements on the Living"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Western Eskimo: Measurements on the Living</span><br /> - [Measurements by Collins and Stewart, except as noted]</caption> -<col></col> -<col span="11" width="7.7%"></col> -<thead> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="7">Males—Locality</th> - <th colspan="4">Females—Locality</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Kulukak</th> - <th>Togiak</th> - <th>Tanunuk (Nelson Island)</th> - <th>Nunivak Island</th> - <th>Hooper Bay</th> - <th>Marshall, Lower Yukon</th> - <th>St. Lawrence Island</th> - <th>Kanakanak, Bristol Bay</th> - <th>Nunivak Island</th> - <th>Hooper Bay</th> - <th>St. Lawrence Island</th> - </tr> -</thead> -<tbody> - <tr> - <td>Date of record</td> - <td class="tdc">(1927)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1927)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1927)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1927)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1927)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1927)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1912)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1927)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1927)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1927)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1912)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Subjects measured</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(20)</td> - <td class="tdc"><a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>(6)</td> - <td class="tdc"><a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>(63)</td> - <td class="tdc"><a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc"><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>(48)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Age</td> - <td>Adult.</td> - <td>Adult.</td> - <td>Adult.</td> - <td>Adult.</td> - <td>Adult.</td> - <td>Adult.</td> - <td>Adult.</td> - <td>Near adult.</td> - <td>Adult.</td> - <td>Adult.</td> - <td>Adult.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stature</td> - <td class="tdr">160.6</td> - <td class="tdr">166</td> - <td class="tdr">162.7</td> - <td class="tdr">161.8</td> - <td class="tdr">162.5</td> - <td class="tdr">163.8</td> - <td class="tdr">163.3</td> - <td class="tdr">147.8</td> - <td class="tdr">153.1</td> - <td class="tdr">153</td> - <td class="tdr">151.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height sitting</td> - <td class="tdr">86</td> - <td class="tdr">89.75</td> - <td class="tdr">90.62</td> - <td class="tdr">88.86</td> - <td class="tdr">89.48</td> - <td class="tdr">90.22</td> - <td class="tdr">88.4</td> - <td class="tdr">(83.08)</td> - <td class="tdr">84.36</td> - <td class="tdr">83.80</td> - <td class="tdr">84.07</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height-sitting-stature index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.95</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.70</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.06</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.08</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.13</em></td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>56.21</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.10</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.77</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.55</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arm span vs. stature</td> - <td class="tdr">+2.8</td> - <td class="tdr">+6.7</td> - <td class="tdr">+5.5</td> - <td class="tdr">+2.7</td> - <td class="tdr">+.7</td> - <td class="tdr">+5.1</td> - <td class="tdr">+.6</td> - <td class="tdr">+1.5</td> - <td class="tdr">-.7</td> - <td class="tdc">(?)</td> - <td class="tdr">-.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Head:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">19.06</td> - <td class="tdr">18.95</td> - <td class="tdr">19.37</td> - <td class="tdr">19.70</td> - <td class="tdr">19.13</td> - <td class="tdr">19.05</td> - <td class="tdr">19.33</td> - <td class="tdr">18.10</td> - <td class="tdr">18.85</td> - <td class="tdr">18.85</td> - <td class="tdr">18.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">15.56</td> - <td class="tdr">15.70</td> - <td class="tdr">15.37</td> - <td class="tdr">15.48</td> - <td class="tdr">15.57</td> - <td class="tdr">15.85</td> - <td class="tdr">15.40</td> - <td class="tdr">15.26</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdr">15.30</td> - <td class="tdr">14.77</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a></td> - <td class="tdr">12.98</td> - <td class="tdr">13.02</td> - <td class="tdr">12.90</td> - <td class="tdr">13.07</td> - <td class="tdr">13.11</td> - <td class="tdr">13.43</td> - <td class="tdr">13.23</td> - <td class="tdr">13.01</td> - <td class="tdr">12.81</td> - <td class="tdr">12.90</td> - <td class="tdr">12.76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cephalic module</td> - <td class="tdr">15.87</td> - <td class="tdr">15.89</td> - <td class="tdr">15.88</td> - <td class="tdr">16.08</td> - <td class="tdr">15.94</td> - <td class="tdr">16.11</td> - <td class="tdr">15.99</td> - <td class="tdr">15.46</td> - <td class="tdr">15.55</td> - <td class="tdr">15.68</td> - <td class="tdr">15.36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cephalic index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Face:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Menton-crinion</td> - <td class="tdr">19.70</td> - <td class="tdr">20.05</td> - <td class="tdr">19.70</td> - <td class="tdr">19.23</td> - <td class="tdr">19.41</td> - <td class="tdr">19.85</td> - <td class="tdr">20.01</td> - <td class="tdr">18.73</td> - <td class="tdr">18.45</td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr">18.03</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Menton-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">12.89</td> - <td class="tdr">12.87</td> - <td class="tdr">12.58</td> - <td class="tdr">12.74</td> - <td class="tdr">12.47</td> - <td class="tdr">12.78</td> - <td class="tdr">12.68</td> - <td class="tdr">(11.79)</td> - <td class="tdr">12.11</td> - <td class="tdr">11.50</td> - <td class="tdr">11.31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter bizygomatic maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">14.74</td> - <td class="tdr">15.27</td> - <td class="tdr">14.95</td> - <td class="tdr">14.99</td> - <td class="tdr">14.97</td> - <td class="tdr">14.85</td> - <td class="tdr">14.73</td> - <td class="tdr">(13.95)</td> - <td class="tdr">14.31</td> - <td class="tdr">14.55</td> - <td class="tdr">14.03</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Physiognomic facial index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>62.9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Anatomical facial index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height of forehead (nasion-hair line)</td> - <td class="tdr">6.81</td> - <td class="tdr">7.18</td> - <td class="tdr">7.12</td> - <td class="tdr">6.49</td> - <td class="tdr">6.94</td> - <td class="tdr">7.07</td> - <td class="tdr">7.33</td> - <td class="tdr">6.94</td> - <td class="tdr">6.34</td> - <td class="tdr">6.50</td> - <td class="tdr">6.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Breadth of forehead (diameter front—minimum)</td> - <td class="tdr">10.26</td> - <td class="tdr">10.75</td> - <td class="tdr">10.65</td> - <td class="tdr">10.54</td> - <td class="tdr">10.35</td> - <td class="tdr">10.38</td> - <td class="tdr">10.94</td> - <td class="tdr">10.62</td> - <td class="tdr">10.38</td> - <td class="tdr">10.65</td> - <td class="tdr">10.58</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter bigonial</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.78</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.18</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">5.65</td> - <td class="tdr">6.03</td> - <td class="tdr">5.57</td> - <td class="tdr">5.58</td> - <td class="tdr">5.48</td> - <td class="tdr">5.42</td> - <td class="tdr">5.47</td> - <td class="tdr">(5.02)</td> - <td class="tdr">5.17</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">4.89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">3.88</td> - <td class="tdr">3.82</td> - <td class="tdr">3.85</td> - <td class="tdr">3.89</td> - <td class="tdr">3.89</td> - <td class="tdr">3.60</td> - <td class="tdr">3.93</td> - <td class="tdr">(3.35)</td> - <td class="tdr">3.59</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.63</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nasal index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>63.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mouth: Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">5.64</td> - <td class="tdr">5.82</td> - <td class="tdr">5.70</td> - <td class="tdr">5.87</td> - <td class="tdr">5.74</td> - <td class="tdr">5.70</td> - <td class="tdr">5.60</td> - <td class="tdr">(4.81)</td> - <td class="tdr">5.56</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ear (left):</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">6.71</td> - <td class="tdr">7.17</td> - <td class="tdr">7.18</td> - <td class="tdr">7.05</td> - <td class="tdr">6.79</td> - <td class="tdr">6.52</td> - <td class="tdr">7.40</td> - <td class="tdr">(5.99)</td> - <td class="tdr">6.49</td> - <td class="tdr">6.60</td> - <td class="tdr">6.73</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">3.76</td> - <td class="tdr">3.82</td> - <td class="tdr">3.72</td> - <td class="tdr">3.91</td> - <td class="tdr">3.69</td> - <td class="tdr">3.38</td> - <td class="tdr">4.04</td> - <td class="tdr">(3.49)</td> - <td class="tdr">3.45</td> - <td class="tdr">3.45</td> - <td class="tdr">3.57</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ear index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>58.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>58.3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chest:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">29.58</td> - <td class="tdr">29.65</td> - <td class="tdr">29.70</td> - <td class="tdr">29.97</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">29.96</td> - <td class="tdr">(27.43)</td> - <td class="tdr">28.63</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Depth</td> - <td class="tdr">24.10</td> - <td class="tdr">24.35</td> - <td class="tdr">24.75</td> - <td class="tdr">24.63</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">23</td> - <td class="tdr">(19.39)</td> - <td class="tdr">22</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Chest index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.2</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>(<em>70.7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.8</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hand (left):</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">17.35</td> - <td class="tdr">17.87</td> - <td class="tdr">17.55</td> - <td class="tdr">18.42</td> - <td class="tdr">17.61</td> - <td class="tdr">18.12</td> - <td class="tdr">17.94</td> - <td class="tdr">(15.90)</td> - <td class="tdr">16.62</td> - <td class="tdr">16.85</td> - <td class="tdr">16.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">8.68</td> - <td class="tdr">8.60</td> - <td class="tdr">8.90</td> - <td class="tdr">8.81</td> - <td class="tdr">8.76</td> - <td class="tdr">8.70</td> - <td class="tdr">8.63</td> - <td class="tdr">(7.53)</td> - <td class="tdr">7.82</td> - <td class="tdr">8.20</td> - <td class="tdr">7.78</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Hand index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>50.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>49.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Foot (left):</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">24.82</td> - <td class="tdr">24.05</td> - <td class="tdr">24.31</td> - <td class="tdr">23.88</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">24.07</td> - <td class="tdr">(22.08)</td> - <td class="tdr">22.27</td> - <td class="tdr">22.15</td> - <td class="tdr">21.98</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">9.88</td> - <td class="tdr">9.90</td> - <td class="tdr">9.81</td> - <td class="tdr">9.40</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">9.61</td> - <td class="tdr">(8.55)</td> - <td class="tdr">8.85</td> - <td class="tdr">8.65</td> - <td class="tdr">8.59</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Foot index</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>37.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>41.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>40.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>38.7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>40.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Leg: Circumference, maximum</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">32.62</td> - <td class="tdr">34.42</td> - <td class="tdr">33.56</td> - <td class="tdr">33.64</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">(32.39)</td> - <td class="tdr">32.12</td> - <td class="tdr">29.70</td> - <td class="tdr">32.33</td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Measurements by Collins.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Measurements by R. D. Moore.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Oldest girls of an orphanage.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> From the base line of the 2 meatus; this and all other measurements, including those of 1912, were taken by Hrdlička's methods and with his instruments. (See his "Anthropometry," -Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, 1920.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Subadult in chest.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Present Data on the Skull and other Skeletal Remains of the -Western Eskimo</span></h3> - - -<h4>THE SKULL</h4> - -<p>Until recently collections of skeletal remains of the western Eskimo -were confined largely to skulls. The material in our own institutions -comprised a small collection of Mahlemut (St. Michael Island) and -"Chukchee" (Asiatic Eskimo) crania made in the early sixties by -W. H. Dall; a larger series of crania gathered in 1881 on St. Michael -and St. Lawrence Islands by E. W. Nelson; 28 skulls with 3 skeletons -brought in 1898 by E. A. McIlheny from Point Barrow; a valuable -lot of skulls from Indian Point, Siberia, with a few from St. -Lawrence Island, collected by W. Bogoras; and some scattered specimens -by other explorers. To this were added in 1912 an important -collection of skulls, with a few skeletons, made by Riley D. Moore, at -that time my aide, on St. Lawrence Island; an important lot of crania -gathered a few years later by V. Stefánsson at Point Barrow; and a -third large and highly interesting lot, this time of both skulls and -skeletons, collected near Barrow for the University Museum at Philadelphia -in 1917-1919 by W. B. Van Valin. But none of the later material -was described excepting the McIlheny collection which, in 1916, -was reported upon by E. W. Hawkes.<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a></p> - -<p>During the survey which is the subject of this report a special -effort was made to collect all the older skeletal material along the -Bering Sea and Arctic coasts that could be reached, and the result -was the bringing back of some 450 crania, nearly 50 with skeletons, -and many separate parts of the skeleton; nearly all of the specimens -proceeding from localities thus far not represented in the collections. -To which were added in 1927 nearly 200 skulls with a good number -of skeletons gathered by H. B. Collins, jr., assistant curator in the Department -of Anthropology, United States National Museum, and my -aide, T. D. Stewart, on Nunivak Island and along the west coast of -Alaska from Bristol Bay to near the Yukon delta.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a></p> - -<p>We thus have now a relatively vast amount of skeletal material on -the western Eskimo; it is essentially a virginal material; it is well -identified as to locality; and the specimens are mostly in very good -condition.</p> - -<p>Aside from Hawkes's thesis, nothing of note had been published -on these collections until 1924, when the first number of my Catalogue -of Human Crania in the United States National Museum Collections -appeared, which includes the principal measurements on -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>290 skulls of the western Eskimo. Since then, in view of the growing -importance of the subject, I have remeasured every specimen -reported before; have measured personally all the new collections; -and thanks to the kindness of those in charge have been enabled to -extend the measurements to all the collections of Eskimo crania, -both from Alaska and elsewhere, that were preserved up to the -spring of 1928 at the National Museum at Ottawa, the American -Museum of Natural History of New York, and the Wistar Institute -of Philadelphia, which now contains the University Museum collections. -The total records reach now to 1,283 adult skulls from practically -all important parts of the total Eskimo area, besides a considerable -quantity of other bones of the skeleton. The main results -of the work will be given here, the detailed measurements being reserved -for another number of the Catalogue.</p> - -<p>To save repetitions and possible confusion and to show more clearly -the status of the southwestern and midwestern Eskimo, the entire -cranial material will be dealt with in this section, and previous -records on the northeastern and a few other groups of the Eskimo -will not be drawn upon to preserve the advantage of dealing with -data obtained by the same methods, instruments, and observer.</p> - -<p>In presenting the records it is found expedient, both on geographical -and anthropological grounds, to make but three groupings. -The first of these comprises the Eskimo from their southernmost -limit to Norton Sound and the Bering Sea islands; the second group -takes in Seward Peninsula (or the larger part of it) and the Arctic -coast to Point Barrow; while the third embraces all the Eskimo -east of Point Barrow. The first of these three groups is remarkably -homogeneous, the second and third show each some exceptional units. -It may be said at once that the dialectic subdivisions of Dall, -Nelson, and others, in a large majority of cases are not found to be -accompanied by corresponding physical differences, so that in a -somatological classification they become submerged.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Skeletal Measurements and Observations of the Point Barrow Eskimo, Amer. Anthrop., -n. s. <span class="smcap">XVIII</span>, pp. 203-244, Lancaster, 1916.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> In 1928 Mr. Collins brought another important accession to these collections.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>SKULL SIZE</h4> - -<p>The external size of the skull is best expressed by the cranial -module or mean of the three principal diameters; the internal size, -respectively the volume of the brain, by the "cranial capacity."</p> - -<p>The module among the southwestern and midwestern Eskimo averages -15.44 centimeters in the males and 14.77 centimeters in the females. -For people of submedium stature these are good dimensions. -Fifty-two male and 40 female skulls of the much taller Sioux (writer's -unpublished data) give the modules of only 15.25 and 14.27 centimeters; -while 6 male and 9 female Munsee Indians, also tall,<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> give -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>practically the same values as these Eskimos, namely 15.48 centimeters -for the males and 14.75 centimeters for the females.</p> - -<p>Not all the western groups, however, give equally favorable proportions. -In general, the coast people below Norton Sound, and -especially below the Yukon, give, so far as the males are concerned, -the lowest values. It is interesting to note that it is precisely these -people who among the western Eskimo are reputed to be about -the lowest also in culture. The Togiak and near-by Kulukak males -showed, as seen before, also about the smallest head in the living. -The St. Lawrence Island males stand just about the middle, but -the females of this island, as, interestingly, also in the living, show -markedly less favorably. The Nunivak skulls, as with the living, are -somewhat above the average, while in the small Pilot Station -(Yukon) group, just as in the near-by contingent of Marshall among -the living, the males have the largest heads in this western territory. -The lower Yukon Eskimo were also shown, it may be recalled, to be -of a higher stature than the majority of the coast people. It is a -group that deserves further attention.</p> - -<p>The module of the female skull does not evidently stand always -in harmony with that of the male. The most striking example of -this is shown, as already mentioned, by the St. Lawrence Island -females, both skulls and the living. The females of this isolated -island are also unduly short, but their small head is not entirely -due to the defective stature. There must exist on this island, it would -seem, some conditions that are disadvantageous to the female. In -the small groups, such as that from the Little Diomede, the disharmonies -are doubtless partly due to small numbers of specimens, but -there may also be other factors, such as the bringing in of women -from other places.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> - -<p>Taking the mean of all the groups equalizes conditions, and it is -seen that the module in both sexes is almost identical with that of -the more northern groups, to Point Barrow. But the north Arctic -and northeastern groups give a cranial module that in both sexes is -somewhat higher, though their stature, according to the available -data (Deniker, Boas, Duckworth, Steensby, Thalbitzer), is not -superior.</p> - -<p>A very remarkable showing is that of the percentage relation of the -female to male skull size in the three large groupings. In the first two -it is identical, in the third it differs less than could confidently be expected -among the closest relatives. Another remarkable fact is that -this important relation is found to be much like that in the Eskimo -in various groups of Indians; thus it was <em>96</em> in the Indians o<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>f -Arkansas and Louisiana,[3] <em>95.5</em> in the Munsee of New Jersey,<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> and <em>96.4</em> -in the Indian skulls of California.<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> But it is only <em>93.6</em> in the Sioux -(52 male, 40 female skulls) and differs more or less also in other -tribes and peoples. A comprehensive study of this relation, with -due respect to age, will some day well repay the effort.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo: Cranial Module"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo: Cranial Module</span> <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(L+B+H)</span><br />3</span><br /> - MALES IN ASCENDING ORDER</caption> -<col></col> -<col span="2" width="25%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Southwestern and midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak</td> - <td class="tdc">15.21</td> - <td class="tdc">14.73</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdc">15.22</td> - <td class="tdc">14.68</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwestern Alaska</td> - <td class="tdc">15.25</td> - <td class="tdc">14.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdc">15.30</td> - <td class="tdc">14.68</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdc">15.30</td> - <td class="tdc">14.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdc">15.33</td> - <td class="tdc">15.09</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(20)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik and Yukon Delta</td> - <td class="tdc">15.34</td> - <td class="tdc">14.83</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(145)</td> - <td class="tdc">(128)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdc">15.42</td> - <td class="tdc">14.27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Golovnin Bay to Cape Nome</td> - <td class="tdc">15.52</td> - <td class="tdc">14.65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(70)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdc">15.53</td> - <td class="tdc">14.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdc">15.54</td> - <td class="tdc">14.88</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdc">15.56</td> - <td class="tdc">15.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Port Clarence</td> - <td class="tdc">15.57</td> - <td class="tdc">(14.57)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdc">15.59</td> - <td class="tdc">14.64</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Yukon</td> - <td class="tdc">15.91</td> - <td class="tdc">15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(275)</td> - <td class="tdc">(290)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>General averages, approximately</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>15.44</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>14.77</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Females vs. males (M=100)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>95.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue Sound</td> - <td class="tdc">15.05</td> - <td class="tdc">(14.67)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdc">15.19</td> - <td class="tdc">14.71</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(132)</td> - <td class="tdc">(84)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdc">15.37</td> - <td class="tdc">14.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(47)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdc">15.45</td> - <td class="tdc">14.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(35)</td> - <td class="tdc">(34)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdc">15.46</td> - <td class="tdc">14.66</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Old Igloos near Barrow</td> - <td class="tdc">15.52</td> - <td class="tdc">14.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdc">15.66</td> - <td class="tdc">14.86</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(274)</td> - <td class="tdc">(217)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>General averages, approximately</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>15.39</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>14.73</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Females vs. males (M=100)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>95.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northern and northeastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(49)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdc">15.51</td> - <td class="tdc">14.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdc">15.55</td> - <td class="tdc">14.57</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdc">15.55</td> - <td class="tdc">15.04</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic</td> - <td class="tdc">15.63</td> - <td class="tdc">14.85</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdc">15.65</td> - <td class="tdc">15.18</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound</td> - <td class="tdc">15.81</td> - <td class="tdc">15.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(92)</td> - <td class="tdc">(89)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>General averages, approximately</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>15.62</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>14.92</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Females vs. males (M=100)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>95.5</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Bull. 62, Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 22, Nos. 326-313.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> More or less danger in such cases as these lies in erroneous sexing of the skulls. Due -to experience, care, and especially to the relatively numerous accompanying bones or -skeletons, this danger in the present series has been reduced to the minimum.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Bull. 62, Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 23.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Cat. Crania, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 2.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h4>MODULE AND CAPACITY</h4> - -<p>A comparison of considerable interest is also that of the cranial -module or mean diameter, to the capacity of the same skulls. This -comparison reveals an important sex factor.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> Relatively to the -module, the capacity is very appreciably smaller in the female than it -is in the male. This is a universal condition to which, so far as known, -there are occasional individual but no group exceptions. It appears -very clearly in the Eskimo. In 283 western male Eskimo skulls in -which we have so far measured the capacity,<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> the module averages -15.38 centimeters, the capacity 1,490 cubic centimeters; while -in 382 female skulls thus far gauged the former averages 14.82 -centimeters, the latter 1,337 cubic centimeters. The percentage -relation of the capacity to the module, the numbers taken -as a whole, is <em>96.8</em> in the males but only <em>90.2</em> in the females. This -means that relatively to the external size of the skull the female -Eskimo brain is 6.66 per cent smaller. Similar sex disproportion -exists in other American groups as well as elsewhere. Some day -when suitable data accumulate it will be of much interest to study -this condition on a wider scale.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> See writer's "Relation of the Size of the Head and Skull to Capacity in the Two -Sexes," Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1925, <span class="smcap">VIII</span>, No. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> All measured de novo by my aide, T. D. Stewart; for procedure see my "Anthropometry."</p></div></div> - - -<h4>ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON CRANIAL MODULE</h4> - -<p>Before we leave this subject, it may be well to point out two noteworthy -facts apparent from the data on the northwestern and northeastern -groups. The first is that the figures on both sexes from -Barrow and Point Barrow are very nearly the same, suggesting -strongly the identity of the people of the two settlements; and the -Point Hope group is in close relation. The second fact is the curious -identity of the old Igloo group, 8 miles southwest of Barrow, with -the Greenlanders. The import of this will be seen later.</p> - - -<h4>SKULL SHAPE</h4> - -<p>Utilizing the materials of the Otis and Barnard Davis Catalogues -and with measurements taken for him on additional specimens in -several of our museums, Boas, in 1895 (Verh. Berl. anthrop. Ges., -398), as already mentioned, reported the cranial index of 37 "western -Eskimo" skulls of both sexes (without giving localities or details) -as <em>77</em>. He also reports in the same place (p. 391) the cephalic -index of 61 probably male living "Alaska Eskimo," again without -locality, as <em>79.2</em>. These rather high indices and the relatively elevated -stature (61 subjects, 165.8 centimeters) lead him to believe (p. 376) -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>that both are probably due to an admixture with the Alaskan Indian, -though the report contains no measurements of the latter.</p> - -<p>The data that it is now possible to present may perhaps throw a -new light on the matter. As was already seen in part from the data -on the living, the head resp. the skull tends to relative shortness -and broadness throughout the southwestern, midwestern, and Bering -Sea region (excepting parts of the Seward Peninsula). Important -groups in this region, particularly those on some of the islands, had -little or no contact with the Indian. The cranial index in most of -the groups of the southwestern and midwestern Eskimo equals or -even exceeds that of the Indian. And Eskimo groups with a relatively -elevated cranial index are met with even in the far north, as -at Point Hope, Hudson Bay, and Smith Sound.<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> Finally, the -shorter and broader head connects with that of the Asiatic Eskimo -and that of the Chukchee, as well as other northeastern Asiatics.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a></p> - -<p>The records now available show the highest cranial indices to -occur on the coast between Bristol Bay and the Yukon and on lower -Yukon itself, while the lowest indices of the midwest area, though -still mesocranic, occur in the aggregate of Nunivak Island and the -mouths of the Yukon. Another geographical as well as somatological -aggregate is that of the people of the St. Lawrence and Diomede -Islands and of Indian Point, Siberia, the cranial index in these three -localities being identical.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo: Cranial Index"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo: Cranial Index</span><br /> - Mean of both sexes <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(Male+Female index)</span><br />2</span> on 1,281 adult skulls.<br /> - IN DESCENDING ORDER</caption> -<tbody> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Southwestern and midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak</td> - <td class="tdr">80.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">79.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdr">79.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Lower Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">79.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdr">78.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(26)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdr">78</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwestern Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">77.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(32)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdr">77.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdr">77.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(299)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr">77.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Port Clarence</td> - <td class="tdr">76.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(34)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik and Yukon Delta</td> - <td class="tdr">76.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr">75.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(116)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdr">75.6 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(222)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">76.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue Sound and Kobuk River</td> - <td class="tdr">75.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdr">74.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(101)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">74.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(73)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">73.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdr">73.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Golovnin Bay</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>72.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Igloos, southwest of Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">69.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northern and northeastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">76.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound</td> - <td class="tdr">76.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdr">74.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic</td> - <td class="tdr">73.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">73.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(101)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdr">71.9</td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> - -<p>The Seward Peninsula shows sudden differences. There are a -few localities along its southern coast where the cranial type belongs -apparently to the Bering Sea and southern area. One site at Port -Clarence was one of these. But already at Golovnin Bay, which -is not far from Norton Sound and St. Michael Island, and according -to the evidence of the most recent collections (Collins 1928), also -at Sledge Island, there is a sudden appearance of marked dolichocrany, -which is repeated at Wales, on the western extremity of the -peninsula, approached at Shishmaref, the main Eskimo settlement -on its northern shore, and, judging from some fragmentary material -seen at the eastern end of the Salt Lake, also in the interior. The -cause of this distinctive feature in the Seward Peninsula is for the -present elusive. The little known territory urgently needs a thorough -exploration.</p> - -<p>The distribution of the cranial index farther north along the -western coast shows several points of interest. The first is the -exceptional position of Point Hope, one of the oldest and most populous -settlements in these regions, which by its cranial index seems -to connect with the Bering Sea groups. The second is the closeness, -once more, of Barrow and Point Barrow. The third and greatest -is the presence, in a small cluster of old igloos 8 miles down the coast -from Barrow, of a group of people that finds no counterpart in its -cranial index and, as will be seen later, also in some other characteristics, -in the entire western region; in fact, in the whole Eskimo -territory outside of Greenland. As noted before, the size of the head -in this group is also closest to that of Greenland. These peculiar -facts indicate a problem that will call for separate consideration.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p> -<p>The northern and northeastern groups, with the exception of the -mesocranic Hudson Bay and Smith Sound contingents, and the very -dolichocranic Greenlanders, show dolichocrany much the same as -that of Barrow and Point Barrow.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Compare writer's "An Eskimo Brain," Amer. Anthrop. n. s., vol. <span class="smcap">III</span>, pp. 454-500, -New York, 1901; and his "Contribution to the Anthropology of Central and Smith Sound -Eskimo," Anthrop. Papers, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., <span class="smcap">V</span>, pt. 2, New York, 1910.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Compare, besides present data, measurements by Bogoras in his report on "The -Chukchee," Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1904-9, <span class="smcap">XI</span>, 33; 148 male and 49 female adults -gave him the mean stature of 162.2 and -152, the mean cephalic index of <em>82</em> and <em>81.8</em>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Including 4 female skulls collected by Collins in 1928 and received too late for general -inclusion into these series.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>HEIGHT OF THE SKULL</h4> - -<p>This is a measurement of much value, both alone and as a supplement -to the cranial index, for skulls with the same index may be -high or low and thus really of a radically distinct type.</p> - -<p>The height of the vault is best studied in its relation to the other -cranial dimensions, particularly to the mean of the length and -breadth, with both of which it correlates. But in the Eskimo it is -also of interest to compare the height with the breadth of the skull -alone. The former relation is known as the mean height index -and the latter as the height-breadth index. Both mean the percentage -value of the basion-bregma height as compared to the other -dimensions.</p> - -<p>The mean height index <span class="overunder">H<br /><span class="bt">(Mean of L+B)</span></span> advocated independently - -by the writer since 1916 (Bull. 62, Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 116), -is proving of much value in differentiation of types and has already -become a permanent feature in all writers' work on the skull. -There is a corresponding index also on the living.</p> - -<p>In the American Indian the averages of the index range from -approximately 76 to 90. (See Catalogue of Crania, U. S. Nat. Mus., -Nos. I and II.) Where the series of specimens are sufficiently large -the index does not differ materially in the two sexes. Indices below -80 may be regarded as low, those between 80 and 84 as medium, -and those above 84 as high.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a></p> - -<p>The southwestern and midwestern Eskimo skulls show mean -height indices that may be characterized as moderate to slightly above -medium. In general the broader and shorter skulls show lower -indices, approaching thus in all the characters of the vault the -Mongolian skulls of Asia. (Compare Catalogue Crania, U. S. Nat. -Mus., No. I.) The Indian Point, St. Lawrence Island, and Little -Diomede Island skulls are again, as with the cranial index, very close -together, strengthening the evidence that the three constitute the -same group of people. (Pls. 59, 60.)</p> - -<p>The northwestern Eskimo and most of those of the northeast -have relatively high vault. Barrow and Point Barrow are once -more almost the same. The Point Hope group shows a high vault, -though also rather broad. The somewhat broad Hudson Bay crania<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> -are but moderately high, like those of the southwestern Eskimo. The -northern Arctic skulls give smaller height than would be expected -with their type; the Southampton Island specimens give higher. -The old Igloo group from near Barrow stands again close to Greenland; -its skull is even a trace narrower and higher, standing in both -respects at the limits of the Eskimo. The whole, as with the cranial -index, shows evidently a rich field of evolutionary conditions.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo: Cranial Mean Height Index"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo: Cranial Mean Height Index</span><br /> - <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(<span class="smcap">H-Floor-Line of Aud. Meatus to Bg×100</span>)</span><br /> - <span class="smcap">Mean of L+B</span></span><br /> - MEAN OF BOTH SEXES IN ASCENDING ORDER</caption> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Southwestern and midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak</td> - <td class="tdr">81.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdr">82.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwest Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">82.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">82.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdr">82.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">82.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(116)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdr">83.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdr">83.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(34)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik and Yukon Delta</td> - <td class="tdr">83.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Port Clarence</td> - <td class="tdr">83.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdr">83.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(279)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr">84.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdr">84.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr">85.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(69)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">83.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(99)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">84.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue Sound and Kobuk River</td> - <td class="tdr">84.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(20)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdr">84.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdr">85.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(216)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">85.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Golovnin Bay—Cape Nome</td> - <td class="tdr">85.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(51)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Igloos, southwest of Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">86.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northern and northeastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">82.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic</td> - <td class="tdr">82.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">84.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound</td> - <td class="tdr">85.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(101)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdr">85.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdr">85.5</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The height-breadth index <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(H×100)</span><br />(B)</span> of the Eskimo skull shows in -substance the same conditions as did the mean height index, but -while less informative or dependable on one side, on the other it -accentuates the relative narrowness of the skull in some of the -groups.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 59</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_59a.jpg" width="700" height="417" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Skulls From Old Burials, Point Hope; Right Skull Shows Low Vault. (U.S.N.M.)</span></p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 60</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_60a.jpg" width="700" height="410" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Skulls From Old Burials, Point Hope; Right Skull Shows Low Vault. (U.S.N.M.)</span></p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo: Height-Breadth Index of the Skull"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo: Height-Breadth Index of the Skull</span><br /> - MEAN OF BOTH SEXES IN ASCENDING ORDER</caption> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Southwestern and midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak</td> - <td class="tdr">91.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Lower Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">92.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdr">93.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdr">93.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">93.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdr">93.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yukon Delta</td> - <td class="tdr">94.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwest Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">95.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdr">96.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(279)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr">96.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(116)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdr">96.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(31)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdr">96.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td class="tdr">96.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cape Nome and Port Clarence</td> - <td class="tdr">97.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr">98.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(99)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">98.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(69)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">98.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(20)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdr">98.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(216)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">99.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue Sound and Kobuk River</td> - <td class="tdr">99.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdr">100.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(51)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Igloos, southwest of Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">105.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northern and eastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">95.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Arctic</td> - <td class="tdr">97.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound</td> - <td class="tdr">98.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdr">99.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">99.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(101)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdr">101.8</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> These subdivisions are somewhat arbitrary and may, as data accumulate and are -better understood, be found to need some modification.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>THE FACE</h4> - -<p>The facial dimensions of the Eskimo skull offer a number of points -of unusual interest. The face is absolutely and especially relatively -to stature very large in all measurements. It is particularly high -between the upper alveolar point and nasion.</p> - -<p>The large size of the Eskimo face will best be appreciated from -a few figures.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" -summary="Facial Dimensions of the Western and Other Eskimo Crania -Compared With Those of the Siouan and Algonquian Tribes"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Facial Dimensions of the Western - and Other Eskimo Crania Compared With Those of the Siouan and - Algonquian Tribes</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Southwestern and midwestern Eskimo</th> - <th colspan="2">Eskimo in general</th> - <th>Siouan tribes</th> - <th>Algonquian tribes</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Mean of 14 groups (male)</th> - <th>10 groups (female)</th> - <th>27 groups (male)</th> - <th>22 groups (female)</th> - <th>12 groups (male)</th> - <th>15 groups (female)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total height (ment.-nas.)</td> - <td class="tdr">12.60</td> - <td class="tdr">(11.63)</td> - <td class="tdr">12.52</td> - <td class="tdr">(11.59)</td> - <td class="tdr">12.26</td> - <td class="tdr">12.11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Upper height (alv. pt.-nas.)</td> - <td class="tdr">7.87</td> - <td class="tdr">(7.29)</td> - <td class="tdr">7.79</td> - <td class="tdr">(7.21)</td> - <td class="tdr">7.52</td> - <td class="tdr">7.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Diameter bizyg. max.</td> - <td class="tdr">14.25</td> - <td class="tdr">(13.27)</td> - <td class="tdr">14.26</td> - <td class="tdr">(13.22)</td> - <td class="tdr">14.16</td> - <td class="tdr">13.89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Module of upper face <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">(U. H.+B)</span><br />2</span></td> - <td class="tdr">11.06</td> - <td class="tdr">(10.28)</td> - <td class="tdr">11.03</td> - <td class="tdr">(10.22)</td> - <td class="tdr">10.84</td> - <td class="tdr">10.62</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>So far as known there are no larger faces among the Indians than -those of the Sioux, yet they remain very perceptibly, in all three -measurements, behind the Eskimo. No face as large as that of the -Eskimo is known, in fact, from anywhere else in the world. In -whites the mean diameter of the largest faces (see data in Martin's -Lehrbuch Anthrop., 789-791) does not exceed 10.36 centimeters. -The above showing assumes especial weight when it is recalled that -both the Siouan and the Algonquian tribes are among the tallest there -are on the American Continent. The cause of the large size of the -Eskimo face can only be the excessive use of the jaws; no other -reason even suggests itself. But the character may already be more -or less hereditary. It furnishes another attractive subject for further -investigation.</p> - -<p>With its large dimensions the face of the Eskimo skull presents -generally also large orbits, large molars, submedium prominence and -breadth of the nasal bridge, shallow suborbital (canine) fossae, large -dental arch above medium teeth, and a large and stout lower jaw -with broad not seldom more or less everted angles, giving the whole -a characteristic appearance. With partial exception of the orbits -and the nose, which are subject also to other factors, all these features -of the Eskimo face are explainable as strengthenings resulting from -the increased function of mastication.</p> - -<p>The main dimensions of the cranial face in the three large groupings -of the Eskimo are given in the next table.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Western and Other Eskimo: Facial Dimensions in the Skull"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Western and Other Eskimo: Facial Dimensions in the Skull</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="10" width="8.3%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="3"></th> - <th colspan="5">Males</th> - <th colspan="5">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2" class="bl">Mentonnasion</th> - <th rowspan="2">Alveolar point-nasion</th> - <th rowspan="2">Diameter bizygomatic maximum</th> - <th colspan="2">Cranial facial index</th> - <th rowspan="2">Mentonnasion</th> - <th rowspan="2">Alveolar point-nasion</th> - <th rowspan="2">Diameter bizygomatic maximum</th> - <th colspan="2">Cranial facial index</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Total</th> - <th>Upper</th> - <th>Total</th> - <th>Upper</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Groups</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwestern and midwestern</td> - <td class="tdr">12.60</td> - <td class="tdr">7.87</td> - <td class="tdr">14.25</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr">11.63</td> - <td class="tdr">7.29</td> - <td class="tdr">13.27</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Groups</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northwestern</td> - <td class="tdr">12.58</td> - <td class="tdr">7.73</td> - <td class="tdr">14.23</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">11.55</td> - <td class="tdr">7.19</td> - <td class="tdr">13.18</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Groups</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Arctic and northeastern</td> - <td class="tdr">12.22</td> - <td class="tdr">7.69</td> - <td class="tdr">14.32</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr">11.61</td> - <td class="tdr">7.13</td> - <td class="tdr">13.15</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.2</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>These data show a number of interesting conditions. The height -of the upper face (alveolar point-nasion) is greatest in the southwestern -and midwestern groups, is slightly lower in the northwesterners, -and still further slightly lower in the north Arctic and the -northeast. On the other hand the facial breadth is slightly higher -in the north and east, and that although the vault has become -mostly decidedly narrower.</p> - -<p>These facts are shown best by the upper facial index, which in the -males descends quite perceptibly in the west from the south to the -north and in the Arctic from the west to the east. In the females -there is a parallel gradual diminution in the upper facial height -from the south to the north and then east, but the facial breadth -diminishes very slightly also instead of increasing, as a result of -which the upper facial index shows only minor differences; yet these -differences are in the same direction as those in the males.</p> - -<p>These matters are involved with a number of factors—the stature, -the breadth of the vault, and the development and direct influence -of the temporal muscles, besides hereditary conditions. Their proper -study will necessitate even more—in fact, much more—material than -is now at our disposal.</p> - -<p>The following table gives the distribution of the upper cranial -facial index in the various groups. Of the two indices that of the -whole face, including the lower jaw, is the less valuable; first, because -the jaw is often absent; second, because it is influenced by the height -of the lower jaw, which does not correlate perfectly with the upper; -and third, on account of the wear of the teeth, which in such people -as the Eskimo is very common and diminishes more or less the total -height of the face. Its averages in the three main groupings have -already been given. Its figures are not very exceptional.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Skulls: Facial Index, Upper"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Skulls: Facial Index, Upper</span><br /> - MEAN OF BOTH SEXES IN ASCENDING ORDER</caption> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Southwestern and Midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Lower Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">53.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cape Nome and Port Clarence</td> - <td class="tdr">54.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">54.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdr">54.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(93)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdr">54.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(262)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr">54.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">55.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdr">55.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdr">55.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwestern Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">55.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr">55.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td class="tdr">55.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdr">55.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdr">56.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(190)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">52.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue</td> - <td class="tdr">53.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdr">54.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(42)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Igloos north of Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">54.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(41)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">54.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(75)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">55.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(31)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdr">55.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northern and northeastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith South</td> - <td class="tdr">51.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdr">52.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">53.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(90)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdr">54.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">54.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic</td> - <td class="tdr">56.6</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The upper facial index of the Eskimo skull is high, though there is -considerable group variation. The reason is the height of the upper -face, for which the accompanying considerable expansion of the zygomatic -arches does not fully compensate. In the white groups this -index ranges from approximately <em>50</em> to <em>54</em>; it averages <em>52.9</em> in 15 -Algonquian and <em>53.1</em> in 12 Siouan tribes. The means in the large -Eskimo groupings are from a little below <em>54</em> to a little over <em>55</em>. Its -regional differences have already been mentioned. Sex differences -in the index are very small. There are a number of points of significant -agreement, the foremost of which is once more that in the -case of Barrow and Point Barrow, and especially that of the Old -Igloos near Barrow and Greenland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p> - - -<h4>THE NOSE</h4> - -<p>Equally as engaging as the whole face of the Eskimo skull is the -cranial nose. Our data throw much light on this feature also.</p> - -<p>Where the dimensions of the whole face are altered by some cause -the nose can not remain unaffected. This is especially true of its -height, which correlates directly and closely with that of the face -proper; the correlation of the breadth of the nose with that of the -face is weaker and more irregular, but not absent where not counteracted -by other factors. Accordingly with the high Eskimo upper -face there is found also a high nose, both being the highest known -to anthropometry. But the nasal breadth, instead of responding to -the considerable facial breadth, has become smaller, until in some of -the Eskimo groups it is the smallest of all known human groups. -There is plainly another potent factor in action here. This factor -could conceivably be connected simply with the above-average growth -of the facial bones; but if this were so then individuals with smaller -development of these bones ought to have broader noses, and vice -versa. This point can readily be tested. Taking the largest and best -cranial series, that of St. Lawrence Island, and selecting the skulls -with the smallest and the largest faces, the facts come out as follows:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="The Nose"> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="3">Smallest development of face</th> - <th colspan="3">Largest development of face</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Face height (upper)</th> - <th>Face breadth</th> - <th>Breadth of nasal aperture</th> - <th>Face height</th> - <th>Face breadth</th> - <th>Breadth of nasal aperture</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10 males</td> - <td class="tdr">7.52</td> - <td class="tdr">13.64</td> - <td class="tdr">2.37</td> - <td class="tdr">8.46</td> - <td class="tdr">14.79</td> - <td class="tdr">2.49</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10 females</td> - <td class="tdr">6.81</td> - <td class="tdr">12.56</td> - <td class="tdr">2.37</td> - <td class="tdr">7.54</td> - <td class="tdr">14.02</td> - <td class="tdr">2.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation of breadth of nose to mean diameter of face:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Male</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>22.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>21.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Female</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>24.5</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>22.2</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The above data show that while the narrow nose in the Eskimo is -to some extent affected by the large development in these people of -the facial bones, yet there must be also other factors.</p> - -<p>But if not wholly connected with the development of the facial -bones, then some of the causes of the narrow nose in the Eskimo must -either be inherited from far back or must be due to influences outside -the face itself.</p> - -<p>Pushing the character far back would be no explanation of its -original cause, but it may be shown that such a procedure would not -be justified. In the following important table are given the now -available data on the breadth of the nasal aperture of the Eskimo,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> -group by group and area by area, and these data show that narrow -nose is by no means universal in this family. The nasal aperture -is broader in the southwest and midwest than in the northwest, and -broader in the latter region than in the Arctic north, and the northeast. -In general it is seen that the farther northward and northeastward -the narrower the nose, until it reaches beyond that of all -other human groups; while in the west and southwest it gradually -approaches until it reaches the nasal breadth of the Indian. And -that this latter condition is not due to Indian admixture is shown -by the fact that among the broadest noses are those of the Eskimo -in Siberia and those on the St. Lawrence Island, where there was -no known contact with the Indian, while the narrower noses are -along the midwestern coast, where Indian admixture might have -been possible.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo: Breadth of the Nasal Aperture"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo: Breadth of the Nasal Aperture</span><br /> - BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN DESCENDING ORDER</caption> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Southwestern and midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwestern Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(31)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdr">2.48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdr">2.47</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Lower Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(280)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr">2.42</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td class="tdr">2.41</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">2.39</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdr">2.38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cape Nome and Port Clarence</td> - <td class="tdr">2.38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdr">2.37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">2.36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yukon Delta</td> - <td class="tdr">2.34</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(107)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdr">2.33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdr">2.32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr">2.21</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue</td> - <td class="tdr">2.41</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(34)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdr">2.37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(20)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdr">2.36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(56)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">2.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(211)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">2.33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(92)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(48)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Igloos, north of Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northern and northeastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound</td> - <td class="tdr">2.29</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic</td> - <td class="tdr">2.26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdr">2.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">2.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(98)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdr">2.23</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">2.19</td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p> - -<p>It is hardly possible, therefore, to assume that a narrow nose is an -<em>ancient</em> inheritance of the Eskimo. From the facts now at hand it -seems much more probable that the Eskimo nose or respiratory nasal -aperture was not originally very narrow, but that it gradually -acquired this character as the people extended farther north and -northeastward; and there appears to be but one potent factor that -could influence this development and that increases from south to -north, namely, cold. A narrowing of the aperture can readily be -understood as a protective development for the throat and the organs -of respiration.</p> - -<p>It is not easy to see how the bony structures respond to the effects of -cold or heat, but that they do, particularly where these are aggravated -by moisture, has long been appreciated, and shown fairly conclusively -through studies on the nasal index by Thomson and later -by Thomson and Buxton.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> An even more satisfactory study would -have been that of the nasal breadth alone. Perhaps the normal -variation with the elimination of the less fit are the main agencies.</p> - -<p>The next two tables show other interesting conditions. The first -of these, seen best from the more general data, are the relations of -the nasal dimensions and index in the two sexes. The females in -all the three large groupings have a higher nasal index than the -males. This is a general condition among the Indians as well as in -other races. It is usually due to a relative shortness of the female -nose. This condition is very plain in the Eskimo. The female nose -is actually narrower than the male, due to correlation with shorter -stature and lesser facial breadth, yet the index is higher. The reason -can most simply be shown by comparing the general mean nasal -breadth and height in the two sexes. The breadth in the female is -approximately 96.2 per cent of that in the male; the height is only -92.7 per cent.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Nasal Dimensions in Western and Other Eskimo Crania"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Nasal Dimensions in Western and Other Eskimo Crania</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Area</th> - <th colspan="3">Males</th> - <th colspan="3">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Height</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Index</th> - <th>Height</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Index</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Groups</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwestern and Midwestern</td> - <td class="tdr">5.46</td> - <td class="tdr">2.42</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.06</td> - <td class="tdr">2.32</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Groups</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northwestern</td> - <td class="tdr">5.42</td> - <td class="tdr">2.37</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.06</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Groups</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc bt">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic and northeastern</td> - <td class="tdr">5.38</td> - <td class="tdr">2.28</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">4.95</td> - <td class="tdr">2.18</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.0</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p> -<p>Detailed group data on the nasal index show that this ranges from -<em>47.7</em> on the Yukon to <em>41.8</em> in the northernmost contingent of the -Eskimo at Smith Sound. The Kotzebue group that shows even a -higher index than on the Yukon is too small to have much weight. -Barrow and Point Barrow are once more nearly the same, as are the -Old Igloos and Greenland; and there are some other interesting -relations.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Skulls: Nasal Index"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Skulls: Nasal Index</span><br /> - BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN DESCENDING ORDER</caption> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Southwestern and midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Lower Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">47.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwestern Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">47.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(31)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdr">46.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">46.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cape Nome and Port Clarence</td> - <td class="tdr">46.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(280)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr">45.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdr">45.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdr">45.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(107)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdr">45.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">45.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td class="tdr">44.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdr">44.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdr">44.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr">42.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yukon Delta</td> - <td class="tdr">42.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue</td> - <td class="tdr">49.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(20)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdr">46.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(34)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdr">45.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(211)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">44.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(56)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">44.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(48)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Igloos north of Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">44.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(92)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">43.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northern and northeastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">44.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Arctic</td> - <td class="tdr">44.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">43.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(98)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdr">43.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdr">43.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound</td> - <td class="tdr">41.8</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Thomson, Arthur, The correlation of isotherms with variations in the nasal index. -Proc. Seventeenth Intern. Cong. Med., London, 1913, Sec. I, Anatomy and Embryology, -pt. <span class="smcap">II</span>, 89; Thomson, Arthur, and Buxton, L. H. D., Man's nasal index in relation to certain -climatic conditions, Journ. Roy. Anthrop. Inst., <span class="smcap">LIII</span>, 92-122, London, 1923. Additional -references in these publications; also in the latter an extensive list of data on -nasal index in many parts of the world.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>THE ORBITS</h4> - -<p>In many American groups the orbits are notoriously variable, yet -their mean dimensions and index are of value.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Eskimo orbits have long been known for their ample proportions. -Their mean height and breadth are larger than those of any -other known people and the excess is especially apparent when proportioned -to stature. Taking the family as a whole, the mean height -of the two orbits in males averages approximately 3.64 centimeters, -the mean breadth 4.03 centimeters; while the males of 23 Algonquian -tribes give for the same items 3.42 and 3.93, and those of 12 Siouan -tribes 3.58 and 3.96 centimeters.</p> - -<p>The general averages for the female Eskimo approach for orbital -height 3.52 centimeters, for breadth 3.89 centimeters, dimensions -which also surpass those in the females of any other known human -group.</p> - -<p>These large dimensions of the Eskimo orbit are, however, on closer -examination into the matter, found not to be racial characters except -in a secondary way. They are the direct consequence of the high and -broad face. The correlation of the orbital height and breadth with -the height and breadth of the face are shown by the following -figures. These figures indicate also some additional details of -interest.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="bt bb" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Orbits: Right and Left"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Orbits: Right and Left</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="0" class="bb">MALES</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb"></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bl">Height</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bl">Breadth</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bl">Index</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bb bl">Right</th> - <th class="bb bl">Left</th> - <th class="bb bl">Right</th> - <th class="bb bl">Left</th> - <th class="bb bl">Right</th> - <th class="bb bl">Left</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(145)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(145)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(145)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.67 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.68</td> - <td class="tdc bl">4.05 </td> - <td class="tdc">4.01</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>90.7</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>91.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(41)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(41)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(41)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.59 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.59</td> - <td class="tdc bl">4.05 </td> - <td class="tdc">4.—</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>88.7</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>89.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(120)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(120)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(120)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.63 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.63</td> - <td class="tdc bl">4.05 </td> - <td class="tdc">4.01</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>89.6</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>90.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(46)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(46)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(46)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.64 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.65</td> - <td class="tdc bl">4.02 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.96</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>90.6</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>92.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">FEMALES</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(128)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(128)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(128)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.62 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.60</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.92 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.89</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>91.7</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>92.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(58)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(58)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(58)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.50 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.52</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.88 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.84</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>90.2</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>91.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(70)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(70)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(70)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.54 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.54</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.91 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.88</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>90.5</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>91.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(45)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(45)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(45)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.55 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.56</td> - <td class="tdc bl">3.86 </td> - <td class="tdc">3.83</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>91.9</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>92.9</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p> - -<p>The general orbital index of the Eskimo is close to <em>90</em> in the -males, <em>90.5</em> in the females. Such orbits are classed as also <em>relatively</em> -high or <em>megaseme</em>, a character in which they resemble many of the -American Indians. Thus the male crania of the Siouan tribes give -the practically identical general index of <em>90.5</em>.</p> - -<p>The slightly higher index in the females is the rule to which there -are but few exceptions, and those in individual groups where the -numbers of specimens may not be sufficient. The same tendency is -observable in the Indians, and appears in fact to be panhuman. It -is due to slightly lesser relative height as compared to the breadth -of the orbit in the males, which condition is due in all probability -to the greater development in the males of the frontal sinuses and -supraorbital arches.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border tdc" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Crania: Dimensions of the Orbits in Relation to Those of the Face"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Crania: Dimensions of the Orbits in Relation to Those of the Face</span><br /> - ORBITAL HEIGHT VERSUS UPPER FACIAL HEIGHT</caption> - -<col span="6" width="16.6%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">Males</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">(10)<br />Lowest faces (7.2-7.4)</th> - <th colspan="2">(10)<br />Average faces (7.8)</th> - <th colspan="2">(10)<br />Highest faces (8.4-9)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>7.37</td> - <td>3.62</td> - <td>7.80</td> - <td>3.65</td> - <td>8.55</td> - <td>3.78</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0" class="bu">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">(10)<br />Lowest faces (6.4-6.8)</th> - <th colspan="2">(10)<br />Average faces (7.3)</th> - <th colspan="2">(14)<br />Highest faces (7.8-8.4)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>6.69</td> - <td>3.54</td> - <td>7.30</td> - <td>3.56</td> - <td>7.89</td> - <td>3.67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">PERCENTAGE RELATIONS OF ORBITS TO FACE</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"><em>49.1</em></td> - <td colspan="2"><em>46.8</em></td> - <td colspan="2"><em>44.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="bu"><em>53</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bu"><em>48.7</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bu"><em>46.6</em> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">ORBITAL BREADTH VERSUS FACIAL BREADTH</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">Males</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">(10)<br />Narrowest faces (13.4 and below)</th> - <th colspan="2">(17)<br />Average faces (14.2)</th> - <th colspan="2">(10)<br />Broadest faces (14.9 and above)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>13.30</td> - <td>3.96</td> - <td>14.20</td> - <td>4.01</td> - <td>15.11</td> - <td>4.17</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0" class="bu">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">(10)<br />Narrowest faces (12.7 and below)</th> - <th colspan="2">(14)<br />Average faces (13.3)</th> - <th colspan="2">(10)<br />Broadest faces (13.9 and above)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - <th>Face</th> - <th>Orbits</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>12.57</td> - <td>3.74</td> - <td>13.30</td> - <td>3.88</td> - <td>14.09</td> - <td>3.98</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">PERCENTAGE RELATIONS OF ORBITS TO FACE</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"><em>29.8</em></td> - <td colspan="2"><em>28.4</em></td> - <td colspan="2"><em>28.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="bu"><em>29.8</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bu"><em>29.2</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bu"><em>27.6</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>Individual variation in the orbital index of the Eskimo is extensive, -reaching from slightly below <em>80</em> to well over <em>100</em>. It extends -more or less over the whole Eskimo area, without conveying -definite indication anywhere of either a mixture or of a special evolutionary -tendency. Yet it occasions group differences that eventually -might prove evolutionary, though they may merely represent the -next or higher order of variability, namely, that of groups within -a family.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Orbital Dimensions and Index in Eskimo Skulls"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Orbital Dimensions and Index in Eskimo Skulls</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Area</th> - <th colspan="3">Males</th> - <th colspan="3">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Mean<br />height</th> - <th>Mean<br />breadth</th> - <th>Mean<br />index</th> - <th>Mean<br />height</th> - <th>Mean<br />breadth</th> - <th>Mean<br />index</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>South and Midwestern</td> - <td class="tdr">3.63</td> - <td class="tdr">4.01</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">3.56</td> - <td class="tdr">3.87</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northwestern</td> - <td class="tdr">3.62</td> - <td class="tdr">4.02</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">3.51</td> - <td class="tdr">3.92</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic and northeastern</td> - <td class="tdr">3.65</td> - <td class="tdr">4.07</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">3.54</td> - <td class="tdr">3.91</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.6</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p> - -<p>The group differences in the orbital index of the Eskimo skull are -shown in the next table. They elude a satisfactory explanation, unless -recourse is had to the above suggested theory of normal group -variability within a family. They have about the same range in -the three large areas, which would seem to support this theory.</p> - -<p>Group relations are indicated in the cases of Pastolik-Yukon Delta-St. -Michael Island; Point Barrow-Barrow; and Old Igloos-Greenland.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Skulls: Mean Index of the Orbits"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Skulls: Mean Index of the Orbits</span><br /> - BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER</caption> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Southwestern and midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdr">88.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdr">89.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cape Nome and Port Clarence</td> - <td class="tdr">89.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(101)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdr">90.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(31)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdr">90.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdr">90.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Lower Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">91.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwest Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">91.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(271)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr">91.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdr">91.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">92.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td class="tdr">93.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak</td> - <td class="tdr">93.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yukon Delta</td> - <td class="tdr">93.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr">94.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue</td> - <td class="tdr">86.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(20)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdr">88.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(34)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdr">89.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(85)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">90.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(200)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">90.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(53)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">91.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(43)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Igloos north of Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">91.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northern and northeastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound</td> - <td class="tdr">87.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdr">88.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(28)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">90.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic</td> - <td class="tdr">91.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(94)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdr">91.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">92.3</td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p> - - -<h4>THE UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH</h4> - -<p>The dental arches correlate with function (use), with stature, with -the dimensions of the face, and with those of the teeth. The western -as well as other Eskimo show arches that are about equal in absolute -dimensions to those of our taller Indians, such as the Munsee, Arkansas, -and Louisiana;<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> but relatively to stature the Eskimo arch is -decidedly larger.</p> - -<p>The upper dental arch index <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">L×100</span><br />B</span>, now being used in preference -to the unwieldy "uranic index" <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">B×100</span><br />L</span> of Turner, is -rather high, showing that the arch is relatively, as well as absolutely, -broad. The same index in the Munsee averaged in the males -<em>82.8</em>, in the females <em>82.7</em>; in the Arkansas and Louisiana mound skulls -<em>84.4</em> in the males and <em>85.1</em> in the females. Data are needed here for -more extensive comparisons.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Crania: Alveolar Arch"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Crania: Alveolar Arch</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="8" width="10%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="4">Males</th> - <th colspan="4">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">External length</th> - <th>External breadth</th> - <th>Module<br />(mean diameter)</th> - <th>Index<br /><span class="overunder"><span class="bb">L×100</span><br />B</span></th> - <th>External length</th> - <th>External breadth</th> - <th>Module<br />(mean diameter)</th> - <th>Index<br /><span class="overunder"><span class="bb">L×100</span><br />B</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>11 groups:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Southwestern and Midwestern</td> - <td class="tdr">5.56</td> - <td class="tdr">6.66</td> - <td class="tdr">6.11</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.34</td> - <td class="tdr">6.38</td> - <td class="tdr">5.86</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>6 groups:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Northwestern</td> - <td class="tdr">5.63</td> - <td class="tdr">6.61</td> - <td class="tdr">6.12</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.38</td> - <td class="tdr">6.31</td> - <td class="tdr">5.85</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>5 groups:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Northern Arctic and northeastern</td> - <td class="tdr">5.68</td> - <td class="tdr">6.75</td> - <td class="tdr">6.21</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">5.37</td> - <td class="tdr">6.28</td> - <td class="tdr">5.83</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.6</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p> -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Skulls: Length-Breadth Index of the Upper Alveolar Arch"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Skulls: Length-Breadth Index of the Upper Alveolar Arch</span><br /> - BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER</caption> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Southwestern and Midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Lower Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">79.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">80.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdr">81.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">81.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdr">81.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdr">82.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(234)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr">83.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr">84.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td class="tdr">84.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(90)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdr">84.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwest Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">84.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cape Nome and Port Clarence</td> - <td class="tdr">84.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdr">85.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdr">85.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(39)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Igloos north of Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">84.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdr">84.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(171)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">84.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(31)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdr">84.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(38)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">85.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(66)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">87.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0"><em>Northern and northeastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound</td> - <td class="tdr">82.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdr">83.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">84.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">85.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(89)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdr">85.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic</td> - <td class="tdr">86.5</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>Sex differences in the index are small, nevertheless the females -tend to show a slightly higher index, due to relatively slightly -smaller breadth of the arch.</p> - -<p>The size of the arch and its index differ but little over the three -main areas of the Eskimo territory, yet there are slight differences. -They appear plainly in the following table. Notwithstanding the -fact that on the whole the southwestern and midwestern groups are -somewhat taller than those of the far north and northeast, the largest -palate, in the males at least, is found in the latter area.</p> - -<p>In the southwest and midwest the upper alveolar arch is relatively -(as well as absolutely, barring one group) somewhat broad and -short. This may be in correlation with the broader head in this -area, just as the absolutely slightly longer palates over the rest of the -Eskimo territory and particularly (in males) in the northeast may -correlate with the longer heads in those regions. This point may be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> -tested on our splendid material from St. Lawrence Island. Taking -the broadest and the narrowest skulls from this locality, the following -data are obtained for the proportions of the upper dental arch:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Crania: Dental Arch and Form of Skull"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Crania: Dental Arch and Form of Skull</span><br /> - ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND MATERIAL</caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Males</th> - <th colspan="2">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Narrowest skulls<br />(C. I. 70.7-73.5)</th> - <th>Broadest skulls<br />(80.6-83.1)</th> - <th>Narrowest skulls<br />(70.3-74.2)</th> - <th>Broadest skulls<br />(80.9-83.8)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length</td> - <td class="tdr">5.68</td> - <td class="tdr">5.58</td> - <td class="tdr">5.52</td> - <td class="tdr">5.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">6.83</td> - <td class="tdr">6.77</td> - <td class="tdr">6.66</td> - <td class="tdr">6.36</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mean diameter</td> - <td class="tdr">6.26</td> - <td class="tdr">6.18</td> - <td class="tdr">6.09</td> - <td class="tdr">5.78</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mean cranial diameter (cranial module) of same skulls</td> - <td class="tdr">15.61</td> - <td class="tdr">15.49</td> - <td class="tdr">14.97</td> - <td class="tdr">14.73</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation of mean dental arch diameter to the mean diameter of the skull</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>40.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>40.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Length of same skulls</td> - <td class="tdr">19.21</td> - <td class="tdr">18.10</td> - <td class="tdr">18.35</td> - <td class="tdr">17.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percentage relation of length of dental arch to that of skull</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>29.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>30.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>30.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>30.1</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The above figures show several conditions. The first is that the -arch is quite distinctly larger in the narrow than in the broad skulls -in both sexes. The second fact is that the skull (vault) itself is -slightly larger in the narrow-headed. The third is that the length of -the arch is somewhat greater in the narrow and long skulls than it is -in the broad and shorter, relatively to the skull size. The fourth is -that there appears a close correlation, more particularly in the -females, between the length of the arch and that of the skull.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> See Bull. 62, Bur. Am. Ethn., and writer's Report on an Additional Collection of -Skeletal Remains from Arkansas and Louisiana, published with Clarence B. Moore's report -on the Antiquities of the Ouachita Valley, Philadelphia, 1909.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>THE BASION-NASION DIAMETER</h4> - -<p>The anterior basal length (basion-nasion) is a measurement of -importance, though its full meaning in anthropology is not yet -entirely clear. From data quoted by Martin (Lehrb., 715-716) it -appears to average in whites up to 10.3 centimeters in males and up -to 10.1 centimeters in females, and is known to correlate closely with -the length of the vault. Secondarily it also correlates with stature.</p> - -<p>Data on American Indians are not yet generally available, though -in preparation. The Munsee skulls gave the writer for the diameter -the means of 10.27 for the males and 10.02 for the females; the -mound skulls from Arkansas and Louisiana gave 10.45 for the males -and 9.77 for the females.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p> - -<p>An abstract of the data on the Eskimo skulls is given in the next -table. The values for the measurement are rather high, especially -for such short people. The percentage relation of the measurement -to the length of the skull appears also to be high. Manouvrier (1882, -quoted in Martin, Lehrb., 716) found this relation in French skulls -to be <em>53.6</em> in the males and <em>54.7</em> in the females.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Crania: Basion-Nasion Length"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Crania: Basion-Nasion Length</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Groups of males</th> - <th colspan="2">Corresponding groups of females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Basion-nasion<br />diameter</th> - <th>Its percentage relation to length of skull</th> - <th>Basion-nasion<br />diameter</th> - <th>Its percentage relation to length of skull</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwestern and Midwestern</td> - <td class="tdr">10.38</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.85</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northwestern</td> - <td class="tdr">10.58</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">10.06</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic and northeastern</td> - <td class="tdr">10.65</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">10.06</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.4</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The female measurement to that of the male, in the Eskimo, is -as <em>94.9</em> to 100. As a similar relation of the cranial modules in the -two sexes is close to <em>95.7</em>, the anterior basal length would seem to be at -a little disadvantage in the female Eskimo skull.</p> - -<p>The same condition is seen also when the basion-nasion diameter -is compared with the length of the skull. In the males, notwithstanding -the fact that the length of the vault is increased through the -development of the frontal sinuses and not infrequently also through -that of the occipital ridges, the percentage relation of the basion-nasion -to the maximum total length of the vault is approximately -<em>56.3</em>, in the females but <em>55.8</em>. It seems therefore safe to say that in -the Eskimo, in general, that part of the brain anterior to the foramen -magnum is relatively somewhat better developed in the males -than in the females.</p> - -<p>But to this there are some exceptions. Thus it may be seen in the -general table which follows that in the northwestern groups conditions -in this respect are equalized; and in the succeeding detailed -table it will be noted that while the males exceed the females in this -particular in 14 of the groups, in 5 groups conditions are equal (or -within one decimal), and in 5 the female percentage exceeds slightly -that in the males. In the numerically best represented groups conditions -are nearly equal, with the males nevertheless slightly favored.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="bt bb" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Skulls: Basion-Nasion Length and Its Relation to Length of Skull"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Skulls: Basion-Nasion Length and Its Relation to Length of Skull</span><br /> - SEXES SEPARATELY IN ASCENDING ORDER</caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> -<thead> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb"></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl bb">Males</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl bb">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2" class="bl bb">B-N. <span class="overunder">BN×100<br /><span class="bt">Skull l</span></span></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl bb">B-N. <span class="overunder">BN×100<br /><span class="bt">Skull l</span></span></th> - </tr> -</thead> -<tbody> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><em>Southwestern and Midwestern</em></td> - <td class="bl"></td> - <td></td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(4)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.18</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.2</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.91</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>54.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(3)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.20 </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>54.8</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.00</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>54.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(3)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station (Yukon)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.27</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>54.3</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.97</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(9)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.29</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>57.6</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.70</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(4)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.32</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>57</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.52</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(146)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(133)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.36</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.3</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.93</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(3)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yukon Delta</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.37</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.8</em></td> - <td class="bl"></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(11)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(18)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.41</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.5</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.98</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(8)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.44</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>57.3</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.98</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(9)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(15)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.46</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.8</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.73</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(3)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.47</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>57.2</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.56</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(3)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwestern Alaska</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.47</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>57.6</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.80</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>54.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(15)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(16)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point and Puotin</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.54</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.5</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.97</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(46)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(69)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.55</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.1</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.02</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><em>Northwestern</em></td> - <td class="bl"></td> - <td></td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(2)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kotzebue</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.45</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>57.3</em></td> - <td class="bl"></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(133)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(82)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.48</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>57</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.00</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(12)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(8)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.50</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.8</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.20</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>57.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(47)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.54</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.2</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.94</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(35)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(34)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.61</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.9</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.01</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(19)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(15)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.64</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.7</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.01</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(27)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(24)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Igloos north of Barrow</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.70</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.6</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.18</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.2</em> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><em>Northern and northeastern</em></td> - <td class="bl"></td> - <td></td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(16)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(17)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.51</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.6</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.11</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(5)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.60</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.4</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">9.75</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(48)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.60</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.9</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.13</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(5)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.68</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.1</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.07</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(7)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.70</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.4</em></td> - <td class="bl"></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(9)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.83</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>57.3</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.34</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.9</em></td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> - -<p>An interesting point is that in the north and northeast, where the -skulls are longest, there is evidently a slightly greater relative development -of the occipital portion of the vault, or slightly lesser -development of the frontal portion.</p> - -<p>Some additional points of interest appear when the basion-nasion: -skull-length index, taken collectively for the two sexes, is compared -in the different groups. All these comparisons suffer, naturally, -from unevenness and often insufficiency of the numbers of specimens, -yet some of the results are very harmonious with those brought out -repeatedly by other data. Thus the St. Lawrence material stands -once more close to the medium of the southwestern and midwestern -groups; Barrow and Point Barrow are almost identical; and so are -the Old Igloos from near Barrow and Greenland. The St. Michael -islanders show very favorably in the midwest, the Shishmarefs in -the northwest and the Southampton islanders in the northeast.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Skulls: Basion-Nasion Line in Relation to Skull Length"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Skulls: Basion-Nasion Line in Relation to Skull Length</span><br /> - <span class="overunder"><span class="bb">BN×100</span><br />SL</span><br /> - BOTH SEXES TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER</caption> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><em>Southwestern and midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdr">54.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Lower Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">55.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdr">55.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdr">55.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(115)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdr">56.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdr">56.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(279)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdr">56.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwestern Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">56.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td class="tdr">56.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak</td> - <td class="tdr">56.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(31)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point and vicinity (Siberia)</td> - <td class="tdr">56.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">56.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr">56.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(51)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Igloos southwest of Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">55.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(99)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">55.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(69)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">56.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(34)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdr">56.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(215)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">57.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(20)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdr">57.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><em>Northern and northeastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">55.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Northern Arctic</td> - <td class="tdr">55.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay and vicinity</td> - <td class="tdr">56.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(100)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdr">56.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound (male)</td> - <td class="tdr">56.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdr">57.1</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The next table gives the percentage relations of the basion-nasion -diameter to the mean diameter of the skull. The correlation of the -two is even closer than in the case of the skull length, and the -grouping, while in the main alike, seems in general even more in -harmony with that in previous comparisons. The St. Lawrence -Island females are very exceptional, as was also apparent in other -connections. The unusual smallness of their skull (compare section -on Cranial module) is evidently due to a poor development of its -posterior half.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo -Crania: Percentage Relation of the Basion-Nasion Diameter to Mean -Cranial Diameter"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Crania: Percentage Relation - of the Basion-Nasion Diameter to Mean Cranial Diameter - (Cranial Module)</span><br /> <span class="overunder"><span - class="bb">BN×100</span><br />CM</span><br /> BOTH SEXES TOGETHER - IN ASCENDING ORDER</caption> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><em>Southwestern and Midwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Yukon</td> - <td class="tdr">65.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdr">66.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdr">66.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">66.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdr">66.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak</td> - <td class="tdr">66.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwest Alaska</td> - <td class="tdr">67.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point, Siberia</td> - <td class="tdr">67.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdr">67.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdr">67.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td class="tdr">67.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdr">68.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Male</td> - <td class="tdr">67.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Female</td> - <td class="tdr">(69.6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><em>Northwestern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdr">67.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">67.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdr">68.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr">68.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Old Igloos</td> - <td class="tdr">69.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdr">69.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2"><em>Northern Arctic and northeastern</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land</td> - <td class="tdr">67.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay</td> - <td class="tdr">67.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Smith Sound (male)</td> - <td class="tdr">67.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Arctic</td> - <td class="tdr">68.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdr">68.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdr">68.7</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - - -<h4>PROGNATHISM</h4> - -<p>Since better understood, the subject of facial prognathism has lost -much of its allure in anthropology; yet the matter is not wholly without -interest.</p> - -<p>Facial protrusion is as a rule secondary to and largely caused by -alveolar protrusion, which in turn is caused by the size and shape of -the dental arch; and the dental arch is generally proportional to the -size of the teeth. The form of the arch is, however, quite influential. -With the teeth identical in size a narrow arch will be more, a broad -arch less protruding, and a narrow arch with small teeth may protrude -more than a broad one with larger teeth. Another influence -is that of the height of the upper face, the same arch protruding more -in a low face than in a high one. And still another factor is the incline -of the front teeth, though this affects merely the appearance of -prognathism and not its measurements.</p> - -<p>There are different ways of measuring facial prognathism, and -with sufficient care all may be effective; I prefer, for practical -reasons, linear measurements from the basion, which, together with -the facial and subnasal heights, give triangles that can readily be -reconstructed on paper and allow a direct measurement of both the -facial and the alveolar angle. The three needed diameters from -basion are taken, the first to the "prealveolar point," or the <em>most -anterior</em> point on the upper dental arch above the incisors; the second -to the "subnasal point," or the point on the left (for convenience) -of the nasal aperture, where the outer part of its border -passes into that which belongs to the subnasal portion of the maxilla<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> -(the point where the subnasal slant begins); and the third to nasion. -The facial height is that from the alveolar point (<em>lowest</em> point of -the upper alveolar border in the median line) to nasion; while for -the subnasal height, which can not be measured directly, I utilize -the difference between the facial and nasal heights, which is very -close to the needed dimension.</p> - -<p>The important basion-nasion diameter has already been considered. -That to the subnasal point needs no comment. That to the prealveolar -point shows in the western and other Eskimo as follows:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Crania: Basion-Prealveolar Point Diameter"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Crania: Basion-Prealveolar Point Diameter</span><br /> - <span class="smcap">All Eskimo</span></caption> - <tr> - <td>Males:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean diameter</td> - <td class="tdr">centimeters</td> - <td class="tdr">10.54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean relation to length of skull</td> - <td class="tdr">per cent</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Females:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter</td> - <td class="tdr">centimeters</td> - <td class="tdr">9.99</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Relation</td> - <td class="tdr">per cent</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.8</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="bb" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Crania: Basion-Prealveolar Point Diameter"> -<col span="6" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">MALES</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="0">A = Basion prealveolar point diameter<br /> - B = Its relation to length of skull</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2" class="bt bb">Southwestern and midwestern</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl bt bb">Northwestern</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl bt bb">Northern Arctics and northeastern</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><em>A</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>B</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>A</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>B</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>A</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>B</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">10.38 </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.4</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.58 </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.4</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.65 </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="0" class="tdc">Mean skull lengths</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">18.41</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">18.75</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">18.96</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0" class="bb bt">FEMALES</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">9.85 </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.7</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.06 </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>56.3</em></td> - <td class="tdc bl">10.06 </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>55.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="0" class="tdc">Mean skull lengths</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">17.69</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">17.86</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">18.15</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>As in other details, so here there is a remarkable similarity between -the skulls from the three large areas, pointing both to the unity of -the people and to absence of heterogeneous admixtures. As the -skull length increases so does the basi-alveolar line, but the relative -proportions of the two remain very nearly the same.</p> - -<p>The relative value of the basi-alveolar length in the males, compared -to the length of the skull, is in general about 0.5 per cent -higher than it is in the females. This is just about the excess of the -relative proportion of the length of the male dental arch when compared -to the same skull dimension. The general mean skull length -in the Eskimo male approximates 18.705, in female 17.899 centimeters; -the mean length of the arch is, in the male, close to 5.625, -in the female 5.365 centimeters; and the percentage relation of the -latter to the former is <em>30.6</em> in the males, <em>30</em> in the females. The -relatively slightly greater basi-alveolar length in the males is evidently, -therefore, at least partly due to the relatively longer male<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> -dental arch, which in turn is doubtless due to the somewhat larger -teeth in the males.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p> - -<p>Notwithstanding the just discussed slight sex difference in the -Eskimo, the facial angle, i. e., the angle between the basi-alveolar line -and the line nasion-alveolar point, is equal in the two sexes. This -equalization is due largely, if not wholly, to the effect in the males -of the relatively longer basio-nasion diameter (v. a.), while the -alveolar angle, or that between the basi-alveolar and the subnasal -lines, is in general by about 1 per cent lower in the females (males, -56°; females, 55°), indicating a slightly greater slant of the subnasal -region in the female, which can only be due to a relatively slightly -shorter in this sex of the basion-subnasal point diameter. As a matter -of fact, the percentage relation of this diameter to the length of the -skull amounts in the males to <em>56.3</em>, in the females to but <em>55.6</em>.</p> - -<p>Compared to that in the Indians, the facial angle in the Eskimo -skulls shows close affinities. Its value (69°) is very nearly the same -as in the mound skulls from Arkansas and Louisiana (males 70.7°, -females 69°). In other Indians it ranges from close to 68° to 71.5°. -In the Munsee it reached 73.5°. In whites, according to Rivet's -data,<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> it ranges from about 72° to 75°; in a group of negroes it was -68.5°. In American and other negro crania measured by me<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> it -ranged from 67° to 70.5°, in Melanesians from 66° to 68°, in Australians -from 67° to 69°.</p> - -<p>The <em>alveolar angle</em> is more variable. It shows considerable individual, -sex, and group differences. It averages slightly to moderately -higher, which means a more open angle or less slant in the males -than in the females. In the Eskimo as a whole it was seen to be -approximately 56° in the males, 55° in the females; in the Munsee -Indians (Bull. 62, Bur. Amer. Ethn.) it was males 59°, females -57°; in the Arkansas and Louisiana skulls (J. Ac. Sci., Phila., 1909, -XIV) it averaged males 55°, females 52°. In my catalogue material -it shows a group variation of 46.5° to 55.5° in the negro, 47.5° -to 52.5° in the Australians, 46.5° to 50.5° in the Melanesians. In the -whites it generally exceeds 60°.</p> - -<p>Differences in facial and alveolar protrusion among the Eskimo -according to area are small, yet they are not wholly absent. The -figures below show that in the southwesterners and midwesterners, -where the skull is more rounded, the prognathism is smallest; and -that toward the north and northeast, where the skull is narrower -and the palate (dental arch) tends to become longer, prognathism -increases. The "Old Igloo" group shows once more such affinity with -the Greenlanders that it is placed with the third subdivision.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Skulls: Facial and Alveolar Angle with Principal Areas"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Skulls: Facial and Alveolar Angle with Principal Areas</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="3">Males</th> - <th colspan="3">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">South- and midwest</th> - <th>Northwest</th> - <th>North and northeast</th> - <th>South- and midwest</th> - <th>Northwest</th> - <th>North and northeast</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Groups</td> - <td class="tdr">(13)</td> - <td class="tdr">(5)</td> - <td class="tdr">(6)</td> - <td class="tdr">(13)</td> - <td class="tdr">(5)</td> - <td class="tdr">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Facial angle</td> - <td class="tdr">68</td> - <td class="tdr">69</td> - <td class="tdr">70</td> - <td class="tdr">67.5</td> - <td class="tdr">69</td> - <td class="tdr">70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Alveolar angle</td> - <td class="tdr">55</td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - <td class="tdr">55</td> - <td class="tdr">54</td> - <td class="tdr">55</td> - <td class="tdr">54.5</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>Individual group differences in the facial and alveolar angle are -moderate, yet evidently not negligible. (See next table.) The most -prognathic, especially in the subnasal region, are the skulls from -Nelson Island. A marked alveolar slant is also present in the Pilot -Station Yukon group, and in Greenland. The least prognathic are -the St. Michael Islanders, the Point Hope people, and those from -Southampton Island. St. Lawrence stands once more near the -middle of the southwesterners and midwesterners, and there are to be -seen the principal old relations.</p> - -<p>The main points shown by the above conditions are the group -variability, particularly in the southwest and midwest; the tendency, -on the whole, toward a slightly greater prognathy, both facial and -alveolar, in this same area; and the evidence that the alveolar slant -has some individuality.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Skulls: Group Conditions in Facial and Alveolar Angle"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Skulls: Group Conditions in Facial and Alveolar Angle</span><a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="3" width="20%"></col> - <tr> - <th><em>South and Midwest</em></th> - <th>Facial angle</th> - <th>Alveolar angle</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(20)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td class="tdc">66.3</td> - <td class="tdc">51.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southwest Alaska</td> - <td class="tdc">66.8</td> - <td class="tdc">54.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(4)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chukchee</td> - <td class="tdc">66.8</td> - <td class="tdc">57.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(21)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Indian Point</td> - <td class="tdc">67.0</td> - <td class="tdc">56.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(8)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Togiak</td> - <td class="tdc">67.0</td> - <td class="tdc">54.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(242)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdc">67.8</td> - <td class="tdc">55.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(86)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td class="tdc">67.8</td> - <td class="tdc">56.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(23)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td class="tdc">68.3</td> - <td class="tdc">54.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td class="tdc">68.3</td> - <td class="tdc">55.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Little Diomede Island</td> - <td class="tdc">68.5</td> - <td class="tdc">57.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(9)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td class="tdc">68.8</td> - <td class="tdc">55.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pilot Station, Yukon</td> - <td class="tdc">68.8</td> - <td class="tdc">52.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(10)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Michael Island</td> - <td class="tdc">70.0</td> - <td class="tdc">56.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th><em>Northwest</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sledge Island</td> - <td class="tdc">69.5</td> - <td class="tdc">54.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(31)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wales</td> - <td class="tdc">67.8</td> - <td class="tdc">56.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(17)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shishmaref</td> - <td class="tdc">68.3</td> - <td class="tdc">55.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(73)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Barrow</td> - <td class="tdc">69.5</td> - <td class="tdc">56.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(43)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Barrow</td> - <td class="tdc">69.8</td> - <td class="tdc">56.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(181)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Point Hope</td> - <td class="tdc">70.5</td> - <td class="tdc">56.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th><em>North and northeast</em></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(11)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Arctic</td> - <td class="tdc">68.5</td> - <td class="tdc">54.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(24)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Baffin Land</td> - <td class="tdc">70.0</td> - <td class="tdc">55.0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(87)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdc">69.8</td> - <td class="tdc">53.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(35)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Old Igloos near Barrow</td> - <td class="tdc">70.3</td> - <td class="tdc">55.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hudson Bay</td> - <td class="tdc">70.3</td> - <td class="tdc">56.8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">(12)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td class="tdc">71</td> - <td class="tdc">55</td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p> -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="ESKIMO CRANIA"> - <caption>ESKIMO CRANIA<br /> - <span class="smcap">Southwestern and Western Alaska, Bering Sea Islands, and Asiatic Coast</span><br /> - MALES</caption> -<col></col> -<col span="18" width="5%"></col> -<thead> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th rowspan="2">Prince William Sound</th> - <th rowspan="2">Kodiak Island</th> - <th rowspan="2">Unalaska Peninsula</th> - <th rowspan="2">Nushagak Bay and Kanakanak</th> - <th rowspan="2">Togiak</th> - <th rowspan="2">Mumtrak</th> - <th rowspan="2">Nunivak Island</th> - <th rowspan="2">Nelson Island Tanunok Village</th> - <th rowspan="2">Hooper Bay</th> - <th rowspan="2">Lower Yukon and delta</th> - <th rowspan="2">Pilot Station, lower Yukon</th> - <th rowspan="2">Kotlik and Pastolik</th> - <th rowspan="2">St. Michael Island</th> - <th rowspan="2">St. Lawrence Island</th> - <th rowspan="2">Little Diomede Island</th> - <th colspan="3">Northeastern Asia</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Indian Point (E. Cape)</th> - <th>Puotin (NW. of E. Cape)</th> - <th>Chukchi (in or near Bering Strait)</th> - </tr> -</thead> -<tbody> - <tr> - <td>Vault:</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(153)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">18.1</td> - <td class="tdr">18.6</td> - <td class="tdr">17.8</td> - <td class="tdr">17.4</td> - <td class="tdr">18.30</td> - <td class="tdr">18.10</td> - <td class="tdr">18.81</td> - <td class="tdr">18.73</td> - <td class="tdr">17.86</td> - <td class="tdr">18.57</td> - <td class="tdr">18.90</td> - <td class="tdr">18.44</td> - <td class="tdr">18.23</td> - <td class="tdr">18.40</td> - <td class="tdr">18.12</td> - <td class="tdr">18.59</td> - <td class="tdr">18.95</td> - <td class="tdr">18.63</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(153)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - <td class="tdr">14.4</td> - <td class="tdr">14.1</td> - <td class="tdr">14.4</td> - <td class="tdr">14.20</td> - <td class="tdr">14.20</td> - <td class="tdr">14.09</td> - <td class="tdr">14.44</td> - <td class="tdr">14.43</td> - <td class="tdr">14.13</td> - <td class="tdr">15.07</td> - <td class="tdr">13.90</td> - <td class="tdr">13.84</td> - <td class="tdr">14.19</td> - <td class="tdr">14.28</td> - <td class="tdr">14.32</td> - <td class="tdr">14.45</td> - <td class="tdr">14.67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(145)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdr">13.6</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.25</td> - <td class="tdr">13.35</td> - <td class="tdr">13.69</td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - <td class="tdr">13.67</td> - <td class="tdr">13.77</td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - <td class="tdr">13.83</td> - <td class="tdr">13.68</td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - <td class="tdr">13.68</td> - <td class="tdr">14.30</td> - <td class="tdr">13.37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(145)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cranial Module</td> - <td class="tdr">14.90</td> - <td class="tdr">15.67</td> - <td class="tdr">15.17</td> - <td class="tdr">15.07</td> - <td class="tdr">15.25</td> - <td class="tdr">15.22</td> - <td class="tdr">15.53</td> - <td class="tdr">15.59</td> - <td class="tdr">15.30</td> - <td class="tdr">15.46</td> - <td class="tdr">15.91</td> - <td class="tdr">15.31</td> - <td class="tdr">15.30</td> - <td class="tdr">15.42</td> - <td class="tdr">15.33</td> - <td class="tdr">15.54</td> - <td class="tdr">15.90</td> - <td class="tdr">15.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(142)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Capacity</td> - <td class="tdr">1,380</td> - <td class="tdr">1,485</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,440</td> - <td class="tdr">1,447</td> - <td class="tdr">1,465</td> - <td class="tdr">1,504</td> - <td class="tdr">1,556</td> - <td class="tdr">1,519</td> - <td class="tdr">1,490</td> - <td class="tdr">1,660</td> - <td class="tdr">1,486</td> - <td class="tdr">1,461</td> - <td class="tdr">1,462</td> - <td class="tdr">1,470</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,490</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>46</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>11</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>153</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>14</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cranial Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>46</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>11</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>145</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>13</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mean height Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>46</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>11</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>145</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>13</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height-breadth index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Face:</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Menton-nasion</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.8</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">12.6</td> - <td class="tdr">12.90</td> - <td class="tdr">12.17</td> - <td class="tdr">12.95</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">12.44</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">12.40</td> - <td class="tdr">12.67</td> - <td class="tdr">12.20</td> - <td class="tdr">12.70</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp"></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(43)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(139)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nasion-upper alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdr">7.5</td> - <td class="tdr">7.8</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">7.6</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">7.60</td> - <td class="tdr">7.83</td> - <td class="tdr">8.19</td> - <td class="tdr">7.69</td> - <td class="tdr">7.87</td> - <td class="tdr">7.85</td> - <td class="tdr">7.78</td> - <td class="tdr">7.86</td> - <td class="tdr">7.82</td> - <td class="tdr">7.58</td> - <td class="tdr">7.91</td> - <td class="tdr">8.05</td> - <td class="tdr">8.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp"></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(45)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(148)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter-bizygomatic maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">14.8</td> - <td class="tdr">14.1</td> - <td class="tdr">14.6</td> - <td class="tdr">14.07</td> - <td class="tdr">13.90</td> - <td class="tdr">14.32</td> - <td class="tdr">14.44</td> - <td class="tdr">14.17</td> - <td class="tdr">14.30</td> - <td class="tdr">14.97</td> - <td class="tdr">14.13</td> - <td class="tdr">13.99</td> - <td class="tdr">14.20</td> - <td class="tdr">13.52</td> - <td class="tdr">14.37</td> - <td class="tdr">14.65</td> - <td class="tdr">14.53</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>24</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>24</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial Index, total</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.7</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.8</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>43</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>13</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial Index, upper</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>49.3</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em> </td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Basio-facial:</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(42)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(131)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">10.5</td> - <td class="tdr">10.43</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdr">10.43</td> - <td class="tdr">10.65</td> - <td class="tdr">10.61</td> - <td class="tdr">10.25</td> - <td class="tdr">10.20</td> - <td class="tdr">10.35</td> - <td class="tdr">10.40</td> - <td class="tdr">10.21</td> - <td class="tdr">10.43</td> - <td class="tdr">10.25</td> - <td class="tdr">10.40</td> - <td class="tdr">10.95</td> - <td class="tdr">10.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(44)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(143)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-subnasal point</td> - <td class="tdr">9.4</td> - <td class="tdr">9.4</td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr">8.6</td> - <td class="tdr">9.37</td> - <td class="tdr">9.12</td> - <td class="tdr">9.51</td> - <td class="tdr">9.28</td> - <td class="tdr">9.12</td> - <td class="tdr">9.20</td> - <td class="tdr">9.07</td> - <td class="tdr">9.17</td> - <td class="tdr">9.04</td> - <td class="tdr">9.26</td> - <td class="tdr">9.12</td> - <td class="tdr">9.35</td> - <td class="tdr">9.80</td> - <td class="tdr">9.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(145)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">10.4</td> - <td class="tdr">10.8</td> - <td class="tdr">10.2</td> - <td class="tdr">9.9</td> - <td class="tdr">10.47</td> - <td class="tdr">10.32</td> - <td class="tdr">10.55</td> - <td class="tdr">10.46</td> - <td class="tdr">10.29</td> - <td class="tdr">10.37</td> - <td class="tdr">10.27</td> - <td class="tdr">10.41</td> - <td class="tdr">10.44</td> - <td class="tdr">10.36</td> - <td class="tdr">10.18</td> - <td class="tdr">10.48</td> - <td class="tdr">10.90</td> - <td class="tdr">10.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>41</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>131</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial angle</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>65.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>41</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>131</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Alveolar angle</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.5</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>49</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>58</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>59.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>58</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orbits:</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(42)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(145)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height</td> - <td class="tdr">3.47</td> - <td class="tdr">3.55</td> - <td class="tdr">3.62</td> - <td class="tdr">3.67</td> - <td class="tdr">3.64</td> - <td class="tdr">3.45</td> - <td class="tdr">3.59</td> - <td class="tdr">3.75</td> - <td class="tdr">3.66</td> - <td class="tdr">3.76</td> - <td class="tdr">3.57</td> - <td class="tdr">3.67</td> - <td class="tdr">3.74</td> - <td class="tdr">3.68</td> - <td class="tdr">3.45</td> - <td class="tdr">3.80</td> - <td class="tdr">3.60</td> - <td class="tdr">3.66</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(42)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(145)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">3.85</td> - <td class="tdr">4.07</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">3.9</td> - <td class="tdr">3.95</td> - <td class="tdr">4.09</td> - <td class="tdr">4.02</td> - <td class="tdr">4.08</td> - <td class="tdr">3.92</td> - <td class="tdr">3.94</td> - <td class="tdr">4.07</td> - <td class="tdr">3.98</td> - <td class="tdr">4.04</td> - <td class="tdr">4.03</td> - <td class="tdr">3.88</td> - <td class="tdr">4.10</td> - <td class="tdr">4.25</td> - <td class="tdr">4.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>42</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>11</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>145</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>14</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(44)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(148)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">4.9</td> - <td class="tdr">5.1</td> - <td class="tdr">5.4</td> - <td class="tdr">5.3</td> - <td class="tdr">5.57</td> - <td class="tdr">5.49</td> - <td class="tdr">5.35</td> - <td class="tdr">5.59</td> - <td class="tdr">5.41</td> - <td class="tdr">5.45</td> - <td class="tdr">5.37</td> - <td class="tdr">5.44</td> - <td class="tdr">5.36</td> - <td class="tdr">5.42</td> - <td class="tdr">5.30</td> - <td class="tdr">5.57</td> - <td class="tdr">5.47</td> - <td class="tdr">5.63</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(44)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(148)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">2.4</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.35</td> - <td class="tdr">2.54</td> - <td class="tdr">2.35</td> - <td class="tdr">2.41</td> - <td class="tdr">2.43</td> - <td class="tdr">2.23</td> - <td class="tdr">2.57</td> - <td class="tdr">2.51</td> - <td class="tdr">2.26</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.36</td> - <td class="tdr">2.55</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>44</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>11</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>148</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>14</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>49</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>41</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>40.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Upper alveolar arch:</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(44)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(121)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">5.9</td> - <td class="tdr">5.6</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr">5.60</td> - <td class="tdr">5.40</td> - <td class="tdr">5.66</td> - <td class="tdr">5.73</td> - <td class="tdr">5.46</td> - <td class="tdr">5.40</td> - <td class="tdr">5.70</td> - <td class="tdr">5.57</td> - <td class="tdr">5.44</td> - <td class="tdr">5.63</td> - <td class="tdr">5.38</td> - <td class="tdr">5.57</td> - <td class="tdr">5.70</td> - <td class="tdr">5.95</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(44)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(121)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">6.9</td> - <td class="tdr">6.8</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6.6</td> - <td class="tdr">6.43</td> - <td class="tdr">6.63</td> - <td class="tdr">6.79</td> - <td class="tdr">6.68</td> - <td class="tdr">6.65</td> - <td class="tdr">6.63</td> - <td class="tdr">7.40</td> - <td class="tdr">6.70</td> - <td class="tdr">6.63</td> - <td class="tdr">6.79</td> - <td class="tdr">6.46</td> - <td class="tdr">6.66</td> - <td class="tdr">6.60</td> - <td class="tdr">7.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>44</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>121</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(28)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(26)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lower jaw: Height at symphysis</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.3</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">3.8</td> - <td class="tdr">3.55</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">3.91</td> - <td class="tdr">3.63</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.63</td> - <td class="tdr">3.75</td> - <td class="tdr">3.65</td> - <td class="tdr">3.62</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.90</td> - <td></td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="ESKIMO CRANIA"> - <caption>ESKIMO CRANIA—Continued<br /><span class="smcap">Seward Peninsula to Point Barrow and Eastward to Greenland</span><br /> - MALES</caption> -<col></col> -<col span="18" width="5%"></col> -<thead> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Golovnin Bay</th> - <th>Cape Nome</th> - <th>Sledge Island</th> - <th>Port Clarence</th> - <th>Wales</th> - <th>Shishmaref</th> - <th>Kotzebue</th> - <th>Point Hope</th> - <th>Barrow and vicinity</th> - <th>Old Igloos, southwest of Barrow</th> - <th>Point Barrow</th> - <th>Northern Arctic</th> - <th>Melville Peninsula</th> - <th>Southampton Island</th> - <th>Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay</th> - <th>Baffin Land, northern Devon, and vicinity</th> - <th>Smith Sound</th> - <th>Greenland</th> - </tr> -</thead> -<tbody> - <tr> - <td>Vault:</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(131)</td> - <td class="tdc">(37)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(49)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(49)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">19.23</td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr">19.16</td> - <td class="tdr">18.88</td> - <td class="tdr">18.75</td> - <td class="tdr">18.49</td> - <td class="tdr">18.25</td> - <td class="tdr">18.40</td> - <td class="tdr">18.90</td> - <td class="tdr">19.25</td> - <td class="tdr">18.74</td> - <td class="tdr">19.04</td> - <td class="tdr">19.6</td> - <td class="tdr">18.91</td> - <td class="tdr">18.78</td> - <td class="tdr">18.91</td> - <td class="tdr">18.96</td> - <td class="tdr">8.97</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(131)</td> - <td class="tdc">(37)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(49)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(49)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">13.67</td> - <td class="tdr">13.5</td> - <td class="tdr">13.72</td> - <td class="tdr">13.78</td> - <td class="tdr">13.64</td> - <td class="tdr">13.65</td> - <td class="tdr">13.50</td> - <td class="tdr">13.86</td> - <td class="tdr">13.73</td> - <td class="tdr">13.30</td> - <td class="tdr">13.84</td> - <td class="tdr">14.08</td> - <td class="tdr">13.7</td> - <td class="tdr">14.03</td> - <td class="tdr">14.10</td> - <td class="tdr">13.83</td> - <td class="tdr">14.37</td> - <td class="tdr">13.61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(128)</td> - <td class="tdc">(35)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(47)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(49)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">14.13</td> - <td class="tdr">13.6</td> - <td class="tdr">14.02</td> - <td class="tdr">13.90</td> - <td class="tdr">13.92</td> - <td class="tdr">13.48</td> - <td class="tdr">13.40</td> - <td class="tdr">13.90</td> - <td class="tdr">13.78</td> - <td class="tdr">14.02</td> - <td class="tdr">13.78</td> - <td class="tdr">13.76</td> - <td class="tdr">13.6</td> - <td class="tdr">14.01</td> - <td class="tdr">13.76</td> - <td class="tdr">13.87</td> - <td class="tdr">14.06</td> - <td class="tdr">13.95</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(128)</td> - <td class="tdc">(35)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(47)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(49)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cranial Module</td> - <td class="tdr">15.68</td> - <td class="tdr">15.03</td> - <td class="tdr">15.63</td> - <td class="tdr">15.57</td> - <td class="tdr">15.66</td> - <td class="tdr">15.19</td> - <td class="tdr">15.05</td> - <td class="tdr">15.39</td> - <td class="tdr">15.46</td> - <td class="tdr">15.52</td> - <td class="tdr">15.44</td> - <td class="tdr">15.63</td> - <td class="tdr">15.63</td> - <td class="tdr">15.65</td> - <td class="tdr">15.55</td> - <td class="tdr">15.55</td> - <td class="tdr">15.81</td> - <td class="tdr">15.51</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(126)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(42)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Capacity</td> - <td class="tdr">1,483</td> - <td class="tdr">1,325</td> - <td class="tdr">1,498</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,474</td> - <td class="tdr">1,395</td> - <td class="tdr">1,398</td> - <td class="tdr">1,474</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,324</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,563</td> - <td class="tdr">1,450</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,566</td> - <td class="tdr">1,518</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>19</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>13</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>131</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>37</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>27</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>49</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>49</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cranial Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>19</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>12</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>128</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>35</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>27</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>47</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>49</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mean height Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.7</em></td> - <td><em>83.</em>1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>19</em>) </td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>12</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>128</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>35</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>27</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>47</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>49</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height-breadth index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>103.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>100.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>102.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>102</em> </td> - <td class="tdc"><em>98.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>100.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>105.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>100.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>102.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Face:</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Menton-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">12.67</td> - <td class="tdr">12.6</td> - <td class="tdr">12.73</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">12.74 </td> - <td class="tdr">12.30</td> - <td class="tdr">(11.8)</td> - <td class="tdr">12.40</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">12.39</td> - <td class="tdr">13.10</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr">12.63</td> - <td class="tdr">12.18</td> - <td class="tdr">12.27</td> - <td class="tdr">12.13</td> - <td class="tdr">12.38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16) </td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(118)</td> - <td class="tdc">(21)</td> - <td class="tdc">(261)</td> - <td class="tdc">(37)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nasion-upper alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdr">7.97</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">7.83</td> - <td class="tdr">7.73</td> - <td class="tdr">7.81 </td> - <td class="tdr">7.60</td> - <td class="tdr">(7.3)</td> - <td class="tdr">7.52</td> - <td class="tdr">7.89</td> - <td class="tdr">7.71</td> - <td class="tdr">7.86</td> - <td class="tdr">8.02</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">7.67</td> - <td class="tdr">7.56</td> - <td class="tdr">7.61</td> - <td class="tdr">7.64</td> - <td class="tdr">7.61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18) </td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(124)</td> - <td class="tdc">(26)</td> - <td class="tdc">(26)</td> - <td class="tdc">(44)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(47)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter-bizygomatic maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">14.37</td> - <td class="tdr">14.3</td> - <td class="tdr">14.20</td> - <td class="tdr">14.17</td> - <td class="tdr">14.16</td> - <td class="tdr">14.20</td> - <td class="tdr">(13.85)</td> - <td class="tdr">14.31</td> - <td class="tdr">14.34</td> - <td class="tdr">14.16</td> - <td class="tdr">14.26</td> - <td class="tdr">14.44</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">14.48</td> - <td class="tdr">14.06</td> - <td class="tdr">14.22</td> - <td class="tdr">14.69</td> - <td class="tdr">14.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>12</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>12</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial Index, total</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>6.7</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.6</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>114</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>20</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>24</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>36</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>12</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>45</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial Index, upper</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.5</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52</em></td> - <td><em>54.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Basio-facial:</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(105)</td> - <td class="tdc">(21)</td> - <td class="tdc">(20)</td> - <td class="tdc">(36)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(42)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdr">10.4</td> - <td class="tdr">10.9</td> - <td class="tdr">10.62</td> - <td class="tdr">10.87</td> - <td class="tdr">10.55</td> - <td class="tdr">10.60</td> - <td class="tdr">10.7</td> - <td class="tdr">10.31</td> - <td class="tdr">10.39</td> - <td class="tdr">10.45</td> - <td class="tdr">10.39</td> - <td class="tdr">10.46</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.76</td> - <td class="tdr">10.58</td> - <td class="tdr">10.41</td> - <td class="tdr">10.26</td> - <td class="tdr">10.54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(123)</td> - <td class="tdc">(28)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(45)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(47)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-subnasal point</td> - <td class="tdr">9.57</td> - <td class="tdr">9.9</td> - <td class="tdr">9.58</td> - <td class="tdr">9.63</td> - <td class="tdr">9.43</td> - <td class="tdr">9.44</td> - <td class="tdr">(9.20)</td> - <td class="tdr">9.28</td> - <td class="tdr">9.31</td> - <td class="tdr">9.33</td> - <td class="tdr">9.23</td> - <td class="tdr">9.20</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">9.52</td> - <td class="tdr">9.52</td> - <td class="tdr">9.24</td> - <td class="tdr">9.39</td> - <td class="tdr">9.32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(128)</td> - <td class="tdc">(35)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(47)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(48)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">10.87</td> - <td class="tdr">10.8</td> - <td class="tdr">10.88</td> - <td class="tdr">10.77</td> - <td class="tdr">10.64</td> - <td class="tdr">10.50</td> - <td class="tdr">(10.45)</td> - <td class="tdr">10.49</td> - <td class="tdr">10.61</td> - <td class="tdr">10.70</td> - <td class="tdr">10.54</td> - <td class="tdr">10.68</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.83</td> - <td class="tdr">10.60</td> - <td class="tdr">10.51</td> - <td class="tdr">10.70</td> - <td class="tdr">10.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>105</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>36</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>42</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial angle</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69.5</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>105</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>36</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>42</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Alveolar angle</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>60.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>59</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>59</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orbits:</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(118)</td> - <td class="tdc">(28)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - <td class="tdc">(43)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(47)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height</td> - <td class="tdr">3.66</td> - <td class="tdr">3.42</td> - <td class="tdr">3.64</td> - <td class="tdr">3.62</td> - <td class="tdr">3.67</td> - <td class="tdr">3.60</td> - <td class="tdr">3.48</td> - <td class="tdr">3.63</td> - <td class="tdr">3.60</td> - <td class="tdr">3.62</td> - <td class="tdr">3.61</td> - <td class="tdr">3.82</td> - <td class="tdr">3.9</td> - <td class="tdr">3.67</td> - <td class="tdr">3.58</td> - <td class="tdr">3.56</td> - <td class="tdr">3.54</td> - <td class="tdr">3.64</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(118)</td> - <td class="tdc">(28)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - <td class="tdc">(43)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(47)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">4.20</td> - <td class="tdr">4.05</td> - <td class="tdr">4.03</td> - <td class="tdr">4.03</td> - <td class="tdr">4.09</td> - <td class="tdr">3.98</td> - <td class="tdr">4.05</td> - <td class="tdr">4.03</td> - <td class="tdr">4.04</td> - <td class="tdr">3.97</td> - <td class="tdr">4.02</td> - <td class="tdr">4.22</td> - <td class="tdr">4.3</td> - <td class="tdr">4.06</td> - <td class="tdr">3.97</td> - <td class="tdr">3.98</td> - <td class="tdr">4.11</td> - <td class="tdr">3.99</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>19</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>11</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>118</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>28</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>25</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>43</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>47</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(126)</td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(48)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">5.57</td> - <td class="tdr">5.7</td> - <td class="tdr">5.59</td> - <td class="tdr">5.37</td> - <td class="tdr">5.39</td> - <td class="tdr">5.35 (4.95)</td> - <td class="tdr">5.36</td> - <td class="tdr">5.52</td> - <td class="tdr">5.45</td> - <td class="tdr">5.48</td> - <td class="tdr">5.44</td> - <td class="tdr">5.4</td> - <td class="tdr">5.43</td> - <td class="tdr">5.14</td> - <td class="tdr">5.32</td> - <td class="tdr">5.73</td> - <td class="tdr">5.24</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(126)</td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(48)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">2.35</td> - <td class="tdr">2.55</td> - <td class="tdr">2.35</td> - <td class="tdr">2.35</td> - <td class="tdr">2.41</td> - <td class="tdr">2.39</td> - <td class="tdr">2.22</td> - <td class="tdr">2.39</td> - <td class="tdr">2.39</td> - <td class="tdr">2.37</td> - <td class="tdr">2.31</td> - <td class="tdr">2.32</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - <td class="tdr">2.23</td> - <td class="tdr">2.31</td> - <td class="tdr">2.27</td> - <td class="tdr">2.27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>19</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>11</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>126</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>29</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>27</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>46</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>48</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>39.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Upper alveolar arch:</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(99)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(44)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">6.13</td> - <td class="tdr">6.1</td> - <td class="tdr">5.70</td> - <td class="tdr">5.90</td> - <td class="tdr">5.69</td> - <td class="tdr">5.74</td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr">5.55</td> - <td class="tdr">5.59</td> - <td class="tdr">5.57</td> - <td class="tdr">5.63</td> - <td class="tdr">5.80</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.84</td> - <td class="tdr">5.78</td> - <td class="tdr">5.63</td> - <td class="tdr">5.50</td> - <td class="tdr">5.63</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(99)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(44)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - <td class="tdr">6.9</td> - <td class="tdr">6.83</td> - <td class="tdr">6.80</td> - <td class="tdr">6.76</td> - <td class="tdr">6.79</td> - <td class="tdr">5.8</td> - <td class="tdr">6.54</td> - <td class="tdr">6.45</td> - <td class="tdr">6.68</td> - <td class="tdr">6.47</td> - <td class="tdr">6.70</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6.94</td> - <td class="tdr">6.72</td> - <td class="tdr">6.72</td> - <td class="tdr">6.74</td> - <td class="tdr">6.63</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>17</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>99</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>23</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>33</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>11</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>44</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.6</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lower jaw: Height at symphysis</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">3.85</td> - <td class="tdr">3.61</td> - <td class="tdr">4.2</td> - <td class="tdr">3.91</td> - <td class="tdr">3.78</td> - <td class="tdr">3.8</td> - <td class="tdr">3.82</td> - <td class="tdr">3.95</td> - <td class="tdr">3.72</td> - <td class="tdr">3.9</td> - <td class="tdr">4.2</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.67</td> - <td class="tdr">3.56</td> - <td class="tdr">3.83</td> - <td class="tdr">3.52</td> - <td class="tdr">3.76</td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="ESKIMO CRANIA"> - <caption>ESKIMO CRANIA—Continued<br /><span class="smcap">Western, Northern, and Eastern Eskimo</span><br /> - FEMALES</caption> -<col></col> -<col span="14" width="6.2%"></col> -<thead> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th rowspan="2">Unalaska Peninsula</th> - <th rowspan="2">Togiak</th> - <th rowspan="2">Mumtrak</th> - <th rowspan="2">Nunivak Island</th> - <th rowspan="2">Nelson Island</th> - <th rowspan="2">Hooper Bay</th> - <th rowspan="2">Yukon Delta<br />(Kashunok)<br />and lower Yukon</th> - <th rowspan="2">Pilot Station, lower Yukon</th> - <th rowspan="2">Kotlik and Pastolik</th> - <th rowspan="2">St. Michael Island</th> - <th rowspan="2">St. Lawrence Island</th> - <th rowspan="2">Little Diomede Island</th> - <th colspan="2">Northeastern Asia</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Indian Point</th> - <th>Chukchee</th> - </tr> -</thead> -<tbody> - <tr> - <td>Vault:</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(70)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(140)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">17.90</td> - <td class="tdr">17.17</td> - <td class="tdr">17.27</td> - <td class="tdr">17.89</td> - <td class="tdr">17.42</td> - <td class="tdr">17.42</td> - <td class="tdr">18.7</td> - <td class="tdr">17.8</td> - <td class="tdr">17.72</td> - <td class="tdr">17.72</td> - <td class="tdr">17.69</td> - <td class="tdr">18.04</td> - <td class="tdr">17.64</td> - <td class="tdr">18.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(70)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(140)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">13.70</td> - <td class="tdr">14.17</td> - <td class="tdr">13.92</td> - <td class="tdr">13.65</td> - <td class="tdr">13.71</td> - <td class="tdr">13.70</td> - <td class="tdr">13.95</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdr">13.62</td> - <td class="tdr">13.38</td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - <td class="tdr">13.71</td> - <td class="tdr">13.74</td> - <td class="tdr">14.30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(70)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(128)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">13.10</td> - <td class="tdr">12.86</td> - <td class="tdr">12.85</td> - <td class="tdr">13.15</td> - <td class="tdr">12.78</td> - <td class="tdr">12.62</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">13.20</td> - <td class="tdr">13.04</td> - <td class="tdr">13.07</td> - <td class="tdr">13.21</td> - <td class="tdr">13.50</td> - <td class="tdr">13.25</td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(70)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(128)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cranial Module</td> - <td class="tdr">14.90</td> - <td class="tdr">14.73</td> - <td class="tdr">14.68</td> - <td class="tdr">14.90</td> - <td class="tdr">14.64</td> - <td class="tdr">14.68</td> - <td class="tdr">(15.22)</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdr">14.81</td> - <td class="tdr">14.72</td> - <td class="tdr">14.87</td> - <td class="tdr">15.09</td> - <td class="tdr">14.88</td> - <td class="tdr">15.38</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(66)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(120)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Capacity</td> - <td class="tdr">1,352</td> - <td class="tdr">1,375</td> - <td class="tdr">1,376</td> - <td class="tdr">1,353</td> - <td class="tdr">1,334</td> - <td class="tdr">1,246</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,442</td> - <td class="tdr">1,359</td> - <td class="tdr">1,293</td> - <td class="tdr">1,335</td> - <td class="tdr">1,359</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,512</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>70</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>17</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>18</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>140</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cranial Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>70</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>18</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>128</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mean height Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>79.2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>70</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>18</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>128</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height-breadth index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>92.8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Face:</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Menton-nasion</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">12.1</td> - <td class="tdr">11.3</td> - <td class="tdr">11.62</td> - <td class="tdr">11.62</td> - <td class="tdr">11.80</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.90</td> - <td class="tdr">11.82</td> - <td class="tdr">11.5</td> - <td class="tdr">11.49</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(120)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nasion-upper alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdr">7.80</td> - <td class="tdr">7.30</td> - <td class="tdr">7.05</td> - <td class="tdr">7.27</td> - <td class="tdr">7.18</td> - <td class="tdr">7.30</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">7.40</td> - <td class="tdr">7.49</td> - <td class="tdr">7.13</td> - <td class="tdr">7.29</td> - <td class="tdr">7.38</td> - <td class="tdr">7.41</td> - <td class="tdr">7.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(63)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(128)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter-bizygomatic maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">13.40</td> - <td class="tdr">13.12</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td class="tdr">13.27</td> - <td class="tdr">13.37</td> - <td class="tdr">13.37</td> - <td class="tdr">13.9</td> - <td class="tdr">13.47</td> - <td class="tdr">13.26</td> - <td class="tdr">13.12</td> - <td class="tdr">13.31</td> - <td class="tdr">13.09</td> - <td class="tdr">13.34</td> - <td class="tdr">13.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>26</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>23</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial Index, total</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.9</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>51</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>14</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>120</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>12</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial Index, upper</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>58.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.7</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Basio-facial:</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(45)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(111)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdr">10.05</td> - <td class="tdr">9.78</td> - <td class="tdr">9.53</td> - <td class="tdr">10.17</td> - <td class="tdr">10.06</td> - <td class="tdr">9.60</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">10.17</td> - <td class="tdr">10.09</td> - <td class="tdr">9.77</td> - <td class="tdr">10.04</td> - <td class="tdr">9.73</td> - <td class="tdr">10.14</td> - <td class="tdr">10.10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(60)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(119)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-subnasal point</td> - <td class="tdr">8.80</td> - <td class="tdr">8.55</td> - <td class="tdr">8.50</td> - <td class="tdr">8.97</td> - <td class="tdr">8.76</td> - <td class="tdr">8.55</td> - <td class="tdr">8.9</td> - <td class="tdr">8.80</td> - <td class="tdr">8.86</td> - <td class="tdr">8.80</td> - <td class="tdr">8.88</td> - <td class="tdr">8.78</td> - <td class="tdr">8.95</td> - <td class="tdr">9.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(69)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(128)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">9.80</td> - <td class="tdr">9.56</td> - <td class="tdr">9.52</td> - <td class="tdr">10.02</td> - <td class="tdr">9.73</td> - <td class="tdr">9.70</td> - <td class="tdr">10.2</td> - <td class="tdr">9.97</td> - <td class="tdr">9.98</td> - <td class="tdr">9.98</td> - <td class="tdr">9.93</td> - <td class="tdr">9.91</td> - <td class="tdr">9.97</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>45</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>13</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>111</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>13</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial angle</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>65.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68.5</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>45</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>13</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>111</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>13</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Alveolar angle</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>50</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>59.5</em> </td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orbits:</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(59)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(121)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height</td> - <td class="tdr">3.65</td> - <td class="tdr">3.59</td> - <td class="tdr">3.53</td> - <td class="tdr">3.51</td> - <td class="tdr">3.50</td> - <td class="tdr">3.56</td> - <td class="tdr">3.5</td> - <td class="tdr">3.54</td> - <td class="tdr">3.62</td> - <td class="tdr">3.61</td> - <td class="tdr">3.60</td> - <td class="tdr">3.60</td> - <td class="tdr">3.59</td> - <td class="tdr">3.41</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(59)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(121)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">3.92</td> - <td class="tdr">3.85</td> - <td class="tdr">3.81</td> - <td class="tdr">3.86</td> - <td class="tdr">3.81</td> - <td class="tdr">3.89</td> - <td class="tdr">3.8</td> - <td class="tdr">3.89</td> - <td class="tdr">3.86</td> - <td class="tdr">3.78</td> - <td class="tdr">3.91</td> - <td class="tdr">4.01</td> - <td class="tdr">3.90</td> - <td class="tdr">3.79</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>59</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>18</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>121</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(63)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(127)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">5.32</td> - <td class="tdr">5.06</td> - <td class="tdr">5.03</td> - <td class="tdr">4.99</td> - <td class="tdr">5.06</td> - <td class="tdr">4.95</td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">5.19</td> - <td class="tdr">4.95</td> - <td class="tdr">5.13</td> - <td class="tdr">5.15</td> - <td class="tdr">5.16</td> - <td class="tdr">5.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(63)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(127)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">2.58</td> - <td class="tdr">2.32</td> - <td class="tdr">2.23</td> - <td class="tdr">2.32</td> - <td class="tdr">2.34</td> - <td class="tdr">2.35</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.33</td> - <td class="tdr">2.31</td> - <td class="tdr">2.17</td> - <td class="tdr">2.39</td> - <td class="tdr">2.28</td> - <td class="tdr">2.45</td> - <td class="tdr">2.65</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>63</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>14</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>18</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>127</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>50.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Upper alveolar arch:</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(109)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">5.55</td> - <td class="tdr">5.18</td> - <td class="tdr">5.03</td> - <td class="tdr">5.39</td> - <td class="tdr">5.39</td> - <td class="tdr">5.25</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5.40</td> - <td class="tdr">5.45</td> - <td class="tdr">5.40</td> - <td class="tdr">5.37</td> - <td class="tdr">5.30</td> - <td class="tdr">5.44</td> - <td class="tdr">5.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(109)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">6.55</td> - <td class="tdr">6.40</td> - <td class="tdr">6.13</td> - <td class="tdr">6.31</td> - <td class="tdr">6.32</td> - <td class="tdr">6.45</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">6.60</td> - <td class="tdr">6.38</td> - <td class="tdr">6.23</td> - <td class="tdr">6.46</td> - <td class="tdr">6.52</td> - <td class="tdr">6.40</td> - <td class="tdr">6.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>46</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>14</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>109</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>12</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.4</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(32)</td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lower jaw: Height at symphysis</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.50</td> - <td class="tdr">3.30</td> - <td class="tdr">3.48</td> - <td class="tdr">3.40</td> - <td class="tdr">3.40</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.67</td> - <td class="tdr">3.56</td> - <td class="tdr">3.39</td> - <td class="tdr">3.18</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.2</td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="ESKIMO CRANIA"> - <caption>ESKIMO CRANIA—Continued<br /><span class="smcap">Western, Northern, and Eastern Eskimo</span>—Continued<br /> - FEMALES</caption> -<col></col> -<col span="17" width="5.3%"></col> -<thead> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="3">Seward Peninsula</th> - <th rowspan="2">Port Clarence</th> - <th rowspan="2">Wales</th> - <th rowspan="2">Shishmaref</th> - <th rowspan="2">Kotzebue Sound and Kobuk River</th> - <th rowspan="2">Point Hope</th> - <th rowspan="2">Barrow and vicinity</th> - <th rowspan="2">Old Igloos north of Barrow</th> - <th rowspan="2">Point Barrow</th> - <th rowspan="2">Northern Arctic</th> - <th rowspan="2">Southampton Island</th> - <th rowspan="2">Hudson Bay and vicinity</th> - <th rowspan="2">Baffin Land, North Devon and vicinity</th> - <th rowspan="2">Smith Sound</th> - <th rowspan="2">Greenland</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Golovnin Bay</th> - <th>Cape Nome</th> - <th>Sledge Island</th> - </tr> -</thead> -<tbody> - <tr> - <td>Vault:</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(92)</td> - <td class="tdc">(36)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">17.92</td> - <td class="tdr">17.70</td> - <td class="tdr">18.13</td> - <td class="tdr">17.63</td> - <td class="tdr">18.05</td> - <td class="tdr">17.73</td> - <td class="tdr">17.2</td> - <td class="tdr">17.5 7</td> - <td class="tdr">17.77</td> - <td class="tdr">18.11</td> - <td class="tdr">17.91</td> - <td class="tdr">18.21</td> - <td class="tdr">18.17</td> - <td class="tdr">17.55</td> - <td class="tdr">18.33</td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr">18.04</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(92)</td> - <td class="tdc">(36)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">13.22</td> - <td class="tdr">13.25</td> - <td class="tdr">13.50</td> - <td class="tdr">13.50</td> - <td class="tdr">13.35</td> - <td class="tdr">13.29</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.43</td> - <td class="tdr">13.23</td> - <td class="tdr">12.72</td> - <td class="tdr">13.32</td> - <td class="tdr">13.36</td> - <td class="tdr">13.70</td> - <td class="tdr">13.60</td> - <td class="tdr">13.44</td> - <td class="tdr">13.80</td> - <td class="tdr">12.98</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(89)</td> - <td class="tdc">(34)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">13.20</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">13.22</td> - <td class="tdr">12.90</td> - <td class="tdr">13.21</td> - <td class="tdr">13.16</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.20</td> - <td class="tdr">12.97</td> - <td class="tdr">13.21</td> - <td class="tdr">13.03</td> - <td class="tdr">12.99</td> - <td class="tdr">13.69</td> - <td class="tdr">12.55</td> - <td class="tdr">13.34</td> - <td class="tdr">13.65</td> - <td class="tdr">13.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(89)</td> - <td class="tdc">(34)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cranial Module</td> - <td class="tdr">14.78</td> - <td class="tdr">14.65</td> - <td class="tdr">14.95</td> - <td class="tdr">14.68</td> - <td class="tdr">14.87</td> - <td class="tdr">14.72</td> - <td class="tdr">14.67</td> - <td class="tdr">14.72</td> - <td class="tdr">14.66</td> - <td class="tdr">14.72</td> - <td class="tdr">14.75</td> - <td class="tdr">14.85</td> - <td class="tdr">15.18</td> - <td class="tdr">14.57</td> - <td class="tdr">15.04</td> - <td class="tdr">15.15</td> - <td class="tdr">14.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(89)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(43)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Capacity</td> - <td class="tdr">1,345</td> - <td class="tdr">1,290</td> - <td class="tdr">1,374</td> - <td class="tdr">1,285</td> - <td class="tdr">1,359</td> - <td class="tdr">1,239</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,316</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,235</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,443</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1,510</td> - <td class="tdr">1,324</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(92)</td> - <td class="tdc">(36)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>25</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>52</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>17</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>52</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cranial Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>89</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>34</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>24</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>52</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>17</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>52</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mean height Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>89</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>34</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>24</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>52</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>17</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>52</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Height-breadth index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>100</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>104.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>101</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Face:</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(11)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Menton-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">12.03</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.93</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.85</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">11.9</td> - <td class="tdr">12.05</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.21</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">12.7</td> - <td class="tdr">11.7</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">11.60</td> - <td class="tdr">11.20</td> - <td class="tdr">11.52</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(78)</td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(40)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(45)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nasion-upper alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdr">7.40</td> - <td class="tdr">7.3</td> - <td class="tdr">7.30</td> - <td class="tdr">6.7</td> - <td class="tdr">7.39</td> - <td class="tdr">7.20</td> - <td class="tdr">7.1</td> - <td class="tdr">7.06</td> - <td class="tdr">7.18</td> - <td class="tdr">7.01</td> - <td class="tdr">7.22</td> - <td class="tdr">7.43</td> - <td class="tdr">7.14</td> - <td class="tdr">6.95</td> - <td class="tdr">7.10</td> - <td class="tdr">6.80</td> - <td class="tdr">7.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(84)</td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(50)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter-bizygomatic maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2 5</td> - <td class="tdr">13.15</td> - <td class="tdr">13.26</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td class="tdr">13.29</td> - <td class="tdr">13.21</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.32</td> - <td class="tdr">13.16</td> - <td class="tdr">13.08</td> - <td class="tdr">13.06</td> - <td class="tdr">12.96</td> - <td class="tdr">13.82</td> - <td class="tdr">12.65</td> - <td class="tdr">13.27</td> - <td class="tdr">13.20</td> - <td class="tdr">13.03</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial Index, total</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.9</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.9</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.3</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.8</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.8</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>77</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>21</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>18</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>39</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>11</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>45</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial Index, upper</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Basio-facial:</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(76)</td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(37)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(45)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdr">10.27</td> - <td class="tdr">10.3</td> - <td class="tdr">10.25</td> - <td class="tdr">9.8</td> - <td class="tdr">10.24</td> - <td class="tdr">10.38</td> - <td class="tdr">9.2</td> - <td class="tdr">9.72</td> - <td class="tdr">9.85</td> - <td class="tdr">10.13</td> - <td class="tdr">9.77</td> - <td class="tdr">10.03</td> - <td class="tdr">10.02</td> - <td class="tdr">9.4</td> - <td class="tdr">10.13</td> - <td class="tdr">9.35</td> - <td class="tdr">10.09</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(83)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(21)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(50)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-subnasal point</td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr">8.85</td> - <td class="tdr">9.16</td> - <td class="tdr">8.8</td> - <td class="tdr">9.04</td> - <td class="tdr">9.25</td> - <td class="tdr">7.9</td> - <td class="tdr">8.72</td> - <td class="tdr">8.86</td> - <td class="tdr">9.12</td> - <td class="tdr">8.73</td> - <td class="tdr">8.85</td> - <td class="tdr">9.02</td> - <td class="tdr">8.35</td> - <td class="tdr">9.05</td> - <td class="tdr">8.35</td> - <td class="tdr">8.94</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(89)</td> - <td class="tdc">(34)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">10.10</td> - <td class="tdr">10.05</td> - <td class="tdr">10.29</td> - <td class="tdr">9.93</td> - <td class="tdr">10.01</td> - <td class="tdr">10.16</td> - <td class="tdr">9.5</td> - <td class="tdr">9.89</td> - <td class="tdr">10.01</td> - <td class="tdr">10.18</td> - <td class="tdr">9.94</td> - <td class="tdr">10.07</td> - <td class="tdr">10.34</td> - <td class="tdr">9.75</td> - <td class="tdr">10.11</td> - <td class="tdr">9.65</td> - <td class="tdr">10.13</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>75</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>37</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>45</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial angle</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.5</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>8</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>75</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>37</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>45</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Alveolar angle</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>41.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.5</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.5</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.5</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orbits:</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(83)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(42)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(47)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height</td> - <td class="tdr">3.57</td> - <td class="tdr">3.52</td> - <td class="tdr">3.58</td> - <td class="tdr">3.55</td> - <td class="tdr">3.52</td> - <td class="tdr">3.43</td> - <td class="tdr">3.30</td> - <td class="tdr">3.54</td> - <td class="tdr">3.61</td> - <td class="tdr">3.47</td> - <td class="tdr">3.55</td> - <td class="tdr">3.50</td> - <td class="tdr">3.64</td> - <td class="tdr">(3.60)</td> - <td class="tdr">3.53</td> - <td class="tdr">3.51</td> - <td class="tdr">3.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(83)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(42)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(47)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">3.86</td> - <td class="tdr">3.92</td> - <td class="tdr">3.98</td> - <td class="tdr">3.95</td> - <td class="tdr">3.94</td> - <td class="tdr">3.90</td> - <td class="tdr">3.82</td> - <td class="tdr">3.90</td> - <td class="tdr">3.88</td> - <td class="tdr">4.01</td> - <td class="tdr">3.90</td> - <td class="tdr">3.83</td> - <td class="tdr">4.05</td> - <td class="tdr">(3.80)</td> - <td class="tdr">3.88</td> - <td class="tdr">3.96</td> - <td class="tdr">3.85</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(83)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>18</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>42</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>13</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>47</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>94.7</em>) </td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(86)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(21)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(50)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">5.20</td> - <td class="tdr">5.02</td> - <td class="tdr">5.10</td> - <td class="tdr">4.9</td> - <td class="tdr">5.08</td> - <td class="tdr">4.93</td> - <td class="tdr">4.9</td> - <td class="tdr">5.04</td> - <td class="tdr">5.19</td> - <td class="tdr">5.02</td> - <td class="tdr">5.11</td> - <td class="tdr">4.83</td> - <td class="tdr">5.06</td> - <td class="tdr">4.90</td> - <td class="tdr">4.98</td> - <td class="tdr">5.30</td> - <td class="tdr">4.99</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(86)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(21)</td> - <td class="tdc">(46)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(50)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">2.32</td> - <td class="tdr">2.50</td> - <td class="tdr">2.26</td> - <td class="tdr">2.3</td> - <td class="tdr">2.32</td> - <td class="tdr">2.33</td> - <td class="tdr">2.6</td> - <td class="tdr">2.28</td> - <td class="tdr">2.32</td> - <td class="tdr">2.23</td> - <td class="tdr">2.29</td> - <td class="tdr">2.14</td> - <td class="tdr">2.21</td> - <td class="tdr">2.15</td> - <td class="tdr">2.20</td> - <td class="tdr">2.32</td> - <td class="tdr">2.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>7</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>10</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>86</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>27</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>21</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>46</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>9</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>13</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>50</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>49.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>46.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>47.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Upper alveolar arch:</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(73)</td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(45)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">5.77</td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr">5.61</td> - <td class="tdr">5.3</td> - <td class="tdr">5.61</td> - <td class="tdr">5.67</td> - <td class="tdr">5.5</td> - <td class="tdr">5.21</td> - <td class="tdr">5.22</td> - <td class="tdr">5.34</td> - <td class="tdr">5.25</td> - <td class="tdr">5.38</td> - <td class="tdr">5.50</td> - <td class="tdr">4.85</td> - <td class="tdr">5.44</td> - <td class="tdr">5.20</td> - <td class="tdr">5.35</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(73)</td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(12)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(45)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">6.73</td> - <td class="tdr">6.4</td> - <td class="tdr">6.46</td> - <td class="tdr">6.6</td> - <td class="tdr">6.57</td> - <td class="tdr">6.67</td> - <td class="tdr">6.4</td> - <td class="tdr">6.19</td> - <td class="tdr">6.13</td> - <td class="tdr">6.29</td> - <td class="tdr">6.01</td> - <td class="tdr">6.22</td> - <td class="tdr">6.60</td> - <td class="tdr">5.85</td> - <td class="tdr">6.22</td> - <td class="tdr">6.20</td> - <td class="tdr">6.16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>3</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>11</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>15</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>1</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>73</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>23</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>16</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>33</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>12</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>2</em>)</td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>45</em>)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(4)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(3)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(1)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(2)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lower jaw: Height at symphysis</td> - <td class="tdr">3.73</td> - <td class="tdr">3.7</td> - <td class="tdr">3.60</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.56</td> - <td class="tdr">3.8</td> - <td class="tdr">3.9</td> - <td class="tdr">3.38</td> - <td class="tdr">3.27</td> - <td class="tdr">3.38</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.7</td> - <td class="tdr">3.20</td> - <td class="tdr">3.15</td> - <td class="tdr">3.46</td> - <td class="tdr">3.42</td> - <td class="tdr">3.40</td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span></p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Compare writer's Variation in the dimensions of lower molars in man and anthropoid -apes, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., <span class="smcap">VI</span>, 423-438, Washington, 1923.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Rivet, P., Recherches sur le prognathisme. L'Anthropologie, <span class="smcap">XX</span>, pp. 35, 175; Paris, -1909. <span class="smcap">XXI</span>, pp. 505, 637, 1910.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Cat. Crania, U. S. Nat. Mus., etc., No. 3. Washington, 1928, 88, 105, 139.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Lower angles mean higher, higher angles lower facial or alveolar protrusion.</p></div></div> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>SKULLS OF ESKIMO CHILDREN</h2> - - -<p>A special effort in our work has been made to secure well-preserved -skulls of children. As elsewhere, so among the Eskimo, more -children die than adults, but conditions are not favorable for the -preservation of their skeletal remains. Most of the bones are done -away with or damaged by animals (foxes, dogs, mice, etc.), while -others decay, so that generally nothing remains of the youngest -subjects and but a few bones and a rare skull of the older children. -The total number of such skulls in our collection now reaches 25. -They are all of children of more than 2 but mostly less than 6 years -old, and are all normal specimens. The principal measurements of -their vault—a study of the face is a subject apart and needing more -material—are given in the following tables.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Crania of Eskimo Children</span></h3> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Crania of Eskimo Children"> -<col span="12" width="8.3%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Catalogue No.</th> - <th rowspan="2">Collector</th> - <th rowspan="2">Locality</th> - <th rowspan="2">De­for­ma­tion</th> - <th colspan="3">Vault</th> - <th rowspan="2">Cranial<br />index</th> - <th rowspan="2">Mean<br />height<br />Index</th> - <th rowspan="2">Height-breadth index</th> - <th rowspan="2">Basion-nasion</th> - <th rowspan="2">Basion-nasion<br />diameter<br />vs.<br />length<br />of skull</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Length</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Height</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">U.S.N.M.</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332563</td> - <td>A. Hrdlička</td> - <td>Pastolik</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.9</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332566</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">15.6</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.8</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>332564</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.6</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87</em></td> - <td class="tdr">8.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>50.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339037</td> - <td>Collins and Stewart</td> - <td>Togiak</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.5</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">12.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339087</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Nelson Island</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.1</td> - <td class="tdr">13.5</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>57.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339088</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.6</td> - <td class="tdr">11.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr">7.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>48.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339056</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Mumtrak</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.3</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr">8.9</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339063</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">15.7</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdr">12.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr">8.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339113</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Hooper Bay</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.8</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.2</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">144.6</td> - <td class="tdr">122</td> - <td class="tdr">73.6</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">52.1</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Average</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>16.07</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>13.56</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>12.27</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>8.68</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">SOUTHWESTERN AND MIDWESTERN ESKIMO</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339172</td> - <td>H. B. Collins, jr., and T. D. Stewart</td> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.9</td> - <td class="tdr">12.6</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339153</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">17.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">12.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339198</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.6</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr">12.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">8.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.8</em></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>339222</td> - <td>H. B. Collins, jr., and T. D. Stewart.</td> - <td>Nunivak Island</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">12.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339197</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">17</td> - <td class="tdr">13.6</td> - <td class="tdr">12.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339199</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.1</td> - <td class="tdr">13.3</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.6</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>339152</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">17</td> - <td class="tdr">14.5</td> - <td class="tdr">12.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr">8.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(6)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">117.8</td> - <td class="tdr">93.6</td> - <td class="tdr">74.3</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">53.7</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Average</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>16.83</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>13.37</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>12.38</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>8.95</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>279569</td> - <td>R. D. Moore</td> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr bu">17.6</td> - <td class="tdr bu">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr bu">12.2</td> - <td class="tdr bu"><em>76.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr bu"><em>78.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr bu"><em>91</em></td> - <td class="tdr bu">9.3</td> - <td class="tdr bu"><em>52.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>279568</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">17.1</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.3</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>279495</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.1</td> - <td class="tdr">12.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>279479</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.8</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>279462</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>279421</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">12.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr">8.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>51.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>279448</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.5</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">82.3</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>279591</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">14.7</td> - <td class="tdr">12.4</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">84.3</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>279443</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.9</td> - <td class="tdr">12.4</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">8.6</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>52.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - <td class="tdc bu">(7)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">146.4</td> - <td class="tdr">119.1</td> - <td class="tdr">87.7</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">62.9</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Average</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>16.27</em></td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>13.23</em></td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>12.53</em></td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>81.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>84.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>94.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>8.99</em></td> - <td class="tdr bd"><em>54.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">A. M. N. H.</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">99-4106</td> - <td>G. Comer</td> - <td>Southampton Island</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">17.4</td> - <td class="tdr">13.3</td> - <td class="tdr">12.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>96.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr">8.8</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>50.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4657</td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td>Hudson Bay</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.9</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr">12.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.1</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">7690</td> - <td>Capt. Bartlett</td> - <td>Etah, Smith Sound</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">16.6</td> - <td class="tdr">13.4</td> - <td class="tdr">12.7</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr">9.2</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.4</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p> - - -<h4><span class="smcap">Principal Cranial Indices in Children Compared With Those in Adults</span></h4> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Principal Cranial Indices in Children Compared With Those in Adults"> -<col span="2"></col> -<col span="8" width="7.1%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th rowspan="2">Cranial index</th> - <th rowspan="2">Mean height index</th> - <th rowspan="2">Height-breadth index</th> - <th rowspan="2">BN-skull length index</th> - <th colspan="4">Percentage relation of dimensions of the vault in adults and children (adults = 100)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Length</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Height</th> - <th>Basion-nasion diameter</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="2">South western and Midwestern Eskimo<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></td> - <td>Children</td> - <td class="tdr">84.4</td> - <td class="tdr">82.5</td> - <td class="tdr">89.6</td> - <td class="tdr">54</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">90.1</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">96.7</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">93.2</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">86.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Adults (both sexes)</td> - <td class="tdr">79.3</td> - <td class="tdr">82.3</td> - <td class="tdr">93</td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="2">Nunivak Island</td> - <td>Children</td> - <td class="tdr">79.5</td> - <td class="tdr">81.6</td> - <td class="tdr">92.5</td> - <td class="tdr">52.8</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">91.7</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">96.4</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">92.3</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">87.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Adults (both sexes)</td> - <td class="tdr">75.6</td> - <td class="tdr">83.3</td> - <td class="tdr">96.7</td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="2">St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td>Children</td> - <td class="tdr">81.4</td> - <td class="tdr">84.1</td> - <td class="tdr">94.1</td> - <td class="tdr">54.5</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">90.2</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">95.2</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">93.2</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr">88.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Adults (both sexes)</td> - <td class="tdr">77.3</td> - <td class="tdr">84.1</td> - <td class="tdr">96.5</td> - <td class="tdr">56.2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="2">All</td> - <td>Children</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.8</em></td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr"><em>90.8</em></td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr"><em>96.1</em></td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr"><em>92.9</em></td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdr"><em>87.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Adults</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>56.1</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p> - -<p>The main interest centers in the comparison of the relative proportions -of these skulls with those of the adults from the same localities. -These comparisons, given in the smaller table, are of considerable -interest.</p> - -<p>The cranial index is considerably higher in the children. On -analysis this is found to be due almost wholly to a greater relative -breadth of the child's skull. During later growth the Eskimo -cranium advances materially more in length than in breadth. A -further expansion in breadth is evidently hindered by some factor -outside of the bones themselves, for nothing appears in these that -could constitute such a hindrance. And the only evident outside factor -capable of producing such an effect are the strong pads of the -temporal muscles.</p> - -<p>The mean height index <span class="overunder">H×100<br /><span class="bt">mean of L+B</span></span> remains much the same -in the children and adults, indicating that the relative increase during -growth in skull length compensates for the lagging increase in -breadth, while the proportion of the height to the mean of the length -and breadth remains fairly stable.</p> - -<p>The much greater growth in length than in breadth of the Eskimo -skull from childhood onward is shown even better in the second part -of the table by a direct comparison of the mean dimensions. The -length of the adult skull is by over 9 per cent, the breadth by less -than 4 per cent, greater than that in childhood in the same groups.</p> - -<p>The adult Eskimo skull has also grown very perceptibly more in -height than in breadth, though somewhat less so than in length. The -result is a notably higher height-breadth index in the adult. Compared -to that in childhood the adult Eskimo skull is therefore relatively -markedly longer, higher, and narrower.</p> - -<p>These facts are probably of more significance than might seem at -first glance; for it is precisely by the same characters, carried still -further, that some of the Eskimo differ from others. Let us compare -two of our largest and best groups, those of St. Lawrence Island -and Greenland:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Number of skulls (both sexes)"> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Number of skulls (both sexes)</th> - <th>Skull length</th> - <th>Breadth</th> - <th>Height</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>St. Lawrence Island</td> - <td class="tdc">(293)</td> - <td class="tdr">18.05</td> - <td class="tdr">13.90</td> - <td class="tdr">13.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greenland</td> - <td class="tdc">(101)</td> - <td class="tdr">18.51</td> - <td class="tdr">13.30</td> - <td class="tdr">13.54</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The Greenland skull is longer, narrower, and somewhat higher. -The differences are less than those between a child and an adult<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> -western Eskimo, but of the same nature. This apparently speaks -strongly for the development of the Greenland type of Eskimo -cranium from the western. On the other hand, the type of skull -shown by the Eskimo child approaches much more closely than that -of the Eskimo adult to the type of the skull of the Mongol.</p> - -<p>The above are mere observations, not theories, and they carry -a strong indication that mostly we are still floundering only on the -borders of true anthropology, embracing all phases of life and development, -which, if mastered, would give us with beautiful definition -many now vainly sought or barely glimpsed solutions.</p> - -<p>A highly interesting feature is the relatively great development -in the Eskimo, between childhood and the adult stage, of the anterior -half of the skull or basion-nasion dimension. This augments, it is -seen, by even 3.4 per cent more than the length. This growth must -involve some additional factor to those inherent in the bones themselves -and in the attached musculature, and this can only be, it seems, -the development of the anterior half of the brain. Evidently this -portion of the brain between childhood and adult life grows in the -Eskimo more rapidly than that behind the vertical plane corresponding -to the basion. It is a very suggestive condition calling for further -study, and thus far almost entirely wanting in comparative data -on other human as well as subhuman groups.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Same group for adults as for children.</p></div></div> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>THE LOWER JAW</h2> - - -<p>The lower jaw of the Eskimo deserves a thorough separate study. -For this purpose, however, more jaws in good condition are needed -from various localities, and particularly more jaws accompanying -their skulls. As it is, a large majority of the crania are without the -lower jaw, or the alveolar processes of the latter have become so -affected in life through age and loss of teeth that their value is diminished -or lost. Still another serious difficulty is that the measuring of -the lower jaw is difficult and has not as yet been regulated by general -agreement, so that there is much individualism of procedures with -limited possibilities of comparison.</p> - -<p>One of the principal measurements taken on the available Eskimo -mandibles was the symphyseal height. This is taken by the sliding -calipers and is the height from the lower alveolar point (highest -point of the normal alveolar septum between the middle lower incisors) -to the lowest point on the inferior border of the chin in the -median line.<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> The results are given in the following tables.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Esk̅imo Lower Jaw: Height at Symphysis"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Esk̅imo Lower Jaw: Height at Symphysis</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="3">Male</th> - <th colspan="3">Female</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Southwestern and midwestern</th> - <th>Northwestern</th> - <th>Northern and eastern</th> - <th>Southwestern and midwestern</th> - <th>Northwestern</th> - <th>Northern and eastern</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Groups (main)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - <td class="tdc">(5)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Specimens</td> - <td class="tdc">(116)</td> - <td class="tdc">(143)</td> - <td class="tdc">(40)</td> - <td class="tdc">(121)</td> - <td class="tdc">(134)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Average</td> - <td class="tdc">3.75</td> - <td class="tdc">3.76</td> - <td class="tdc">3.67</td> - <td class="tdc">3.38</td> - <td class="tdc">3.34</td> - <td class="tdc">3.39</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>General mean in western Eskimo</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">3.76</td> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">3.36</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Percental relation of female to male (M=100)</td> - <td colspan="0" class="tdc"><em>89.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="5" class="bu"></th> - <th class="bu">Males, 19 groups (399 jaws)</th> - <th class="bu">Females, 19 groups (280 jaws)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="5">General mean for all Eskimo (approximate)</td> - <td class="tdc">3.73</td> - <td class="tdc">3.37</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="5">Percental relation of female to the male</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>90.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="5">General mean of total facial height</td> - <td class="tdc">12.47</td> - <td class="tdc">11.60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="5">Percental relation of height of jaw to total facial height</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>30</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>29</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="5">General mean of upper facial height</td> - <td class="tdc">7.76</td> - <td class="tdc">7.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="5">Percental relation of height of jaw to upper facial height</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>48</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>47</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>Just what these figures mean will best be shown by a table of comparisons.<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> -All these are my own measurements.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Lower Jaw of Various Races: Height at Symphysis"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Lower Jaw of Various Races: Height at Symphysis</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="3" width="20%"></col> -<thead> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Male</th> - <th>Female</th> - <th>Female<br />versus<br />male<br />(M=100)</th> - </tr> -</thead> -<tbody> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(399)</td> - <td class="tdc">(280)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Eskimo (all)</td> - <td class="tdr">3.73</td> - <td class="tdr">3.37</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North American Indians:</td> - <td class="tdc">(36)</td> - <td class="tdc">(26)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Sioux</td> - <td class="tdr">3.60</td> - <td class="tdr">3.22</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - <td class="tdc">(50)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Arkansas</td> - <td class="tdr">3.66</td> - <td class="tdr">3.24</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - <td class="tdc">(21)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Florida</td> - <td class="tdr">3.69</td> - <td class="tdr">3.38</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(9)</td> - <td class="tdc">(6)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Munsee</td> - <td class="tdr">3.70</td> - <td class="tdr">3.40</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(14)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Louisiana</td> - <td class="tdr">3.72</td> - <td class="tdr">3.29</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(44)</td> - <td class="tdc">(30)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kentucky</td> - <td class="tdr">3.49</td> - <td class="tdr">3.18</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(50)</td> - <td class="tdc">(30)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>U. S. whites (miscellaneous)</td> - <td class="tdr">3.29</td> - <td class="tdr">2.87</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(41)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Negro, full-blood, African and American</td> - <td class="tdr">3.54</td> - <td class="tdr">3.14</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a><em>88.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(261)</td> - <td class="tdc">(191)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Australians</td> - <td class="tdr">3.44</td> - <td class="tdr">3.07</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.2</em></td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table></div> - -<p>The table shows the Eskimo jaw to be absolutely the highest at -the symphysis of all those available for comparison, with the female -nearly the highest.<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> Relatively to stature it exceeds decidedly all -the groups, the Indians that come nearest matching it in the absolute -measurement being all much taller than the Eskimo. And the -female Eskimo jaw is relatively high compared with that of the -male, being exceeded in this respect only in three of the Indian -groups, in two of which, however, the showing is due wholly and -in one partly to a lesser height of the male jaw. The relative excess -of the female jaw in this respect seems particularly marked in the -northern and northeastern groups, though it must remain subject -to corroboration by further material.</p> - -<p>The white, Negro, and Australian data have an interest of their -own.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Should there be a decided notch in the middle, as happens in rare specimens, it is -rational to take the measurement to the side of the notch.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> From my Phys. Anthr. of the Lenape, etc., the Anthropology of Florida, and the Catalogue of Crania.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Approximately.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Rudolf Virchow, as far back as 1870, in studying some mandibles of the Greenland -Eskimo, found that the height of the body in the middle (3.5 centimeters) was greater -than that of the lower jaws of any other racial group available to him for comparison. -Archiv. für Anthrop., <span class="smcap">IV</span>, p. 77, Braunschweig, 1870.</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Strength of the Jaw</span></h3> - -<p>The Eskimo jaw is generally stout. Barring rare exceptions there -is nothing slender about it. The body, moreover, is frequently -strengthened by more or less marked overgrowths of bone lingually -below the alveoli and above the mylohyoid ridge. These neoformations -will be discussed later.</p> - -<p>The strength of the mandible may be measured directly in various -locations on the body. Due to the peculiar build of the body, however, -and especially to its variations, these measurements are by no -means simple and wholly satisfactory. It is hardly necessary in this -connection to review the various attempted methods, none of which -has become standardized. As a result of experience I prefer since -many years to measure the thickness of the body of the jaw at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> -second molars, and that in such a way that either the molars, if the -measurement is taken from above, or the lower border of the jaw if -it is taken from below, lies midway between the two branches of -the sliding calipers with which the measurement is taken. The two -methods (from above or below) give results that are nearly alike. -In some cases the one and in others the other is the easier, but -wherever the teeth are lost the measurement from below is perhaps -preferable. The records obtained on the lower jaws of the western -Eskimo and other racial groups are given in the next table.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="bb bt" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Thickness of the Body of the Lower Jaw at the Second Molars in the Western Eskimo and Other Groups"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Thickness of the Body of the Lower Jaw at the Second Molars in the Western Eskimo and Other Groups</span></caption> -<col span="2"></col> -<col span="5" width="11.1%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2" colspan="2" class="bb bt"></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bl bt">Male</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bl bt">Female</th> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb bl bt">Female versus male (M=100)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bb bl">Right side</th> - <th class="bb bl">Left side</th> - <th class="bb bl">Right side</th> - <th class="bb bl">Left side</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(240)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(243)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western Eskimo </td> - <td class="tdc">millimeters</td> - <td class="tdc bl">16.2 </td> - <td class="tdc">16.3</td> - <td class="tdc bl">15.1 </td> - <td class="tdc">15.1</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>92.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(29)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(28)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Florida Indians </td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">16.6</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">15.5</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>93.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(21)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(16)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Louisiana Indians </td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">16.3</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">15.3</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>93.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(58)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(47)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arkansas Indians </td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">15.2</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">14.7</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>96.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(40)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(22)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kentucky Indians </td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">14.7</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">14.2</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>96.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(50)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">(20)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>American whites (misc.) </td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">14.5</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl">12.8</td> - <td class="tdc bl"><em>88.3</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The figures show that the Eskimo jaw is very stout. It is exceeded -in thickness only by the jaws of Florida, which in general -are the thickest in America, and in males is about equaled, in females -very slightly exceeded by those of the prehistoric Indians of Louisiana, -who belong to the same Gulf type with the Indians of Florida. -The old Arkansas Indians, though closely related to those of -Louisiana, show a very perceptibly more slender jaw, particularly -in the males; while in an old Kentucky tribe (Green River, C. B. -Moore, collector) the jaws are still less strong. The lower jaws of -the American whites (dissecting-room material) are slightly less -stout than even those of the Indians of Kentucky in the males, and -much less so in the females. The interesting sex differences are -shown well in the last column of the above table.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Breadth of the Rami</span></h3> - -<p>Still another character that reflects the strength of the lower jaw -is the breadth of the rami. The most practicable measurement of -this is the breadth minimum at the constriction of the ascending -branches. A great breadth of the rami is very striking, as is well -known, in the Heidelberg jaw, and the Eskimo have long been known -for a marked tendency in the same direction. The measurements of -the lower jaws of the western Eskimo show as follows:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="bb bt" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Lower Jaws of the Western Eskimo and Other Racial Groups: Breadth Minimum of the Ascending Branches"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Lower Jaws of the Western Eskimo and Other Racial Groups: Breadth Minimum of the Ascending Branches</span></caption> -<col span="2"></col> -<col span="5" width="11.1%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="bb bt"></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bt bl">Male</th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bt bl">Female</th> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb bt bl">Female<br />versus<br />male<br />(M=100)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bb bt bl">Right</th> - <th class="bb bt bl">Left</th> - <th class="bb bt bl">Right</th> - <th class="bb bt bl">Left</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bl">(243)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(240)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(237)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(228)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western Eskimo </td> - <td class="tdc">centimeters</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.99</td> - <td class="tdr bl">4.03</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.68</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.70</td> - <td class="tdr bl"><em>92</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bl">(20)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(20)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(13)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Florida Indians </td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.82</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.85</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.39</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.34</td> - <td class="tdr bl"><em>87.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bl">(21)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(19)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(16)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Louisiana Indians </td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.72</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.72</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.29</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.27</td> - <td class="tdr bl"><em>88.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bl">(62)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(60)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(58)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(61)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arkansas Indians </td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.47</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.47</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.24</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.23</td> - <td class="tdr bl"><em>93.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bl">(42)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(40)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(30)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(29)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kentucky Indians </td> - <td class="tdc">do</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.44</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.44</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.18</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.21</td> - <td class="tdr bl"><em>92.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdc bl">(50)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(50)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(20)</td> - <td class="tdc bl">(20)</td> - <td class="bl"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>United States whites (miscellaneous) </td> - <td class="tdc">centimeters</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.17</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3.14</td> - <td class="tdr bl">2.89</td> - <td class="tdr bl">2.82</td> - <td class="tdr bl"><em>90.5</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The Eskimo jaws, and particularly that of the female (relatively -to other females), have the broadest rami. Otherwise the series -range themselves in the same order as under the measurement of the -stoutness of the body.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Other Dimensions</span></h3> - -<p>Four other measurements were taken on the jaws, namely the -length of the body (on each side); the height of the two rami; the -bigonial diameter; and the body-ramus angle. The results of the -first three may conveniently be grouped into one table.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="tdc bb bt" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Additional Measurements on the Lower Jaw"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Additional Measurements on the Lower Jaw</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="0" class="bb">MALE</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb"></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bl">Length of body, each side<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a></th> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb bl">Length of body as a whole<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bb bl">Height of ramus<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></th> - <th rowspan="2" class="bb bl">Diameter bigonial<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bb bl">Right</th> - <th class="bb bl">Left</th> - <th class="bb bl">Right</th> - <th class="bb bl">Left</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="bl">(236) </td> - <td>(236)</td> - <td class="bl">(100)</td> - <td class="bl">(132) </td> - <td>(131)</td> - <td class="bl">(201)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western Eskimo</td> - <td class="bl">10.28 </td> - <td>10.28</td> - <td class="bl">8.03</td> - <td class="bl">6.45 </td> - <td>6.38</td> - <td class="bl">11.42</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">(24)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">(18)</td> - <td class="bl">(22)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Florida Indian</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">8.45</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">6.72</td> - <td class="bl">10.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">(19)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">(15)</td> - <td class="bl">(17)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Louisiana Indian</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">8.44</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">7</td> - <td class="bl">10.67</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">(62)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">(52)</td> - <td class="bl">(57)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arkansas Indian</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">7.88</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">6.52</td> - <td class="bl">10.49</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">(42)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">(37)</td> - <td class="bl">(38)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kentucky Indian</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">7.45</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">6.48</td> - <td class="bl">10.48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">(50)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">(50)</td> - <td class="bl">(50)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>U. S. whites (miscellaneous)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">7.57</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">6.53</td> - <td class="bl">10.11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">FEMALE</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="bl">(230) </td> - <td>(228)</td> - <td class="bl">(100)</td> - <td class="bl">(134) </td> - <td>(128)</td> - <td class="bl">(199)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western Eskimo</td> - <td class="bl">9.61 </td> - <td>9.60</td> - <td class="bl">7.47</td> - <td class="bl">5.61 </td> - <td>5.57</td> - <td class="bl">10.57</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">(19)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">(18)</td> - <td class="bl">(17)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Florida Indian</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">7.72</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">6.02</td> - <td class="bl">9.70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">(16)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">(15)</td> - <td class="bl">(15)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Louisiana Indian</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">7.38</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">5.77</td> - <td class="bl">9.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">(57)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">(52)</td> - <td class="bl">(56)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arkansas Indian</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">7.46</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">5.85</td> - <td class="bl">9.58</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">(30)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">(25)</td> - <td class="bl">(30)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kentucky Indian</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">7.12</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">5.64</td> - <td class="bl">9.45</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">(20)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">(20)</td> - <td class="bl">(20)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>U. S. whites (miscellaneous)</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl"></td> - <td class="bl">7.02</td> - <td colspan="2" class="bl">5.87</td> - <td class="bl">9.12</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Females to Males (M=100)"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Females to Males (M=100)</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Length each side</th> - <th>Length as a whole</th> - <th>Height of rami</th> - <th>Diameter bigonial</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Florida Indian</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Louisiana Indian</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arkansas Indian</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>94.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kentucky Indian</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>95.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>U. S. whites (miscellaneous)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.2</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The Eskimo lower jaw, which, as seen before, is characterized by -a high and stout body and the broadest rami, shows further that -these rami are remarkably low, and that the bigonial spread is -extraordinarily broad. The length of the body, on the other hand, -is not very exceptional, being perceptibly exceeded in some of the -Indians.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Sliding calipers: Separate measurement of each half of the body, from the lowest point -on the posterior border of each ramus not affected by the angle to a point of corresponding -height on the line of the symphysis. The anterior point may, in consequence of a lower -or higher location of the posterior point, range from the chin to above the middle of the -symphysis, but the results are much alike. The measurement leaves much to be desired, -but is the best possible if the two halves of the body are to be measured separately.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> The length of the whole jaw is measured on Broca's mandibular goniometer, by laying -the jaw firmly on the board, applying the movable plane to both rami, and recording the -distance of the most anterior point of the chin from the base of the oblique plane. This -measurement is easier than the previous, though on account of the variation in the angles -and the lower part of the posterior border of the rami it is also not fully satisfactory, and -it does not show the differences in the two halves of the body.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Sliding calipers: One branch applied so that it touches the highest points on both the -condyle and the coronoid, while the other is applied to the lowest point of the ramus -anterior to the angle, if the bone here is prominent; if receding, the branch of the compass -is applied to the midpoint on the lower border of the ramus.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Sliding calipers: Maximum external diameter at the angles; the maximum points may, -exceptionally, be either anterior to or a little above the angle proper.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Angle</span></h3> - -<p>The angle between the body and the ramus of the lower jaw is -known to differ with the age and sex as well as individually. Not -seldom it differs also, and that sometimes quite appreciably, on the -two sides. Racial differences are as yet uncertain.</p> - -<p>The angle, especially in some specimens, is not easy to measure, -and the position of the jaw may make a difference of several degrees. -Numerous trials have shown that the proper way is to measure the -angle on the two sides separately, and to so place the jaw in each -case that there is no interference with the measurement by either -the posterior or the anterior enlarged end of the condyle.</p> - -<p>Leaving out jaws in which extensive loss of teeth has in all -probability resulted in changes in the angle, the western Eskimo -material gives the following data:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Western Eskimo: Angle of the Lower Jaw"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Western Eskimo: Angle of the Lower Jaw</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="2" width="25%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Male</th> - <th>Female</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(224)</td> - <td class="tdc">(217)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Right side</td> - <td class="tdr">119.6°</td> - <td class="tdr">124.5°</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(218)</td> - <td class="tdc">(207)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Left side</td> - <td class="tdr">119.5°</td> - <td class="tdr">124.3°</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>In the male Munsee Indians the angle was 118°; in those of -Arkansas and Louisiana, 118.5°; in those of Peru (Martin, Lehrb., -884), 119°. In the whites, males, the average angle approximates -122°; in the Negro, 121° (Topinard, Martin).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p> - -<p>The angle in the female in the Eskimo is to that of the male as -104 to 100; in the Arkansas and Louisiana series it was 103. In -the whites the proportion seems to be a little higher.</p> - -<p>There are evidently, if we exclude the whites in whom the shortness -of the jaw conduces probably to a wider angle, no marked racial -differences, but the subject needs a more thorough study on large -series of sexually well-identified specimens, carefully selected as -to age.</p> - -<p>The average angle on the right differs in the Eskimo but very -slightly from that on the left, though individually there are frequent -unequalities.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Résumé</span></h3> - -<p>The Eskimo lower jaw differs substantially in many respects from -that in other races, particularly from that of the whites. It is characterized -by a high and stout body; by broad but low rami; and by -excessive breadth at the angles. The body-ramus angle is moderate. -To which may be added that the chin is generally of but moderate -prominence, and that the bone at the angles in males is occasionally -markedly everted.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Mandibular Hyperostoses</span></h3> - -<p>These hypertrophies or hyperostoses are rarely met with also in the -jaws of the Indian and other people. They are symmetric and -characteristic, though often more or less irregular. They generally -extend from the vicinity of the lateral incisors or the canines backward, -forming when more developed a marked bulge on each side -opposite the bicuspids, which gives the inner contour of the jaw -when looked at from above a peculiar elephantine appearance. -They may occur in the form of smooth, oblong, somewhat fusiform -swellings, or as a continuous more or less uneven ridge, or may be represented -by from one to four or five more or less rounded or flattened -hard "buttons" or tumorlike elevations. In development -they range from slight to very marked.</p> - -<p>These hyperostoses have been reported by various observers (Danielli, -Søren Hansen, Rudolf Virchow, Welcker, Duckworth & Pain, -Oetteking, Hrdlička, Hawkes). They received due attention by -Fürst and Hansen in their "Crania Groenlandica" (p. 178). They -have been given the convenient, though both etiologically and morphologically -inaccurate, name of "mandibular torus"; I think mandibular -hyperostoses or simply welts would be better. Fürst and -Hansen found them, taking all grades of development, in 182, or 85 -per cent, of 215 lower jaws of Greenland Eskimo; in 28 jaws, or 13 -per cent, they were pronounced, the remainder being slight to medium. -A special examination of 62 lower jaws of children and 710<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> -lower jaws of adult western Eskimo (with a small number from -Greenland) gives the following record:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Lingual Mandibular Hyperostoses in the Western Eskimo"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Lingual Mandibular Hyperostoses in the Western Eskimo</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="8" width="10%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">CHILDREN<br /> - [62 mandibles, completion of milk dentition to eruption of second permanent molar]</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th colspan="2">None or indistinguishable</th> - <th colspan="2">Slight to moderate</th> - <th colspan="2">Medium</th> - <th colspan="2">Pronounced</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Specimens</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">47</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>10</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>5</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Per cent</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>75.8</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>16.1</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>8.1</em></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">ADULTS<br /> - [Both sexes. 710 mandibles]</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Specimens</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">215</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">356</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">114</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Per cent</td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>30.3</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>50.1</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>16.1</em></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc"><em>3.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">ADULTS<br /> - [Sexes separately. M. 350; F. 360 mandibles]</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - <th>Males</th> - <th>Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Specimens</td> - <td class="tdc">71</td> - <td class="tdc">144</td> - <td class="tdc">193</td> - <td class="tdc">163</td> - <td class="tdc">67</td> - <td class="tdc">47</td> - <td class="tdc">19</td> - <td class="tdc">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Per cent</td> - <td class="tdc">20.3</td> - <td class="tdc">40.0</td> - <td class="tdc">55.1</td> - <td class="tdc">45.3</td> - <td class="tdc">19.1</td> - <td class="tdc">13.1</td> - <td class="tdc">5.4</td> - <td class="tdc">1.7</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The significance of these hyperostoses is not yet quite clear. -Danielli, who in 1884 reported them<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> in the Ostiaks, Lapps, a -Kirghiz, a Peruvian Indian, and four white skulls, offered no explanation. -For Søren Hansen,<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> who first suggested the resemblance -of these formations to the torus palatinus, "the significance of this -feature, which also occurs in other Arctic races not directly related -to the Eskimos, is not clear." R. Virchow,<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> who reports "wulstigen -und knolligen Hyperostosen" on both the upper and lower jaws of -a Vancouver Island Indian, restricts himself to a brief mention of the -condition with a suggestion as to its causation (see later). Welcker<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> -found them in the skulls of a German (Schiller?), Lett, and a -Chinese, but has nothing to say as to their meaning. Duckworth -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>and Pain<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> report the "thickening" in 10 out of 32 Eskimo jaws, -but do not discuss the causation; and the same applies to Oetteking,<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> -who reported on a series of Eskimo from Labrador. In 1909 -Gorjanovič-Kramberger<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> somewhat indirectly notes the condition, -without a true appreciation of its meaning.</p> - -<p>In 1910 I had the opportunity to report on the mandibular hyperostoses -in a rare collection of crania and lower jaws of the central -and Smith Sound Eskimo.<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> Of 25 lower jaws of adults and 5 of -children, 18, or 72 per cent, of the former and 2 of the latter showed -distinct to marked lingual hyperostoses, while in the remaining cases -the feature was either doubtful (absorption of the alveolar process) -or absent. Two of the five children showed the peculiarity in a -well-marked degree. A critical consideration of the condition leads -me to the conclusion that it is not pathological, and my remarks -were worded (p. <a href="#Page_211">211</a>) as follows: "A marked and general feature -is a pronounced bony reinforcement of the alveolar arch extending -above the mylohyoid line from the canines or first bicuspids to or -near the last molars. This physiological hyperostosis presents more -or less irregular surface and is undoubtedly of functional origin, the -result of extraordinary pressure along the line of teeth most concerned -in chewing; yet its occurrence in infant skulls indicates that -at least to some extent the feature is already hereditary in these -Eskimo."</p> - -<p>In 1912, Kajava<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> reported lingual hyperostotic thickenings on the -lower jaws of 68 adult Lapps, and found the condition in frequent -association with pronounced wear of the teeth. In 1915, finally, -Fürst and C.C. Hansen, in their great volume on "Crania Groenlandica," -approach this question much more thoroughly. They, as -also Kajava, did not know of the writer's report of 1910. They found -the "torus" (p. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>), "also in the mandibles of some various Siberian -races in a not insignificant percentage * * * and also not infrequently -among European races, especially in the Laplanders -(30 to 35 per cent)." They also report the presence of the condition -"in a Chinaman," and saw indications of a good development -of it in 17 per cent of 164 middle ages to prehistoric, and in 12 per -cent of later Scandinavian lower jaws. Their interesting comments -on its possible causation, though at one point seemingly not harmonizing, -are as follows (p. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>): "The possibility is not precluded -that we have here a formation which, even though it has at first -arisen and been acquired through mechanical causes, has in the end -become a racial character, albeit a variable one." And page <a href="#Page_181">181</a>: -"There seems to be no doubt whatever that it is a formation connected -with Arctic races or Arctic conditions of life; and, accordingly, it can -not safely be assumed to be a racial character, however difficult it is -to regard it as a formation only acquired individually."</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 428px;"> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="bureau">BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY</span> <span class="plate">FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PLATE 61</span><br /></p> -</div> -<img src="images/plate_61a.jpg" width="428" height="700" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Western Eskimo and Aleut (middle) Lower Jaws, Showing Lingual -Hyperostoses</span>. (U.S.N.M.)</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p> - -<p>With both the previously published and the present data, I believe -the subject of these bony formations may now be approached with -some hope of definite conclusions.</p> - -<p>These hyperostoses give no indication of being pathological. They -are formed largely, if not entirely, by compact bone tissues of evidently -normal construction. They never show a trace of attending -inflammation or of ulceration or of breaking down. They resemble -occasionally the osteomae of the vault of the skull, and more distantly -the osteomae of the auditory meatus, but in those cases -where the bony swelling is uniform and in many others they show to -be of quite a different category. (Pl. 61.)</p> - -<p>As a rule these bony protuberances in the Eskimo are not connected -with evidence of pyorrhoea, root abscesses, or any other -pathological condition of the teeth, for those conditions are practically -absent in the older Eskimo skulls; therefore they can not be -ascribed to any irritation due to such conditions, and the Eskimo -have no habits that could possibly be imagined as favoring, through -mechanical irritation, the development of these bony swellings. -Wear of the teeth, which has been thought to stand possibly in a -causative relation to these developments, is common in many races -and even in animals (primates, etc.), without being accompanied -by any such formations.</p> - -<p>The development of such overgrowths is not wholly limited, as -already indicated from the cases reported by Danielli (1884) and -Virchow (1889), to the lower jaw, but somewhat similar growths -may also be observed, though much more rarely, both lingually and -on the outer border of the alveolar process of the upper jaw in the -molar region. When present in the latter position they interfere -with the measurement of the external breadth of the dental arch.</p> - -<p>But, if neither pathological themselves nor due to any pathological -or mechanical irritation, then these hyperostoses can only be, it would -seem, of a physiological, ontogenic nature; and if so, then they must -be brought about through a definite need and for a definite purpose -or function.</p> - -<p>These views are supported by their marked symmetry, which is -very apparent even where they are irregular; by the fact that in -general they are not found in the weakest jaws (weak individuals), -or again in the largest and stoutest mandibles (jaws that are strong -enough, as it is); and by the history of their development.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p> - -<p>Our rather extensive present data on children show that these -formations are absent in infancy. They begin to develop in older -childhood, in adolescence, or even during the earlier adult life; they -stop developing at different stages in different individuals, and they -never lead to any deformity of the body of the mandible.</p> - -<p>These overgrowths are further seen to be more common and to more -frequently reach a pronounced development in the males than in the -females.</p> - -<p>What is the effect of these hyperostoses? They strengthen the -dental arch. With them the arch is stronger; without them it would -be weaker. The view is therefore justified that they augment the -effectiveness of the dental arch; which is just what is needed or -would be useful in such people as the Eskimo where the demands on -the jaws exceed in general those in any other people.</p> - -<p>All these appear to be facts of incontrovertible nature; but if so -then we are led to practically the same conclusion that I have reached -in the study of the central and Smith Sound Eskimo, which is that -the lingual mandibular hyperostoses are physiological formations, -developed in answer to the needs of the alveolar portions of the -lower jaw. They could be termed synergetic hyperostoses.</p> - -<p>The process of the development of these strengthening deposits of -bone is probably still largely individual; yet the tendency toward -such developments appears to be already hereditary in the Eskimo, -as indicated by their beginning here and there in childhood. But -their absence in nearly one-third of the Eskimo mandibles, their -marked differences of occurrence and development in the two sexes, -and their occasional presence in the jaws of various other peoples, -including even the whites, speak against the notion of these hyperostoses -being as yet true racial features.</p> - -<p>Taking everything into consideration, the writer is more than ever -convinced that the lingual hyperostoses of the normal lower (as well -as the upper) jaw, in the Eskimo as elsewhere, are physiological, -ontogenic developments, whose object and function is the strengthening -of the lower alveolar process in its lateral portions. Only -when excessively developed, which is very rare, they may, mechanically, -perhaps cause discomfort and thereby approach a pathological -condition.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> None in the younger children.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> All in older children or adolescents.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Danielli, J., Arch. p. l'antrop. e l'etnol., 1884, <span class="smcap">XIV</span>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Meddel. om. Grønl., 1887, No. 17.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Beitr. Kraniol. d. Insul. w. Küste Amer., 1889, 398.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Arch. Anthrop., 1902, <span class="smcap">XXVII</span>, 70.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> J. Anthr. Inst., 1900, <span class="smcap">XXX</span>, 134.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Abh. und Ber. Zool. und Anthr. Mus., Dresden, 1908, <span class="smcap">XII</span>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Sitzber. preuss. Ak. Wiss., <span class="smcap">LI-LIII</span>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Anthrop. Pap's. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., <span class="smcap">V</span>, pt. <span class="smcap">II</span>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Verh. Ges. Finn. Zahnärzte, 1912, <span class="smcap">IX</span>.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Main References</span></h3> - -<p>Danielli,<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> 1884: "Saw the condition in lower jaws of 1 Swede, -1 Italian, 1 Terra di Lavoro jaw, 1 Slovene, 1 Hungarian, 1 Kirghis, -1 ancient Peruvian."</p> - -<p>Found hyperostoses in 9 out of 14 Ostiak lower jaws.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span></p> -<p>Material: Young 2, adult 6, old 6.</p> - -<p>Hyperostoses in young 1, adult 3, old 5.</p> - -<p>Mantegazza, at his request, examined some Ostiak and Eskimo -skulls in Berlin and found the hyperostoses in 2 Ostiak lower jaws -(slight) and in 1 Eskimo skull from Greenland (marked).</p> - -<p>Found also smaller hyperostoses in the upper jaw ventrally to the -molars ("situate quasi sempre dalla parte interna in corrispondenza -dei molari"):</p> - -<p>Skulls: 2 Italians, 1 Hungarian, 7 Norwegians, 2 Lapps, 5 Ostiaks.</p> - -<p>Plate shows 8 lower jaws, 1 with slight, 7 with marked hyperostoses -(1 symphyseal swellings, 3 tumorlike).</p> - -<p>Refrains from interpretation (could not reach conclusion).</p> - -<p>Virchow,<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> 1889, page 392: In upper jaws of three Santa Barbara -skulls: "An den Alveolarrändern der weiblichen Schädel Nr. 3-6 -von S. Barbara besteht eine höchst eigenthümliche und seltene, knollige -Hyperostosis s. Osteosclerosis alveolaris, wie ich sie in gleicher -Stärke früher nur bei Eskimos gesehen hatte. Ein leichter Ansatz -dazu zeigt sich auch bei dem männlichen Schädel Nr. 4 von S. Cruz. -Es dürfte dieser Zustand, der mit tiefer Abnutzung der Zähne -zusammenfält, durch besonders reizende Nahrung bedingt sein."</p> - -<p>Vancouver Island skulls: "dagegen sehen wir dieselbe alveolare -Hyperostose, die wir bei den Leuten von S. Barbara und weiterhin -bei Eskimos kennen gelernt haben."</p> - -<p>Virchow,<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> 1892: "Der Alveolarrand gleichfalls mit hyperostotischen -Wülsten besetzt, jedoch mehr an der inneren Seite, besonders -stark in der Gegend per Prümolares und Canini, weniger stark in der -Gegend der Incisici."</p> - -<p>Welcker,<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> 1902: "Exostosen der Alveolarränder. Von erheblicher -Beweiskraft können Eigenthümlichkeiten und Abnormitäten des -Knochengewebes under der Knochenoberfläche werden, wenn dieselben, -bei an sich grosser Seltenheit ihres Vorkommens, an einem Oberschädel -und Unterkiefer zugleich vorkommen.</p> - -<p>"So fand ich am Unterkiefer der Gypsabgüsse des sogenannten -Schillerschädels sehr merkwürdige, bis dahin nirgends erwähnte, -erbsenförmige Exostosen an den Alveolen der Eck- und Schneidezähne. -Ganz ähnliche, wenn auch etwas flächere Exostosen zeigen -die Alveolen eben derselben Zähne des Oberschädels, und es beweist -dieses seltene Vorkommen bei dem Zutreffen aller übrigen Zeichen -das Zusammengehören beider Stücke mit hoher Sicherheit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p> - -<p>"In einer etwas anderen Form, in der dieselben einen geschlossenen, -exostotischen Saum bilden, fand ich Alveolarexostosen bei -einem Lettenschädel (G. Gandras, 47 J., Halle Nr. 52). Hier sind -die Alveolarränder der Schneide-und Eckzähne mit flachen, am -Oberkiefer streifenförmigen (senkrecht gestellten), am Unterkiefer -mehr rundlichen Exostosen besetzt, so dass der sonst papierdünne -Zahnflächenrand beider Kiefer in einen, die Zahnhälse begrenzenden -wulst-förmigen Saum umgewandelt ist. Der gleiche Charakter -dieser nicht häufigen Abnormität an beiden Kiefern giebt die vollste -Ueberzeungung der Zusammengehörigkeit.</p> - -<p>"In schwächerem Grade zeigt diesen Zustand ein Chinesenschädel -der Halle'schen Sammlung (Lie Assie)."</p> - -<p>Fürst,<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> 1908: "Wir haben hier auf diese interessante anatomische -Bildung aufmerksam machen wollen, die, wenn nicht konstant, doch -in sehr hohem Prozentsatze und in bestimmter charakteristischer -Form bei den Eskimos auftritt und in verschiedenen Variationen auf -dem Unterkiefer anderer Rassen, speziell nordischer oder arktischer, -vorkommt.—Wir wollen später eine ausführlichere Beschreibung -über den Torus mandibularis mitteilen."</p> - -<p>Gorjanovič-Kramberger,<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> 1909: "Durch die Ausbiegung der seitlichen -Kieferflächen würde ferner die Druckrichtung der M und P -eine gegen die innere Kieferwandung gerichtete. Als direkte Folge -dieses Druckes hat man die starke Ausladung der entsprechenden -lingualen Kieferseiten im Bereiche der P und M anzusehen, die da -eine auffallende Einengung des inneren Unterkieferraumes bewerkstelligte."</p> - -<p>Hrdlička (A.), 1910. See text.</p> - -<p>Hansen,<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> 1914: "The lower jaws attached to the skulls are powerfully -formed, high, and, above all, very thick, their inner surface -being markedly protruding, rounded, and without any special prominence -of linea mylohyoidea. This peculiarity, which is common -enough, among the Eskimo and certain Siberian tribes, but is otherwise -exceedingly rare, must be regarded as a hyperostosis of the -same nature as the so-called torus palatinus. It is a partly pathological -formation due to a peculiar mode of life rather than a true -morphological mark of race."</p> - -<p>Fürst, C. M., and Hansen, C. C., 1915. See text.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p> - -<p>Cameron,<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> 1923: "In some instances the bony thickening was -excessive. For example, in mandible XIV H-8 the inward bulging -of the bone was so marked that the transverse distance between the -inner surfaces of the body opposite the first molars was reduced to -21.5 millimeters. This jaw had therefore an extraordinary appearance -when viewed from below. (See fig. 5.) The writer would -regard these bulgings as bone buttresses built up by nature to resist -the excessive strain thrown upon the alveoli of the molar teeth. He -exhibited the mandibles to Prof. H. E. Friesell, dean of the dental -faculty, University of Pittsburgh, and this authority concurred in -the opinion expressed above." A disagreement with this view is -expressed by S. G. Ritchie, pages 64c-65c, same publication.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Danielli, Jacopo, Iperostosi in mandibole umano specialmente di Ostiacchi, ed anche -in mascellari superiore. Archivio per l'antropologia e l'etnologia, 1884, <span class="smcap">XIV</span>, 333-346.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Virchow, E., in Beiträge zur Craniologie der Insulaner von der Westküste Nordamerikas. -Zeitschr. f. Ethnol. Verhandl., 1889, <span class="smcap">XXI</span>, 395, 401.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Virchow, R., Crania Ethnica Americana. Berlin, 1892, Tafel <span class="smcap">XXIII</span>. A "long-head" -male adult of Koskimo, Vancouver Island.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Welcker, H., Die Zugehörigkeit eines Unterkiefers zu einem bestimmten Schädel, -nebst Untersuchungen über sehr auffällige, durch Auftrocknung und Wiederanfeuchtung -bedingte Gröben und Formveränderungen des Knochens. Arch. f. Anthropol., 1902, -<span class="smcap">XXVII</span>, 70.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Fürst, Carl M., Demonstration des Torus mandibularis bei den Askimos und anderen -Rassen. Verhandlungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft in Berlin, 1908, Ergänzhft z. -Anatom. Anz., 1908, <span class="smcap">XXXII</span>, 295-296.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Gorjanovič-Kramberger, K., Der Unterkiefer der Eskimos (Grönländer) als Träger -primitiver Merkmale. Sitzungsberichte der königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, -1909, <span class="smcap">LI</span>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Hansen, Søren, Contributions to the anthropology of the East Greenlanders. Meddelelser -om Grønland, Copenhagen, 1914, <span class="smcap">XXXIX</span>, 169.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Cameron, John, The Copper Eskimos. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, -1913-1918. Ottawa, 1923, <span class="smcap">XII</span>, c. 55.</p></div></div> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>SKELETAL PARTS OTHER THAN THE SKULL</h2> - - -<p>The skeletal parts of the western Eskimo, outside of the skull, are -but little known. The only records are those on two skeletons (one -male, one female) from Point Barrow by Hawkes,<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> and those on a -few bones from Port Clarence by Cameron.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> The data on the skeletal -parts of the northern and eastern Eskimo are only slightly -richer, being for the most part fragmentary and scattered.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> Nor -has the time arrived yet for a comprehensive study of such material, -for notwithstanding the relative abundance in crania and the more -resistant individual skeletal parts, the securing of anywhere near -complete skeletons is very difficult. Nevertheless there is now a good -number of the long bones of the western Eskimo in the possession -of the National Museum and the main data on these, all secured -personally by the writer, will be given. They must for the present -remain essentially as so many figures without adequate discussion and -comparisons. Nevertheless a few facts appear so plainly that they -may well be pointed out before concluding this section.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Amer. Anthrop., 1916, <span class="smcap">LVIII</span>, 240-243.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Rep. Canad. Arct. Exp., 1913-1918, Pt. C, 1923, 56-57.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Mainly by Turner (London, 1886); Duckworth (Cambridge, 1904); Hrdlička (New -York, 1910); Cameron (Ottawa, 1913-1918); also a series of incidental references and -comparisons.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span></p></div></div> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Western Eskimo: the Long Bones</span></h3> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Western Eskimo: the Long Bones"> -<col></col> -<col span="8" width="10%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2">Bones of both sides taken together</th> - <th colspan="4">Males</th> - <th colspan="4">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Southwestern and midwestern groups<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a></th> - <th>Seward Peninsula<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></th> - <th>Point Hope</th> - <th>Seward Peninsula and northwestern Eskimo in general<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a></th> - <th>Southwestern and midwestern groups</th> - <th>Seward Peninsula</th> - <th>Point Hope</th> - <th>Seward Peninsula and northwestern Eskimo in general</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Humeri:</td> - <td class="tdc">(143)</td> - <td class="tdc">(261)</td> - <td class="tdc">(67)</td> - <td class="tdc">(100)</td> - <td class="tdc">(136)</td> - <td class="tdc">(26)</td> - <td class="tdc">(55)</td> - <td class="tdc">(83)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">30.69</td> - <td class="tdr">31.42</td> - <td class="tdr">31.07</td> - <td class="tdr">31.17</td> - <td class="tdr">28.40</td> - <td class="tdr">28.75</td> - <td class="tdr">28.83</td> - <td class="tdr">28.83</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At middle—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">2.40</td> - <td class="tdr">2.46</td> - <td class="tdr">2.46</td> - <td class="tdr">2.46</td> - <td class="tdr">2.10</td> - <td class="tdr">2.14</td> - <td class="tdr">2.16</td> - <td class="tdr">2.15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.81</td> - <td class="tdr">1.86</td> - <td class="tdr">1.85</td> - <td class="tdr">1.54</td> - <td class="tdr">1.59</td> - <td class="tdr">1.63</td> - <td class="tdr">1.62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index at middle</td> - <td class="tdr">75.1</td> - <td class="tdr">73.8</td> - <td class="tdr">75.8</td> - <td class="tdr">75.1</td> - <td class="tdr">73.2</td> - <td class="tdr">74.4</td> - <td class="tdr">75.4</td> - <td class="tdr">75.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Radii:</td> - <td class="tdc">(98)</td> - <td class="tdc">(20)</td> - <td class="tdc">(15)</td> - <td class="tdc">(37)</td> - <td class="tdc">(109)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">22.90</td> - <td class="tdr">23.63</td> - <td class="tdr">23.44</td> - <td class="tdr">23.50</td> - <td class="tdr">20.50</td> - <td class="tdr">21.26</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>(21.58)</td> - <td class="tdr">21.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Radio-humeral index (approximate)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74</em></td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>74.8</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Femora:</td> - <td class="tdc">(195)</td> - <td class="tdc">(44)</td> - <td class="tdc">(10)</td> - <td class="tdc">(60)</td> - <td class="tdc">(132)</td> - <td class="tdc">(26)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(31)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length, bicond.</td> - <td class="tdr">42.50</td> - <td class="tdr">43.20</td> - <td class="tdr">(44.06)</td> - <td class="tdr">43.46</td> - <td class="tdr">39.36</td> - <td class="tdr">40.12</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">40.44</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Humero-femoral index (approximate)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a>(<em>70.5</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.7</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At middle—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter antero-posterior</td> - <td class="tdr">3.08</td> - <td class="tdr">3.17</td> - <td class="tdr">(3.33)</td> - <td class="tdr">3.21</td> - <td class="tdr">2.69</td> - <td class="tdr">2.85</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.88</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter lateral</td> - <td class="tdr">2.70</td> - <td class="tdr">2.72</td> - <td class="tdr">(2.68)</td> - <td class="tdr">2.72</td> - <td class="tdr">2.46</td> - <td class="tdr">2.55</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index at middle</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr">(<em>80.4</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.6</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At upper flattening—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">3.35</td> - <td class="tdr">3.34</td> - <td class="tdr">(3.27)</td> - <td class="tdr">3.32</td> - <td class="tdr">3.02</td> - <td class="tdr">3.04</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.06</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">2.51</td> - <td class="tdr">2.57</td> - <td class="tdr">(2.58)</td> - <td class="tdr">2.59</td> - <td class="tdr">2.26</td> - <td class="tdr">2.37</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index at upper flattening</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77</em></td> - <td class="tdc">(<em>79</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tibiae:</td> - <td class="tdc">(141)</td> - <td class="tdc">(35)</td> - <td class="tdc">(41)</td> - <td class="tdc">(79)</td> - <td class="tdc">(147)</td> - <td class="tdc">(18)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(36)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length (in position)</td> - <td class="tdr">33.86</td> - <td class="tdr">34.52</td> - <td class="tdr">36.40</td> - <td class="tdr">35.52</td> - <td class="tdr">31.32</td> - <td class="tdr">31.90</td> - <td class="tdr">32.90</td> - <td class="tdr">32.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Tibio-femoral index (approximate)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>(<em>82.6</em>)</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.5</em></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">At middle—</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter antero-posterior</td> - <td class="tdr">3.12</td> - <td class="tdr">3.13</td> - <td class="tdr">3.26</td> - <td class="tdr">3.19</td> - <td class="tdr">2.71</td> - <td class="tdr">2.71</td> - <td class="tdr">2.80</td> - <td class="tdr">2.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Diameter lateral</td> - <td class="tdr">2.12</td> - <td class="tdr">2.12</td> - <td class="tdr">2.20</td> - <td class="tdr">2.16</td> - <td class="tdr">1.89</td> - <td class="tdr">1.93</td> - <td class="tdr">1.92</td> - <td class="tdr">1.92</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp2">Index at middle</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p> - -<p>The first fact shown by the preceding figures is the slightly greater -length of all the long bones in the midwestern and northwestern -groups as compared with those of the Bering Sea (midwestern and -southwestern). This means naturally that the people of the Seward -Peninsula and northward average somewhat taller in stature.</p> - -<p>The second evident fact is that the people of the Seward Peninsula -and the more northern groups (so far as represented in these collections) -show a slightly greater stature of all the bones than the -groups farther south, showing that they were both a somewhat taller -and somewhat sturdier people.</p> - -<p>The next fact of importance is the remarkable agreement in some -respects in the relative proportions of the main skeletal parts between -the people of the more southern and the more northern groups. -The males are more regular in this respect than the females. The -relative proportions of the humerus and again the tibia at their -middle are identical in the males of the southwestern and midwestern -groups and those farther northward; and the radio-humeral, humero-femoral, -and tibio-femoral indices are all very closely related. Why -there should be less agreement in these respects among the females -it is difficult to say; in all probability the series of specimens are not -sufficiently large.</p> - -<p>The next table presents data and some racial comparisons. Here -the western Eskimo are taken as a unit. They are seen to considerably -resemble the Yukon Indians, but somewhat less so other Indians -in the radio-humeral and tibio-femoral indices, and they resemble all -the Indians in the relative proportions of the femur at its middle. In -other respects there are somewhat more marked differences, especially -between the western Eskimo and the Indians in general. Some irregularities -in the Yukon series may be due to insufficiency of numbers.</p> - -<p>When compared with the bones of the whites and the negroes the -Eskimo and Indians separate themselves in many respects as a -distinct group, while the white and the negro bones are particularly -distinct through the greater relative thickness of the humerus and -tibia at their middle, and of the femur at its upper flattening; in -other words the Eskimo as well as the Indians are more platybrachic, -platymeric and platycnemic than the whites or the negroes.</p> - -<p>The basic relation of the Eskimo to the Indian bones is quite evident; -though the Eskimo, when compared to Indians outside of -Alaska, show a relatively shorter radius and tibia, indicating the -already discussed relative shortness of the forearm and leg.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Principally Hooper Bay, Nunivak Island, Pastolik, and St. Lawrence Island.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> Mainly Shishmaref, Wales and Golovnin Bay.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Including Point Hope.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Number of radii insufficient.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Number of femora insufficient.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h4><span class="smcap">Western Eskimo, Long Bones: Comparative Data</span></h4> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Western Eskimo, Long Bones: Comparative Data"> -<col></col> -<col span="7" width="11.1%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">MALES</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th rowspan="2">Humerus: Index of shaft at the middle (all groups)</th> - <th rowspan="2">Radio-humeral index</th> - <th colspan="2">Femur</th> - <th rowspan="2">Humero-femoral index</th> - <th rowspan="2">Tibia: Index of shaft at middle</th> - <th rowspan="2">Tibio-femoral index</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Index of shaft at middle</th> - <th>Index of shaft at upper flattening</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>(243)</td> - <td class="tdr">(135)</td> - <td class="tdr">(255)</td> - <td class="tdr">(255)</td> - <td class="tdr">(243)</td> - <td class="tdr">(220)</td> - <td class="tdr">(220)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr">75.1</td> - <td class="tdr">75</td> - <td class="tdr">86.2</td> - <td class="tdr">76.5</td> - <td class="tdr">72</td> - <td class="tdr">67.9</td> - <td class="tdr">80.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">(10)</td> - <td class="tdr">(10)</td> - <td class="tdr">(14)</td> - <td class="tdr">(14)</td> - <td class="tdr">(10)</td> - <td class="tdr">(14)</td> - <td class="tdr">(14)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yukon Indians</td> - <td class="tdr">70</td> - <td class="tdr">75.7</td> - <td class="tdr">87.1</td> - <td class="tdr">70.7</td> - <td class="tdr">74.5</td> - <td class="tdr">66</td> - <td class="tdr">81.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">(448)</td> - <td class="tdr">(370)</td> - <td class="tdr">(902)</td> - <td class="tdr">(902)</td> - <td class="tdr">(378)</td> - <td class="tdr">(1259)</td> - <td class="tdr">(324)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Other Indians</td> - <td class="tdr">73.3</td> - <td class="tdr">77.7</td> - <td class="tdr">87.3</td> - <td class="tdr">74</td> - <td class="tdr">72.5</td> - <td class="tdr">66.1</td> - <td class="tdr">84.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">(1930)</td> - <td class="tdr">(1052)</td> - <td class="tdr">(207)</td> - <td class="tdr">(836)</td> - <td class="tdr">(800)</td> - <td class="tdr">(1400)</td> - <td class="tdr">(1216)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>United States whites (miscellaneous)</td> - <td class="tdr">83</td> - <td class="tdr">73.6</td> - <td class="tdr">97</td> - <td class="tdr">83</td> - <td class="tdr">72.5</td> - <td class="tdr">71.1</td> - <td class="tdr">82.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">(112)</td> - <td class="tdr">(74)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>(14)</td> - <td class="tdr">(48)</td> - <td class="tdr">(50)</td> - <td class="tdr">(63)</td> - <td class="tdr">(68)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>United States negroes</td> - <td class="tdr">84.1</td> - <td class="tdr">77.3</td> - <td class="tdr">(91.2)</td> - <td class="tdr">86.8</td> - <td class="tdr">71.6</td> - <td class="tdr">73.9</td> - <td class="tdr">84.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">FEMALES</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">(213)</td> - <td class="tdr">(133)</td> - <td class="tdr">(153)</td> - <td class="tdr">(153)</td> - <td class="tdr">(153)</td> - <td class="tdr">(183)</td> - <td class="tdr">(183)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western Eskimo</td> - <td class="tdr">74.1</td> - <td class="tdr">73.1</td> - <td class="tdr">90.2</td> - <td class="tdr">76.5</td> - <td class="tdr">71.8</td> - <td class="tdr">70</td> - <td class="tdr">80</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">(348)</td> - <td class="tdr">(200)</td> - <td class="tdr">(327)</td> - <td class="tdr">(248)</td> - <td class="tdr">(200)</td> - <td class="tdr">(910)</td> - <td class="tdr">(384)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Other Indians</td> - <td class="tdr">70.1</td> - <td class="tdr">76.6</td> - <td class="tdr">91.8</td> - <td class="tdr">70</td> - <td class="tdr">72.5</td> - <td class="tdr">70</td> - <td class="tdr">84.3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">(770)</td> - <td class="tdr">(424)</td> - <td class="tdr">(100)</td> - <td class="tdr">(192)</td> - <td class="tdr">(290)</td> - <td class="tdr">(600)</td> - <td class="tdr">(520)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>United States whites (miscellaneous)</td> - <td class="tdr">79.3</td> - <td class="tdr">72.7</td> - <td class="tdr">97</td> - <td class="tdr">77.7</td> - <td class="tdr">71.6</td> - <td class="tdr">71.9</td> - <td class="tdr">81.5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">(52)</td> - <td class="tdr">(34)</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>(17)</td> - <td class="tdr">(48)</td> - <td class="tdr">(52)</td> - <td class="tdr">(44)</td> - <td class="tdr">(48)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>United States negroes</td> - <td class="tdr">79.2</td> - <td class="tdr">77.2</td> - <td class="tdr">(100)</td> - <td class="tdr">81.1</td> - <td class="tdr">70.2</td> - <td class="tdr">75.9</td> - <td class="tdr">83.7</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> Bones of both sides.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Numbers insufficient.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Long Bones in Eskimo and Stature</span></h3> - -<p>One of the most desirable of possibilities in the anthropometry of -any people, but particularly in groups now extinct, is a correct estimation -of their stature. For this purpose the most useful aid has been -found in the long bones, and various essays have been made by Manouvrier, -Rollet, Topinard, Pearson, and others<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> at preparing tables -or arriving at methods that would enable the student to promptly -and satisfactorily obtain the stature as it was in life from the length -of the long bones. But all these essays were based on observations -on white people, and it has always been recognized that they could -not with equal confidence be applied to other racial groups. They -would in all probability be especially inapplicable to the Eskimo -with his relatively short forearms and legs; yet the possibility of -estimating the stature in many localities of the Eskimo territory, -where no living remain, would be of real value. Fortunately for this -purpose there are now some data on hand which make this possible.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p> - -<p>In 1910, in my Contributions to the Anthropology of the Central -and Smith Sound Eskimo, I was able to report both the stature and -the length of the long bones in two normally developed adult males -and one adult female from Smith Sound. To this it is now possible to -add larger though less direct data from the group of St. Lawrence -Island. We have the stature of many of the living from this place -and also the measurements of numerous long bones from the dead -of the same group. The relations of the two are given below, together -with corresponding data from Smith Sound. There is in general -such a striking agreement in the relative proportions that the latter -may, it would seem, be used henceforth for stature estimates also in -other parts of the Eskimo region.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> See section on Estimation of Stature from Parts of the Skeleton, in author's Anthropometry, -Wistar Inst., Philadelphia, 1920.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Length of Principal Long Bones, and Stature in the Living, on the -St. Lawrence Island</span></h3> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Length of Principal Long Bones, and Stature in the Living, on the St. Lawrence Island"> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="3"></th> - <th colspan="2">Male</th> - <th colspan="2">Female</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">(63)<br />Mean stature: 163.3</th> - <th colspan="2">(48)<br /> Mean stature: 151.3</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Mean dimensions</th> - <th>Percental relation to stature<br />(S = 100)</th> - <th>Mean dimensions</th> - <th>Percental relation to stature<br />(S = 100)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(58)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(49)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Humerus</td> - <td class="tdc">30.41</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>18.6</em></td> - <td class="tdc">27.77</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>18.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(23)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(35)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Radius</td> - <td class="tdc">23.03</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>14.1</em></td> - <td class="tdc">20.77</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>13.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(100)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(38)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Femur</td> - <td class="tdc">32.54</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>27.8</em></td> - <td class="tdc">38.12</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>25.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(58)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">(50)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tibia</td> - <td class="tdc">34.16</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>20.9</em></td> - <td class="tdc">31.13</td> - <td class="tdc"><em>20.5</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Long Bones vs. Stature in Eskimo of Smith Sound</span><a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></h3> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Long Bones vs. Stature in Eskimo of Smith Sound"> -<col></col> -<col span="3" width="20%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th colspan="2" class="bl">Male</th> - <th>Female</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>a</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>b</em></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Stature</td> - <td class="tdr">155.0</td> - <td class="tdr">164.0</td> - <td class="tdr">146.7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Humerus:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length (of the two)</td> - <td class="tdr">28.95</td> - <td class="tdr">29.0</td> - <td class="tdr">26.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Percental relation to stature</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>18.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>17.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>18.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Radius:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length</td> - <td class="tdr">21.3</td> - <td class="tdr">23.2</td> - <td class="tdr">19.85</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Percental relation to stature</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>13.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>13.5</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Femur:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length</td> - <td class="tdr">39.1</td> - <td class="tdr">42.1</td> - <td class="tdr">38.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Percental relation to stature</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>25.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>25.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>26.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tibia:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean length</td> - <td class="tdr">30.25</td> - <td class="tdr">34.45</td> - <td class="tdr">30.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Percental relation to stature</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>19.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>21.0</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>21.1</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Hrdlička, A., Contribution to the anthropology of central and Smith Sound Eskimo. Anthrop. -Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., <span class="smcap">V</span>, pt. 2, 280. New York, 1910.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p></div></div> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>A STRANGE GROUP OF ESKIMO NEAR POINT BARROW</h2> - - -<p>In 1917-1919, in the course of the John Wanamaker Expedition for -the University Museum, Philadelphia, W. B. Van Valin, with the -help of Charles Brower, the well-known local trader and collector, -excavated near Barrow a group of six tumuli, which proved in the -opinion of Van Valin to be so many old igloos, containing plentiful -cultural as well as skeletal material. The collections eventually -reached the museum, but due to lack of facilities they were in the -main never unpacked.</p> - -<p>I heard of this material first from Mr. Brower, with whom I sailed -in 1926 from Barrow southward, and later with Dr. J. Alden Mason -I saw the collection still in the original boxes, at the University -Museum. In April of this year the skeletal remains were transferred -to the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, and after their transfer I -obtained the permission of Dr. Milton J. Greenman, director of the -Wistar Institute, to examine the material, which was of importance -to him in connection with his own collections from Barrow and southward. -A due acknowledgment for the privilege is hereby rendered -to both Doctor Greenman and Doctor Mason.</p> - -<p>The study proved one of unexpected and uncommon interest. The -material was found to consist of two separate lots. The first of these -consisted of a considerable number of brown colored, more or less -complete skeletons with skulls, proceeding from the "igloos"; while -the second lot comprised a series of whitened isolated skulls, without -other skeletal parts and mostly even without the component lower -jaws, gathered on the tundra near Barrow. At first sight, also, -the skulls of the two groups were seen to present important -differences.</p> - -<p>The "igloo" crania, while plainly pure Eskimo, proved to be of a -decidedly exceptional nature for this location. The skulls, in brief, -were not of the general western Eskimo type, but reminded at once -strongly of the skulls from Greenland and Labrador. And they were -exceptionally uniform, showing that they belonged to a definite and -distinct Eskimo group.</p> - -<p>After writing of this to Doctor Mason, he kindly sent me a copy of -the notes and observations on the discovery of the material by W. B. -Van Valin, who was in charge of the excavation. The detailed notes -will soon be published by Doctor Mason. The main information they -convey is as follows:</p> - -<p>The excavations by Van Valin date from 1918-19. They were made -in six large "heaps," approximately 8 miles southwest of Barrow and -about 1,000 yards back from the beach on the tundra. Two of the -heaps were on the northern and four on the southern side of a ravine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> -or draw formed by a drain flowing from inland to the sea. The -Eskimo at Barrow knew nothing about these remains or their people.</p> - -<p>Each of the heaps inclosed what in the excavator's opinion was an -"igloo" made of driftwood and earth; and all contained evidently -undisturbed human skeletons. The total number of bodies of all -ages was counted as 83, and they ranged from infants to old people. -There were many bird and other skins (for covers and clothing), -and numerous utensils. The hair on the bodies was in general -"black as a raven." Most of the bodies lay on "beds" of moss or -"ground willows," or rough-hewn boards. There was no indication -of any violence or sudden death. The bodies at places were in three -levels, one above the other; but there was but moderate uniformity in -the orientation of the bodies. There were found with the burials no -traces of dogs (though there were some sled runners), and no -metal, glass, pipes, labrets, nets, soapstone lamps or dog harness; but -there were bows and arrows, bolas, and ordinary pottery. The cultural -objects, Doctor Mason wrote me, resemble in a smaller measure -those of the older Bering Sea, to a larger extent those of the old -northern or "Thule" culture. There were some jadeite axes, indicating -a direct or indirect contact with Kotzebue Sound and the -Kobuk River.</p> - -<p>Some of the bearskin coverings were "as bright and silvery" as -the day the bear was killed (Van Valin); and the frozen bodies were -evidently in a state of preservation approaching that of natural -mummies.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding indications to the contrary, Van Valin reached -the opinion that these remains were not those of regular burials, -though offering no other definite hypothesis.</p> - -<p>Desiring additional information about this highly interesting find, -I wrote to Mr. Brower, who assisted at the excavations, and received -the following answer:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>These mounds are from 5 to 8 miles south of the Barrow village (Utkiavik). -The largest that were opened were the farthest south, and seemed more like -raised lumps on the land than ruins. No doubt that is the reason no one had -bothered them.</p> - -<p>The Eskimo have no traditions of these people. In fact they did not even -suspect the mounds contained human remains until Mr. Van Valin started to -investigate them.</p> - -<p>While Van Valin thought they might be houses, I have always thought they -were burial mounds, as there seemed no family to have been together at the -time of death as often has happened. When whole families have died from some -epidemic, then the man and wife are together under their sleeping skins. In -these mounds each party was wrapped separate, either in polar bear or musk -ox skins; none were wrapped in deer skins. If male, all his hunting implements -were at his side, and if a female her working tools were with her, as -scrapers, dishes of wood, and stone knives. The men had their bows, arrows,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> -spears, and often a heavy club, for what purpose unless used in fighting I -could not make out. At the head of each person was a small receptacle, made -of whalebone, and in it or alongside was a long wing bone that had been used -as a drinking tube. In some cases there seemed to be the remains of food in -the platters, but that was impossible to identify. Most of the bodies were laid -on the ground, a few had the remains of scrub willow under them, while only -in two or three cases had there been driftwood planks under the bodies; these -were crudely hewn with their old stone adzes.</p> - -<p>There seems to have been some sort of driftwood houses over these bodies -at some time, but they decayed and have fallen on the remains, which were in -some cases embedded in the ice. Often before the frame had broken down -earth must have accumulated and covered the bodies. In these cases the flesh -has the consistency of a fine meal. While with those in the ice in some cases -part of the flesh still remained. In both cases when exposed to the air they -rapidly disintegrated, leaving nothing except the bones. By measurements they -must have been a larger race than the present people.</p> - -<p>When your letter reached here I at once started making inquiries as to what -mounds were still intact; and I find that as far as known only two of the -larger ones have not been opened. The Eskimo have been opening the mounds -ever since they were found, taking from them all the hunting implements -and other material and selling them aboard the ships for curios. It seems a -shame that all this should be lost to science, and if no one takes an interest in -these places in a year or two they will all be gone.</p> - -<p>I have again made inquiries as to what the present Eskimo think of these -people, but they tell me they have no tradition regarding them and that they -do not know if they were their ancestors or not. In fact, they are ignorant -of where they came from or when they died.</p> - -<p>To date I do not know of any whaling implement being found with these -old people, neither is any of the framework of these mounds made from the -bones of whales. In some of the implements ivory has been used. The mounds -farthest from the shore were about 400 yards, those that remain are closer to -the beach. Some of the smaller ones are on the banks of small streams but -never very far from shore. Undoubtedly, however, they were at one time -considerably farther from the sea, but the sea is every year claiming some -of this land, especially where the banks are high along the beach. There the -beach is narrow and during a gale the waves wash out the land at its base. -This is about all that I can tell you of these people. All credit for finding -these mounds belongs to Van Valin.</p> - -<p> -Yours truly,</p> -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Chas. D. Brower</span>.<br /> -</p> -</div> - -<p><em>The material.</em>—The collection as received at the Wistar Institute -was notable for its general dark color, enhanced in many of the -specimens by dark to black remains of the tissues. There was no -mineralization and but little bone decay, though the bones were -somewhat brittle.</p> - -<p>There is a scarcity of children and adolescents; there are in fact -only two skulls of subjects less than 20 years of age in the collection.</p> - -<p>The skulls and bones that remain show no violence.</p> - -<p>The remains show a complete freedom from syphilis or other constitutional -disease; the only pathological condition present in some -of the bones being arthritis. This speaks strongly for their preced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span>ing -the contact with whites. The surface series, though smaller, -shows three syphilitic skulls. An additional fact of interest is the -absence in both the igloo and the surface series of all marks of -scurvy. Such marks are fairly common farther southward. Finally, -none of the skulls are deformed, either in life or posthumously.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Anthropological Observations and Measurements on the -Collections</span></h3> - -<p><em>Age.</em>—The first observations made on the igloo material were those -as to the individual ages of the bodies. Such observations are necessarily -rough, yet within sufficiently broad limits fairly reliable. The -criteria are principally the condition of the teeth and that of the -sutures. The possible error in such estimates is, experience has -shown, as a rule well within 10 years in the older and within 5 years -in the young adults or subadults.</p> - -<p>One of the objects of these observations on the "igloo" material -was to get some further light on whether the remains were those -of a group that perished of an epidemic, famine, or some other sudden -agency, or whether they represented just burials. The age distribution -of the dead would differ considerably in the two cases.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Estimated Ages at Death"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Estimated Ages at Death</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">IGLOO MATERIAL</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>20 to 25</th> - <th>30 to 40</th> - <th>45 to 55</th> - <th>Above 55</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>Per cent</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>Per cent</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>Per cent</em></td> - <td class="tdc"><em>Per cent</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Males (27)</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">15</td> - <td class="tdr">41</td> - <td class="tdr">33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Females (25)</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - <td class="tdr">44</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mean, both sexes</td> - <td class="tdr">13.5</td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - <td class="tdr">42.5</td> - <td class="tdr">25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="0">SURFACE SERIES</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Males (21)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Females (14)</td> - <td class="tdr">29</td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mean, both sexes</td> - <td class="tdr">11.5</td> - <td class="tdr">17</td> - <td class="tdr">43</td> - <td class="tdr">29.5</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The above table shows the data obtained, with those on the surface -material from the same collection and known to be that of ordinary -burials.</p> - -<p>The results do not agree with the composition of the living population -but are apparently near to what might be expected in burials. -Taking the sexes apart, the series from the surface shows a somewhat -more favorable condition for the men, but worse for the women. -Taking the materials, however, regardless of sex, the proportions of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> -ages in the earlier igloos and in the late surface burials are practically -identical. This points strongly against the idea of the igloo remains -being those of people who either died there of starvation, of an epidemic, -of being smothered, or of some other sudden affliction, and to -their having been just ordinary burials.</p> - -<p>To arrive at something still more definite, if possible, I appealed -on the one hand to the United States Census and on the other to -Doctor Dublin of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York, -for data as to the distribution of ages among the dead, using the same -age-categories as in the case of the "igloo" material. The data furnished -by Miss E. Foudray through Dr. Wm. H. Davis, Chief Statistician -of the Bureau of the Census, are particularly to the point. -They are as follows:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" -summary="Per Cent Age Distribution of Indian Population in Alaska Aged -20 Years and Over, According to the Census of 1900"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Per Cent Age Distribution of Indian - Population in Alaska Aged 20 Years and Over, According to the - Census of 1900</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>20 to 24</th> - <th>25 to 44</th> - <th>45 to 54</th> - <th>55 and over</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Males</td> - <td class="tdr">17.8</td> - <td class="tdr">54.2</td> - <td class="tdr">15.9</td> - <td class="tdr">12.1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Females</td> - <td class="tdr">19.4</td> - <td class="tdr">53.3</td> - <td class="tdr">15.9</td> - <td class="tdr">11.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Both sexes</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>18.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>15.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>11.8</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" -summary="Per Cent Age Distribution at Death (Estimated) of Indian -Population of Alaska in 1900, Who, Had They Lived, Would Have Appeared -in the Census of 1910 at Ages 20 Years and Over"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Per Cent Age Distribution at Death - (Estimated) of Indian Population of Alaska in 1900, Who, Had They - Lived, Would Have Appeared in the Census of 1910 at Ages 20 Years - and Over</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="4" width="16.7%"></col> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>20 to 24</th> - <th>25 to 44</th> - <th>45 to 54</th> - <th>55 and over</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Males</td> - <td class="tdr">13.2</td> - <td class="tdr">43.9</td> - <td class="tdr">21.3</td> - <td class="tdr">21.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Females</td> - <td class="tdr">11.9</td> - <td class="tdr">47.0</td> - <td class="tdr">19.5</td> - <td class="tdr">21.6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Both sexes</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>12.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>45.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>20.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>21.6</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>There is a remarkable agreement of these figures with those -obtained on both the Igloo and the Barrow surface burial material, -except that for the two middle age series the figures are reversed. -This may mean an error in the two respective estimates on the Indians, -or it may mean that for these two ages the conditions among -the Eskimo concerned were better than they were in 1900 among the -Alaska Indians.</p> - -<p>All the above, together with the details on the orderly treatment -of the bodies, and the absence of such conditions as were encountered -in the dead villages on St. Lawrence Island (Hooper, Nelson), inclines -one to the conclusion that the Igloo remains, however exceptional -the method for the Eskimo, were just burials.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Physical Characteristics</span></h3> - -<p><em>The skull.</em>—The most noteworthy feature about the Igloo remains -is the marked distinctiveness of the skull. This strikes the observer -at the first sight of the specimens, and the impression is only strengthened -by detail examination. The skulls are very narrow, long, and -high. They differ plainly from anything except occasional individual -specimens, either about Barrow or along the rest of the west -coast of Alaska, with the possible exception of a few groups of -Seward Peninsula. They recall strongly the crania of Labrador and -south Greenland. It is the Labrador-Greenland type throughout, -men, women, and even the two children. It is a group outside of the -range of local variation. It is a strange Eskimo group, either developed -here in former times as it developed in Greenland and -Labrador, and possibly the Seward Peninsula, or one that had come -here from places where such type had already been realized.</p> - -<p>The following data (the individual measurements will appear in a -later number of the Catalogue of Crania) show the differences between -the Igloo and the surface material, the latter both of the Van -Valin and of the author's collections, and the valuable Stefánsson -material, now at the American Museum, from Point Barrow. They -need but little comment. They show clearly on one hand the wholly -Eskimo nature of the Igloo skulls, and on the other their distinctness -from those of the later burials, both of Barrow and Point Barrow. -The vault especially is characteristic—narrow, long, high, more -or less keel-shaped. The face in general is much more alike in the -three groups; nevertheless its absolute height and breadth in the -Igloo series are slightly smaller than in the other two, and there -are minor differences in the orbits and the palate.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Eskimo Crania, Barrow and Vicinity"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Eskimo Crania, Barrow and Vicinity</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="2">Old Igloos</th> - <th colspan="2">Surface burials, Barrow</th> - <th colspan="2">Surface burials, Point Barrow</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Males<br />(27)</th> - <th>Females<br />(25)</th> - <th>Males<br />(37)</th> - <th>Females<br />(36)</th> - <th>Males<br />(49)</th> - <th>Females<br />(52)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Vault:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">19.25</td> - <td class="tdr">18.11</td> - <td class="tdr">18.90</td> - <td class="tdr">17.77</td> - <td class="tdr">18.74</td> - <td class="tdr">17.91</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">13.30</td> - <td class="tdr">12.72</td> - <td class="tdr">13.73</td> - <td class="tdr">13.23</td> - <td class="tdr">13.84</td> - <td class="tdr">13.32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-bregma height</td> - <td class="tdr">14.02</td> - <td class="tdr">13.21</td> - <td class="tdr">13.78</td> - <td class="tdr">12.97</td> - <td class="tdr">13.78</td> - <td class="tdr">13.08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cranial index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height-breadth index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>105.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>104.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>98.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>99.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>82.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cranial module</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>15.52</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.72</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>15.46</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.66</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>15.44</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>14.75</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Face:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height: menton- nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">12.4</td> - <td class="tdr">11.21</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height: upper alveolar point-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">7.7</td> - <td class="tdr">7.01</td> - <td class="tdr">7.89</td> - <td class="tdr">7.18</td> - <td class="tdr">7.86</td> - <td class="tdr">7.22</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth: Diameter bizygomatic maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">14.2</td> - <td class="tdr">13.08</td> - <td class="tdr">14.34</td> - <td class="tdr">13.16</td> - <td class="tdr">14.26</td> - <td class="tdr">13.06</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial index, total</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.8</em></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial index, upper</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-nasion</td> - <td class="tdr">10.70</td> - <td class="tdr">10.18</td> - <td class="tdr">10.61</td> - <td class="tdr">10.01</td> - <td class="tdr">10.54</td> - <td class="tdr">9.94</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-subnasal point</td> - <td class="tdr">9.33</td> - <td class="tdr">9.12</td> - <td class="tdr">9.31</td> - <td class="tdr">8.86</td> - <td class="tdr">9.23</td> - <td class="tdr">8.73</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Basion-upper alveolar point</td> - <td class="tdr">10.45</td> - <td class="tdr">10.13</td> - <td class="tdr">10.39</td> - <td class="tdr">9.85</td> - <td class="tdr">10.39</td> - <td class="tdr">9.77</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lower jaw: Height at symphysis</td> - <td class="tdr">3.72</td> - <td class="tdr">3.38</td> - <td class="tdr">3.95</td> - <td class="tdr">3.27</td> - <td class="tdr">3.9</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orbits:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height</td> - <td class="tdr">3.62</td> - <td class="tdr">3.47</td> - <td class="tdr">3.60</td> - <td class="tdr">3.61</td> - <td class="tdr">3.61</td> - <td class="tdr">3.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">3.97</td> - <td class="tdr">4.01</td> - <td class="tdr">4.04</td> - <td class="tdr">3.88</td> - <td class="tdr">4.02</td> - <td class="tdr">3.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>93</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>89.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">5.45</td> - <td class="tdr">5.02</td> - <td class="tdr">5.52</td> - <td class="tdr">5.19</td> - <td class="tdr">5.48</td> - <td class="tdr">5.11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">2.37</td> - <td class="tdr">2.23</td> - <td class="tdr">2.39</td> - <td class="tdr">2.32</td> - <td class="tdr">2.31</td> - <td class="tdr">2.29</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.9</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Alveolar arch:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">5.57</td> - <td class="tdr">5.34</td> - <td class="tdr">5.59</td> - <td class="tdr">5.22</td> - <td class="tdr">5.63</td> - <td class="tdr">5.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">6.68</td> - <td class="tdr">6.29</td> - <td class="tdr">6.45</td> - <td class="tdr">6.13</td> - <td class="tdr">6.47</td> - <td class="tdr">6.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>83.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.4</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>Let us now contrast the Igloo skulls with those of southern Greenland -from the collection of the United States National Museum.<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> -The size of the series is such that they are nicely comparable. And -to the two is added a small recent series (A. H., 1926, and Collins, -1928), from Golovnin Bay and Sledge Island (Seward Peninsula).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Main Measurements of the Barrow Igloo and of Greenland Eskimo Crania"> - <caption><span class="smcap">Main Measurements of the Barrow "Igloo" and of Greenland Eskimo Crania</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="3">Males</th> - <th colspan="3">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Golovnin Bay and Sledge Island</th> - <th>Igloos</th> - <th>Greenland</th> - <th>Golovnin Bay and Sledge Island</th> - <th>Igloos</th> - <th>Greenland</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Number of specimens</td> - <td class="tdc">(8)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(49)</td> - <td class="tdc">(13)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - <td class="tdc">(52)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Vault:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length</td> - <td class="tdr">19.20</td> - <td class="tdr">19.25</td> - <td class="tdr">18.97</td> - <td class="tdr">18.03</td> - <td class="tdr">18.11</td> - <td class="tdr">18.04</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">13.70</td> - <td class="tdr">13.30</td> - <td class="tdr">13.61</td> - <td class="tdr">13.36</td> - <td class="tdr">12.72</td> - <td class="tdr">12.98</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">14.08</td> - <td class="tdr">14.02</td> - <td class="tdr">13.95</td> - <td class="tdr">13.21</td> - <td class="tdr">13.21</td> - <td class="tdr">13.12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cranial index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height-breadth index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>102.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>105.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>102.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>97.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>104.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>101</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.6</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Module</td> - <td class="tdr">15.66</td> - <td class="tdr">15.52</td> - <td class="tdr">15.51</td> - <td class="tdr">14.87</td> - <td class="tdr">14.72</td> - <td class="tdr">14.72</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Face:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Menton-nasion height</td> - <td class="tdr">12.70</td> - <td class="tdr">12.39</td> - <td class="tdr">12.38</td> - <td class="tdr">11.98</td> - <td class="tdr">11.21</td> - <td class="tdr">11.52</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Alveolar point-nasion height</td> - <td class="tdr">7.90</td> - <td class="tdr">7.71</td> - <td class="tdr">7.61</td> - <td class="tdr">7.35</td> - <td class="tdr">7.01</td> - <td class="tdr">7.05</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">14.29</td> - <td class="tdr">14.16</td> - <td class="tdr">14.05</td> - <td class="tdr">13.25</td> - <td class="tdr">13.08</td> - <td class="tdr">13.03</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial index, total</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>90.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>85.7</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Facial index, upper</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>55.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>53.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>54.1</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Orbits:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean height</td> - <td class="tdr">3.65</td> - <td class="tdr">3.62</td> - <td class="tdr">3.64</td> - <td class="tdr">3.58</td> - <td class="tdr">3.47</td> - <td class="tdr">3.55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">4.11</td> - <td class="tdr">3.97</td> - <td class="tdr">3.99</td> - <td class="tdr">3.92</td> - <td class="tdr">4.01</td> - <td class="tdr">3.85</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mean index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>91</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>92.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nose:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">5.58</td> - <td class="tdr">5.45</td> - <td class="tdr">5.24</td> - <td class="tdr">5.15</td> - <td class="tdr">5.02</td> - <td class="tdr">4.99</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Breadth</td> - <td class="tdr">2.35</td> - <td class="tdr">2.37</td> - <td class="tdr">2.27</td> - <td class="tdr">2.29</td> - <td class="tdr">2.23</td> - <td class="tdr">2.20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>42.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>43.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>44</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>A comparison of the Igloo and Greenland series shows striking -similarities; hardly any two geographically separate groups originating -from a single source could reasonably be expected to come nearer. -The Igloo skulls are even narrower in the vault than the Greenlanders, -which means so much farther away from the southwestern, -midwestern, and Asiatic Eskimo; and offer a few other differences, -but all these are of small moment, not affecting the essential relations -of the two groups.</p> - -<p>A comparison of the Igloo and Greenland series with the material -from Golovnin Bay and Sledge Island shows also numerous similarities -but with them some rather material differences. The differences -are especially marked in the females, whose characteristics approach<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> -more those of the midwestern Eskimo, which suggests that an important -proportion of them may have been derived from the latter. -However, even the males tend to differ. Both sexes show absolutely -a somewhat broader skull than that of the northerners; in both sexes -the skull, as seen from the cranial module, is slightly larger in the -Seward Peninsula series than in either of the other groups; but the -principal differences are seen in the face, which in the Seward -Peninsula group is perceptibly larger and especially higher than it -is in either the Igloo or the Greenland series. The orbits also in the -southerners are larger and the nose is slightly higher.</p> - -<p>On the whole it may be said that the resemblance of the Igloo -crania to those of Greenland is closer than that to either or both of -the series of Golovnin Bay and Sledge Island. This suggests the -possibility that a similar though not quite the same differentiation in -the skull may have taken place both in the Seward Peninsula and in -the far north; though the possibility of a derivation of any one of -the three groups from any of the others can not be discarded. So -far as the skull is concerned a definite solution of the identity of the -Igloo material would have to be, it would seem, postponed to the -future.</p> - -<p>The used data on the Greenland Eskimo skulls agree closely with -those of Fürst and Hansen (Crania Groenlandica, fol., 1915), and -also with the much fewer and scattered records of Virchow, Davis, -Duckworth, Oetteking, Pittard, etc.,<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> on Eskimo skulls from -Labrador.</p> - -<p><em>Stature and strength.</em>—The bones of the skeleton of the Igloo series -show the people to have been of good height and of above medium -Eskimo robustness. The principal measurements are given below, -together with the corresponding ones on the western and the Yukon -Eskimo. The material is not all that could be wished for, either in -numbers or representation, but it will suffice for rough comparisons. -Regrettably nothing for comparison is available as yet from Greenland -or other parts of the far northeast where we meet with long, -narrow, and high skulls.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="border" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" -summary="The Long Bones of the Igloo People and Other Eskimo Bones of -the Two Sides Together"> - <caption><span class="smcap">The Long Bones of the Igloo People and - Other Eskimo Bones of the Two Sides Together</span></caption> -<col></col> -<col span="6" width="12.5%"></col> - <tr> - <th rowspan="2"></th> - <th colspan="3">Males</th> - <th colspan="3">Females</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="bl">Igloo</th> - <th>Seward Peninsula and northwestern Eskimo</th> - <th>Yukon Eskimo</th> - <th>Igloo</th> - <th>Seward Peninsula and northwestern Eskimo</th> - <th>Yukon Eskimo</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Humerus:</td> - <td class="tdc">(35)</td> - <td class="tdc">(100)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - <td class="tdc">(83)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length-maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">31.17</td> - <td class="tdr">31.17</td> - <td class="tdr">32.10</td> - <td class="tdr">28.41</td> - <td class="tdr">28.82</td> - <td class="tdr">28.31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>At middle:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter, major</td> - <td class="tdr">2.47</td> - <td class="tdr">2.46</td> - <td class="tdr">2.33</td> - <td class="tdr">2.11</td> - <td class="tdr">2.15</td> - <td class="tdr">2.07</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter, minor</td> - <td class="tdr">1.86</td> - <td class="tdr">1.85</td> - <td class="tdr">1.80</td> - <td class="tdr">1.60</td> - <td class="tdr">1.62</td> - <td class="tdr">1.51</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>76.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.2</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Radius:</td> - <td class="tdc">(31)</td> - <td class="tdc">(37)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - <td class="tdc">(17)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - <td class="tdc">(16)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length, maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">23.53</td> - <td class="tdr">23.50</td> - <td class="tdr">23.44</td> - <td class="tdr">20.98</td> - <td class="tdr">21.35</td> - <td class="tdr">20.18</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Radio-humeral index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.3</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Femur:</td> - <td class="tdc">(33)</td> - <td class="tdc">(60)</td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - <td class="tdc">(25)</td> - <td class="tdc">(31)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length, bicondylar</td> - <td class="tdr">43.86</td> - <td class="tdr">43.46</td> - <td class="tdr">43.78</td> - <td class="tdr">40.31</td> - <td class="tdr">40.44</td> - <td class="tdr">41.11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Humero-femoral index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>73</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>71.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>69</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>At middle:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter, antero-posterior</td> - <td class="tdr">3.37</td> - <td class="tdr">3.21</td> - <td class="tdr">3.05</td> - <td class="tdr">2.88</td> - <td class="tdr">2.88</td> - <td class="tdr">2.74</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter, lateral</td> - <td class="tdr">2.90</td> - <td class="tdr">2.72</td> - <td class="tdr">2.67</td> - <td class="tdr">2.51</td> - <td class="tdr">2.56</td> - <td class="tdr">2.44</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>86.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>84.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.6</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>87.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.9</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>88.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>At upper flattening:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter, maximum</td> - <td class="tdr">3.51</td> - <td class="tdr">3.32</td> - <td class="tdr">3.31</td> - <td class="tdr">3.09</td> - <td class="tdr">3.06</td> - <td class="tdr">3.02</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter, minimum</td> - <td class="tdr">2.71</td> - <td class="tdr">2.59</td> - <td class="tdr">2.57</td> - <td class="tdr">2.30</td> - <td class="tdr">2.40</td> - <td class="tdr">2.27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.1</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>77.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>74.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>78.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>75.4</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tibia:</td> - <td class="tdc">(29)</td> - <td class="tdc">(79)</td> - <td class="tdc">(22)</td> - <td class="tdc">(24)</td> - <td class="tdc">(36)</td> - <td class="tdc">(27)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Length in position</td> - <td class="tdr">35.60</td> - <td class="tdr">35.52</td> - <td class="tdr">35.14</td> - <td class="tdr">31.94</td> - <td class="tdr">32.50</td> - <td class="tdr">32.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tibio-femoral index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>81.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.2</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>80.4</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>79.8</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>At middle:</td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter, antero-posterior</td> - <td class="tdr">3.26</td> - <td class="tdr">3.19</td> - <td class="tdr">3.16</td> - <td class="tdr">2.80</td> - <td class="tdr">2.75</td> - <td class="tdr">2.61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Diameter, lateral</td> - <td class="tdr">2.20</td> - <td class="tdr">2.16</td> - <td class="tdr">2.15</td> - <td class="tdr">1.87</td> - <td class="tdr">1.92</td> - <td class="tdr">1.90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Index</td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.5</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>67.8</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>68.3</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>66.7</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>70</em></td> - <td class="tdr"><em>72.8</em></td> - </tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The above table shows some remarkable and interesting conditions.</p> - -<p>The first of the most apparent facts is that the type of the Yukon -Eskimo stands well apart from both of the other series in a number -of essentials, showing that it is not very nearly related and that it -may be left out of consideration.</p> - -<p>On the other hand the long bones from the Seward Peninsula and -the northwest coast, especially those of the males, show very closely to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> -those of the Igloo group. The male bones of the two series are almost -identical, except that the Igloo bones are somewhat stronger.</p> - -<p>Such close resemblances can hardly be fortuitous. They speak -strongly for the basic identity of the old Igloo people with those of at -least parts of the Seward Peninsula and parts of the northwest -coast. If we take the bones from the Seward Peninsula alone (see -p. <a href="#Page_314">314</a>) it is found that these resemblances still hold.</p> - -<p>The evidence thus shown constitutes a strong indication that the -old Igloo group may be inherently related to that part of the Eskimo -population of Seward Peninsula which shows the long and narrow -skull; but the data offer no light on the questions as to whether the -Igloo group may have been derived from that of the Seward Peninsula -or vice versa, and on the true relation of either or both of these to -the Eskimo of Baffin Land, Greenland, and Labrador.</p> - -<p>To definitely decide the problem of the Igloo group there are needed -data on the long bones of the northeasterners; in the second place it -is highly desirable to know how large and how ancient was the group -of the narrow-headed people on the Seward Peninsula and Sledge -Island; and in the third place it is important that the cultural history -of the two groups be known as thoroughly as possible. All of which -are tasks for the future.</p> - -<p>The possibility of a development of the Igloo cranial type on the -northwest coast itself can not be denied, in view of the facts that -all its characteristics are within the ranges of normal individual -variations on that coast, and that similar developments have evidently -been realized elsewhere. But in such a case it would be -logical to expect, locally or not far away, some ancestry of the group, -and the group would not probably be limited to a little spot and a -few scores of persons. Had the group developed incidentally from -a physically exceptional family, it could not be expected to have -been anywhere nearly as uniform as the group under consideration. -The high degree of uniformity of the Igloo contingent speaks for -a well accomplished differentiation; and as there is no other trace of -this in the conditions near Barrow, and there are no ruins denoting -a long occupation, the evidence is against a local development and -for an immigration of the group. A coming of a small-sized contingent -from the Seward Peninsula would be easy; its coming from -Greenland or Labrador or Baffin Land would surely be difficult, but -not impossible to the Eskimo, who is known to have been a traveler.</p> - -<p>Whatever may be the eventual solution of the Igloo problem, it is -plain that the presence of that group near Barrow, together with the -presence of evidently closely related groups in a part of the Seward -Peninsula and again in the far east of the Eskimo region, offers much -food for thought and investigation. The most plausible possibility<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> -would seem to be a relatively late (within the present millennium) -coming of a physically already well differentiated small group, from -either the south or the east, with a relatively short settlement at the -Barrow site, some local multiplication in numbers, and then extinction -partly through disease, partly perhaps through absorption into -a stronger and newer contingent derived from the western people.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> The measurements of this series have been published by the writer in the first part -of the Catalogue of Human Crania in the U. S. National Museum (Proc. U.S.N.M., -1924, <span class="smcap">LXIII</span>, art. 12, p. 26), but as a few errors crept in, the whole series was remeasured -by the writer.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> For more exact references see writer's Contribution to the Anthropology of Central -and Smith Sound Eskimo, Anthrop. Papers Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1910, <span class="smcap">V</span>, pt. 2; -and the bibliography at the end of this volume.</p></div></div> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF THE ESKIMO</h2> - - -<p>All anthropological research on the Eskimo has naturally one ultimate -object, which is the clearing up of the problems of the origin -and antiquity of this highly interesting human strain; and it may -well be asked what further light on these problems has been shed -by the studies here dealt with. To show this with a proper perspective -it will be requisite to briefly review the previous ideas on these -problems.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Origin of the Name "Eskimo"</span></h3> - -<p>According to Charlevoix (Nouv. France, III, 178), the term -"Eskimo" is a corruption of the Abenaki Indian Esquimantsic or -the Ojibway Ashkimeg, both terms meaning "those who eat raw -flesh." In the words of Captain Hooper,<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> "Neither the origin nor -meaning of the name 'Esquimaux,' or Eskimo, as it is now spelled, -is known. According to Doctor Rink, the name 'Esquimaux' was -first given to the inhabitants of Southern Labrador as a term of derision -by the inhabitants of Northern Labrador, and means raw-fish -eater. Dall says the appellation 'Eskimo' is derived from a word -indicating a sorcerer or shaman in the language of the northern -tribes."</p> - -<p>For Brinton,<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> as for Charlevoix, the term "Eskimo" is derived -from the Algonkin "Eskimantick," "eaters of raw flesh." According -to Chamberlain,<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> Sir John Richardson (Arctic Searching Exp., -p. 203) attempts to derive it from the French words ceux qui miaux -(miaulent), referring to their clamorous outcries on the approach -of a ship. Petitot (Chambers Encyc., Ed. 1880, IV, p. 165, article -Esquimaux) says that at the present day the Crees, of Lake Athabasca, -call them Wis-Kimowok (from Wiyas flesh, aski raw, and -mowew to eat), and also Ayiskimiwok (i. e., those who act in secret). -In Labrador the English sometimes call the Eskimo "Huskies" (loc. -cit., p. ix. 7. Chambers Encyc., article Esquimaux. See Hind. Trav. -in Int. of Labr., loc. cit., and Petitot loc. cit., p. ix.) and Suckemos -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>(Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition, p. 202) and Dall (Proc. -Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1869, p. 266) says that in Alaska the Tinneh -Indians call them "Uskeeme" (sorcerers).</p> - -<p>The Eskimo call themselves "Innuit," said to be the plural of -in-nu, the man, hence "the people"; the same being as a rule the -meaning of the name by which the various tribes of the Indian call -themselves.</p> - -<p>On the Asiatic coast the Eskimo is known as the "Yuit," "Onkilon," -"Chouklouks," or "Namollo"; while in the east appears the -name "Karalit."</p> - -<p>None of this has thrown any light on the origin of the Eskimo.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Hooper, C. L., Cruise of the U. S. revenue steamer <em>Corwin</em>, 1881. Washington, -1884, p. 99.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Brinton, D. C., Myths of the New World, 1868, p. 23. New York.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Chamberlain, A. F., The Eskimo race and language. Proc. Canadian Inst., 3d ser., -vol. <span class="smcap">VI</span>, pp. 267-268. Toronto, 1889.</p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Opinions By Former and Living Students</span></h3> - -<p><em>Origin in Asia.</em>—Many opinions on the origin of the Eskimo have -been expressed by different authors. Among the earliest of these -were those of missionaries, such as Crantz (1779), and of the early -explorers, such as Steller, v. Wrangell, Lütke and others. They were -based on the general aspect of the Eskimo, particularly that of his -physiognomy; and seeing that in many features he resembled most -the mongoloid peoples of Asia they attached him to these, which -meant the conclusion that he was of Asiatic derivation. Quite soon, -however, there began to appear also the opinions of students of man. -The first of these was that of Blumenbach, as expressed in his Inaugural -Thesis of 1781. In this thesis, more particularly its second -edition, he classifies the Eskimo expressly as a part of the Caucasian -or white race. But after obtaining an Eskimo skull and an Eskimo -body he changes his opinion and in 1795-1806 he comes out with a -definite classification of the Eskimo as a member of the Mongolians; -and a similar conclusion, with its implied or expressed consequence -of a migration from Asia to America, has been reached since, mainly -on somatological but also in part on linguistic and cultural bases, -by a large number of authors, including Lawrence, Morton, Pickering, -Latham, Flower, Peschel, Topinard, Brinton, Virchow (1877), -Quatrefages and Hamy (1882), Thalbitzer, Bogoras and numerous -others. With all of this, the conception of the Asiatic origin of the -Eskimo has not passed the status of a strong probability, lacking a -final conclusive demonstration.</p> - -<p>A chronological list of the more noteworthy individual statements -is given at the end of this section.</p> - -<p><em>Origin in America.</em>—Since the earlier parts of the nineteenth -century the opinion began to be expressed that the Eskimo is not of -Asiatic but of American origin. Already in 1847 Prichard tells us -that there are those who "consider them as belonging to the American -family," and he plainly favors this conception.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p> - -<p>Between 1873 and 1890 the American origin of the Eskimo is repeatedly -asserted by Rink, who for 16 winters and 22 summers lived -with the eastern Eskimo, first as a scientific explorer and later as -royal inspector or governor of the southern Danish settlements in -Greenland (preface by R. Brown to Rink's Tales and Traditions, -1875). In this opinion, briefly, the Eskimo were derived from the -inland Indian tribes of Alaska; without referring to the origin of the -Indian.</p> - -<p>Rink's authoritative opinion was followed or paralleled by Daniel -Wilson (1876), Grote, Krause, Ray, Keane, Brown, and others. In -1887 Chamberlain expresses the somewhat startling additional theory -that it was not the Eskimo who was derived from the Mongolians -but the Mongolians from the Eskimo or their American ancestors. -And in 1901-1910 Boas comes to the conclusion that the Eskimo -probably originated from the inland tribes (Indian?) in the Hudson -Bay region.</p> - -<p>An interesting case in these connections is that of Rudolf Virchow. -In 1877 (see details at the end of this section) he expresses the belief -in the Eskimo coming from Asia; in 1878 he seems to be uncertain; -and in 1885 he comes out in support of the opinion that the original -home of the Eskimo may have been in the western part of the Hudson -Bay region. Among later students of the problem, Steensby<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> and -Birket-Smith<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> incline on cultural grounds to this hypothesis.</p> - -<p>Wissler, not explicit as to the Eskimo in 1917 (The American Indian), -in 1918 (Archæology of the Polar Eskimo) finds, after -Steensby, the most acceptable theory of the Eskimo origin to be that -"they expanded from a parent group in the Arctic Archipelago"; -but in 1922, in the second edition of his The American Indian, he -repeats word for word his opinion of 1917, which appears to favor -an Asiatic derivation.</p> - -<p><em>Origin in Europe—Identity with Upper Palaeolithic man.</em>—About -the sixties of last century growing discoveries in France of implements, -etc., of later palaeolithic man brought about a realization that -not a few of these implements and other objects, particularly those -of the Magdalenian period, resembled like implements and objects -of the Eskimo; from which, together with the considerations of the -similarities of fauna (reindeer, musk-ox, etc.), and of climate, there -was but a step to a more or less definite identification of the Magdalenians -and Solutreans with the Eskimo. In 1870 Pruner-Bey<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> -claims a similarity between Solutrean and Eskimo skulls. In 1883 -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>these views received the influential support of De Mortillet (see -details). In 1889 the theory receives strong support from the characteristics -of the Chancelade (Magdalenian) skeleton which Testut -declares are in many respects almost identical with those of the -Eskimo. And within the next few years the notion is upheld by -Hamy and Hervé. It remains sympathetic as late as 1913 to Marcellin -Boule, and finds most recent champions in Morin and Sollas.</p> - -<p>However, there were also many who opposed the effort at a direct -connection of the upper palaeolithic man of Europe and the Eskimo. -Among these were Geikie, Flower, Rae, Daniel Wilson, Robert -Brown, Déchelette, Laloy. At present the theory is supported -mainly by Morin and Sollas, opposed by Steensby, Burkitt, Keith, -MacCurdy, and others; while most students of the Eskimo ignore -the question.</p> - -<p><em>Other hypotheses.</em>—Besides the preceding ideas which attribute -the origin of the Eskimo to Asia, or America, or old Europe, there -were also others that failed to receive a wider support; and there -were authors and students who remained undecided or were too -cautious to definitely formulate their beliefs. Some of the former -as well as the latter deserve brief mention.</p> - -<p>Gallatin, in 1836, mainly on linguistic grounds, recognizes the -fundamental relation of the Eskimo and the Indian and seems inclined -to the American origin of the former, but makes no clear statement -to that effect. For Meigs (1857), who probably followed an -earlier opinion, the Eskimo came "from the islands of the Polar -Sea." C. C. Abbott (1876) saw Eskimo in the early inhabitants of -the Delaware Valley. To Grote (1875, 1877), the Eskimo were "the -existing representatives of the man of the American glacial epoch"; -they were modified Pliocene men. Nordenskiöld (1885) follows -closely Meigs and Grote; the Eskimo may be "the true autochthones -of the Polar regions," having inhabited them from before the glacial -age, during more genial climate. Keane (1886) believed the Eskimo -developed from the Aleuts. For De Quatrefages (1887), man originated -in the Tertiary in northern Asia, spread from there, and some -of his contingents may have reached America and been the ancestors -of the Eskimo; the western tribes of the latter being a mixture of the -Eskimo with Asiatic brachycephals. Nansen (1893) avoids a discussion -of the origin of the Eskimo; and the same caution is observable -more or less in most modern writers.</p> - -<p>The following chart of the more noteworthy opinions regarding -the origin of the Eskimo will show at a glance the diversity of the -views and their lack of conclusiveness.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Contr. Ethn. and Anthropogeog. Polar Eskimos, Med. om Grönl., <span class="smcap">XXXIV</span>, Copenhagen, -1910; also, Origin of the Eskimo culture, <em>ibid.</em>, 1916, 204-218.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Internat. Congr. Americanists, New York, 1928.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> In Ferry, H. de, Le Maconnais préhistorique, etc., 1 vol, Macon, 1870, with a section -by Pruner-Bey.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Theories as to the Origin of the Eskimo</span></h3> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Theories as to the Origin of the Eskimo"> - <tr> - <td>Asiatic:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Steller</td> - <td class="tdr">1743</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Cranz</td> - <td class="tdr">1779</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Blumenbach</td> - <td class="tdr">1795</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Lawrence</td> - <td class="tdr">1822</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Von Wrangell</td> - <td class="tdr">1839</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Morton</td> - <td class="tdr">1839</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">McDonald</td> - <td class="tdr">1841</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Latham</td> - <td class="tdr">1850</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Pickering</td> - <td class="tdr">1854</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Wilson</td> - <td class="tdr">1863</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Rae</td> - <td class="tdr">1865, 1877-78, 1886</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Markham</td> - <td class="tdr">1865, 1875</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Whymper</td> - <td class="tdr">1869</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Peschel</td> - <td class="tdr">1876</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Kuhl</td> - <td class="tdr">1876</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Petitot</td> - <td class="tdr">1876</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Topinard</td> - <td class="tdr">1877</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Virchow</td> - <td class="tdr">1877</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Dall</td> - <td class="tdr">1877</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Palmer</td> - <td class="tdr">1879</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Henry</td> - <td class="tdr">1879</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Dawson</td> - <td class="tdr">1880</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Quatrefages</td> - <td class="tdr">1882, 1887</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Elliot</td> - <td class="tdr">1886</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Flower</td> - <td class="tdr">1886</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Brown</td> - <td class="tdr">1888</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ratzel</td> - <td class="tdr">1897</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Hrdlička</td> - <td class="tdr">1910, 1924</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Thalbitzer</td> - <td class="tdr">1914</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Fürst and Hansen</td> - <td class="tdr">1915</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Wissler</td> - <td class="tdr">1917</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Mathiassen</td> - <td class="tdr">1921</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Bogoras</td> - <td class="tdr">1924, 1927</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>American:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Prichard</td> - <td class="tdr">1847</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Rink</td> - <td class="tdr">1873, 1888</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Holmes</td> - <td class="tdr">1873</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Wilson</td> - <td class="tdr">1876</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Grote</td> - <td class="tdr">1877</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Krause</td> - <td class="tdr">1883</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Ray</td> - <td class="tdr">1885</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Virchow</td> - <td class="tdr">1885</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Keane</td> - <td class="tdr">1886, 1887</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Brown</td> - <td class="tdr">1888</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Murdoch</td> - <td class="tdr">1888</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Chamberlain</td> - <td class="tdr">1889</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Quatrefages</td> - <td class="tdr">1889</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Boas</td> - <td class="tdr">1907, 1910</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Wissler</td> - <td class="tdr">1917</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>European or connected with Europe:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Lartet and Christy</td> - <td class="tdr">1864</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Dawkins</td> - <td class="tdr">1866</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Hervé</td> - <td class="tdr">1870</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Abbott</td> - <td class="tdr">1876</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">De Mortillet</td> - <td class="tdr">1883</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Testut</td> - <td class="tdr">1889</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Boule</td> - <td class="tdr">1913</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Sollas</td> - <td class="tdr">1924, 1927</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Opposed to Europe:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Brown.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Burkitt.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Déchelette.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Flower.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Geikie.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Keith.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Laloy.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">MacCurdy.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Rae.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Steensby.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Wilson.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Hrdlička (1910).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Miscellaneous and indefinite:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Gallatin</td> - <td class="tdr">1836</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Richardson</td> - <td class="tdr">1852</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Meigs</td> - <td class="tdr">1857</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Grote</td> - <td class="tdr">1875</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Abbott</td> - <td class="tdr">1876</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nordenskiöld</td> - <td class="tdr">1885</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Keane</td> - <td class="tdr">1886</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Quatrefages</td> - <td class="tdr">1887</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nansen</td> - <td class="tdr">1893</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Tarenetzky</td> - <td class="tdr">1900</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Nadaillac</td> - <td class="tdr">1902</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdp">Jenness</td> - <td class="tdr">1928</td> - </tr> -</table></div> - - -<h4>ASIATICS</h4> - -<p>Steller, 1743:<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> Several references which indicate that Steller regarded -the Eskimo as related to the northeastern Asiatics.</p> - -<p>Cranz, 1779:<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> Points out the resemblances of the Eskimo (and -their product) to the Kalmuks, Yakuts, Tungus, and Kamchadales, -and derives them from northeastern Asia (forced by other peoples -through Tartary to the farthest northeast of Asia and then to -America).</p> - -<p>Blumenbach, 1781:<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> The first of the five varieties of mankind -"and the largest, which is also the primeval one, embraces the whole -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>of Europe, including the Lapps, * * * and lastly, in America, -the Greenlanders and the Esquimaux, for I see in these people a -wonderful difference from the other inhabitants of America; and, -unless I am altogether deceived, I think they must be derived from -the Finns."</p> - -<p>But in his "Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte," 2d ed., Göttingen, -1806, Blumenbach classes both the Lapps and the Eskimo with the -Mongolians (Anthr. Treatises of Blumenbach, Lond., 1865, p. 304): -"The remaining Asiatics, except the Malays, with the Lapps in -Europe, and the Esquimaux in the north of America, from Bering -Strait to Labrador and Greenland. They are for the most part of -a wheaten yellow, with scanty, straight, black hair, and have flat -faces with laterally projecting cheek bones, and narrowly slit -eyelids."</p> - -<p>Von Wrangell, 1839:<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> "* * * ihre sclavische Abhängigkeit -von den Rennthier-Tschuktschen beweist, dass die letztern spätere -Einwanderer und Eroberer des Landes sind, welches sie jetzt inne -haben."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Lawrence, 1822:<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> "The Mongolian variety * * * includes the -numerous more or less rude, and in great part nomadic tribes, which -occupy central and northern Asia; * * * and the tribes of Eskimaux -extending over the northern parts of America, from Bering -Strait to the extremity of Greenland. * * *</p> - -<p>"The Eskimaux are formed on the Mongolian model, although -they inhabit countries so different from the abodes of the original -tribes of central Asia."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Latham, 1850:<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> "Our only choice lies between the doctrine that -makes the American nations to have originated from one or more -separate pairs of progenitors, and the doctrine that either Bering -Strait or the line of islands between Kamskatka and the Peninsula -of Alaska, was the highway between the two worlds—from Asia to -America, or vice versa. * * * Against America, and in favor of -Asia being the birthplace of the human race—its unity being assumed—I -know many valid reasons. * * * Physically, the -Eskimo is a Mongol and Asiatic. Philologically, he is American."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>1851:<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> "Just as the Eskimo graduate in the American Indian, so -do they pass into the populations of northeastern Asia—language -being the instrument which the present writer has more especially -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>employed in their affiliation. From the Peninsula of Alaska to the -Aleutian chain of islands, and from the Aleutian chain to Kamskatka -is the probable course of the migration from Asia to America—traced -backwards, i. e., from the goal to the starting point, from the circumference -to the center."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Pickering, 1854:<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> "The Arctic Regions seem exclusively possessed -by the Mongolian race."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Wilson, 1863:<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> "The same mode of comparison which confirms -the ethnical affinities between the Esquimaux and their insular or -Asiatic congeners, reveals, in some respects, analogies rather than -contrast between the dolichocephalic Indian crania and those of the -hyperborean race."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Markham, 1856:<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> "The interesting question now arises—whence -came these Greenland Esquimaux, these Innuit, or men, as they call -themselves, and as I think they ought to be called by us? They are -not descendants of the Skroellings of the opposite American coast, -as has already been seen. It is clear that they can not have come -from the eastward, over the ocean which intervenes between Lapland -and Greenland, for no Esquimaux traces have ever been found on -Spitzbergen, Iceland, or Jan Mayen. We look at them and see at -once that they have no kinship with the red race of America; but a -glance suffices to convince us of their relationship with the northern -tribes of Siberia. It is in Asia, then, that we must seek their origin."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Whymper, 1869:<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> "That the coast natives of northern Alaska are -but Americanized Tchuktchis from Asia, I myself have no doubt."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Peschel, 1876:<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> "The identity of their language with that of the -Namollo, their skill on the sea, their domestication of the dog, their -use of the sledge, the Mongolian type of their faces, their capability -for higher civilization, are sufficient reasons for answering the question, -whether a migration took place from Asia to America or conversely -from America to Asia, in favor of the former alternative; -yet such a migration from Asia by way of Bering Strait must have -occurred at a much later period than the first colonization of the -New World from the Old one * * *.</p> - -<p>"It is not likely that the Eskimo spread from America to Asia, -because of all Americans they have preserved the greatest resemblance -in racial characters to the Mongolian nations of the Old -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>World, and in historical times their migrations have always taken -place in an easterly direction."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Kuhl, 1876:<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> "Bilden so die Eskimo in der Sprache das Bindeglied -zwischen America und Asien, so ist dies noch viel mehr der -Fall in Bezug auf ihren Typus: dieser stimmt bei den Polarvölkern -diesseits und jenseits der Beringsstrasse 'zum Verwechseln' überein, -wie denn auch ein beständiger Verkehr hinüber und herüber -stattfindet. Hierin liegt der unwiderstehliche Beweis, dass diese -Polarvölker wenigstens von einer Herkunft sind und dass eine -Einwanderung von einem Continente in das andere hier stattgefunden -hat. Haben wir nun die Wahl, entweder die Eskimo aus -Asien nach America, oder die Tschuktschen, die dort auf der -Asiatischen Seite wohnen, aus America einwandern zu lassen—wofür -sich auch Stimmen erhoben haben—so werden wir keinen Augenblick -zweifelhaft sein: eine spätere Rückwanderung eines einzelnen -Stammes in das Land der Väter wäre immerhin denkbar; aber wer -über die Tschuktschen hinweg die Sache in's Grosse sieht, kann für -die Urzeit nur eine Einwanderung von Asien nach America, nicht -umgekehrt, annehmen, und hierfür finden wir ausser den allgemeinen -Gründen, welche uns der Verlauf unserer Untersuchungen nahe -gebracht, noch zwei besondere Beweise bei den Eskimo: einmal -können wir die Spur ihrer Wanderungen historisch verfolgen, und -diese wären nach Osten gerichtet, sodass sie Grönland, mit dem -heute ihr Name so eng verbunden ist, zuletzt erreichten (S. 209); -sodann haben die Eskimo allein unter den Americanischen Stämmen -das Mongolische Gepräge ganz unversehrt bewahrt—dies bliebe -unerklärlich, wenn sie Americanische Autochthonen wären * * * -Einen deutlichen Hinweis auf die Urheimath Asien enthalten auch -die Wanderungen der Stämme durch das Americanische Continent, -soweit wir dieselben verfolgen können."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Dall, 1877:<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> "I see, therefore, no reason for disputing the hypothesis -that America was peopled from Asia originally, and that there -were successive waves of emigration.</p> - -<p>"The northern route was clearly by way of Bering -Strait; * * * Linguistically, no ultimate distinction can be drawn between -the American Innuit and the American Indian. * * * I -shall assume, what is also assumed by Mr. Markham, that the original -progenitors of the Innuit were in a very primitive, low, and -barbarous condition. * * *</p> - -<p>"I assume, then, that the larger part of North America may have -been peopled by way of Bering Strait. * * * I believe that this -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>emigration was vastly more ancient than Mr. Markham supposes, and -that it took place before the present characteristics of races and -tribes of North American savages were developed. * * *</p> - -<p>"My own impression agrees with that of Doctor Rink that the -Innuit were once inhabitants of the interior of America; that they -were forced to the west and north by the pressure of tribes of Indians -from the south; that they spread into the Aleutian region and -northwest coast generally, and possibly simultaneously to the north; -that their journeying was originally tentative, and that they finally -settled in those regions which afforded them subsistence, perhaps -after passing through the greater portion of Arctic America, leaving -their traces as they went in many places unfit for permanent settlement; -that after the more inviting regions were occupied, the pressure -from Indians and still unsatisfied tribes of their own stock, induced -still further emigration, and finally peopled Greenland and the -shores of northeastern Siberia; but that these latter movements were, -on the whole, much more modern, and more local than the original -exodus, and took place after the race characteristics and language -were tolerably well matured. * * *</p> - -<p>"I conclude that at present the Asiatic Innuit range from Koliuchin -Bay to the eastward and south to Anadyr Gulf. * * *</p> - -<p>"To the reflux of the great wave of emigration, which no doubt -took place at a very early period, we may owe the numerous deserted -huts reported by all explorers on the north coasts of Asia, as far east -as the mouth of the Indigirka. At one time, I thought the migration -to Asia had taken place within a few centuries, but subsequent study -and reflection has convinced me that this could not have been the -case. No doubt successive parties crossed at different times, and some -of these may have been comparatively modern."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Rae, 1878:<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> "All the Eskimos with whom I have communicated -on the subject, state that they originally came very long ago from the -west, or setting sun, and that in doing so they crossed a sea separating -the two great lands.</p> - -<p>"That these people (the Eskimos) have been driven from their -own country in the northern parts of Asia by some unknown pressure -of circumstances, and obliged to extend themselves along the whole -northern coast line of America and Greenland, appears to be likely, -and that the route followed after crossing Bering Strait was of necessity -along the coast eastward, being hemmed in by hostile Indians on -the south, and driven forward by pressure from the west * * *.</p> - -<p>"Such were my opinions 12 years ago, and their correctness has -been rather confirmed than otherwise, by all that we have since -learned. * * *"</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>1887:<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> "Professor Flower said that his investigation into the -physical characteristics of the Eskimos led him to agree entirely -with Doctor Rae's conclusions derived from other sources. He looked -upon the Eskimos as a branch of the North Asiatic Mongols (of -which the Japanese may be taken as a familiar example), who in -their wandering across the American continent in the eastward direction, -isolated almost as perfectly as an island population would be, -hemmed in on one side by the eternal polar ice, and on the other by -hostile tribes of American Indians, with whom they rarely, if ever, -mingled, have gradually developed special modifications of the Mongolian -type, which increase in intensity from west to east, and are -seen in their greatest perfection in the inhabitants of Greenland. -* * *</p> - -<p>"Doctor Rae also thinks that the Eskimos came from across Bering -Strait from Asia. Their traditions and many other things point in -that direction, and they are in no way related to the ancient cave -men of Europe."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Dawson, 1880:<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> Eskimo: "On the eastern side of the continent -these poor people have always been separated by a marked line from -their Indian neighbors on the south, and have been regarded by them -with the most bitter hostility. On the west, however, they pass into -the Eastern Siberians, on the one hand, and into the West-coast Indians, -on the other, both by language and physical characters. They -and the northern tribes at least of West-coast Indians, belong in all -probability to a wave of population spreading from Bering Strait."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Quatrefages et Hamy; 1882:<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> "Les Esquimaux ou Eskimos, qui se -nomment eux-mêmes Innuits, constituent dans la série mongolique -un groupe exceptionnel, qui diffère à maints égards de ceux qui -viennent de passer sous nos yeux, mais dont l'origine asiatique n'est -plus aujourd'hui contestée et dont les affinités occidentales frappent -de plus en plus les observateurs spéciaux."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Brown, 1888:<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> "It is only when we come to the region beginning -at Cape Shelagskii and extending to the East Cape of Siberia that -we find any traces of them. This tract is now held by the coast -Tchukchi, but it was not always their home, for they expelled from -this dreary stretch the Onkilon or Eskimo race who took refuge in -or near less attractive quarters between the East Cape and Anadyrskii -Bay."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Ratzel, 1897:<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> "If we ask whence they came, Asia seems most -obvious, since between the American and Asiatic coasts of Bering -Straits, intercourse has always been ventured upon even in the rudest -skin-boats. * * *</p> - -<p>"Ethnographic indications also point predominantly to the -west. * * *</p> - -<p>"But we have an equal right to suppose a migration from America -into Asia."</p> - -<p>Thalbitzer, 1914:<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> "I still believe (like Rink), that the common -Eskimo mother-group has at one time lived to the west at the Bering -Strait, coming originally from the coasts of Siberia."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Fürst and Hansen, 1915:<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> "We are to some extent acquainted -with the diffusion of the Eskimos over the earth, and know that they -could not have come directly from Europe and that Greenland was -populated from the west, one may naturally conclude, as has often -been concluded before, that their descent is from the west, in other -words from Asia, though the time at which such an immigration took -place and the racial type which they then possessed must remain -still more hypothetical than immigration itself."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Mathiassen, 1927:<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> "We must therefore imagine that the Thule -culture, with all its peculiar whaling culture, has originated somewhere -in the western regions, in an Arctic area, where whales were -plentiful and wood abundant, and we are involuntarily led toward the -coasts of Alaska and East Siberia north of Bering Strait, the regions -to which we have time after time had to turn in order to find parallels -to types from the Central Eskimo finds. There all the conditions -have been present for the originating of such a culture, and from -there it has spread eastward right to Greenland, seeking everywhere -to adapt itself to the local geographical conditions. And it can -hardly have been a culture wave alone; it must have been a migration. -The similarities between east and west are in many directions -so detailed that it is difficult to explain them without assuming an -actual migration of people from the one place to the other."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Jochelson, 1928:<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> "In discussing the question of former Eskimo -occupation of the Siberian Arctic coast a very remote period of time -is not meant, so that in this sense the assumed recent Eskimo migrations -from Asia into America and vice versa do not interfere with the -general theory of the Asiatic origin of the American population."</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Steller, G. W., Journal, 1743. Transl. and repr. in Bering's Voyages, Am. Geog. -Soc. Research, ser. I, 2 vols., vol. <span class="smcap">II</span>, p. 9 et seq. New York, 1922.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Cranz, David, Historie von Grönland, Frankf. and Leipz., 1779, 300-301.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Blumenbach, J. F., Be generis humani varietate nativa. 2d ed., Goettingen, 1781; -in The anthropological treatises of J. F. Blumenbach, Anthr. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 99, -ftn. 4.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Von Wrangell, in Baer and Helmersen's "Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Russischen -Reiches," pp. 58-59. St. Petersburg, 1839.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Lawrence, W., Lectures on physiology, zoology, and the natural history of man, -pp. 511-513. London, 1822.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Latham, Robert Gordon, The Natural history of the varieties of man, pp. 289-291. -London, 1850.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Latham, Robert Gordon, Man and his migrations, p. 124. London, 1851.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Pickering, Charles, The races of man, p. 7. London, 1854.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Wilson, Daniel, Physical ethnology. Smithsonian Report for 1862, p. 262. Washington, -1863.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Markham, C. R., On the origin and migrations of the Greenland Esquimaux. J. -Roy. Geog. Soc., <span class="smcap">XXXV</span>, p. 90. London, 1865.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Whymper, Frederick, Travels in Alaska and on the Yukon, p. 214. New York, 1869.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Peschel, Oscar, The races of man, pp. 396-97. New York, 1876.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Kuhl, Dr. Joseph, Die Anfänge des Menschengeschlechts und sein einheitlicher -Ursprung, pp. 315-16. Leipzig, 1876.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Dall, W. H., Tribes of the extreme northwest. U. S. Geog. and Geol. Survey, <span class="smcap">I</span>, -pp. 93-105. Washington, 1877.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Rae, John, Eskimo Migrations. Jour. Anthrop. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, <span class="smcap">VII</span>, -pp. 130-131. London, 1878.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> Rae, John, Remarks on the Natives of British North America. Jour. Anthrop. Inst. -Great Britain and Ireland, <span class="smcap">XVI</span>, p. 200. London, 1887.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Dawson, J. W., Fossil men and their modern representatives, pp. 48-49. Montreal, -1880.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> Quatrefages, A. de, et Hamy, E. T., Crania ethnica. Les crânes des races humaines, -p. 437. Paris, 1882.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> Brown, Robert, The origin of the Eskimo. The Archaeological Review, <span class="smcap">I</span>, No. 4, pp. -238-289. London, 1888.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> Ratzel, Friedrich, The history of mankind, II, pp. 107-108. London, 1897.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Thalbitzer, W., The Ammassalik Eskimo. Meddelelser om Grønland, vol. <span class="smcap">XXXIX</span>, pt. -1, p. 717. Copenhagen, 1914.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Fürst, Carl M., and Fr. C. C. Hansen, Crania Groenlandica, p. 228. Copenhagen, -1915.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Mathiassen, Therkel, Archaeology of the central Eskimos. Report of the Fifth -Thule Expedition 1921-1924, p. 184. Copenhagen, 1927.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> Jochelson, W., Peoples of Asiatic Russia. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 60. New York, -1928.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span></p></div></div> - - -<h4>AMERICAN</h4> - -<p>Prichard, 1847:<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> "A question has been raised, to what department -of mankind the Esquimaux belong. Some think them a race allied -to the northern Asiatics, and even go so far as to connect them with -the Mongolians. Others, with greater probability, consider them as -belonging to the American family. All the American writers eminent -for their researches in the glottology of the New World, among whom -I shall mention Mr. du Ponceau and Mr. Gallatin, are unanimous in -the opinion that the Esquimaux belong to the same great department -of nations as the Hunting Tribes of North America."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Rink, 1890:<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> "* * * kann es wohl keinem Zweifel unterworfen -sein, dass die Eskimos den sogenannten Nordwest-Indianern an der -Küste Alaskas und weiter südwärts am nächsten stehen. Es dürfte -deshalb der Untersuchung werth sein, ob sie nicht auch wirklich als -das äusserste nördliche Glied dieser Völkerstämme zu betrachten -wären. Man hat angenommen, dass diese letzteren, dem Laufe der -Flüsse folgend, vom Binnenlande zur Küste gekommen sind. Sie -lernten dann, theilweise und um so mehr wohl, je weiter nach Norden -sich ihren Lebensunterhalt aus dem Meere zu verschaffen. Die -Eskimos endigten damit, sich ausschliesslich der Jagd auf dem Meere -zu widmen, und erlangten dadurch ihre merkwürdige Fähigkeit, allen -Hindernissen des arktischen Klimas Trotz bieten zu können. -Betrachten wir demnach, wie man vermeintlich noch jetzt die Spuren -der Veränderungen beobachten kann, denen sie nach und nach unterworfen -worden sind, indem sie sich, unserer Vermuthung zufolge, -nach Norden und Osten verbreiteten."</p> - -<p>Rink, 1873:<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> "As far as can now be judged, the Eskimo appear to -have been the last wave of an aboriginal American race, which has -spread over the continent from more genial regions, following principally -the rivers and watercourses, and continually yielding to the -pressure of the tribes behind them, until at last they have peopled -the seacoast. * * *</p> - -<p>"The author explains some of the most common traditions from -Greenland as simply mythical narrations of events occurring in the -far northwest corner of America, thereby pointing to the great -probability of that district having been the original home of the -nation, in which they first assumed the peculiarities of their present -culture."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span></p> - -<p>Captain Pim also expressed his belief that "the Eskimo were pure -American aborigines, and not of Asiatic descent."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Rink, 1875:<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> "If we suppose the physical conditions and the -climate of the Eskimo regions not to have altered in any remarkable -way since they were first inhabited, their inhabitants of course must -originally have come from more southern latitudes, * * * it appears -evident on many grounds that such a southern tribe has not been -a coast people migrating along the seashore, and turning into Eskimo -on passing beyond a certain latitude, but that they have more probably -emerged from some interior country, following the river banks -toward the shores of the polar sea, having reached which they became -a coast people, and, moreover, a polar-coast people. The Eskimo -most evidently representing the polar-coast people of North America, -the first question which arises seems to be whether their development -can be conjectured with any probability to have taken place in that -part of the world. Other geographical conditions appear greatly to -favor such a supposition * * *. The rivers taking their course to -the sea between Alaska and the Coppermine River, seem well adapted -to lead such a migrating people onward to the polar sea. * * *</p> - -<p>"The probable identity of the 'inlanders' with the Indians has already -been remarked on. When the new coast people began to spread -along the Arctic shores, some bands of them may very probably have -crossed Bering Strait and settled on the opposite shore, which is -perhaps identical with the fabulous country of Akilinek. On the -other hand, there is very little probability that a people can have -moved from interior Asia to settle on its polar seashore, at the same -time turning Eskimo, and afterwards almost wholly emigrated to -America.</p> - -<p>"On comparing the Eskimo with the neighboring nations, their -physical complexion certainly seems to point at an Asiatic origin; -but, as far as we know, the latest investigations have also shown a -transitional link to exist between the Eskimo and the other American -nations, which would sufficiently indicate the possibility of a common -origin from the same continent."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Rink, 1875:<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> "The author, who has traveled and resided in Greenland -for 20 years, and has studied the native traditions, of which -he has preserved a collection, considers the Eskimo as deserving -particular attention in regard to the question how America has been -originally peopled. He desires to draw the attention of ethnologists -to the necessity of explaining, by means of the mysterious early -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>history of the Eskimo, the apparently abrupt step by which these -people have been changed from probably inland or riverside inhabitants -into a decidedly littoral people, depending entirely on the -products of the Arctic Sea; and he arrives at the conclusion that, -although the question must still remain doubtful, and dependent -chiefly on further investigations into the traditions of the natives -occupying adjacent countries, yet, as far as can now be judged, the -Eskimo appear to have been the last wave of an aboriginal American -race, which has spread over the continent from more genial regions, -following principally the rivers and watercourses, and continually -yielding to the pressure of the tribes behind them, until at last they -have peopled the seacoast. * * *</p> - -<p>"When we consider the existing intercourse between the inhabitants -on both sides of Bering Strait, we find many circumstances to -justify the conclusion that those traditions of the Greenland Eskimo -refer to the origin of the Eskimo sledge dog from the training of -the Arctic wolf, to the first journeys upon the frozen sea, and to -intercourse between the aboriginal Eskimo and the Asiatic coast."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Rink, 1886:<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> "Grönland kann ja nur von Westen her seine eskimoische -Bevölkerung empfangen haben. Dasselbe lässt sich mit -Wahrscheinlichkeit auch von den nächsten Nachbarländern jenseits -der Davisstrasse annehmen, und wenn wir diese Vermutung weiter -erstrecken, gelangen wir zum Alaskaterritorium als der wahrscheinlichen -Heimat der jetzt so weit zertreuten arktischen Volkes. -Zunächst findet diese Annahme eine Bestätigung darin, dass die -Eskimos hier nicht auf die Küste beschränkt, sondern auch längs der -Flüsse ins Binnenland verbreitet sind, nur dass der ungeheure Fischreichtum -dieser Flüsse es möglich gemacht haben kann, dass hier -ursprünglich eine noch viel grössere Bevölkerung, als jetzt, sich -sammelte, welche durch Auswanderung das notwendige Kontingent -zur Entstehung der auf die Meeresküste beschränkten Stämme -geliefert haben kann."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Wilson, 1876:<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> "Some analogies confirm the probability of a portion -of the North American stock having entered the continent from -Asia by Bering Strait or the Aleutian Islands; and more probably -by the latter than the former. * * *</p> - -<p>"In this direction, then, a North American germ of population -may have entered the continent from Asia, diffused itself over the -Northwest, and ultimately reached the valleys of the Mississippi, and -penetrated to southern latitudes by a route to the east of the Rocky -Mountains. Many centuries may have intervened between the first -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>immigration and its coming in contact with races of the southern -continent; and philological and other evidence indicates that if such -a northwestern immigration be really demonstrable, it is one of very -ancient date. But so far as I have been able to study the evidence, -much of that hitherto adduced appears to point the other -way. * * *</p> - -<p>"With Asiatic Esquimaux thus distributed along the coast adjacent -to the dividing sea; and the islands of the whole Aleutian group in -the occupation of the same remarkable stock common to both hemispheres: -The only clearly recognizable indications are those of a -current of migration setting toward the continent of Asia, the full -influence of which may prove to have been more comprehensive than -has hitherto been imagined possible. * * *"</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Grote, 1877:<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> Regards the Eskimo as the original inhabitants of -North America and believes they extended down to 50° in the eastern -and 60° in the western part of the continent.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Krause, 1883:<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> "Ueberblickt man nun die gegenwärtige Verbreitung -der Eskimos in Asien, so wird man der Ansicht von Dall und -Nordenskiöld beistimmen, dass die asiatischen Eskimo aus Amerika -eingewandert sind und nicht, wie Steller, Wrangell, und andere vermutheten, -zurückgebliebene Reste einer ehemals zahlreicheren, nach -Amerika hinübergezogenen Bevölkerung. Immerhin würde durch -die Annahme eines amerikanischen Ursprunges der jetzigen Eskimobevölkerung -die Möglichkeit früherer Wanderungen in entgegengesetzter -Richtung nicht ausgeschlossen sein, nur giebt die gegenwärtige -Verbreitung keinen Anhalt für eine solche, und historische Beweise -fählen."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Ray, 1885:<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> "Of their origin and descent we could get no trace, -there being no record of events kept among them. * * *</p> - -<p>"That they have followed the receding line of ice, which at one -time capped the northern part of this continent, along the easiest -lines of travel is shown in the general distribution of a similar people, -speaking a similar tongue, from Greenland to Bering Strait; in -so doing they followed the easiest natural lines of travel along the -watercourses and the seashore, and the distribution of the race to-day -marks the routes traveled. The seashore led them along the -Labrador and Greenland coasts; Hudson Bay and its tributary -waters carried its quota towards Boothia Land; helped by Back's -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span>Great Fish River, the Mackenzie carried them to the northwestern -coast, and down the Yukon they came to people the shores of Norton -Sound and along the coast to Cape Prince of Wales. They occupied -some of the coast to the south of the mouth of the Yukon, and a few -drifted across Bering Strait on the ice, and their natural traits are -still in marked contrast with their neighbors, the Chuckchee. They -use dogs instead of deer, the natives of North America having never -domesticated the reindeer, take their living from the sea, and speak a -different tongue. Had the migration come from Asia it does not -stand to reason that they would have abandoned the deer upon -crossing the straits."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Keane, 1886:<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> "Dr. H. Rink, in the current number of the -Deutsche Geographische Blätter (Bermen, 1886) * * * makes -it sufficiently evident that their primeval home must be placed in -the extreme northwest, on the Alaskan shores of the Bering Sea -* * * the Aleutian Islanders, who are treated by Doctor Rink as a -branch of the Eskimo family, but whose language diverges profoundly -from, or rather shows no perceptible affinity at all to, the -Eskimo. The old question respecting the ethnical affinities of the -Aleutians is thus again raised, but not further discussed by our -author. To say that they must be regarded as 'ein abnormer -Seitenzweig,' merely avoids the difficulty, while perhaps obscuring -or misstating the true relations altogether. For these islanders -should possibly be regarded, not 'as abnormal offshoot,' but as the -original stock from which the Eskimos themselves have diverged. -* * * Doctor Rink himself advances some solid reasons for bringing -the Eskimo, not from Asia at all, or at least not in the first -instance, but from the interior of the North American continent. He -holds, in fact, with some other ethnologists, that they were originally -inlanders, who, under pressure from the American Indians, gradually -advanced along the course of the Yukon, Mackenzie, and other -great rivers, to their present homes on the Bering Sea, and Frozen -Ocean."</p> - -<p>No individual or decided standpoint on the question is taken in -the author's Man, Past and Present, 1920 edition.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Brown, 1881:<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> "The Eskimo are therefore an essentially American -people, with a meridional range greater than that of any other -race. * * *</p> - -<p>"It is also clear that this migration has always been from west to -east, as also has been that of the Indian tribes; * * *</p> - -<p>"Did these hyperboreans come from Asia or are they evolutions, -differentiations, as it were, of some of the other American races? -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>That all of the American peoples came originally from Asia, is, I -think, an hypothesis for which a great deal might be said. Unless -they originated there or were autochthonic, an idea which may at -once be dismissed; they could scarcely have come from anywhere -else, * * * but the central question is whether the Eskimo are of a -later date than the Indians or are really Indians compelled to live -under less favorable conditions than the rest of their kinsfolk. The -latter will, I think, be found to be the most reasonable view to -adopt. * * *</p> - -<p>"Doctor Rink seems not far from the truth when he indicates -the rivers of Central Arctic America as the region from whence the -Eskimo spread northward. * * *</p> - -<p>"It is not at all improbable that the original progenitors of the -race may have been a few isolated families, members of some small -Indian tribe, or the decaying remnants of a larger one. Little by -little they were expelled from their hunting and fishing grounds on -the original river bank until, finding no place amid the stronger -tribes, they settled in a region where they were left to themselves. -* * *</p> - -<p>"It may, however, be taken as proved that the Eskimo are in no -respect and never were a European people; that they are not and -never were an Asiatic one, except to the small extent already described; -that the handful of people settled on the Siberian shore -migrated from America, and that it is very probable the Eskimo -came from the interior of Arctic America, Alaska more likely than -from any other part of the world."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Virchow, 1877:<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> "Ich möchte namentlich darauf aufmerksam -machen, dass diejenigen, welche den nächsten Anknüpfungspunkt -für die Urbevölkerung Amerika's bei den Eskimo's suchen, welche -ferner die Sprache und die Formen der Eskimo's nach Asien hinein -verfolgen, leicht ein petitio principii machen dürften, insofern als -es wohl sein könnte, dass sie ein späteres Phänomen für ein früheres -halten. Warum sollte nicht die Einwanderung der Eskimo's von -Asien erst erfolgt sein, nachdem längst andere Theile des Continents -ihre Bewohner erhalten hatten?"</p> - -<p>1878:<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> "Nun ist es sehr bemerkenswerth, dass gegenüber dieser -physiognomischen Aehnlichkeit der Eskimos und der Mongolen eine -absolute Differenze Zwischen ihnen in Bezug auf die Schädelkapsel -existirt" (examined six living Greenland Eskimos).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span></p> - -<p>1885:<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> "Verbinden wir dieses mit dem Umstande, dass die Sagen -der Ungava-Eskimos stets nach Norden über die Hudson-Strasse -verlegt werden, dass man im Baffin-Lande stets über die Fury- und -Hecla-Strasse fort nach Süden als dem Schauplatz alter Sagen -hinweist, und dass die westlichen Eskimos ebenso den Osten als das -Land ihrer sagenhaften Helden und Stämme betrachten, so gewinnt -die Vermuthung an Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass im Westen des Hudson-Bay-Gebietes -die Heimath der weitverbreiteten Stämme zu suchen -ist."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Chamberlain, 1889:<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> "In a paper read before the Institute last -year (Proc. Can. Inst., 3d. ser., Vol. V., Fasc. i., October, 1887, p. 70), -I advanced the view that instead of the Eskimo being derived from -the Mongolians of northeastern Asia, the latter are on the contrary -descended from the Eskimo, or their ancestors, who have from time -immemorial inhabited the continent of America."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Boas, 1901:<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> "All these data seem to me to prove conclusively that -the culture of the Alaskan Eskimo is very greatly influenced by that -of the Indians of the North Pacific coast and by the Athapascan -tribes of the interior. This is in accord with the observation that -their physical type is not so pronounced as the eastern Eskimo type. -I believe, therefore, that H. Rink's opinion of an Alaskan origin of -the Eskimo is not very probable. If pure type and culture may be -considered as significant, I should say that the Eskimo west and -north of Hudson Bay have retained their ancient characteristics more -than any others. If their original home was in Alaska, we must add -the hypothesis that their dispersion began before contact with the -Indians. If their home was east of the Mackenzie, the gradual dispersion -and ensuing contact with other tribes would account for all -the observed phenomena. * * * On the whole, the relations of -North Pacific and North Asiatic cultures are such that it seems -plausible to my mind that the Alaskan Eskimo are, comparatively -speaking, recent intruders, and that they at one time interrupted an -earlier cultural connection between the two continents."</p> - -<p>To which he adds in the second part of this work,<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> speaking of the -Eskimo taboos: "It may perhaps be venturesome to claim that the -marked development of these customs suggests a time when the Eskimo -tribes were inland people who went down to the sea and gradually -adopted maritime pursuits, which, however, were kept entirely -apart from their inland life, although in a way this seems an attractive -hypothesis."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span></p> - -<p>Boas, 1910:<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> "There is little doubt that the Eskimos, whose life -as sea hunters has left a deep impression upon all of their doings, -must probably be classed with the same group of peoples. The -much-discussed theory of the Asiatic origin of the Eskimos must be -entirely abandoned. The investigations of the Jesup North Pacific -Expedition, which it was my privilege to conduct, seem to show that -the Eskimos must be considered as, comparatively speaking, new -arrivals in Alaska, which they reached coming from the east."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Clark Wissler, 1917.<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> Page 363: "The New World received a -detachment of early Mongoloid peoples at a time when the main -body had barely developed stone polishing."</p> - -<p>Pages 361-362: "Our review of New World somatic characters -revealed the essential unity of the Indian population. It is also -clear that there are affinities with the Mongoloid peoples of Asia. -Hence, we are justified in assuming a common ancestral group for -the whole Mongoloid-Red stream of humanity. We have already -outlined the reasons for assuming the pristine home of this group to -be in Asia."</p> - -<p>Page <a href="#Page_335">335</a>: "For example, the Eskimos, whose first appearance in -the New World must have been in Alaska, spread only along the -Arctic coast belt to its ultimate limits."</p> - -<p>1918<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>. Page <a href="#Page_161">161</a>: "The most acceptable theory of Eskimo origin -is that they expanded from a parent group in the Arctic Archipelago."</p> - -<p>1922.<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> Pages 368, 396, 398: Identical in every word again with -that of 1917.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Prichard, James Cowles, Researches into the physical history of mankind, vol. <span class="smcap">V</span>, -p. 374. London, 1847.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Rink, H., Die Verbreitung der Eskimo-Stämme. Congrès International des Américanistes, -1888, 221-22. Berlin, 1890.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Rink, H., On the descent of the Eskimo. Mém. Soc. Roy. d. Antiquaires du Nord; -Journ. anthrop. Inst, <span class="smcap">II</span>, 1873, pp. 104, 106, 108.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Rink, H., Tales and traditions of the Eskimo, pp. 70, 71, 72, 73. Edinburgh and -London, 1875.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Rink, H., On the descent of the Eskimo. In a Selection of Papers on Arctic Geography -and Ethnology, Roy. Geog. Soc., pp 230, 232. London, 1875.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Rink, H., Die Ostgrönländer in ihrem Verhältnisse zu den übrigen Eskimostämmen. -Deutsch Geographische Blätter, IX, p. 229. Bremen, 1886.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Wilson, Daniel, Prehistoric man, pp. 343-352. London, 1876.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> Grote, A. R., Buff. Daily Courier, Jan. 7, 1877 (q. by. R. Virchow, Z. Ethnol., Verh., -<span class="smcap">IX</span>, 1877, p. 69).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Krause, Aurel, Die Bevölkerungsverhältnisse der Tschuktschenhalbinsel. Verh. Berl. -Ges. Anthrop., etc., in Z. Ethn., XV, pp. 226-27. 1883.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Ray, P. H., Ethnographic Sketch of the Natives. Report of the International Polar -Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, pt. 2, p. 37. Washington, 1885.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> Keane, A. H., The Eskimo. Nature, <span class="smcap">XXXV</span>, pp. 309, 310. London, New York, 1886-87.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Brown, Robert, The Origin of the Eskimo. The Archaeological Review, <span class="smcap">I</span>, No. 4, pp. -240-250. London, 1888.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> Virchow, R., Anthropologie Amerika's. Verh. Berl. Ges. Anthr., etc., Jahrg. 1877 -(with Z. Ethnol., 1877, <span class="smcap">IX</span>), pp. 154-55.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> —— Eskimos. Verh. Berl. Ges. Anthr., etc., 1878, pp. 185-189 (with Z. Ethnol., -1878, <span class="smcap">X</span>), p. 186.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Virchow, R., Eskimos. Verh. Berl. Ges. Anthr., etc., 1885, p. 165 (with Z. Ethnol., -1885, <span class="smcap">XVII</span>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Chamberlain, A. F., The Eskimo Race and Language. Proc. Can. Inst., <span class="smcap">VI</span>, p. 281. -Toronto, 1889.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Boas, F., Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., <span class="smcap">XV</span>, pp. -369-370. 1907.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Ibid., <span class="smcap">XV</span>, pt. 2, pp. 569-570. 1907.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> Boas, Franz, Ethnological Problems in Canada. Jour. Roy. Anthrop. Inst. Great -Britain and Ireland, <span class="smcap">XL</span>, p. 534. London, 1910.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Wissler, Clark, The American Indian. New York, 1917.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> —— Archæology of the Polar Eskimo. Anthrop. Papers, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., -<span class="smcap">XXII</span>, pt. 3, p. 161. New York, 1918.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> —— The American Indian. New York, 1922.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>EUROPEAN</h4> - -<p>Dawkins, 1866:<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> "The sum of the evidence proves that man, in a -hunter state, lived in the south of Gaul on reindeer, musk sheep, -horses, oxen, and the like, at a time when the climate was similar to -that which those animals now inhabit. To what race did he belong? -In solving this the zoological evidence is of great importance. The -reindeer and musk sheep now inhabit the northern part of the -American Continent and are the principal land animals that supply -the Esquimaux with food. The latter of these has departed from -the Asiatic Continent, leaving remains behind to prove that it shared -the higher northern latitudes of Asia with the reindeer, and this -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>latter has retreated farther and farther north during the historical -period. May not the race that lived on these two animals in southern -Gaul have shared also in their northern retreat, and may it not be -living in company with them still? The truth of such a hypothesis -as this is found by an appeal to the weapons, implements, and -habits of life of the Esquimaux. The fowling spear, the harpoon, -the scrapers, the marrow spoons are the same in the ice huts of Melville -Sound as in the ancient dwellings of southern Gaul. In both -there is the same absence of pottery; in both bones are crushed in the -same way for the sake of the marrow, and accumulate in vast quantities. -The very fact of human remains being found among the relics -of the feast is explained by an appeal to what Captain Parry observed -in the island of Igloolik. Among the vast quantities of bones -of walruses and seals, and skulls of dogs and bears found in the Esquimaux -camp, were numbers of human skulls lying about among the -rest, which the natives tumbled into the collecting bags of the officers -without the least remorse. A similar carelessness for the dead was -also observed by Sir J. Ross and Captain Lyon. This presence, then, -of human remains in the south of Gaul is another link binding the -ancient people then living there to the Esquimaux. Their small size -also is additional evidence.</p> - -<p>"The only inference that can be drawn from these premises is -that the people in question were decidedly Esquimaux, related to -them precisely in the same way as the reindeer and musk sheep of -those days were to those now living in the high North American -latitudes. The sole point of difference is the possession of the dog -by the latter people, but in the vast lapse of time between the date -of their sojourn in Europe and the present day the dog might very -well have been adopted from some other superior race, or even reduced -under the rule of man from some wild progenitor. By this -discovery a new people is added to those which formerly dwelt in -Europe. The severity of the climate in southern Gaul is proved by -the northern animals above mentioned. As it became warmer musk -sheep, reindeer, and Esquimaux would retreat farther and farther -north until they found a resting place on the American shore of the -great Arctic Sea. Possibly in the case of the Esquimaux the immigration -of other and better-armed tribes might be a means of accelerating -this movement."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Hamy, 1870:<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> "Il nous parait, comme à MM. de Quatrefages, Carter-Blake, -Le Hon, etc., que les caractères anatomiques des races de -Furfooz et de Cro-Magnon doivent leur faire prendre place dans le -groupe hyperboréen."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Dawkins, 1874<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a>: In 1866, Boyd Dawkins, on the basis of the resemblances -between the implements of the Eskimo and those of the -later prehistoric man of Europe, advances the idea that the Eskimo -were close kin to the palaeolithic man of Europe, before the scientific -forum. In his Cave Hunting he says: "Palaeolithic man appeared -in Europe with the arctic mammalia, lived in Europe along with -them, and disappeared with them. And since his implements are of -the same kind as those of the Eskimos, it may reasonably be concluded -that he is represented at the present time by the Eskimos, for -it is most improbable that the convergence of the ethnological and -zoological evidence should be an accident."</p> - -<p>1880:<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> "The probable identity of the cave men with the Eskimos -is considerably strengthened by a consideration of some of the animals -found in the caves. * * *</p> - -<p>"All these points of connection between the cave men and the -Eskimos can, in my opinion, be explained only on the hypothesis -that they belong to the same race * * *."</p> - -<p>The cave man: "From the evidence brought forward in this chapter, -there is reason to believe that he is represented at the present -time by the Eskimos."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Mortillet, 1889:<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> "Les Groënlandais, au point de vue paléoethnologique, -présentent un très grand intérêt. Ils paraissent se relier -très intimement aux hommes qui habitaient l'Europe moyenne pendant -l'époque de la Madeleine. Ils seraient les descendants directs des -Magdalèniens. Ils auraient successivement émigré vers le pôle, avec -l'animal caractéristique de cette époque, le renne. Habitués aux -froids les plus rigoureux de l'époque magdalénienne, ils se sont retirés -dans les régions froides du Nord. * * *</p> - -<p>"Comme on le voit, il y a la plus grande ressemblance, tant sous -le rapport physique et moral que sous le rapport artistique et industriel -entre les hommes de la Madeleine et les Groënlandais. Cette -ressemblance est telle que nous pouvons en conclure que les seconds -sont les descendants des premiers."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Testut, 1889:<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> "Parmi les races actuelles, celle qui me parait -présenter la plus grande analogie avec l'homme de Chancelade est -celle des Esquimaux qui vivent encore à l'état sauvage dans leg glaces -de l'Amérique septentrionale. Ils ont, en effet, le même crâne que -notre troglodyte quaternaire; leur face est constituée suivant le même -type; ils ont, à peu de chose près, la même taille, le même indice palatin, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span>le même indice nasal, le même indice orbitaire, le même degré de -torsion de l'humérus, etc. * * *</p> - -<p>"La découverte de Chancelade, en mettant en lumière une analogie -frappante entre le squelette de notre troglodyte périgourdin et celui -des Esquimaux actuels, apporte à cette opinion aussi séduisante que -naturelle, l'appui de l'anthropologie anatomique qui, dans l'espèce, -a une importance capitale. Elle lui est de tous points favorable et -élève à la hauteur d'une vérité probable, je n'ose dire d'une vérité -démontrée, ce qui n'était encore qu'une simple hypothèse."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Hervé, 1893:<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> "* * * * par leurs usages et par leurs moeurs, -aussi bien que par leur matériel industriel et artistique, les Hyperboréens -actuels (Tchouktches et Eskimaux) sont extrêmement -voisins des Troglodytes magdaléniens de l'Europe occidentale; à -ce point que Hamy a pu dire 'qu'ils continuent de nos jours, dan les -régions circumpolaires, l'âge du renne de France, de Belgique, de -Suisse, avec ses caractéristiques zoologiques, ethnographiques, etc.' -(op. cit., 366). 'Nous avons vu, d'autre part, que les plus purs -d'entre eux ne diffèrent pas anatomiquement des Magdaléniens. -C'est donc au rameau hyperboréen que nous sommes amenés à rattacher, -au point de vue ethnique, les dernières populations de l'Europe -quaternaire.'"</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Boule, 1913:<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> "On sait d'ailleurs, depuis les travaux de Testut sur -l'Homme de Chancelade, que les relations des Esquimaux sont avec -d'autres Hommes fossiles de nos pays, mais d'un âge géologique plus -récent."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Sollas, 1924:<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> The Magdalenians are represented "in part, by the -Eskimo on the frozen margin of the North American Continent and -as well, perhaps, by the Red Indians. * * *" Due to pressure -of stronger peoples, the ancestors of the Eskimo were present to the -north; "but as there was no room for expansion in that direction, it -was diverted toward the only egress possible, and an outflow took -place into America over Bering Strait or the Aleutian Islands. The -primitive Eskimo, already accustomed to a boreal life, extended -along the coast."</p> - -<p>1927:<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> "The assemblage of characters presented on the one hand -by the Chancelade skull, and on the other by the Eskimo, are in very -remarkable agreement, and that the onus of discovering a similar -assemblage, but possessed by some other race, rests with those who -refuse to accept what seems to me a very obvious conclusion. * * *</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Our only reason for any feeling of surprise is, not that Chancelade -man should prove a close relation of the Eskimo, but that -so far he is the only fossil example of his kind of which we have any -certain knowledge."</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Dawkins, Boyd, In a Review of Lartet and Christy's "Cavernes du Périgord" (1864), -in the Saturday Review, <span class="smcap">XXII</span>, p. 713, 1866. [This review is not signed but is attributed -to B. D.]</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> Hamy, E. T., Précis de paléontologie humaine, p. 355. Paris, 1870.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Dawkins, Boyd, Cave Hunting, p. 359. London, 1874.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Dawkins, Boyd, Early Man in Britain, pp. 240, 241, 245. London, 1880.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> Mortillet, G. de, Les Groënlandais descendants des Magdaléniens. Bulletins de la -Société d'Anthropologie, VI, pp. 868-870. Paris, 1883.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> Testut, L., Recherches anthropologiques sur le squelette quaternaire de Chancelade -(Dordogne). Bull. Soc. d'anthrop., <span class="smcap">VIII</span>, pp. 243-244. Lyon, Paris, 1889.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Hervé, Georges, La Race des Troglodytes Magdaléniens. Rev. mens, de l'École -d'anthrop., <span class="smcap">III</span>, p. 188. Paris, 1893.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Boule, Marcellin, L'Homme fossile de la Chapelle-aux-Saints, pp. 228. Paris, 1913.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> Sollas, W. J., Ancient hunters and their modern representatives, pp. 590, 592. New -York, 1924.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> Sollas, W. J., The Chancelade skull. J. Roy, Anthrop. Inst., <span class="smcap">LVII</span>, pp. 119, 121. London, -1927.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>OPPOSED TO EUROPEAN</h4> - -<p>Rae, 1887:<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> "The typical Eskimo is one of the most specialized -of the human race, as far as cranial and facial characters are concerned, -and such scanty remains as have yet been discovered of the -prehistoric inhabitants of Europe present no structural affinities with -him."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Laloy, 1898:<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> "Cette théorie est absolument contredite par les -faits." (That is, the theory of the identity of the Eskimo with the -European upper palaeolithic man.)</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Déchelette, 1908:<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> "C'est en vain qu'on a noté certains traits d'analogie -de l'art et de l'industrie * * * telles analogies s'expliquent -aisément par la parité des conditions de la vie matérielle."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Burkitt, 1921:<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> "Again the Magdalenians have been correlated with -the Eskimos, who inhabit to-day the icebound coastal lands to the -north of the New World, and also the similar lands, on the other side -of the straits, in the northeast corner of Asia. But the vast difference -in place and in time would make any exact correlation very -doubtful."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>MacCurdy, 1924:<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> "If a Magdalenian type exists, it is probably -best represented by the skeleton from Raymonden at Chancelade -(Dordogne). One must not lose sight of the fact that the osteologic -record of fossil man is even yet so fragmentary that there is grave -danger of mistaking individual characters for those on which varieties -or species should be based."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Keith, 1925:<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> "In the Chancelade man we are dealing with a member -of a racial stock of a true European kind."</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Rae, Dr. John, Remarks on the natives of British North America. J. Roy. Anthrop. -Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, <span class="smcap">XVI</span>, pp. 200-201. London, 1887.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> Laloy, L'Anthr., <span class="smcap">IX</span>, p. 586. 1898.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Déchelette, J., Manuel d'Archéologie préhistorique, etc., pp. 312. Paris, 1908.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Burkitt, M. C., Prehistory, p. 307. London, 1921.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> MacCurdy, G. G., Human Origins, V. <span class="smcap">I</span>, pp. 406-407. New York and London, 1924.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Keith, Arthur, The Antiquity of Man, p. 86. London, 1925.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>MISCELLANEOUS AND INDEFINITE</h4> - -<p>Gallatin, 1836:<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> "Whatever may have been the origin of the Eskimo, -it would seem probable that the small tribe of the present -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>sedentary Tchuktchi on the eastern extremity of Asia is a colony of -western American Eskimo. The language does not extend in Asia -beyond that tribe. That of their immediate neighbors, the "Reindeer," -or "Wandering Tchuktchi," is totally different and belongs -to the Kouriak family.</p> - -<p>"There does not seem to be any solid foundation for the opinion -of those who would ascribe to the Eskimaux an origin different from -that of the other Indians of North America. The color and features -are essentially the same; and the differences which may exist, particularly -that in stature, may be easily accounted for by the rigor -of the climate and partly, perhaps, by the nature of their food. The -entire similarity of the structure and grammatical forms of their -language with those of various Indian tribes, however different in -their vocabularies, which will hereafter be adverted to, affords an -almost conclusive proof of their belonging to the same family of -mankind."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Richardson, 1852:<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> "The origin of the Eskimos has been much -discussed as being the pivot on which the inquiry into the original -peopling of America has been made to turn. The question has been -fairly and ably stated by Doctor Latham in his recent work On -the Varieties of Man, to which I must refer the reader; and I shall -merely remark that the Eskimos differ more in physical aspect from -their nearest neighbors than the red races do from one another. The -lineaments have a decided resemblance to the Tartar or Chinese countenance. -On the other hand, their language is admitted by philologists -to be similar to the other North American tongues in its -grammatical structure; so that, as Doctor Latham has forcibly stated, -the dissociation of the Eskimos from their neighboring nations on -account of their physical dissimilarity is met by an argument for -their mutual affinity, deduced from philological coincidences."</p> - -<p>Meigs, 1857:<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a> "A connected series of facts and arguments which -seem to indicate that the Eskimo are an exceedingly ancient people, -whose dawn was probably ushered in by a temperate climate, but -whose dissolution now approaches, amidst eternal ice and snow; that -the early migrations of these people have been from the north southwards, -from the islands of the Polar Sea to the continent and not -from the mainland to the islands; and that the present geographical -area of the Eskimo may be regarded as a primary center of human -distribution for the entire polar zone."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Abbott, 1876:<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> "It is fair to presume that the first human beings -that dwelt along the shores of the Delaware were really the same -people as the present inhabitants of Arctic America."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Grote, 1875:<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> Basing himself on certain biological reasonings, the -author concludes "that the Eskimos are the existing representatives -of the man of the American glacial epoch, just as the White Mountain -butterfly (<em>Oeneis semidea</em>) is the living representative of a colony of -the genus planted on the retiring of the ice from the valley of the -White Mountains."</p> - -<p>In a later communication<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a> the author expresses the opinion that -the peopling of America "was effected during the Tertiary; that -the ice modified races of Pliocene man, existing in the north of Asia -and America, forced them southward, and then drew them back to -the locality where they had undergone their original modification. -* * *</p> - -<p>"During the process, then, which resulted in the race modification -of the Eskimos, their original numbers must have been decreased -by the slowly but ever increasing cold of the northern regions, until -experience and physical adaptation combined brought them to a -state of comparative stability as a race."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Baron Nordenskiöld<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> thought that the Eskimo might probably -be the true "autochthones" of the polar regions, i. e., that they had -inhabited the same previous to the glacial age, at a period when a -climate prevailed here equal to that of northern Italy at present, as -proved by the fossils found at Spitzbergen and Greenland. As it -might be assumed that man had existed even during the Tertiary -period, there was a great deal in favor of the assumption that he had -lived in those parts which were most favorable to his existence. The -question was one of the highest importance, as, if it could be proved -that the Eskimo descended from a race which inhabited the polar -regions in the very earliest times, we should be obliged to assume -that there was a northern (polar) as well as an Asiatic cradle of the -human race, which would open up new fields of research, both to the -philologist and the ethnologist, and probably remnants of the culture -and language of the original race might be traced in the present polar -inhabitants of both Europe and Asia.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Keane, 1886:<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> "The Aleutian Islanders, who are treated by Doctor -Rink as a branch of the Eskimo family, but whose language -diverges profoundly from, or rather shows no perceptible affinity -at all to, the Eskimo. The old question respecting the ethnical -affinities of the Aleutians is thus again raised, but not further discussed -by our author. To say that they must be regarded as 'ein -abnormer Seitenzweig,' merely avoids the difficulty, while perhaps -obscuring or misstating the true relations altogether. For these -islanders should possibly be regarded, not as 'an abnormal offshoot,' -but as the original stock from which the Eskimo themselves have -diverged."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Quatrefages, 1887:<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> From migrations of Tertiary man: Men originated -in Tertiary in northern Asia; spread from here to Europe and -over Asia; "D'autres aussi gagnèrent peut-être l'Amérique et ont -pu être les ancêtres directs des Esquimaux,... Sans même -supposer l'existence passée de la continuité des deux continents, les -hommes tertiaires ont bien pu faire ce que font les riverains actuels -du détroit de Behring, qui vont chaque jour d'Asie en Amérique et -reciproquement."...</p> - -<p>"Evidemment la race esquimale est américaine. Au Groënland, -au Labrador, dont personne ne lui a disputé les solitudes glacées, -elle a conservé sa pureté. Elle est encore restée pure quand elle a -rencontré les Peaux-Rouges proprement dits, parce que ceux-ci lui -ont fait une guerre d'extermination qui ne respectait ni les femmes -ni les enfants. Mais, dans le nord-ouest américain, elle s'est trouvée -en rapport avec des populations d'un caractère plus doux et des -croisements ont eu lieu. Or, parmi ces populations, il s'en trouve -de brachycéphales. Tels sont en particulier certaines tribus, confondues -à tort sous un même nom avec les vrais Koluches.... -Ces tribus sont de race jaune et leur crâne ressemble si bien à celui -des Toungouses que M. Hamy les a rattachées directement à cette -famille mongole. Les Esquimaux se sont croisés avec elles; et ainsi -ont pris naissance ces tribus, dont l'origine métisse est attestée par -le mélange ou la fusion des caractères linguistiques aussi bien qu'anatomiques."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Nansen, 1893:<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> "So much alone can we declare with any assurance, -that the Eskimos dwelt in comparatively recent times on the -coasts around Bering Strait and Bering Sea—probably on the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>American side—and have thence, stage by stage, spread eastward -over Arctic America to Greenland. * * *</p> - -<p>"The likeness between all the different tribes of Eskimos, as well -as their secluded position with respect to other peoples, and the -perfection of their implements, might be taken to indicate that they -are of a very old race, in which everything has stiffened into definite -forms, which can now be but slowly altered. Other indications, -however, seem to conflict with such a hypothesis, and render it more -probable that the race was originally a small one, which did not -until a comparatively late period develop to the point at which we -now find it, and spread over the countries which it at present -inhabits."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Tarenetzky, 1900:<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> "Die Frage ist bis jetzt noch nicht entschieden -und wird wahrscheinlich auch niemals definitiv entschieden werden -ob die gegenwärtig die Nordostgrenze Asiens und die Nordwestgrenze -Amerikas bewohnenden Polarvölker ursprünglich aus Asien -nach Amerika oder in umgekehrter Richtung zu ihren Wohnsitzen -wanderten."</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>De Nadaillac<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> believed that the Eskimo (with some other aboriginal -Americans), now savage and demoralized, have issued from races -more civilized and that they could raise themselves to the old social -level were it not for their struggle with inexorable climate, famines, -and lately also alcoholism.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Jenness, 1928:<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> "We still believe that the Eskimos are fundamentally -a single people; that they had their origin in a homeland -not yet determined; but we have learned that they reached their present -condition through a series of complex changes and migrations, -the outlines of which we have hardly begun to decipher."</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> Gallatin, Albert, A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes of North America. Archaeologia -Americana, II, pp. 13, 14. Cambridge, 1836.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Richardson, Sir John, Origin of the Eskimos. The Edinburgh New Philosophical -Journal, LII, p. 323. Edinburgh, 1852.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Meigs, J. Aitken, The cranial characteristics of the races of men. In Indigenous -Races of the Earth, by Nott, J. C., and Gliddon, George R., Philadelphia, p. 266. London, -1857.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Abbott, C. C., Traces of American Autochthon. Am. Nat., p. 329. June, 1876.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Grote, A. R., Effect of the Glacial Epoch Upon the Distribution of Insects in North -America. Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., Detroit meeting, 1875, B, Natural History, p. 225.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Grote, A. R., On the Peopling of America. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc., <span class="smcap">III</span>, p. 181-185, -1877.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Eskimo. Lecture before the Geogr. Soc. of Stockholm, Dec. 19, 1884; abstract in -Proc. Roy. Geogr. Soc., <span class="smcap">VII</span>, No. 6, p. 370-371. London, 1885.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Keane, A. H., The Eskimo; a commentary. Nature, <span class="smcap">XXXV</span>, p. 309. London, New York, 1886-1887.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Quatrefages, A. de, Histoire Générale des Races Humaines, introduction l'Etude des -Races Humaines, pp. 136, 435. Paris, 1887.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> Nansen, Fridtjof, Eskimo Life, pp. 6, 8. London, 1893. (Translated by William Archer.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Tarenetzky, A., Beiträge zur Skelet-und Schädelkunde der Aleuten, Konaegen, Kenai -und Koljuschen. Mem. Acad. imp d. sc., ix, No. 4, p. 7. St. Petersburg, 1900.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> Nadaillac, M. de, Les Eskimo. L'Anthropologie, <span class="smcap">XIII</span>, p. 104. 1902.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> Jenness, D., Ethnological Problems of Arctic America. Amer. Geogr. Soc. Special -Publ. No. 7. New York, 1928.</p></div></div> - - -<h4>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS INDICATED BY PRESENT DATA</h4> - -<p>The maze of thoughts on the origin of the Eskimo shows one fact -conclusively, which is that the necessary evidence on the subject has -hitherto been insufficient. From whatever side the problem has -been approached, whether linguistically, culturally, from the study -of myths, or even somatologically, the materials were, it is plain, -more or less inadequate and there was not enough for satisfactory -comparisons. The best contributions to Eskimo studies, from the -oldest to the most recent, all accentuate the need for further research, -and more ample collections.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span></p> - -<p>Another point is that heterogeneous and wide apart as many of the -opinions may seem, yet when the subject is looked upon with a -larger perspective they may often perhaps be harmonized. Thus a -belief in an American origin of the Eskimo need not exclude that in -the Asiatic derivation of his parental stock. Even in the case of the -supposed European derivation the Eskimo are understood to have -reached America through Asia; there is not one suggestion of any -importance advocating the coming of the Eskimo over northwestern -Europe and Iceland. Only the Meigs-Grote-Nordenskiöld theory of -an ancient polar race and its descent southward appears now as -beyond the bounds of what would be at least partly justifiable.</p> - -<p>What is the contribution to the subject of the studies reported in -this treatise, with its relatively great amount of somatological material? -The answer is not easy.</p> - -<p>Even the truly great and precious material at hand is not sufficient. -There are important parts of the Arctic, such as the Hudson Bay -region, Baffin Land, and the central region; several parts of the west -coast, such as the inland waters of the Seward Peninsula and the -Eskimo portions of the Selawik, Kobuk, Noatak, and Yukon Rivers; -and above all the Eskimo part of northeastern Siberia, from which -there are insufficient or no collections. There is, moreover, especially -in this country, a great want of skeletal material from the -non-Eskimo Siberian tribes, and also from the old European peoples that are -of most importance for comparisons. It must be plain, therefore, -that even at present no final deductions are possible. All that can -be claimed for the evidence here brought forth is that it clears, or -tends to settle, certain secondary problems, and that it presents indications -of value for the rest of the question.</p> - -<p>The secondary problems that may herewith be regarded as settled -are as follows:</p> - -<p>1. <em>Unity or plurality of the race.</em>—The materials at hand give no -substantiation to the possibility of the Eskimo belonging to more than -one basic strain of people. They range in color from tan or light -reddish-yellow to medium brown; in stature from decidedly short -to above the general human medium; in head from brachycephalic -and low to extremely dolichocephalic, high and keel shaped; in eyes -from horizontal to decidedly mongoloid; in orbits from microseme -to hypermegaseme; in nose from fully mesorrhinic to extremely -leptorrhinic; in physiognomy from pure "Indian" to extreme -"Eskimo." Yet all through there runs, both in the living and in -the skeletal remains, so much of a basic identity that no separation -into any distinct original "races" is possible. At most it is permissible -to speak of a few prevalent types.</p> - -<p>2. <em>Relation.</em>—The general basic prototype of the Eskimo, according -to all evidence, is so closely akin to that of the Indian that the two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> -can not be fully separated. They appear only as the thumb and the -digits of the same hand, some large old mother stock from which -both gradually differentiated. This appears to be an unavoidable -conclusion from the present anthropological knowledge of the two -peoples.</p> - -<p>The next unavoidable deduction is that the mother stock of both -the Eskimo and the Indian can only be identified with the great -yellow-brown stem of man, the home of which was in Asia, but the -roots of which, as has been discussed elsewhere, were probably in -ancient (later paleolithic) Europe.<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a> The latter fact may explain the -cultural as well as somatological resemblances between the Eskimo, -as well as the Indian (for the Indian, physically at least, has much -in common with the upper Aurignacians), and the upper glacial -European populations. But such an explanation can not in the -light of present knowledge legitimately be extended to the assumption -that either the Indian complex or the Eskimo originated as -such in Europe; they could be at most but parts of the eventual more -or less further differentiated Asiatic progeny of the upper paleolithic -Europeans.</p> - -<p>3. <em>Mixture.</em>—It has been assumed by Boas and others that the -eastern Eskimo have become admixed with the eastern Indian and -the western with the Alaskan Indian, that the physical and especially -craniological differences between the eastern and western Eskimo were -due to such a mixture, and that both extremes deviated from the type -of the pure Eskimo, who was to be found somewhere in the central -Arctic. The evidence of the present studies does not sustain such an -assumption.</p> - -<p>As shown before<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> and is seen more clearly from the present data, -the western Eskimo type is also present or approached in various -localities in the far north (part of Smith Sound, Southampton -Island, part of the Hudson Bay coast, with probable spots in the -central Arctic proper). There is no indication of any central region -where the western Eskimo type would be much "purer" than -elsewhere.</p> - -<p>Individual skulls and skeletons in the west, particularly in certain -spots (especially on Seward Peninsula), show the same characteristics -as the most diverging skulls or skeletons in the farthest -northeast.</p> - -<p>And both in the west and in the east the most pronounced Eskimo -characteristics exceed similar features in the Indian, indicating independent -development. Such characteristics involve the stature -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>(taller in the west, shorter in the east than that of the Indian); the -size of the head (everywhere averaging higher in the Eskimo); -dolichocephaly, height of the head, its keel shape (all more pronounced -in the eastern and now and then a western Eskimo than in -any Indian group); the face, nose, orbits, and lower jaw; with the -relative proportions and other characteristics of the skeleton. All -these point to functional and other developments within the Eskimo -groups and none suggest a large Indian admixture.</p> - -<p>It is well known that more or less blood mixture takes place among -all neighboring peoples where contact is possible, even if otherwise -there be much enmity. Such enmity, often in an extreme form, existed -everywhere it seems between the Eskimo and the Indian, as a -result of the encroaching of the former on the latter; there are many -statements to that effect. Within historic times also there are no -records of any adoptions or intermarriages between the two peoples. -Nevertheless where contact took place, as on the rivers and in the -southwest as well as the southeast of the Eskimo territory, some blood -mixture, it would seem, must have developed. The Indian neighbors -show it, and it would be strange if it remained one-sided. But of a -mixture extensive enough to have materially modified the type of -the Eskimo in whole large regions, such as the entire Bering Sea and -most of the far northeast, there is no evidence and little not only -probability but even possibility. Nothing approaching such an extensive -mixture is shown by the near-by Indians; and it would be -most exceptional in people of this nature if a much greater proportion -of the mixture was into the Eskimo.</p> - -<p>Finally, a mixture of diverse human types, unless very old, may be -expected to leave numerous physical signs of heterogeneity and -disturbance, none of which is shown by either the western or eastern -Eskimo. Such groups as that of the St. Lawrence Island, or that -of Greenland, are among the most homogeneous human groups -known. The range of variation of their characters is as a rule a -strictly normal range, giving a uniform curve of distribution, which -is not consistent with the notion of any relatively recent material -mixture.</p> - -<p>4. <em>The indications.</em>—The indications of the data and observations -presented in this volume may be outlined as follows:</p> - -<p>The Eskimo throughout their territory are but one and the same -broad strain of people. This strain is fundamentally related to that -(or those) of the American Indian. It is also uncontestably related -to the yellow-brown strains of Asia.</p> - -<p>In many respects, such as pigmentation, build of the body, physiognomy, -large brain, fullness of forehead, fullness of the fronto-sphenotemporal -region, largeness of face and lower jaw, height of the nose,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> -size and characteristics of the teeth,<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> smallness of hands and feet, -etc., the Eskimos are remarkably alike over their whole territory. -They differ in details, such as stature, form of the head, and breadth -of the nose. But the distribution of these differences is of much -interest and probably significance. Higher statures, broader heads, -and broader noses are found especially in the west, the latter two -particularly in the Bering Sea region; low group statures, narrow -heads and narrow noses reach, with few exceptions, their extremes -in the northeast. Between the two extremes, however, there is no -interruption, but a gradation, with here and there an irregularity. -These conditions speak not of mixture but rather of adaptation and -differentiation.</p> - -<p>They strongly suggest a moderate stream of people, rooted in Asia, -of fairly broad and but moderately high head, of a good medium -stature, with a mesorrhinic nose (and hence probably originally not -far northern), and with many other characteristics in common, reaching -America from northeasternmost Asia after the related Indians, -spreading along the seacoasts as far as it could, not of choice, or choice -alone, but mainly because of the blocking by the Indian of the roads -toward the south and through the interior; and gradually modifying -physically in adaptation to the new conditions and necessities; to -climate, newer modes of life, the demands of the kayak, and above -all to the results of the increased demands on the masticatory organs.</p> - -<p>The narrowness, increased length and increased height of the -Eskimo skull, without change in its size or other characteristics, may -readily be understood as compensatory adaptations, the development -of which was initiated and furthered by the development and -mechanical effects of the muscles of mastication.</p> - -<p>A similar conclusion has been reached in my former study on the -central and Smith Sound Eskimo (1910). It has been approached -or reached independently by other students of the Eskimo, notably -Fürst and Hansen (1915) in their great work on the East Greenlanders. -It is a conclusion of much biological importance for it -involves not merely the development but also the eventual inheritance -of new characters.</p> - -<p>Former authors, it was seen, have advanced the theories of an -American origin of the Eskimo. This could only mean that he -developed from the American Indian. And such a development -would imply physical and hereditary changes at least as great as -those indicated in the preceding paragraphs, and in less time. A -differentiation commenced well back in Asia, geographically and -chronologically, and advancing, to its present limits, in America -would seem the more probable.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span></p> -<p>An origin of the Eskimo in Europe, during the last glacial invasion, -would not only push into the hazy far past the same changes as -here dealt with, but it would at the same time fail to explain the -physical differences within the Eskimo group, and deny any substantial -changes in him during the long time of his migration -toward the American northern coasts.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/figure_29a.jpg" width="700" height="582" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Figure 29.</span>—Probable movements of people from northeastern Asia to Alaska and in -Alaska. (A. Hrdlička)</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Absolute proofs of the origin of the Eskimo, as of that of the -various strains of the Indians, are hardly to be expected. Such origins -are so gradual and insidious that they would escape detection -even if watched for while occurring; they are noticed only after sufficient -differences have developed and become established, which takes -generations. The solving of racial origins must depend on sound -scientific induction.</p> - -<p>Such induction may not yet be fully possible in the case of the -Eskimo. The evidence is not yet complete. But with the present -and other most recent data there is enough on hand for substantial -indications. The evidence shows that barring some irregularities, -due possibly to later intrusions or refluxes, the farther east in the -Eskimo territory the observer proceeds the more highly differentiated -and divergent the Eskimo becomes, and there is a greater gap<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> -between him and his Indian neighbors, as well as other races. -Proceeding from the east westward, conditions are reversed. In -general the farther west we proceed the less exceptional on the -whole the Eskimo becomes and the more he approximates the Indian, -particularly the Indian of Alaska and the northwest coast. As this -can not, in the light of present evidence, be attributed alone to mixture, -it is plain that if it were possible to proceed a few steps farther -in this direction the differences between the Eskimo and the Indian -would fade out so that a distinction between the two would become -difficult if not impossible.</p> - -<p>The facts point, therefore, to an original identity of the source -from which were derived the Indian, more particularly his latest -branches, and the Eskimo, and to the identification of this source with -the palaeo-Asiatic yellow-brown people of lower northern Asia. The -differentiation of the Eskimo from this source must have proceeded -over a fairly long time, and probably started already it would seem -on the northern coasts of Asia, where conditions were present capable -of beginning to shape him into an Eskimo; to be carried on since in -the Bering Sea area and especially in the Seward Peninsula and -farther northward and eastward. In a larger sense the cradle of -the Eskimo, therefore, while starting probably in northeast Asia, -covered in reality a much vaster region, extending from northern -Asia and the Bering Sea to the far American Arctic.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h5>FOOTNOTES:</h5> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Hrdlička, A., The Peopling of Asia. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., <span class="smcap">LX</span>, 535 et seq. 1921; and -The Peopling of the Earth. Ibid., <span class="smcap">LXV</span>, 150, et seq. 1926.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Contrib. Anthrop. Central and Smith Sound Eskimo. Anthrop. Papers Am. Mus. Nat. -Hist., 1910.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> See Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop., <span class="smcap">VI</span>, Nos. 2 and 4. 1923.</p></div></div> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>SUMMARY</h2> - - -<p>What is the substance of the results of all these new observations -and studies on the western Eskimo, who is the main subject of -this report? In large lines this may be outlined as follows:</p> - -<p>1. The western Eskimo occupied, uninterrupted by other people -(save in a few spots by the Aleuts), the great stretch of the Alaskan -coast from Prince William Sound and parts of the Unalaska Peninsula -to Point Barrow, all the islands in the Bering Sea except the -Aleutians and Pribilovs, and the northern and western coasts of -the Chukchi Peninsula in Asia.</p> - -<p>They extended some distance inland along the Kuskokwim and -Yukon Rivers; along the interior lakes and rivers of the Seward -Peninsula; along a part of the Selawik River, most (perhaps) of the -Kobuk River, and apparently along the whole Noatak River, communicating -over the land with the lower Colville Basin. But no -traces of original Eskimo settlements have ever been found in the -true Alaska inland or along those parts of the Alaska rivers that -constitute the Indian territory.</p> - -<p>2. The present population is sparse, with many unpeopled intervals, -and not highly fecund, but, except when epidemics strike, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> -no more diminishes; children and young people are now much in -evidence, hygienic and economic conditions have improved, and the -people in general are well advanced in civilization. Their condition -and morale are rather superior, in places very perceptibly so, to -those of the majority of the Alaska Indians.</p> - -<p>3. Except where there has been more contact with whites, a -large percentage of these Eskimo are still full bloods. They are a -sturdy, cheerful, and liberal yet shrewd lot. They intermarry and -mix not inconsiderably among themselves (between villages). Some -of the white traders have married Eskimo women and raised promising -families. Where larger numbers of whites were or are in proximity -clandestine mixture is apparent. The better educated show -often decidedly good mental, mechanical, business, and artistic abilities. -In the isolated localities, such as St. Lawrence Island, the -people have apparently escaped the period of demoralization that so -often attends the passing from the old to new conditions.</p> - -<p>Tuberculosis and venereal diseases are present but not prevalent; -rachitis seems absent. The people show much endurance, but longevity -as yet is not much in evidence. Alcoholism is almost nonexistent -except on occasions when drink is provided by whites.</p> - -<p>4. The region of the western Eskimo shows a former larger population -of the same people. This is attested by many "dead" villages -and old sites. And this population evidently goes back some centuries -at least, for some of the remains are extensive and both their -depth and their contents give the impression of prolonged duration; -though seemingly all thus far seen could be comprised within the -Christian era.</p> - -<p>5. No habitations or remains belonging to a distinct people (Indians) -have thus far come to light anywhere within the territory -of the western Eskimo; and no trace has as yet been found of -anything human that could be attributed to greater antiquity than -that of the Eskimo. But the older beaches and banks where such -remains might have existed have either been covered with storm-driven -sands and are now perpetually frozen, or they have been -"cut" away and lost; and there seems no hope for finding such remains -in the interior away from the sea or streams, for such parts -were never under recent geological conditions favorable for human -habitation.</p> - -<p>6. The now known remains consist of the ruins of dwellings and -of accumulated refuse, the two together forming occasionally marked -elevated heaps or ridges. Some of these ridges are over 18 feet deep. -They contain many archeological specimens of stone, ivory, wood, and -bone. The ivory in the older layers is more or less "fossilized." The -upper layers of such remains usually contain some articles of white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> -man's manufacture (copper, iron, beads); lower layers are wholly -aboriginal. Indian artifacts occur in Eskimo sites only in the -proximity of the Indian on the rivers.</p> - -<p>7. The prevalent or later culture shown by the remains is fairly -rich, of good to relatively rather high grade, and of considerable uniformity. -There are numerous indications of extensive trade in -various articles, particularly those of the Kobuk "jade."</p> - -<p>8. On the Asiatic coast, in the northern parts of the Bering Sea, -on the Seward Peninsula, in the Kotzebue region and at Point Hope, -the deeper portions of the remains give examples of the higher -and richer "fossil ivory culture." This is distinguished by many -objects of high-class workmanship, and by curvilinear to scroll designs. -The art appears to have distinct affinities with, on one hand, -deeper Asia, and on the other with the northwest coast of America -and even farther south. It is not clearly separated from either the -contemporaneous or the later Eskimo art, yet it is of a higher grade -and delicacy and much distinctiveness. It is not yet known where -this art begins geographically, what preceded it, whence it was -derived, just how far it reached along the coasts, or even what was -its main center. It seems best for the present to reserve to it the -name of the "fossil ivory art" (rather than Jenness's too limiting -"Bering Sea culture"), and to defer all conclusions concerning it to -the future.</p> - -<p>9. It seems justifiable, however, to point to the significance of what -is already known. This "fossil ivory art" especially, but also the -general culture of the western Eskimo, are highly developed and -differentiated cultures, denoting considerable cultural background, -extended duration, and conditions generally favorable to industrial -and artistic developments. It has, it is already ascertained, certain -affinities in Asia. If this art and the attending culture were -advancing toward America, as seems most probable, then the question -of cultural influences and introductions from Asia to America -will have to be reopened.</p> - -<p>10. Due to the perpetually frozen ground and the consequent -necessity of surface burials, the area of the western Eskimo was, -until recently, relatively rich in skeletal remains lying on the surface. -It is no more so now, due to storms, beasts, missionaries, -teachers, and scientific collectors. But while only a scattering remains -of the surface material, there is much and that of special -importance lying in the ground, mostly self-buried or assimilated by -the tundra. This material, which now and then is accompanied by -interesting archeological specimens, calls for prompt attention; it -will help greatly in clearing local and other problems.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p> - -<p>Occasionally burials were made or dead bodies were left in old -houses. These remains, too, may prove of special value.</p> - -<p>11. Observations on both the living and the skeletal remains in -the western Eskimo area, supplemented by those on the northern -and northeastern Eskimo, are now ample enough to justify certain -generalizations. These are:</p> - -<p><em>a.</em> Barring the Aleuts, who are Indian, the Eskimo throughout -belong somatologically to but one family, and this family appears -as a remarkably pure racial unit, somewhat admixed in the south -with the Aleut, on the western rivers with the Indian, and in the -east and a few spots elsewhere with recent white people.</p> - -<p><em>b.</em> Within this family there is observable a considerable cranial -change, with moderate differences in nasal breadth, stature, and -color, but the general characteristics of the physiognomy, and of the -body and the skeleton, remain remarkably similar.</p> - -<p><em>c.</em> The changes in the skull affect mainly the vault, which, in dimensions, -ranges through all the intermediary grades from moderately -broad, short, and moderately high to pronouncedly narrow, -long, and high, and in form from moderately convex over the top to -markedly keel shaped.</p> - -<p>The distribution of skull form is somewhat irregular, but in general -the broader and shorter heads predominate in the Asiatic and -the southwestern and midwestern American portions of the Eskimo -region, while the longest and narrowest heads are those of parts of -the Seward Peninsula, and especially those from an isolated old -settlement near Barrow with those of Greenland (exclusive of the -Smith Sound), Baffin Land, and, judging from other data, also eastern -Labrador. More or less transitional forms are found between -the two extremes, without there being anywhere a clear line of -demarcation.</p> - -<p>The breadth of the nose, too, averages highest in the Asiatic, Bering -Sea, and the more southern Eskimo of the Alaska coast, the least -along the northern Arctic coast and in the northeast. The stature -is highest along the western Alaska rivers and parts of the coast, -least in Greenland and Labrador.</p> - -<p>The skin, while differing within but moderate limits, is apparently -lightest along parts (at least) of the northern Arctic.</p> - -<p>12. The whole distribution of the physical characteristics among -the Eskimo strongly suggests gradual changes—within the family -itself; and as the long, narrow, high skull with keeled dome, occurring -in a few limited localities in the west but principally in southern -Greenland and neighboring territories, appears to be the farthest -limit of the differentiation which finds no parallel in the neighboring -or other peoples, while the form found in northeastern Asia, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> -Bering Sea, and southwestern Alaska is near to those of various surrounding -peoples, the inevitable resulting deduction is that, in the -light of our present knowledge, the origin of the Eskimo is to be -looked for in the western rather than the northern Arctic or the -northeastern area, and that particularly in the northern Bering Sea -and the adjacent, particularly perhaps the northern, Asiatic region. -The author is, therefore, led to regard the area between 160° west -and 160° east longitude and 60° to 75° north latitude as containing -the primal Eskimo-genic center, and as the source of the oldest -Eskimo or proto-Eskimo extensions, while the larger part of the -Eskimo differentiations is in all probability American.</p> - -<p>13. The earlier notions relating to the western Eskimo, namely, -those that would attribute his physical characteristics to a large -admixture with the Indian, are now untenable for the following -reasons:</p> - -<p><em>a.</em> The distribution of the western Eskimo traits and measurements -does not indicate any important heterogeneous mixture.</p> - -<p><em>b.</em> The groups most distant from the Indians, such as the St. -Lawrence or Diomede islanders and the Asiatic Eskimo, show very -nearly the same somatological characteristics as the rest of the -southwestern and midwestern groups.</p> - -<p><em>c.</em> Among the western Eskimo there are no data, no traditions, and -no linguistic or cultural evidence of any considerable Indian -admixture.</p> - -<p><em>d.</em> The western contingents of the family do not represent a physical -resultant or means of the more narrow and long-headed type -with the neighboring Indians of Alaska (or elsewhere in the north), -but they equal or even exceed the Indians in the principal features of -the skull, face, and in other particulars.</p> - -<p>14. The nearest physical relatives of the Eskimo are evidently some -of the Chukchi, with probably some other north Asiatic groups; their -nearest basic relatives in general are, according to many indications, -the American Indians. The two families, Indian and Eskimo, -appear much, it may be repeated, like the thumb and fingers of one -and the same hand, the hand being the large, original palaeo-Asiatic -source of both. But the Eskimo are evidently a younger, smaller and -still a more uniform member; which speaks strongly for their later -origin, migration and internal differentiation.</p> - -<p>15. With his numbers, purity of blood, approachability, present -facilities of language, many of the young speaking good English, -and other favorable conditions, the Eskimo offers to anthropology -one of its best opportunities for a thorough study of an important -human group, adapted to highly exceptional natural conditions. His -food, mode of life, the climate, and isolation, give promise of inter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>esting -conditions of the internal organs, perhaps even blood, and of -physiological as well as chemical and pathological peculiarities. This -opportunity, together with the excellent and important opportunities -for archeology in the Bering Sea and neighboring regions, should be -utilized to the possible limit within the present generation, for the -western Eskimo, on one hand, is rapidly becoming civilized, changing -his food, clothing, housing, and habits; is also becoming more mixed -with whites; and is most assiduously exploiting the archeological -sites in his region for the sake of the income that comes to him from -the ever-rising demand for beads, etc., and from "fossil" ivory.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> - - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><span class="smcap">Abbes, H.</span> Die Eskimos des Cumberland-Sundes. Globus, <span class="smcap">XLVI</span>, 198-201, 213-218, -Braunschweig, 1884.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Asmussen, P.</span> Die erste Entdeckung Amerikas. 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Inaug.-Diss, Zürich, 1906.</p></div> - -<div id="transnote"> - -<div class="chapter"></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</h2> - -<p>Supplied missing anchor for footnote <a href="#Footnote_33_33">[33]</a> on p. <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</p> - -<p>Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors.</p> - -<p>Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Anthropological Survey in Alaska, by Ales Hrdlicka - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA *** - -***** This file should be named 50752-h.htm or 50752-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/7/5/50752/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, PM for Bureau of American -Ethnology and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by the Bibliothèque nationale -de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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