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<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 50737 ***</div>

<div class="mynote">
Transcriber's Note:<br />
For readability illustrations have been slightly moved thus altering the
page numbers in the List of Illustrations. Compound nouns, names, and
hyphenated words are not consistant in the original text.


</div>

<div class="center">
<img src="images/frontcover.jpg" alt="" id="coverpage" />
</div>

<h1 class="break-before">
  <span class="smcap">Confederate<br />
   Military History</span></h1>

<div class="center">
<img src="images/fig1.jpg" alt="" id="printmark" />
</div>


<div class="center">

  A LIBRARY OF CONFEDERATE<br />
  STATES HISTORY, IN TWELVE<br />
  VOLUMES, WRITTEN BY DISTINGUISHED<br />
  MEN OF THE SOUTH,<br />
  AND EDITED BY GEN. CLEMENT<br />
  A. EVANS OF GEORGIA....

</div>

<div class="center">
<img src="images/fig1.jpg" alt="" />
</div>



<div class="center">

  VOL. V.

</div>


<div class="center">
<img src="images/fig1.jpg" alt="" />
</div>


<div class="center">

  Atlanta, Ga.<br />
  Confederate Publishing Company<br />
  1899

</div>

<div class="center">
<img src="images/fig2.jpg" alt="" id="printmark2" />
</div>

<div class="center">

  <span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1899,<br />
  BY <span class="smcap">Confederate Publishing Company.</span>

</div>

<div class="center">
<img src="images/fig2.jpg" alt="" />
</div>

<hr />

<p class="ph2 break-before">

  TABLE OF CONTENTS.

</p>


<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="">

<tr valign="top"><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a> Spirit of Secession&mdash;The State Militia&mdash;Charleston
                      and the Forts&mdash;The Violated Agreement&mdash;Major Anderson
                      Occupies Fort Sumter&mdash;South Carolina Occupies Pinckney
                      and Moultrie&mdash;The Star of the West&mdash;Fort Sumter
                      Surrendered&mdash;Carolinians in Virginia&mdash;Battle of Manassas</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a> Affairs on the Coast&mdash;Loss of Port Royal Harbor&mdash;Gen.
                      R. E. Lee in Command of the Department&mdash;Landing
                      of Federals at Port Royal Ferry&mdash;Gallant Fight on
                      Edisto Island&mdash;General Pemberton Succeeds Lee
                      in Command&mdash;Defensive Line, April, 1862</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">29</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a> South Carolinians in Virginia&mdash;Battle of
                      Williamsburg&mdash;Eltham's Landing&mdash;Seven Pines and Fair
                      Oaks&mdash;Nine-Mile Road&mdash;Gaines' Mill&mdash;Savage Station&mdash;Frayser's
                      Farm&mdash;Malvern Hill</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">43</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a> The Coast of South Carolina, Summer of 1862&mdash;Operations
                      under General Pemberton&mdash;Engagement at
                      Old Pocotaligo&mdash;Campaign on James Island&mdash;Battle of
                      Secessionville</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">76</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a> General Beauregard in Command&mdash;The Defenses
                      of Charleston&mdash;Disposition of Troops&mdash;Battle of
                      Pocotaligo&mdash;Repulse of Enemy at Coosawhatchie Bridge&mdash;Operations
                      in North Carolina&mdash;Battle of Kinston&mdash;Defense
                      of Goldsboro</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">94</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a> South Carolinians in the West&mdash;Manigault's
                      and Lythgoe's Regiments at Corinth&mdash;The Kentucky Campaign&mdash;Battle
                      of Murfreesboro</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">111</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a> With Lee in Northern Virginia, 1862&mdash;The
                      Maneuvers on the Rappahannock&mdash;Second Manassas Campaign&mdash;Battle
                      of Ox Hill</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">120</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a> The Maryland Campaign&mdash;The South
                      Mountain Battles&mdash;Capture of Harper's Ferry&mdash;Battles of
                      Sharpsburg and Shepherdstown</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">140</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a> Hampton's Cavalry in the Maryland Raid&mdash;The
                      Battle of Fredericksburg&mdash;Death of Gregg&mdash;South Carolinians
                      at Marye's Hill&mdash;Cavalry Operations</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">165</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a> Operations in South Carolina, Spring of 1863&mdash;Capture
                      of the Isaac Smith&mdash;Ingraham's Defeat of the
                      Blockading Squadron&mdash;Naval Attack on Fort Sumter&mdash;Hunter's
                      Raids</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">188</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a> South Carolina Troops in Mississippi&mdash;Engagement
                      near Jackson&mdash;The Vicksburg Campaign&mdash;Siege of
                      Jackson</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">203</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a> South Carolinians in the Chancellorsville
                      Campaign&mdash;Service of Kershaw's and McGowan's Brigades&mdash;A
                      Great Confederate Victory</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">213</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a> Operations in South Carolina&mdash;Opening of
                      Gillmore's Campaign against Fort Sumter&mdash;The Surprise of
                      Morris Island&mdash;First Assault on Battery Wagner&mdash;Demonstrations
                      on James Island and Against the Railroad&mdash;Action
                      near Grimball's Landing</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">223</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a> Second Assault on Battery Wagner&mdash;Siege
                      of Wagner and Bombardment of Fort Sumter&mdash;Evacuation
                      of Morris Island</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">235</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a> The Gettysburg Campaign&mdash;Gallant Service
                      of Perrin's and Kershaw's Brigades&mdash;Hampton's Cavalry
                      at Brandy Station</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">257</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</a> South Carolinians at Chickamauga&mdash;Organization
                      of the Armies&mdash;South Carolinians Engaged&mdash;Their
                      Heroic Service and Sacrifices</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">277</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a> The Siege of Charleston&mdash;Continued Bombardment
                      of Fort Sumter&mdash;Defense Maintained by the Other
                      Works&mdash;The Torpedo Boats&mdash;Bombardment of the City&mdash;Transfer
                      of Troops to Virginia&mdash;Prisoners under Fire&mdash;Campaign
                      on the Stono</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">291</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII.</a> South Carolinians with Longstreet and
                      Lee&mdash;Wauhatchie&mdash;Missionary Ridge&mdash;Knoxville&mdash;The Virginia
                      Campaign of 1864&mdash;From the Wilderness to the Battle
                      of the Crater</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">310</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">CHAPTER XIX.</a> The Atlanta Campaign&mdash;Battles around
                      Atlanta&mdash;Jonesboro&mdash;Hood's Campaign in North Georgia&mdash;The
                      Defense of Ship's Gap&mdash;Last Campaign in Tennessee&mdash;Battle
                      of Franklin</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">328</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX">CHAPTER XX.</a> The Closing Scenes in Virginia&mdash;Siege of
                      Richmond and Petersburg&mdash;Fall of Fort Fisher&mdash;South Carolina
                      Commands at Appomattox</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">346</td></tr>
<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI">CHAPTER XXI.</a> Battle of Honey Hill&mdash;Sherman's Advance
                      into South Carolina&mdash;Organization of the Confederate
                      Forces&mdash;Burning of Columbia&mdash;Battles of Averasboro and
                      Bentonville&mdash;Conclusion</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">354</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="#BIOGRAPHICAL">BIOGRAPHICAL</a></td><td align="right">373</td></tr>


</table>

<hr />

<p class="ph2 break-before">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</p>

<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="">

<tr valign="top"><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"><small>FACING PAGE.</small></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bee, Barnard E.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bonham, M. L.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bratton, John</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Butler, M. C.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Capers, Ellison</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Charleston, Defenses</span> (Map)</td><td align="right">Between pages 296 and <a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Chestnut, James</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Connor, James</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Drayton, Thos. F.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Dunovant, John</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Elliott, Stephen, Jr.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Evans, N. G.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ferguson, S. W.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gary, M. W.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gist, S. R.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gregg, Maxcy</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Hagood, Johnson</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Honey Hill, Battle</span> (Map)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Huger, Benjamin</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Jenkins, Micah</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Jones, David R.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Kennedy, John D.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Kershaw, J. B.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Logan, J. M.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">McGowan, Samuel</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Manigault, A. M.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Perrin, Abner</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Preston, John S.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ripley, Roswell S.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">South Carolina</span> (Map)</td><td align="right">Between pages <a href="#Page_371">371</a> and <a href="#Page_372">372</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Stevens, C. H.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Villepigue, J. B.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><span class="smcap">Wallace, W. H.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
</table>

<hr />


<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>

<div class="figcenter break-before">
<img src="images/fig3.jpg" alt="" />
<p class="caption center">ELLISON CAPERS</p>
</div>

<hr />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>

<p class="ph2 break-before">SOUTH CAROLINA<br />
<br />
<small>BY</small><br />
<br />
<span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. Ellison Capers</span>.
</p>

<hr />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>

<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak">INTRODUCTORY.</h2>
</div>

<p>The writer of the following sketch does not attempt,
in the space assigned him, to give a complete history
of the various commands of Carolinians, who for four
years did gallant and noble service in the armies of the
Confederacy.</p>

<p>A faithful record of their names alone would fill the
pages of a volume, and to write a history of their marches
and battles, their wounds and suffering, their willing sacrifices,
and their patient endurance, would demand more
accurate knowledge, more time and more ability than
the author of this sketch can command.</p>

<p>He trusts that in the brief history which follows he has
been able to show that South Carolina did her duty to
herself and to the Southern Confederacy, and did it
nobly.</p>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>SPIRIT OF SECESSION&mdash;THE STATE MILITIA&mdash;CHARLESTON
AND THE FORTS&mdash;THE VIOLATED AGREEMENT&mdash;MAJOR
ANDERSON OCCUPIES FORT SUMTER&mdash;SOUTH
CAROLINA OCCUPIES PINCKNEY AND MOULTRIE&mdash;THE
STAR OF THE WEST&mdash;FORT SUMTER
SURRENDERED&mdash;CAROLINIANS IN VIRGINIA&mdash;BATTLE
OF MANASSAS.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">From</span> the time that the election of the President was
declared, early in November, 1860, the military
spirit of the people of South Carolina was thoroughly
awake. Secession from the Union was in the air,
and when it came, on the 20th of December following, it
was received as the ultimate decision of duty and the call
of the State to arms. The one sentiment, everywhere
expressed by the vast majority of the people, was the
sentiment of independence; and the universal resolve
was the determination to maintain the secession of the
State at any and every cost.</p>

<p>The militia of the State was, at the time, her only arm
of defense, and every part of it was put under orders.</p>

<p>Of the State militia, the largest organized body was
the Fourth brigade of Charleston, commanded by Brig.-Gen.
James Simons. This body of troops was well organized,
well drilled and armed, and was constantly under
the orders of the governor and in active service from
the 27th of December, 1860, to the last of April, 1861.
Some of the commands continued in service until the
Confederate regiments, battalions and batteries were
organized and finally absorbed all the effective material
of the brigade.</p>

<p>This efficient brigade was composed of the following
commands:</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>

<p>First regiment of rifles: Col. J. J. Pettigrew, Lieut.-Col.
John L. Branch, Maj. Ellison Capers, Adjt. Theodore
G. Barker, Quartermaster Allen Hanckel, Commissary
L. G. Young, Surg. George Trescot, Asst. Surg. Thomas
L. Ozier, Jr. Companies: Washington Light Infantry,
Capt. C. H. Simonton; Moultrie Guards, Capt. Barnwell
W. Palmer; German Riflemen, Capt. Jacob Small; Palmetto
Riflemen, Capt. Alex. Melchers; Meagher Guards,
Capt. Edward McCrady, Jr.; Carolina Light Infantry,
Capt. Gillard Pinckney; Zouave Cadets, Capt. C. E.
Chichester.</p>

<p>Seventeenth regiment: Col. John Cunningham, Lieut.-Col.
William P. Shingler, Maj. J. J. Lucas, Adjt. F. A.
Mitchel. Companies: Charleston Riflemen, Capt.
Joseph Johnson, Jr.; Irish Volunteers, Capt. Edward
McGrath; Cadet Riflemen, Capt. W. S. Elliott; Montgomery
Guards, Capt. James Conner; Union Light Infantry,
Capt. David Ramsay; German Fusiliers, Capt.
Samuel Lord, Jr.; Palmetto Guards, Capt. Thomas W.
Middleton; Sumter Guards, Capt. Henry C. King;
Emmet Volunteers, Capt. P. Grace; Calhoun Guards,
Capt. John Fraser.</p>

<p>First regiment of artillery: Col. E. H. Locke, Lieut.-Col.
W. G. De Saussure, Maj. John A. Wagener, Adjt.
James Simmons, Jr.</p>

<p>Light batteries: Marion Artillery, Capt. J. G. King;
Washington Artillery, Capt. George H. Walter; Lafayette
Artillery, Capt. J. J. Pope; German Artillery (A),
Capt. C. Nohrden; German Artillery (B), Capt. H.
Harms.</p>

<p>Cavalry: Charleston Light Dragoons, Capt. B. H.
Rutledge; German Hussars, Capt. Theodore Cordes;
Rutledge Mounted Riflemen, Capt. C. K. Huger.</p>

<p>Volunteer corps in the fire department: Vigilant Rifles,
Capt. S. V. Tupper; Ph&#339;nix Rifles, Capt. Peter C. Gaillard;
Ætna Rifles, Capt. E. F. Sweegan; Marion Rifles,
Capt. C. B. Sigwald.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>

<p>Charleston, the metropolis and seaport, for a time absorbed
the interest of the whole State, for it was everywhere
felt that the issue of secession, so far as war with
the government of the United States was concerned, must
be determined in her harbor. The three forts which had
been erected by the government for the defense of the
harbor, Moultrie, Castle Pinckney and Sumter, were built
upon land ceded by the State for that purpose, and with
the arsenal and grounds in Charleston, constituted the
property of the United States.</p>

<p>The secession of South Carolina having dissolved her
connection with the government of the United States,
the question of the possession of the forts in the harbor
and of the military post at the arsenal became at once a
question of vital interest to the State. Able commissioners,
Robert W. Barnwell, James H. Adams and James
L. Orr, were elected and sent by the convention of the
State to treat with the government at Washington for an
amicable settlement of this important question, and other
questions growing out of the new relation which South
Carolina bore to the Union. Pending the action of the
commissioners in Washington, an unfortunate move was
made by Maj. Robert Anderson, of the United States
army, who commanded the only body of troops stationed
in the harbor, which ultimately compelled the return of
the commissioners and led to the most serious complications.
An understanding had been established between
the authorities in Washington and the members of Congress
from South Carolina, that the forts would not be
attacked, or seized as an act of war, until proper negotiations
for their cession to the State had been made and had
failed; provided that they were not reinforced, and their
military status should remain as it was at the time of this
understanding, viz., on December 9, 1860.</p>

<p>Fort Sumter, in the very mouth of the harbor, was
in an unfinished state and without a garrison. On the
night of the 26th of December, 1860, Maj. Robert Ander<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>son
dismantled Fort Moultrie and removed his command
by boats over to Fort Sumter. The following account of
the effect of this removal of Major Anderson upon the
people, and the action of the government, is taken from
Brevet Major-General Crawford's "Genesis of the Civil
War." General Crawford was at the time on the medical
staff and one of Anderson's officers. His book is a clear
and admirable narrative of the events of those most eventful
days, and is written in the spirit of the utmost candor
and fairness. In the conclusion of the chapter describing
the removal, he says:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The fact of the evacuation of Fort Moultrie by Major
Anderson was soon communicated to the authorities and
people of Charleston, creating intense excitement.
Crowds collected in streets and open places of the city,
and loud and violent were the expressions of feeling
against Major Anderson and his action.... [The governor
of the State was ready to act in accordance with
the feeling displayed.] On the morning of the 27th, he
dispatched his aide-de-camp, Col. Johnston Pettigrew, of
the First South Carolina Rifles, to Major Anderson. He
was accompanied by Maj. Ellison Capers, of his regiment.
Arriving at Fort Sumter, Colonel Pettigrew sent a card
inscribed, "Colonel Pettigrew, First Regiment Rifles,
S.C.M., Aide-de-Camp to the Governor, Commissioner
to Major Anderson. Ellison Capers, Major First Regiment
Rifles, S.C.M." ... Colonel Pettigrew and his
companion were ushered into the room. The feeling was
reserved and formal, when, after declining seats, Colonel
Pettigrew immediately opened his mission: "Major
Anderson," said he, "can I communicate with you now,
sir, before these officers, on the subject for which I am
here?" "Certainly, sir," replied Major Anderson, "these
are all my officers; I have no secrets from them, sir."</p>

<p>The commissioner then informed Major Anderson that
he was directed to say to him that the governor was much
surprised that he had reinforced "this work." Major
Anderson promptly responded that there had been no
reinforcement of the work; that he had removed his
command from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, as he had
a right to do, being in command of all the forts in the
harbor. To this Colonel Pettigrew replied that when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
the present governor (Pickens) came into office, he found
an understanding existing between the previous governor
(Gist) and the President of the United States, by which
all property within the limits of the State was to remain
as it was; that no reinforcements were to be sent here,
particularly to this post; that there was to be no
attempt made against the public property by the State,
and that the status in the harbor should remain unchanged.
He was directed also to say to Major Anderson
that it had been hoped by the governor that a peaceful
solution of the difficulties could have been reached, and a
resort to arms and bloodshed might have been avoided;
but that the governor thought the action of Major
Anderson had greatly complicated matters, and that he
did not now see how bloodshed could be avoided; that
he had desired and intended that the whole matter might
be fought out politically and without the arbitration of
the sword, but that now it was uncertain, if not impossible.</p>

<p>To this Major Anderson replied, that as far as any
understanding between the President and the governor
was concerned, he had not been informed; that he knew
nothing of it; that he could get no information or positive
orders from Washington, and that his position was threatened
every night by the troops of the State. He was
then asked by Major Capers, who accompanied Colonel
Pettigrew, "How?" when he replied, "By sending out
steamers armed and conveying troops on board;" that
these steamers passed the fort going north, and that he
feared a landing on the island and the occupation of the
sand-hills just north of the fort; that 100 riflemen on
these hills, which commanded his fort, would make it
impossible for his men to serve their guns; and that any
man with a military head must see this. "To prevent
this," said he earnestly, "I removed on my own responsibility,
my sole object being to prevent bloodshed." Major
Capers replied that the steamer was sent out for patrol
purposes, and as much to prevent disorder among his
own people as to ascertain whether any irregular attempt
was being made to reinforce the fort, and that the idea
of attacking him was never entertained by the little
squad who patrolled the harbor.</p>

<p>Major Anderson replied to this that he was wholly in
the dark as to the intentions of the State troops, but that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
had reason to believe that they meant to land and attack
him from the north; that the desire of the governor to have
the matter settled peacefully and without bloodshed was
precisely his object in removing his command from Moultrie
to Sumter; that he did it upon his own responsibility
alone, because he considered that the safety of his command
required it, as he had a right to do. "In this controversy,"
said he, "between the North and the South,
my sympathies are entirely with the South. These
gentlemen," said he (turning to the officers of the post
who stood about him), "know it perfectly well." Colonel
Pettigrew replied, "Well, sir, however that may be, the
governor of the State directs me to say to you courteously
but peremptorily, to return to Fort Moultrie." "Make
my compliments to the governor (said Anderson) and say
to him that I decline to accede to his request; I cannot
and will not go back." "Then, sir," said Pettigrew,
"my business is done," when both officers, without further
ceremony or leavetaking, left the fort.</p></blockquote>

<p>Colonel Pettigrew and Major Capers returned to the
city and made their report to the governor and council
who were in session in the council chamber of the city
hall. That afternoon Major Anderson raised the flag of
his country over Sumter, and went vigorously to work
mounting his guns and putting the fort in military order.
The same afternoon the governor issued orders to Colonel
Pettigrew, First regiment of rifles, and to Col. W. G.
De Saussure, First regiment artillery, commanding them
to take immediate possession of Castle Pinckney and
Fort Moultrie. Neither fort was garrisoned, and the
officers in charge, after making a verbal protest, left and
went to Fort Sumter, and the Palmetto flag was raised
over Moultrie and Pinckney. In the same manner the
arsenal in Charleston was taken possession of by a detachment
of the Seventeenth regiment, South Carolina militia,
Col. John Cunningham, and Fort Johnson on James
island, by Capt. Joseph Johnson, commanding the Charleston
Riflemen. The governor also ordered a battery to be
built for two 24-pounders on Morris island, bearing on
Ship channel, and his order was speedily put into execu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>tion
by Maj. P. F. Stevens, superintendent of the South
Carolina military academy, with a detachment of the
cadets, supported by the Vigilant Rifles, Captain Tupper.
This battery was destined soon to fire the first gun of the
war. In taking possession of the forts and the arsenal,
every courtesy was shown the officers in charge, Captain
Humphreys, commanding the arsenal, saluting his flag
before surrendering the property.</p>

<p>By the possession of Forts Moultrie and Pinckney and
the arsenal in Charleston, their military stores fell into
the hands of the State of South Carolina, and by the governor's
orders a careful inventory was made at once of
all the property and duly reported to him. At Moultrie
there were sixteen 24-pounders, nineteen 32-pounders,
ten 8-inch columbiads, one 10-inch seacoast mortar, four
6-pounders, two 12-pounders and four 24-pounder howitzers
and a large supply of ammunition. At Castle Pinckney
the armament was nearly complete and the magazine
well filled with powder. At the arsenal there was a large
supply of military stores, heavy ordnance and small-arms.
These exciting events were followed by the attempt of
the government to succor Major Anderson with supplies
and reinforce his garrison.</p>

<p>The supplies and troops were sent in a large merchant
steamer, the Star of the West. She crossed the bar early
on the morning of January 9, 1861, and steamed up Ship
channel, which runs for miles parallel with Morris island,
and within range of guns of large caliber. Her course lay
right under the 24-pounder battery commanded by Major
Stevens and manned by the cadets. This battery was
supported by the Zouave Cadets, Captain Chichester; the
German Riflemen, Captain Small, and the Vigilant Rifles,
Captain Tupper. When within range a shot was fired
across her bow, and not heeding it, the battery fired
directly upon her. Fort Moultrie also fired a few shots,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
and the Star of the West rapidly changed her course and,
turning round, steamed out of the range of the guns,
having received but little material damage by the fire.</p>

<p>Major Anderson acted with great forbearance and judgment,
and did not open his batteries. He declared his
purpose to be patriotic, and so it undoubtedly was. He
wrote to the governor that, influenced by the hope that
the firing on the Star of the West was not supported by
the authority of the State, he had refrained from opening
fire upon the batteries, and declared that unless it was
promptly disclaimed he would regard it as an act of war,
and after waiting a reasonable time he would fire upon
all vessels coming within range of his guns.</p>

<p>The governor promptly replied, justifying the action of
the batteries in firing upon the vessel, and giving his
reasons in full. He pointed out to Major Anderson that
his removal to Fort Sumter and the circumstances attending
it, and his attitude since were a menace to the State
of a purpose of coercion; that the bringing into the harbor
of more troops and supplies of war was in open defiance
of the State, and an assertion of a purpose to reduce her
to abject submission to the government she had discarded;
that the vessel had been fairly warned not to continue
her course, and that his threat to fire upon the vessels in
the harbor was in keeping with the evident purpose of
the government of the United States to dispute the right
of South Carolina to dissolve connection with the Union.
This right was not to be debated or questioned, urged
the governor, and the coming of the Star of the West, sent
by the order of the President, after being duly informed
by commissioners sent to him by the convention of the
people of the State to fully inform him of the act of the
State in seceding from the Union, and of her claim of
rights and privileges in the premises, could have no other
meaning than that of open and hostile disregard for the
asserted independence of South Carolina. To defend
that independence and to resent and resist any and every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
act of coercion are "too plainly a duty," said Governor
Pickens, "to allow it to be discussed."</p>

<p>To the governor's letter Major Anderson replied, that
he would refer the whole matter to the government at
Washington, and defer his purpose to fire upon vessels in
the harbor until he could receive his instructions in reply.
Thus a truce was secured, and meanwhile active preparations
for war were made daily by Major Anderson in Fort
Sumter and by Governor Pickens on the islands surrounding
it. War seemed inevitable, and the whole State, as
one man, was firmly resolved to meet it.</p>

<p>The legislature had passed a bill on December 17th
providing for the organization of ten regiments for the
defense of the State, and the convention had ordered the
formation of a regiment for six months' service, to be
embodied at once, the governor to appoint the field
officers. This last was "Gregg's First regiment," which
was organized in January, 1861, and on duty on Sullivan's
and Morris islands by the 1st of February following.
The governor appointed Maxcy Gregg, of Columbia, colonel;
Col. A. H. Gladden, who had been an officer of the
Palmetto regiment in the Mexican war, lieutenant-colonel;
and D. H. Hamilton, the late marshal of the
United States court in South Carolina, major. On March
6, 1861, the adjutant-general of the State reported to Gen.
M. L. Bonham, whom the governor had commissioned
major-general, to command the division formed under the
act of December 17, 1860, that he had received into the
service of the State 104 companies, under the said act of
the legislature, aggregating an effective force of 8,836
men and officers; that these companies had been formed
into ten regiments and the regiments into four brigades.</p>

<p>These regiments were mustered for twelve months'
service, were numbered respectively from 1 to 10, inclusive,
and commanded by Cols. Johnson Hagood, J. B.
Kershaw, J. H. Williams, J. B. E. Sloan, M. Jenkins,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
J. H. Rion, T. G. Bacon, E. B. Cash, J. D. Blanding,
and A. M. Manigault.</p>

<p>The brigadier-generals appointed by the governor
under the act above referred to, were R. G. M. Dunovant
and P. H. Nelson. By an act of the legislature, January
28, 1861, the governor was authorized to raise a battalion
of artillery and a regiment of infantry, both to be formed
and enlisted in the service of the State as regulars, and to
form the basis of the regular army of South Carolina.
The governor appointed, under the act, R. S. Ripley,
lieutenant-colonel in command of the artillery battalion,
and Richard Anderson, colonel of the infantry regiment.
The artillery battalion was afterward increased to a regiment,
and the regiment of infantry converted, practically,
into a regiment of artillery. Both regiments served in
the forts and batteries of the harbor throughout the war,
with the greatest distinction, as will afterward appear.
These troops, with the Fourth brigade, South Carolina
militia, were under the orders of the government and
were practically investing Fort Sumter.</p>

<p>The States of Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Louisiana and Texas, having left the Union during the
month of January, and the Confederate government having
been organized early in February, at Montgomery,
President Davis, on the 1st of March, ordered Brigadier-General
Beauregard to Charleston to report for duty to
Governor Pickens. Thenceforward this distinguished
soldier became the presiding genius of military operations
in and around Charleston.</p>

<p>Repeated demands having been made upon Major Anderson,
and upon the President, for the relinquishment
of Fort Sumter, and these demands having been refused
and the government at Washington having concluded
to supply and reinforce the fort by force of arms, it was
determined to summon Major Anderson to evacuate the
fort, for the last time. Accordingly, on April 11th, General
Beauregard sent him the following communication:</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>

<blockquote>
<p>
Headquarters Provisional Army, C. S. A.<br />
Charleston, April 11, 1861.<br />
</p>

<p>Sir: The government of the Confederate States has
hitherto foreborne from any hostile demonstrations
against Fort Sumter, in hope that the government of the
United States, with a view to the amicable adjustment of
all questions between the two governments, and to avert
the calamities of war, would voluntarily evacuate it.</p>

<p>There was reason at one time to believe that such
would be the course pursued by the government of the
United States, and under that impression my government
has refrained from making any demand for the surrender
of the fort. But the Confederate States can no longer
delay assuming actual possession of a fortification commanding
the entrance of one of their harbors and necessary
to its defense and security.</p>

<p>I am ordered by the government of the Confederate
States to demand the evacuation of Fort Sumter. My
aides, Colonel Chestnut and Captain Lee, are authorized
to make such demand of you. All proper facilities will
be afforded for the removal of yourself and command,
together with company arms and property, and all private
property, to any post in the United States which you may
select. The flag which you have upheld so long and with
so much fortitude, under the most trying circumstances,
may be saluted by you on taking it down. Colonel
Chestnut and Captain Lee will, for a reasonable time,
await your answer.</p>

<p>I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p>

<p>
G. T.<span class="smcap">Beauregard</span>, Brigadier-General Commanding.<br />
</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Major Anderson replied as follows:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>

Fort Sumter, S. C., April 11, 1861.<br />
</p>

<p>General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt
of your communication demanding the evacuation of this
fort, and to say, in reply thereto, that it is a demand with
which I regret that my sense of honor, and of my obligations
to my government, prevent my compliance. Thanking
you for the fair, manly and courteous terms proposed,
and for the high compliment paid me,</p>

<p>I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Robert Anderson</span>,<br />
Major, First Artillery, Commanding.<br />
</p>
</blockquote>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>

<p>Major Anderson, while conversing with the messengers
of General Beauregard, having remarked that he would
soon be starved into a surrender of the fort, or words to
that effect, General Beauregard was induced to address
him a second letter, in which he proposed that the major
should fix a time at which he would agree to evacuate,
and agree also not to use his guns against the Confederate
forces unless they fired upon him, and so doing, he,
General Beauregard, would abstain from hostilities. To
this second letter Major Anderson replied, naming noon
on the 15th, provided that no hostile act was committed
by the Confederate forces, or any part of them, and provided,
further, that he should not, meanwhile, receive
from the government at Washington controlling instructions
or additional supplies.</p>

<p>The fleet which was to reinforce and supply him was
then collecting outside the bar, and General Beauregard
at once notified him, at 3:20 a. m. on the morning of the
12th of April, that he would open fire on the fort in one
hour from that time.</p>

<p>The shell which opened the momentous bombardment
of Fort Sumter was fired from a mortar, located at Fort
Johnson on James island, at 4:30 on the morning of the
12th.</p>

<p>For over three months the troops stationed on the
islands surrounding Fort Sumter had been constantly
employed building batteries, mounting guns, and making
every preparation for the defense of the harbor, and, if
necessary, for an attack on the fort if the government
at Washington persisted in its refusal to order its
evacuation. Lieut.-Col. R. S. Ripley, an able and energetic
soldier, commanded the artillery on Sullivan's
island, with his headquarters at Fort Moultrie, Brigadier-General
Dunovant commanding the island. Under
Ripley's direction, six 10-inch mortars and twenty
guns bore on Sumter. The guns were 24, 32 and 42
pounders, 8-inch columbiads and one 9-inch Dahlgren.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
The supports to the batteries were the First regiment of
rifles, Colonel Pettigrew; the regiment of infantry, South
Carolina regulars, Col. Richard Anderson; the Charleston
Light Dragoons, Capt. B. H. Rutledge, and the German
Flying Artillery, the latter attached to Col. Pettigrew's
command, stationed at the east end of the island. These
commands, with Ripley's battalion of South Carolina
regular artillery and Capt. Robert Martin's mortar battery
on Mount Pleasant, made up the force under General
Dunovant.</p>

<p>On Morris island, Gen. James Simons was commanding,
with Lieut.-Col. W. G. De Saussure for his artillery chief,
and Maj. W. H. C. Whiting for chief of staff. The infantry
supports on the island were the regiments of Cols.
John Cunningham, Seventeenth South Carolina militia,
and Maxcy Gregg, Johnson Hagood and J. B. Kershaw,
of the South Carolina volunteers. The artillery was in
position bearing on Ship channel, and at Cummings point,
bearing on Sumter. The fleet making no attempt to
come in, the channel batteries took no part in the bombardment
of Sumter.</p>

<p>On Cummings point, six 10-inch mortars and six guns
were placed. To the command and direction of these
guns, Maj. P. F. Stevens was specially assigned. One
of the batteries on the point was of unique structure,
hitherto unknown in war. Three 8-inch columbiads
were put in battery under a roofing of heavy timbers,
laid at an angle of forty degrees, and covered with railroad
T iron. Portholes were cut and these protected by
heavy iron shutters, raised and lowered from the inside
of the battery. This battery was devised and built by
Col. Clement H. Stevens, of Charleston, afterward a brigadier-general
and mortally wounded in front of Atlanta,
July 20, 1864, leading his brigade. "Stevens' iron battery,"
as it was called, was "the first ironclad fortification
ever erected," and initiated the present system of
armor-plated vessels. The three mortars in battery at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
Fort Johnson were commanded by Capt. G. S. James.
The batteries above referred to, including Fort Moultrie,
contained fifteen 10-inch mortars and twenty-six guns
of heavy caliber.</p>

<p>For thirty-four hours they assaulted Sumter with an
unceasing bombardment, before its gallant defenders
consented to give it up, and not then until the condition
of the fort made it impossible to continue the defense.
Fort Moultrie alone fired 2,490 shot and shell. Gen. S.
W. Crawford, in his accurate and admirable book, previously
quoted, thus describes the condition of Sumter
when Anderson agreed to its surrender:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>It was a scene of ruin and destruction. The quarters
and barracks were in ruins. The main gates and the
planking of the windows on the gorge were gone; the
magazines closed and surrounded by smouldering flames
and burning ashes; the provisions exhausted; much of
the engineering work destroyed; and with only four barrels
of powder available. The command had yielded to the
inevitable. The effect of the direct shot had been to
indent the walls, where the marks could be counted by
hundreds, while the shells, well directed, had crushed the
quarters, and, in connection with hot shot, setting them
on fire, had destroyed the barracks and quarters down to
the gun casemates, while the enfilading fire had prevented
the service of the barbette guns, some of them comprising
the most important battery in the work. The breaching
fire from the columbiads and the rifle gun at Cummings
point upon the right gorge angle, had progressed
sensibly and must have eventually succeeded if continued,
but as yet no guns had been disabled or injured at that
point. The effect of the fire upon the parapet was pronounced.
The gorge, the right face and flank as well as
the left face, were all taken in reverse, and a destructive
fire maintained until the end, while the gun carriages on
the barbette of the gorge were destroyed in the fire of
the blazing quarters.</p></blockquote>

<p>The spirit and language of General Beauregard in communicating
with Major Anderson, and the replies of the
latter, were alike honorable to those distinguished soldiers.
The writer, who was on duty on Sullivan's island,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
as major of Pettigrew's regiment of rifles, recalls vividly
the sense of admiration felt for Major Anderson and his
faithful little command throughout the attack, and at the
surrender of the fort. "While the barracks in Fort Sumter
were in a blaze," wrote General Beauregard to the
secretary of war at Montgomery, "and the interior of the
work appeared untenable from the heat and from the
fire of our batteries (at about which period I sent three
of my aides to offer assistance), whenever the guns of
Fort Sumter would fire upon Moultrie, the men occupying
the Cummings point batteries (Palmetto Guard, Captain
Cuthbert) at each shot would cheer Anderson for his
gallantry, although themselves still firing upon him; and
when on the 15th instant he left the harbor on the steamer
Isabel, the soldiers of the batteries lined the beach, silent
and uncovered, while Anderson and his command passed
before them."</p>

<p>Thus closed the memorable and momentous attack upon
Fort Sumter by the forces of South Carolina, and thus
began the war which lasted until April, 1865, when the
Southern Confederacy, as completely ruined and exhausted
by fire and sword as Fort Sumter in April, 1861,
gave up the hopeless contest and reluctantly accepted the
inevitable.</p>

<p>The following is believed to be a correct list of the
officers who commanded batteries, or directed, particularly,
the firing of the guns, with the commands serving
the same:</p>

<p>On Cummings point: (1) Iron battery&mdash;three 8-inch
columbiads, manned by detachments of Palmetto Guard,
Capt. George B. Cuthbert directing, assisted by Lieut.
G. L. Buist. (2) Point battery&mdash;mortars, by Lieut. N.
Armstrong, assisted by Lieut. R. Holmes; 42-pounders,
Lieut. T. S. Brownfield; rifle gun, directed by Capt. J. P.
Thomas, who, with Lieutenant Armstrong, was an officer
of the South Carolina military academy. Iron battery
and Point battery both manned by Palmetto Guard. (3)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
Trapier battery&mdash;three 10-inch mortars, by Capt. J.
Gadsden King and Lieuts. W. D. H. Kirkwood and
Edward L. Parker; Corp. McMillan King, Jr., and Privates
J. S. and Robert Murdock, pointing the mortars; a
detachment of Marion artillery manning the battery,
assisted by a detachment of the Sumter Guards, Capt.
John Russell.</p>

<p>On Sullivan's island: (1) Fort Moultrie&mdash;Capt. W. R.
Calhoun, Lieutenants Wagner, Rhett, Preston, Sitgreaves,
Mitchell, Parker, Blake (acting engineer). (2)
mortars&mdash;Capt. William Butler and Lieutenants Huguenin,
Mowry, Blocker, Billings and Rice. (3) Mortars&mdash;Lieutenants
Flemming and Blanding. (4) Enfilade&mdash;Captain
Hallonquist and Lieutenants Valentine and Burnet.
(5) Floating battery&mdash;Lieutenants Yates and Frank
Harleston. (6) Dahlgren battery&mdash;Captain Hamilton.</p>

<p>On Mount Pleasant: (1) Mortars&mdash;Captain Martin and
Lieuts. F. H. Robertson and G. W. Reynolds.</p>

<p>On Fort Johnson: (1) Mortars&mdash;Capt. G. S. James and
Lieut. W. H. Gibbes.</p>

<p>Immediately upon the fall of Sumter the most active
and constant efforts were made by Governor Pickens and
General Beauregard to repair and arm the fort, to
strengthen the batteries defending the harbor, and to
defend the city from an attack by the Stono river and
James island. General Beauregard inspected the coast,
and works of defense were begun on James island and
at Port Royal harbor.</p>

<p>But South Carolina was now to enjoy freedom from
attack, by land or sea, until early in November, and while
her soldiers and her people were making ready her defense,
and her sons were flocking to her standard in larger
numbers than she could organize and arm, she was called
upon to go to the help of Virginia. William H. Trescot,
of South Carolina, in his beautiful memorial of Brig.-Gen.
Johnston Pettigrew, has described the spirit with which
"the youth and manhood of the South" responded to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
the call to arms, in language so true, so just and so eloquent,
that the author of this sketch inserts it here.
Writing more than five years after the close of the great
struggle, Mr. Trescot said:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>We who are the vanquished in this battle must of necessity
leave to a calmer and wiser posterity to judge of the
intrinsic worth of that struggle, as it bears upon the
principles of constitutional liberty, and as it must affect
the future history of the American people; but there is
one duty not only possible but imperative, a duty which
we owe alike to the living and the dead, and that is the
preservation in perpetual and tender remembrance of the
lives of those who, to use a phrase scarcely too sacred for
so unselfish a sacrifice, died in the hope that we might
live. Especially is this our duty, because in the South a
choice between the parties and principles at issue was
scarcely possible. From causes which it is exceedingly
interesting to trace, but which I cannot now develop
the feeling of State loyalty had acquired throughout the
South an almost fanatic intensity; particularly in the
old colonial States did this devotion to the State assume
that blended character of affection and duty which gives
in the old world such a chivalrous coloring to loyalty to
the crown.... When, therefore, by the formal and constitutional
act of the States, secession from the Federal government
was declared in 1860 and 1861, it is almost
impossible for any one not familiar with the habits and
thoughts of the South, to understand how completely the
question of duty was settled for Southern men. Shrewd,
practical men who had no faith in the result, old and
eminent men who had grown gray in service under the
national flag, had their doubts and their misgivings; but
there was no hesitation as to what they were to do.
Especially to that great body of men, just coming into
manhood, who were preparing to take their places as the
thinkers and actors of the next generation, was this call
of the State an imperative summons.</p>

<p>The fathers and mothers who had reared them; the
society whose traditions gave both refinement and assurance
to their young ambition; the colleges in which the
creed of Mr. Calhoun was the text-book of their studies;
the friends with whom they planned their future; the
very land they loved, dear to them as thoughtless boys,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
dearer to them as thoughtful men, were all impersonate,
living, speaking, commanding in the State of which they
were children. Never in the history of the world has
there been a nobler response to a more thoroughly recognized
duty; nowhere anything more truly glorious
than this outburst of the youth and manhood of the
South.</p>

<p>And now that the end has come and we have seen it,
it seems to me that to a man of humanity, I care not in
what section his sympathies may have been matured,
there never has been a sadder or sublimer spectacle than
these earnest and devoted men, their young and vigorous
columns marching through Richmond to the Potomac,
like the combatants of ancient Rome, beneath the imperial
throne in the amphitheater, and exclaiming with uplifted
arms, "<i>morituri te salutant</i>."</p></blockquote>

<p>President Lincoln had issued his proclamation calling
for 75,000 volunteers to coerce the South; Virginia had
withdrawn from the Union, and before the end of April
had called Lee, J. E. Johnston and Jackson into her service;
the seat of the Confederate government had been
transferred from Montgomery, Ala., to Richmond; and
early in May, General Beauregard was relieved from duty
in South Carolina and ordered to the command of the
Alexandria line, with headquarters at Manassas Junction.
He had been preceded by General Bonham, then a Confederate
brigadier, with the regiments of Colonels Gregg,
Kershaw, Bacon, Cash, Jenkins and Sloan&mdash;First, Second,
Seventh, Eighth, Fifth and Fourth South Carolina volunteers.</p>

<p>Before General Beauregard's arrival in Virginia, General
Bonham with his Carolina troops had been placed in
command of the Alexandria line, the regiments being
at Fairfax Court House, and other points of this line,
fronting Washington and Alexandria.</p>

<p>These South Carolina regiments were reinforced during
the month of July by the Third, Colonel Williams; the
Sixth, Colonel Rion, and the Ninth, Colonel Blanding.
The infantry of the Hampton legion, under Col. Wade<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
Hampton, reached the battlefield of Manassas on the
morning of July 21st, but in time to take a full share in
that decisive contest.</p>

<p>On the 20th of June, General Beauregard, commanding
the "army of the Potomac," headquarters at Manassas
Junction, organized his army into six brigades, the First
commanded by Bonham, composed of the regiments of
Gregg, Kershaw, Bacon and Cash. Sloan's regiment
was assigned to the Sixth brigade, Early's; and Jenkins'
regiment to the Third, Gen. D. R. Jones. Col. N. G.
Evans, an officer of the old United States army, having
arrived at Manassas, was assigned to command of a
temporary brigade&mdash;Sloan's Fourth South Carolina,
Wheat's Louisiana battalion, two companies Virginia
cavalry, and four 6-pounder guns.</p>

<p>On the 11th of July, General Beauregard wrote to the
President that the enemy was concentrating in his front
at Falls church, with a force of not less than 35,000 men,
and that to oppose him he had only about half that number.
On the 17th, Bonham's brigade, stationed at Fairfax, met
the first aggressive movement of General McDowell's
army, and was attacked early in the morning. By General
Beauregard's orders Bonham retired through Centreville,
and took the position assigned him behind Mitchell's
ford, on Bull run. The Confederate army was in position
behind Bull run, extending from Union Mills ford on the
right to the stone bridge on the left, a distance of 5
miles.</p>

<p>The brigades were stationed, from right to left, as follows:
Ewell, D. R. Jones, Longstreet, Bonham, Cocke,
and Evans on the extreme left. Early was in reserve,
in rear of the right. To each brigade a section or a
battery of artillery was attached, except in the case of
Bonham who had two batteries and six companies of
cavalry attached to his command. Seven other cavalry
companies were distributed among the other brigades.
Bonham's position was behind Mitchell's ford, with his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
four regiments of Carolinians; Jenkins' Fifth regiment
was with General Jones' brigade, behind McLean's ford,
and Sloan's Fourth regiment was with Evans' brigade
on the left, at the stone bridge. With this disposition of his
little army, General Beauregard awaited the development
of the enemy's movement against him.</p>

<p>At noon on the 18th, Bonham at Mitchell's ford and
Longstreet at Blackburn's ford, were attacked with infantry
and artillery, and both attacks were repulsed. General
McDowell was engaged on the 19th and 20th in
reconnoitering the Confederate position, and made no
decided indication of his ultimate purpose. The delay was
golden for the Confederates. Important reinforcements
arrived on the 20th and on the morning of the 21st, which
were chiefly to fight and win the battle, while the main
body of Beauregard's army held the line of Bull run.
General Holmes, from the lower Potomac, came with
over 1,200 infantry, six guns and a fine company of cavalry;
Colonel Hampton, with the infantry of his legion,
600 strong, and the Thirteenth Mississippi; Gen. Joseph
E. Johnston, from the Shenandoah, with Jackson's,
Bee's and Bartow's brigades, 300 of Stuart's cavalry and
two batteries, Imboden's and Pendleton's.</p>

<p>The reinforcements were put in line in rear of the
troops already in position, Bee and Bartow behind Longstreet,
covering McLean's and Blackburn's fords, with
Barksdale's Thirteenth Mississippi; Jackson in rear of
Bonham, covering Mitchell's ford; and Cocke's brigade,
covering the fords further to the left, was strengthened
and supported by a regiment of infantry and six guns,
and Hampton was stationed at the Lewis house. Walton's
and Pendleton's batteries were placed in reserve in
rear of Bonham and Bee. Thus strengthened, the army
of General Beauregard numbered about 30,000 effectives,
with fifty-five guns.</p>

<p>General Beauregard had planned an attack on McDowell's
left, which was to be executed on the 21st; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
before he put his right brigades in motion, McDowell had
crossed two of his divisions at Sudley's ford, two miles to
the left of Evans, who was posted at the stone bridge, and
while threatening Evans and Cocke in front, was marching
rapidly down the rear of Beauregard's left. Satisfied
of this movement, Evans left four companies of the
Fourth South Carolina to defend the bridge, and taking
the six remaining companies of the Fourth, with
Wheat's Louisiana battalion and two guns of Latham's
battery, moved rapidly to his rear and left and formed
his little brigade at right angles to the line on Bull run
and just north of the turnpike road. In this position he
was at once assailed by the advance of the enemy, but held
his ground for an hour, when Bee, who had been moved
up to stone bridge, came to his assistance. Evans, with
his Carolinians and Louisianians; Bee, with his Alabama,
Mississippi and Tennessee regiments, and Bartow with
his Georgia and Kentucky battalions, and the batteries
of Latham and Imboden, with heroic fortitude sustained
the assault for another hour, before falling back south of
the turnpike. It was then evident that the battle was
not to be fought in front of Bull run, but behind it, and
in rear of General Beauregard's extreme left. Both
generals, whose headquarters had been at the Lewis
house, three miles away, hurried to the point of attack
and arrived, as General Johnston reported, "not a moment
too soon." Fifteen thousand splendidly equipped troops
of McDowell's army, with numerous batteries, many of
the guns rifled, were driving back the little brigade of
Evans and the regiments of the gallant Bee and Bartow,
and the moment was critical. The presence and example
of the commanding generals, the firm conduct of the
officers, and the hurrying forward of Hampton with his
legion, and Jackson with his brigade, re-established the
battle on the line of the Henry house, a half mile south
of the turnpike and two miles in the rear of the stone
bridge. Beauregard took immediate command on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
field of battle, and Johnston assumed the general direction
from the Lewis house, whose commanding elevation
gave him a view of the whole field of operations. "The
aspect of affairs (he says in his report) was critical, but I
had full confidence in the skill and indomitable courage
of General Beauregard, the high soldierly qualities of
Generals Bee and Jackson and Colonel Evans, and the
devoted patriotism of the troops."</p>

<p>At this first stage of the battle, from 8:30 to 11 a. m.,
the troops from South Carolina actively engaged were
the Fourth regiment, Colonel Sloan, and the legion of
Hampton. Two companies of the Fourth, thrown out
as skirmishers in front of the stone bridge, fired the first
gun of the battle early in the morning, and the regiment
bore a glorious part in the battle which Evans fought
for the first hour, and in the contest of the second hour
maintained by Bee, Bartow and Evans. The Fourth
lost 11 killed and 79 wounded.</p>

<p>Hampton arrived at the Lewis house in the morning,
and being connected with no particular brigade, was
ordered to march to the stone bridge. On his march,
hearing of the attack on the rear, and the roar of the
battle being distinctly heard, he changed the direction of
his march toward the firing. Arriving at the Robinson
house, he took position in defense of a battery and attacked
the enemy in his front. Advancing to the turnpike under
fire, Lieut.-Col. B. J. Johnson, of the legion, fell, "as,
with the utmost coolness and gallantry, he was placing
our men in position," says his commander. Soon enveloped
by the enemy in this direction, the legion fell back
with the commands of Bee and Evans to the first position
it occupied, and, as before reported, formed an important
element in re-establishing the battle under the immediate
direction of Generals Beauregard and Johnston.</p>

<p>The troops ordered by the commanding generals to
prolong the line of battle, formed at 11 o'clock, took
position on the right and left as they successively arrived,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
those on the left assaulting at once, and vigorously, the
exposed right flank of the enemy, and at each assault
checking, or repulsing, his advance. No attempt will be
made by the author to follow the movements of all of
these gallant troops who thus stemmed the sweeping
advance of strong Federal brigades, and the fire of McDowell's
numerous batteries. He is confined, particularly,
to the South Carolina commands.</p>

<p>The line of battle as now re-established, south of the
Warrenton turnpike, ran at a right angle with the Bull
run line, and was composed of the shattered commands
of Bee, Bartow and Evans on the right, with Hampton's
legion infantry; Jackson in the center, and Gartrell's,
Smith's, Faulkner's and Fisher's regiments, with two
companies of Stuart's cavalry, on the left. The artillery
was massed near the Henry house. With this line the
assaults of Heintzelman's division and the brigades of
Sherman and Keyes, with their batteries, numbering
some 18,000 strong, were resisted with heroic firmness.</p>

<p>By 2 o'clock, Kershaw's Second and Cash's Eighth
South Carolina, General Holmes' brigade of two regiments,
Early's brigade, and Walker's and Latham's batteries,
arrived from the Bull run line and reinforced the
left. The enemy now held the great plateau from which
he had driven our forces, and was being vigorously assailed
on his left by Kershaw and Cash, with Kemper's battery,
and by Early and Stuart. General Beauregard ordered
the advance of his center and right, the latter further
strengthened by Cocke's brigade, taken by General Johnston's
order from its position at the stone bridge.</p>

<p>This charge swept the great plateau, which was then
again in possession of the Confederates. Hampton fell,
wounded in this charge, and Capt. James Conner took
command of the legion. Bee, the heroic and accomplished
soldier, fell at the head of the troops, and Gen. S.
R. Gist, adjutant-general of South Carolina, was wounded
leading the Fourth Alabama. Reinforced, the Federal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
troops again advanced to possess the plateau, but Kirby
Smith's arrival on the extreme left, and his prompt attack,
with Kershaw's command and Stuart's cavalry, defeated
the right of McDowell's advance and threw it into confusion,
and the charge of Beauregard's center and right
completed the victory of Manassas.</p>

<p>In the operations of this memorable day, no troops displayed
more heroic courage and fortitude than the troops
from South Carolina, who had the fortune to bear a part
in this the first great shock of arms between the contending
sections. These troops were the Second regiment,
Col. J. B. Kershaw; the Fourth, Col. J. B. E. Sloan;
the Eighth, Col. E. B. Cash; the Legion infantry, Col.
Wade Hampton, and the Fifth, Col. Micah Jenkins.
The latter regiment was not engaged in the great battle,
but, under orders, crossed Bull run and attacked the strong
force in front of McLean's ford. The regiment was
wholly unsupported and was forced to withdraw, Colonel
Jenkins rightly deeming an assault, under the circumstances,
needless.</p>

<p>The following enumeration of losses is taken from the
several reports of commanders as published in the War
Records, Vol. II, p. 570: Kershaw's regiment, 5 killed,
43 wounded; Sloan's regiment, 11 killed, 79 wounded;
Jenkins' regiment, 3 killed, 23 wounded; Cash's regiment,
5 killed, 23 wounded; Hampton's legion, 19 killed, 102
wounded; total, 43 killed, 270 wounded.</p>

<p>Gen. Barnard Elliott Bee, who fell, leading in the final
and triumphant charge of the Confederates, was a South
Carolinian. Col. C. H. Stevens, a volunteer on his staff,
his near kinsman, and the distinguished author of the
iron battery at Sumter, was severely wounded. Lieut.-Col.
B. J. Johnson, who fell in the first position taken by
the Hampton legion, was a distinguished and patriotic
son of the State, and Lieut. O. R. Horton, of the Fourth,
who was killed in front of his company, had been prominent
in the battle of the early morning. At Manassas,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
South Carolina was well represented by her faithful sons,
who willingly offered their lives in defense of her principles
and her honor. The blood she shed on that ever-memorable
field was but the token of the great offering
with which it was yet to be stained by the sacrifices of
more than a thousand of her noblest sons.</p>

<p>The battle of Manassas fought and won, and trophies
of the Confederate victory gathered from the plateau of
the great strife, and from the line of the Union army's
retreat, the South Carolina troops with General Beauregard's
command were put into two brigades, Bonham's,
the First, and D. R. Jones', the Third. The Second,
Third, Seventh and Eighth regiments made up General
Bonham's brigade; the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Ninth,
General Jones' brigade. Gregg's First regiment was at
Norfolk, and Hampton's legion was not brigaded. Headquarters
were established at Fairfax Court House, and
the Confederate line ran from Springfield on the Orange
&amp; Alexandria railroad to Little Falls above Georgetown.
No event of great importance occurred in which the
troops of South Carolina took part, in Virginia, during
the remainder of the summer.</p>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>AFFAIRS ON THE COAST&mdash;LOSS OF PORT ROYAL HARBOR&mdash;GEN.
R. E. LEE IN COMMAND OF THE DEPARTMENT&mdash;LANDING
OF FEDERALS AT PORT ROYAL
FERRY&mdash;GALLANT FIGHT ON EDISTO ISLAND&mdash;GENERAL
PEMBERTON SUCCEEDS LEE IN COMMAND&mdash;DEFENSIVE
LINE, APRIL, 1862.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">Throughout</span> the summer of 1861, in Charleston
and along the coast of South Carolina, all was
activity in the work of preparation and defense.
On August 21st, Brig.-Gen. R. S. Ripley, whose promotion
to that rank had been applauded by the soldiers and
citizens of the State, was assigned to the "department of
South Carolina and the coast defenses of that State."
On assuming command, General Ripley found the governor
and people fully alive to the seriousness of the situation,
and everything being done which the limited
resources of the State permitted, to erect fortifications
and batteries on the coast, and to arm and equip troops
for State and Confederate service.</p>

<p>Governor Pickens wrote to the secretary of war at
Richmond about the time of the Federal expedition to
North Carolina, and the capture of the batteries at Hatteras
inlet, urgently requesting that Gregg's First regiment
might be sent him from Virginia, as he expected
an attack to be made at some point on the coast. In this
letter he begged that 40,000 pounds of cannon powder be
forwarded from Norfolk at once. The governor had
bought in December, 1860, and January, 1861, 300,000
pounds from Hazard's mills in Connecticut, for the use
of the State, but he had loaned 25,000 pounds to the governor
of North Carolina, 5,000 pounds to the governor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
Florida, and a large amount to the governor of Tennessee.
Of what remained he needed 40,000 pounds to supply
"about 100 guns on the coast below Charleston."
The governor estimated the troops in the forts and on the
islands around Charleston at 1,800 men, all well drilled,
and a reserve force in the city of 3,000. These forces,
with Manigault's, Heyward's, Dunovant's and Orr's
regiments, he estimated at about 9,500 effective.</p>

<p>On October 1st, General Ripley reported his Confederate
force, not including the battalion of regular artillery
and the regiment of regular infantry, at 7,713 effectives,
stationed as follows: Orr's First rifles, on Sullivan's
island, 1,521; Hagood's First, Cole's island and stone
forts, 1,115; Dunovant's Twelfth, north and south
Edisto, 367; Manigault's Tenth, Georgetown and
defenses, 538; Jones' Fourteenth, camp near Aiken,
739; Heyward's Eleventh, Beaufort and defenses, 758;
cavalry, camp near Columbia, 173; cavalry, camp near
Aiken, 62; arsenal, Charleston (artillery), 68; Edwards'
Thirteenth, De Saussure's Fifteenth, and remainder of
Dunovant's Twelfth, 2,372.</p>

<p>On the first day of November, the governor received the
following dispatch from the acting secretary of war: "I
have just received information which I consider entirely
reliable, that the enemy's expedition is intended for Port
Royal." Governor Pickens answered: "Please telegraph
General Anderson at Wilmington, and General
Lawton at Savannah, to send what forces they can spare,
as the difficulty with us is as to arms." Ripley replied,
"Will act at once. A fine, strong, southeast gale blowing,
which will keep him off for a day or so." The fleet
sailed from Hampton Roads on the 29th of October, and
on the 4th of November the leading vessels that had
withstood the gale appeared off Port Royal harbor. The
storm had wrecked several of the transports, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
whole fleet suffered and was delayed until the 7th, before
Admiral DuPont was ready to move in to the attack of
the forts defending this great harbor.</p>

<p>Port Royal harbor was defended by two forts, Walker
and Beauregard, the former on Hilton Head island, and
the latter on Bay point opposite. The distance across
the harbor, from fort to fort, is nearly 3 miles, the harbor
ample and deep, and the water on the bar allowing the
largest vessels to enter without risk. A fleet of 100 sail
could maneuver between Forts Walker and Beauregard
and keep out of range of all but their heaviest guns. To
defend such a point required guns of the longest range
and the heaviest weight of metal.</p>

<p>In planning the defense of Port Royal, General Beauregard
designed that batteries of 10-inch columbiads and
rifled guns should be placed on the water fronts of both
forts, and so directed; but the guns were not to be had,
and the engineers, Maj. Francis D. Lee and Capt. J. W.
Gregory, were obliged to mount the batteries of the forts
with such guns as the Confederate government and the
governor of South Carolina could command. The forts
were admirably planned and built, the planters in the
vicinity of the forts supplying all the labor necessary, so
that by September 1, 1861, they were ready for the
guns.</p>

<p>Fort Walker mounted twenty guns and Fort Beauregard
nineteen, but of this armament Walker could use but
thirteen, and Beauregard but seven against a fleet attacking
from the front. The rest of the guns were placed
for defense against attack by land, or were too light to
be of any use. The twenty guns of Walker and Beauregard
that were used in the battle with the fleet, were
wholly insufficient, both in weight of metal and number.
The heaviest of the guns in Walker were two columbiads,
10-inch and 8-inch, and a 9-inch rifled Dahlgren.
The rest of the thirteen were 42, 32 and 24 pounders. Of
the seven guns in Beauregard, one was a 10-inch colum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>biad,
and one a 24-pounder, rifled. The rest were 42 and
32 pounders; one of the latter fired hot shot.</p>

<p>Col. William C. Heyward, Eleventh South Carolina
volunteers, commanded at Fort Walker, and Col. R. G.
M. Dunovant, of the Twelfth, commanded at Fort Beauregard.
The guns at Walker were manned by Companies
A and B, of the German Flying Artillery, Capts. D.
Werner and H. Harms; Company C, Eleventh volunteers,
Capt. Josiah Bedon, and detachments from the
Eleventh under Capt. D. S. Canaday. Maj. Arthur M.
Huger, of the Charleston artillery battalion, was in command
of the front batteries, and of the whole fort after
Col. John A. Wagener was disabled. The guns in Fort
Beauregard were manned by the Beaufort artillery;
Company A, Eleventh volunteers, Capt. Stephen Elliott,
and Company D, Eleventh volunteers, Capt. J. J. Harrison;
Captain Elliott directing the firing. The infantry
support at Walker was composed of three companies of
the Eleventh and four companies of the Twelfth, and
a company of mounted men under Capt. I. H. Screven.
The fighting force of Fort Walker then, on the morning
of the 7th of November, preparing to cope with the great
fleet about to attack, was represented by thirteen guns,
manned and supported by 622 men. The infantry support
at Fort Beauregard was composed of six companies
of the Twelfth, the whole force at Beauregard, under
Colonel Dunovant, amounting to 640 men and seven
guns.</p>

<p>Brig.-Gen. Thomas F. Drayton, with headquarters at
Beaufort, commanded the defenses at Port Royal harbor
and vicinity. He removed his headquarters to Hilton
Head on the 5th, and pushed forward every preparation
in his power for the impending battle. The remote
position of Fort Beauregard and the interposition of the
fleet, lying just out of range, made it impossible to reinforce
that point. An attempt made early on the morning
of the 7th, supported by the gallant Commodore Tattnall,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
was prevented by the actual intervention of the leading
battleships of the enemy. Fort Walker, however,
received just before the engagement, a reinforcement of
the Fifteenth volunteers, Colonel DeSaussure, 650
strong; Captain Read's battery of two 12-pounder howitzers,
50 men and 450 Georgia infantry, under Capt. T. J.
Berry.</p>

<p>The morning of the 7th of November was a still, clear,
beautiful morning, "not a ripple," wrote General Drayton,
"upon the broad expanse of water to disturb the
accuracy of fire from the broad decks of that magnificent
armada, about advancing in battle array." The attack
came about 9 o'clock, nineteen of the battleships
moving up and following each other in close order, firing
upon Fort Beauregard as they passed, then turning to
the left and south, passing in range of Walker, and pouring
broadside after broadside into that fort. Captain
Elliott reports: "This circuit was performed three
times, after which they remained out of reach of any
except our heaviest guns." From this position the heavy
metal and long range guns of nineteen batteries poured
forth a ceaseless bombardment of both Beauregard and
Walker, but paying most attention to the latter.</p>

<p>Both forts replied with determination, the gunners
standing faithfully to their guns, but the vastly superior
weight of metal and the number of the Federal batteries,
and the distance of their positions from the forts (never
less than 2,500 yards from Beauregard and 2,000 from
Walker), made the contest hopeless for the Confederates
almost from the first shot. Shortly after the engagement
began, several of the largest vessels took flanking positions
out of reach of the 32-pounder guns in Walker, and
raked the parapet of that fort. "So soon as these positions
had been established," reported Major Huger, "the
fort was fought simply as a point of honor, for from that
moment we were defeated." This flank fire, with the
incessant direct discharge of the fleet's heavy batteries,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
dismounted or disabled most of Fort Walker's guns.
The 10-inch columbiad was disabled early in the action;
the shells for the rifled guns were too large to be used,
and the ammunition for all but the 32-pounders exhausted,
when, after four hours of hard fighting, Colonel
Heyward ordered that two guns should be served slowly,
while the sick and wounded were removed from the fort;
that accomplished, the fort to be abandoned. Thus terminated
the fight at Fort Walker.</p>

<p>At Fort Beauregard, the battle went more fortunately
for the Confederates. A caisson was exploded by the
fire of the fleet, and the rifled 24-pounder burst, and several
men and officers were wounded by these events, but
none of the guns were dismounted, and Captain Elliott
only ceased firing when Walker was abandoned. In his
report, he says: "Our fire was directed almost exclusively
at the larger vessels. They were seen to be struck
repeatedly, but the distance, never less than 2,500 yards,
prevented our ascertaining the extent of injury." General
Drayton successfully conducted his retreat from
Hilton Head, and Colonel Dunovant from Bay point, all
the troops being safely concentrated on the main behind
Beaufort.</p>

<p>The taking of Port Royal harbor on the 7th of November,
1861, gave the navy of the United States a safe and
ample anchorage, while the numerous and rich islands
surrounding it afforded absolutely safe and comfortable
camping grounds for the army of Gen. T. W. Sherman,
who was specially in charge of this expedition. The
effect of this Union victory was to give the fleet and
army of the United States a permanent and abundant
base of operations against the whole coast of South Carolina,
and against either Charleston or Savannah, as the
Federal authorities might elect; but its worst result was
the immediate abandonment of the whole sea-island
country around Beaufort, the houses and estates of the
planters being left to pillage and ruin, and thousands of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
negro slaves falling into the hands of the enemy. General
Sherman wrote to his government, from Hilton
Head, that the effect of his victory was startling. Every
white inhabitant had left the islands of Hilton Head, St.
Helena, Ladies, and Port Royal, and the beautiful
estates of the planters were at the mercy of hordes of
negroes.</p>

<p>The loss of the forts had demonstrated the power of the
Federal fleet, and the impossibility of defending the
island coast with the guns which the State and the Confederacy
could furnish. The 32 and 42 pounders were
no match for the 11-inch batteries of the fleet, and gunboats
of light draught, carrying such heavy guns, could
enter the numerous rivers and creeks and cut off forts or
batteries at exposed points, while larger vessels attacked
them, as at Port Royal, in front. It was evident that
the rich islands of the coast were at the mercy of the
Federal fleet, whose numerous gunboats and armed
steamers, unopposed by forts or batteries, could cover
the landing of troops at any point or on any island
selected.</p>

<p>On the capture of Port Royal, it was uncertain, of
course, what General Sherman's plans would be, or what
force he had with which to move on the railroad between
Charleston and Savannah. The fleet was ample for all
aggressive purposes along the coast, but it was not
known at the time that the army numbered less than
15,000 men, all told. But it was well known how easily a
landing could be effected within a few miles of the railroad
bridges crossing the three upper branches of the
Broad river, the Coosawhatchie, Tulifinny and Pocotaligo,
and the rivers nearer to Charleston, the Combahee,
Ashepoo and Edisto. Bluffton, easily reached by gunboats,
afforded a good landing and base for operations
against the railroad at Hardeeville, only 4 miles from
the Savannah river, and 15 from the city of Savannah.
On this account, General Ripley, assisted by the planters,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
caused the upper branches of the Broad, and the other
rivers toward Charleston to be obstructed, and meanwhile
stationed the troops at his command at points covering
the landings.</p>

<p>General Drayton, with a part of Martin's regiment of
cavalry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Colcock, and Heyward's
and De Saussure's regiments, was watching Bluffton
and the roads to Hendersonville. Clingman's and
Radcliffe's North Carolina regiments, with artillery
under Col. A. J. Gonzales, Captain Trezevant's company
of cavalry, and the Charleston Light Dragoons and the
Rutledge Riflemen, were stationed in front of Grahamville,
to watch the landings from the Broad. Colonel
Edwards' regiment and Moore's light battery were at
Coosawhatchie, Colonel Dunovant's at Pocotaligo, and
Colonel Jones', with Tripp's company of cavalry, in front
of the important landing at Port Royal ferry. Colonel
Martin, with part of his regiment of cavalry, was in
observation at the landings on Combahee, Ashepoo and
Edisto rivers. The idea of this disposition, made by
Ripley immediately upon the fall of Forts Walker and
Beauregard, was to guard the railroad bridges, and keep
the troops in hand to be moved for concentration in case
any definite point was attacked.</p>

<p>On the 8th of November, the day after Port Royal was
taken, Gen. Robert E. Lee took command of the department
of South Carolina and Georgia, by order of the
President of the Confederacy. It was evident to him
that the mouths of the rivers and the sea islands, except
those immediately surrounding the harbor of Charleston,
could not be defended with the guns and troops at his
command, and, disappointing and distressing as such a
view was to the governor and especially to the island
planters, whose homes and estates must be abandoned
and ruined, General Lee prepared for the inevitable.
He wrote to General Ripley, in Charleston, to review the
whole subject and suggest what changes should be made.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
"I am in favor," he wrote, "of abandoning all exposed
points as far as possible within reach of the enemy's fleet
of gunboats, and of taking interior positions, where all
can meet on more equal terms. All our resources should
be applied to those positions." Subsequently the government
at Richmond ordered General Lee, by telegraph,
to withdraw all his forces from the islands to the mainland.
When the order was carried out, it was done at
a terrible sacrifice, to which the planters and citizens
yielded in patient and noble submission, turning their
backs upon their homes and their property with self-sacrificing
devotion to the cause of Southern independence.
Never were men and women subjected to a greater test
of the depth and strength of their sentiments, or put to
a severer trial of their patriotism, than were the planters
and their families, who abandoned their houses and
estates along the coast of South Carolina, and retired as
refugees into the interior, all the men who were able
entering the army.</p>

<p>At the time of the fall of Forts Walker and Beauregard,
Charleston harbor was defended by Forts Moultrie
and Sumter, Castle Pinckney and Fort Johnson, and by
batteries on Sullivan's and Morris islands. All these
were to be strengthened, and the harbor made secure
against any attack in front. To prevent the occupation
of James island, the mouth of Stono river was defended
by forts built on Cole's and Battery islands, and a line
of defensive works built across the island. No attempt
had been made to erect forts or batteries in defense of
the inlets of Worth or South Edisto, but the harbor of
Georgetown was protected by works unfinished on Cat
and South islands, for twenty guns, the heaviest of which
were 32-pounders.</p>

<p>When General Lee took command, November 8th,
he established his headquarters at Coosawhatchie, and
divided the line of defense into five military districts,
from east to west, as follows: The First, from the North<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
Carolina line to the South Santee, under Col. A. M.
Manigault, Tenth volunteers, with headquarters at
Georgetown; the Second, from the South Santee to the
Stono, under Gen. R. S. Ripley, with headquarters at
Charleston; the Third, from the Stono to the Ashepoo,
under Gen. N. G. Evans, with headquarters at Adams'
run; the Fourth, from Ashepoo to Port Royal entrance,
under Gen. J. C. Pemberton, with headquarters at Coosawhatchie;
the Fifth, the remainder of the line to the
Savannah river, under Gen. T. F. Drayton, with headquarters
at Hardeeville.</p>

<p>On the 27th of December, General Lee wrote to Governor
Pickens that his movable force for the defense of
the State, not including the garrisons of the forts at
Georgetown and those of Moultrie, Sumter, Johnson,
Castle Pinckney and the works for the defense of the
approaches through Stono, Wappoo, etc., which could
not be removed from their posts, amounted to 10,036
Confederate troops&mdash;the Fourth brigade, South Carolina
militia, 1,531 strong; Colonel Martin's mounted regiment,
567 strong; two regiments from North Carolina,
Clingman's and Radcliffe's; two regiments from Tennessee,
the Eighth and Sixteenth, and Colonel Starke's Virginia
regiment; the Tennesseeans and Virginians making
a brigade under Brigadier-General Donelson. The above,
with four field batteries, made up the force scattered
from Charleston to the Savannah river, and stationed
along the line, on the mainland, in front of the headquarters
above named.</p>

<p>Nothing of great importance occurred for the remainder
of the year 1861 along the coast of South Carolina,
except the sinking of a "stone fleet" of some twenty
vessels across the main ship channel on December 20th,
in Charleston harbor. This was done by the order of
the United States government to assist the blockade of
the port, and was pronounced by General Lee as an
"achievement unworthy of any nation."</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>

<p>On January 1, 1862, at Port Royal ferry, was demonstrated
the ease with which a large force could be placed
on the mainland under the protection of the fleet batteries.
Brig.-Gen. Isaac Stevens landed a brigade of 3,000
men for the purpose of capturing a supposed battery of
heavy guns, which, it was believed, the Confederates had
built at the head of the causeway leading to Port Royal
ferry. Landing from Chisolm's island, some distance
east of the small earthwork, Col. James Jones, Fourteenth
volunteers, had promptly withdrawn the guns in
the earthwork, except a 12-pounder, which was overturned
in a ditch. Believing the movement to be an
attack in force upon the railroad, Colonel Jones disposed
his regiment and a part of the Twelfth, under Lieut.-Col.
Dixon Barnes, with a section of Leake's battery, and 42
mounted men, under Major Oswald, for resisting the
attack, forming his line about a mile from the ferry.
But there was no engagement. The deserted earthwork
was easily captured, and the 12-pounder gun righted on
its carriage and hauled off, under the constant bombardment
of the vessels in the Coosaw river. The opposing
troops caught glimpses of each other, and fired accordingly,
but not much harm was done on either side. Colonel
Jones lost Lieut. J. A. Powers and 6 men killed and
20 wounded by the fire of the gunboats, and Colonel
Barnes, 1 man killed and 4 wounded; 32 casualties. The
Federal general reported 2 men killed, 12 wounded and
1 captured. During the winter and early spring the fleet
was busy exploring the rivers, sounding the channels, and
landing reconnoitering parties on the various islands.</p>

<p>Edisto island was garrisoned early in February, and
the commander, Col. Henry Moore, Forty-seventh New
York, wrote to the adjutant-general in Washington, on
the 15th, that he was within 25 miles of Charleston; considered
Edisto island "the great key" to that city, and
with a reinforcement of 10,000 men could "in less than
three days be in Charleston."</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>

<p>It will be noted in this connection that early in March,
General Lee was called to Richmond and placed in command
of the armies of the Confederacy, and General
Pemberton, promoted to major-general, was assigned to
the department of South Carolina and Georgia. Major-General
Hunter, of the Federal army, had assumed command
instead of General Sherman, the last of March, and
reported to his government, "about 17,000 troops scattered
along the coast from St. Augustine, Fla., to North
Edisto inlet." Of these troops, 12,230 were on the
South Carolina coast&mdash;4,500 on Hilton Head island;
3,600 at Beaufort; 1,400 on Edisto, and the rest at other
points. The force on Edisto was advanced to the northern
part of the island, with a strong guard on Little
Edisto, which touches the mainland and is cut off from
the large island by Watts' cut and a creek running across
its northern neck. Communication with the large island
from Little Edisto is by a bridge and causeway, about
the middle of the creek's course.</p>

<p>This being the situation, General Evans, commanding
the Third district, with headquarters at Adams' run,
determined to capture the guard on Little Edisto and
make an armed reconnoissance on the main island. The
project was intrusted to Col. P. F. Stevens, commanding
the Holcombe legion, and was quite successfully
executed. On the morning of March 29th, before day,
Colonel Stevens, with his legion, Nelson's battalion,
and a company of cavalry, attacked and dispersed the
picket at Watts cut, crossed and landed on the main island
west of the bridge, which communicated with Little
Edisto. Moving south into the island, he detached
Maj. F. G. Palmer, with seven companies, 260 men, to
attack the picket at the bridge, cross over to Little Edisto,
burn the bridge behind him, and capture the force thus cut
off on Little Edisto, which was believed to be at least two
companies. Palmer carried the bridge by a charge, and
crossing over, left two of his staff, Rev. John D. McCul<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>lough,
chaplain of the legion, and Mr. Irwin, with Lieutenant
Bishop's company of the legion, to burn the
bridge, and pushed on after the retreating force. Day
had broken, but a heavy fog obscured every object, and
the attack on the Federals was made at great disadvantage.
Palmer captured a lieutenant and 20 men and non-commissioned
officers, the remainder of the force escaping
in the fog. Colonel Stevens marched within sound of
the long roll beating in the camps in the interior, and
taking a few prisoners, returned to the mainland by
Watts' cut, and Palmer crossed his command and prisoners
over at the north end of Little Edisto in a small boat,
which could only carry five men at a time, flats which
were on the way to him having failed to arrive. Several
of the Federal soldiers were killed and wounded in
this affair, the Confederates having two slightly wounded.
But for the dense fog the entire force on Little Edisto
would have been captured.</p>

<p>General Pemberton, on assuming command, executed
General Lee's purpose and ordered the removal of the
guns from Fort Palmetto on Cole's island, at the mouth
of the Stono, and from the works at the mouth of
Georgetown harbor. Georgetown was then at the mercy
of the fleet, but there was no help for it, for Port Royal
had shown that the guns which the Confederates could
command were practically inefficient against the batteries
of the fleet. For the rear defense of Charleston, James
island must be the battleground, and the forces on the
mainland, along the line of the Charleston &amp; Savannah
railroad, must depend upon rapid concentration to resist
an advance from any one of the numerous landings in
front of that line. The regiment of regular South Carolina
infantry, and the regiment of regular artillery,
splendidly drilled as gunners, and officered by accomplished
soldiers, garrisoned the harbor defenses, and Ripley's
energy and high capacity were constantly exerted to
secure a perfect defense of the city of Charleston.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>

<p>The troops on James island and on the line of railroad,
as reported April 30, 1862, present for duty, numbered
22,275, rank and file, stationed as follows: In the
First district, Col. R. F. Graham, 1,254; Second district,
Brigadier-General Ripley, 8,672; Third district, Brigadier-General
Evans, 5,400; Fourth district, Col. P. H.
Colquitt, 1,582; Fifth district, Col. P. H. Colquitt, 2,222;
Sixth district, Brigadier-General Drayton, 3,145; total,
22,275.</p>

<p>The above statement includes infantry, artillery and
cavalry. They were all South Carolina troops except
Phillips' Georgia legion (infantry), Thornton's Virginia
battery, and a company of Georgia cavalry, under Capt.
T. H. Johnson. Manigault's Tenth volunteers and
Moragné's Nineteenth, with the two Tennessee regiments
under Brigadier-General Donelson, had been sent to Corinth
to reinforce Beauregard in the west, and Dunovant's
Twelfth, Edwards' Thirteenth, McGowan's Fourteenth
(Col. James Jones having resigned), and Orr's rifles had
gone to the aid of General Johnston in Virginia. Such
was the situation in South Carolina at the close of April,
1862.</p>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>SOUTH CAROLINIANS IN VIRGINIA&mdash;BATTLE OF WILLIAMSBURG&mdash;ELTHAM'S
LANDING&mdash;SEVEN PINES
AND FAIR OAKS&mdash;NINE-MILE ROAD&mdash;GAINES' MILL&mdash;SAVAGE
STATION&mdash;FRAYSER'S FARM&mdash;MALVERN
HILL.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">In</span> Virginia, Gen. George B. McClellan had been placed
in command of the great army which he had fully
organized, and his headquarters had been established
at Fort Monroe early in April, preparatory to his advance
upon Richmond by way of the James river and the peninsula.
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston commanded the Confederate
army for the defense of Richmond, with headquarters
at Yorktown, April 17th. Holding Yorktown
and the line which ran across the peninsula to the Warwick,
until the 4th of May, Johnston retired from Williamsburg.
His army, about 53,000 strong, was opposed
by McClellan's splendidly equipped and organized army,
estimated by General Johnston at 133,000. It was Johnston's
intention to fall back slowly on the defenses of
Richmond, and then, being joined by the division of
Huger from Norfolk, and other reinforcements which he
expected the Confederate government would order to his
army, to give McClellan battle in front of those defenses
on more equal terms.</p>

<p>Johnston's army at that time was composed of the
divisions of Magruder (commanded by D. R. Jones),
Longstreet, D. H. Hill and G. W. Smith. Magruder
and Smith had passed beyond Williamsburg on the
march to Richmond, and Hill, encumbered with the
trains and baggage, was also moving beyond that point,
on the afternoon of the 4th, when Longstreet's rear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
guard was attacked, in front of Williamsburg, by the
Federal advance. This attack was met and checked
by two brigades under Brigadier-General McLaws
(Semmes' and Kershaw's), with Manly's battery. In
this brief history, the writer is confined, by the plan of
the work, to the part taken in each action by the troops
of South Carolina. The grateful task of speaking of
troops from other States is resigned with the understanding
that ample justice will be done them by writers who
have been selected to record the history of their courage,
skill and devotion as soldiers of the Confederacy.</p>

<p>In this affair of the afternoon of the 4th of May, Kershaw's
brigade, the Second, Third, Seventh and Eighth
South Carolina, bore a part, and though but little blood
was spilled, the gallant conduct of the brigade received the
notice and commendation of General McLaws, who, in
reporting the action, said: "I call attention to the
promptness with which General Kershaw placed his men
in the various positions assigned him, and the readiness
with which he seized on the advantage offered by the
ground as he advanced to the front.... His command
obeyed his orders with an alacrity and skill creditable to
the gallant and obedient soldiers composing it." The
result of the combat was, that McLaws checked the Federal
advance, captured several prisoners, one piece of
artillery, three caissons, and disabled a battery, and lost
not exceeding 15 men killed, wounded and missing. A
part of Stuart's cavalry was also engaged, and that officer
complimented the conduct of the Hampton legion cavalry
in high terms, for "a brilliant dash upon the enemy's
cavalry in front of Fort Magruder.... Disinterested
officers, spectators, speak in the most glowing terms of
that portion of my brigade."</p>

<p>It was evident to General Johnston that the safety of
his trains required that a more decided opposition be
offered to the Federal advance, and Longstreet's division
was put in position to meet it on the following morn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>ing.
The battle which followed, accordingly, on the 5th,
fulfilled the general's expectations, and was a bloody
engagement, continuing at intervals from early morning
until near dark, the two divisions (Longstreet's under
Anderson and D. H. Hill's) repelling the assaults of
thirty-three regiments of infantry, six batteries of artillery,
and three regiments of cavalry.</p>

<p>The battle in front of Williamsburg was fought in terrible
weather, the whole country flooded by the rains,
the roads almost impassable for artillery, and the troops
"wading in mud and slush," as General Hill expressed
it. On the morning of the 5th, Longstreet held the forts
and line in front of Williamsburg. Anderson's South
Carolina brigade, commanded by Col. Micah Jenkins,
was stationed in Fort Magruder, and in the redoubts and
breastworks to the right and left of the fort. This brigade
was composed of the Palmetto sharpshooters,
Lieut.-Col. Joseph Walker; Fourth battalion, Maj.
C. S. Mattison; Fifth, Col. John R. Giles, and Sixth,
Col. John Bratton, Lieut.-Col. J. M. Steedman.</p>

<p>The position at Fort Magruder was the center of Longstreet's
line and was the point at which the battle opened
at 6 o'clock in the morning. Major Mattison, commanding
the pickets in front of Fort Magruder, was
sharply engaged, and being reinforced by a battalion of
the sharpshooters, had quite a picket battle before retiring
to the fort. The attack on Fort Magruder and on
the redoubts and breastworks to the right and left of it,
was at once opened with artillery and infantry, and the
superiority of the Federal artillery and small-arms put
Jenkins' command at great disadvantage. But the artillery
in the fort and the redoubts was so well directed,
the gallant gunners stood so heroically to their guns,
and were so firmly supported by the Carolina infantry,
that the Federal columns could not assault the line, and
were driven back and compelled by noon to change the
point of attack further to the Confederate left. Mean<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>while,
Longstreet was assailing the Federal left, and
gaining ground with the remainder of his division, supported
by reinforcements from Hill's, called back from
their march beyond Williamsburg. In the afternoon,
General Hill brought his whole division on the field, and
reinforcing the center, commanded by Anderson, and
leading the left in person, a final advance was made
which ended the fighting by sunset, the Confederates
occupying the field, the Federals being repulsed from
right to left.</p>

<p>In the defense of the center and left, Anderson's brigade,
under Jenkins, bore a conspicuous part. In Fort
Magruder, the Richmond howitzers and the Fayette
artillery lost so many men by the fire of the enemy, that
details were made by Colonel Jenkins from the infantry
to relieve the men at the guns. By concentrating the
artillery fire on particular batteries in succession, and
by volley firing at the gunners, Jenkins compelled his
assailants to shift their positions, while the regiments of
Bratton, Giles, Walker and Mattison poured their well-directed
fire into the threatening columns of Federal
infantry.</p>

<p>At an important period of the battle on the right, when
the Federal left had been driven back and was exposed
to the full fire of Fort Magruder, every gun was turned
upon it. In the afternoon, and just before D. H. Hill's
attack on his right, the Federal commander had gained
a position almost turning the Confederate left. At this
critical juncture, the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth South
Carolina regiments, with the Fourteenth Alabama, Major
Royston, splendidly supported by Dearing's and Stribling's
batteries, and three guns under Lieutenant Fortier,
met the movement with firmness, and, aided by the
fire from Fort Magruder, checked and repulsed the Federal
right, and held the Confederate left intact.</p>

<p>General McClellan claimed a great victory at Williamsburg,
basing his claim upon the occupation of the town the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
next day, the capture of 300 prisoners and 1,000 wounded,
and five guns. But the fact is, that the battle was fought
by General Johnston with two divisions of his army, for
no other purpose than to secure his trains and make good
his retreat upon Richmond, and this he accomplished.
The divisions that fought the battle slept on the field, and
left their positions without molestation on the morning
of the 6th. Johnston marched only 12 miles on the 6th,
and was not pursued. Four hundred wounded were left
at Williamsburg because he had no ambulances, and the
wagons were out of reach on the march toward Richmond.
Four hundred prisoners, several stand of colors,
and cannon were taken, and the Confederate loss, 1,560
killed and wounded, was only two-thirds that of the Federals.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>
With these facts before us, Williamsburg cannot
be considered a victory for General McClellan.</p>

<p>Regarding the morale of the Confederate army at this
period, a distinguished commander of one of its divisions
wrote: "Our revolutionary sires did not suffer more at
Valley Forge than did our army at Yorktown, and in the
retreat from it. Notwithstanding the rain, cold, mud,
hunger, watching and fatigue, I never heard a murmur,
nor witnessed a single act of insubordination. The want
of discipline manifested itself only in straggling, which
is the curse of our army."</p>

<p>The security of General Johnston's march toward
Richmond was seriously threatened on the second day
after the battle at Williamsburg, May 7th. The menace
came from the direction of Eltham's landing, at the
head of the York, where General McClellan was disembarking
several of the divisions of his army. Franklin's
division had landed, and was in line of battle well in
front and covering the disembarkation of the other divisions.
In this position, Franklin's advance was within 3
miles of Johnston's line of march, and his trains and artil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>lery
were in danger. Gen. G. W. Smith's division, under
Whiting, was halted at Barhamsville (West Point) until
the rest of the army had passed, and had been kept fully
apprised of the Federal position between Barhamsville
and the river. To keep the enemy back until the army
had passed this point, General Smith ordered Whiting's
division to move out toward the river and attack and drive
back the Federal line. The attack was made by Hood's
Texas brigade and two commands of Hampton's brigade,
with S. D. Lee's artillery. The troops engaged on
the Federal side composed the division of Franklin.</p>

<p>It was a spirited affair, the Hampton legion infantry,
commanded by Lieut.-Col. J. B. Griffin and Maj. James
Conner, and the Nineteenth Georgia, Lieutenant-Colonel
Johnson, vying with Hood's gallant Texans in the steady
advance. The Federals were driven back to the river
line and held their position firmly, and the guns of the
fleet being opened on the Confederates, Hood and Hampton
withdrew their supports and resumed the march that
night toward New Kent Court House. Hood lost 8
killed and 28 wounded, and Hampton, 12 wounded.
Forty-six prisoners were taken. The reported loss of
General Franklin was, killed 48, wounded 110, captured
28; total 186.</p>

<p>After the affair, General Franklin reported it a success
for his division, and concluded by congratulating
himself that he had maintained his position. Hampton,
in his report, complimented the officers and men of the
legion, and of the Nineteenth Georgia, and mentioned
particularly Lieutenant-Colonel Griffin, commanding his
infantry battalion, Major Conner, in command of skirmishers,
and Maj. Stephen D. Lee, commanding his
artillery. In this affair the Confederates had five regiments
and a battery actually engaged, and a brigade in
support (but not engaged) on each flank. The return of
casualties by the Federal record shows losses in six regiments,
and a battery. The affair occurred for the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
part in the woods east and west of the road leading from
Barhamsville to Eltham's landing, and within range of
the guns of the vessels in York river.</p>

<p>Arriving before the defenses of Richmond, General
Johnston encamped his army north and east of the city,
with grand guards well out on the roads leading from
Richmond to the crossing of the Chickahominy, and in
the direction of the landings on the James. His cavalry,
under Stuart, was immediately in observation of the
troops of Franklin at Eltham, and of General McClellan's
main advance from Williamsburg. The Federal army
moved up the peninsula by the roads leading to White
House, on the Pamunkey, and thence, on the north side
of the Chickahominy, as far as Mechanicsville. All the
bridges, including the York river railroad bridge crossing
the Chickahominy, had been destroyed, and Johnston's
army was south of that stream. By the 20th of May,
McClellan had seized the crossings of the Chickahominy
from Bottom's bridge up to Meadow bridge, the latter
point being immediately north of Richmond, and within
5 miles of the defenses of the city. His left, at Bottom's
bridge, was about 12 miles in a direct line from the city's
limits. The general direction of the Chickahominy is
from northwest to southeast, between these points. By
the 26th of May, the Third and Fourth corps of the Federal
army, under Generals Heintzelman and Keyes, had
crossed at Bottom's bridge, and by the 30th, the latter
corps had intrenched itself on the Richmond side of
Seven Pines and Fair Oaks station, with its right refused
toward the Chickahominy swamp. The other corps of
the Federal army were north of the Chickahominy, opposite
bridges which had been constructed for their convenience
in crossing. Heintzelman's corps was in the vicinity
of Bottom's bridge. There had been incessant rains,
and the whole country was flooded with water and the
roads almost impassable for artillery.</p>

<p>On the 30th of May, General Johnston determined to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
attack Keyes on the 31st at Seven Pines, and crush
his corps before it could be reinforced from the north of
the Chickahominy or to any extent by Heintzelman from
Bottom's bridge. To understand his plan of attack, it
will be necessary to explain the situation more minutely.
Seven Pines and Fair Oaks are about a mile apart, and
distant from Richmond about 7½ and 7 miles. Fair
Oaks is on the railroad, and Seven Pines on the Williamsburg
road. Two roads which figure in this account,
and the railroad, run east from Richmond practically
parallel for 5 miles, the Nine-mile road to the north,
below it the railroad, and further south the Williamsburg
road. At Old Tavern, 5 miles from Richmond, the
Nine-mile road turns southeast, crosses the railroad at
Fair Oaks, and joins the Williamsburg road at Seven
Pines. About 2 miles from Richmond, on the Williamsburg
road, the Charles City road turns off to the southeast.
White Oak swamp lies between Seven Pines and the
Charles City road. To strike the corps at Seven Pines,
the direct road would be the Williamsburg road, with
the Charles City road running to the Federal left. To
strike him at Fair Oaks, the direct road would be the
railroad, with the Nine-mile road coming to the same
point (Fair Oaks) from Old Tavern, and affording good
points from which to turn the Federal right.</p>

<p>Johnston's plan of attack was admirably considered.
D. H. Hill's division was to attack at Seven Pines by the
Williamsburg road; Brig.-Gen. Benjamin Huger's division
was to attack the left flank by the Charles City road;
Longstreet's division was to attack at Fair Oaks by the
Nine-mile road, and W. H. C. Whiting's division was to
support the whole by guarding the Confederate left and
watching against reinforcements coming from the north
side of the Chickahominy. The plan was perfect, but it
was not executed, except in one particular; the attack
assigned to D. H. Hill was a splendid achievement, and
won the main success of the day, May 31st. In securing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
that success, the brigade of R. H. Anderson bore a most
conspicuous part, and to describe its operations is now
the writer's duty.</p>

<p>The battle, which had been ordered to begin at an
early hour in the morning, was not opened until Hill led
his splendid division to the attack at 1 p. m. The four
brigades of the division, Rodes and Rains on the south of
the road, and Garland and G. B. Anderson on the north
side, with Bondurant's and Carter's batteries, had beaten
Casey's Federal divisions with its supports, driven them
back on the Federal second line, at Seven Pines, captured
eight guns, and was now attacking the Federal line
intrenched right and left across the Williamsburg road,
at Seven Pines, running toward Fair Oaks. Pressing
his attack on this position in front, and on the Federal
left, Hill sent back for another brigade to co-operate in
the attack, by moving along the railroad on his left and
striking at the Federal right and rear. "In a few
moments," says General Hill, "the magnificent brigade
of R. H. Anderson came to my support," and being
ordered by Hill immediately on his extreme left, it
began its effective operations. General Hill ordered
Colonel Jenkins, with the Palmetto sharpshooters and
the Sixth South Carolina, Colonel Bratton, to march
through the woods beyond his extreme left to the railroad,
move down it toward the Federal right flank at
Seven Pines, and strike at the rear of that position,
while the rest of Anderson's brigade attacked on the
immediate left of Hill, between Casey's captured line
and the railroad, Anderson directing his own and Jenkins'
movements. The sequel will show how remarkably
well these battlefield orders were carried out. Jenkins,
with his own and Bratton's regiment, and the Twenty-seventh
Georgia, from one of Hill's left brigades, formed
line of attack in the woods, facing northeast, and gallantly
moved against a portion of General Couch's division
posted there. General Anderson, with the Fourth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
and Fifth South Carolina, under Major Mattison and Colonel
Giles, on the right of Jenkins and on the immediate
left of Hill's attacking troops, formed his line in the same
wood facing with Jenkins' line, but some distance from it,
and, supported by artillery fire from Hill's line, attacked
in his front a portion of General Naglee's troops. Both
attacks were successful and Couch's and Naglee's troops
were beaten. Reaching the railroad, Jenkins halted
and dressed his line, the Twenty-seventh Georgia being
now recalled. Meeting General Anderson at the railroad,
Colonel Jenkins was directed by him to move
on. The sharpshooters and the Sixth marched ahead,
fighting, and penetrated the Federal line, cutting off a
part of those troops from Seven Pines. Changing front
forward on his right, Colonel Jenkins, with his two regiments,
now facing southwest, attacked the right of the
position at Seven Pines on Hill's extreme left. "At this
point," he reports, "the enemy, heavily reinforced,
made a desperate stand and the fighting was within 75
yards." Pushing on, the Federals slowly gave ground,
and the two regiments kept in close support and perfect
order. Fighting forward and to his right, Jenkins
reached the Williamsburg road, the Federal forces in his
front falling back and taking position in the woods south
of it, while the two South Carolina regiments formed in
line in the road, facing south. The little brigade was
now in a most critical position, in advance of Hill's line,
with the foe in front, and troops coming up the Williamsburg
road to attack his left.</p>

<p>Colonel Jenkins determined, as he says in his report,
"to break the enemy in front before I could be reached
by this new advance [coming up the Williamsburg road
on his left], and then by a change of front to meet them."
This was handsomely done, and sending two companies
of the Sharpshooters, Kilpatrick's and Martin's,
under Maj. William Anderson, to attack and check the
Federal advance, the two regiments were formed across<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
the road, facing south, while Jenkins' adjutant, Captain
Seabrook, hurried back for reinforcements. General
Anderson, who had led the Fourth and Fifth forward on
Hill's left in the general attack, sent the Fifth to Jenkins,
under Lieut.-Col. A. Jackson, the gallant Colonel
Giles having been killed; and the Twenty-seventh
Georgia was also sent forward to him by General Hill.
Before his reinforcements reached him, the Federal
advance was so near that their commands and cheers
could be heard, and the two regiments had been
advanced to within 100 yards of them. The Twenty-seventh
Georgia was the first to come up, and being placed
on the right, the Sharpshooters in the center and the
Sixth (Lieutenant-Colonel Steedman commanding, Colonel
Bratton being wounded) on the left, Jenkins boldly
advanced to meet his foe. "The two commands neared
each other, to 30 or 40 yards," says Colonel Jenkins, describing
this struggle. "Losing heavily, I pressed on, and
the enemy sullenly and slowly gave way, leaving the
ground carpeted with dead and dying." By this time the
Fifth South Carolina volunteers came up at the double-quick.
The Twenty-seventh Georgia (which had been
repulsed) rallied and came forward on the right. Jackson
came up on the right of the Georgians, "sweeping
before him the rallied fragments who had collected and
resumed fire from the woods to the right, and thus, at
7:40 p. m., we closed our busy day." A day of
splendid achievement!</p>

<p>In his fighting and maneuvering, Colonel Jenkins had
advanced on the arc of a circle for more than 2 miles,
fighting first northeast, then east, then southeast, then
due south, and lastly east. "We passed," he said,
"through two abatis of fallen timber, over four camps,
and over artillery twice, driving the enemy from three
pieces. We never fought twice in the same place, nor
five minutes in one place, and, steadily on the advance,
were under fire from 3 p. m. to 7:40 p. m." Gen. G. W.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
Smith, in his exhaustive and able book on the battles of
Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, makes the following comment
on this remarkable achievement: "It is believed
that the annals of war show few, if any, instances of
more persistent, skillful and effective 'battlefield fighting,'
than was done by the South Carolina regiments,
under Colonel Jenkins, on the afternoon of May 31st."
The losses were heavy, as might be expected, but unhappily
there is no official report of them. Colonel Bratton,
after the war, reported to General Smith that the Sixth
lost 269 killed and wounded, out of 521 taken into the
action. The loss of the Sharpshooters must have been
fully as large. Speaking generally of his losses, Colonel
Jenkins says: "In my two color companies, out of 80
men who entered, 40 were killed and wounded, and out of
11 in the color guard, 10 were shot down. My colors,
pierced by nine balls, passed through four hands without
touching the ground." Capt. J. Q. Carpenter, commanding
the color company, lost 16 out of 28, "and ever
in their front, the fatal ball pierced his heart, when he
turned to his company and said, 'Boys, I am killed, but
you press on.'"</p>

<p>While the battle of Seven Pines was in progress, General
McClellan at 2 p. m. had ordered General Sumner's
corps to cross the Chickahominy and go to the assistance
of the Federal forces now being driven by Hill's division
and R. H. Anderson's brigade. In the first advance of
Jenkins, it will be recalled that he cut through General
Couch's forces, dividing them and leaving a part in rear
of his left flank. This force was composed of four regiments
and a battery of artillery, which retreated beyond
(north of) Fair Oaks, and with the brigade of Abercrombie,
stationed at Fair Oaks, took up a defensive line at
the Adams house, facing Fair Oaks. This line was commanded
by General Couch in person. In this position,
Couch was on the left flank and rear of Hill's battle and
in place to be reinforced by Sumner, who came to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
support in time to save him from destruction by the
attack of that portion of General Johnston's army, under
General Johnston's immediate direction, whose headquarters
were at Old Tavern, about 2 miles from Fair
Oaks. Anxious for the safety of the Confederate left,
and fearing that it might be attacked by forces from the
north of the Chickahominy, General Johnston had ordered
the brigades of Whiting, Hood, Pettigrew, Hatton and
Hampton, under Whiting, at about 4 p. m., to march by
Fair Oaks to attack the Federal right and rear. The
head of these troops (Whiting's brigade), reaching Fair
Oaks, were fired upon by Couch's battery at the Adams
house, and by his advanced pickets. A halt was made
to take the battery, and to drive the Federal infantry
out of reach of the road, when followed the battle of
Fair Oaks, the effort of which was to keep Sumner and
Couch from the field at Seven Pines, and leave Hill's
division and Anderson's brigade masters of the battle in
that quarter. But this was the main effect of the Confederate
attack at Fair Oaks, for the battery was not
taken, and Couch, reinforced by at least a strong division
from Sumner's advance, with artillery, held his position
against the assaults of Whiting, Pettigrew, Hatton and
Hampton. The latter commanded the only South Carolinians
who were in the engagement at Fair Oaks, the
infantry of his legion.</p>

<p>There is no report from General Hampton, but the
reports of Generals Johnston and G. W. Smith define his
position in the affair on the left of the Confederate
attack. General Smith says, that as the musketry fire
of Whiting, Pettigrew and Hampton rapidly increased,
opening the attack on Couch, he rode into the woods
where the troops were engaged, and learned from
Col. S. D. Lee, of the artillery, that "General Hampton
had driven the enemy some distance through the woods,
but that they were being rapidly reinforced [by Sumner],
held a strong position, and extended beyond Hampton's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
left. The firing indicated that Whiting and Pettigrew
were being fully occupied by the enemy in their immediate
front." Hatton coming up, he was put in immediately
between Hampton and Pettigrew, and Gen. G. W.
Smith ordered the line forward to carry the Federal position.
The woods were dense, the undergrowth thick,
and the smoke so great that officers leading their troops
could not see "more than a limited number of their men
at any one time." General Smith continues: "Various
attempts were made to charge the enemy, but without
that concert of action necessary to success.... On no
part of the line where I was, did the enemy at any time
leave their cover or advance one single foot. Our troops
held their position close to the enemy's line until it was
too dark to distinguish friend from foe." The attack
had been in progress for nearly two hours when darkness
put an end to it. The gallant Hatton was killed,
and that noble and accomplished soldier, Pettigrew, had
fallen, badly wounded, so near the Federal line that he
was made prisoner. Brig.-Gen. Wade Hampton was
seriously wounded, but kept his horse, had the ball
extracted by Surg. E. S. Gaillard on the field, and refused
to leave his troops. In this affair, Whiting's brigade
(commanded by Col. E. M. Law) lost in killed, wounded
and missing, 356; Pettigrew's, 341; Hampton's, 329; and
Hatton's, 244; total, 1,270. The Hampton legion
infantry, General Smith reported, suffered a greater loss
by far in proportion to its numbers than any other regiment
of the division, being 21 killed and 120 wounded
out of 350. These numbers were furnished by Surg.
John T. Darby, acting chief surgeon of Whiting's
division.</p>

<p>Near the close of the action, General Johnston was
unhorsed and seriously wounded by a fragment of shell,
and the command of the Confederate army devolved
upon Maj.-Gen. G. W. Smith, next in rank, who was
succeeded by Gen. R. E. Lee on the following day.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>

<p>On June 18th a reconnoissance was made on the Nine-mile
road by Gen. J. B. Kershaw, with two regiments of
his South Carolina brigade, the Second, Col. J. D. Kennedy,
and the Third, Col. J. D. Nance. With the Second
on the left and the Third on the right of the road, the front
covered by four companies deployed as skirmishers,
under Captain Cuthbert, and two companies under Maj.
W. D. Rutherford, Kershaw advanced. The skirmishers
were soon engaged, and those of the Federal force were
driven back on the supports. The two regiments advanced
to within 70 yards of the Federal line, developed his
position, forces, etc., and then Kershaw withdrew to
camp. In this affair, Kershaw lost 1 killed and 11
wounded, among the latter Capt. G. B. Cuthbert, of the
Second, and Capt. F. N. Walker, of the Third. Private
W. H. Thompson, Company E, was killed, and "the gallant
Sergt. H. D. Hanahan," of the Second, lost a leg.</p>

<p>The situation of the Federal army at this time (toward
the close of June) determined General Lee to take the
aggressive. The center and left of General McClellan
were south of the Chickahominy, strongly intrenched and
covered by the cutting of trees in the dense forests. The
extreme left rested on White Oak swamp, and the right
of the center on the Chickahominy at New bridge. The
Federal right, under Fitz John Porter, was well and
strongly posted behind Beaver Dam creek, north of the
Chickahominy, with a grand guard at Mechanicsville in
front, and outposts still beyond, guarding the crossing.
General Lee's determination was to attack this right
and separated wing with three of his divisions, calling
Jackson's corps to co-operate. Jackson's march, from
his victorious campaign in the valley, was so directed that
he was expected to be at Ashland, 15 miles north of
Richmond, on the 24th of June. From Ashland a march
of 15 miles, toward Cold Harbor, would place his corps
on the right flank and rear of the Federal position at
Beaver Dam, while A. P. Hill, D. H. Hill and Long<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>street,
with their divisions, crossing the river at Mechanicsville,
should carry that place and the strong position
at Beaver Dam.</p>

<p>The morning of the 26th (Thursday) was fixed by Lee
for this concerted movement against McClellan's right
wing. But Jackson did not reach Ashland until the
night of the 25th, his march having been delayed by
obstructions put in his way by the Federal outposts, many
bridges being burned over streams crossing his march.
It was after sunrise on the 26th before Jackson left Ashland.
He marched past the right flank of the Federal
position, at Beaver Dam, and went into camp 3 miles in
the rear of that flank, at Hundley's corner, in the evening.
In consequence, the bloody battle fought on the 26th,
along Beaver Dam, by the gallant division of A. P. Hill
and Ripley's brigade of D. H. Hill's division, was fought
without Jackson's assistance. The Federal position
behind Beaver Dam was heroically assailed; but it was
too strong to be carried by Hill and Ripley, who suffered
heavy losses. With Ripley was Capt. A. Burnet Rhett's
South Carolina battery, who built a bridge, crossed the
creek and, pushing up close to the enemy, were in action
until 10 o'clock at night, losing 11 wounded. They
were particularly complimented by A. P. Hill. With
A. P. Hill were the South Carolina batteries of Capts.
W. K. Bachman and D. G. McIntosh, the latter of which
(Pee Dee artillery) probably fired the first gun at Mechanicsville,
and fired 160 rounds from each gun before night
stopped the fight. The brigade of General Gregg did not
become actively engaged on the 26th.</p>

<p>The position of Jackson, on the right and rear, and the
divisions of D. H. Hill and Longstreet in front, all fresh
and ready for attack in the early morning of the 27th, made
the position of General Porter behind Beaver Dam untenable,
and he promptly retreated and took up a strong
position 3 miles further down the river.</p>

<p>On Friday morning (27th), A. P. Hill was ordered for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>ward
toward Gaines' mill, the South Carolinians in
advance. Gregg formed a line of battle with the First
volunteers, Col. D. H. Hamilton, and the Twelfth, Col.
Dixon Barnes, with skirmishers thrown out under Captains
Cordero and Miller; and the Thirteenth, Col. O. E.
Edwards, and First Rifles, Col. J. Foster Marshall, and
Crenshaw's battery in support. They moved forward
across the creek, and through the discarded accouterments
and burning stores of the enemy, until coming out in an
open, Cordero's company was fired upon by artillery in
front and Lieutenant Heise was wounded. This apparently
hostile force, according to the report of General
Gregg, proved to be Stonewall Jackson's command,
with which communication was at once opened. After a
conference between Hill and Jackson, Gregg marched on,
and presently was stopped by General Lee, who gave him
further instructions. Longstreet, soon afterward, informed
Gregg that he was moving on a parallel road to
the right. The skirmishers became briskly engaged at
Gaines' mill, but Gregg soon ordered them forward at
double-quick, and they gallantly drove the Federal skirmishers
before them. The brigade followed and bridged
Powhite creek. Hill reported of the crossing of the
Powhite: "His whole brigade being over, he made the
handsomest charge in line I have seen during the war."
Gregg continued his advance, part of the time at double-quick
and with continual skirmish firing, descended the
hollow beyond Cold Harbor, driving out the enemy, and
formed in line of battle on the hillside beyond. He found
the enemy above him and desired to attack, but being
refused, lay in position until 4 p. m., the artillery firing
going on overhead.</p>

<p>General Lee thus describes Porter's position, at which
the battle of Gaines' Mill, or Cold Harbor, was fought on
the afternoon and evening of the 27th of June:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>He occupied a range of hills resting in the vicinity of
the McGehee house and his left near that of Dr. Gaines,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
on a wooded bluff, which rose abruptly from a deep
ravine. The ravine was filled with sharpshooters, to
whom its banks gave great protection. A second line of
infantry was stationed on the side of the hill behind a
breastwork of trees above the first; a third occupied the
crest, strengthened with rifle trenches and crowned with
artillery. The approach to this position was over an open
plain, about a quarter of a mile wide, commanded by
this triple line of fire and swept by the heavy batteries
south of the Chickahominy. In front of his center and
right the ground was generally open, bounded on the side
of our approach by a wood, with dense and tangled undergrowth
and traversed by a sluggish stream which converted
the soil into a deep morass.</p></blockquote>

<p>Old Cold Harbor was in front of the Federal right, and
Gaines' mill in front of his right center, the length of his
line being about 2 miles and running in a curve from the
"wooded bluff" on his left to a swamp on his right. The
attack on this position was made by two roads running
parallel with the Chickahominy, one going to the Federal
left, and the other by Gaines' mill, opposite his right
center. Longstreet attacked on the former, and A. P.
Hill on the latter, D. H. Hill and Jackson attacking from
the direction of the Federal front and right. At 4 p. m.
A. P. Hill ordered his whole division forward, and the
desperate struggle began, in which every inch of
ground was to be won by a great sacrifice of life, and to
be disputed with heroic firmness. Gregg, who was first
engaged, fought his way through the tangled wood and
the boggy morass to the foot of the main position,
when, confronted by a determined and unfaltering resistance,
and his lines torn by artillery from the crest in front
and by a battery on his right flank, he could make no further
progress. Marshall was ordered to take the battery on
the right, and advanced gallantly, Perrin's, Joseph Norton's,
Miller's and Miles Norton's companies in front,
under Lieutenant-Colonel Ledbetter. The battery was
withdrawn, but its support in the woods, composed of a
strong body of troops, among them the New York Zouaves,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
held the ground in a fierce combat. The Zouaves attacking
on the left flank, Lieutenant Higgins promptly assembled
30 riflemen, and held them in check. The attack being
pressed anew, the regiment, having lost 81 killed and 234
wounded out of 537, and being unsupported, was forced
to retire to its former position. But Marshall's gallant
charge and contest had driven off the battery, and Gregg
ordered the First, Twelfth and Thirteenth forward again.
The struggle for the crest was renewed with heroic zeal
and courage, and met with splendid firmness, driving
Gregg back a second time. A third advance was ordered,
and now the Fourteenth, Col. Samuel McGowan, being
by Gregg's request relieved from outpost duty, was conducted
by his aide, Capt. Harry Hammond, to his right
flank. Passing through Crenshaw's guns, McGowan's
men moved right forward, supported by the other shattered
regiments of Gregg's brigade. "Tired as they
were," says Gregg, "by two days and nights of outpost
duty, and by a rapid march under a burning sun, they
advanced with a cheer and at a double-quick. Leading
his regiment to the right of the Thirteenth and across
the hollow, Colonel McGowan arrived just in time to
repulse the advance of the enemy and prevent them from
establishing a battery on the brow of the hill." With
varying success, backward and forward, Gregg struggled
to gain and pierce the Federal line, but not until the final
and united charge of Lee's whole line was made at
7 o'clock, and when Hood had gained the "wooded bluff"
and turned the Federal left, did the Confederate commands
mount the whole line of defense and drive its
heroic defenders from the field.</p>

<p>Gregg lost 829 (estimated) killed and wounded. The
severest losses in the brigade fell on the Rifles, the
Fourteenth and the Twelfth. The Rifles lost 319,
the Fourteenth, 291, and the Twelfth, 155. At one
time every one of the color-guards of the First
volunteers was shot down around Colonel Hamilton,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
who took the colors. The color-bearer, Sergeant Taylor,
fell with the colors in his grasp, as he was planting
them forward of the line, and Corporal Hayne,
seeing Colonel Hamilton take the flag, seized it,
and gallantly going forward, fell mortally wounded.
Private Spillman, of Company K, then took the flag and
carried it to the final charge in triumph to victory. He
was promoted color-bearer on the field for gallant conduct.
Among the lamented dead of the First was the
gallant and accomplished Lieut.-Col. A. M. Smith, who
left a sick bed to take his place in his country's service.
In the Twelfth, Colonel Barnes was wounded, but did not
leave the field. Lieut. J. W. Delaney, commanding
Company B, was killed in the first assault; Captain Vallandingham
lost a leg, and Captains Miller, McMeekin
and Bookter were wounded. In the Thirteenth, which
was mainly in support, the loss was not so heavy, 8 killed
and 40 wounded. In the Fourteenth, Colonel McGowan
and Maj. W. J. Carter were wounded, as were also Captains
Brown, Taggart and Edward Croft, and Lieutenants
Brunson, O. W. Allen, Stevens, McCarley, Dorrah and
Carter; and the gallant Lieut. O. C. Plunkett, Company
H, was killed on the field. The First Rifles (known as
Orr's Rifles) suffered terribly. Its gallant adjutant, J. B.
Sloan, Captains Hawthorne and Hennegan, Lieutenants
Brown and McFall, and Sergeant-Major McGee died
heroically leading in Marshall's charge. In Gregg's
battle, a section of Capt. D. G. Mcintosh's battery was
called into action late in the afternoon, too late to take
an active part in the battle, as the enemy's artillery in
front had been silenced, or had retired. He lost 1 man
killed and 2 wounded, and 5 horses killed.</p>

<p>The other South Carolina troops at the battle of Gaines'
Mill were with Hood and Longstreet. The brigades of
Hood and Law composed Whiting's gallant division,
which had marched from Ashland as the advance of Jackson's
corps. They went into battle in the late afternoon,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
after A. P. Hill had been fighting for two hours.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> With
Hood was the Hampton legion infantry, under Lieut.-Col.
M. W. Gary, and with Longstreet was R. H. Anderson's
South Carolina brigade. These troops had the
honor of taking part in Longstreet's and Whiting's final
charge along the front and flank of the Federal left, and
were among the first to gain the coveted crest and pierce
and turn his flank, capture his artillery and decide the
day.</p>

<p>Hood moved to the final assault with Hampton's legion
on his left. On the left of the legion was Law's splendid
brigade. Immediately on Hood's right was Pickett's
brigade, and in support of Pickett the brigades of Wilcox,
Pryor and Featherston. Thus, in the decisive charge,
ordered by General Lee all along the battle line,
they were hurled against and around the "wooded bluff"
on the Federal left. In this grand assault, R. H. Anderson's
brigade was divided, part of it supporting Pickett
and part Wilcox. The writer regrets that neither General
Anderson nor any one of his regimental commanders has
a report of the battle on file. The same is true of the
Hampton legion, Colonel Gary.</p>

<p>General Hood reports that he ordered the legion "to
gain the crest of the hill in the woods and hold it, which
they did." General Longstreet, reporting the action of
his brigade, refers specially to the gallantry of General
Anderson and Colonel Jenkins, these officers commanding
the separated parts of the brigade of Anderson. In the
official returns, the loss of Anderson at Gaines' Mill and
Glendale (Frayser's Farm) is given in total at 787. The
losses of the Fourth, Fifth and Palmetto sharpshooters at
Gaines' Mill are reported as 173. The losses of the Second
Rifles and Sixth South Carolina at this battle are not
given separately from Glendale. Hood reports the legion's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
loss at only 20. Anderson's and Gary's losses at Gaines'
Mill could not have been more than 350, which was less
than a half of Gregg's loss. Anderson and Gary were
only engaged in the last attack, and Gregg was fighting
from the opening of the battle to its close, with a short
rest in the afternoon.</p>

<p>Referring to the gallant conduct of officers as well as
soldiers, General Longstreet remarks in his report upon the
battle of Gaines' Mill, that "there was more individual
gallantry displayed on this field than any I have seen."
General Whiting, in closing his report, pays the same
tribute to a number of soldiers, and especially remarks
upon the conduct of Maj. John Haskell, of D. R. Jones'
staff, who had volunteered to carry information of the
Federal movements to General Lee, as they were observed
from the south side of the Chickahominy, and acted on
General Longstreet's staff, as a volunteer aide. General
Whiting says:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Though not on my staff, I should not do right were
I not to mention here the chivalrous daring of young
Major Haskell, of South Carolina. His personal bearing
in a most deadly fire, his example and directions contributed
not a little to the enthusiasm of the charge of the
Third brigade. I regret to say that the brave young
officer received a terrible wound from a shell (losing his
right arm), but walked from the field as heroically as he
had gone into the fire.</p></blockquote>

<p>The South Carolina batteries were more fortunate in
their losses than the infantry commands. Rhett, whose
horse was shot under him, lost 2 wounded at Gaines'
Mill; Bachman's battery (German Artillery) and McIntosh's,
only a few men each. The nature upon the
ground was not favorable to the Confederate artillery,
and the batteries engaged under great disadvantage.</p>

<p>Under cover of night, following the 27th, General
Porter made good his retreat by the bridges he had built
across the Chickahominy, passing in rear of McClellan's
fortified line on the south side, and destroying his bridges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
behind him. His defense was beyond criticism. Reinforced
from the south side by Slocum's division, he saved
the army of McClellan by inflicting a heavy blow on the
victorious columns of Lee, and by his able retreat at
night. The timely arrival of two brigades, coming up
just as Porter's line was carried, covered his retreat and
successfully checked the disordered pursuit of the victorious
Confederates.</p>

<p>General McClellan does not estimate his loss in this
battle separately from those which immediately followed,
but acknowledges the loss of twenty-two pieces
of artillery. Over 5,000 prisoners were taken by the
Confederates, and thousands of arms gathered from the
fields and the short line of Porter's retreat to the river.</p>

<p>McClellan's rear guard, Sumner's corps, and Smith's
division of Franklin's corps, made a stand on the 29th at
Savage Station, covering the crossing of White Oak
swamp against Magruder's corps. The South Carolina
troops with Magruder were the brigade of General Kershaw
and Capt. James F. Hart's Washington artillery.
Hart's battery was with D. R. Jones' division. The
Second, Col. John D. Kennedy; Third, Col. James D.
Nance; Seventh, Col. D. Wyatt Aiken, and the Eighth,
Col. John W. Henagan, with Kemper's battery, composed
Kershaw's brigade of McLaws' division.</p>

<p>Early in the morning of the 29th (Sunday), Kershaw
was ordered to advance on the Nine-mile road and develop
the Federal position. Kennedy, covered by a line of
skirmishers under Maj. F. Gaillard, made the advance
and found the enemy beyond Fair Oaks, at Allen's farm.
The skirmishing became general and the enemy opened
an artillery fire. Having been repeatedly cautioned to
avoid a collision with General Jackson's forces, Kershaw
restrained the fire of his men, and sent a battle-flag to be
waved on the railroad. He was then ordered back till
Magruder's other troops should take position.</p>

<p>At 3 p. m. Kershaw advanced along the railroad to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>ward
Savage Station. The enemy had retreated, and
when found again were in position on the Williamsburg
road, occupying the rifle-pits and intrenchments made,
doubtless, in McClellan's advance prior to the battle of
Seven Pines. The Second and Third were thrown forward
toward the left and formed to charge the position,
while Kemper's battery opened a rapid fire that drove
back the enemy without the aid of the infantry,<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> and Kershaw
moved on to fight his battle at Savage's farm.</p>

<p>His line ran from the railroad to near the Williamsburg
road. The battle began in earnest at 5:30 p. m. by the
opening of Sumner's artillery on Kershaw's skirmishers
under Gaillard and Rutherford, and lasted into the night.
Kemper took position in the Williamsburg road, the
Eighth on his right, in support, and the Second, Third,
and Seventh on his left. Kershaw ordered his left regiments
to charge, and they dashed into the wood, driving
through to the open beyond. In this charge a heavy loss
was inflicted upon the opposing force, which was thrown
into much disorder, and many prisoners taken. But Kershaw
could not maintain his position. Kemper and the
Eighth were attacked and his right flank turned. To meet
this emergency, he ordered his line back to the original
position from which he had charged the wood, and at the
critical moment Semmes' brigade attacked the force that
had turned his right. Semmes, supported by Kemper's
fire and the Eighth, drove back the flanking column, and
Kershaw repelled the assault on his front. Night had
come and Kershaw's battle was over. Major-General
McLaws says: "The South Carolina brigade carried into
action 1,496 men and lost in killed 47, wounded 234,
missing 9; total 290." Semmes had only two regiments
engaged and lost 64, and the loss in other commands of
Magruder's force was only 36 in killed and wounded,
which shows that Magruder's battle to beat McClellan's
rear was fought by the brigades of Kershaw and Semmes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
and only two regiments of the latter at that. The brunt
fell on the gallant command of Kershaw and his splendid
battery. Hart's battery, which operated with Jones'
division on Kershaw's left, lost 5 men wounded, 2 mortally.
Hart engaged the enemy from D. R. Jones' right,
"compelling the retreat out of view of the enemy's
infantry."</p>

<p>Jones put his division in admirable position on Kershaw's
left for attack, but he reports: "Scarcely had
this disposition been made when I received orders from
General Magruder to fall back to the railroad bridge with
my whole command to support the right of his line."
This unfortunate order was inspired by Magruder's overrating
the movement which turned Kershaw's right, and
which Semmes checked, at little cost. But for Jones'
withdrawal at the moment he was about to attack, Savage
Station might have been a harder blow to General McClellan.
McLaws compliments his brigade commanders
in high terms. Of Kershaw he says: "I beg leave to call
attention to the gallantry, cool, yet daring courage and
skill in the management of his gallant command exhibited
by Brigadier-General Kershaw." Kershaw praises the
gallantry, self-possession and efficiency of his regimental
commanders, and the conduct of the men and officers.
Lieut.-Col. B. C. Garlington, of the Third, was killed,
sword in hand, at the head of his regiment. Lieut.-Col.
A. D. Goodwyn, of the Second, and Lieut.-Col. Elbert
Bland, of the Seventh, were severely wounded and honorably
mentioned by Kershaw. Gaillard was distinguished
in command of the skirmishers. Kemper added to the
laurels he won at Vienna, Bull Run and Manassas. Captain
Holmes and Lieutenants Doby and W. M. Dwight, of the
staff, were active and gallant in dispatching the orders
of their chief. The Second lost Captain Bartlett, "one
of the most gallant and conscientious officers belonging
to it;" and Lieutenant Perry, Company H, was severely
wounded. The Third, besides its gallant lieutenant-col<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>onel,
lost Capt. S. M. Lanford and Lieut. J. T. Ray.
Colonel Nance mentioned especially Capt. D. M. H.
Langston and Maj. W. D. Rutherford. The Seventh did
not suffer as severely as the Third, losing 82 killed and
wounded. The Eighth, which was mainly in support of
Kemper's battery, lost but 2 killed and 8 wounded.</p>

<p>It appears from General Sumner's report, that three
corps, his own, Franklin's and Heintzelman's, were
under his command and put in line of battle at Savage
Station. Heintzelman (15,000) was ordered to hold the
Williamsburg road, but before the attack by Kershaw,
General Heintzelman left the field, and crossed White
Oak swamp. Sumner speaks of the assault by Kershaw
and Semmes as being met by Burns' brigade, "supported
and reinforced by two lines in reserve, and finally by the
Sixty-ninth New York (Irish) regiment." He also speaks
of Brooks' brigade "holding a wood on the left," "doing
excellent service," and though wounded, "keeping his
command until the close of the battle." He says the
action was "continued with great obstinacy until some
time after dark, when we drove the enemy from the
field." It is evident that Kershaw attacked Generals
Burns and Brooks, the Sixty-ninth New York, and
"two lines in reserve." The reader may determine
whether Kershaw and Semmes were "driven from the
field" of Savage Station.</p>

<p>Sumner, having successfully guarded the passage of
White Oak swamp by his unequal battle with Kershaw's
and Semmes' brigades and Kemper's battery, followed
Heintzelman's retreat at night, and crossing White Oak
marched to Glendale, near the junction of the Charles
City and Long Bridge roads. The passage across White
Oak was skillfully broken up and the roads approaching
it obstructed. Franklin, with two divisions and a brigade,
stood on the south side, with batteries well posted, to
dispute the crossing. This he did throughout the whole
of the 30th, keeping Jackson's corps on the north side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
and effectually preventing his taking any part in the battle
of that day. While Jackson was thundering at Franklin
with his artillery, and Franklin was preventing his passage
of White Oak, McClellan was posting the divisions
of Hooker, McCall, Sedgwick, Kearny and Slocum in
line of battle across the Long Bridge road, confronting
the expected advance of Lee down the Charles City and
Darbytown roads.</p>

<p>The troops of Lee that had won the bloody battle of
the 27th, north of the Chickahominy, did not cross that
river in pursuit of McClellan until the morning of the
29th, at which time General Lee became assured that his
able antagonist was retreating upon the James. His
orders, as in the case of the first assault on the 26th, were
faultless. Jackson was to cross at Grapevine bridge and
press the rear of the retreat; Magruder was to attack
the flank on the Williamsburg road; Huger to move down
the Charles City road, and Longstreet and A. P. Hill
down the Darbytown to the Long Bridge road; and
Holmes to cross from the south side of the James and
march down the New Market road. A glance at a good
map will show that this plan was perfect in its conception.
But McClellan was fully equal to this great emergency,
and put White Oak swamp on his right, guarded
by Franklin, and his five divisions in his center to meet
the advance upon him down the Charles City and Darbytown
roads, and selected a veritable Gibraltar for his left,
crowned by artillery and defended by a fleet of gunboats
and Porter's and Keyes' corps.</p>

<p>In carrying out Lee's plan, everything miscarried but
the movements of Longstreet and A. P. Hill. We have
seen how Kershaw and Semmes and Kemper alone carried
out Magruder's flank attack on the Williamsburg road.
On the 30th he was ordered to the Darbytown road and
reached it in time to come into effective battle on Longstreet's
right, but Holmes, moving on Malvern hill, saw
that he had not force sufficient to attack, sent for aid,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
and Magruder was sent to him. Neither of these divisions
was engaged on the 30th. Huger reported his
march obstructed by trees thrown across the road, had
an affair with outposts in his front, and was so badly
balked in his march that he did not reach the field of
battle on the 30th. Jackson, whom Franklin stopped at
White Oak, served no other purpose on the 30th than to
keep Franklin's division and his artillery too busily engaged
to join the five divisions at Frayser's farm. All
this reflects the highest credit upon the military genius of
McClellan, who directed the details of his masterly retreat.</p>

<p>Longstreet, in advance, came up with the Federal
battle line, as above described, on the morning of the
30th. A. P. Hill was closed up on his march. Finding
the enemy drawn up across his road, in front of the point
where the Charles City road falls into it (Long Bridge
road), he put his division in line of battle, with A. P.
Hill in reserve, and waited anxiously to hear from Huger
on his left, and Magruder and Holmes on his right. He
felt sure that Jackson, crossing White Oak, would be in
time to fall on the Federal right and rear. General Lee
and the President were both at his headquarters when a
Federal battery opened in his immediate front. A shell
from this battery exploded so near the group as to wound
one of the couriers and kill several horses. At this
moment (4 p. m.) artillery fire was heard back on the
Charles City road, and Longstreet, taking it for the signal
of Huger that he was near at hand, ordered one of his
batteries to reply, and the battle of Frayser's Farm was
opened. The artillery on the Charles City road was
Huger's affair with one of Franklin's outposts. R. H.
Anderson, the senior brigadier, was assigned by Longstreet
to the immediate direction of his front, and Colonel
Jenkins commanded the South Carolina brigade, the
first engaged in battle. He was ordered to silence the
battery in front with his sharpshooters, but he preferred
to capture it, and led his brigade forward, charged, drove<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
back McCall's division, and seized Randol's battery.
Longstreet's whole division now engaged, the troops in
his front being those of McCall's and Kearny's divisions.
The battle was forward for a time and McCall and Kearny
gave ground, but Slocum reinforced Kearny against the
Confederate left, and Sedgwick and Hooker against the
right, so that Longstreet's right was pushed back and his
left checked and pressed. He was compelled to assume
the defensive, and ordered up A. P. Hill to his immediate
support. Gregg's South Carolina brigade was thrown into
the battle on the extreme left. Hill restored the battle to
its first aggressive stage, and McCall's division was forced
to retire, and that general fell into Longstreet's hands.
Longstreet and Hill, with their twelve brigades, drove
one of the Federal divisions from the field, and successfully
resisted the attacks of the other four, gaining ground
forward and holding in the end of the struggle all that
they gained. Gregg, on the left, and Jenkins, in the
center, bore their full share of the great contest, the latter
capturing the battery of Randol, which, being retaken,
was again captured by Hill's advance.</p>

<p>The battle lasted well into the night, the Federal divisions
leaving the field under the cover of darkness, followed
by Franklin from White Oak, to take their places
in McClellan's last line on the James river. There is no
report from either R. H. Anderson, Gregg or Jenkins.
Longstreet specially mentions Anderson, Jenkins and
Captain Kilpatrick of the Palmetto sharpshooters in his
report, for distinguished conduct. A. P. Hill reports
that Gregg was sent by General Longstreet's request to
support the brigades of Pryor and Featherston, and
pushed their battle forward. Featherston being wounded
and for a time in the enemy's hands, his brigade was
driven back and scattered, "when," says Hill, "Colonel
McGowan, with the Fourteenth South Carolina, retrieved
our ground." Special mention is made by General Hill
in his report of Colonels McGowan, Edwards and Hamil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>ton,
and Lieutenant-Colonel Simpson, of the Fourteenth.
Gregg lost 12 killed and 105 wounded, the heaviest loss
falling on the Fourteenth. Jenkins lost over 450, 234
of these from the Sharpshooters, the remainder being
nearly equally divided among the other regiments. Longstreet
and Hill took fourteen pieces of artillery, thousands
of arms, several stand of colors and hundreds of prisoners.
The battle that General Lee had planned to be fought
by all the divisions of his army was actually fought by
two.</p>

<p>The Federal commanders greatly exaggerate the Confederate
strength in the battle. Before Gaines' Mill,
A. P. Hill had 14,000 troops. He could not have had
more than 10,000 in his division at Frayser's Farm. Nor
could Longstreet's division have been larger. Kershaw
carried only 1,496 into the battle of Savage Station, and
his was one of Longstreet's best brigades. In McClellan's
five divisions there were fifteen brigades, which, at
1,500 each, would make his force at Frayser's Farm greater
than Longstreet's and Hill's by at least 2,500. It must
be remembered, too, that A. P. Hill was not put into the
fight until very late, when Longstreet had been engaged
alone with the five divisions. It was a stubborn battle,
and well contested on both sides, but the advantage was
clearly with the Confederates.</p>

<p>In the battle of Malvern Hill, which followed the day
after Frayser's Farm, but one of Lee's South Carolina
brigades was seriously engaged, that of Kershaw. McClellan
rapidly and skillfully concentrated his army on
the night of the 30th of June and the morning of July
1st. He thus describes his position and concentration:
"The left and center of our lines rested on Malvern hill,
while the right curved backward through a wooded
country toward a point below Haxall's, on James river.
Malvern hill is an elevated plateau about a mile and a
half by three-fourths of a mile in area, well cleared of
timber, with several converging roads running over it."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
In front of this position there was a good range for artillery,
and on its left (west) the plateau falls off abruptly
into a ravine. Expecting attack from the front and left
of his position, McClellan made those points strongest
and massed his artillery there, sixty pieces of artillery
and ten siege guns being "so disposed on the high
ground that a concentrated fire could be brought to bear
on any point in his front or left." Commodore Rodgers
placed his flotilla to command both flanks. The general
line faced north and was nearly at right angles to the
line of McClellan's retreat from Frayser's farm and distant
about 3½ miles from that battlefield.</p>

<p>Before this unassailable position General Lee brought
up his whole army. He resolved to attack with Magruder,
Holmes and Huger, holding A. P. Hill and Longstreet
in reserve. To Magruder was assigned the attack
on Porter's position&mdash;the strongest on Malvern hill&mdash;supported
by Holmes, whose small division was in line
on Magruder's right, facing east. The attack was
planned by Lee to be general along his whole line;
Holmes, then Magruder, then Huger, then Jackson. In
spite of McClellan's artillery, if this attack could have
been made by noon, and made by the whole line in a
grand charge for the batteries, the Federal army, already
so terribly shaken, would have been unable to resist it,
and Lee's antagonist would have been literally driven to
his gunboats. Instead of all this, no attack was made
until late in the evening. Holmes did not attack at all,
deeming it "perfect madness;" Magruder and Huger,
from the difficulty of communication with their commands,
and the wooded character of the country, put in
their brigades one after another, to charge across the
open and up Malvern hill against nearly one hundred
guns, supported by the Federal army, in full view, with
the field and the woods swept by the gunboat batteries.
Jackson sent D. H. Hill and Whiting forward, in order,
and supported them with brigades from his own and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
Ewell's division, and they met a bloody repulse; but
they did not make the attack until after Magruder's and
Huger's brigades had been successively repulsed, some
of them from the very crown of the hill.</p>

<p>It was 6 o'clock before Kershaw was ordered forward.
His description of his advance will indicate what doubtless
happened to other gallant brigades. Being in McLaws'
line, on the farm adjoining Crew's farm, he was
ordered by one of Magruder's staff to "advance and
attack the enemy's battery." Having no other instructions,
in total ignorance of the country, or the position of
the foe, Kershaw marched half a mile forward in a wood,
nearing the sound of battle and moving really immediately
against Porter's front, his artillery sweeping the
open and the woods through which Kershaw was marching.
Reaching at last the open, passing "three lines of
troops" who had preceded him in the attack, he moved
up a ravine to the slopes of Malvern hill. The artillery
and infantry fire in front and flank was thinning his
ranks, when his friends in rear (Twenty-sixth Georgia)
by mistake opened fire upon him. At this crisis he
ordered the whole brigade to retire and reform further to
the right. While reforming on the Second South Carolina,
General Ewell called him to support immediately a
brigade he was about to lead against "the enemy's battery,"
and was so urgent, that without waiting for the
rest of his brigade, he led the Second in support of Ewell's
gallant and useless charge, and with this affair, night
having fully come, Kershaw's brigade had done the part
assigned to it at Malvern hill. The long march to this
point, after the battle of Savage Station, with its losses,
had reduced the strength of the brigade. Kershaw took
into the advance on Malvern hill 956 men and lost 164.
The attack on Malvern hill failed of its purpose, but one
thing it did accomplish; the repeated assaults were so
gallant and determined, and pressed so near the enemy's
guns, and inflicted so great a loss upon him, and so many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
brigades rested at night so close up to his defense, that
he lost confidence in his ability to continue his successful
defense on Malvern hill, and gave up the position during
the night, leaving his dead unburied, his wounded in
Confederate hands, and property and stores of great value
on the field. His retreat was to a strong camp at
Harrison's landing, immediately under the protection of
Commodore Rodgers' flotilla.</p>

<p>With Malvern Hill, Lee's battles with McClellan in
front of Richmond practically ended. McClellan reported
his total losses, from June 26th to July 1st, inclusive, at
15,249. Lee, for the same time, reported his total loss
at 18,351. In McClellan's report he acknowledges the
capture of 5,958 of his army, under the head of missing;
but clearly he is wide of the mark according to the actual
count in Richmond. As General Lee reported: "More
than 10,000 prisoners, including officers of rank, 52
pieces of artillery, and upward of 35,000 stand of small-arms
were captured. The stores and supplies of every
description which fell into our hands were great in
amount and value, but small in comparison with those
destroyed by the enemy."</p>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The loss of Jenkins' brigade was 10 killed and
75 wounded (including Lieut. W. J. Campbell, mortally).</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> While waiting for Jackson, Lee ordered Longstreet to make a
feint on the right, which became an assault, Whiting coming up in
time to join on Longstreet's left.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Called by Sumner the battle of Allen's Farm.</p></div>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>THE COAST OF SOUTH CAROLINA, SUMMER OF 1862&mdash;OPERATIONS
UNDER GENERAL PEMBERTON&mdash;ENGAGEMENT
AT OLD POCOTALIGO&mdash;CAMPAIGN ON
JAMES ISLAND&mdash;BATTLE OF SECESSIONVILLE.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">At</span> the close of the spring of 1862, the Federal army
in South Carolina, under General Hunter, had not
made lodgment on the mainland. The enemy's
gunboats, commanding the waters surrounding the
islands, made ineffectual attacks on several of the batteries
on shore.</p>

<p>On May 29th, a small force under Colonel Christ, of the
Fiftieth Pennsylvania regiment, a company of cavalry
and one company of the Eighth Michigan regiment,
crossing at Port Royal ferry, made an attack at Old Pocotaligo
with a view of reaching and cutting the Charleston
&amp; Savannah railroad. This force was met by the Rutledge
mounted riflemen, Capt. W. L. Trenholm, and two
companies, A and D, of the First battalion of South
Carolina cavalry, the whole under Maj. J. H. Morgan.
A spirited engagement followed along the banks of Screven's
canal, but the Confederates, numbering only seventy-six
men, were forced back to a point three-quarters of
a mile beyond Old Pocotaligo, where they took up a
strong position.</p>

<p>Col. W. S. Walker, commanding the Third military
district, having arrived on the field, directed this movement
and awaited the second attack. The first attack
had been made at 10:30 a. m., and the Confederates
were not dislodged until 1 o'clock. At 4 o'clock Captain
Elliott brought up three pieces of his Beaufort battery,
and Captains Izard and Wyman, with their companies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
(I and F) of the Eleventh South Carolina, also reinforced
Walker. Later Col. J. H. Means, with his regiment,
400 strong, came up to Colonel Walker's aid. But his
dispositions were not to be tried by the Federals. Colonel
Christ, though he had now with him a reinforcement
of Connecticut artillery, determined not to
attack, and being covered by the woods in his retreat,
was far on his way to Garden's corners before Walker
got information of it and began the pursuit. He succeeded
in crossing Port Royal ferry at night in flats
which were in readiness, before he could be engaged by
the Confederates.</p>

<p>Elliott put his guns in position at the ferry next morning
and battered the ferry-house which sheltered the
Federal picket, and destroyed the flats. In this affair
Christ reported a loss of 2 killed and 9 wounded, and
Walker, 2 killed, 6 wounded and 1 missing. The Federal
commander estimated the Confederate force at from 600
to 800, but in the actual engagement along Screven's
canal, Walker had only 76 men, rank and file; 110 men,
armed for the most part only with sabers, being held a
mile in rear with the horses, under orders to charge in
case of a disaster in front.</p>

<p>Colonel Walker, in his official report, mentions in special
praise the conduct of Capt. W. L. Trenholm and his
riflemen; Lieut. R. M. Skinner and his small command
of the First battalion cavalry; Captain Elliott, of the
Beaufort artillery; Capt. W. W. Elliott, acting ordnance
officer; Lieut. L. J. Walker, of the Rutledge riflemen;
Lieut. E. H. Barnwell, acting assistant adjutant-general;
Corp. W. H. Jeffers, and Privates J. D. Taylor and
W. K. Steadman of the riflemen.</p>

<p>This attempt, like all others, failed to reach the railroad,
and served only to inspire Walker and other commanders
along its line to increased watchfulness. Thus
closed the spring campaign on the coast of South Carolina.</p>

<p>An event occurred in Charleston harbor on the morn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>ing
of May 13th which, no doubt, determined the movement
of a large force against the Confederate position on
James island. This was the abduction of the steamer
Planter by a portion of the crew, who took the steamer
out of the harbor and turned her over to the Federal
fleet. The Planter was a swift, light-draught vessel,
employed in transporting ordnance and stores to the
forts and batteries of the harbor and the vicinity. She
had a white captain, mate and engineer, and a crew of eight
intelligent negroes. The day before her abduction she
had been loaded at Southern wharf with heavy ordnance for
the Middle Ground battery in the harbor, consisting of
a banded rifle 42, an 8-inch columbiad, an 8-inch howitzer,
and a 32-pounder. She carried for her own defense
a 32-pounder and a 24-pounder howitzer. The captain,
mate and engineer, contrary to written orders, were in
the city, when four of the crew, under the leadership of
one of their number, Jacob Small, fired up and boldly ran
out of the harbor before daylight, the Planter being taken
for a guard boat by the forts and allowed to pass. The
crew were well-informed men and thoroughly acquainted
with the situation around Charleston, and especially with
the recent removal of the guns from the Georgetown
defenses and from Cole's island, at the mouth of Stono
river.</p>

<p>All this information was, of course, carried to the Federal
commanders. Great excitement followed in the
city, and all the troops and posts were ordered to be
ready for attack, especially by way of the land. The
abandonment of Fort Palmetto at the mouth of the Stono
left the way open to the Federal fleet to enter that river,
and to General Hunter to land a large force on James
island. Following the plan which he had adopted after
the fall of Port Royal harbor, General Pemberton gave
up the defense of the sea islands and the harbor of
Georgetown, and made the Charleston &amp; Savannah railroad
his main line south of Charleston, drawing in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
defenses on James island to a line running across the
island from Secessionville on its left to Fort Pemberton,
on the Stono, on its right.</p>

<p>This policy was unpopular with the governor, the military
generally and the people, and made General Pemberton,
an honest and patriotic soldier, both unpopular
and mistrusted. The idea was abroad that he did not
mean to defend the city to the last; that he was not confident
of success, and that he was not equal to the emergency.
These sentiments were freely communicated to
General Lee and to President Davis by the governor and
by prominent citizens of the State. General Ripley,
who commanded the harbor defenses and the forces on
James island, regarded the abandonment of Fort Palmetto
as a fatal mistake, and at his request, he was
ordered to join General Lee in front of Richmond. General
Ripley had shown great energy and unusual ability
as an artillery officer, and possessed the full confidence of
the military and the people. He had made the Palmetto
a strong battery and had put in command an accomplished
officer, Maj. J. J. Lucas, with his artillery battalion supported
by infantry. Cole's island, on which Fort Palmetto
was situated, was surrounded by creeks and
marshes, and the causeway in its rear ran along the river
to Battery island, and thence by causeway to James island.
Battery island was immediately on the river and was also
strongly fortified. General Pemberton was satisfied that
the Federal boats could run by both forts, and with their
superior guns command the approach from James island so
effectually as to make it impossible to send relief to
either point. In this view of the situation he was fortified
by the judgment of General Lee. Possessing the
courage of his military convictions, the heavy guns from
both positions were removed early in May, and by General
Ripley's order were put in position at Elliott's cut
and on the lines east of James Island creek. Cole's
island was occupied by a battalion of the Twenty-fourth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
South Carolina volunteer infantry, in observation, under
Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers, with instructions to prevent
barges or small boats entering the Stono, or landing
detachments on either Cole's or Battery island.</p>

<p>How far Major-General Pemberton communicated his
views respecting the immediate defense of Charleston to
his subordinates or to Governor Pickens, is not known,
but to General Lee he wrote, on May 21st, after the gunboats
had entered the Stono and anchored off Battery
island, that he favored the abandonment of Forts Sumter
and Moultrie and the defense of Charleston from the
city itself. This remarkable judgment was expressed to
General Lee in an official letter dated at Charleston, May
21, 1862, addressed to Col. A. L. Long, military secretary.
The following are extracts:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>I don't suppose there is any immediate intention of
attacking Charleston.... Our land defenses on James
island, however, are very strong. The battery constructed
at Elliott's cut, on Stono river (not yet entirely
completed), mounts only eight guns. I desire to make
it twenty, but under present arrangements cannot effect
it. [This battery, gradually strengthened, became a
splendid fort, and as its history will show, did gallant
service against repeated attacks. It was named Fort
Pemberton, in honor of the major-general commanding.]
I do not regard Charleston as strong. What under the
old system of warfare was our strength, is now our great
weakness. The many approaches by water and the
recent proof of the practicability of their gunboats passing
our batteries [Port Royal] have made the defense of this
city a very difficult problem to solve. To obstruct 2,000
yards of channel (and this with relation to the forts,
Sumter and Moultrie, is decided upon as the most feasible)
looks almost like an impossibility. Every effort,
however, is being made to accomplish it. I am decidedly
of the opinion that the most effectual defense of the city
of Charleston can and should be made from and around
the city itself. I believe that when the enemy is prepared
to assault the forts at the entrance of the harbor,
he will do so with such force and with such appliances
as will reduce it to a question of time only. Our great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
reliance being in these works, when they fall our means
of defense will be inadequate to hold the city; but with
the guns now within their walls, I am satisfied that however
great might be the injury to the city itself from
bombardment, his fleet could be kept from polluting its
streets. This has been for some time my opinion, and I
am glad to find many gentlemen of eminence and intelligence
who entirely concur with me.... The forts
should not only be dismounted, but destroyed. They will
be of no use after the termination of this war in their
present condition, for I take it, impregnable ironclad
batteries must take the place of stone and mortar. I
propose this subject for the serious consideration of the
department.</p></blockquote>

<p>These views of General Pemberton were certainly
known to the "eminent gentlemen" who agreed in them,
but they were not shared by Governor Pickens and his
able council, nor by the military, nor by the citizens generally.
Forts Sumter and Moultrie, garrisoned by well
drilled and disciplined soldiers, commanded by accomplished
and gallant officers, were the pride and hope of
old Charleston, as they stood on either side of her great
sea gate equipped and eager for her defense. Their history
was destined to prove how well this confidence was
placed.</p>

<p>Members of the governor's council addressed a communication
to General Pemberton, which expressed the
apprehensions as well as the fixed purpose of the State
authorities. The members of the council proposed to
the general specific interrogatories, to which they asked,
in the most respectful terms, his immediate reply. He
was asked: (1) If in the event of his determining, for
military considerations, to retire the Confederate troops
from Charleston, would he consider it an interference
with his authority for the governor and council to undertake
its defense? (2) Would he be willing to advise the
governor and council in such an emergency? (3) Would
he be willing to give any assistance in his power?</p>

<p>General Pemberton replied promptly, assuring the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
gentlemen who had addressed him the interrogations
of his appreciation of the situation and of his hearty willingness
to promote in any way the defense of the city,
and asking that any plans for defensive works undertaken
by the governor and council be submitted to him.
Meanwhile he was doing all in his power to strengthen
the defenses on James island and to hold his forces well
in hand to be concentrated at the point of attack. General
Pemberton had under his command for the defense
of Charleston and on the line of the Charleston &amp; Savannah
railroad, about 20,000 effectives, and in the department
of Georgia about 10,000 from which he could draw
reinforcements in the event of an attack on Charleston.</p>

<p>General Hunter, commanding the Federal forces in
South Carolina, reported an aggregate of 16,989 effectives,
stationed along the coast from Tybee, Ga., to Edisto
island. These troops were commanded by Brigadier-Generals
Benham, Viele, Stevens, Wright and Gilmore,
and were mainly concentrated on Daufuskie island, at
Hilton Head and Beaufort, and on Edisto island. The
Federal force was greatly overestimated by the Confederates,
and it was believed that an army of at least 25,000
or 30,000 could be thrown upon James or John's island
in an advance upon Charleston from that direction, while
a powerful fleet of armored vessels might be expected to
attack by the harbor. The Federal commander, with a
similar overestimate of the Confederate forces, wrote to
Washington in the latter part of April, 1862, rating General
Pemberton's forces as follows: At Savannah, 30,000;
at Charleston, 25,000; at Augusta, 10,000; a total of
65,000! He was doubtless better informed by the intelligent
crew of the Planter, and then determined upon the
occupation of James island.</p>

<p>The Planter was stolen by her negro crew on the 13th
of May, and two gunboats entered the Stono on the 20th
following. The channel was open, the guns were all gone
from the forts on Cole's and Battery islands, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
gunboats threw their 11-inch shells with perfect impunity
on the right and left as they ran up the river. They
anchored beyond Battery island, which would have
effectually cut off the retreat of the battalion under Colonel
Capers, if no other means of escape had been provided.
By the energy and forethought of Col. C. H.
Stevens, commanding the Twenty-fourth volunteers, an
interior causeway had been thrown up, and bridges built,
running from Cole's island to James island, right through
the marsh and over the creeks, and by this causeway
Colonel Capers retreated without the loss of a man, having
burned the military barracks at Fort Palmetto and
removed the small supply of stores. It was now evident
that the Federals planned a lodgment on James island,
for the number of their boats increased gradually in the
river, and on the 2d of June, General Benham landed a
part of his command at Battery island, under Brig.-Gen.
I. I. Stevens. Here they were secure under the guns of
the fleet in the Stono. By June 5th another division
under Gen. H. G. Wright, having marched across Seabrook
and John's island from North Edisto, had crossed
the Stono from Legaréville to Grimball's on James
island. These two divisions constituted the force of General
Benham, that of Wright covering his left on the
Stono, and that of Stevens his right, immediately in front
of Secessionville. The gunboats in the Stono, firing by
signals from the Federal camps and advance pickets,
enfiladed their front and afforded effective support.</p>

<p>On the early morning of June 3d, the day after General
Stevens had landed, the first affair of the James island
campaign took place. The One Hundredth Pennsylvania
regiment had been advanced as far as the causeway
crossing the marsh at Rivers' place, where the Charleston
Riflemen and the Beauregard light infantry, Lieutenant
Lynch and Captain White commanding, were on
outpost duty. On the causeway in their front, three
seacoast 24-pounder howitzers, of Captain Chichester's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
battery, were bogged so badly in an attempt to take
them across, the evening before, that they had been left
in this position, and were now covered by the rifles of
the Pennsylvanians.</p>

<p>Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers, with four companies of the
Twenty-fourth volunteers, was sent before day, on the
3d, to extricate the guns. He found Captain White and
Lieutenant Lynch holding the Federal regiment in
check, and, ordering them to join his command, at once
made his dispositions for attack. A sharp conflict in the
pines beyond the causeway drove the enemy back to the
cover of a ditch and bank beyond, and this position being
assaulted and carried, the Federals fell back across an old
field and took shelter in a row of negro houses at
Legaré's place. At this point of the engagement, Lieut.-Col.
P. C. Gaillard, commanding the Charleston battalion,
came up to the support of Colonel Capers. The following
is his report to Colonel Capers of the affair which
followed his arrival:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Learning on Tuesday morning, the 3d instant, that you
were engaged with the enemy at Legaré's, and that they
were in larger force than yourself, I assembled the five
companies of my battalion (one, the Charleston Riflemen,
being already with you) to reinforce you.... Soon
after joining, you called upon me for three companies
to join in a charge upon the buildings occupied by the
enemy. The Irish Volunteers, Sumter Guards and Calhoun
Guards were designated for that duty, and well did
they respond.... I joined in the charge also, but seeing
you up with them, I fell back (by your order) to take
charge of the line in rear.</p></blockquote>

<p>The three companies named above, with the Evans
Guard of the Twenty-fourth volunteers, the Charleston
Riflemen and Beauregard light infantry, were led in the
charge on the houses by their gallant officers, Captain
Gooding, Lieutenant Lynch, Captain Ryan, Captain
White, Lieut. Ward Hopkins and Captain Miles, and
stormed and silenced the Federals at the houses. Some of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
them surrendered, but most retreated to their supports in
the direction of Battery island. The gunboats, in full view
in the Stono, opened a fire on the Confederates, and the
enemy's supports, Twenty-eighth Massachusetts and
Eighth Michigan, coming rapidly up, a retreat was
ordered, and with a Federal captain and 20 other prisoners,
Colonel Capers fell back to the position held by Colonel
Gaillard. The enemy did not advance further than
Legaré's, and the affair was over. The adjutant of the
Charleston battalion, Lieut. Henry Walker, was wounded
at the houses and fell into the enemy's hands. In this
affair 9 men of the Twenty-fourth and 8 of the Charleston
battalion were wounded.</p>

<p>The engagement just described, and a reconnoissance
in front of Grimball's on the 10th of June, gallantly
made by the Forty-seventh Georgia regiment, fully
developed the positions and force of the Federal army
on James island. General Pemberton was active and
efficient in strengthening the lines of defense and in concentrating
troops on the island. By June 15th a force fully
equal to that of the Federal army was encamped behind
the batteries, and on the lines of defense from Fort Pemberton
on the Stono, at Elliott's, cut, to Secessionville on
the extreme east, under Brig.-Gens. N. G. Evans, W. D.
Smith and S. R. Gist, the former in chief command.
Col. Johnson Hagood, First volunteers, commanded the
advance guard, composed of his own regiment, the
Twenty-fourth, Col. C. H. Stevens; the Eutaw battalion,
Lieut.-Col. C. H. Simonton, and the Fourth Louisiana
battalion, Lieut.-Col. J. McEnery. This force was
encamped outside the line of defense, and was charged
with guarding the front of the Confederate line, except
the immediate front of Secessionville, which was protected
by its own outposts.</p>

<p>Secessionville is situated on a peninsula cut from the
east side of the island by an arm of Lighthouse creek, a
bold tidewater stream which empties into the harbor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
Charleston, east of Fort Johnson. At the point of the
peninsula of Secessionville where the battery was erected,
the peninsula is narrowest, probably not more than half
regimental front, and on either side of it run the tidewaters
of Lighthouse creek and Big Folly creek, bordered
by impracticable marshes. The banks of the peninsula
in front and in rear of the battery were fringed by a
thick growth of myrtle bushes. Col. T. G. Lamar was
in command of the fort at Secessionville (afterward
called Fort Lamar, in his honor) and its infantry supports.
The garrison consisted of Companies I and B of
Lamar's regiment of South Carolina artillery, Capts.
G. D. Keitt and Samuel J. Reid; and the infantry support
was composed of two battalions of infantry, the
Charleston battalion, Lieut.-Col. P. C. Gaillard, and the
Pee Dee battalion, Lieut.-Col. A. D. Smith. The battery
mounted an 8-inch columbiad, two 24-pounder
rifles, several 18-pounders, and a mortar. A gunboat
battery on the east bank, anchored in Big Folly creek,
and commanded by Capt. F. N. Bonneau, would have
been an effective ally, had not its guns just been moved
on shore to be added to those of the fort.</p>

<p>In the early morning of June 16th, the Secessionville
picket was on duty at Rivers' place, a mile in front of
the fort, and the Twenty-fourth, with six companies of
the First South Carolina and one of the Forty-seventh
Georgia, was covering the front of the east lines, under
command of Col. C. H. Stevens. In the fort a gun
detachment was awake and on the watch, but the
remainder of the garrison was fast asleep.</p>

<p>At 1 o'clock a. m., Gen. N. G. Evans had started 100
picked men from Colonel Goodlett's Twenty-second regiment,
under Capt. Joshua Jamison, as a fatigue party, to
go over the bridge to Fort Lamar and assist in mounting
Captain Bonneau's guns in the fort. These men reached
the fort about daylight. Just at dawn the Secessionville
picket was surprised and several of them captured.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
The main picket force ran in and gave the first notice to
Lamar of the enemy's rapid advance on his position.
The garrison was aroused and at the guns and on the
flanks just in time to meet the gallant assault of the
Eighth Michigan, Seventh Connecticut, Seventy-ninth
New York, Twenty-eighth Massachusetts, One Hundredth
Pennsylvania and Forty-sixth New York, with
Rockwell's and Strahan's light batteries and a company
of engineers. The six regiments were moved forward in
two lines, both under the immediate direction of Gen.
I. I. Stevens, and each commanded by its senior colonel.
As they advanced the peninsula narrowed, and when
within short range of the works, the left regiment of the
front line, the Seventh Connecticut, was crowded into
the marsh. Just at this juncture Lamar fired the 8-inch
columbiad charged with canister, and in rapid succession
the 24's and 18's, and the mortar opened. The whole
line wavered and was broken in some confusion. Urged
on by their officers, the Connecticut, Michigan and New
York regiments pressed forward, the latter two in larger
numbers gaining ground. Groups of men and officers of
these two regiments gained the ditch and both flanks of
the work, and some of them mounted the work. They
were met by the galling fire of the infantry of Gaillard
and Smith, and were either killed or captured. Meanwhile
the 100 men under Jamison, sent to mount Bonneau's
guns, arrived and promptly took their places on
the parapet, adding their rifles to the fire of the Charleston
and Pee Dee battalions.</p>

<p>A number of the assaulting force, moving along the
marsh under cover of the myrtle bushes, gained a lodgment
on the right flank and in rear of the work, and were
doing serious execution by their fire, hid as they were,
and shielded by the bank of the peninsula. But they
were soon dislodged by the rifles of the Fourth Louisiana
battalion, sent by Colonel Hagood to reinforce the garrison
as soon as he learned that the fort was being attacked.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
The Louisianians coming up at a run were promptly put
into position by their gallant commander, Colonel McEnery,
and drove the Federals from the myrtles into the
marsh or out into the field. Two 24-pounders, in battery
on the west flank of the fort and west of the creek
and marsh, had been silent up to this moment. Colonel
Hagood, who had moved promptly down the Battery
Island road to check any advance by that way, and protect
the right front of the fort, noting the silence of the
flank battery, dispatched Lieutenant-Colonel Capers to
open the fire of these guns. Finding a small detachment
of Lamar's artillery at the guns, under Lieutenant Kitching,
a prompt and gallant response to the order to open
fire was made, and under the direction of Colonel Capers
solid shot and shell were delivered along the line of the
myrtles, and into the regiments vainly endeavoring to
form on the field in front of the work. The sun was now
fully up and Lamar's victory was achieved, though both
sides continued to fire until the Federal regiments had
withdrawn from range.</p>

<p>During the assault upon the fort, a column of forty
companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery and a
squadron of cavalry, about 2,500 strong, under Brigadier-General
Wright, advanced along the Battery Island road
and up the west side of Lighthouse creek, as a covering
force for the protection of the left and rear of the troops
assaulting Secessionville. This force was made up of
the Third New Hampshire, and companies of the Third
Rhode Island, Ninety-seventh Pennsylvania, Sixth Connecticut,
Forty-seventh New York, Forty-fifth Pennsylvania,
and First New York engineers. The advance of
Hagood down the Battery Island road, with a portion of
the First and Twenty-fourth South Carolina and the
Eutaw battalion, brought him in contact with General
Wright's advance, which he checked and repelled. The
Eutaw battalion was placed behind an obstruction of
felled timber on the east of the road, and four companies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
of the Twenty-fourth still further to the left and immediately
in front of the enemy's advance. One piece of
Boyce's battery, under Lieutenant Jeter, was put in
position immediately on the right of the Twenty-fourth
and the four companies of the First south of the road.
Jeter opened fire on the enemy, in full view at Hill's
place, and immediately Wright's artillery replied, shelling
the whole front of Hagood's force and throwing solid shot
at Jeter's gun. The Third Rhode Island advanced to
charge the position, but was handsomely repulsed by
Colonels Stevens and Simonton and the effective fire of
Jeter. By this time the contest in front of Secessionville
having been determined, General Wright retired his
troops to their intrenched positions, and the battle of
Secessionville was ended.</p>

<p>After the first repulse, the fort was again in danger
from the fire of infantry and artillery in its rear and
right flank by a portion of Wright's column, which had
marched up the west bank of Lighthouse creek and were
in position south and east of Hill's negro houses. It was
this force that McEnery attacked as he came up, firing at
short range across the creek. They were ultimately
driven off by the fire of the 24-pounders in front of
Clark's house, above alluded to, and by Hagood's troops.
The latter were well posted, and when assaulted easily
repulsed the attack. Lieutenant Jeter with his guns did
good service in this affair; indeed, the position of General
Wright's column at Hill's houses, though for a short
time it took the work at Secessionville in flank and rear,
was between the infantry fire of McEnery at the fort and
Hagood's force and the 24-pounder battery at Clark's
house. If Colonel Hagood had had his whole advance
guard under his command, with Boyce's entire battery, he
could have moved immediately against General Wright's
column, striking him in flank and rear. On the contrary,
if Wright had known that Hagood had with him only the
total strength of a good regiment, with one piece of artil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>lery,
he would doubtless have attacked with his entire
force instead of with a portion of the Rhode Island regiment
only.</p>

<p>The force assaulting the fort numbered, of all arms,
3,562. It was defended by two companies of artillery,
three battalions of infantry, and 100 picked men under
Captain Jamison, a total of less than 1,000 men.
Wright's column could not have been less than 2,500 to
3,000 of all arms. Hagood's force did not exceed 700
men, with one piece of artillery. The Confederate troops
actually engaged did not exceed 1,800.</p>

<p>General Stevens reported a loss of 529 men and officers
in his assaulting column; General Wright, 129; making
an aggregate of 658. Colonel Hagood took 12 prisoners
and counted 12 dead in front of Colonel Stevens' four
companies, and 8 in front of the Eutaw battalion. More
than the number reported by General Stevens were
buried on the field, and while that general reports 1
officer and 30 men made prisoners, by actual count the
Confederates took 65 wounded and 42 unwounded prisoners.
The total Federal loss could not have been less
than 750 to 800.</p>

<p>The Confederates lost in killed, wounded and missing,
204 officers and men, as follows: Forty-seventh Georgia,
1 killed; Fourth Louisiana, 6 killed, 22 wounded;
Lamar's artillery, 15 killed, 39 wounded, 1 missing;
Charleston battalion, 10 killed, 40 wounded, 2 missing;
Pee Dee battalion, 3 killed, 23 wounded, 3 missing;
First volunteers, 1 wounded; Twenty-second volunteers,
10 killed, 8 wounded; Twenty-fourth volunteers, 3
killed, 7 wounded, 2 missing; Eutaw battalion, 4 killed,
14 wounded; total, 5 officers and 47 men killed, 12
officers and 132 men wounded, 8 missing; aggregate 204.</p>

<p>Among the gallant dead were Capt. Henry C. King and
Lieut. John J. Edwards, of the Charleston battalion;
Capt. Samuel J. Reed, of Lamar's artillery; Lieut.
Richard W. Greer, of the Eutaw battalion, and Lieut.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
B. A. Graham, of the Forty-seventh Georgia. Colonel
Lamar and Lieutenant-Colonel Gaillard were both
wounded severely. Also among the wounded were
Captain Walker, of the Fourth Louisiana; Capts. J. A.
Blake, F. T. Miles and R. P. Smith, and Lieuts. J. W.
Axson, George Brown, John Burke and F. R. Lynch of
the Charleston battalion; Lieut. J. G. Beatty of the Pee
Dee battalion; Lieut. F. W. Andrews of the Twenty-fourth,
and Lieut. Samuel J. Berger of the Eutaw battalion.</p>

<p>It was a gallant assault on the part of the Federals and
came near being a complete surprise. But for the heroic
conduct of the garrison in standing to their guns, and the
persistent and gallant support of the Charleston and Pee
Dee battalions and Jamison's men, who fought on the
parapet and on the flanks, the Michigan and New York
regiments and the Seventh Connecticut would have
swarmed over the work at the first assault, closely followed
by their supports.</p>

<p>The news of the victory at Secessionville was heralded
to every quarter of the State and the Confederacy, and
filled the hearts of soldiers and people with joy and
thanksgiving. General Pemberton congratulated the
troops engaged in orders, and especially acknowledged
the heroism and ability of Lamar and his garrison. In
published orders, the following officers and soldiers were
specially mentioned for good conduct: Col. T. G. Lamar,
Lieut.-Cols. P. C. Gaillard, A. D. Smith, John McEnery
and Ellison Capers; Majs. David Ramsay and J. H.
Hudson; Capts. Samuel J. Reed, Henry C. King, F. T.
Miles, G. D. Keitt, W. W. McCreery, F. N. Bonneau,
R. E. Elliott, S. J. Corrie, H. W. Carr, Joshua Jamison,
Samuel S. Tompkins and W. H. Ryan; Asst. Surg.
James Evans; Lieutenants Hall and Matthews, C. S.
N.; Adjt. E. J. Frederick; Lieuts. W. H. Rodgers, J. B.
Kitching, J. B. Humbert, W. S. Barton, J. W. Moseley,
T. P. Oliver, John A. Bellinger, W. M. Johnson, J. W.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
Lancaster, L. S. Hill, H. H. Sally, J. B. Cobb, William
Beckham, George Brown, A. A. Allemand, James Campbell
and R. A. Blum; Sergt. W. H. Hendricks, and Privates
Joseph Tennent, J. Campbell Martin, and T.
Grange Simons, Jr.</p>

<p>Maj. David Ramsay, who succeeded to the command of
the Charleston battalion on the wounding of Lieutenant-Colonel
Gaillard, closes his brief report with this appropriate
and just tribute, applicable to each of the commands
engaged in the battle of Secessionville. "I have
mentioned those especially noticeable, but can only
repeat that I refrain from enumerating others because it
would be to furnish a roll of those engaged."</p>

<p>Signally repulsed at Secessionville, and convinced of
the strength of the line of defense across the island, the
Federal commander-in-chief abandoned the campaign,
evacuated James island the last of June, and aggregated
the main portion of his troops at Hilton Head, Beaufort
and North Edisto. There were left only the gunboats
in the lower Stono, and the blockading fleet off the bar
to menace Charleston. The troops which had reinforced
the command of General Gist on James island were
returned to their former stations on the coast and at
Savannah, and the heroes of Secessionville were toasted
on every hand.</p>

<p>During the remainder of the summer, several affairs
occurred along the coast which illustrated the watchfulness
and gallantry of the South Carolina soldiers. An
expedition to Fenwick's island was organized and successfully
conducted by Maj. R. J. Jeffords, commanding
the Sixth battalion South Carolina cavalry, and the
enemy's positions in the surrounding waters and on the
adjacent islands fully reported to Col. W. S. Walker,
commanding the Third district. On the 14th of August,
the Federal gunboats, having entered Winyaw bay,
steamed up Black river as far as Mrs. Sparkman's plantation,
20 miles above Georgetown. Maj. W. P. Emanuel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
commanding in that quarter, with a section of Wood's
battery and all his troops south of the river, marched at
once to Mrs. Sparkman's and boldly attacked the boats
with rifles and battery. The enemy's force that had
landed was compelled to re-embark, and the boats soon
steamed down the river, shelling the banks on their way.
Major Emanuel threw his mounted infantry forward at
every available bluff, and gave the boats a spirited fight
on their return to Georgetown. A picket force on Pinckney
island was surprised and captured at dawn of the 21st
of August, by Captains Elliott and Mickler. This was an
incursion far into the enemy's lines, and at the risk of
being cut off by his gunboats, which were in the immediate
vicinity. The lieutenant commanding the Federal
picket was killed, with 14 of his men, and 36 were captured,
4 of whom were wounded. The expedition left
Bear island in nine boats, 120 strong, detachments from
the Eleventh volunteers, Captains Mickler, Leadbetter
and Wescoat commanding, and from the Beaufort artillery,
Lieutenant Stuart commanding, the whole directed
by Capts. Stephen Elliott and John H. Mickler. The
affair was well planned and gallantly executed, with the
loss of only 8 men wounded on the part of the Confederates.</p>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>GENERAL BEAUREGARD IN COMMAND&mdash;THE DEFENSES
OF CHARLESTON&mdash;DISPOSITION OF TROOPS&mdash;BATTLE
OF POCOTALIGO&mdash;REPULSE OF ENEMY
AT COOSAWHATCHIE BRIDGE&mdash;OPERATIONS IN
NORTH CAROLINA&mdash;BATTLE OF KINSTON&mdash;DEFENSE
OF GOLDSBORO.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">On</span> the 29th of August, General Beauregard, who
had been in command of the army in Mississippi,
was ordered to take charge in South Carolina.
General Pemberton was directed to report for duty at
Richmond. His policy of abandoning the attempt to
defend the mouth of Broad river and the harbor of
Georgetown, and especially his removal of the guns from
the mouth of the Stono, had made him unpopular; but
his energy, ability and patriotism commanded the respect
of the military, and the government at Richmond reposed
in him the highest confidence. Upon taking the command
at Charleston in September, General Beauregard
made a careful inspection of the department, and writing
to Richmond, expressed his admiration for the amount
and character of defensive work which General Pemberton
had done, especially in the defense of Charleston.</p>

<p>Having requested General Pemberton to give his
views upon the situation, and particularly as to the
forces, guns, etc., necessary to the proper defense of the
cities of Charleston and Savannah and their dependencies,
General Beauregard received the following reply
from Pemberton, dated September 24, 1862:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>I have the honor to state in answer to your inquiry,
that in my opinion this department can be successfully
defended against any reasonable force which it is prob<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>able
the enemy may bring against it [by the following
forces], to wit:</p>

<p>James island: 10,000 infantry, 1,000 heavy artillery,
500 cavalry, 6 field batteries. Morris island: 1,000
infantry, 250 heavy artillery, 50 cavalry. Sullivan's
island: 1,500 infantry, 800 heavy artillery, 50 cavalry,
1 field battery. Christ Church: 1,000 infantry, 100 heavy
artillery, 200 cavalry, 1 field battery. St. Andrew's: 2,000
infantry (movable column), 200 heavy artillery, 200 cavalry,
2 field batteries. Second military district: 5,000
infantry, 800 cavalry, 200 heavy artillery, 2 field batteries.
Third military district: 5,000 troops of all arms. Savannah:
10,000 infantry, 1,200 heavy artillery, 2,000 cavalry,
8 field batteries. Fort Sumter: 500 heavy artillery, 100
riflemen. Georgetown (merely for preventing marauding,
the defense of Winyaw bay requiring obstructions
and a numerous heavy artillery, both of which are entirely
out of the question): 7 companies of cavalry, 3 batteries
of artillery, 3 companies of infantry. The above
estimate is based upon the supposition that attacks may
be made simultaneously upon different points.</p></blockquote>

<p>Upon this communication, General Beauregard endorsed:
"Approved as the minimum force required, as
above stated, to guard with security the department of
South Carolina and Georgia."</p>

<p>General Beauregard was warmly received by the governor
and council of South Carolina, by the military and
by the citizens. Governor Pickens addressed him the
following letter a few days after his taking command:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Dear General: I enclose the within to you, being a
letter from myself to General Lee, dated May 23d, and
one from him in reply, dated May 29th, containing an
order to General Pemberton relating to the defense of
Charleston. It strikes me that the defense of Charleston
is now of the last importance to the Confederacy, and in
my very full interview yesterday, I took the liberty of
urging that Fort Sumter was the key to the harbor and
in fact was almost absolutely essential to enable the
South to hold communication with the foreign world....
I am rejoiced to see you here again, as there is no
general who could have been selected to whom South Carolina
would look with more confidence for her defense than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
yourself. Our whole coast involves the most complicated
difficulties in defense, and all the highest range of
science in war is required to make that defense successful.
Feeling the greatest confidence in your abilities,
and well knowing that this position is well suited to your
peculiar talents and scientific knowledge, it affords me
the greatest pleasure to co-operate with you in anything
that you may suggest, and to offer you all the resources
of the State that I may be able to command.</p></blockquote>

<p>After an inspection of the harbor defenses, and the
lines and work on James island, General Beauregard
reported the result of his examination in the following
letter, of date October 3, 1862, addressed to Adjutant-General
Cooper at Richmond:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Accompanied by Major-General Pemberton, Brigadier-General
Jordan, my chief of staff, Colonel Gonzales, chief
of artillery, and Lieut.-Col. George Lay, on a tour of
inspection, under orders of the war department, on September
16th I proceeded to inspect the harbor defenses,
beginning with four new sand batteries, in barbette,
near the west end of Sullivan's island, bearing on and
commanding the floating boom under construction across
the channel thence to Fort Sumter. Those batteries are
not finished, but two guns, 10-inch columbiads, were in
position, one only being ready for service and the magazines
not yet built. The boom is composed of railroad iron,
strongly linked together with heavy iron links and bands,
protected and buoyed by spars of timber of the same
length with the bars of iron, and banded closely together
with iron. The bars are suspended four feet under water,
and the whole structure is anchored every sixth section
with an anchor. About one-fourth of this boom is laid.
I am informed that it has been tested by running against
it a heavily-loaded vessel towed by a steamboat. This
test it resisted, parting the towline, a 10-inch hawser.
It was also proposed to lay another line about 100 yards
in rear of that now under construction, if sufficient time
is allowed and enough chains and anchors can be procured.
In addition, a rope obstruction has been prepared
to place in advance of the wooden and iron boom for
the purpose of entangling the enemy's propellers while
under fire of our heavy guns in the adjacent forts and
batteries.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>

<p>It is proper for me to notice that since my inspection
the plan of the boom was found to be defective, at least
in one particular; the great length of it made it unable
to bear the pressure of the tide, and the boom parted in
several places. This, it is hoped by the projector, may
be remedied by breaking the continuous character of the
barrier and laying it in sections, and on that plan it is
now being carried on....</p>

<p>The armament of the four new sand batteries is to consist,
as planned, of seven 10 and one 8 inch columbiad,
and two 42-pounder rifle guns. Fort Sumter has thirty-eight
heavy guns above the caliber of 32-pounders, and
Fort Moultrie nine, bearing at once on the obstructions.
There will be also two strong ironclad gunboats, each
armed with four guns, to give important, indeed vital,
assistance. These, I am advised, will be completed
before the 15th instant, and could even now yield some
aid in an emergency. I regard them as absolutely
indispensable to the successful defense of the harbor.
The Neck battery on Morris island [afterward Battery
Wagner] was next visited, which was found incomplete,
wanting at least two weeks' work to finish it according
to plan, and needing a closed gorge to secure against surprise.
It was erected to defend that approach to Fort
Sumter. In addition, a few rifled guns ought to be
placed to bear on the main channel.</p>

<p>Subsequently I visited a small work, Fort Ripley, now
under construction in cribs in the bay, about midway
between Fort Johnson and Castle Pinckney. It is nearly
ready for its armament of five heavy guns in barbette,
but must be protected outside to the high-water mark by
rubbish before it can be relied on. A series of similar
smaller works erected in the shallow water nearer to the
mouth of the harbor would materially add to the strength
of our defenses. I did not visit Castle Pinckney, the
armament of which is nine 24-pounders and one 24-pounder
rifled gun. I am well acquainted with this
work, and regard it as nearly worthless at this juncture.</p>

<p>On the 17th of September, accompanied by Major-General
Pemberton, I inspected the defensive lines on James
island from the Wappoo to Mellichamp's, a distance of
about 3 miles. These lines consist of a system of forts,
redoubts, redans, <i>cremailleres</i>, not very properly arranged
and located, with the exception of Fort Pemberton, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
the Stono and some of the redoubts; and in my opinion
a simpler system, one requiring a smaller force to hold
and defend, might have been originally devised with
advantage. However, this line ought to serve our purpose
with a proper force of about 3 men for every 2 yards
of development. Each redoubt and redan has at least
one heavy gun in position. That part of the lines between
Dill's creek and the Wappoo will be completed in two
weeks. Fort Pemberton is a strong work, and has an
armament of twenty guns of various calibers. There are
two batteries on the Ashley river and the entrances of
Dill's and Wappoo creeks, but for want of guns the works
are without armaments, except the battery at Lawton's,
which has four 32-pounders in position, which, however,
are of little use against any probable attack.</p>

<p>On the 18th, accompanied as on the previous days, I
inspected Forts Sumter and Moultrie, which were found
in fine order and condition, considering the repairs in
progress at the latter work. The armament of Moultrie
consists of thirty-eight guns of various calibers, from
24-pounders to 8-inch columbiads, with a garrison of
some 300 effective men. The armament of Sumter consists
of seventy-nine guns of all calibers, from 32-pounders
to 10-inch columbiads, and seven 10-inch mortars. It
has a garrison of about 350 effective men. The barracks
are being cut down to protect them from the fire of the
enemy.... Battery Beauregard, across Sullivan's island,
in advance of Fort Moultrie, to defend the approach from
the east, is armed with five guns. The work at the eastern
extremity of the island, placed to defend the interior
approach by water to the rear and west of Long island,
is a redoubt armed with eight guns (two 32-pounders and
six small guns). I am informed by General Pemberton
that all these works are sufficiently garrisoned.</p>

<p>My conclusions are as follows: That when the works
contemplated and in progress for the defense of the harbor,
especially when the obstructions and ironclad gunboats
shall have been completed and are properly armed
with guns of the heaviest caliber, the enemy's fleet will
find it extremely difficult to penetrate sufficiently within
the harbor to injure or reduce the city; but until these
works are finished, armed as indicated, and properly
garrisoned, the city cannot be regarded as protected.</p>

<p>Accompanied as on previous days, on the 19th of Sep<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>tember
I examined the works at Secessionville, which
are irregular and of poor construction. A force of some
200 men was still at work increasing and strengthening
them. The position is naturally strong, being surrounded
by two marshes and a wide creek, except on
one side [the front], where there is a very narrow strip of
level ground, along which the abolitionists made their
attack, which was a surprise, when they were defeated
by one-fifth of their numbers. I do not see the necessity
or advantage of holding in force this advanced position.
A strong picket would be sufficient. The armament of
this work consists of two 8-inch naval guns, one 18-pounder
howitzer, six 32-pounders, one 32-pounder and two
24-pounder rifled guns, and two 10-inch mortars. All of
which is respectfully submitted, etc.</p></blockquote>

<p>This communication gives a clear view of the character
of the defenses of Charleston in October, 1862, and
shows also the activity and engineering skill of General
Pemberton, under whose direction the works, for the
most part, were prosecuted after the abandonment of
Cole's island early in May. The position for the fort at
Secessionville was originally selected by Col. Lewis M.
Hatch of Charleston, whose practical knowledge of the
waters and islands surrounding Charleston and patriotic
zeal in planning for their defense made his services
most valuable, especially at the beginning of the
defensive work, when so very few military men in
Charleston had made a study of the approaches by land
and water to the city. The victory of the 16th of June
bore ample testimony to the value of the exact spot on
which Fort Lamar stood.</p>

<p>In July, Col. Johnson Hagood was promoted to brigadier-general,
and the First regiment came under the
command of Col. Thomas Glover. Early in August,
Generals Drayton and Evans were sent from South Carolina
to reinforce General Lee, in Virginia. These generals
took with them the First regiment, Colonel Glover;
the Fifteenth, Col. W. D. De Saussure; the Seventeenth,
Col. (Governor) J. H. Means; the Eighteenth, Col. J. M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
Gadberry; the Twenty-second, Col. Joseph Abney; the
Twenty-third, Col. H. L. Benbow; Holcombe legion,
Col. P. F. Stevens; Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. G. S.
James, and Capt. R. Boyce's battery, all South Carolina
organizations. Upon taking command, General Beauregard
assigned Gen. S. R. Gist to command the First district,
with headquarters at Charleston. This district
embraced the coast from the North Carolina line to Rantowles
creek, and included the islands touching the
harbor. Col. R. F. Graham commanded on Morris island,
Col. L. M. Keitt on Sullivan's island, Col. C. H.
Stevens on James island, and Major Emanuel at Georgetown.
Lieut.-Col. William Butler, First regular infantry,
commanded at Fort Moultrie, and Maj. Alfred Rhett,
of the First regular artillery, at Fort Sumter. Fort
Pemberton on the Stono was commanded by Maj. J. J.
Lucas, and the post of Secessionville by Lieutenant-Colonel
Capers. General Gist had under his command 133
companies of all arms. In this enumeration by companies
were included the following South Carolina regiments:
First regular artillery, First regular infantry, First
volunteer artillery, Twentieth, Twenty-first, Twenty-fourth
and Twenty-fifth volunteers, ten companies each.</p>

<p>Brigadier-General Hagood, in charge of the Second
military district, with headquarters at Adams' run, had
in his command one regiment (the Sixteenth), Smith's
and Nelson's battalions of infantry, two companies of
cavalry, the Stono scouts, and two batteries (the Washington
and Morrison artillery)&mdash;twenty-nine companies
of all arms, all South Carolinians.</p>

<p>Col. W. S. Walker, commanding the Third military
district, with headquarters at McPhersonville, had under
his orders an aggregate of forty companies of all arms, as
follows: Eleventh volunteers, First and Second battalions
of sharpshooters, Third regiment of cavalry, First,
Second and Sixth battalions of cavalry, Rutledge mounted
riflemen, Charleston dragoons, Kirk's partisan rangers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>
Elliott's Beaufort artillery, Kavanaugh's Lafayette battery,
all South Carolina commands, and Nelson's Virginia
battery. The whole Confederate force in South Carolina
upon General Beauregard's assuming command, September
24, 1862, amounted to 202 companies of all arms, and
aggregated 12,544 officers and soldiers present for duty.</p>

<p>On October 22d, the battle of Old Pocotaligo was fought
by Col. W. S. Walker, with a small force of infantry,
dismounted cavalry, and sections from two batteries of
artillery, amounting in all to 675 men and officers. On
the same day the railroad and turnpike bridges crossing
the Coosawhatchie were successfully defended by the
Lafayette artillery, Lieut. L. F. Le Bleux commanding;
a section of Elliott's Beaufort battery, Lieut. H. M.
Stuart commanding, and Capt. B. F. Wyman's company
of the Eleventh South Carolina infantry. These engagements
will be described separately.</p>

<p>A Federal force of 4,448 of all arms, under the command
of Brigadier-General Brannan, sailed from Hilton
Head on the evening of October 21st in transports supported
by gunboats, destined for Mackay's point, on
Broad river, with orders from the Federal commanding
general "to destroy the railroad and railroad bridges on
the Charleston and Savannah line." Landing his forces
at Mackay's point during the night of the 21st and on the
early morning of the 22d, General Brannan marched with
all of his troops except the Forty-eighth New York and
two companies of engineers, immediately up the road
leading to Old Pocotaligo. The force detached was sent
by boat up the Broad, and thence up the Coosawhatchie
to destroy the railroad bridge over the latter river, where
the main column, in case of victory at Pocotaligo, should
unite with it in tearing up the railroad on either hand,
including the bridge over the Pocotaligo and Tulifinny
rivers.</p>

<p>If General Brannan had succeeded, he would have cut
very effectually the communication between Savannah<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
and Charleston, captured the military stores at Coosawhatchie
and Pocotaligo, and inflicted a serious blow to
General Beauregard's line of defense. But his expedition
signally failed, and he was defeated with brilliant
success by Colonel Walker's troops at Old Pocotaligo and
at Coosawhatchie bridge. Learning of his landing at
Mackay's point and of his advance, Colonel Walker
ordered by wire the artillery and infantry named above
to repair to the bridge, and himself marched down the
Mackay's point road, with all the force he could command,
to meet General Brannan. Meanwhile, Col. C. J. Colcock,
at Grahamville, commanding the Third South Carolina
cavalry, dispatched Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson with five
companies of his regiment, and Major Abney, with two
companies of his battalion of sharpshooters, to march
rapidly to Coosawhatchie and intercept the force which
he had learned was moving up the river. These dispositions
were effective, as the result showed.</p>

<p>Walker's force consisted of Nelson's Virginia battery,
two sections of Elliott's battery, and the following commands:
Maj. J. H. Morgan's battalion of cavalry, the
Charleston light dragoons, Captain Kirk's partisan
rangers, Captain Allston's company of sharpshooters,
Capt. D. B. Heyward's company of cavalry, and Capt.
A. C. Izard's company of the Eleventh South Carolina,
Lieut. W. L. Campbell commanding. The aggregate of
these troops was 475, one-fourth of whom were horse-holders
and not in the engagement now to be described.
Walker took position near Dr. Hutson's residence, on a
salt marsh, crossed by a causeway and skirted by woods
on both sides. A section of Elliott's guns, Allston's
sharpshooters, and two companies of cavalry, under Maj.
J. H. Morgan, had gone in advance of Walker's position
and were skirmishing with the head of Brannan's advance
and holding him in check. In this affair Major Morgan
was severely wounded, but his command held the advance
of the Federal troops sufficiently long to allow Walker to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
post his gallant little force at Hutson's. Elliott's guns
were posted in and near the road, and Nelson's in the
field in rear of the skirmishers, and screened by woods in
front. The rest of the command was put in line to the
right and left of the road, covered by the trees which
fringed the marsh.</p>

<p>General Brannan, encouraged by his success in driving
in Major Morgan, pushed up with his infantry and attacked
at once. Walker replied with the guns of Elliott
and Nelson (Lieutenant Massie commanding) and with his
rifle fire. The marsh was impracticable, but Brannan
pushed his troops to its edge and opened an infantry fire
from a force so much superior to Walker's as to inflict
serious damage to his batteries by killing horses and
wounding the gunners. The Federal artillery fired so
incessantly that their ammunition fell short and their fire
slackened.</p>

<p>Meanwhile Elliott and Massie raked the woods opposite
with shell and canister. General Brannan reports that
this fire twice drove his infantry out of the woods "with
great slaughter;" "the overwhelming fire of the enemy
tore through the woods like hail." But the position was
not strong enough to be held against so superior a force,
and as the Federal regiments pushed out into the edge
of the marsh, enveloping both flanks of the Confederate
position, and delivering a damaging fire from their superior
rifles, Walker ordered a retreat upon Old Pocotaligo,
some 2½ miles in his rear.</p>

<p>This was well executed and without confusion, Capt.
J. B. Allston's sharpshooters and part of Company I,
Eleventh volunteers, covering the movement. On the
retreat, Capt. W. L. Trenholm, with his splendid company,
the Rutledge mounted riflemen, joined Walker from
outpost duty, and took command of all the cavalry.</p>

<p>Arriving at Old Pocotaligo, Walker took position in
the old houses and behind the scattered trees of the hamlet,
the Pocotaligo creek with its impracticable marsh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
being in his front, and the ground higher and better
adapted for defense than the position at Dr. Hutson's.</p>

<p>Capt. John H. Screven, just as the enemy appeared,
opened fire, and after the last man of the rear guard had
crossed, took a party of men and effectually tore up the
long bridge on the causeway, and the fight began in
earnest. Brannan brought up all his troops and artillery
and poured in a galling fire, to which Walker's men
replied from trees and houses and every bush on the edge
of the marsh. Two of Elliott's guns and all of Morris'
but one were disabled by the loss of the gunners, killed
or wounded, and after the battle had been in progress
some two hours, Walker had only three guns left. One of
these he withdrew from the position commanding the
causeway and put it in position under Sergeant Fuller,
about 300 yards to his right, where it opened on the Federal
left. Nelson's battalion (Seventh), 200 strong,
under Capt. W. H. Sligh, came up at this juncture on
Walker's right, and swelled his gallant little band to
about 800 men. Half of Sligh's command, under Capt.
J. H. Brooks, took position beyond Fuller's place, and
opened fire from the woods fringing the Pocotaligo 700
or 800 yards beyond the hamlet of Pocotaligo. This fire
created the impression of a strong reinforcement on
Walker's right, and threatened the Federal left, which
was in full view "in air."</p>

<p>General Brannan had sufficient force to hold Walker at
Old Pocotaligo, and move at least 2,500 men around his
right flank, crossing the Pocotaligo a mile or so above,
where it becomes very narrow. But he cautiously held
on to his position and kept up his fire on Walker's force,
relieving his regiments as they became slack of ammunition.
He could not get to Walker without forcing the
causeway and relaying the bridge, and this he could not
do as the fire of the artillery and every musket would be
turned on the least advance. The creek was deep and
the banks boggy and made an impassable ditch in Walk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>er's
front. Finally the Federal artillery ceased firing,
and the entire force opened on Walker's left an incessant
discharge from their rifles. Captain Sligh and the
Charleston light dragoons on Walker's left replied with
so much spirit and effect that Brannan gave up the fight,
and at 6 p. m. withdrew from range and began his retreat
to his boats at Mackay's point.</p>

<p>The bridge being destroyed and Walker's men thoroughly
exhausted, it was some time before Colonel Walker
could organize and direct the pursuit. Lieut. L. J.
Walker, commanding the Rutledge mounted riflemen
and Kirk's rangers, passing around the head of the Pocotaligo,
pushed on down the Mackay's point road in the
rear of Brannan's force; but the bridges were torn up
and Walker could not reach the flying foe until the night
made it impracticable to proceed. Brannan reached his
gunboats in safety and re-embarked for his base at Hilton
Head.</p>

<p>The force which attacked the bridge over the Coosawhatchie
was met by Le Bleux's and Stuart's artillery and
the fire of Captain Wyman's company, and was promptly
repelled. A detachment, however, while the main force
attacked the bridge, marched to the railroad, cut down a
telegraph pole, cut the wire, and tore up two or three
rails. A train carrying a portion of the Eleventh regiment
and one company of Abney's battalion, under the
command of Maj. J. J. Harrison, unhappily ran up just
in time to receive a volley from the party on the railroad,
by which the engineer was killed and Major Harrison
lost his life.</p>

<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson, with his cavalry, arriving
at this juncture, the Federal force retreated and joined
the force retiring from the bridge. The destruction of
several bridges over marshes and creeks, which are
numerous in the tidewater section, so impeded Colonel
Johnson that he dismounted his men, and thus moved
three companies in line to within 130 yards of the boats<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
and fired on the troops as they embarked. The gunboats
returned the fire, and a gallant soldier, Private Thomas
B. Fripp, was killed, and Lieut. T. G. Buckner and Corp.
Thomas Farr wounded. When the train was fired upon
and the engineer killed, the conductor, Mr. Buckhalter,
with coolness and courage, ran his train on in the face of
the ambuscading party. Thus ended the expedition to
destroy the railroad and bridges on the Charleston line.</p>

<p>Walker lost 21 killed, 124 wounded, 18 missing; total,
163. Brannan's loss reported was 43 killed, 294 wounded,
3 missing; total, 340. Colonel Walker closed his report
of the battle of Pocotaligo by commending in highest
terms the conduct of the whole command, mentioning
particularly Capt. H. J. Hartstene, naval aid; Capt.
W. W. Elliott, ordnance officer; Capts. John H.
Screven and George P. Elliott; Corp. D. L. Walker,
and Privates Fripp and Martin and E. B. Bell, all of
whom served on his staff. R. M. Fuller and the Messrs.
Cuthbert, father and son, serving on the staff, rendered
efficient service to the colonel commanding. The battle
over, and the enemy safe on his gunboats, ample reinforcements
arrived from Hagood and Gist, and from
Savannah, but too late to do more than congratulate
Colonel Walker and his heroic and victorious troops.</p>

<p>With the battle of Pocotaligo and the repulse of the
New York regiment at Coosawhatchie bridge, the aggressive
movements of the land forces of the enemy on
the coast of South Carolina closed for the year 1862.</p>

<p>The Federal position at New Bern, N. C., protected by
the heavy batteries of the fleet and held by a strong
force under Major-General Foster, in 1862, afforded a safe
and easy base of operations against the railroad line connecting
Wilmington with Petersburg and Richmond.
Goldsboro, on this railroad, was connected directly with
New Bern by a railroad which ran through Kinston, the
latter place being about halfway between New Bern and
Goldsboro.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>

<p>At Kinston, Gen. N. G. Evans was in command, with
his South Carolina brigade and some North Carolina
troops, including Lieutenant-Colonel Pool's heavy battery
on the river. The Neuse, open to gunboats, runs
by both Goldsboro and Kinston, crossing the railroad line
within four miles of the former place. General Foster
planned an attack, first on Kinston and then on the railroad
at the bridge near Goldsboro. For this purpose he
marched from New Bern on December 11, 1862, with
10,000 infantry, eight light batteries, forty guns, and a
regiment of cavalry 640 strong. Foster's force was composed
of twelve Massachusetts, one Connecticut, one
New Jersey, four New York, two Pennsylvania, and one
Rhode Island regiments, light batteries from Rhode
Island and New York, and cavalry from New York.</p>

<p>Evans' brigade was composed of the Holcombe legion,
Col. P. F. Stevens; the Seventeenth South Carolina, Col.
F. W. McMaster; the Twenty-second South Carolina,
Col. S. D. Goodlett; the Twenty-third South Carolina,
Col. H. L. Benbow, and Boyce's light battery. With
this brigade and Radcliffe's regiment, Mallett's battalion
and Bunting's and Starr's light batteries, North Carolina
troops, he fought the battle of Kinston. Lieutenant-Colonel
Pool, commanding the work on the river just
below Kinston, successfully repelled the attack of the
gunboats. Taking post on Southwest creek, about 4
miles due west of Kinston, Evans was attacked by Foster
on the morning of the 13th. The Federal general
marched up the west bank of the Neuse. With his overwhelming
force, he turned both flanks of General Evans
and compelled his retreat to a position about a mile from
the town, covering the bridge over the Neuse. Foster
moved on this position at once and attacked again with
his infantry and artillery. The conduct of Evans' little
command was heroic, and their firmness enabled him to
hold Foster in check throughout the day.</p>

<p>Early the next morning the battle was renewed, Gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>eral
Evans taking the offensive; but the superior force of
the Federal army enveloped the small command of General
Evans, and after three hours of gallant battle, he
ordered a retreat across the river and through the town.
At the bridge Evans lost between 400 and 500 of his command,
taken prisoners, but succeeded in taking over his
artillery and most of his troops. He took up a strong
position, toward Goldsboro, about 2 miles from Kinston,
and was awaiting General Foster's advance when he
received a summons from that general to surrender!
This he promptly declined and prepared for battle, but
night coming on, Foster gave up the further pursuit of
General Evans on the east bank of the Neuse, and crossed
to the west side of the river, encamping in that position
for the night. On the 15th he resumed his march up the
west bank toward the railroad bridge near Goldsboro,
and followed with his attack upon the bridge and its
destruction on the 17th. In this affair an attack was
also made upon the county bridge crossing the Neuse,
which was successfully defended by General Clingman
and his gallant command of North Carolinians, strongly
supported by Evans.</p>

<p>On the 18th of December, General Foster began his
movement back to his base at New Bern. Almost without
cavalry, the Confederate forces, now under the chief
command of Maj.-Gen. G. W. Smith, could not follow
him effectively, and he reached New Bern after suffering
a total loss of 591, killed, wounded and captured.
There is no record of the losses of the South Carolina
brigade at Kinston, or at the railroad bridge in front of
Goldsboro. General Clingman reported a loss of 20
killed, 107 wounded, and 18 missing; total, 145. Evans
lost over 400 taken prisoners at the bridge at Kinston, and
must have met heavier losses than Clingman in his battles
on the 13th and 14th. His total loss could not have
been less than 600 in killed, wounded and captured, out
of a total in front of Kinston of 2,014. General Foster's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
rapid retreat from the railroad can only be accounted for
upon the supposition that he exaggerated the forces sent
from Wilmington, Petersburg and Richmond to reinforce
Goldsboro. The aggregate of all arms at Goldsboro on
the 18th could not have reached 7,000 effectives, and
General Foster's army, after its losses on the 13th, 14th
and 17th, was fully 10,500 of all arms.</p>

<p>General Evans in his official report mentioned especially
the gallant conduct of Adjt. W. P. Du Bose and
Capt. M. G. Zeigler, of the Holcombe legion; Capt. S. A.
Durham, Twenty-third South Carolina; his personal staff,
and Lieutenant-Colonels Mallett and Pool, and Colonels
Radcliffe and Baker of the North Carolina troops.</p>

<p>The expedition of General Foster with so large a force,
and the reported presence of a large fleet of transports,
carrying an army under General Banks, in the waters of
Beaufort, made General Whiting, commanding at Wilmington,
apprehensive of an attack on that city. Pending
the movement of Foster, General Whiting telegraphed
to General Beauregard urgently to send troops to his
assistance, as Wilmington was protected only by its forts
and a small garrison. General Beauregard promptly sent
a division of two brigades under Brig.-Gen. S. R. Gist.
The first brigade was made up of troops from the First
and Second military districts of South Carolina, under
command of Col. C. H. Stevens, Twenty-fourth regiment,
and the second from the military district of Georgia,
commanded by the senior colonel. Three South
Carolina light batteries accompanied the division, W. C.
Preston's, Waities' and Culpeper's. The South Carolina
infantry included the Sixteenth, Colonel McCullough; the
Twenty-fourth, Lieutenant-Colonel Capers; Twenty-fifth,
Colonel Simonton, and Nelson's battalion. By
December 17th, the day of the attack in front of Goldsboro,
General Gist's division had arrived in Wilmington,
and went into camp. The Twenty-fourth, with Preston's
battery, was stationed at the railroad crossing of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
the Northeast river, 9 miles east of Wilmington, and fortified
the position and the roads approaching it.</p>

<p>The month of December passed, and the expected
attack upon Wilmington was not made. The expedition
under General Banks did not move inland and the fleet
did not appear off Cape Fear. General Whiting wrote
General Beauregard that a storm at sea, which had lost
the fleet three of its monitors, had saved Wilmington from
the threatened attack. About January 1, 1863, the division
under Gist was returned to General Beauregard,
except Harrison's Georgia regiment, Nelson's battalion,
the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, and the three batteries,
Preston's, Waities' and Culpeper's. These, with Clingman's
brigade, sent from Goldsboro, and three North
Carolina light batteries, made up the whole of General
Whiting's disposable force for the defense of Wilmington,
after Gist's division was returned to Beauregard.</p>

<p>Returning these troops, Whiting wrote to General
Beauregard: "I send you this note by your able Brigadier-General
Gist, of South Carolina.... I beg you will
receive my true and real thanks for the promptness with
which you sent your magnificent troops to my assistance at
a time when it was thought they were needed." He made a
special request that he might have General Gist's personal
services, and accordingly that general was ordered to
return and report to General Whiting for special duty, for
which favor Whiting expressed his thanks, referring to
Gist as always "cool, sensible and brave," characteristics
which that officer manifested throughout his career.</p>

<p>During January, 1863, the Twenty-fourth South Carolina,
with Preston's battery, under Col. C. H. Stevens,
occupied the vicinity of Island creek, on the Holly Shelter
road, as an outpost in advance of the Northeast
bridge, fortifying the position and obstructing the roads.
The expected attack not being made, the South Carolina
troops were returned, to resume their positions on the
coast of their own State early in February.</p>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>SOUTH CAROLINIANS IN THE WEST&mdash;MANIGAULT'S
AND LYTHGOE'S REGIMENTS AT CORINTH&mdash;THE
KENTUCKY CAMPAIGN&mdash;BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">In</span> April, 1862, following the battle of Shiloh, in response
to the urgent call of General Beauregard, at
Corinth, Miss., for troops to reinforce the army he
then commanded, the Tenth South Carolina, Col. A. M.
Manigault, and the Nineteenth, Col. A. J. Lythgoe, were
ordered from the coast of South Carolina to report to that
general. Arrived at Corinth, the two regiments were brigaded
with the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-eighth and Thirty-fourth
Alabama regiments, under the command of
Brigadier-General Trapier, in the division of Major-General
Withers. From December, 1862, the brigade
was commanded by Colonel Manigault, and known as
"Manigault's brigade." Lieut.-Col. James F. Pressley
took command of the Tenth.</p>

<p>Covering the front of Beauregard's army, on May 2d,
Manigault's brigade was brought into prominent notice
by the firm stand it made against the enemy's advance.
The supports on its right and left having retired, Colonel
Manigault held his position and repelled the attack. No
report of the details of this affair is at hand. It reflected
much credit on the brigade, and gave the South Carolina
regiments their first battle before Corinth. At Corinth
and at Tupelo, the army suffered from exposure and bad
water, and 17,000 sick were sent to the rear, and in these
hardships the South Carolina regiments had their full
share. The faithful chaplain of the Tenth, Rev. W. T.
Capers, and many of the officers and men of both regiments
were ill, and many died.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>

<p>In July the army was moved to a healthier camp, and
early in August it was concentrated near Chattanooga
for an aggressive campaign in Tennessee and Kentucky.
General Bragg was now in command, General Beauregard
having been called to Charleston.</p>

<p>Bragg crossed the Tennessee, moved over the Cumberland
mountains and entered Kentucky. When the army
moved against Munfordville, Manigault was in advance
and met and drove in the pickets. The garrison capitulated
September 18th, and Bragg moved on toward Frankfort.
Buell, who had left Tennessee and marched to
Louisville, where he reorganized his army, struck at
Bragg's exposed rear, attacking Polk at Perryville. Polk
held his own with greatly inferior numbers, repulsed
Buell, captured much artillery and many prisoners, but
lost in killed and wounded over 3,000 of his little army.
General Bragg retired toward the mountains, and crossing
into east Tennessee, occupied Knoxville, Buell moving
to Nashville. During the rapid retreat on Knoxville, the
army suffered greatly from want of proper food, rapid
marches and the exposure of the men in bivouac. After
resting his army at Knoxville, General Bragg recrossed
the mountains and ultimately took post at Murfreesboro,
where he was attacked by Rosecrans (who had displaced
General Buell), and the battle of Stone's River, or Murfreesboro,
followed on December 31st.</p>

<p>Manigault's brigade bore a conspicuous part at Murfreesboro,
and its operations in connection with that battle
will now be described. General Bragg's line of battle
was formed in front of Murfreesboro, running a little east
of north and west of south. Stone's river ran southeast,
in his front, cut off his right, and bending south ran along
his rear. As the divisions stood from right to left they
were placed in the following order: Breckinridge east of
the river, then Withers, Cheatham, McCown and Cleburne,
the formation in two lines, the cavalry well out
on the flanks. Near the river, on the west side of it, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
Nashville railroad and the turnpike, running near each
other, passed through Bragg's line nearly at right angles.
The Wilkinson pike passed through the line on the left
of Withers, running northwest.</p>

<p>Lieutenant-General Polk commanded the right wing,
and Lieutenant-General Hardee the left; Breckinridge,
Withers and Cheatham made the right, and McCown and
Cleburne, with Wharton's cavalry, the left.</p>

<p>Rosecrans stood before Bragg with three army corps,
commanded by Major-Generals McCook, Thomas and
Crittenden, all west of the river. Crittenden faced
Breckinridge with three divisions; Thomas, with five divisions,
faced Withers and Cheatham; McCook, with three
divisions, faced Cleburne and McCown. Wharton, with
his splendid brigade of cavalry, stood forward of Hardee's
left, ready to make his brilliant attack on Rosecrans'
right and rear.</p>

<p>The signal for battle was given, and at 7 o'clock on
the morning of December 31st, Hardee ordered Wharton
with his troopers to find the rear of McCook's right flank
and fall upon his supports, and directed his infantry and
artillery forward. McCown, supported by Cleburne,
advanced and engaged in severe battle, taking the enemy
by surprise and forcing him back toward the Wilkinson
pike. Bragg's plan was to drive back the right wing of
Rosecrans, and when beaten to attack his center and right
simultaneously. Hardee's battle pushed McCook beyond
the Wilkinson pike, when Withers moved out against
Thomas, supported by Cheatham. Bragg's battle was a
grand right wheel, pivoting on the river, the wheel
obliquing toward the wheeling flank, and the pivot gaining
forward. By 10 o'clock, both of Hardee's divisions
were in full battle, as were those of Withers and Cheatham,
and later on Breckinridge sent over four of his brigades
to reinforce the battle of the pivot.</p>

<p>When evening came the full right wheel had been completed
and the army stood against its enemy in a line at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
an exact right angle to its first position. The pivot had
gained forward a half mile, but Rosecrans had held fast
with his left on the river. In the wheeling fight, on
Hardee's right, and in the struggle to move the pivot
forward as it turned, Withers' division made its battle.
That general reported the operations of his division with
great accuracy and distinctness, and we shall follow his
report for an account of Manigault's brigade.</p>

<p>As Withers placed his brigades from right to left, Chalmers'
brigade was on the right touching the river, and
formed the pivot of the great wheel; then came Patton
Anderson's brigade, then Manigault's, and lastly Deas'.
Manigault moved out in due time, and his left swinging
around met the enemy on a wooded ridge, and stormed
and carried it. In his wheel through an open field, and
before the brigade could touch Anderson's, on its right,
it was taken in flank by artillery and the fire of the force
it had driven. Here fell the gallant Col. A. J. Lythgoe,
of the Nineteenth South Carolina, at the head of his regiment.
His major-general well said of him: "He dies
well who dies nobly." The flank fire on Manigault
broke his line and repelled his advance in some confusion.
Rallying, the brigade continued its battle, now with
more success charging and gaining ground. But it had
gone beyond its right and left supports, and was again
fired upon by artillery on the right flank; the brigade on
his immediate left was repulsed and again Manigault had
to retire. Maney's brigade, from Cheatham's division,
was ordered to support Manigault's left, and again he
advanced and with Maney's gallant aid the brigade swung
forward and round in victorious advance.</p>

<p>This third advance brought the two South Carolina
regiments directly on the battery that had done their brigade
so much harm, and the Tenth and Nineteenth were
ordered to charge and take it. The Tenth, led by Lieut.-Col.
J. F. Pressley, and the Nineteenth, by Lieut.-Col.
T. P. Shaw, moved as one man to take the guns. A Fed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>eral
brigade in support delivered its volleys so rapidly as
to check the assault, when Anderson, who was on Manigault's
right, moved up his brigade and attacked the supporting
brigade, while the Tenth and Nineteenth dashed
forward and took the guns. General Bragg allowed these
regiments to have the battery, and they sent it to South
Carolina to have the names of the gallant men who fell
in its capture inscribed upon the pieces. General Withers
closed this part of his report with high praise of Manigault's
brigade. The brigade, says the major-general,
had been subjected to a most trying ordeal, and had
lost heavily. The calm determination and persistent
energy and gallantry which rendered Colonel Manigault
proof against discouragements, had a marked influence
on and was admirably responded to by his command.</p>

<p>Lieutenant-General Polk, in his report, thus refers to
the brigade:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The brigade of Colonel Manigault, which was immediately
on the right of that of Colonel Coltart [Deas'], followed
the movement of the latter according to instructions;
but as Coltart failed in the first onset to drive
Sheridan's right, Manigault, after dashing forward and
pressing the enemy back on his second line, was brought
under a heavy fire of artillery from two batteries on his
right, supported by infantry, and was compelled to fall
back.... But the gallant South Carolinian returned to
the charge a second, and a third time, and being aided
by the brigade of General Maney, of the second line,
which came to his relief with its Napoleon guns and a
deadly fire of musketry, the enemy gave way and joined
his comrades on his right in precipitate retreat across the
Wilkinson pike. This movement dislodged and drove
the residue of Sheridan's division, and completed the
forcing of the whole of McCook's corps out of line of
battle, and placed it in full retreat.</p></blockquote>

<p>With these operations, thus described, the honorable
part borne by the South Carolina regiments in the battle
was practically ended. Manigault was in line with
Hardee and touching the troops on the pivot, and night
ended the great contest.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p>

<p>The brigade of Colonel Manigault lost a total of 517.
The Tenth South Carolina had 109 killed and wounded
and 2 taken prisoners; the Nineteenth had 80 killed and
wounded, among the killed its gallant colonel. Maj.
John A. Crowder and Lieut. J. T. Norris, of the Nineteenth,
faithful and true men and officers, were among
those mortally wounded. It is to be regretted that Colonel
Manigault's report of Murfreesboro is not at the
writer's command, and there is no official report from
either regiment of record.</p>

<p>On the roll of those "conspicuous for courage and good
conduct on the field of battle" at Murfreesboro, published
by order of the Confederate Congress, are the following:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Tenth South Carolina: First Lieut. C. C. White, Sergts.
C. W. Cockfield (killed) and S. B. Rhuarck; Privates
A. J. McCants, J. S. Beaty, W. D. Hewitt, G. S. Flowers,
G. W. Curry, J. Cannon, N. Gray, W. H. Posten, J. W.
H. Bunch (killed) and J. A. Boatwright.</p>

<p>Nineteenth South Carolina: Col. A. J. Lythgoe, Maj.
John A. Crowder; Sergts. W. H. Burkhalter and Martin
Youce; Privates Benjamin W. Boothe, Samuel S. Horn,
W. A. Black, S. D. McCoy, Samuel Bloodsworth, Seth
A. Jordan, James McClain and James Jones.</p></blockquote>

<p>It is a grateful task to copy, in this connection, a paragraph
from the report of Lieutenant-General Polk, in
which he perpetuates an act of self-sacrificing heroism
which is worthy of lasting remembrance, and gives an
example of patient courage and devotion which the writer
has never known surpassed by any of his Confederate
comrades. It occurred just before the last charge of
Manigault and Maney. Says General Polk:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>I think it proper to bring to the notice of the general
commanding an instance of self-sacrificing devotion to
the safety of their immediate commands, and to our cause,
which for heroic courage and magnanimity is without a
parallel. A battery was pouring a murderous fire into
the brigade of General Maney from a point which made it
doubtful whether it was ours or the enemy's. Two unsuccessful
efforts had been made by staff officers (one of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
whom was killed in the attempt) to determine its character.
The doubt caused the brigade to hesitate in returning
the fire of the battery, when Sergeant Oakley, color-bearer
of the Fourth Tennessee, and Sergt. C. M. Hooks,
color-bearer of the Ninth Tennessee, gallantly advanced
eight or ten paces to the front, displaying their
colors and holding themselves and the flag of their country
erect, remained ten minutes in a place so conspicuous
as to be plainly seen, and fully to test from whom their
brigade was suffering so severely. The murderous fire
was increased and intensified, and demonstrated that the
battery and its support were not friends, but enemies.
The sergeants then returned deliberately to their proper
places in line, unhurt, and the enemy's battery was
silenced and his column put to flight.</p></blockquote>

<p>With this act of devotion we leave the battle of Murfreesboro,
making the following general remarks about it:</p>

<p>General Bragg's army, infantry and artillery, numbered
33,475. His cavalry, under Wharton, Wheeler and
Pegram, aggregated 4,237, making his army, of all arms,
37,712. Wheeler's brigade reported on December 31st,
1,169, and was not in the battle, but was operating on Rosecrans'
immediate communications. Pegram and Buford,
with five regiments, 1,118 strong, were on the extreme
right and scarcely engaged. Hanson's brigade, of Breckinridge's
division, 1,893 strong, was east of the river.
Deducting Wheeler's and Hanson's brigades from Bragg's
total, that general fought in actual battle against Rosecrans'
columns a force of 34,650, of all arms. These
figures are taken from the field returns of the army, as
they are given from the originals in the War Records of
the Union and Confederate armies.</p>

<p>It is interesting to note General Rosecrans' estimates
of General Bragg's forces and losses. He reported to
Washington that he had encountered superior numbers,
and gave Bragg's strength, 46,200 infantry, 1,200 sharpshooters,
1,840 artillery, and 13,250 cavalry, "making a
total of 62,490." In like manner the Union general estimated
the Confederate loss at 14,560. In this estimate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
he missed it by over 4,000! General Bragg lost 10,266
of all arms, killed, wounded and captured. General
Rosecrans took the actual loss in General Breckinridge's
division and multiplied by seven, instead of five, the
number of divisions. The Federal loss in killed and
wounded as reported by General Rosecrans was 8,778.
He estimated his loss in prisoners at 2,800. The inspector-general
of Bragg's army reported to his chief over 6,000
prisoners! General Hardee reported 1,900 captured by
Wharton's cavalry alone!</p>

<p>The writer, from his experience in the field, knows it to
be very difficult to report accurately, after a great battle,
the losses in killed, wounded and prisoners, but he
has often been impressed with the exaggeration of generals,
Federal and Confederate, in giving estimates of
the numbers opposing them, and the losses they inflict
upon their adversaries. Here we have Rosecrans reporting
Bragg's army opposed to him at 62,490, and General
Bragg reporting Rosecrans' army at from 60,000 to
70,000; Rosecrans estimating Bragg's loss at 14,560, and
Bragg reporting an estimated loss for Rosecrans at 25,273.
By the official statements of both generals, as shown in
the army returns, now published by the government in
its invaluable War Records of both armies, Rosecrans
engaged Bragg's 34,650 of all arms, with a force of 43,400
of all arms. "On the whole," said General Rosecrans in
his report, written six weeks after the battle, "we fought
superior numbers on unknown ground, inflicted much
more injury than we suffered, were always superior on
equal ground with equal numbers, and failed of a most
crushing victory on Wednesday [December 31st] by the
extension and direction of our right wing." The facts
are that Bragg was victorious everywhere on the field,
except on his extreme right, and after the withdrawal of
Rosecrans' left on the river, at night, the whole battlefield
was Bragg's, with all its spoils. He captured 31
pieces of artillery; over 6,000 prisoners, two brigadier-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>generals
among them; several stand of colors, 200 wagons
with their contents, destroying over 800 others, loaded
with ammunition and army stores, all of which he secured
and appropriated.</p>

<p>Both armies were non-aggressive on January 1st; on
the 2d, Rosecrans crossed a force in front of Breckinridge,
bringing on a bloody engagement in the afternoon with
that division. On the 3d and 4th, no movement of importance
was made, and Bragg, learning of reinforcements
coming to his adversary, whose strength he estimated
at 70,000, with the river in the rear rapidly rising
from constant rains, and his army without tents and
baggage and much worn by constant watching and battle,
determined upon retreat, and fell back ultimately to
Tullahoma, without firing a gun in his retirement. Here,
as afterward at Chickamauga, General Bragg failed to
take advantage of his success, and General Rosecrans
claimed a great victory.</p>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>WITH LEE IN NORTHERN VIRGINIA, 1862&mdash;THE MANEUVERS
ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK&mdash;SECOND MANASSAS
CAMPAIGN&mdash;BATTLE OF OX HILL.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">We</span> left the South Carolinians of the army of Northern
Virginia in front of McClellan at Malvern
hill, whence the Federal army retreated and took
shelter under the guns of the fleet at Harrison's landing.
The latter, naturally a strong defensive position, the
genius and skill of McClellan and his able engineers
made a fortified camp, protected by impracticable
swamps and water-courses, and the batteries of the fleet
on its flanks. Here the army of McClellan was safe from
attack and too much shattered to take the immediate
offensive. Meanwhile the corps of McDowell, Banks
and Sigel, which had been operating against Jackson in
the valley, and in immediate defense of Washington,
had been united under Gen. John Pope, and called the
"army of Virginia." This army of Pope was to be reinforced
by General McClellan and march on Richmond
from the north.</p>

<p>Early in July, Pope was on the Rappahannock, with his
outposts on the Rapidan. His army was over 45,000
strong, and the only obstacle to his advance was the cavalry
under General Stuart. General Lee determined to
check Pope's further advance, until he could be satisfied
of McClellan's movements, and accordingly ordered Jackson
to Gordonsville, and early in August reinforced him
with A. P. Hill's division. With characteristic energy
Jackson crossed the Rapidan, and on August 9th, in the
battle of Cedar Run, gave Pope's advance on Richmond
a telling blow. Gen. Maxcy Gregg's brigade of South<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
Carolinians was in A. P. Hill's division, with McIntosh's
battery, but was not engaged in the battle. Greatly to
the disappointment of the Carolinians, they were left
behind to guard the passages of the Rapidan.</p>

<p>General Burnside, with a strong force, was at Fredericksburg,
and McClellan (August 13th) was still in his
fortified camp on the James, 30 miles from the city of
Richmond. The battle on Cedar run had checked Pope,
but he stood over 40,000 strong, in front of Jackson's
corps, and was receiving reinforcements from Burnside.
On the 14th of August, McClellan began the movement
of his army by water to Aquia creek on the Potomac.
Anticipating this, on the 13th, General Lee ordered
Longstreet, with twelve brigades and their artillery, to
move by railroad to Gordonsville, and on the 15th took
command in person on the Rapidan. With Longstreet
were Rhett's, Bachman's and Garden's South Carolina
batteries; Anderson's old brigade, under Brig.-Gen.
Micah Jenkins, with Corse's and Hunton's Virginia brigades,
forming the division of General Kemper; and the
South Carolina brigade of Brig.-Gen. N. G. Evans,
which had joined the army in time to be slightly engaged
at Malvern hill. This, an independent brigade, included
the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-second and Twenty-third
regiments, the Holcombe legion and the Macbeth
artillery, Captain Boyce. Kershaw's brigade in McLaws'
division was left in front of Richmond; Hampton's brigade
of cavalry, including the legion and Hart's battery,
was in McClellan's front.</p>

<p>General Lee planned an attack on Pope immediately
before his arrival on the Rapidan. R. H. Anderson's
division was ordered up from Richmond, and the plan of
campaign was to be carried out on the 18th by crossing
the Rapidan and turning Pope's left. But a letter from
General Lee detailing the movements of the cavalry fell
into Pope's hands by the capture of Stuart's adjutant-general,
and Pope, thus apprised of the plans of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
adversary, on the 17th fell back behind the Rappahannock
to a much stronger position. The lost dispatch had
broken up the plans for the expected battle, and Lee put
his two corps in position on the south bank of the Rappahannock,
Longstreet on the right and Jackson on the
left.</p>

<p>Now, sure that he could with safety collect all his army
on the Rappahannock, General Lee wrote the President
for the divisions of D. H. Hill and McLaws, and General
Hampton's cavalry. On the 19th, the President, fearing
that Richmond would be endangered, telegraphed
General Lee that until movements of the enemy were
more developed he would retain those commands before
the capital. Finally, on the 24th, Lee wrote Mr. Davis
that he had intercepted a letter from General Pope to
General Halleck (commander-in-chief of the United
States armies), dated August 20th, stating his whole
force for duty at 45,000, independent of Burnside, and
revealing his plan to hold Lee in check until McClellan
could come up from the lower Rappahannock. Thus
General Lee was put in possession of General Pope's
plans and formed his own accordingly. He wrote the
President that he wished his whole army immediately,
and all available troops, and added: "Hampton's cavalry
I particularly require." Richmond, he wrote, must rely
upon her defenses and field batteries. On the 26th,
McLaws and D. H. Hill and Hampton were ordered to
Lee, and Mr. Davis wrote him: "Confidence in you overcomes
the view that otherwise would be taken of the
exposed condition of Richmond, and the troops retained
for the defense of the capital are surrendered to you on
a renewed request." Neither of these commands was
able to reach Lee, however, until immediately after the
conflicts on the Rappahannock and the great struggle at
Manassas. The fords on the Rappahannock were too
full for the crossing of the army, and too strongly
defended by Pope's artillery.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>

<p>Several affairs occurred during the five days Lee was
detained on the right bank. In one of these Gregg's
brigade was moved up to support a battery, and subjected
to a severe shelling from a high hill on the left
bank, losing several men killed and wounded. On
August 23d a more serious affair occurred, in which the
brigade of General Evans and Boyce's battery were
engaged. The enemy had fortified a hill near the railroad
bridge at Rappahannock Station, and on the right
bank. Evans, supported by several batteries, was
ordered to attack. The brigade moved up promptly
against the fortified position, under a sharp counter fire,
but before they reached charging distance the enemy
retired, leaving his intrenching tools and other property,
but taking guns and troops securely over the railroad
bridge, which he fired and destroyed. Evans ordered
Boyce to occupy the steep hill with his battery, and that
gallant officer at once moved up but was immediately
subjected to the fire of four batteries from commanding
heights on the north bank. He was compelled immediately
to withdraw, losing 8 killed and 14 wounded, and
7 horses killed. Lieut. William Monro of the battery was
severely wounded. The brigade lost in this affair 27
killed and 84 wounded, a total of 111.</p>

<p>Without waiting for the arrival of the reinforcements
from Richmond, General Lee began his movement
around the right of General Pope on the 25th of August.
Jackson was to move up the right bank of the river
beyond the extreme right of Pope, cross beyond Waterloo
and move on his railroad communications. Longstreet,
after demonstrating in Pope's front, was to follow
Jackson. The genius of Lee, Jackson and Longstreet
was to determine the precise field and the essential conditions
of the battle.</p>

<p>Jackson marched early on the 25th, crossed the upper
branches of the Rappahannock, and camped at Salem,
on the Manassas Gap railroad. On the 26th he turned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
due east, passed the Bull Run mountains through Thoroughfare
gap, and by sunset was at Bristoe Station in
Pope's immediate rear, and on his main railroad communication
with Washington. The capture of Bristoe and
Manassas Junction, with vast stores, followed.</p>

<p>Gregg's brigade, which had been under fire at Rappahannock
bridge on the 21st, and further up the river on
the Rappahannock hills on the 24th, crossed on the 25th
at Henson's mill, and made a forced march of 24 miles
that day up the Salem valley, and continued the march
on the 26th "without wagons or baggage of any kind,
turning to the right at Salem, through Thoroughfare
gap, and sleeping at night in rear of our artillery in the
road near Bristoe Station." General McGowan, whose
report is quoted, continues:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The next morning we reached Manassas Junction,
where the enemy, attempting to recapture it, were scattered
with considerable loss. In the afternoon of that day
the brigade returned from pursuit, to the junction,
where three days' rations were issued from the vast supply
of captured stores, and the men for a few hours
rested and regaled themselves upon delicacies unknown
to our commissariat, which they were in good condition
to enjoy, having eaten nothing for several days except
roasting ears taken from the fields near the road, and
what was given by the generous citizens of the Salem
valley to the soldiers as they hurried along in their rapid
march.</p>

<p>At dark on the evening of August 27th (Wednesday),
the brigade, in conjunction with that of General Thomas,
was thrown out on the south side of Manassas Junction
as the rear guard, and formed in line of battle facing the
enemy, who had during the evening been fighting General
Ewell near Bristoe Station. Standing under arms
here we had a fine view of the magnificent conflagration
caused by the burning of the sutler's and commissary
stores, together with about 100 cars freighted with every
article necessary for the outfit of a great army, all of
which was set on fire about midnight and consumed.</p>

<p>About 2 o'clock in the morning of Thursday, the 28th,
we silently retired from our picket lines in front of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
enemy, and by the light of the smoldering ruins followed
the division across Bull run at Blackburn's ford to Centreville.
Here we rested a short time, and thence turned
back toward Bull run, and moving by the Warrenton
pike crossed the run again near the stone bridge. At
this critical moment the enemy, falling back from the
Rappahannock, caused doubtless by our flank movement,
were coming down the turnpike from Warrenton, meeting
us. We turned to the right, leaving the turnpike,
and after going up the run a short distance, changed
front and were drawn up in battle array along the line of
the unfinished Independent railroad track, facing the
turnpike along which the enemy was moving.</p></blockquote>

<p>As Gregg's brigade took this position, brisk firing was
heard upon the right, where the divisions of Taliaferro
and Ewell were thrown by Jackson against the column
of Pope's army coming up the Warrenton pike, expecting
to find Jackson at Centreville. A severe engagement
followed, the battle of Groveton, in which Ewell and
Taliaferro were both wounded. About dark Gregg's brigade
was hurried to the scene of action, but the firing
soon after ceased.</p>

<p>Jackson resumed his place behind the railroad and lay
the night of the 28th in perfect silence, doubtless to create
the impression that he had retreated. Capt. J. F. J.
Caldwell, of the First South Carolina, Gregg's brigade,
who has written an admirable history of his brigade, and
was himself a gallant participant in all of its hardships
and glories, thus describes the night of the 28th of
August:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>We were placed in columns of regiments and lay during
the night in the open field. The night before a battle
is never a pleasant one, but this was peculiarly trying.
Strict silence was enjoined on every man. We had three
divisions, which, in all, would not sum up 20,000 men.
Before us was Pope with at least the bulk of the Federal
army, which, of course, was magnified by many thousands;
behind us was no base, no subsistence, no reinforcement!
Longstreet with three divisions was beyond
Pope, and must be some time in reaching us. God,
Jackson and our own hearts were our dependence.</p></blockquote>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>

<p>But Longstreet was not "beyond Pope," for he had
that day forced the passage of Thoroughfare gap, after
a sharp conflict in which Drayton's brigade (which
included the Fifteenth South Carolina) took part, and
that night his command camped in the gap and west of
the mountain.</p>

<p>Daybreak of August 29th, upon the great battle plains
of Manassas, found Jackson in his well-chosen position
behind the railroad cut, Longstreet descending the east
slope of the gap he had won, and the forces of General
Pope forming for battle in Jackson's front. The plan of
the Federal commander was to attack and crush Jackson
before Longstreet could reach him. The battle opened
by an artillery attack in force on Jackson's right, which
was promptly met. This failing to move Jackson, an
equally galling fire of artillery was delivered against his
left, and this also was replied to effectively. At 2 p. m.
the infantry battle opened against A. P. Hill on Jackson's
left, and raged until 9 o'clock at night. Hill
repulsed six separate assaults, the forces against him
being the commands, in whole or in part, of the Federal
generals Hooker, Kearney, Sigel and Stearns.</p>

<p>Gregg's brigade,<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> after sleeping on their arms on
Ewell's battlefield, had returned to their first position on
the left at early dawn of the 29th, and were put in line
on the extreme left of the army, near Catharpin run,
occupying a small, rocky, wooded knoll, having a railroad
excavation bending around the east and north
fronts, and a cleared field on the northwest. This position
was slightly in advance of the general line, and
besides being on the extreme left, was considered
important because of its command of the Sudley Ford
road. The brigade line made an obtuse angle toward
the enemy, one side nearly parallel to the railroad cut
and the other along the fence of the cleared field on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
northwest, and enclosed the knoll, which they were
ordered to hold at all hazards. On this spot, barely
large enough to hold the brigade, they stood and fought
from 8 o'clock in the morning until dark.</p>

<p>The regiments of the brigade were posted from right
to left in the following order: The Thirteenth, Col. O. E.
Edwards; the First, Maj. Edward McCrady; the Twelfth,
Col. Dixon Barnes; the Fourteenth, Col. Samuel McGowan;
Orr's Rifles, Col. J. Foster Marshall, in reserve.</p>

<p>Early in the morning, the enemy's advance being
reported, General Gregg sent forward McCrady to skirmish
with it. The enemy lay in force in a wooded hollow
in front, and McCrady's advance drew the fire of his
line, front and flank. A sharp musketry contest followed
and Gregg sent up the Twelfth on McCrady's left. The
two regiments charged and gained ground forward, but
on the right the enemy held his ground and fired on
McCrady's flank. Barnes had passed on beyond, and
McCrady's position was critical. Edwards, with the
Thirteenth, came to his support, but met such
resistance that he had to fight independently. Meanwhile
Marshall, with the Rifles, had gone to Barnes' support,
and those two regiments were driving victoriously
forward. McCrady, fighting front and flank, was stubbornly
holding his ground, and Edwards was stemming
the tide against his regiment. At this juncture Gregg
recalled the four regiments to the railroad position, as
his orders were to act on the defensive and not to bring
on a general engagement. Time was everything to
Jackson, who knew his enemy was in his front with
superior numbers, and he did not risk a battle until
Longstreet was reported to be on his right.</p>

<p>The affair of the four regiments had checked the
arrangements for assault in Gregg's front, and he was in
solid line awaiting the next move. It soon came. Pressing
on through the thick growth of bushes along Gregg's
front, the attack drove in his skirmishers, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
infantry of the enemy poured in volley after volley as
they advanced to the railroad. It was a close fight of
infantry, across the cut, and ended in a repulse of the
attack. Reinforced, he came for a second battle with
Gregg, and was repulsed. A third and a fourth assault
were met, and a third and fourth battle fought with the
same result. Gregg's brigade had now nearly exhausted
its ammunition, and most of the field officers were killed
or wounded, with many most active and gallant subordinates.
Now came the critical hour of Jackson's battle.
Coming up the railroad cut from the left and right,
and screened by its high banks and the thick brush on
both sides of it, the enemy massed on Gregg's right,
opposite a thick wood. In this wood were Edwards and
McCrady, forming the right of Gregg, McCrady supporting
Edwards. Beyond Gregg's right was the left of
Thomas' Georgia brigade, quite an interval being
between the two brigades.</p>

<p>The fifth grand assault fell on Thomas' and Gregg's
right, and easily filled the wooded interval between
them, flanking both Thomas and Gregg. The moment
was most critical. Edwards and McCrady changed front
to face the woods filled with Federal troops, and fought
desperately. Barnes came up to their help, while Marshall's
Rifles heroically held Gregg's left. But the right
was about to be overpowered and crushed, when Gregg
sent in McGowan, his only reserve. The Fourteenth
rushed upon the crowded ranks of intruders in the
wood, delivered their volleys at close range, and
shouting, charged the mass. At the instant Thomas
attacked from his side with the Forty-ninth Georgia, and
the victory was gallantly won. The whole assaulting
force was driven by Gregg's and Thomas' forces back
across the railroad, and into the woods beyond.</p>

<p>Almost exhausted by such terrible work, the cartridge
boxes reduced to two or three rounds, Gregg held his
railroad line with a fixed determination never to yield.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
In this resolve he was supported by every officer and
man of his brigade. When General Hill sent to ask if he
could hold out, says McGowan, "he replied modestly he
thought he could, adding, as if casually, that his ammunition
was about expended, but he still had the bayonet."
And on the bayonet the brigade was now to rely, as the
most desperate assault from fresh forces in its front was
about to come. The rush and noise of the advance were
heard, the volleys of musketry swept over and through
the thinned ranks of Gregg, and in another moment the
charging lines of the enemy were mounting the banks
of the railroad cut and rushing upon him. Meeting this
heaviest assault of the day, and fighting, first with their
last cartridges, and then with the bayonet, the men of
the brigade gave slowly back. They were not driven far
from their battle line, when Gregg's call for help was
answered by General Hill. Branch and Field were sent
in, and with portions of their brigades met and turned the
tide of assault. Gregg's men were rallied by their commanders,
and the Virginians, North Carolinians and
South Carolinians drove back the great assault across
and beyond the railroad, and again Gregg's line was
formed. But the brigade, after fighting for several
hours, was worn out and its last round of ammunition
expended.</p>

<p>The gallant and heroic Marshall fell in this last conflict,
as well as his able lieutenant-colonel, D. A. Ledbetter.
Colonels McGowan and Barnes, Lieutenant-Colonel
Farrow, and Majors Brockman and McCorkle
were wounded and borne from the field. Captains and
lieutenants and their brave men lay dead in every part
of the field.</p>

<p>It was evident that another grand assault must be met.
"Casting about for help," says General Hill, "fortunately
it was here reported to me that the brigades of
Generals Lawton and Early were near by, and sending
to them, they promptly moved to my front at the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
opportune moment." Gregg was relieved, and Lawton
and Early, now, late in the afternoon, advanced beyond
the railroad, met the last assault of the day, and drove
the Federals in confusion to the rear. Night had come,
and with it rest for Gregg's heroic brigade. Jackson
held his field, and the effort to crush him before Longstreet
came up had disastrously failed.</p>

<p>The losses in Gregg's brigade were as follows: Orr's
Rifles, 19 killed, 97 wounded, total 116; First, 24 killed,
119 wounded, total 143; Twelfth, 24 killed, 121 wounded,
total 145; Thirteenth, 26 killed, 118 wounded, total 144;
Fourteenth, 8 killed, 57 wounded, total 65; aggregate
for the brigade, 613.</p>

<p>On this bloody day McIntosh did not have an opportunity
to use his guns. At Manassas Junction on the
27th, he had done effective work and aided in silencing
the enemy's battery and driving off his infantry. The
brigade was not in action on the next day, the 30th, but
took position under fire. While forming his command,
Major McCrady received a severe wound in the head,
after passing through the storm of battle on the 29th
unhurt. McIntosh's battery, posted on Gregg's left, on
the 30th, did splendid service in shelling the enemy's
masses in front, and in breaking his advances against
Gregg's position. The following officers are mentioned
among the killed and wounded in the reports of McGowan
and McCrady, the former reporting for the brigade:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Killed: Orr's Rifles&mdash;Col. J. Foster Marshall, Lieut.-Col.
D. A. Ledbetter, Capt. M. M. Norton and Lieut.
W. C. Davis. First&mdash;Capt. C. D. Barksdale, Lieuts.
John Monro and John C. McLemore, Sergeants Lowrimore,
Darby and Smith. Twelfth&mdash;Lieuts. J. A. May
and J. R. Hunnicutt. Thirteenth&mdash;Capt. A. K. Smith
and Adjt. W. D. Goggans.</p>

<p>Wounded: Orr's Rifles&mdash;Lieut. J. S. Cothran. First&mdash;Major
McCrady, Capts. T. P. Alston and M. P. Parker,
Lieuts. T. H. Lyles, G. R. Congdon, John H. King,
Z. B. Smith and Thomas McCrady. Twelfth&mdash;Maj.
W. H. McCorkle, Capts. E. F. Bookter and L. M. Grist;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
Lieuts. W. S. Dunlop, M. K. Sharp, J. H. Bigham,
M. V. Darwin, L. A. Garvin, T. A. White, H. P. Thode,
J. M. Hencken and J. C. Rollings. Thirteenth&mdash;Col.
O. E. Edwards, Lieut.-Col. T. S. Farrow, Maj. B. T.
Brockman, Capts. R. L. Bowden, P. A. Eichelberger,
G. W. Meetze; Lieuts. J. D. Copeland, R. M. Crocker,
S. J. Greer, W. T. Thom and J. B. Fellers. Fourteenth&mdash;Col.
Samuel McGowan, Capts. C. M. Stuckey and J. N.
Brown; Lieuts. W. J. Robertson, W. J. Carter and J. H.
Allen. A total of 12 commissioned officers killed and 37
wounded in the brigade.</p></blockquote>

<p>Major McCrady mentions in his report for distinguished
conduct on the field, Color-bearer Spellman and Sergeant
Matthews, Sergeants Lorrimore, Smith, Darby, Kelley,
Gore and Miller, Color Corporal Owens, Corporals
Wigg and Larkin, Privates Ruff, Holloran and Carroll,
Sergeant Ragan, Corporal Brereton, Privates Lyles and
Duff. Capts. W. T. Haskell, M. P. Parker, W. P. Shooter,
Barksdale and T. P. Alston, and Lieuts. James Armstrong,
John C. McLemore, Thomas McCrady, Hewetson,
Brailsford, McIntire, Congdon, John Monro, Wiborn,
Seabrook and Hamilton were distinguished on the field.</p>

<p>The great issue of battle between Pope and Lee was to
be determined on the 30th. Longstreet was in battle
array on Jackson's right, with a front of seven brigades:
First Hood, with his brigades, supported by Evans; then
Kemper, with two brigades in his front line, Jenkins
and Hunter, supported by Corse; then D. R. Jones,
with three brigades in echelon, on the extreme right,
reaching the Manassas Gap railroad. Wilcox, with three
brigades, in column, was in close supporting distance, behind
Hood and Evans. R. H. Anderson with three brigades
was on the march for the field, moving from the direction
of Warrenton. The brigades of Evans and Jenkins
were composed of South Carolina troops; the Fifteenth
South Carolina was in Drayton's brigade, with D. R.
Jones on the right, and the Hampton legion infantry
was in Wofford's brigade, with Hood on the left.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
Bachman's and Garden's batteries were in Major Frobel's
battalion, and Rhett's was in S. D. Lee's battalion.</p>

<p>Pope massed against Jackson, and after assailing him
with a heavy fire of artillery, attacked his whole line with
all the aggressive power he could command. Porter's
corps assailed his right and center, and Heintzelman's
and Reno's corps attacked his left and left flank. These
three corps were supported by the divisions of King and
Ricketts.</p>

<p>Jackson stood against this combination with his three
divisions, and made desperate resistance. For three
hours, from 1 to 4 p. m., his battle was purely defensive
and held back the surging columns of attack, but he saw
that his limit of resistance had been reached and sent to
General Lee for a division. At that moment General
Longstreet, riding out to a commanding position oh Jackson's
right, saw the whole field of attack and seized the
opportunity to enfilade the line. Chapman's Virginia,
Boyce's South Carolina and Reilly's North Carolina batteries
were called up at a run, and fully appreciating the
situation, went into telling action. The assaulting lines
were broken in ten minutes, rallied, returned, and were
again broken. Rallying a third time, they were a third
time staggered by the fire of Boyce, Chapman and Reilly,
and Jackson's line was given a breathing spell. S. D.
Lee now put his battalion into action, and his guns swept
the field and "tore the line to pieces," says General
Longstreet. Rhett's South Carolina battery, commanded
by Lieut. William Elliott, with Lee's battalion, shared
the honors of this grand assault of artillery in aid of
Jackson's heroic battle. The moment had come for
Longstreet to move, and as the commanding general
rode on the field and ordered the grand assault, he was
sending the order to his division commanders to advance.</p>

<p>It was now late in the afternoon, but before night had
settled down on that great field of strife, Hood and Evans
and Kemper and D. R. Jones and R. H. Anderson had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
carried the battle beyond the Chinn house and to the
base of the great plateau at the Henry house, which
commanded the enemy's line of retreat over Bull run.
But night had come and saved the plateau to Pope's army
and his retreat was secured to him.</p>

<p>Lee's victory was complete. But it had been won by a
mighty sacrifice of human life. South Carolina had laid
down her noble sons in costly sacrifice. Her brigades
and regiments in that great battle had given their very
best. Among the gallant dead, and those who received
mortal wounds, at Manassas, on the two days of heroic
strife, were the following distinguished officers:</p>

<p>Col. J. F. Marshall and Lieut.-Col. D. A. Ledbetter,
of Orr's Rifles; Col. Thomas J. Glover, of the First
South Carolina battalion; Col. John V. Moore, of the
Second Rifles; Col. John H. Means, of the Seventeenth;
Col. J. M. Gadberry, Eighteenth; Lieut.-Col. Francis G.
Palmer, of the Holcombe legion, and many other gallant
spirits. Brigadier-General Jenkins was wounded at the
head of his brigade and over 400 of his officers and men
killed and wounded. Col. H. L. Benbow, Twenty-third
South Carolina; Maj. W. J. Crawley, of the Holcombe
legion, and other field, staff and company officers of the
South Carolina commands were wounded on the field.
It is greatly to be regretted that there are no reports
from General Jenkins of record, or any one of his regimental
commanders, respecting the operations of the
29th and 30th.</p>

<p>As Hood's right swept on in its battle, Jenkins and Hunton
kept abreast of it, and Evans, in supporting Hood,
came into battle connection with Jenkins. This was
particularly the case when the guns were captured at the
Chinn house. Colonel Corse in his report gives the line
of program which Jenkins observed, as passing beyond
the Chinn house and south of it, while Evans, who supported
Hood's two brigades, passed beyond and north of
it. Wofford, who commanded Hood's right brigade,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
refers to his advance against a battery at or east of the
Chinn house, when the Holcombe legion (of Evans' brigade)
came up to his support and fought "with much
spirit and gallantry." Colonel Gary, the commander of
the Hampton legion infantry, in his report says: "We
were then [Wofford's brigade] hotly engaged around the
Chinn house, where the brigade captured several pieces
of artillery. At this place the brigade of General Evans
came up in gallant style and relieved us." Evidently
the Chinn house, which stood about one mile southwest
of Groveton, formed the center of the theater of battle
for the brigades of Jenkins and Evans and the Hampton
legion infantry, under Colonel Gary.</p>

<p>These commands carried their battle for a half mile
east of the Chinn house, when darkness checked and
ended their advance. Over the space indicated the
South Carolinians fought with steady courage, attesting
their devotion by the sacrifices of the day. In this
advance fell the noble-hearted Governor Means, at the
head of the Seventeenth; the accomplished and gallant
Glover, at the head of Hagood's First; the brave Gadberry,
leading the Eighteenth; the dashing Moore, commanding
the Second rifles; the heroic Palmer, urging the
Holcombe legion to the charge, and Henry Stevens, aide
to Col. P. F. Stevens, falling with five wounds.</p>

<p>A single shell bursting in front of Company K, Palmetto
sharpshooters, killed five young men&mdash;Theodotus
L. Capers, James Palmer, Whiteford Smith, Bearden and
McSwain&mdash;graduates and undergraduates of college, the
very best Carolina could give for her cause. It is particularly
noted, that these were representative young men,
sons of men of prominence in the church and in the
State. Never did one shell destroy more of the beauty
and promise of life, or carry more sorrow to human
hearts.</p>

<p>The Fifteenth South Carolina operated on the extreme
right in support of cavalry, and is reported as losing 21<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>
in killed and wounded. General Longstreet complained
that Drayton was sent to the right without his knowledge,
and expressed his regret that he could not command
his aid when he needed it to reinforce the battle.</p>

<p>Major Frobel reported that on Friday morning he took
Bachman's battery, by General Hood's order, to the
extreme right on the Orange &amp; Alexandria railroad,
where Stuart's cavalry was operating. Here Bachman
opened on a column marching to the Confederate right.
Fifteen rounds were so well directed that the column
halted and then disappeared toward the left. Later,
Bachman and Garden took post on the Warrenton pike,
and for two hours engaged the batteries of the enemy at
the Groveton house, and silenced them. On the 30th, in
the afternoon, following Hood's advance, Bachman and
Garden advanced down the Warrenton pike, Bachman
taking position on the right of the road and Garden on
the left, both well out, and opened on the enemy's guns
at the Dogan house. Again the batteries engaged and
drove the enemy's guns away from the house, and prepared
the way for Colonel Law's brigade to carry the
position. Bachman had exhausted his ammunition, and
Garden moved on until night stopped his progress.
Major Frobel reported that Bachman and Garden handled
their guns with great skill and effect. Lieutenant Siegling,
a gallant officer of Bachman's battery, was struck
from his horse by a fragment of shell, and seeing the
exposed position of his mounted men, as he was falling
gave the command, "Cannoneers, dismount." His wound
was through the stomach, and was supposed to be
mortal, but his cheerful resolution and strong physique,
with skillful surgical attention, carried him through
the ordeal, and he rejoined his command.</p>

<p>The following are the returns of casualties from the
several South Carolina commands engaged at Manassas
on the 29th and 30th. Except from Boyce's battery
there are no reports of casualties in the artillery: Gregg's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
brigade&mdash;Orr's Rifles, 116; First, 143; Twelfth, 145;
Thirteenth, 144; Fourteenth, 65. Jenkins' brigade&mdash;First
(Hagood's), 124; Second Rifles, 58; Fifth, 39;
Sixth, 115; Sharpshooters, 68. Drayton's brigade,
Fifteenth, 21. Wofford's brigade, Hampton's legion,
74. Evans' brigade, Holcombe legion, 155; Seventeenth,
179; Eighteenth, 113; Twenty-second,&mdash;; Twenty-third,
149; Boyce's battery, 6. The grand total is 1,714, and of
these, 281 are given as killed on the field. Many of those
reported wounded had received mortal hurt.</p>

<p>The morning of Sunday, August 31, 1862, dawned
upon the plains and hills and valleys of Manassas to find
them covered with the dead, the dying and the wounded
of both armies. The trophies of victory cheered the
awful prospect, but the sight of the great battlefield
filled every manly heart with feelings of reverence for
the dead and sympathy for the wounded, both friend and
foe. Ten thousand wounded Union soldiers, 30 pieces of
artillery, many stand of colors, and 7,000 prisoners bore
witness to the steady courage and the heroic endurance
of Jackson's three divisions on the 29th, and the gallant
charge of Longstreet's wing on the 30th. Pope retreated
after nightfall on the 30th and put his rear guard in the
Confederate defenses at Centreville.</p>

<p>He reported that he had been driven in perfect order
from the field, by overwhelming numbers; that the fight
had been an unequal one; that Longstreet had crushed his
left with great masses of Confederates, pouring down in
a stream of reinforcements from the Bull Run mountains.
" ... At no time could I have hoped to fight a successful
battle with the immensely superior force of the
enemy which confronted me, and which was able at any
time to outflank me and bear my small army to the dust."
But the official records show beyond question that on the
field of Manassas he had under his command 10,000 more
men than Lee commanded in his front on the 30th.
Jackson's corps numbered scarcely 20,000 men of all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
arms. Pope assailed it all day on the 29th, and made
desperate attempts to destroy it on the 30th, and not a
man reinforced Jackson on the 29th or the 30th; and the
"superior forces" that assaulted General Pope's right on
the 30th were just the corps of General Jackson after all
its losses and work on the 27th, 28th and 29th of August.</p>

<p>General Longstreet tells us that on the morning of
Sunday, the 31st, General Lee called General Jackson to
his headquarters and gave him instructions to cross Bull
run at Sudley's ford, march by Little River turnpike,
and intercept the enemy's retreat. On receiving these
instructions, says Longstreet, Jackson said, "Good!" and
away he went without another word. He marched on
the morning of the 31st, struck the Little River turnpike
at Wykoop's, turned toward Fairfax Court House, and
camped for the night at Pleasant valley. On September
1st he continued his march, passed Chantilly, and
came upon Pope's forces at Ox hill, just south of the
turnpike, and about halfway between Chantilly and
Germantown. General Pope had due notice of the
advance on his right, and early on the 1st formed a
determination, as he reports, to fight a battle between
the roads which come together at Fairfax, on one of
which he was stationed, Jackson, followed by Longstreet,
marching on the other.</p>

<p>Reinforced by Sumner's and Franklin's corps, General
Pope arranged for battle on the 1st of September with a
force of 57,000. The corps of Heintzelman, Reno and
McDowell were in position south of the Little River
turnpike, facing almost north. Against these corps General
Jackson attacked on the afternoon of the 1st, the battle
being fought during a storm of rain and wind, which
blew directly in the faces of the Confederates. Jackson
put his corps on right into line of battle, Hill, Lawton
and Starke from right to left. Jackson attacked by
Hill's division, and a severe battle followed until night.
During the battle a portion of Ewell's division, com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>manded
by Lawton, supported General Hill, but the battle
was mainly fought by Hill, the brigades of Branch,
Gregg and Pender bearing the brunt of the fight. General
Hill says that the enemy stubbornly contested the
ground, but on the fall of the two prominent commanders
on the field, Generals Kearny and Stevens, the enemy
was driven back, but not far, retreating entirely after
night. The battle was aggressive on Jackson's part, and
as it progressed pushed the Federal forces back, but
night coming on both sides ceased from conflict.</p>

<p>In this battle Gregg's brigade, leading Hill's division,
came first into line by its right, the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth in the front line, Orr's Rifles, the Twelfth
and the First supporting. As the battle progressed, the
Rifles and the Twelfth were advanced to the front line
of battle, the First remaining in support, under command
of Capt. C. W. McCreary. Lieut.-Col. W. D. Simpson
commanded the Fourteenth, and Capt. James Perrin the
Rifles. The losses in Gregg's brigade at Ox Hill were
reported as follows: Orr's Rifles, 5 killed, 25 wounded,
total 30; First South Carolina, 1 killed, 7 wounded, total
8; Twelfth, 1 killed, 10 wounded, total 11; Thirteenth,
5 killed, 24 wounded, total 29; Fourteenth, 3 killed, 23
wounded, total 26; total, 15 killed, 89 wounded. Lieut.
W. C. Leppard, of the Thirteenth, and Adjt. W. C.
Buchanan, of the Twelfth, were killed on the field
after being distinguished in the action. Captain West
and Lieutenant Youngblood of the Fourteenth, and Lieutenant
Jenkins of the Rifles, were wounded.</p>

<p>We call the battle of Ox Hill a battle with Pope's rear
guard, for such it was. Though his army was in position
to give battle to General Lee on the 2d of September,
his forces were arranged so as to secure his retreat,
and this he actually made on the night of the 1st and the
morning of the 2d, falling back on the defenses of Washington.
General Pope seems to have regarded his army
at Centreville on the morning of September 1st, though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
numbering 62,000, including Banks, near at hand, no
match for that of General Lee, which was not a man
over 40,000, if so strong. If he had only known the
actual strength of General Lee's army, the question
arises, Would it have made any difference in the results
of the Rappahannock-Manassas campaigns?</p>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> For the part borne by Gregg's brigade on the 29th,
I shall follow the official reports and Mr. Caldwell's history.</p></div>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>THE MARYLAND CAMPAIGN&mdash;THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN
BATTLES&mdash;CAPTURE OF HARPER'S FERRY&mdash;BATTLES
OF SHARPSBURG AND SHEPHERDSTOWN.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">General</span> Lee marched his victorious army from
the plains and hills of Manassas to Leesburg, and
crossed into Maryland, fording the Potomac between
September 4th and 7th, and concentrating at the
city of Frederick. His reasons for this move are here
given in his own words:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The armies of Generals McClellan and Pope had now
been brought back to the point from which they set out
on the campaign of the spring and summer. The object
of those campaigns had been frustrated, and the designs
of the enemy on the coast of North Carolina and in western
Virginia thwarted by the withdrawal of the main
body of his forces from these regions. Northeastern
Virginia was freed from the presence of Federal soldiers
up to the intrenchments of Washington, and soon after
the arrival of the army at Leesburg, information was
received that the troops that had occupied Winchester
had retired to Harper's Ferry and Martinsburg. The
war was thus transferred from the interior to the frontier,
and the supplies of rich and productive districts made
accessible to our army.</p>

<p>To prolong a state of affairs in every way desirable, and
not to permit the season of active operations to pass without
endeavoring to inflict further injury upon the enemy,
the best course appeared to be to transfer the army into
Maryland. Although not properly equipped for invasion,
lacking much of the material of war, and feeble in transportation,
the troops poorly provided with clothing, and
thousands of them destitute of shoes, it was yet believed
to be strong enough to detain the enemy upon the northern
frontier until the approach of winter should render
his advance into Virginia difficult, if not impracticable.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
The condition of Maryland encouraged the belief that the
presence of our army, however inferior to that of the
enemy, would induce the Washington government to
retain all its available force to provide against contingencies
which its course toward the people of that State
gave it reason to apprehend. At the same time it was
hoped that military success might afford us an opportunity
to aid the citizens of Maryland in any efforts they
might be disposed to make to recover their liberties. The
difficulties that surrounded them were fully appreciated,
and we expected to derive more assistance in the attainment
of our object from the just fears of the Washington
government than from any active demonstration on the
part of the people, unless success should enable us to
give them assurance of continued protection.</p></blockquote>

<p>The South Carolina commands with Lee in Maryland,
were the brigades of N. G. Evans, Kershaw and Jenkins
under Col. Joseph Walker; the Fifteenth regiment, Colonel
De Saussure, in Drayton's brigade; the Hampton
legion infantry, in Wofford's brigade, and Bachman's,
Garden's, Rhett's and Boyce's batteries&mdash;all with Longstreet's
corps; in Jackson's corps, the brigade of Maxcy
Gregg and McIntosh's battery; and with the cavalry
under Stuart, the Second cavalry, Col. M. C. Butler, of
Hampton's brigade, and Hart's battery. Thus it will be
seen that four brigades, a regiment and a battalion of
infantry, six light batteries, and one regiment of cavalry
represented South Carolina in the short and bloody campaign
through which we are now to trace their career.
We may not do more than make such general allusions to
other commands as will put the positions and movements
of the South Carolinians in their true moral and military
aspect. The gallant comrades of other States, who fought
by their side, and on whose heroic daring and sublime
fortitude so much depended&mdash;whenever they touched
their Carolina brethren in battle, their touch was an
inspiration, and wherever they fought by their side, their
battle was an assurance of strength.</p>

<p>When General Lee took post at Frederick, his position<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>
warranted the expectation that the Federal forces in the
valley of Virginia and at Harper's Ferry would retreat
upon Washington, and he made dispositions to intercept
them. In this he was disappointed. Martinsburg and
Harper's Ferry were held fast, and Lee resolved to attack
those points at once. He prepared an order detailing his
combinations and directing the march of each corps and
division, and the action of his cavalry. A copy of this,
sent Gen. D. H. Hill, fell into General McClellan's
hands, as a former order, issued on the Rapidan, had gone
into the hands of Pope. Thus McClellan was informed
that Lee's army would leave Frederick and cross the
mountains at Boonsboro gap; that D. H. Hill's division
was to halt at Boonsboro, while the rest of Longstreet's
corps marched toward Hagerstown; that Jackson would
cross the Potomac and move on Harper's Ferry; that
McLaws' division, following Jackson, would enter Pleasant
valley and possess Maryland heights, and that Walker's
division, following McLaws, would cross the Potomac
and possess Loudoun heights. Friday, September 12th,
was to be the day when these combinations should
result in the capture of Harper's Ferry. That accomplished,
Jackson, McLaws and Walker were to rejoin the
army at Boonsboro or Hagerstown.</p>

<p>McClellan, thoroughly appreciating the situation,
promptly advanced against Boonsboro gap. In this
forward movement he was delayed by General Hampton,
who skirmished at every available point. As the advance
guard approached Frederick with cavalry, infantry and
artillery, Hampton drew in his outposts and formed his
brigade for attack. The enemy posted a gun, supported
by infantry, so as to command the city, and this gave
Hampton his opportunity. As the gun opened he ordered
Butler to charge, with the brigade in support. One brilliant
dash at the gun and its support, and it was in Hampton's
possession, the enemy scattered, many killed and
wounded, and Colonel Moore, Twenty-eighth Ohio, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
10 other prisoners taken. In this affair, Lieutenant-Colonel
Meighan, of the Second South Carolina cavalry,
and Captain Waring, of the Jeff Davis legion, acted with
distinguished gallantry, and the Second, under its gallant
colonel, was commended for its conduct. So successful
was the repulse of the advance guard of the enemy that
Hampton withdrew at a walk, and camped for the night
at Middletown, taking with him the prisoners, and leaving
Lieutenant-Colonel Martin, commanding the Jeff
Davis legion, to cover his camp.</p>

<p>At daylight, Martin was attacked in the gap of Catoctin
mountain which he was holding. Hampton sent up a
section of Hart's battery to his support, and Martin held
his position against odds until 2 p. m., the fire of Hart's
guns driving the opposing artillery from several positions.
Then the enemy, reinforced, gained a strong
point for artillery, and Hampton withdrew Martin, and
in front of Middletown formed for battle, which was soon
joined. Hart's guns replied vigorously to those of the
Federals, the sharpshooters became warmly engaged, and
soon the whole brigade was in action, the fight being
pressed by infantry on the enemy's side. Notified that
Gen. D. H. Hill had taken position in Boonsboro gap,
General Stuart, who had come forward, ordered Hampton
to withdraw to the south, and sent Martin with Hart's
guns through the gap in South mountain to Boonsboro.
Hampton retired to Burkittsville, and on his way encountered
a Federal cavalry command, which he charged with
Colonel Young's Georgians, dispersed the force, with a
loss of 30 killed and wounded on the enemy's part, and
4 killed and 9 wounded in the Cobb legion.</p>

<p>Hill's division, which had marched into Boonsboro
gap, was composed of the brigades of Ripley, Rodes,
Garland, Colquitt and Anderson. With these commands
and Rosser's Fifth Virginia cavalry, Hill stood against
the assaults of McClellan for five hours. Longstreet hurried
back from Hagerstown to his support and arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
between 3 and 4 p. m. With Longstreet were the South
Carolina brigades of Evans and Jenkins, the Fifteenth
South Carolina with Drayton, and the Hampton legion
with Wofford. Evans' brigade, under Col. P. F. Stevens,
was marched to the left of General Hill's battle to
support Rodes, who was nearly overwhelmed. Stevens
put in the brigade on the right of Rodes, and was at once
assailed. The Seventeenth, under Col. F. W. McMaster,
held its ground on the right of the brigade, supported
by the Holcombe legion, but the pressure of the attack
pressed back the Twenty-second and Twenty-third until
these regiments, rallied by their gallant commanders,
Lieut.-Col. T. C. Watkins and Capt. S. A. Durham and
Maj. M. Hilton, returned to the battle, and supported by
the Eighteenth, Col. W. H. Wallace, held the battle, in
line with the Seventeenth and the legion. But not for
long; the enemy crowded up the mountain in such
strength that Rodes and Stevens could not hold their
line and were driven from the crest.</p>

<p>In this brief struggle, Lieut.-Col. Thomas C. Watkins
fell in the thick of the fight, rallying his regiment. His
fall was a loss to his command and to his country, but he
died as he wished to die, fighting for the independence
of the Southern Confederacy. He was succeeded by
Major Hilton, who rallied the regiment and restored its
position on the crest. In the same contest Lieut.-Col.
R. S. Means, of the Seventeenth, was severely wounded.
At the moment of his fall the crest was carried, and Colonel
McMaster ordered him borne from the field, but he
generously refused the aid of his comrades, seeing they
must inevitably be captured.</p>

<p>Colonel Stevens especially commended the conduct of
Colonel McMaster, Major Hilton, Captain Durham and
Adjt. W. P. DuBose. The latter officer was captured
after night while endeavoring with a small force to reconnoiter
the enemy's front. The loss in the brigade was
comparatively small: Seventeenth, killed 7, wounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
37, missing 17; Twenty-second, killed 10, wounded 57,
missing 4; Twenty-third, killed 4, wounded 16, missing 4;
no reports for the Eighteenth and the legion.</p>

<p>The rapid march of Longstreet from Hagerstown on
the 14th had thinned the ranks of all his brigades. Men
overcome with fatigue fell by the way in large numbers,
and the rush up the mountain in the afternoon almost
depleted some commands. Colonel McMaster, reporting
the strength of the Seventeenth in the battle, said: "In
this battle we had engaged 10 officers and 131 men, rank
and file, and ambulance corps." General Longstreet,
referring in his recent book to the effect upon the troops
of the march from Hagerstown, and the marches and
countermarches on the mountain, says:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>It was near night when the brigades under Generals
Kemper and Garnett and Colonel Walker (Jenkins')
returned from their march down the mountain and
reached the top. They were put in as they arrived, to
try to cover the right of Rodes and Evans, and fill the
intervening space to the turnpike. As they marched, the
men dropped along the road as rapidly as if under severe
skirmish. So manifest was it that nature was exhausted
that no one urged them to get up and try to keep their
ranks.... The Union brigades were stronger than the
Confederates, mine having lost more than half this number
by the wayside from exhaustion, under the forced
march.</p></blockquote>

<p>Col. Joseph Walker, Palmetto sharpshooters, commanding
Jenkins' brigade, reported his force only partially
engaged. Much of his time in the afternoon was consumed
by marches and countermarches, in accordance
with orders, which carried his brigade first to the foot of
the mountain on the west side, nearly 2 miles south of
the Boonsboro pike, on which he had arrived from Hagerstown.
Then he was sent to take position at the hotel on
top of the mountain and north of the pike. From that
post he was ordered to move across the pike obliquely to
the south, and down the east slope of the mountain, where
he made his partial battle. The First regiment, Lieut.-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>Col.
D. Livingston, the Sixth, Lieut.-Col. J. M. Steedman,
and the Fifth, Capt. T. C. Beckham, were advanced
to a stone fence, where they stood against the fire of the
infantry and artillery in their front, the Sharpshooters,
Second rifles and the Fourth battalion supporting.
Walker held this post all through the evening and night,
moving off on the morning of the 15th and covering the
retirement from that part of the field, the Second rifles
marching as rear guard. The losses in Jenkins' brigade
were comparatively light, 3 killed and 29 wounded, total,
32, distributed as follows: Palmetto sharpshooters,
2 wounded; First, 1 killed, 15 wounded; Second rifles,
1 wounded; Fifth, 6 wounded; Sixth, 2 killed, 5 wounded.</p>

<p>The writer regrets that he can find no record of the
service of the Fifteenth South Carolina, in Drayton's
brigade, and the Hampton legion infantry, in Wofford's.
Gen. D. H. Hill, in his report of the action of his troops,
refers to the brigade of Drayton in the following words:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>In answer to a dispatch from General Longstreet, I
urged him to hurry forward troops to my assistance.
General Drayton and Col. G. T. Anderson [the latter
commanding a brigade of Georgians] came up, I think,
about 3 o'clock, with 1,900 men.... Anderson, Ripley
and Drayton were called together, and I directed them to
follow a path until they came in contact with Rosser,
when they should change their flank, march in line of
battle and sweep the woods before them.... Anderson
soon became partially and Drayton hotly engaged....
Three brigades moved up in beautiful order against Drayton
and the men were soon beaten.</p></blockquote>

<p>This is the only reference to Drayton's brigade in the
action at Boonsboro, by which it appears that the Fifteenth
South Carolina, and Fiftieth and Fifty-first Georgia,
the three regiments that composed it, stood against
the attack of three Union brigades until they were
"beaten."</p>

<p>The battle of Boonsboro Gap was not anticipated by
General Lee, and it came, on the 14th, in the nature of a
surprise. Certainly Lee's army was not prepared for it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
All that could be done was done&mdash;the brigades of Hill and
Longstreet, with such artillery as could be operated on
the mountain, held back the advancing columns of Hooker
and Reno until night put an end to the conflict. General
McClellan reported the battle on his side as fought
by the divisions of Hatch, Ricketts and Meade, of
Hooker's corps; Willcox, Sturgis and Cox, of Reno's
corps; and the brigade of Sedgwick, of Sherman's corps;
with artillery and cavalry. That this force did not drive
Hill in rout from the mountain before Longstreet came
up is due to the firmness and heroism of his defense.
That it did not envelop both Longstreet and Hill late
in the afternoon, and force them down upon Boonsboro,
is due to the skill of those generals, and the conduct
of their troops and their commanders.</p>

<p>Having already stated the order for the investment of
Harper's Ferry, we will have now to do with the part
taken by Kershaw's and Gregg's South Carolina brigades
in its capture. Kershaw was with McLaws and Gregg
with A. P. Hill. To Kershaw, commanding his own and
Barksdale's brigades, was assigned the task of capturing
the south end of Elk ridge, called Maryland heights,
which overlooked Harper's Ferry. The heights captured,
McLaws was to plant his rifled guns there to co-operate
with Walker, on Loudoun heights, and Jackson, on Bolivar
heights. Kershaw marched on the 12th and ascended
Elk ridge by Solomon's gap. The Union pickets offered
a feeble resistance at the gap and retired, Kershaw ascending
to the top of the ridge and marching on its crest
toward the point of attack. Capt. G. B. Cuthbert, Second
South Carolina, commanding Kershaw's right flankers,
and Major Bradley, Mississippi regiment, commanding
skirmishers in advance, met and easily drove back the
outposts along the ridge. But the road was so obstructed,
and so impracticable, that it was 6 p. m. before General
Kershaw came up on the first line of defense, within one
mile of the south end, or Maryland heights. This was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>
strong abatis running across the ridge and flanked by
high boulders. Here the enemy was standing in force.</p>

<p>Kershaw put his brigade in two lines of attack and held
Barksdale in reserve. Henagan's Eighth South Carolina
and Aiken's Seventh made the first line, Nance's Third,
and Kennedy's Second in rear. Before these dispositions
were made night came on, and the troops lay on their
arms within sight of the battlefield. Early on the 13th
the South Carolinians moved to the attack in beautiful
order, and came under the heavy fire of the enemy. The
Eighth encountered a ledge of rock which completely
stopped its advance, but the Seventh had a clear field to
the abatis. Aiken led his regiment on with a dash,
mounted the obstruction, poured a volley into the faces
of his adversaries, and the abatis was won, the enemy
retreating a quarter of a mile to a still stronger position
across the ridge. Kershaw sent Barksdale to his left to
make a detour on the east slope, and gain the flank of
the position. The Seventh and Eighth again advanced
to the abatis and carried it, but the fire from a log breastwork
in rear checked their progress. The Third, under
Nance, reinforced the fire of the Seventh and Eighth, and
these three regiments made the battle, losing severely.</p>

<p>Meanwhile Barksdale had worked his way around to
the rear and right of the Federals and opened fire. Seeing
himself assailed in front and flank, the enemy retreated
down the south end of the mountain and across the river,
by pontoon, into Harper's Ferry. Kershaw and Barksdale
moved to the position captured, overlooking the
enemy in his stronghold. Major McLaws, of the division
staff, directed the cutting of a road by which four rifled
guns were brought to the heights, and by 2 p. m. on the
14th, while the battle at Boonsboro gap was raging, and
the enemy had penetrated Pleasant valley by Crampton's
gap and was marching on McLaws' rear, Captains Read
and Carlton opened their guns on Harper's Ferry and
Bolivar heights.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>

<p>Kershaw's work was done and well done, and he was
ordered into the valley early on the morning of the 15th.
While on the mountain the brigades suffered from want
of water; not a drop could be obtained except at the foot
of the ridge. The march on the crest was over crags
and boulders, and the advance to battle was impeded by
fallen trees and every possible obstruction. General
Kershaw reported that not a man retired from his line
who was not wounded, and especially spoke of the Seventh,
Colonel Aiken, as bearing the brunt of the battle
and suffering the heaviest loss. Lieut. Moultrie Dwight,
of the brigade staff, was severely wounded by a fall from
a precipice while communicating a message from Kershaw
to Barksdale. Barksdale's loss was 2 killed and 15
wounded. Kershaw lost 33 killed and 163 wounded;
total, 196. The Second South Carolina, not being engaged
directly, suffered no casualties. The three regiments
engaged numbered 100 officers and 863 soldiers. The
Third had 14 killed, 35 wounded, total 49; the Seventh,
13 killed, 100 wounded, total 113; the Eighth, 6 killed,
28 wounded, total 34.</p>

<p>Gregg's South Carolina brigade marched with Jackson's
corps from the vicinity of Boonsboro on the 11th
and camped at Williamsport on the Potomac. On the
12th, crossing the Potomac, Jackson marched upon Martinsburg,
occupied by a Federal force under Brigadier-General
White. Gregg was in front and deployed for
battle, but White retired upon Harper's Ferry. Jackson
entered the town and the inhabitants rejoicingly received
him and his troops. His hungry men were feasted, their
general caressed and honored, and the sutler's stores and
army provisions left by the enemy duly appropriated.
Marching on for Harper's Ferry, Jackson was in position
before that place, on Bolivar heights, by noon of the
13th. Next day Gregg was sent to Jackson's right
(with Branch's brigade) to take position on the Shenandoah,
move along its north bank, and be ready on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
morning of the 15th to assault from that point. Early on
the 15th all the batteries opened on the defenses of Harper's
Ferry, among them McIntosh's South Carolina battery.
McLaws' rifled guns from Maryland heights, Walker's
batteries from the Loudoun hills, and Jackson's from
Bolivar heights poured their shot and shell into every
opposing fort and battery, and the signal was about to
be given to "cease firing" to give chance for the concerted
assault of Jackson's infantry, when the banner of
surrender was raised and Harper's Ferry was captured.
The enemy replied from every one of his batteries with
vigor, and kept up his defense until he saw his doom.
Gregg had not lost a man, and remaining with A. P.
Hill's division to secure the spoil of battle, his brigade
reaped a harvest of good things at Harper's Ferry. The
situation is thus described by Captain Caldwell:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>We fared sumptuously. In addition to meat, crackers,
sugar, coffee, shoes, blankets, underclothing, etc., many
of us captured horses, of which the quartermaster, however,
duly deprived us.</p>

<p>Jackson was the great theme of conversation. The
Federals seemed never weary of extolling his genius and
inquiring for particulars of his history. They were
extremely anxious to see him. He came up from the
riverside late in the afternoon. The intelligence spread
like electricity. Almost the whole mass of prisoners
broke over us, rushed to the road, threw up their hats,
cheered, roared, bellowed, as even Jackson's own troops
had scarcely ever done. We, of course, joined in with
them. The general gave a stiff acknowledgment of the
compliment, pulled down his hat, drove spurs into his
horse, and went clattering down the hill away from the
noise.</p></blockquote>

<p>The garrison of Harper's Ferry, surrendered, gave
Jackson over 11,000 prisoners, 73 pieces of artillery,
13,000 small-arms, and a large supply of military stores.</p>

<p>General McClellan did not push his advantage gained
at Boonsboro gap. It was 8 o'clock on the morning of
the 15th before his troops appeared on the west of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
mountain, and General Lee had the columns of D. H.
Hill and Longstreet beyond his reach by that time.
Marching all the night of the 14th, these commands were
in front of Sharpsburg early on the morning of Monday,
the 15th. Jackson left Harper's Ferry on the night following,
with McLaws', Walker's and Anderson's divisions,
marched up to Shepherdstown, and crossed the
river and reported to General Lee on the battlefield early
on the 16th. He had left A. P. Hill's division at Harper's
Ferry to parole the prisoners, secure the property
captured, and hold the place. As will be seen, McLaws
and R. H. Anderson did not reach the field of battle
until it had been raging for hours, but they came up, as
did A. P. Hill, in time to reinforce Lee at critical
moments.</p>

<p>In writing of Sharpsburg there are particular features
of that battlefield to which reference must frequently be
made in order to comprehend the struggle, and these
will first be noted.</p>

<p>The town of Sharpsburg is about a mile from the southward
bend of the Potomac. A straight line running due
east from the Potomac and passing through Sharpsburg
would cross the Antietam river about 1½ miles from the
town. The general direction of the Antietam in front
(east) of Sharpsburg is a little west of south. And this,
too, is the general direction of the Potomac in the vicinity
of the battlefield. About 3 miles below Sharpsburg the
Potomac makes a sweeping bend to the east and the
Antietam to the west, the latter entering the former just
below the point where the river turns sharply to the
south. Lee's line was in front of Sharpsburg and behind
the Antietam, which was easily forded, and crossed by
good stone bridges in Lee's front and on each flank.</p>

<p>Two main roads gave direction to the battle, one running
north to Hagerstown, and the other a little north of
east to Boonsboro. About 1¼ miles from the town, on
the Hagerstown road, was a church known as the Dunk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>er's
chapel, with a heavy wood north, south and west of
it. The hills along the Antietam, on both sides, were high
and commanding, and gave the best positions for artillery.
The country between the Antietam and the Hagerstown
road was undulatory, with good elevations for artillery,
and south of Sharpsburg very much the same. The
Antietam makes a very long bend to the west about 1½
miles below the town and then bends south again. General
Lee's right rested on this bend, the hills being high
and steep on the Sharpsburg side. Lee formed two lines
of battle on the hills described, its direction parallel with
the Antietam, bending toward the Potomac on the left.</p>

<p>On the 15th, Longstreet was posted on the south of the
Boonsboro road, and D. H. Hill north of it. Hood's
division prolonged the line on Hill's left bending west
until it touched the Hagerstown road. Jackson, early on
the 16th, was put on Hood's left, with his right on the
Hagerstown road. Stuart with cavalry and horse artillery
guarded the extreme left next the Potomac. Walker,
with his two brigades, came up from Harper's Ferry by
afternoon, and was posted on the extreme right and
immediately on the Antietam bluffs. As the divisions
slept on arms, on the night of the 16th, they stood for
battle, from right to left, in the following order: Walker,
D. R. Jones, Evans (brigade), D. H. Hill, Hood, Lawton,
J. R. Jones, cavalry. The artillery opened the great
battle at dawn on the 17th, and before the sun had risen
Jackson was hotly engaged with Hooker's corps on the
Confederate left.</p>

<p>Jackson's and Hood's troops held their ground with
great courage and firmness, sometimes advancing in triumph
and then repulsed by the front lines of the enemy.
The history of Jackson's battle is a history of violent and
bloody contention, advances and retirements, with ground
lost, gained, relost and regained, until at last the enemy
was forced to the defensive and the Confederate battle
held on nearly its chosen line. The three corps of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
Hooker, Mansfield and Sumner were engaged in these
battles with Jackson and Hood, while the latter were
reinforced from time to time by three brigades from
D. H. Hill, one from D. R. Jones, and two with Walker.
These forces, with Jackson's two small divisions and
Hood's two brigades, had forced the battle beyond the
Hagerstown road, and were on the successful offensive,
as against Hooker's and Mansfield's corps, when Sumner
entered the battle. His advance was against Jackson's
right and center, two of his divisions (Richardson's and
French's) operating east of the turnpike and south of the
church, and one (Sedgwick's) moving against the woods
just north of the church. Sumner's line operated at once
to check the tide of his retreating friends, and to stem
that on his advancing foes. Fresh, strong and admirably
handled, the divisions of Richardson, French and Sedgwick
moved to renew the waning battle. Richardson,
supported by French, moved against D. H. Hill's left
center, and Sedgwick attacked in front and north of the
church.</p>

<p>Sumner's account of affairs on the battlefield when he
reached it shows the work which had been done by the
troops of Jackson, Hood, D. H. Hill and the brigade from
D. R. Jones. He said: "On going upon the field, I
found that General Hooker's corps had been dispersed
and routed. I passed him some distance in the rear,
where he had been carried wounded, but I saw nothing
of his corps as I was advancing on the field. There were
some troops lying down on the left which I took to belong
to Mansfield's command. In the meantime, General
Mansfield had been killed, and a portion of his corps
thrown into confusion."</p>

<p>Sedgwick had pushed his battle successfully, and was
now south and west of the church and about to clear the
woods, when the head of McLaws' division arrived from
Harper's Ferry, worn down by their forced march, without
food, and many of them footsore. But they were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
ready for battle, and appreciated the emergency. Portions
of Hooker's and Mansfield's corps were attacking farther
to Jackson's left, and Sumner's fresh corps was terribly
aggressive. General Lee had ordered Walker from
the extreme right, and he arrived in good time to join
with McLaws. These commands, with portions of the
troops that had been fighting all the morning, confronted
the new advance, assailed it, beat it back, broke its order,
and gained the position from which Sumner had advanced.
Sedgwick was overwhelmed, but Richardson retired in
order. The attack of Sumner on Lee's left and left center
had failed, and failed by reason of the heroic, aggressive
battle of McLaws and Walker, and the rallied fragments
of Jackson's, Hood's, Hill's and Jones' troops.</p>

<p>In this great achievement Kershaw's South Carolina
brigade, of McLaws' division, bore a distinguished part.
Arriving on the field just as Jackson's battle had been
driven into the woods south of the chapel and the enemy
were in plain view, McLaws advanced Kershaw against
him in direct attack, the Second South Carolina leading.
The struggle to be made was for the possession of the
wood west and north of the chapel. Kershaw threw the
Eighth, Seventh and Third forward to Kennedy's support,
and they pressed their battle into the wood and
beyond the chapel, supported right and left by their comrades,
and by the fire of Read's battery. Aiken approached
within 30 yards of a Federal battery, drove its
gunners off, and was about to seize the guns when a
flanking battery opened upon him with canister and
drove him back. The enemy reinforced made assault
after assault, and were as often repelled. Kershaw had
established his line beyond the church, and here he held
his battle throughout the day. Reporting upon the conduct
of his brigade, he said that the Eighth, under Lieut.-Col.
A. J. Hoole, carried in 45 men, rank and file, and lost
23; the Second, first to attack and drive the enemy,
suffered the loss of Colonel Kennedy from a severe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
wound, and its gallant major, Franklin Gaillard, led it
on against a front line, broke it, and pressed it beyond
range of fire; the Third, under Nance, twice changed
front under fire, and as often drove the opposing line;
the Seventh, led by Aiken, trailed their progress to the
cannon's mouth with the blood of their bravest, and out
of 268 carried into action, lost 140, Colonel Aiken being
among those most seriously wounded. The death of its
gallant Maj. W. C. White deprived the service of an
accomplished officer, a noble gentleman, and an elevated
character.</p>

<p>Without a supply of rations from Monday to Wednesday;
constantly under arms, marching, or in action during
that period, no sleep and but brief halts for rest,
Kershaw's gallant command fought at Sharpsburg as if
they had come to the field from a well-provided camp.</p>

<p>But Sumner's work was not yet done. Richardson and
French, supported by their famous batteries, many of
them rifled guns, returned to the attack, directing their
march directly against D. H. Hill's center on the Boonsboro
road. He had sent Ripley, Garland and Colquitt to
reinforce the struggle on the left, and had with him only
two brigades of his own division (Rodes' and G. B. Anderson's),
his batteries, Evans' brigade under Col. P. F. Stevens,
and Boyce's battery. With these troops Hill met
and repelled Richardson's first advance. General Lee
sent up R. H. Anderson's division to his support, and
Hill formed that command behind his front line. By the
mistake of a subordinate, Rodes' brigade was moved from
the front line and a broad gap left in Hill's defense. At
once Richardson saw his advantage and pressed his troops
into and beyond the gap. We give, substantially, General
Hill's account. G. B. Anderson held his brigade in
position, while the Federals poured through the gap,
making all the defense he could, until he was wounded,
when his brigade broke in panic, but Colonel Bennett and
Major Sillers of North Carolina rallied a portion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
the brigade. There were no troops near, except some
rallied fragments of commands, to hold the center. Hill
was now back to the hill which commanded Sharpsburg
and the rear. Affairs looked critical. A battery in a
cornfield was ordered up, and proved to be Boyce's South
Carolina battery, attached to Evans' brigade. It moved
out most gallantly, in full view, and exposed to a terrible
direct and reverse fire from rifled guns beyond the Antietam.
A caisson was exploded, but the battery unlimbered
and with grape and canister poured volley after
volley so fast into the advancing troops that they halted,
wavered, and then broke in retreat. With such of his
troops as he could call to his immediate command, Hill
charged, was checked, repulsed and charged again, and
at last the center was secure.</p>

<p>The part borne by Evans' brigade of South Carolinians
in this defense of the center is described by Colonel Stevens,
commanding:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Sickness, fatigue and casualties of battle had reduced
the brigade to a mere skeleton. Placed in position near
the town and north of the Boonsboro road, the brigade
acted as support with various batteries, until the afternoon,
when the attack in front pressing, General Evans
ordered it deployed as skirmishers to meet the enemy.
In this position we were forced back, until I again advanced,
and with Boyce's battery broke the line in my
front and drove them back. The force in our front having
retired, and Colonel Walker, commanding Jenkins'
South Carolina brigade, on our right, having sent to me
for artillery, I ordered Captain Boyce with his battery to
report to him. Night coming on, the brigade bivouacked
on the field.... During the engagement at Sharpsburg
my men behaved well, obeyed orders, and never gave
back except at my command.</p></blockquote>

<p>Boyce lost 15 horses. Sergt. Thomas E. Dawkins and
Private James Rogers were killed, Privates B. Miller and
E. Shirley mortally wounded, and Lieut. H. F. Scaife
and 15 of the battery more or less severely wounded.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
Sergt. B. T. Glenn continued to work his piece long after
receiving a very severe wound.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>

<p>Colonel McMaster, of the Seventeenth South Carolina,
Evans' brigade, reports that he carried into the battle
only 59 officers and men, so great had been his losses
from sickness and wounds and straggling. Out of these
he lost 19 in battle. There are no separate returns of the
losses of Evans' brigade at Boonsboro gap and Sharpsburg,
but in these two they are reported as follows: Holcombe
legion, 18 wounded; Seventeenth, 18 killed, 49
wounded; Eighteenth, 3 killed, 39 wounded; Twenty-second,
8 killed, 64 wounded; Twenty-third, 14 killed, 66
wounded; aggregate, 43 killed, 236 wounded.</p>

<p>While D. H. Hill was defending the center, Longstreet's
line was assailed, on Lee's right. Crossing at the bridge
and fords General Burnside's troops threw their masses
against D. R. Jones' division. Jenkins' brigade under
Colonel Walker was on the left of Jones' division, and
the operations are reported by Colonel Walker. During
the 16th the brigade lay in line south of the Boonsboro
road exposed to an incessant fire of artillery from batteries
posted east of the Antietam. In the afternoon of the
17th Walker was moved forward, and supported a part of
the Washington artillery, of New Orleans. These gallant
batteries were constantly engaged, and drew an unceasing
fire upon Walker as well as themselves. The guns
withdrew for ammunition and Walker went forward 400
yards to an apple orchard. The enemy being near,
Walker attacked with the Palmetto sharpshooters and
the Second rifles on the right, the Sixth, Fifth and First
continuing the line to the left.</p>

<p>The fire of the brigade was so steady and so well deliv<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>ered,
that when about to advance, the force in its front
broke and retired to the woods on the Antietam. On
Walker's right, the attack on Generals Kemper and Drayton
was so heavy that those brigades were giving ground,
and the enemy was pressing up a ravine in their rear and
on their right. Walker changed his front, and attacking
the flagging force, in concert with Drayton and Kemper,
drove back the advancing line. In this repulse the guns
of Rhett's battery, under Lieut. William Elliott, did splendid
service, firing at short range on the infantry masses
as they came up from the Antietam against Jones. The
losses of the brigade at Sharpsburg were 26 killed and 184
wounded, the heaviest loss falling on the Palmetto sharpshooters.
Capts. J. E. Lee and N. W. Harbin, of the
sharpshooters, were killed; and Lieut.-Col. D. Livingston,
of the First; Capt. E. B. Cantey, commanding the
Sixth; Lieut. J. C. McFadden, of the Sixth; Lieuts.
H. H. Thompson and W. N. Major, of the sharpshooters,
were wounded. To that part of the action of Jenkins'
brigade in which it was turned by Walker to deliver its
fire upon the forces driving back Kemper and Drayton,
Gen. D. R. Jones, the division commander, makes complimentary
reference in a paragraph in which he also
refers to the Fifteenth, in Drayton's brigade: "The Fifteenth
South Carolina, Colonel De Saussure, fell back
very slowly and in order, forming the nucleus on which
the brigade rallied." In the two engagements of Boonsboro
Gap and Sharpsburg, the Fifteenth lost 110 killed
and wounded.</p>

<p>The attack upon Jones on the right, coming from a
whole corps, and met by his division alone, numbering
less than 2,500, and the artillery on his line, gave illustration
of endurance, courage and resolution seldom if
ever surpassed in the annals of war. General Toombs,
with his artillery and two Georgia regiments, repulsed
five separate assaults by Burnside's forces, and only retired
when every cartridge had been fired and his position had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
been turned by a passage below him. Just at the moment
when Jones was driven back upon the town and the corps
of General Burnside under General Cox was sweeping
up on his front and right and making for a lodgment on
the Shepherdstown road in his rear, Lee's line of retreat,
the division of A. P. Hill, which had been marching all
day, reported on Jones' right and formed forward into
battle. This arrival saved the day.</p>

<p>Hill placed his batteries rapidly and opened with canister;
but before his infantry could be formed the enemy
had charged the guns and captured McIntosh's battery
and flag. Not a moment was to be lost if Lee's line to
Shepherdstown was to be saved, and A. P. Hill and Jones
ordered the charge. "My troops were not in a moment
too soon," says Hill. With a yell of defiance Archer
charged [with Toombs] recaptured McIntosh's battery
and drove the enemy pell-mell down the slope;
Gregg and Branch, from Archer's left, poured in a deadly
fire as they steadily moved down the slope, and the whole
line of attack broke and retired to the Antietam. Night
settled down upon the battlefield of Antietam and the
bloodiest struggle of the war was over.</p>

<p>Gregg's casualties were 163 killed and wounded, of
which the First lost 4 killed and 30 wounded; Orr's
Rifles, 3 killed and 9 wounded; Twelfth, 20 killed and
82 wounded; Thirteenth, 1 killed and 14 wounded. The
Fourteenth was not engaged.</p>

<p>The brave and accomplished Col. Dixon Barnes, of the
Twelfth, fell mortally wounded. Lieut. Archibald McIntire,
of the First, and Capt. F. A. Irwin and Lieut.
J. B. Blackman, of the Twelfth, were killed. Capt. M. P.
Parker, of the First; Capts. J. L. Miller and H. C. Davis
and Lieut. R. M. Carr, of the Twelfth; Lieuts. J. M.
Wheeler and W. L. Litzsey, of the Thirteenth, and Capt.
James Perrin, commanding Orr's Rifles, were wounded.</p>

<p>Space does not permit a review of this great battle. It
was a gigantic struggle of eighteen hours. General Mc<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>Clellan
referred to it as a mighty contest in which 200,000
men contended for mastery! General Lee reported it as
a protracted and sanguinary conflict in which every effort
of the enemy to dislodge him from his position had been
defeated with severe loss. The battle was not renewed
on the 18th. General McClellan, reporting to his government,
said that a sense of duty to the army and the country
forbade a renewal of the fight on the 18th without
reinforcements, the probabilities of defeat being too great.
Whatever General McClellan's strength, it is certain
General Lee fought around Sharpsburg with less than
40,000 men of all arms. When Lee was at Frederickstown,
his army numbered, by its returns, in round numbers,
61,000 of all arms. The battles of Boonsboro,
Crampton's Gap and Harper's Ferry, with the cavalry engagements,
followed. These, of course, reduced the fighting
force, but his heaviest losses were from straggling
incident to the rapid marches and the actual suffering of
the troops for the want of sleep and food between Boonsboro
and Sharpsburg. The remarks of Gen. D. H. Hill
will apply to most of the divisions. He says:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>My ranks had diminished by straggling, and on the
morning of the 17th I had but 3,000 infantry.... Our
wagons had been sent off across the river on Sunday, and
for three days the men had been sustaining life on green
corn and such cattle as they could kill in the field. In
charging through an apple orchard with the immediate
prospect of death before them, I noticed men eagerly
devouring apples.... Had all our stragglers been up,
McClellan's army would have been completely crushed.</p></blockquote>

<p>In leaving the battlefield of Sharpsburg, the writer
pauses to pay a tribute of respect and love to a brave
and accomplished soldier, his preceptor at the South
Carolina military academy, and his honored friend. Col.
Charles Courtney Tew, the gallant commander of the
Second North Carolina, in Anderson's brigade of D. H.
Hill's division, fell at the head of his regiment in Hill's
defense of the center against the attack of Richardson in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
the afternoon. After graduating at the head of the first
class to leave the South Carolina military academy, Colonel
Tew became one of its able and distinguished professors.
Removing to North Carolina, he established a military
academy at Hillsboro, and when the time came for
battle he was at the head of the second regiment raised
in the old North State. Modest, resolute, sincere,
devoted to study and to work, he was an accomplished
scholar, a true and noble spirit, and a resolute character.
General Hill said of him, while reporting his ability and
gallantry, and lamenting his loss: "He had no superior
as a soldier in the field." Knowing him well, we can
understand how his efficiency at the head of a regiment
and his fine attainments as a soldier, would make such
an impression upon his major-general. How many such
men did the South yield up in willing and costly sacrifice
on the altar of Southern independence!</p>

<p>The last guns of the Maryland campaign of 1862 were
fired at Shepherdstown and by the cavalry in front of
Williamsport, on the 20th of September. In both these
actions South Carolina troops took part, under Generals
Gregg and Hampton. General Lee's army was behind
the Opequon on the 19th; that of McClellan was threatening
the passages of the Potomac. The cavalry under
Stuart, with Hampton's brigade in advance, had moved
up the right bank of the Potomac and crossed into Maryland,
at Williamsport, to watch and threaten the enemy's
right and rear. Advancing from Williamsport, Hampton
met a strong force of all arms sent to oppose Stuart, successfully
skirmished with it all day of the 20th, and recrossed
the river into Virginia without loss at night.</p>

<p>On the evening of the 19th, General Porter with the
Federal Fifth corps was at the Shepherdstown ford, with
his artillery on the Maryland hills and his sharpshooters
lining the left flank. Under cover of his artillery, he
successfully crossed a portion of his command, stormed
the position on the Virginia side, drove off the infantry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
force of 600 men, and captured four guns of General Pendleton's
artillery. Early on the 20th, A. P. Hill was sent
with his division to drive Porter's force back and hold
the crossing. In executing this command General Hill
fought the battle of Shepherdstown.</p>

<p>General Porter in his report represents the attack of
General Hill to have been made upon two of his brigades,
and a part of a third, who, by his order, recrossed the
river, under the cover of his batteries, with little injury,
except to the One Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania
regiment. He gives as the reason for his retrograde
movement that the enemy (Hill) was reported as advancing
in force. Reading the Federal general's report, one
not conversant with the facts would naturally suppose
that Hill's division met the Pennsylvania regiment alone
in actual battle, and as Porter says that this regiment
became "confused" early in the action, and their arms
were ineffective, it would appear that Hill had little to
do.</p>

<p>General Hill, after stating that the brigades on the
Virginia side were making preparations to hold their
position, thus describes the situation: "I formed my
division in two lines&mdash;in the first, Pender, Gregg and
Thomas, under Gregg; in the second, Lane, Archer and
Brockenbrough, under Archer. The enemy had lined
the opposite hills with some 70 pieces of artillery, and the
infantry who had crossed lined the crest of the high banks
on the Virginia shore.... The advance was made in the
face of the most tremendous fire of artillery I ever saw."
Mr. Caldwell, in his history, says: "We were under the
fire of their batteries the whole time, though they did not
open heavily upon us until we cleared the cornfield; then
their fire was terrific! Shot, shell and canister swept the
whole surface of the earth. Yet the advance was beautifully
executed. It excelled even the marching of the
enemy at Sharpsburg.... The roar of the pieces and
the howl and explosion of shells were awful. Sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
a shell burst in the ranks, tearing and mangling all
around it. In Pender's brigade I saw a man lifted in
the air. But all in vain. The ranks closed up, and the
advance continued without a falter." Alluding to this
heroic advance, General Hill says: "Too much praise
cannot be awarded to my regiments for their steady,
unwavering step."</p>

<p>Describing the fighting with the infantry, General Hill
said that his left brigade was so hotly engaged with the
enemy's infantry that Pender called on Archer for help,
and the latter moved his own brigade to Pender's, thus
putting four brigades on the front line. The One Hundred
and Eighteenth Pennsylvania, confused as it was,
with damaged arms, could hardly have done so much
against a line of battle that had marched to the attack
through such an artillery fire as both sides report was
poured upon it. At close quarters with General Porter's
troops, Hill ordered the final charge, and the brigades of
the Fifth corps were driven into and across the river,
hundreds being drowned, over 200 prisoners taken, and
the dead and wounded left on the field of battle.</p>

<p>In this battle the heaviest loss fell on Hill's left flank.
The greatest loss of the South Carolina brigade was in
the Fourteenth regiment, which had 10 killed, among
them the gallant Capt. James H. Dunlap, and 45 wounded,
most of them by the artillery fire. In the other regiments
of Gregg's brigade, 8 were wounded, including Lieut.
D. H. Hamilton, adjutant of the First.</p>

<p>After this engagement General Lee camped his army
behind the Opequon, and the weary soldiers enjoyed a
rest. Regiments and brigades were assigned new commanders
to take the places of those who had fallen on the
field. Men who had greatly distinguished themselves
for personal gallantry in the ranks, were either elected
to office by their fellow soldiers, or promoted upon special
recommendation of their superiors.</p>

<p>The description which Mr. Caldwell gives of the condi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>tion
of the troops at this time is so graphic, and the
writer, from his observations and experiences, knows it
to be so true to the facts, that he quotes it here entire,
as applicable to all the commands of Lee's army, after
their marches and battles and toil and suffering in the
memorable months of August and September, 1862:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>It is difficult to describe the condition of the troops at
this time, so great and various was their wretchedness.
They were sunburnt, gaunt, ragged, scarcely at all shod&mdash;specters
and caricatures of their former selves. Since
the beginning of August they had been almost constantly
on the march, had been scorched by the sultriest sun of
the year, had been drenched with the rain and the heavy
dews peculiar to this latitude, had lost much night rest,
had worn out their clothing and shoes, and received nothing
but what they could pick up on the battlefield. They
had thrown away their knapsacks and blankets, in order
to travel light; had fed on half-cooked dough, often raw
bacon as well as raw beef; had devoured green corn and
green apples, and contracted diarrhea and dysentery of
the most malignant type. They now stood, an emaciated,
limping, ragged mass, whom no stranger to their
gallant exploits could have believed capable of anything
the least worthy. Orders were published for instant and
thorough ablution, and the men were marched by squads
and companies to the Opequon.</p></blockquote>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Captain Boyce mentions all his officers, Lieutenants
Jeter, Porter, Scaife and Monro, and Sergeants Glenn, Humphreys, Bunch,
and Young, and Corporals Rutland, Byrd, Watts and Schartle; and
Privates Scaife, Garner, Hodges, Shirley, Simpson, Gondelock, A.
Sim, L. H. Sims, Willard, Peek, Gossett and Franklin, for distinguished
gallantry in the battles from the Rappahannock to Antietam.</p></div>
<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>

<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>HAMPTON'S CAVALRY IN THE MARYLAND RAID&mdash;THE
BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG&mdash;DEATH OF GREGG&mdash;SOUTH
CAROLINIANS AT MARYE'S HILL&mdash;CAVALRY
OPERATIONS.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Early</span> in October, General Lee, from his camp
at Winchester, in the Virginia valley, directed
J. E. B. Stuart to take a picked force of 1,500 cavalry,
cross the Potomac above Williamsport, penetrate the rear
of General McClellan's army, damage his railroad communications,
and gain such information of his positions,
strength, etc., as this opportunity would afford. He was
to return by such route as circumstances would determine.
In this expedition, Hampton's brigade was in
advance, and crossed at McCoy's ford by the dawn of day
on October 10th. A section of Hart's South Carolina
battery, and 175 picked men of the Second South Carolina
cavalry, under Colonel Butler, were with Hampton.
Lieutenant Phillips, Tenth Virginia, with 25 dismounted
men, at the appointed moment waded the river and surprised
the enemy's pickets above the ford, while Butler
dashed across with his troopers and routed the guard,
and in five minutes the ford was secured. Hampton's
brigade leading, rode on rapidly, passing through the
narrow strip of Maryland into Pennsylvania, and arrived
before Chambersburg at night. Placing Hart's guns in
position, the town surrendered upon demand (made
through Lieut. T. C. Lee, Second South Carolina), and
General Hampton moved his little brigade into it at
10 o'clock at night and established a rigid provost guard,
with Capt. J. P. Macfie, Second cavalry, in command.
The night was spent in Chambersburg, and on the morn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>ing
of the 11th, Hampton was ordered to destroy the
depot and such storehouses as contained munitions of
war. This was promptly done, and as rear guard General
Hampton took up his march behind Stuart's column.
The march was continued through the day and night of
the 11th, and the early morning of the 12th found the
rear guard at Barnesville, on the Potomac, with the
enemy's advance pressing.</p>

<p>Hampton sent part of his command and one of Hart's
guns down the Poolesville road on his left, and with the
other and the Second South Carolina and Phillips' legion,
he defended the crossing of the wagons, led horses and
the two other brigades of Stuart. This being successfully
accomplished, he crossed most of his brigade under cover
of one of Hart's pieces, then sent the gun over, and
brought his last regiment to the Virginia shore, without
losing a man or a horse. The brigade brought
over 260 horses captured on the raid. General Hampton
mentioned in terms of praise the conduct of his whole brigade,
and especially commended the service rendered by
Captain Macfie, Second South Carolina; Capt. W. H. H.
Cowles, First North Carolina; Capt. T. G. Barker,
adjutant-general of the brigade, and Lieutenants Hamilton
and Phillips.</p>

<p>Early in November, the Federal army, under McClellan,
was concentrated about Warrenton, Va., and General
Lee had thrown Longstreet in its front, at Culpeper Court
House. McClellan's plan was to move directly upon
Culpeper and Gordonsville. President Lincoln thought
his movements too slow and cautious, losing much time
after the battle of Sharpsburg, and had written him to
this effect under date of October 13th. In this letter Mr.
Lincoln revealed the insight of an experienced soldier
and admirable common sense, incidentally paying the
Confederate army and its chief so many tributes that
we quote the paragraphs: "Are you not overcautious [he
asked McClellan], when you assume that you cannot do<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
what the enemy is constantly doing? Should you not
claim to be at least his equal in prowess and act upon the
claim?" McClellan had called for the rebuilding of the
road from Harper's Ferry to Winchester, in order to supply
his army if he moved against Lee, then at Winchester.
Mr. Lincoln reminded him that Lee was subsisting his
army without a railroad, hauling his supplies twice the
distance from Harper's Ferry to Winchester. The President
rallied his general for not operating on Lee's communications
and for being so anxious about his own, and
said: "Change positions with the enemy, and think you
not he would break your communication with Richmond
in the next twenty-four hours?... You are now nearer
Richmond than the enemy is, by the route that you can
and he must take. Why can you not reach there before
him, unless you admit that he is more than your equal on
a march? His route is the arc of a circle, while yours is
the chord. The roads are as good on yours as on his."
The President was for aggressive action, and urged his
general to strike at Lee directly, through the gaps in
the mountains, on his communications, in any way, so he
fought and beat him. "I would press closely to him;
fight him if a favorable opportunity should present, and
at least try to beat him to Richmond on the inside track.
I say 'try;' if we never 'try,' we shall never succeed....
We should not so operate as merely to drive him away.
As we must beat him somewhere, or fail finally, we can
do it, if at all, easier near to us than far away. If we
cannot beat the enemy where he now is [at or about
Winchester], we never can, he again being within the
intrenchments of Richmond."</p>

<p>This letter, written on the 13th of October, did not
have the effect of either breaking up General Lee's wagon
communications, or beating him in direct battle. The
first week of November found the Federal army cautiously
concentrating about Warrenton, and on the 5th of November,
President Lincoln issued an order relieving Mc<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>Clellan
from command and giving the army to General
Burnside. The new commander took charge on the 9th,
and on the 15th began his march on the "chord," while
Lee took the "arc." Burnside's plan was to "beat" Lee
to Fredericksburg, cross the river on pontoons and seize
the heights, and "move upon Richmond from that point."</p>

<p>The advance of Burnside's army reached Falmouth on
the 17th. Colonel Ball, with a regiment of Virginia cavalry,
a regiment of infantry and two batteries of artillery,
prevented a crossing and held the city of Fredericksburg.</p>

<p>On the 22d, at 8 p. m., General Lee informed President
Davis by telegram from Fredericksburg, that General
Burnside's whole army was on the left bank of the river
opposite Fredericksburg; that he was on the heights with
four divisions of Longstreet's corps, Pendleton's reserve
artillery, and two brigades of Stuart; that the Fifth division
of Longstreet would be up on the 23d, and that he
would resist an attempt to cross the river.</p>

<p>On the 23d, Lee ordered Jackson, in the Valley, to move
east of the mountains and put his corps in position at
Warrenton, or Culpeper, on the flank of Burnside, where
he would be in calling distance when needed. On the
25th he again wrote Jackson, that as far as he could judge,
Burnside was repairing the railroad to the Potomac, getting
up supplies, and making ready for a move on Richmond.
"To delay him," said General Lee, "and throw
him into the winter, I have determined to resist him from
the beginning. From the circumstances which surround
you, if you see that no good can be obtained from a flank
movement on Culpeper or Warrenton, you can march
directly to this point." Accordingly, on December 1st,
Jackson was in position on Longstreet's right, and General
Lee's army was united.</p>

<p>General Burnside's army was arranged in three grand
divisions&mdash;right, center and left&mdash;commanded by Generals
Sumner, Hooker and Franklin. In each grand division
there were six divisions, with cavalry and numerous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
batteries attached. According to General Burnside's
report, he had in battle line in Lee's front, December
13th, an army 113,000 strong. There were four brigades
of cavalry on his immediate flanks, and twenty-three batteries
with Franklin's wing and nineteen with Sumner's
and Hooker's. In the battle, as reported by the chief
of artillery, all of Franklin's batteries were engaged on
the field (116 guns), and only seven batteries of Sumner's
and Hooker's. To cover the crossing of the river on the
12th, General Hunt reported 147 guns in battery along
the Stafford hills.</p>

<p>Confronting this magnificent array of guns and infantry,
Lee's army was drawn up on the hills behind Fredericksburg,
"with a view to resist the enemy's advance after
crossing," as General Lee expressed it. Longstreet's
corps, five divisions, was the left, and Jackson's, four
divisions, the right wing of Lee's army. From Longstreet's
left, resting on the river at Taylor hill, to Jackson's
right on the wooded height at Hamilton, the divisions
stood as follows: Anderson's, McLaws', Pickett's
and Hood's, of Longstreet's wing; and A. P. Hill's, of
Jackson's wing. Ransom's division was in support of the
guns on Marye's and Willis' hills. Behind A. P. Hill
were the divisions of Early, Taliaferro and D. H. Hill in
columns of division. A. P. Hill's division was in two
lines, the brigades of Archer, Lane and Pender in front,
and Gregg and Thomas behind them. There was a gap
between Archer and Lane, and Gregg was some distance
behind this gap. The woods hid the front line of
A. P. Hill from its supports. Jackson had fourteen guns
on his right and twenty-one on his left, posted in good positions
to sweep his front and flank. Walton's and Alexander's
battalions of artillery occupied the Marye's height
and the hills to right and left, on which were also posted
the batteries of the divisions of Anderson, Ransom and
McLaws.</p>

<p>In this disposition of the troops the South Carolina<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
commands were posted as follows: Gregg's brigade on
the right, as has been noted; McIntosh's battery, with
Lieut.-Col. R. L. Walker's guns, on the extreme right of
A. P. Hill; Jenkins' brigade with Pickett's division;
Bachman's and Garden's batteries on Hood's line; Rhett's
battery in Alexander's battalion; Kershaw's brigade in
McLaws' line, with the left of the brigade resting on
Hazel run. The brigade of Gen. N. G. Evans, with
Boyce's battery, had been ordered to South Carolina early
in November.</p>

<p>The part which fell to the South Carolina commands
in the battle of Fredericksburg will now be related. That
allotted to Gregg's brigade is sad to relate, for it involved
the death of the gallant commander. The first attack of
the day was made on Walker's guns and A. P. Hill's
division, on the extreme right. The enemy's batteries,
from the plain and from the Stafford hills, had been raking
Hill's front for hours. Stuart had held the Federal
infantry advance in check, with Pelham's enfilade fire,
as long as he could maintain his exposed position in front
of Jackson's right, and had been forced to retire. At
noon, the division of General Meade, supported on its right
by that of General Gibbon and on its left by that of General
Doubleday, advanced to the assault of the position
at Hamilton's, held by A. P. Hill. Meade received the
fire of McIntosh's and Pegram's, Crenshaw's and Latham's
guns, which checked, then broke, and finally drove
back his advance. Promptly reforming, Meade and Gibbon
marched steadily on through the artillery fire, and
rushed against Hill. Archer and Lane and Pender met
the assault, and the battle was sternly contested. Meade
and Gibbon pressed their attack and entered the woods
in the unfortunate interval between Archer and Lane.
Lane and Archer were flanked right and left. Lane
gave away slowly, and Archer's left was overwhelmed.</p>

<p>Thomas came to Lane's help in answer to his call, and
they held Gibbon back, but Meade pressed on through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
the woods and took Gregg by surprise. Gregg was fully
persuaded that the time had not come for his advance,
and being without orders from Hill, unaware of the interval
between Archer and Lane, unable to see in the thick
woods, and not believing the enemy near him, he had
resisted the request of his men to fire for fear of damaging
Lane and Archer. Suddenly Meade's troops came
in sight of Orr's rifles on his right and opened a fire upon
them before they could return it. This threw the rifles
into confusion, and but for the firmness of the First regiment,
immediately on the left, and the conduct of the left
company of the rifles, under Lieut. J. D. Charles, the
whole brigade would have been routed, for General
Gregg, who had promptly ridden to his right, was immediately
shot from his horse, and at the critical moment
the brigade was without its head.</p>

<p>Col. D. H. Hamilton, of the First, senior officer, quickly
grasping the situation, changed his front on his tenth
company, to the rear, and opened on the mass of the
enemy at close quarters, the left company of the rifles,
under Lieutenant Charles, taking post on his right.
Holding his position, Hamilton was immediately supported
by the other regiments of the brigade, the Twelfth
coming up on his left and the Thirteenth and Fourteenth,
under McGowan, on his right, and they stood firmly
against Meade's attack, delivering their fire at close quarters,
without giving a foot. Driven from their guns,
Orr's rifles were helpless, but every man who survived
hailed the moment of his ability to regain his place in
the front. Some of them, seizing their guns from the
stacks, fought in the ranks of the First regiment. Sergeant
Pratt, of Company B, rallied a number of the men,
and took his place on the right of Lieutenant Charles'
company. The Fifth Alabama battalion, the Twenty-second
Virginia battalion, and the Forty-seventh Virginia
regiment, from Archer's and Brockenbrough's brigades,
came up to Hamilton's assistance, and together the Car<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>olinians,
Alabamians and Virginians charged and drove
back the bold assault of Meade. Jackson sent Early forward,
and a sweeping charge of his division drove Meade
and Gibbon back and beyond the railroad. The attack
on Gregg was wholly unexpected by that brave and gallant
soldier, who had exerted himself to keep his brigade
quiet, particularly cautioning them that their friends were
in front.</p>

<p>The casualties of the brigade were reported as follows:
Orr's Rifles, 21 killed, 149 wounded; First South Carolina,
15 killed, 58 wounded; Twelfth South Carolina, 1
killed, 7 wounded; Thirteenth South Carolina, 3 killed,
52 wounded; Fourteenth South Carolina, 28 wounded;
aggregate, 336. The main loss was sustained by Orr's
rifles, who were attacked lying down behind their stacks,
and 170 of them killed and wounded and their general
slain, before they could grasp their arms in defense. In
the First regiment Capt. T. H. Lyles was killed. Capt.
T. P. Alston, Lieutenant Armstrong, Lieut. Thomas
McCrady, and Lieut. W. J. Delph were wounded. Captain
Alston returned to the field, after his wound was
dressed, despite the remonstrances of the surgeon. Adjt.-Gen.
A. C. Haskell, severely wounded, refused to leave
the field until he sank fainting from loss of blood.</p>

<p>General Gregg was shot through the spine, and died the
day after the battle. Seeing he must die, he sent his
respects to the governor of his State, and assured him
that he "gave his life cheerfully for South Carolina."
General Hill said of him, in his official report, "A more
chivalrous gentleman and gallant soldier never adorned
the service which he so loved." General Jackson, in his report,
deplored the loss of "a brave and accomplished officer,
full of heroic sentiment and chivalrous honor." General
Lee wrote to Governor Pickens to claim a share in South
Carolina's sorrow, and to express his appreciation of her
loss and the loss to his army. "He has always been at
the post of duty and of danger," said General Lee. "His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
services in this army have been of inestimable value, and
his loss is deeply lamented. In its greatest triumphs and
bloodiest battles he has borne a distinguished part....
The death of such a man is a costly sacrifice, for it is to
men of his high integrity and commanding intellect that
the country must look to give character to her councils,
that she may be respected and honored by all nations."
Mr. Caldwell, the brigade historian, pays his general a
worthy tribute, and speaks of his high character, his
heroic courage, his careful, unswerving, unselfish equity.
He was a Ney on the battlefield and a Rhadamanthus in
giving judgment.</p>

<p>The distinguished part borne by Kershaw's brigade at
Fredericksburg will now be referred to. As already
stated, Kershaw was in McLaws' line, to the right of
Marye's hill. His brigade included, besides the Second,
Third, Seventh and Eighth, the Fifteenth, transferred
from Drayton's brigade, and the Third battalion, known
as James' battalion. These transfers were made by General
Lee on November 26th, and the policy adopted, as
far as possible, of brigading troops of the same State
together.</p>

<p>On the morning of the 11th, being called on to reinforce
General Barksdale's pickets on the river, at Deep run,
General Kershaw sent the Fifteenth, Colonel De Saussure,
upon this duty. During the night, so bitterly cold was
the weather, one of De Saussure's men was frozen to death,
and others so badly as to be temporarily disabled for
service. Under such circumstances of suffering the fortitude
and courage required of the soldier on picket are as
great and as noble as when displayed in charging the
batteries of the enemy. The brigade was at work on
the line strengthening the position, until the hour of its
battle. At 10 o'clock on the 13th, while Meade and Gibbon
were assaulting A. P. Hill, and Sumner and Hooker
were throwing their divisions against Marye's hill, Kershaw
was ordered to reinforce the position held by Gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>eral
Cobb at the foot of the hill. The Second regiment,
Col. A. D. Kennedy, and the Eighth, Capt. E. T. Stackhouse,
were sent forward. Before these regiments could
reach their destination, Kershaw was directed by General
McLaws to go with his whole brigade and take personal
command, as the gallant and noble Cobb had been mortally
wounded, and General Cooke, who supported him
from the crest in rear, was also wounded.</p>

<p>Riding rapidly forward, General Kershaw reached the
point with the Second and Eighth just in time to meet
and assist in repulsing a fresh assault. Kershaw describes
the position at the stone wall so clearly that we quote his
report:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Marye's hill, covered with our batteries&mdash;then occupied
by the Washington artillery, Colonel Walton commanding&mdash;falls
off abruptly toward Fredericksburg to a stone
wall, which forms a terrace on the side of the hill and the
outer margin of the Telegraph road, which winds along
the foot of the hill. The road is about 25 feet wide, and
is faced by a stone wall about 4 feet wide on the city side.
The road having been cut out of the side of the hill, in
many places this wall is not visible above the surface of
the ground. The ground falls off rapidly to almost a
level surface, which extends about 150 yards, then, with
another abrupt fall of a few feet, to another plain which
extends some 200 yards, and then falls off abruptly to a
wide ravine, which extends along the whole front of the
city and discharges into Hazel run.</p></blockquote>

<p>The brigade of General Cobb had held the position
behind the stone wall against the attack of the Federal
Second corps, the three divisions of that corps, French's,
Hancock's and Howard's, assaulting successively in the
order named. In making his heroic defense, Cobb was
supported by the artillery fire from the hill in his rear,
and the infantry fire from the crest, delivered by the
brigade of General Cooke. When Kershaw arrived, the
attack of the Ninth corps was pending, and Sturgis' division
of that corps was moving forward. Throwing his
two regiments behind the wall, in the sunken road, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
line of Confederates, four deep, delivered their fire with
such deadly effect that the column of Sturgis was checked,
broken and driven in confusion back on its supports.
Meanwhile the remaining regiments of Kershaw's brigade
were reporting for position as they successively
came up. Col. James Nance, with the Third, formed to
the left of the Marye house with his right at the house,
and the Seventh, Lieut.-Col. Elbert Bland, formed on
the right of the house with his left in front of the house
and touching the Fifteenth North Carolina, of Cooke's
brigade. Bland's position was not so exposed as that of
Nance, as he was partially protected by an abrupt rise
along his front. Nance was in the open and terribly
exposed. The Fifteenth, Colonel De Saussure, was placed
in rear of Walton's battalion as a support.</p>

<p>These regiments took their position under the enemy's
artillery and infantry fire. De Saussure being under the
crest, could not reply, but Nance and Bland, firing over
the troops at the stone wall, delivered their volleys into
Getty's column of attack as it advanced boldly against
Kershaw to make the fifth division assault of the day.
Getty made a gallant charge, but all in vain. Walton's
guns, the fire from the North Carolinians and the volleys
of Nance and Bland, all pouring down on him from the
hills, and the steady stream from the Georgians of Cobb
and the Carolinians of Kershaw at the stone wall, broke
up his front and his march, and he, too, went to the rear
in confusion.</p>

<p>Three divisions of the Second and two of the Ninth
corps had now been beaten in detail in the attempt to
carry the Confederate position. General Sumner's right
grand division had been repulsed by three brigades and
the artillery. General Burnside, bitterly disappointed
that Franklin, with 60,000 troops, had not crushed Jackson
and turned Lee's right, and unwilling to accept General
Hooker's assurance that it was a "hopeless" task to
attack the stone wall again, determined that it must be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
done, and ordered Hooker forward with his Fifth corps.
Calling all his batteries at his command into service, and
ordering General Butterfield to form Humphreys' and
Sykes' divisions of the Fifth corps for attack, Hooker
directed all his guns to open their fire, with the intention
of breaking all "barriers" and clearing the way for "Butterfield's
attacking column to carry the crest."</p>

<p>Seeing these preparations in progress in his front, Kershaw
ordered down the Third, Seventh and Fifteenth
regiments to take position in the road and behind the
stone wall. General Kershaw described the artillery fire
of Hooker's batteries as terrific. It was continued until
near sunset, when Humphreys and Sykes advanced to
carry the position with the bayonet. General Hooker
says the attack was made with a spirit of determination
"seldom, if ever, equaled in war." He assigns as the
reason for its "almost immediate repulse," that the enemy
had the advantage of an "impregnable position."</p>

<p>General Kershaw reports that the attack was gallant and
impetuous, and assailed his whole front, lasting from 5 to
6 p. m., but that the columns were shattered and beaten
by the time they came within a hundred paces of the position.
Some of the assailants came as near as thirty
paces, but were shot down, or, being unsupported,
retreated with the mass. With this last assault the battle
was practically ended, and the Confederate victory won.
General Lee reports that not more than 20,000 of his
army were engaged during the day.</p>

<p>At the last assault of General Hooker's, Kershaw had
behind the stone wall and in the sunken road, his own
and Cobb's brigades, and a brigade from General Ransom's
division. It is not clear from the reports whether
this last-mentioned brigade was not General Cooke's. If
so, it is certain that Cooke's brigade fought from the hill,
and the brigade from Ransom's division, to which Kershaw
refers as being engaged in defense of the position, was
not behind the wall. If this was the case, then only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
Cobb's and Kershaw's brigades defended the wall against
the successive attacks of eight divisions and their batteries!</p>

<p>The loss of General Kershaw's brigade was 373 killed
and wounded, distributed as follows: Second South Carolina,
6 killed, 56 wounded; Third, 25 killed, 138 wounded;
Seventh, 4 killed, 57 wounded; Eighth, 2 killed, 29
wounded; Fifteenth, 1 killed, 52 wounded; Third battalion,
1 killed, 1 wounded. The heaviest loss fell on Colonel
Nance's regiment. Taking his position on the crest
of the hill to the left of the Marye house, just as an
assault was being made, and being in the open and in
full view of the assaulting column and its supports, the
Third was subjected to a terrible infantry fire, as well
as the fire of the batteries. Seeing the importance of
delivering a steady fire on the advancing column of
attack, Colonel Nance held his men in position and delivered
his fire until the attack was repulsed. Meanwhile
he fell wounded, and Lieut.-Col. D. W. Rutherford, Maj.
Robert C. Maffett, Capt. W. W. Hance and Capt. John C.
Summer, who in succession took command, were all shot
down. Colonel Nance lay on the field, and continued to
direct his men, and when carried off, ordered up a fresh
supply of ammunition and directed them to move more
under cover. Captain Hance lost a leg, and Capts. J. C.
Summer and L. P. Foster and Lieuts. James Hollingsworth
and James C. Hill, all officers of high character and gallant
men, were killed on the field. Capt. R. P. Todd, the
senior captain of the regiment, was among those first
wounded. The three field officers and the three senior
captains were wounded or killed, leaving the fourth captain,
John K. G. Nance, in command.</p>

<p>In the Second, Maj. Franklin Gaillard was twice
wounded. Lieuts. R. E. Elliott and R. Fishburne, Jr., of
Captain Cuthbert's company, were wounded. Captain
Cuthbert was detailed to skirmish with the enemy's advance
in front of McLaws' division early in the morning,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
and remained on that duty all day. The Third battalion
was also detailed for special duty at Howison's mill, on
Hazel run, and was not with the brigade in the engagement.
In the Seventh, Capts. Benjamin Roper and T. A.
Hudgens and Lieut. J. C. Lovelace were wounded. In the
Eighth most of the casualties were met while the regiment
was taking position and exposed to the enemy's
view. In the Fifteenth, Lieuts. B. P. Barron and J. A.
Derrick were wounded.</p>

<p>Of the general staff, Adjt.-Gen. C. R. Holmes, Lieut.
A. E. Doby, Lieut. J. A. Myers and Lieut. W. M.
Dwight were specially mentioned. Doby's gallant and
efficient conduct in directing the posting of troops under
fire is particularly referred to by the regimental commanders.
Dwight, not yet recovered from his injuries
on Maryland heights, was again at his post, and was
wounded by a fragment of shell. The Georgians and
Carolinians who defended the stone wall against the
assaults of eight divisions, with their powerful artillery,
throughout the memorable battle of Fredericksburg,
made it a veritable Thermopylæ, and won from their gallant
assailants the declaration that their defense made
the position "impregnable," and to attack it was a "hopeless"
task. The name and death of Gen. Thomas R. R.
Cobb will forever be associated with this heroic defense,
and the honor and glory of sustaining the position which
he held against such odds, will be the lasting possession
of Kershaw and his brigade.</p>

<p>Jenkins' brigade, though under artillery fire and
suffering the loss of 8 men, was but slightly engaged;
Bachman's and Garden's batteries did effective service
against the flank of the Federal attack on the extreme
right. The rifle battery of Captain Rhett, attached to
Alexander's battalion, was posted on an eminence south
of the plank road. From this position Rhett's guns commanded
the Stafford hills, a mile and a half away, and
the approach to the stone wall. On the 12th, Rhett<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>
opened on the bridge parties and enfiladed two of the
streets of the city. The rifles of the enemy replied vigorously,
but the battery was so well protected that no
harm was done. On the 13th, the battery shared in the
honors of that eventful day, and is associated with other
batteries of Alexander's battalion and the batteries of
Colonel Walton in the immortal defense of Marye's
heights.</p>

<p>General Hampton's cavalry brigade, after November
10th, included two South Carolina regiments, the First,
Col. J. L. Black, and Second, Col. M. C. Butler. While
General Lee was concentrating his army at Fredericksburg,
before the battle, Longstreet being already in position
and Jackson halted at Orange Court House, General
Hampton crossed the Rappahannock and made a brilliant
dash into the enemy's lines, capturing an outpost on his
immediate right flank. On the morning of November
27th, with 50 men from the First North Carolina, 50 from
the Cobb legion, 40 from the Jeff Davis legion, 34
from the Phillips legion, and 34 from the Second South
Carolina, a force of 208 men, Hampton crossed the river
at Kelly's mill and moved northeast to Morrisville.
Learning of an outpost stationed at a church 8 miles
east of Falmouth, immediately on Burnside's right flank,
and on the road from Morrisville to Fredericksburg, General
Hampton at once determined upon its capture. The
pickets of this outpost were advanced toward Morrisville
as far as Deep run, a tributary of the Rappahannock,
and on the roads leading toward Warrenton. Moving
from Morrisville in an arc through the country, so as to
avoid the picket on the Morrisville road and to get between
those on the other roads and the post at the church,
Hampton lay concealed the night of the 27th, within two
miles of the church.</p>

<p>At 4 a. m. of the 28th, he left the Morrisville road,
passed through the woods in a circuit and came into the
marsh road a half mile from the church. The attack was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
ordered, and Maj. J. H. Whittaker, leading the detachments
of the First North Carolina and the Jeff Davis
legion, dashed into camp, and Hampton coming up
with the rest of his command, the surprise was complete,
and the whole Federal squadron captured. The Cobb
legion, sent up the White Ridge road, took the pickets
in rear, and surprised and captured them. Taking his
prisoners, except those too badly wounded to be moved,
General Hampton went up the road toward Morrisville,
and swept the picket at Deep run, thus completing the
capture of two squadrons of the enemy's cavalry. The
achievement was completed by 8 o'clock. This was a
brilliant morning's work. With a small force, numbering
208 men, General Hampton had eluded the outpost
pickets on two roads, surprised and captured the outpost,
and then, in turn, swept in his pickets! With 2 captains,
3 lieutenants, 2 stand of colors, 87 privates,
100 horses and as many carbines as the fruit of his brilliant
dash at the enemy, and without the loss of a man,
General Hampton moved on to Morrisville and to the
Rappahannock, and was in camp again by night of the
28th. To General Stuart he reported in high terms of
praise the conduct of his men and their officers, mentioning
particularly Major Whittaker, Capt. T. G. Barker
and Lieut. T. P. Hampton of his staff.</p>

<p>On December 10th, General Hampton again left his
camp at Culpeper Court House and rode out to capture
Dumfries and operate on the Telegraph road up to the
Occoquan. This would bring him on the line between
Alexandria and Fredericksburg. His detachments were
from the First South Carolina, Lieut.-Col. J. D. Twiggs;
Second South Carolina, Col. M. C. Butler; First North
Carolina, Lieut.-Col. James B. Gordon; Jeff Davis legion,
Lieutenant-Colonel Martin, and the Cobb legion, Capt.
Jerry Rich, a force of 520 men. Butler commanded the
First North Carolina, Second South Carolina, and Cobb
legion; Martin the First South Carolina and Davis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
legion. On the night of the 11th, the command bivouacked
within 16 miles of Dumfries, and by daylight on the
12th, Hampton had his troops on the main approaches
immediately at the town. The surprise was complete,
and Butler, dashing in, received the surrender after firing
a few shots. Fifty-odd prisoners, 24 sutler's wagons and
the telegraph operator with his battery, were the only
fruits of this dash. The command was disappointed at
not finding the large garrison they confidently expected,
but Hampton proposed to sweep up the Telegraph road
toward the Occoquan.</p>

<p>In this move, however, he was disappointed. General
Sigel's corps was marching to Dumfries by the only
road open to General Hampton's retreat, and he was compelled
to retrace his march in order to save his wagons
and prisoners. Marching in retreat on the 12th for 40
miles, he camped near Morrisville, and on the morning
of the 13th, while the battle of Fredericksburg was in
progress, recrossed the Rappahannock at Kelly's again,
without losing a man.</p>

<p>Resting for three days, General Hampton left camp
on the 17th for a third expedition against the enemy's
communications, this time aiming to sweep up the Telegraph
road and attack the garrison at Occoquan. His
force, numbering 465 men, was made up of detachments
from his regiments, as in the other expeditions; 100
from the First South Carolina, Col. J. L. Black; 75
from the First North Carolina, Capts. J. C. Blain and N.
M. Addington; 75 from the Second South Carolina, Capt.
T. H. Clark; 80 from the Phillips legion, Maj. W. B. C.
Puckett; 75 from the Cobb legion, Maj. William C.
Delony, and 60 from the Davis legion, Lieutenant-Colonel
Martin.</p>

<p>Crossing the river at the railroad on the 17th, the brigade
marched to the wood road and bivouacked at Cole's
store at night. Moving rapidly down this road before
day, Hampton by dawn was at Kanky's store, on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
Neabsco creek, 8 miles from Occoquan. At Kanky's a
small post was surprised and captured, with eight wagons.
Sweeping up the Telegraph road Major Deloney in advance,
every picket was successively surprised and captured.
Hampton moved on the town of Occoquan in
three columns, commanded by himself, Deloney and
Martin. The latter dashed into the town from the south
side, and found a wagon train of Sigel's corps in the act
of crossing the river, by ferry-boat. Dismounting his
men, he deployed them on the south bank as sharpshooters,
and compelled the wagon guard on the opposite bank
to surrender. General Hampton entered the town from
the north side, and Deloney came up the Telegraph road
with his prisoners and two captured wagons, loaded with
army stores. A force of 2,500 cavalry, marching from
Alexandria, appeared at this juncture at Selectman's ford,
1½ miles south of Occoquan, and were about to cross, but
General Hampton sent Captain Clark with part of his
own and part of the Phillips legion to hold the ford, while
he secured the wagon train.</p>

<p>Clark successfully disputed the crossing, and the enemy
sent part of his force to recapture the wagons on the
north side. In this they were defeated and driven off,
and returned to the ford. Hampton sent word to Captain
Clark to resist the crossing for an hour, and he would
save the train. But the single boat was his only means
of crossing the river, and the banks were high and the
passage difficult. After twenty wagons, loaded with
army stores, had been ferried over, General Hampton
sent them off under Colonel Black, with the prisoners,
and commenced his return march, Captain Clark covering
his rear. The enemy's cavalry crossed, but Clark gallantly
dashed at the head of their column and drove them
back and across the river. Resuming the retreat, Clark
skirmished with the advance of the enemy for two miles,
when he gave up the pursuit. Marching by Greenwood
church and Cole's store, the brigade camped on Cedar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
run on the night of the 18th, and on the 19th the march
was promptly resumed, the wagons and prisoners securely
crossed over the Rappahannock, and General Hampton
was "safely home without the loss of a man."</p>

<p>He brought in 157 prisoners, 20 loaded wagons, 30 stand
of infantry arms, and 1 stand of colors. Again he
reported to General Stuart the gallant bearing and spirit
of his command, staff, field, line, rank and file. The wonderful
escape from casualties on this expedition is hard
to be accounted for, especially in the operations of Captain
Clark while disputing the passage of Selectman's
ford and charging the enemy's head of column. It
seems ungracious to say that the only explanation is that
the enemy were badly demoralized and fired wildly, for
they fired abundantly. At the town and on the Telegraph
road, there was no decided resistance offered.
The surprise was complete, and the show of force and dash
compelled almost immediate surrender.</p>

<p>These brilliant achievements of General Hampton's
command were followed by a fourth expedition, led by
General Stuart, with "select detachments" from the
brigades of Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee and W. H. F. Lee.
Hampton's command was composed of 175 of the First
North Carolina, under Maj. J. H. Whittaker; 150 of the
First South Carolina, Capt. W. A. Walker; 150 of the
Second South Carolina, Col. M. C. Butler; 180 of the
Cobb legion, Maj. William G. Delony; 130 of the Phillips
legion, Lieut.-Col. W. W. Rich, and 85 of the Jeff
Davis legion, Lieutenant-Colonel Martin; a force 870
strong. A section of artillery, under Lieut. F. M. Bamberg,
was also with Hampton. General Stuart's purpose
was to operate mainly on the Telegraph road, assured
of finding it at this time well filled with trains moving to
General Burnside's army. Gen. W. H. F. Lee was
ordered to move on Dumfries, General Hampton on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>
Occoquan, and Gen. Fitzhugh Lee on the Telegraph road
between these points, the brigades being in supporting
distance.</p>

<p>Gen. W. H. F. Lee found the force at Dumfries too
strong for successful attack. He captured all the pickets
he encountered, about 50, and drove in the outposts, but
the infantry and artillery defending the town were too
well posted for his small cavalry brigade. Fitzhugh Lee
was more fortunate. Encountering two regiments of
cavalry drawn up in line of battle, he charged and routed
them, following them for 8 miles and taking over 100
prisoners; captured 8 loaded wagons, and their guard,
on the Telegraph road; crossed the Occoquan at Selectman's
ford, attacked and routed a body of cavalry posted
there, and took their camp and burned the railroad bridge
over the Accotink, on the Orange &amp; Alexandria railroad.</p>

<p>Hampton crossed the Rappahannock with the division,
and pushed on to Cole's store with his brigade, capturing
the pickets beyond that point. Butler, with most of the
brigade, moved directly on the town of Occoquan; Hampton,
with Martin's and Delony's detachments, supporting
him. Colonel Butler drove in the pickets, charged into
the place and routed several hundred cavalry, taking 19
prisoners and 8 loaded wagons, with the loss of 1 man
wounded, the first casualty in Hampton's command on
his repeated expeditions. Camping for the night at Cole's
store, General Hampton returned toward Occoquan on
the 28th. At Greenwood church, General Stuart sent
Butler, with his detachments, to attack the enemy's force
north of that point, at Bacon Race church, and ordered
Hampton, with the other detachments, to follow Fitzhugh
Lee across the Occoquan at Selectman's ford. Crossing
in Lee's rear, he turned up the river, met and routed
a small force of the enemy, and was joined by Butler at
night, when the darkness stopped his pursuit of the
enemy.</p>

<p>Colonel Butler, before joining Hampton north of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>
Occoquan, had extricated his command on the Bacon
Race road in the most skillful manner. Meeting a force
of the enemy within a mile of the church, Butler's
advance, under Lieut. W. H. Perry, charged and drove
it back on its supports. Coming up with his main force,
Colonel Butler charged the squadron in his front, and
drove them in precipitous retreat. Following up their
retreat, he came upon General Geary's division of cavalry,
with artillery, on the march from Fairfax to Dumfries.
Geary was in position to meet him, and at once
opened with canister. Taking in the seriousness of his
situation, he promptly retired a short distance, and by
the time the enemy had formed column for advance, he
wheeled about and presented a bold front, compelling a
halt and the forming of a new line of battle by this movement.
This gave time for retreat, but a strong force of
Geary's division was on the road in his rear. Before
either force of the enemy could attack him, Colonel
Butler moved off on his flank, and by making a circuit of
four miles, rejoined his friends and saved his command,
with the loss of several horses and two of his men wounded.
Colonel Butler had understood that his attack at the
church was to be supported by General Hampton, and
pushed his little force against Geary with the expectation
of this co-operation. Finding himself in front of a division
and under its artillery fire, he made the best of the
situation, and extricated his command with admirable
tact and the coolest judgment.</p>

<p>Hampton recrossed the Rappahannock on the 29th, with
his captured wagons and 33 prisoners. General Stuart
reported over 200 prisoners captured by his brigade, a
large number of horses, mules, wagons, saddles, sabers,
and other valuable property. He was disappointed in his
expectation of finding loaded trains on the Telegraph
road, and ascribed his ill luck to the numerous "descents
upon that road by General Hampton and detachments
from his command."</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>

<p>These brilliant achievements of the cavalry were acknowledged
and published in orders to the army by General
Lee, as follows:</p>


<p>General Orders, No. 29.</p>

<p>Headquarters Army of Northern Virginia,</p>

<blockquote>
<p>
February 28, 1863.<br />
</p>

<p>The general commanding announces to the army the
series of successes of the cavalry of Northern Virginia
during the winter months, in spite of the obstacles of
almost impassable roads, limited forage, swollen streams
and inclement weather.</p>

<p>I. About the 1st of December [November 27th] General
Hampton, with a detachment of his brigade, crossed the
upper Rappahannock, surprised two squadrons of Federal
cavalry, captured several commissioned officers and about
100 men, with their horses, arms, colors and accouterments,
without loss on his part....</p>

<p>III. On the 10th of December, General Hampton
crossed the Rappahannock with a detachment of his brigade,
cut the enemy's communications at Dumfries,
entered the town a few hours before Sigel's corps, then
advancing to Fredericksburg, captured 20 wagons with
a guard of about 90 men, and returned safely to his camp.
On the 17th of the same month, he again crossed the
river with a small force, proceeded to Occoquan, surprised
the pickets between that place and Dumfries, captured 50
wagons, bringing many of them across the Occoquan in a
ferry-boat, and beating back a brigade of cavalry sent to
their rescue. He reached the Rappahannock with 30
wagons and 130 prisoners.</p>

<p>IV. On the 25th of December, General Stuart, with
detachments of Hampton's, Fitz Lee's and William H. F.
Lee's brigades, under the command of these officers
respectively, made a forced reconnoissance in rear of the
enemy's lines, attacked him at Dumfries, capturing men
and wagons near that place, advanced toward Alexandria,
drove his cavalry with considerable loss across the Occoquan,
captured his camp on that stream, burned the
Accotink bridge, on the Orange &amp; Alexandria railroad,
then, passing north of Fairfax Court House, returned to
Culpeper with more than 200 prisoners and 25 wagons,
with a loss on his part of 6 men wounded and Captain
Bullock, a most gallant officer, killed....</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>

<p>IX.... A detachment of 17 men of Hampton's brigade,
under the brave Sergeant Michael, attacked and
routed a body of Federals near Wolf Run shoals, killing
and wounding several and bringing off 15 prisoners, with
the loss on our part of Sergeant Sparks, of the Second
South Carolina regiment, who, a few days before, with
2 of his comrades, attacked, in Brentsville, 6 of the enemy
sent to take him, killed 3 and captured the rest.</p>

<p>In announcing these achievements, the commanding
general takes special pleasure in adverting to the promptness
of the officers in striking a successful blow whenever
the opportunity offered, and the endurance and gallantry
with which the men have always supported their commanders.
These deeds give assurance of vigilance, activity
and fortitude, and of the performance of still more
brilliant actions in the coming campaign.</p>

<p>
R. E. <span class="smcap">Lee</span>, General.<br />
</p></blockquote>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>OPERATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA, SPRING OF 1863&mdash;CAPTURE
OF THE ISAAC SMITH&mdash;INGRAHAM'S DEFEAT
OF THE BLOCKADING SQUADRON&mdash;NAVAL
ATTACK ON FORT SUMTER&mdash;HUNTER'S RAIDS.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">The</span> operations of the Federal naval and land forces
on the coast of South Carolina at the beginning of
the year 1863, pointed to an attack upon either
Charleston or Savannah. General Beauregard, commanding
the department of South Carolina, Georgia and
Florida, with the active co-operation of the Confederate
government and the governors of the States, was making
every preparation for the defense of both cities.</p>

<p>In South Carolina, on January 1, 1863, Gen. Joseph H.
Trapier commanded from the North Carolina line to the
South Santee; Gen. R. S. Ripley from the South Santee
to the Stono and Rantowles creek; Gen. Johnson Hagood
from Rantowles to the Ashepoo, and Gen. W. S. Walker
from the Ashepoo to the Savannah. These officers had
under their command a force of 14,500 of all arms, present
for duty; more than half this force being stationed
in the forts and on the immediate approaches to Charleston.
The district, commanded by General Ripley,
embraced the harbor defenses, Christ Church and St.
Andrew's parishes, and the islands surrounding the harbor.
Each island constituted a separate subdivision of
the district, the parish of St. Andrew's being attached to
James island.</p>

<p>Col. L. M. Keitt, Twentieth South Carolina, commanded
on Sullivan's island; Col. William Butler, Fort
Moultrie and the batteries outside. On Morris island
Col. R. F. Graham, of the Twenty-first, was in charge.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>
Gen. States R. Gist, on his return from Wilmington,
commanded on James island and in St. Andrew's. Fort
Sumter, garrisoned by the First artillery, was in charge
of Col. Alfred Rhett, and Forts Ripley and Castle Pinckney
were commanded by Capt. H. S. Farley.</p>

<p>The following South Carolina troops were at this time
on duty in the State:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Infantry: First regiment regulars, Col. William Butler,
Fort Moultrie; Third volunteers, Col. C. J. Colcock,
Third district; Eleventh, Colonel Heyward, Third district;
Sixteenth, Col. James McCullough, Second district;
Twentieth, Col. L. M. Keitt, Sullivan's island; Twenty-first,
Col. R. F. Graham, Morris island; Twenty-fourth,
Col. C. H. Stevens, Third district; Twenty-fifth, Col.
C. H. Simonton, James island; Twenty-sixth, Col.
A. D. Smith, Second district; Charleston battalion,
Lieut.-Col. P. C. Gaillard, city; Seventh battalion,
Lieut.-Col. P. H. Nelson, Second district; First battalion
sharpshooters, Maj. Joseph Abney, Third district.</p>

<p>Artillery: First regiment regulars, Col. Alfred Rhett,
Fort Sumter and batteries; Second regiment volunteers,
Colonel Lamar, James island; Lucas' battalion, Maj.
J. J. Lucas, James island; Palmetto battalion, Maj. E. B.
White, James island; siege train, Maj. Charles Alston,
city. Batteries: German, Company A, Capt. D. Werner,
Sullivan's island; German, Company B, Capt. F. Melchers,
James island; Ferguson's, Capt. T. B. Ferguson,
Christ Church; Santee, Capt. C. Gaillard, Christ Church;
Gist Guards, Capt. C. E. Chichester, Morris island;
Mathewes', Capt P. N. Bonneau, Morris island; Ward's,
Capt. J. Ward, Georgetown; Parker's, Capt. E. L. Parker,
Second district; Washington, Capt. G. H. Walter,
Second district; Horse artillery, Capt. W. L. Trenholm,
Third district; Beaufort, Capt. S. Elliott, Third district;
Lafayette, Capt. J. T. Kanapaux, Third district; Palmetto,
Capt. W. E. Earle, Third district.</p>

<p>Cavalry: Ferguson's regiment, Colonel Ferguson;
Third regiment, Col. C. J. Colcock; Sixth regiment,
Colonel Aiken; Rutledge cavalry, Col. B. H. Rutledge;
Company, Capt. J. H. Tucker; Stono scouts, Capt. J. B. L.
Walpole; rangers, Capt. M. J. Kirk.</p></blockquote>

<p>In aggregate the South Carolina commands were nine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
regiments and three battalions of infantry; two regiments
and three battalions of heavy artillery; thirteen
light batteries; four regiments and three independent
companies of cavalry. Besides the South Carolina commands,
General Beauregard had under his command in
the State the North Carolina brigades of Generals Clingman
and Cooke, and several regiments and batteries from
Georgia. His total effective force of all arms, in February,
was about 15,500 for the defense of the State, with
10,000 near Savannah and on the coast of Georgia.</p>

<p>It will be recalled that when General Beauregard
assumed command in South Carolina, October 1, 1862,
General Pemberton, at his request, estimated the troops
necessary for the defense of the State against a probable
force which might be sent to attack Charleston, at 30,000
infantry, cavalry and heavy artillery, and fifteen light
batteries, an estimate which General Beauregard
approved as the minimum required. It was with great
concern, therefore, that he contemplated the attack
which was evidently pending in January, 1863, when his
total of all arms in South Carolina was but a little over
15,000, with about 10,000 in Georgia. But with the war
raging in Virginia and in the West, and a Federal army
threatening North Carolina, the military resources of the
Confederate government were taxed to the utmost.
South Carolina had put all her fighting material in the
field, and thousands of her noblest sons had fallen in
Virginia, in Tennessee, and on her own soil. Meanwhile
every preparation was being made to defend Charleston
and the line of railroad connecting it with Savannah.
January closed with two brilliant incidents in the history
of this defense.</p>

<p>The Federal gunboats had control of the Stono river
up to the range of Fort Pemberton. This strong work,
mounting fifteen heavy guns, commanded the Stono and
flanked the defensive line on James island to the west.
John's island, on the west side of the Stono, was occupied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>
only by a cavalry picket, and gunboats ran up and down
the river with impunity. It was arranged by Generals
Beauregard and Ripley to surprise and capture one or
more of them. These arrangements were most successfully
carried out on the 30th of January. Maj. J. J.
Lucas, commanding at Fort Pemberton, sent Capt. John
H. Gary with three rifled 24-pounders to put them in
battery, and under cover, at Thomas Grimball's place on
James island. This was done in the night, and the guns
carefully secreted from the enemy's view. They were
commanded by Lieuts. W. G. Ogier, E. B. Colhoun and
Capt. T. B. Hayne respectively, officers of Companies
A, B and C, of Lucas' command. In the same way,
lower down the Stono, at Battery island, Maj. J. W.
Brown, Second artillery, concealed two rifled 24-pounders
in the woods, at night, built platforms for them in the
old battery, and kept in hiding for the event. Brown's
guns were commanded by Lieuts. John A. Bellinger,
Company B, and F. Lake, Company K. Fifty men of
the Eighth Georgia battalion, under Lieuts. R. Hays and
George Johnson, were detailed as sharpshooters. Lieut.-Col.
Joseph A. Yates, First regulars, made a secret disposition
of a larger force, on John's island, between the
guns of Gary and Brown. He took two companies of
Major Alston's siege train, A and B, commanded by
Capt. B. C. Webb and Lieut. S. W. Willson, Jr.; Company
F, Palmetto battalion, Capt. F. C. Schulz; a light
battery, commanded by Capt. F. H. Harleston; one
Parrott gun, in charge of Lieut. T. E. Gregg; Capt.
John C. Mitchel's company, I, First artillery, and Companies
H and I of the Twentieth infantry, Capt. S. M.
Roof and Lieut. M. Gunter. Yates masked his guns at
Grimball's and Legaré's points, on John's island, and
awaited his opportunity.</p>

<p>The gunboat Isaac Smith, carrying a 30-pounder Parrott
in her bow, and eight 8-inch columbiads, steamed up
the river on the afternoon of the 30th, passed Brown at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
Battery island and Yates on John's island, and dropped
anchor opposite Gary's position, within 500 yards.
Waiting a few moments for her to become settled in her
anchorage, Gary unmasked his guns and opened fire.
The Smith promptly replied with shot, shell and canister,
but suffering from Gary's fire, she slipped her anchor and
retreated down the river, followed by the shots of Gary's
rifled guns and replying vigorously. But as she began
her retreat, she was met by the batteries of Yates, which
opened immediately. Reaching Legaré's point, she was
too badly crippled in her machinery to proceed, and
dropped anchor and surrendered. She lost 8 killed, 44
wounded, and surrendered 10 officers and 95 men. Private
McQueen, of Alston's command, was mortally
wounded, the only casualty on the Confederate side.
The Isaac Smith was towed up under the guns of Pemberton,
and subsequently did service in the harbor. In
this affair the Stono scouts, Captain Walpole, rendered
Colonel Yates valuable service.</p>

<p>Brown, at Battery island, was only to fire in case the
batteries above him had failed to arrest the boat, and
was silent until one of her friends attempted to go to her
rescue. When within range, Brown opened with his
rifles, and after a sharp conflict drove her down the river.
Next morning a larger boat steamed up and engaged
Brown's battery, but she would not stand long and expose
her sides to rifles, and doing Brown no harm, after being
hit several times she dropped down out of range. The
guns were all removed on the night of the 31st, having
done their work well.</p>

<p>Flag Officer D. N. Ingraham, commanding the Confederate
naval forces in Charleston harbor, with the Confederate
ironclad gunboats Palmetto State and Chicora,
made a brilliant attack on the blockading squadron on
the early morning of January 31st. The Palmetto State
was commanded by Lieut.-Com. John Rutledge, and
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>the Chicora by Capt. J. R. Tucker. The Palmetto
State carried Commodore Ingraham's flag. Waiting
for a full tide in order to cross the bar with safety,
the two steamers took position near the bar before
day and passed over at 4:30 a. m., the Palmetto State
leading. The plan of attack was to engage the enemy
at close quarters and sink his vessels by ramming.</p>

<p>Rutledge encountered the United States steamer Mercedita
immediately after crossing, took her by surprise,
rammed and sunk her. The Chicora encountered a
schooner-rigged propeller, engaged and set her on fire.
A large side-wheel steamer was next met and engaged at
close quarters, and ran out of sight, it being yet before
day. The Keystone State was then met by Tucker and
with her consort, a propeller, quickly engaged. The
larger vessel struck, being on fire, but after Captain
Tucker ceased his fire, she ran off. Meanwhile, Rutledge
was vainly endeavoring to bring others to close quarters.
The ironclads were slow, and except when taking the
enemy by surprise they were at a disadvantage. Seeing
the whole squadron in full retreat to the south and east,
the flag officer chased them out of sight, and anchored
his vessels outside at 8 o'clock.</p>

<p>Temporarily the blockade of the port was raised, but
the fleet soon returned, much strengthened, and the gallant
gunboats waited another chance.</p>

<p>The Federal land and naval forces had held possession
of Port Royal harbor, and the islands surrounding it,
since November, 1861. It was now April, 1863. During
that period their only achievement had been the capture
of Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah river.
Repeated attempts had been made to destroy the bridges
and break the railroad communication between Savannah
and Charleston, all of which had been signally repulsed.
Battles had been fought at Pocotaligo, Coosawhatchie,
and at numerous points along the line of the railroad,
and repeated skirmishes with raiding parties of the
enemy had always resulted in "driving him back to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>
gunboats." The enemy advanced in force against
Charleston, by way of James island, in June, 1862, but
the Confederate victory at Secessionville, on the 16th of
that month, compelled his retreat and return to his base
at Port Royal. Charleston or Savannah being his objective,
he had been threatening both cities for a period of
seventeen months, without accomplishing anything more
than the practical ruin of the sea-island planters and
their property, the capture of Fort Pulaski, and the
possession of the waters surrounding the islands.</p>

<p>The beginning of April, 1863, found the Federals concentrating
in the Stono and North Edisto, for another
attempt to take Charleston, in which the land attack was
to be for the possession of Morris island, by way of Folly
island, the objective being Fort Sumter; and the naval
attack, by the ironclad fleet, was to be on that fort, Fort
Moultrie, and the batteries defending the outer harbor.</p>

<p>On April 7th, General Beauregard commanded a force
of 22,648 effectives, of all arms, for the defense of
Charleston and the coast of South Carolina. In the forts
and batteries, and on the islands surrounding the harbor,
the effective force amounted to 12,856. The remainder
of the troops were disposed along the main line of defense
between Rantowles creek and the Savannah river, guarding
the water approaches from Beaufort and the Edistos,
while a small force of cavalry and light artillery operated
in Christ Church, and beyond the Santees. On the 4th
of April, seven monitors had been collected in North
Edisto and twenty transports were in the Stono, landing
troops on Cole's and Folly islands. On the 6th, the steam
frigate Ironsides and eight monitors were off the bar, and
on the morning of the 7th, having crossed, were lying
off the south end of Morris island. The Federal land
forces were commanded by Maj.-Gen. David Hunter,
and the fleet by Rear-Admiral S. F. Du Pont.</p>

<p>No attempt by General Hunter's forces was made, or
appeared to be in preparation, to attack either Morris<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
island from Folly island, or James island from Cole's
island. On James island General Gist commanded a
force fully adequate to hold the enemy's advance until
he was reinforced; but on Morris island Colonel Graham
was not strong enough to resist a division attacking from
Folly island under the fire of gunboats, which lay off the
north end of the latter island. If the Federal general
had known his opportunity, he might have possessed himself
of the south end of Morris island, and overwhelmed
the gallant little force standing in his path. Graham's
command on Morris island was his regiment, the
Twenty-first South Carolina, Chichester's and Mathewes'
companies of artillery at Battery Wagner, under Lieut.-Col.
C. K. Hughes, and a detachment from the First
South Carolina artillery at Cummings point, under Lieutenant
Lesesne. Morris island was at the mercy of the
Federal general, but happily he did not possess the military
insight and the aggressive capacity to perceive and
use his advantage. He remained inactive and secure in
his island isolation, while Du Pont went into battle with
the forts and batteries. After the defeat of the admiral,
he wrote to that officer from the transport Ben DeFord,
that he had been "a mere spectator," and that he "could
do nothing but pray for him," which he assured him he
had done "most heartily."</p>

<p>Du Pont moved to the attack at 2 p. m., on April 7th,
in single file, steaming up Ship channel, the monitor
Weehawken leading, and the flagship Ironsides in the
center of the column. The plan of attack contemplated
the destruction of Fort Sumter, whose high walls and
broad sides were a noble target for the admiral's 15 and
11-inch turreted guns.</p>

<p>If there had been no Fort Moultrie, or Batteries Bee
and Beauregard on Sullivan's island, and no Wagner or
Cummings point battery, the noble walls of Sumter
might have crumbled beneath the powerful impact of
tons of iron; but the writer believes that the barbette and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
casemate batteries of the east and northeast faces of
Sumter, directed, as they were, by skilled and heroic
officers, and manned by gallant soldiers, would have been
equal to the disabling of the fleet before its powerful
guns could have effected a serious breach.</p>

<p>The action began at 3 p. m., by a shot from Fort Moultrie,
directed at the Weehawken. Fort Sumter and Batteries
Bee, Beauregard, Wagner and Cummings Point
opened their fire, and the action at once became general.
All the batteries had been instructed to concentrate on
the leading assailants, and following these directions, the
concentration of fire soon disabled the Weehawken, and
she steamed out of range, giving place to the next monitor,
which steamed into action on the curve of an ellipse.
The Ironsides came into action first against Moultrie,
and then Sumter, approaching within 1,600 or 1,700
yards, but the fire of the forts and the batteries directed
upon her drove her beyond range. The Keokuk, a
double-turreted monitor, gallantly steamed under the
walls of Sumter, within 900 yards of her batteries, and
opened with her 11-inch guns. Sumter, Moultrie, Bee
and Cummings Point concentrated their fire upon her,
and for forty minutes she fought heroically for the breach
in Sumter. The 10-inch shot and 7-inch bolts penetrated
her armor, her hull and turrets were pierced, her boats
shot away, the plating at her bow was ripped up for six
feet in length and two and a half in width, and she was
barely able to retreat to an anchorage off Morris island,
where she sank. The battle was continued for two hours
and twenty-five minutes, when Admiral Du Pont signaled
his vessels to retreat. He had made a gallant fight, but
his ironclads could not stand the fire of Ripley's guns,
and his defeat was decisive. "I attempted to take the
bull by the horns," he wrote General Hunter, the day
after the battle, "but he was too much for us. These
monitors are miserable failures where forts are concerned;
the longest was one hour and the others forty-five
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>minutes under fire, and five of the eight were wholly
or partially disabled."</p>

<p>By the 12th of April the surviving monitors had been
taken to Port Royal or sent north for repairs, and the
Ironsides, much damaged, was being repaired at her
moorings on the blockading line outside the bar. There
is no report at hand of the casualties in the fleet.</p>

<p>In the forts and batteries the casualties were very few.
At Fort Sumter five men were wounded by splinters
from a traverse. Their names are not reported. At
Fort Moultrie the flagstaff was shot away, and falling,
mortally wounded Private Lusty, Company F. Private
Joseph Harrison, Company G, lost a finger, but after
having his wound dressed, returned to his gun. Both
these gallant men were of Colonel Butler's regiment.
At Battery Wagner there were 8 casualties, 3 killed and
5 wounded, by the explosion of an ammunition chest.
Sergt. G. W. Langley and Privates Amos Fitzgerald and
Jerry Dyer were killed, and Lieut. G. E. Steedman,
Corp. Matthew Martin and Privates Samuel Red, Marion
Quillan and Thomas Prince were wounded. Total casualties,
4 killed and 11 wounded. Fort Sumter suffered
some damage, but none of a serious nature. The other
forts were entirely unhurt. At Sumter an 8-inch columbiad
burst, a 42-pounder rifled gun was dismounted by
recoil, and a 10-inch gun was dismounted by having part
of its carriage shot away. The walls of the fort were
not materially damaged. Fifty-five shot struck the east
and northeast faces, damaging several of the embrasures
to the casemates, cracking the parapet wall in places,
and dislodging the masonry surrounding the spot struck.
Three shot, striking very near each other, on the east face
and near the parapet, made a crater 10 feet high, 8 feet
wide, and 2 feet deep. In other places the penetrations
were 2, 3 and in two instances as much as 5 feet, with
craters from 2 to 6 feet in height, and from 1 to 5 feet in
width. This damage was speedily repaired, and the fort<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
stood as strong as ever for battle in forty-eight hours
after the action.</p>

<p>The brilliant victory of the forts over the much-dreaded
ironclad fleet was celebrated on every hand, and the gallant
commanders of batteries, their officers, and their
men, were the boast and the toast of the day. The legislature
being in session at the time, passed, amid much
enthusiasm, a joint resolution of thanks to the officers
and men for the gallant defense of Charleston "against
the onset of the foe," and hailed their achievement as the
bright harbinger of a still more glorious victory.</p>

<p>The forts and batteries engaged were garrisoned and
commanded by the following troops and officers:</p>

<p>Fort Moultrie was garrisoned by a detachment of the
First South Carolina regular infantry, drilled as artillery,
and commanded by Col. William Butler, Maj. T. M.
Baker second in command. The guns engaged were
manned by Company A, Capt. T. A. Huguenin; Company
E, Capt. R. Press. Smith; Company F, Capt. B. S.
Burnet; Company G, First Lieut. E. A. Erwin, and the
mortars, Company K, Capt. C. H. Rivers. Staff: Capt.
W. H. Wigg, Lieut. Mitchell King, Capt. G. A. Wardlaw,
Lieut. Thomas Williams.</p>

<p>Battery Bee was garrisoned by another detachment of
the First South Carolina, and commanded by Lieut.-Col.
J. C. Simkins. The guns were fought by Company C,
Capt. Robert De Treville; Company H, Capt. Warren
Adams, and Company I, Capt. W. T. Tatom.</p>

<p>Battery Beauregard was commanded by Capt. J. A.
Sitgreaves, with Company K, First artillery, Lieut.
W. E. Erwin commanding, and Company B, First
infantry, Capt. J. H. Warley commanding. The commanders
on Morris island have already been referred to.</p>

<p>Fort Sumter was garrisoned by seven companies of the
First South Carolina regular artillery, Col. Alfred Rhett,
Lieut.-Col. Joseph A. Yates, Maj. Ormsby Blanding.
Colonel Rhett commanded the fort, Lieutenant-Colonel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>
Yates the barbette guns, and Major Blanding the casemate
batteries. Lieutenant Clarkson's detachment of
Company B, Charleston battalion, was posted in second
tier of casement as sharpshooters. Companies B and D,
Capts. D. G. Fleming and F. H. Harleston, fought the
guns on the east and northeast parapet batteries. The
other companies were stationed as follows: Company F,
Capt. J. G. King, northwest parapet; Company I, Capt.
J. C. Mitchel, west parapet; Company E, Capt. J. R.
Macbeth, mortar battery and east casemate battery;
Company G, Capt. W. H. Peronneau, northeast casemate
battery; detachments of Companies C and E, Capt.
C. W. Parker, northwest casemate battery. Lieut.
W. H. Grimball, with regimental band, battery in second
tier of casemates. Staff: Lieut. S. C. Boyleston,
adjutant; Capt. T. M. Barker, quartermaster; Capt.
S. P. Ravenel, chief of staff; Lieut. J. B. Heyward, ordnance
officer; Rev. N. Aldrich, chaplain; Lieut. Edward
J. White, engineer officer. Signal corps: T. P. Lowndes,
Arthur Grimball, Joseph Seabrook.</p>

<p>The following extracts from the reports are of interest:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The nearest the enemy ventured at any time to Fort
Moultrie was estimated at 1,000 yards; to Battery Bee,
1,600 yards; to Battery Beauregard, 1,400 yards. (Gen.
J. H. Trapier's report.)</p>

<p>The enemy's fire was mostly ricochet and not very
accurate; most of their shots passed over the fort and
several to the right and left. The greater portion of their
shots were from 1,300 to 1,400 yards distant, which
appeared to be the extent of their effective range. Some
shots from a greater distance did not reach the fort at
all. (Col. A. Rhett's report.)</p>

<p>The advance vessels took their positions alternately,
ranging from 1,800 to 2,000 yards from this battery....
Two hundred and eighty-three solid shots were fired from
this battery.... Of this number, many were distinctly
seen to strike the vessels aimed at, and it is believed,
doing serious damage in many instances. (Lieutenant-Colonel
Simkins' report.)</p>

<p>I am satisfied that the Ironsides was struck several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>
times by shot from this battery, and I think one or two
others were also struck, with what effect it is impossible
to say, except from reports since the engagement, which
lead us to believe that the enemy were considerably
damaged. (Captain Sitgreaves' report.)</p>

<p>The guns of this battery were of too light a caliber to
be of much service, but those at Cummings point were
much heavier, and the firing was particularly good.
(Maj. C. K. Huger's report.)</p>

<p>Our batteries were admirably served by our skilled
artillerists. Much of the rapidity and accuracy with
which the heavy guns were fired was due to the use of
Colonel Yates' traverser, with the merits of which the
general commanding has been fully impressed. Our batteries
discharged 2,200 shot of all sorts, the enemy's fleet
about 110, chiefly 15-inch shell and 11-inch solid shot;
not less than 80 of which were directed at Fort Sumter.
The sinking of the Keokuk, and the discomfiture of the
other ironclads have established their vulnerability to our
heavy projectiles at a range, say, of from 900 to 1,200
yards. (Maj. D. B. Harris, chief engineer.)</p></blockquote>

<p>The Weehawken, which led the attack, carried on her
bow a huge raft for finding and exploding torpedoes,
popularly called the "devil," which greatly retarded her
advance, and was ultimately shot adrift by the batteries.
Maj. W. H. Echols, of the engineers, in his report says
of this raft:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The "devil" floated ashore on Morris island; the cables
by which it was attached to the turrets' bow being cut
away. It is probable that the "devil" becoming unmanageable,
was the cause of the turret retiring early from
the action, it being a massive structure, consisting of two
layers of white pine timbers 18 inches square, strongly
bolted together; a re-entering angle 20 feet deep to receive
the bow of the vessel; 50 feet long, 27 feet side; a layer
of beveled timbers on the front, forming a bow; seven
heavy iron plates, through which passed chains directly
down and over the sides through hawser plates; to these
were attached grappling irons, with double prongs, suspended
underneath at the sides and bow; in the countersinks
were loose iron rollers, apparently to facilitate the
drawing of the chains through the holes over them when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
the grapplings took hold, to drag up to the "devil"
whatever he may catch with his hooks.</p></blockquote>

<p>It was a miserable contrivance and proved of no use to
the fleet and only an object of merriment and curiosity
to the garrisons and their officers.</p>

<p>Says General Ripley in his report:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>In this the first trial of the Abolition iron fleet against
brick fortifications and their first attempt to enter the
harbor of Charleston, in which they were beaten before
their adversaries thought the action had well commenced,
they were opposed by 76 pieces in all, including
mortars.... While service in immediate action is that
which is most conspicuous, after such a result as has been
accomplished, the greatest credit is due to that long,
patient and laborious preparation by which our works
and material, never originally intended to withstand such
an attack as has been encountered, have been so resecured
as to enable our gallant and well-instructed officers
and men to obtain their end with comparatively small
loss. In that preparation the late Lieut.-Col. T. M.
Wagner contributed much on both sides of the channel,
and Colonel Rhett, Lieutenant-Colonel Yates, Major
Blanding and other officers of Fort Sumter have been
more or less engaged since the fort fell into our hands,
two years ago.</p></blockquote>

<p>On the morning of April 9th the United States steamer
Washington was attacked in the Coosaw river by light
batteries under Capt. Stephen Elliott, crippled and set
on fire by shells, and totally destroyed. On the night of
the 10th, Lieutenant-Colonel Dargan, of the Twenty-first,
made a night attack upon the picket at the north end of
Folly island, crossing from Morris island a small detachment
in boats. The attack was a surprise, and completely
stampeded the enemy's picket force, which fled to the
south of the island. Colonel Dargan returned, after fully
locating the enemy's camp, bringing off a single prisoner,
and leaving one of the enemy's pickets severely wounded.</p>

<p>General Hunter addressed his energies to making raids
up the river, destroying the property of the planters and
carrying off their negroes, keeping his negro troops,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
employed in this business, always under the protection of
the gunboats. One of these gunboat raiding parties
steamed up the Combahee on the 2d of June, burned four
fine residences, with all their valuable contents, and six
mills, and carried off about 700 negroes. Later in the
month a greater part of the town of Bluffton, on May river,
was burned by a gunboat raid, and the utmost vigilance
was required by troops stationed on the rivers to protect
the property of citizens from wanton destruction. In
reporting the raid up the Combahee to the secretary of
war, General Hunter, after expressing pleasure at the
success which Colonel Montgomery had achieved, continues:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>This expedition is but the initial experiment of a system
of incursions which will penetrate up all the inlets,
creeks and rivers of this department, and to be used in
which I am now having several of our light draught
transport steamers supplied with bulwarks of boiler iron,
etc.... Colonel Montgomery with his forces will repeat
his incursions as rapidly as possible in different directions,
injuring the enemy all he can and carrying away
their slaves, thus rapidly filling up the South Carolina
regiments in the departments, of which there are now four.
The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts regiment (colored), Colonel
Shaw commanding, arrived to-day in good condition,
and appears to be an excellent regiment, over 900
strong. They will soon have abundant and very important
employment, as will all other regiments, white or colored,
that may be sent to reinforce this department.</p></blockquote>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>SOUTH CAROLINA TROOPS IN MISSISSIPPI&mdash;ENGAGEMENT
NEAR JACKSON&mdash;THE VICKSBURG CAMPAIGN&mdash;SIEGE
OF JACKSON.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">On</span> May 2d the secretary of war telegraphed General
Beauregard as follows: "Advices show the enemy
abandoning their attack on the eastern coasts
and concentrating great forces on the Mississippi. Send
with utmost dispatch 8,000 or 10,000 men to General
Pemberton's relief." General Beauregard replied that
he had returned to North Carolina Cooke's and Clingman's
brigades, but would send at once 5,000 men and
two light batteries to General Pemberton's relief. He
added that he would then have left only 10,000 infantry
available for the defense of South Carolina and Georgia,
and if he sent more troops to Pemberton, he would lose
command of the Savannah railroad. This satisfied the
secretary, and on the 4th he telegraphed General Beauregard
to hurry the 5,000 troops on as soon as possible.</p>

<p>Accordingly, orders were issued, assigning Brig.-Gens.
S. R. Gist and W. H. T. Walker to the command of brigades,
with a light battery attached to each, and directing
them to report to General Pemberton. These two brigades
were composed of Georgia and South Carolina
troops, the Fourth Louisiana battalion being attached to
Walker's brigade.</p>

<p>By General Beauregard's order of May 4, 1863, the
command of Carolinians and Georgians known in the
Western army as Gist's brigade was duly formed. The
following was its composition: Sixteenth South Carolina,
Col. James McCullough; Twenty-fourth South Carolina,
Col. C. H. Stevens; Eighth Georgia battalion, Capt.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
Z. L. Watters; Forty-sixth Georgia, Col. P. H. Colquitt;
Ferguson's battery, Capt. T. B. Ferguson.</p>

<p>On the 5th, General Beauregard telegraphed General
Pemberton that he would send two brigades of his best
troops, and requested that they be kept together under
General Gist. On the 6th, the first of Gist's troops, five
companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia, under Col. P. H.
Colquitt, and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, under
Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers (Col. C. H. Stevens remaining
to bring on the stores of the regiment), left Charleston
for Jackson, Miss., by way of Atlanta, Montgomery,
Selma and Meridian. Delayed on the way, these commands
reached Jackson on the evening of May 13th, and
went into bivouac near the depot, with orders to be ready
to march out on the Clinton road at dawn next day.
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston reached Jackson by the same
train.</p>

<p>The situation was most critical in Mississippi. General
Grant's army was thrown between Jackson and Vicksburg,
holding the railroad at Clinton, where McPherson's
corps was encamped. Sherman's corps was between
Jackson and Raymond, McClernand's in supporting distance.
General Pemberton, with 17,000 men, was at
Edwards depot and marching to give battle. General
Johnston did not have exceeding 6,000 men in and
about Jackson. The three corps of General Grant numbered
about 45,000 effectives.</p>

<p>It was easy to beat Johnston at Jackson before Pemberton
could possibly come to his aid, as the latter had
only reached Edwards on the 13th, and formed for defensive
battle at that point. Clinton was 8 miles from
Jackson, and Edwards was distant 25 miles, so that Grant
was between Pemberton and Johnston, 25 miles from
the former and 8 miles from the latter. This was the situation
on the night of the 13th of May. McPherson
advanced upon Jackson early on the 14th, on the Clinton
road, and Sherman at the same time, on the Raymond<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>
and Mississippi Springs road, both corps converging on
Jackson, while Pemberton was in line of battle at
Edwards, and General Grant's cavalry was demonstrating
in his front to keep up a show of attack. To check
McPherson and Sherman while valuable stores were being
removed from Jackson toward Canton, General Johnston
sent the troops he could command out on the roads leading
to Clinton and Raymond.</p>

<p>The Twenty-fourth South Carolina, Lieutenant-Colonel
Capers, five companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia, Capt.
T. B. Hancock, of Gist's brigade, with the Fourteenth
Mississippi and Capt. J. A. Hoskins' battery of four pieces,
were ordered out at daylight on the 14th, under Colonel
Colquitt, to take position on the Clinton road, at a point
to be designated by Brig.-Gen. John Gregg. General
Gregg selected a good position on a ridge about 3 miles
from Jackson, assisted Colquitt in arranging his defense,
and left him with orders to hold the enemy until ordered
to retire through Jackson. The Georgians (five companies)
and the Mississippi battalion were posted on the right
of the road, and the Twenty-fourth and Hoskins' battery
on the left. The position was at Wright's farm, the command
being on the right and left of his house. The
Twenty-fourth was advanced some distance to take
advantage of a garden fence, and the artillery placed in
battery on the crown of the hill, one gun behind the
Twenty-fourth, in support, and three at the main road.
This little brigade, which did not number over 900 men
and officers, was attacked at 9 a. m. by the Seventh division
of the Seventeenth army corps, composed of three
brigades with four light batteries, and held its position
until 2 p. m. before it was forced to retire.</p>

<p>The enemy's official reports give his losses as follows:
Second brigade 215, Third brigade 37, Fourth brigade 13;
total in division, 265, exclusive of artillery. In defending
this position Colquitt's little brigade of two battalions,
one regiment and four guns lost 198 men and officers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
killed, wounded and captured. The heaviest loss was in
the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, which held its position
longest and lost 105 men and officers. Lieutenant-Colonel
Capers was wounded, and Lieut. A. F. Cunningham,
of Company F, was killed. On the enemy's part their
main loss was in the center brigade, which made the
direct attack in front.</p>

<p>The fighting in the final assault, which carried the
position and forced a retreat on Jackson, is described as
follows by the commander of the Tenth Missouri, which,
with the Seventeenth Iowa, Eightieth Ohio, Thirty-sixth
Illinois, and Company E, of the Twenty-fourth
Missouri, made up the Second brigade:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Colonel Holmes, commanding the brigade, now ordered
bayonets fixed and a charge made upon the enemy. The
troops moved forward at double-quick, cheering wildly,
driving in first the skirmishers, and then the main line,
passing over about 500 yards under a terrific fire of shell,
canister and musketry to the house of O. P. Wright, in and
behind which, and the hedges, fences and trees surrounding
it, the rebels were hidden and protected. Here
ensued an almost hand-to-hand conflict, with the Twenty-fourth
regiment South Carolina volunteers. The Tenth
Missouri suffered severely from the stream of fire which
issued from behind every object which could furnish protection
to the enemy. We succeeded finally in dislodging
them and driving them some 200 yards to the left [enemy's
left] and toward the main road to Jackson. Reforming
our line, a section of the Sixth Wisconsin battery was
rapidly brought upon the field....</p></blockquote>

<p>But the Twenty-fourth, now under Major Appleby, had
followed the remainder of the brigade in retreat, and
joined General Johnston's little army moving out from
Jackson on the Canton road. In the fight above described,
the attack on the Georgia and Mississippi battalions
was made principally by the Iowa and Ohio regiments,
and was well sustained by the Georgians and Mississippians.
The conduct of Captain Hoskins' battery was
beyond praise. But for the service of his four guns, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
position could not have been held two hours against the
attack of the Federal division. Writing to General Beauregard
from Canton, on the 25th of May, General Gist
said:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>None of the troops from your department reached Jackson
in time for the affair at Raymond, and only two regiments
of Gen. W. H. T. Walker's brigade, Martin's
battery, Twenty-fourth South Carolina, five companies of
the Forty-sixth Georgia, and Eighth Georgia battalion
arrived in time to participate in the skirmish and evacuation
of the city. I got within 6 miles, and was ordered
back by General Johnston with remainder of Walker's
and my own brigade.... The only troops of my brigade
engaged at Jackson were those mentioned above, and all
officers join in awarding them highest praise for soldierly
conduct and gallantry. The Twenty-fourth regiment
South Carolina volunteers, Lieutenant-Colonel Capers
commanding, particularly distinguished themselves.
[War Records, Vol. XXIV, Pt. III, p. 919.]</p></blockquote>

<p>General Walker's troops were not engaged in the battle
at Wright's house. The Eighth Georgia battalion of Gist's
brigade arrived in Jackson by train on the morning of the
14th, too late to take part with the Twenty-fourth South
Carolina and the Forty-sixth Georgia.</p>

<p>Looking back upon the event and reflecting on the performance
of the little brigade at Wright's house, it seems
almost ludicrous to read in the report of Major-General
McPherson, commanding the Seventeenth army corps, an
account of the formidable disposition he made to attack it.
Erroneously stating that he found the enemy "posted in
strong force under Gen. W. H. T. Walker," he continues:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The position of the enemy was carefully reconnoitered,
and Lieut. J. W. McMurray's battery, Parrott guns,
brought up to reply to their artillery, which had already
opened on our lines. While the dispositions for the
attack were being made, a very heavy shower set in which
delayed the attack an hour and a half, the rain coming
down in such torrents that there was great danger of the
ammunition being spoiled if the men opened their cartridge
boxes. The time, however, was well employed in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>
putting the men in position, and bringing up Logan's
division as a reserve. The enemy occupied a semi-circular
ridge, stretching across the main road, his right
holding a piece of woods, and his center and left commanding
rolling ground in his front, over which it would
be necessary to pass to attack him. Two [only one,
Hoskins'] batteries were in position, one covering the
road and the other near his left, having a good range
across the open field. The disposition of my troops was
as follows: Boomer's brigade on the left of the road in
the timber; Holmes' brigade on his right, in the open
fields; Sanborn's brigade on the right of Holmes, with
skirmishers well out on his flank; John E. Smith's brigade,
Logan's division, in the woods in rear of Boomer,
about 400 yards, in column of regiments as a reserve;
Stevenson's brigade across a ravine on Boomer's left,
with directions to advance and gain a road which entered
the city from the northwest; Dennis' brigade remained a
short distance in the rear to guard the trains.</p></blockquote>

<p>Six brigades arrayed in battle by the accomplished
General McPherson, against two battalions, one regiment,
and a battery of four guns!</p>

<p>General Johnston's forces, about 6,000 strong, encamped
the night of the 14th, 5 miles from Jackson on
the Canton road. As many of the stores as could be run
out of the city by railroads to Canton and Brandon, and
by wagons, were safely removed, and General Grant's
army was free to turn upon General Pemberton.</p>

<p>The situation in Mississippi was so serious that additional
troops were ordered from South Carolina, and on
May 15th the secretary of war directed General Beauregard
to send Evans' brigade with all dispatch to General
Johnston. The governor of South Carolina, the mayor
of Charleston and General Beauregard all remonstrated
with the President against stripping the coast of the State
almost bare of infantry, but the President was firm in
the belief that the enemy had but a small force in South
Carolina; that his troops had gone to Virginia, North
Carolina and to the southwest, and that 10,000 of all arms
were sufficient for the defense of Charleston and the coast.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>
Accordingly Evans' brigade&mdash;Seventeenth, Col. F. W.
McMaster; Eighteenth, Col. W. H. Wallace; Twenty-second,
Lieut.-Col. J. O'Connell; Twenty-third, Col. H. L.
Benbow; Twenty-sixth, Col. A. D. Smith; Holcombe
legion, Lieut.-Col. W. J. Crawley&mdash;went to Mississippi,
and was assigned to the division of Major-General French,
in Johnston's little army.</p>

<p>On the 20th of May, General Gist, with the balance of
his brigade, joined General Johnston at Canton, and was
assigned to Walker's division. Meanwhile the disastrous
battles of Baker's Creek and the Big Black had been
fought and lost by General Pemberton, and Grant was
investing Vicksburg, with his army greatly increased.
By the 4th of June, General Johnston had collected at
Jackson, Canton and Yazoo City, and on the Big Black,
a force of 24,000 infantry and artillery, and 2,800 cavalry
under Gen. W. H. Jackson. This force was almost without
transportation, and was deficient in ammunition for
all arms. The Big Black river, impassable except by
bridges, interposed between General Johnston's army
and Grant's, and was guarded at every pass by intrenched
forces from the army investing Vicksburg.</p>

<p>Johnston decided that an attack on Grant under these
circumstances was impracticable, though urged by the
secretary of war to make it. Pemberton had 18,000 or
20,000 effective troops in the defenses of Vicksburg, and
on the 4th of June, General Johnston wrote him: "All
we can attempt to do is to save you and your garrison."
He urged a simultaneous attack at the same point
with a view of extricating Pemberton, and proposed that
it be made north of the railroad. But General Pemberton
deemed himself too weak to attack his foe, strongly intrenched,
and General Johnston held the same view on
his part, so that the siege of Vicksburg progressed, Grant
being secured in his intrenchments by his overwhelming
numbers and powerful artillery from Pemberton in front,
and by the fortified crossings of the Big Black from Johnston
in rear.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>

<p>Finally, on June 29th, General Johnston put his army
in motion for the Big Black, the force effective for service
being reported, June 25th, at 28,569, of all arms. General
Johnston puts it, on the 29th, at a little over 20,000 infantry
and artillery, and 2,000 cavalry, supplied with
transportation, full equipment of ammunition, and a serviceable
floating bridge. "This expedition," General Johnston
wrote in his Narrative, "was not undertaken in the
wild spirit that dictated the dispatches from the war
department." On the 21st of June, the secretary of war
had urged Johnston to attack General Grant for the relief
of Pemberton, and had said: "The eyes and hopes of the
whole Confederacy are upon you, with the full confidence
to fail nobly daring, than, through prudence even, to be
that you will act, and with the sentiment that it is better
inactive."</p>

<p>Johnston moved to the Big Black, not indulging the
sentiment of Mr. Seddon, that it was better to dare an
attack and fail, than to remain only in observation of the
siege. His purpose was to make a reconnoissance along
the Big Black to find a point of attack, his hope being to
extricate General Pemberton's army and not to raise the
siege. These reconnoissances on the 1st, 2d and 3d of
July satisfied him that an attack north of the railroad was
impracticable, and before he had made his proposed
examinations south of the railroad, Vicksburg capitulated.
Learning this, General Johnston fell back to the fortified
line around Jackson, where he was invested by three corps
of Grant's army, under Sherman, which, by the 10th, were
intrenched in front of Johnston's semi-circular line.
Daily skirmishes took place, and the city of Jackson was
well pelted with shot and shell until the night of the 16th,
when Johnston crossed Pearl river, saving his stores and
public property, and carrying off his entire force, artillery
and wagon trains. Ultimately the army was encamped
at and near Morton, Miss., on the 20th of July. The
enemy did not follow except in small force, and after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>
burning the town of Brandon, destroying the railroad
bridges, and setting fire to the city of Jackson, which he
utterly destroyed, on the 23d of July the ruined city was
left to its distressed inhabitants, and Sherman's army
returned to Vicksburg.</p>

<p>In the campaign above described, from May 20th to July
20th, Gist's brigade formed part of Walker's division,
Evans' brigade of French's. The marches and countermarches
to which they were subjected in the heat of
summer, the men for the most of the time badly supplied
with shoes and actually, at times, suffering for water fit
to drink, fully tested the spirit and discipline of the
brigade. In the short siege of Jackson, July 10th to 16th
inclusive, Walker's division occupied a position on the
left center of the line of defense, with its right on the
Clinton road, the brigades posted as follows: Ector's,
Gregg's, Gist's and Wilson's. Several casualties occurred
in General Gist's brigade on the picket line, and in the
trenches, but no return of them is available.</p>

<p>In the retreat from the Big Black, French's division
reached Jackson in advance July 7th, and at daylight on
the 9th, the troops were put in position in the trenches,
Evans' brigade on the right resting on the Clinton road,
with the batteries of J. F. Culpeper and B. A. Jeter on its
front. On the 11th an effort was made to force in Evans'
skirmishers, and handsomely repulsed by the Holcombe
legion. The next attack was on Breckinridge, at the
left of French, and the 13th was devoted to heavy cannonading.
John Waties' battery was put in position at
French's left. There was heavy firing all the morning
of the 14th, with brisk skirmishing. Evans' line advanced,
drove back the enemy, burned several small
houses which sheltered the Federal sharpshooters, and
then fell back to their line. Gist's brigade remained
encamped near Morton until the latter part of August,
when, in response to General Bragg's request for troops,
Walker's and Breckinridge's divisions were ordered to
report to him near Chattanooga.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p>

<p>Capt. James Gist, special aide to General Gist, and Dr.
Thomas L. Ogier, division surgeon, both died of fever at
Morton, lamented by their comrades. Captain Gist and
Doctor Ogier were both identified with the brigade of
General Gist from its earliest history, and were greatly
loved and respected as efficient and faithful officers.</p>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>SOUTH CAROLINIANS IN THE CHANCELLORSVILLE
CAMPAIGN&mdash;SERVICE OF KERSHAW'S AND McGOWAN'S
BRIGADES&mdash;A GREAT CONFEDERATE
VICTORY.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">After</span> the defeat of General Burnside's attempt to
drive the Confederate army from its position in
rear of Fredericksburg, both armies went into winter
quarters, and remained inactive until about the middle
of April, 1863. In January, General Burnside was
removed from command, and Gen. Joseph Hooker, who
had commanded the center grand division of Burnside's
army, was placed in command of the army of the Potomac,
and charged with the task of capturing Richmond.
Upon assuming command, General Hooker published his
general orders, No. 1, in which he contrasted the merits
of his army with those of General Lee's in the following
sentences: "In equipment, intelligence and valor the
enemy is our inferior. Let us never hesitate to give him
battle, wherever we can find him." It is hardly possible
that such language could have disparaged the character
of General Lee's army in the estimation of the Federal
soldiers who had so often felt the force of its "equipment,
intelligence and valor."</p>

<p>President Lincoln was not willing to give General
Hooker so great a trust without warning and serious
admonition, which he embodied in the following letter,
under date of January 26, 1863:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>General: I have placed you at the head of the army
of the Potomac. Of course, I have done this upon what
appears to me to be sufficient reasons. And yet I think
it best for you to know that there are some things in
regard to which I am not quite satisfied with you. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>
believe you to be a brave and skillful soldier, which, of
course, I like. I also believe you do not mix politics with
your profession, in which you are right. You have confidence
in yourself, which is a valuable if not an indispensable
quality. You are ambitious, which within reasonable
bounds does good rather than harm. But I think
that during General Burnside's command of the army you
have taken counsel of your ambition and thwarted him
as much as you could, in which you did a great wrong
both to the country and to a most meritorious and honorable
brother officer. I have heard in such way as to
believe it, of your recently saying that both the army and
the government needed a dictator. Of course it was not
for this, but in spite of it, that I have given you the command.
Only those generals who gain success can set
up as dictators. What I now ask of you is military success,
and I will risk the dictatorship. The government
will support you to the utmost of its ability, which is
neither more nor less than it has done and will do for all
commanders. I much fear the spirit you have aided to
infuse into the army of criticising their commander and
withholding confidence from him will now turn upon you.
I shall assist you as far as I can to put it down. Neither
you, nor Napoleon, if he were alive again, could get any
good out of an army while such a spirit prevails in it.
And now beware of rashness&mdash;beware of rashness; but
with energy and sleepless vigilance go forward and gain
us victories.</p>

<p>
Yours very truly,<br />
A. Lincoln.<br />
</p></blockquote>

<p>How far the anxious President's candid letter influenced
the generalship of the new commander may be
seen by what follows in description of his unhappy experiences
in "finding the enemy" and testing his "inferior
equipment, intelligence and valor."</p>

<p>On April 30, 1863, the Federal army under Hooker had
133,708 men "actually available for the line of battle,"
organized in seven corps; the First under Reynolds, the
Second under Couch, the Third under Sickles, the Fifth
under Meade, the Sixth under Sedgwick, the Eleventh
under Howard, the Twelfth under Slocum. The artillery
included 370 guns, of all calibers. The cavalry force
outnumbered General Lee's three to one.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p>

<p>General Lee's army was numerically not as strong as
at the battle of Fredericksburg, Longstreet having been
sent south of the James with the divisions of Hood and
Pickett, and Hampton's cavalry brigade having been sent
into the interior to recruit its horses. Lee's army confronting
Hooker numbered of all arms, on the 1st of
April, 53,303, with 170 pieces of artillery. McLaws and
Anderson commanded the divisions of Longstreet's corps
present, and Early, A. P. Hill, Rodes and Colston commanded
Jackson's divisions; W. H. F. Lee and Fitzhugh
Lee commanded the two brigades of cavalry under
Stuart, and General Pendleton the artillery battalions of
Alexander, Crutchfield, R. L. Walker, Brown, Carter,
Andrews and McIntosh. McGowan's brigade, on April
29th, occupied the same position it held in the battle of
December 13th.</p>

<p>By the 29th of April, three of Hooker's corps, the Fifth,
Eleventh and Twelfth, had marched up the Rappahannock,
crossed at Kelly's ford, and were marching for
Germanna and Ely's fords on the Rapidan, on Lee's left
flank. The Second corps crossed at the United States
ford on the 30th, and at night Hooker was at Chancellorsville
with four corps of his army, covering all
approaches to that position. On the same day he ordered
up the Third from in front of Fredericksburg, and by noon
on May 1st he was in position around Chancellorsville
with five army corps. General Sedgwick, with the remaining
two corps, the First and Sixth, had crossed below
Fredericksburg, and was demonstrating as if for attack.
General Hooker was so much elated by the success of this
concentration, that he published a field order congratulating
his army on its "brilliant achievements," and declared
that General Lee must "ingloriously fly" before
such a combination, else "certain destruction awaits
him, should he give us battle on our own ground."
<i>Nous verrons</i>.</p>

<p>On the 29th of April, General Lee had decided that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>
Hooker's main attack was to be expected from the troops
marching on Chancellorsville, and that the operations in
his front at Fredericksburg were only demonstrations in
force to deceive him. He made his dispositions at once,
and leaving Early and Barksdale and the reserve artillery
for the defense of the position at Fredericksburg, with
the main army marched to meet Hooker at Chancellorsville.
The divisions of Anderson and McLaws were
advanced on the main approaches, the plank road and old
turnpike, and became engaged with Hooker's advance on
both roads, early on the 1st of May, about 4 miles
from General Hooker's headquarters. Jackson, with his
three divisions, was in supporting distance, and in immediate
charge of the advance. Pressing forward, on both
roads, the Federals were driven back upon the line immediately
around Chancellorsville, in which they were
strongly protected by natural and prepared defenses.</p>

<p>On the evening and night of the 1st, General Lee put
his troops in position across the plank road and fronting
General Hooker's line. Lee's right extended as far as
the mine road, and his left was in front of and beyond
the Catherine furnace. General Hooker's line extended
as far as the river on his left, and on his right along
the road to Germanna's ferry (the old turnpike) for a
distance of 3 miles. This line was covered from end to
end by a vast forest, which hid its extent from observation,
and was protected by abatis of fallen timber, rifle-pits,
breastworks of logs, earthworks, etc. The forest
also hid General Lee's line, and by the activity of the
cavalry on his flanks, General Hooker was led to magnify
both its strength and its length.</p>

<p>Hooker was so strong in front that General Lee determined
to attack beyond his fortified line. On the night
of the 1st he held a long conference with General Jackson,
as a result of which General Jackson was ordered to
lead his three divisions early in the morning to the extreme
right and rear of General Hooker's line, and assault<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>
with vigor. Lee was to stand in Hooker's front with
McLaws' and Anderson's divisions, and Early was to
keep back Sedgwick. Jackson marched with 26,000 men,
and left Lee in front of Hooker with 14,000. The wilderness
was his defense. It hid his weakness and screened
Jackson's march.</p>

<p>Kershaw's brigade, with McLaws&mdash;the Fifteenth,
Lieut.-Col. Joseph F. Gist; Seventh, Col. Elbert Bland;
Third, Maj. R. C. Maffett; Second, Col. J. D. Kennedy;
James' battalion, Lieut.-Col. W. G. Rice, and Eighth,
Col. John W. Henagan&mdash;was in the second line of battle
at Zoar church on May 1st, and next day formed in the
front line before Chancellorsville, with thirteen companies
thrown forward in the dense woods, under Maj.
D. B. Miller, James' battalion, engaged in continually
pressing the enemy.</p>

<p>Jackson's three divisions were commanded by Gens.
A. P. Hill, R. E. Rodes and R. E. Colston. His South
Carolina brigade, in Hill's light division, was now commanded
by Brig.-Gen. Samuel McGowan, who was colonel
of the Fourteenth South Carolina under the lamented
Gregg, and when that gallant and accomplished soldier
fell at Fredericksburg, was promoted to take command
of the brigade, thenceforth known in the army of Northern
Virginia as McGowan's brigade. McGowan's brigade,
after being engaged in skirmishing, and under artillery
fire on the 1st, moved out with Hill's division early
on the 2d. As soon as the First regiment left the cover
of the woods, said Col. D. H. Hamilton, it was subjected
to the "most trying ordeal to which any troops could be
subjected. As soon as we reached the open ground, we
were exposed in open and full view to the batteries of
the enemy, and under a deliberate and annoying fire, we
passed those batteries in review. My regiment stood the
ordeal well. Projecting hills soon screened us from further
annoyance, and our march was rapidly and success<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>fully
continued until we reached a position beyond Chancellorsville,
in rear of the enemy's line of works."</p>

<p>By 4 p. m. on the 2d, General Jackson was on the Germanna
Ford road, and in rear of the right flank of General
Hooker. The forest enveloping him covered his deployments,
and his three divisions were put in line of battle,
one behind the other, and marched up the road, and
actually began the attack from the rear and flank before
General Hooker's troops knew that they were being
approached by a Confederate force. The Eleventh corps,
General Howard, held the Federal right. Jackson's front
line was led by Rodes, and so impetuous was the attack,
and so complete the surprise, that the divisions of Howard
were at once thrown into confusion and soon into rout.
Rodes pressed on up the road and through the forest,
followed by Colston and then by Hill, the great Jackson
directing the advance. It was known that the enemy
had a fortified line at the Talley house, and a second at
Melzi Chancellor's house. Jackson's order was to carry
the position at Talley's, and to move right on against the
second at Chancellor's. Both were carried, and the entire
right of Hooker's line defeated and driven back to the
heights of Chancellorsville. Now, late in the day,
General Jackson ordered A. P. Hill's division to relieve
the divisions of Rodes and Colston at the Chancellor
house. It was at this juncture, while Hill's division was
taking position, that General Jackson, he and his staff
being mistaken in the darkness for Federal cavalry, was
fired upon and mortally wounded. Gen. A. P. Hill was
soon afterward wounded, and the command of Jackson's
corps devolved upon General Rodes for a time. General
Stuart was then summoned, and the night of the 2d was
spent by that active soldier in arranging for the morning's
attack.</p>

<p>At sunset, McGowan's brigade had reached that part
of the field that had been cleared of the enemy by Rodes'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>
division, leaving roads and fields strewn with the Federal
dead. Colonel Hamilton's report continues:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Passing beyond, we were drawn up in line, by order of
General McGowan, on the plank road, the Fourteenth
regiment being deployed, and covering our front as skirmishers.
Here we were subjected to a heavy fire of
shells, which was annoying, but did not do us much damage.
About 11 o'clock orders were given to advance, and
the attempt was made, but either in consequence of the
impossibility of advancing through the pine thickets, or
a change of orders, the order was countermanded. At
midnight the brigade was marched to a position in front
of the enemy's breastworks, with Brigadier-General Lane
on our left and Brigadier-General Archer on our right.</p></blockquote>

<p>At dawn on the 3d, Stuart's line was arranged for a
renewal of battle, and by sunrise he moved forward,
Archer's brigade, on the extreme right, being charged
with the duty of uniting with General Anderson's left,
and so reuniting Lee's separated wings. The battle of
Chancellorsville was won by 10 a. m., by the united
assaults of the two wings coming together at the center,
where the victorious advance of Stuart and Anderson and
McLaws swept back the heroic resistance which Hooker's
broken forces made around the heights, and drove them
from the entire field of battle.</p>

<p>In this, the final and crowning assault of that great battle,
the two South Carolina brigades, under McGowan and
Kershaw, bore an honorable and memorable part. Kershaw
on the right with McLaws, and McGowan on the
left with Stuart, were in the front lines of advance, and
carried their troops to the extreme limit of the great victory.
The sacrifice which Carolina offered at Chancellorsville
was costly, indeed. Over 550 of her sons were
killed and wounded in the battle of the 3d, and that at
Salem church on the 4th, in which last engagement
General Lee defeated Sedgwick and drove him over the
Rappahannock, turning upon his advance toward Chancellorsville
with the divisions of Anderson, McLaws and
Early.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p>

<p>Of the part taken by McGowan's brigade, General
Heth, commanding Hill's division, said:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>I ordered Generals McGowan and Archer to move forward....
The light division forming the front line,
opened the battle of Chancellorsville.... Lane's brigade,
supported by part of Heth's brigade, and McGowan's
brigade advanced and charged the enemy behind
his breastworks and supported by twenty-nine pieces of
artillery. I cannot conceive of any body of men ever
being subjected to a more galling fire than this force.
The brigades, notwithstanding, drove the enemy from
his works and held them for some time.</p></blockquote>

<p>Passing beyond the breastworks, the brigade soon
became very hotly engaged, but on account of the oblique
movement of Archer's brigade on their right, that flank
was exposed and they were compelled to hold the line of
works they had taken. Here, in the midst of a desperate
fight, General McGowan and his able and gallant adjutant-general,
Capt. A. C. Haskell, were severely wounded.
Col. O. E. Edwards, of the Thirteenth, assumed brigade
command, but this heroic soldier, exposing himself with
characteristic intrepidity, was soon mortally wounded.
Col. D. H. Hamilton, of the First, then took charge of the
brigade. Here, also, the brigade suffered an irreparable
loss in the fall of the accomplished Col. James M. Perrin,
of the First rifles, who was mortally wounded at the
breastworks. Among the gallant dead of McGowan's
brigade were Lieuts. E. C. DuBose and C. P. Seabrook,
of the First; Lieut. H. L. Fuller, of the Thirteenth, and
Lieut. J. H. Fricks of the First rifles. Sergt. L. A.
Wardlaw, Color-bearer G. S. Bell and Private T. R.
Puckett, of the Rifles, were wounded bearing the colors.
Maj. G. McD. Miller, of the Rifles, was severely wounded.
The total loss of the brigade was 46 killed and 402 wounded.
Col. Abner Perrin commanded the Fourteenth, and
was in command of part of the brigade in the last charge.
The Twelfth was not engaged.</p>

<p>The advance of Kershaw's brigade, early on the 3d,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>
suffered the loss of its gallant leader, Capt. G. B. Cuthbert,
Second regiment, who fell with two wounds that
caused his death. About 9 o'clock, General Kershaw
reported, "the whole line advanced to the attack of
Chancellorsville, and by 11 o'clock our troops were
in possession of the position, the skirmishers only having
been engaged. Moving over to the turnpike road to
form a new front, under orders from the major-general
commanding, I was directed by Gen. R. E. Lee to move
with General Mahone toward Fredericksburg, to check
the advance of a column of the enemy reported coming
up from that point, along the plank road." This movement
brought Kershaw's brigade into the battle of Salem
Church, in which the Third regiment and part of James'
battalion were engaged, on the right of Wilcox's brigade.
Late in the evening of the 4th, the brigade took part in
the engagement at Banks' ford, driving the enemy across
the river. They spent all the night beating the thickets for
Federals, finding only straggling prisoners; bivouacked
at 4 a. m., arose at sunrise, and gathered over 800 stand
of arms. About noon they marched to a point near the
United States ford, and relieved Heth's brigade, and on
the 6th, after the heavy rain had ceased, advanced and
found there were no Federals on the south side of the
Rappahannock.</p>

<p>Colonel Henagan's regiment was with General Jackson
from the 2d. The loss of Kershaw's brigade was not
great, 11 killed and 89 wounded; but the death of Captain
Cuthbert and Capt. C. W. Boyd, of the Fifteenth, who
fell together before Chancellorsville, <i>par nobile fratrum</i>,
was deeply mourned. They were young men of the
brightest promise, of commanding talents, high social
position, and most attractive personality.</p>

<p>General Hooker's loss at Chancellorsville was greater
than Lee's. The former lost in both wings, according to
his statement before the committee on the conduct of the
war, 17,197; by the returns in the War Records, 1,575<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>
killed, 9,559 wounded, 5,711 prisoners or missing. General
Lee's loss was 1,581 killed, 8,700 wounded. Both generals
lost artillery, Lee eight pieces and Hooker thirteen,
with 1,500 rounds of ammunition. General Lee gathered
from the field, besides tents and army stores of various
kinds, 19,500 rifles and muskets, and over 300,000 rounds
of infantry ammunition.</p>

<p>After the battle, in his general orders of congratulation,
General Lee recommended that the troops "unite
on Sunday next, in ascribing to the Lord of Hosts the
glory due unto His name," and quoted the following letter
from President Davis:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>General Lee: I have received your dispatch, and reverently
unite with you in giving praise to God for the
success with which He has crowned our arms. In the
name of the people I offer my thanks to you and the
troops under your command for this addition to the
unprecedented series of great victories, which your army
has achieved. The universal rejoicing produced by this
happy result, will be mingled with general regret for the
good and brave who are numbered among the killed and
wounded.</p></blockquote>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>OPERATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA&mdash;OPENING OF GILLMORE'S
CAMPAIGN AGAINST FORT SUMTER&mdash;THE
SURPRISE OF MORRIS ISLAND&mdash;FIRST ASSAULT ON
BATTERY WAGNER&mdash;DEMONSTRATIONS ON JAMES
ISLAND AND AGAINST THE RAILROAD&mdash;ACTION
NEAR GRIMBALL'S LANDING.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">The</span> attempt of Admiral Du Pont and Major-General
Hunter to reduce and capture the outer defenses
of Charleston on April 7, 1863, having been signally
repulsed, and the ironclad squadron badly crippled, both
of those officers were relieved, and the energies and
resources of the Federal government concentrated upon
the capture of Morris island. Brig.-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore
took command in place of General Hunter, and Rear-Admiral
J. A. Dahlgren supplanted Du Pont. General
Gillmore had confidently expressed his ability to reduce
Fort Sumter from Morris island, and was an officer of
recognized energy and skill. After the defeat of April
7th, it was well known in Washington that Admiral
Du Pont had lost faith in the fighting qualities of his iron
fleet, and General Hunter, in communicating with the
government at Washington, had several times complained
of "the inactivity of the admiral." The failure of the
general himself to do more than organize raiding parties,
which pillaged plantations, burned planters' residences,
mills and barns, and were invariably driven back to the
ubiquitous gunboat protection, must have impressed his
superiors unfavorably. General Hunter complained of
his removal from command as a reflection upon his military
conduct, but Mr. Lincoln assured him that he was
held in high esteem, that no reflection upon him was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>
meant, and that other and controlling reasons had determined
the appointment of Gillmore.</p>

<p>On quitting the Stono, after the repulse of the ironclads
on April 7th, General Hunter had left a brigade,
under Brigadier-General Vogdes, on Folly island, with
light artillery and some cavalry. This brigade had orders
to conceal its encampments among the sand-hills, and in
the dense woods and behind the growth of the island, and
so effectually carried out the directions, that the force on
Folly island baffled the attempts made to locate it or determine
its strength. The island was unassailable by the Confederate
forces on James island, and there were no troops
in the department to spare for an attack from Morris
island, across Lighthouse inlet. General Vogdes was
known to be on Folly island with some force, but what he
was doing, or what he was there to do, was a matter of
frequent discussion, and was certainly never determined
until Gillmore developed his force on Stono inlet, when
Morris island, Battery Wagner and Fort Sumter were
seen to be his objectives.</p>

<p>The department commanded by General Beauregard
had been stripped almost bare to reinforce other points.
Against this depletion of his infantry, General Beauregard,
the governor of the State, the mayor of Charleston,
and numerous prominent citizens had remonstrated, but
the reply of the secretary of war was both inevitable and
unanswerable: "It cannot be helped, however much it
is deplored."</p>

<p>Gillmore's force of all arms amounted to 10,950, supplied
with field batteries and siege guns of the highest capacity,
supported in the Stono and on its left flank by a flotilla of
gunboats, and on the right by the admiral's armored
fleet. For the immediate defense of the city, General
Beauregard had in position, on the islands and in the
forts and batteries, a total of 5,841 men: On Morris
island 927, on James island 2,906, on Sullivan's island
1,158, and in the city 850.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>

<p>Morris island, the selected point of real attack, lies
along the main ship channel, about 3½ miles in length,
north and south, its north end, Cummings point, being
three-quarters of a mile south by east from Fort Sumter.
At Cummings point, Battery Gregg, named in honor of
Brig.-Gen. Maxcy Gregg, mounted guns of the heaviest
caliber which the department could command. This
battery was an important outpost of Fort Sumter, and
one of the strong defenses of the harbor. Three-quarters
of a mile south of Battery Gregg stood, square across a
narrow neck of the island, Battery Wagner, named in
honor of Lieut.-Col. Thomas M. Wagner. Wagner
touched the beach on its sea flank, and Vincent's creek
on its west flank, covering the whole island width of
about 280 yards. It is noteworthy that the Star of the
West battery, which fired the first gun of the war, was
located, in January, 1851, just in advance of the ground
on which Wagner stood.</p>

<p>At the time of which we write (July, 1863), Battery
Wagner mounted two heavy guns on the sea face, and
some twelve or more, of lighter caliber, on the south and
west faces. It was a strong earthwork, constructed of
compact sand, upon which the heaviest projectiles produced
little effect, with well-built traverses protecting
the guns from the sea fire, high merlons, thoroughly
protected magazine and bomb-proof, with a strong
parapet on the north or gorge face, for the protection
of the opening. The salients on the east and west
were flanked by infantry and howitzer fire. The barbette
guns of Sumter, distant a mile and a half from Wagner,
commanded its immediate approaches from the south,
while from the parapet of Sumter, with a good glass,
Morris island for its entire length was in plain view for
observation.</p>

<p>Late in May, General Ripley, commanding the defenses
of Charleston, became dissatisfied with the progress
of constructing batteries on the extreme south end of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>
Morris island, designed to prevent an attack by boats
from Folly island. The enemy's strength on the latter
island was unknown, boats and barges were at Vogdes'
command, and if two or three thousand troops were to
make a determined attack, Ripley felt unprepared to
meet it. These representations were made by him to
General Beauregard on the 24th of May, and the work
on the south end was pushed slowly forward by an inadequate
force. Meanwhile General Gillmore had come into
command, and by the middle of June was preparing his
plans for attack at the south end of Morris island.</p>

<p>When the attack came, on the early morning of July
10th, it was a surprise and overwhelming. Gillmore had
put forty-seven guns and mortars in battery, facing the
nine separate 1-gun batteries of the Confederates, within
three-eighths of a mile of the rifle-pits, and without their
knowledge. Observant officers and men were satisfied
that batteries were being constructed on Folly island,
but so well was the work screened, that not until the
brushwood was cut away, the embrasures opened out,
and the fire opened, did the little force on the south end
of Morris island, or the general commanding the district,
or General Beauregard, realize the true character of the
attack that had been so secretly prepared. "With
lookout stations on the ruins of the old lighthouse on
Morris island; on the mast-head of a wrecked blockade-runner,
off Lighthouse inlet, and at Secessionville on
James island, there was yet no discovery of these Federal
works. So far from it, that General Ripley (district
commander) reports, that 'up to the 8th or 9th of July
the enemy, so far as ascertained, had constructed no
works on Folly island, except to shelter his pickets
from our shells.'" (Johnson's "Defense of Charleston.")
On this subject Major Gilchrist says, in his pamphlet
on the defense of Morris island, himself a participant in
that defense:</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>

<blockquote>

<p>It has always been a vexed question on whom should
rest the blame for the neglect of this strategic point.
There were mutual recriminations and much bad blood
between those who were thought to be responsible for
the success of the Federals on July 10th, which involved
the destruction of Fort Sumter and the long and bloody
siege of Wagner. But the truth is, General Beauregard
did not believe an attack would be made by this route,
and was firmly persuaded that the enemy would again
essay an advance by way of James island. He therefore
withdrew the negro laborers from Morris island to
strengthen the fortifications elsewhere, leaving the Gist
Guard and Mathewes' artillery to finish half-completed
Fort Wagner. And when General Ripley, on his own
responsibility, and by his own engineer, commenced to
fortify the neighborhood of Lighthouse inlet, he commanded
the work to stop. Later, when it was discovered
that General Vogdes was doing some work&mdash;its extent
unknown&mdash;on Folly island, General Ripley again, with
the tardy consent of General Beauregard, sent two companies
of the First South Carolina artillery, Capt. John
C. Mitchel commanding, who, with the assistance of the
Twenty-first South Carolina, Col. R. F. Graham, built
among the sand-hills of the south end of Morris island
nine independent 1-gun batteries, which were eventually
to meet the concentrated fire of forty-seven guns in the
masked batteries on Folly island, and 8, 11 and 15-inch
guns in the monitors.</p></blockquote>

<p>The writer of the pamphlet quoted cannot have been
aware of the fact, that as early as March 10th General
Beauregard had ordered the south end of Morris island
fortified, that the work was promptly begun, and that
when General Ripley complained, May 24th, of its slow
progress, Capt. Langdon Cheves, of the engineers, was
prosecuting it with an inadequate force, and no wood
material furnished, necessary for magazine and bomb-proof.
As a precautionary measure the works were
ordered by General Beauregard, and more appreciated
as being necessary by General Ripley, but neither of these
generals expected them to be attacked except by boat
howitzers and rifle guns of light batteries covering an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>
attack by infantry landing from small boats. In such an
attack the batteries on the south end, supported by 1,000
men, could have successfully repelled the enemy. If an
attack at that point should come, it was looked for only in
that shape.</p>

<p>On July 4th, from his headquarters at Hilton Head,
General Gillmore issued his order for the disposition of
two divisions designed to attack Morris island. The
First was commanded by Brigadier-General Terry, its
brigades by Brigadier-General Stevenson and Colonel
Davis; the Second by Brigadier-General Seymour,
its brigades by Brigadier-Generals Vogdes and Strong.
The brigade of Vogdes was already on Folly island,
and had been since April 7th; Strong landed on the 6th
of July, and Stevenson subsequently.</p>

<p>On the 9th, General Beauregard telegraphed Mr. Davis
of the presence in Stono and off the bar of thirty-eight
vessels and five monitors, and at noon of the same day
to Governor Bonham, and to Richmond, that "an attack
on Sumter along Folly and Morris islands is evidently
imminent." General Mercer, at Savannah, and General
Whiting, at Wilmington, were asked for support, and
Generals Hagood and Walker were ordered to hold all
available troops in the Second and Third districts in readiness
to march or take the cars for Charleston at a moment's
warning.</p>

<p>The batteries on Folly island were then under cover
and still unknown. The only certain indication of the
impending attack was reported by Capt. C. T. Haskell
early on the morning of the 9th. That gallant and energetic
officer had made a reconnoissance to the west of
Folly island, by boat, and had plainly discovered the
flotilla of barges and small boats in Folly Island creek,
"moored and ready for crossing." This reconnoissance
by Captain Haskell, and the landing of Strong's brigade
on Folly island, persuaded General Beauregard to look
for the attack on the south end of Morris island. How<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>
was he prepared to meet it? Eleven guns were in position,
in unconnected, detached batteries, three 8-inch
navy shell guns, two 8-inch howitzers, one 24 and
one 30 pounder rifled Parrott, one 12-pounder Whitworth,
and three 10-inch mortars. Rifle-pits were dug in front,
covering Oyster point. The guns were manned by 200
artillerists from the First regulars, under Capts. John
C. Mitchel and J. R. Macbeth, and Lieut. H. W. Frost.
The infantry supports were 400 men of the Twenty-first,
under Maj. G. W. McIver, and one company of the First
South Carolina infantry, commanded by Capt. Charles
T. Haskell. The whole force amounted to 650 men!</p>

<p>Against this defense General Gillmore was to make his
attack with forty-seven guns from his masked batteries,
the guns of four of the monitors, and a brigade of
infantry 3,000 strong, composed of four regiments and
two battalions of four companies each. Just at daylight
on the morning of the 10th, the guns on Folly island
were unmasked and opened their fire on the Confederate
detached batteries. The surprise was complete. The
gallant men and officers on duty were expecting an attack,
but such a volume and weight of metal was overwhelming.
But Mitchel and Macbeth ordered their guns
opened in reply, and McIver and Haskell manned the
rifle-pits.</p>

<p>After the unequal combat of artillery had lasted about
two hours, General Strong advanced from the northwest
end of the island against McIver and Haskell. The few
guns left mounted were turned upon the flotilla of boats,
sinking a barge and killing and wounding many in the
boats, but the advance was unchecked, and the brigade
landed, stormed and carried the pits, and drove off the
little force remaining unhurt by the assault. The gallant
Haskell fell, cheering his men, sword in hand; Macbeth,
badly wounded, was taken prisoner; Lieut. John S. Bee
had fallen at his gun, and Lieut. T. H. Dalrymple on the
infantry line. Fighting yet the last guns, the contest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
was ended by the charge of the Sixth Connecticut on the
rear and sea flank, met by the advance of General Strong
from the west side. The Connecticut regiment had
passed by the entire front and landed under cover of the
sand-hills, and took the batteries in reverse. It was an
unequal contest, but continued for hours. Seeing its
hopelessness, Colonel Graham ordered retreat upon Wagner,
covered by Nelson's South Carolina battalion, under
Maj. James H. Rion, which arrived just as the retreat
was ordered. Four monitors followed along, pelting the
retreating and almost exhausted Confederates with their
15-inch shell and showers of grape. Colonel Graham
reported a total loss in killed, wounded and missing, of
295; 183 in the Twenty-first, 12 in Captain Haskell's company,
and 100 in the artillery.</p>

<p>The south end of Morris island was lost, and General
Gillmore immediately reinforced Strong, and General
Seymour took command of the division on Morris island,
now in a position to assault Battery Wagner. On the
9th, General Terry, with about 4,000 men, had sailed up
the Stono, supported by gunboats, and made such a
demonstration of landing on James island as to keep all
the troops there, under Colonel Simonton, under arms,
and to turn others, arriving from Charleston, in that
direction. Reports from James island, coming to the
commanding general on the morning of the 9th, made it
doubtful, for a time, where the most formidable attack
was to be made, but the concentration of force on Morris
island, and the action of the squadron, soon settled all
doubts as to General Gillmore's designs.</p>

<p>Wagner was reinforced as soon as the troops could be
sent over, and during the night of the 10th the garrison
was increased to 1,000 infantry and 200 artillerists. A
gallant band of Georgians, under Col. C. H. Olmstead,
came to stand on the ramparts by the side of their Carolina
brethren. There were thus assembled, for the
defense of the fort, the following commands:</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p>

<p>Infantry: Twenty-first South Carolina, Major McIver;
Seventh South Carolina battalion, Maj. J. H. Rion;
Company D, First South Carolina regular infantry, Lieut.
J. M. Horlbeck; four companies First Georgia, Col. C. H.
Olmstead; four companies Twelfth Georgia battalion,
Lieut.-Col. H. D. Capers; three companies Eighteenth
Georgia battalion, Maj. W. L. Basinger. Artillery:
Detachments of Companies E, I and H, First South
Carolina regular artillery, Capt. John C. Mitchel; Gist
Guard, Capt. C. E. Chichester, and the Mathewes artillery,
Capt. J. R. Mathewes. Lieut.-Col. Joseph Yates
commanded the batteries, and Colonel Graham the fort.
Colonel Graham kept his force in the fort under arms
and on watch, all night, while Major Rion covered the
front with 150 skirmishers. The infantry was stationed,
in support of the guns, from right to left, in the following
order: Seventh South Carolina battalion, Twelfth
Georgia battalion, Twenty-first South Carolina, First
South Carolina infantry, Eighteenth Georgia battalion,
First Georgia volunteers.</p>

<p>At dawn on the 11th the assault came and the pickets
were driven in. The attacking column was led by four
companies of the Seventh Connecticut, Lieutenant-Colonel
Rodman, followed by the Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania
and the Ninth Maine. The Third and Seventh
New Hampshire formed the reserve. The Connecticut
detachment charged gallantly and followed Rion's pickets
so closely that they were nearly at the left salient of the
fort before the fire opened, the light being so imperfect
that it was difficult to distinguish an object 100 yards in
advance. The Georgians on the left opened the fire of
the infantry, and then in rolling succession every gun was
fired. The ranks of the Seventh Connecticut were broken
and swept away, and the Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania
was so stunned by the fire as to halt and lie down.
Recovering, they arose and made for the center of the fort,
while the Ninth Maine charged gallantly at the right sal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>ient.
It was all in vain. The withering fire of canister
and musketry broke up the ranks, and the whole column
retreated in wild confusion. General Strong blamed the
Seventy-sixth for his failure to carry the fort, because
they halted and fell on the ground under "the sudden,
tremendous and simultaneous fire" which they met.
But that same fire would have had an identical effect
upon them if they had not lain down, as it had when they
rose and rushed to the charge. No regiment can preserve
its line of assault under the fire of canister from a dozen
guns and the continued discharge of 1,000 rifles. If the
two New Hampshire regiments had followed this first
assault, and they, in turn, had been followed by still a
third column of attack, they might have carried the fort;
but to attempt its assault with two regiments and a battalion
of four companies was to presume upon the character
of its defenders and the strength of its defense.</p>

<p>General Strong reported his loss at 8 officers and 322
non-commissioned officers and soldiers. Colonel Graham
lost 1 officer and 5 soldiers killed, and 1 officer and 5 soldiers
wounded. Capt. C. Werner, of the First Georgia,
was the officer killed, and all the casualties in the fort
were among the Georgia troops.</p>

<p>Four monitors, lying a mile off, bombarded Wagner on
the 10th, and on the morning of that day, Capt. Langdon
Cheves, the engineer of Fort Wagner, just after receiving
the intelligence of the death of his gallant kinsman, was
killed in the fort by a fragment of shell, fired from one
of the monitors, the first shot fired at the fort that day.
Captain Cheves was an accomplished engineer, a devoted
patriot and a gallant soldier. Battery Wagner was built
under his direction, and his name, with those of others
hereafter to be mentioned, who gave their lives in its
defense, will be forever commemorated in its history.</p>

<p>Gillmore's third demonstration, on July 10th, the
attempt to cut the railroad at Jacksonboro, was a failure.
It was made by Col. T. W. Higginson, commanding a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>
regiment of recently enlisted negroes. With three armed
steamers he ascended the South Edisto under the cover
of a dense fog, until arrested at Willtown bluff by the
obstructions in the river. Landing at that point a force
of 100 or more Confederates, a section of artillery, without
infantry supports, was surprised in camp and driven
off, 2 men being taken prisoners. Removing the obstructions,
Colonel Higginson steamed up the river with the
purpose of burning the railroad bridge at Jacksonboro.
At Dr. Glover's plantation, about 3 miles from the bridge,
he encountered a section of Capt. George Walter's battery,
under Lieut. S. G. Horsey, and after an action of
an hour's duration the boats were beaten and turned
down stream. Col. H. K. Aiken, commanding the
Second military district, sent a section of the Marion artillery,
Lieut. Robert Murdoch, to the plantation of Mr.
Gibbes, below; and being joined at this point by Lieutenant
White, with the section which had been surprised at
Willtown bluff, the two sections caught the boats on their
retreat, and badly crippled them. One of the vessels
was set on fire and burned to the water's edge, and two
of them made their escape out of the Edisto.</p>

<p>Colonel Higginson reported that the vessel destroyed
grounded on the obstructions, was abandoned and fired
by her commander, while Colonel Aiken reported her set
on fire by shells from the section at Gibbes'. Two brass
rifled guns were taken from the wreck and added to
Aiken's artillery on the river. Higginson carried off
over 100 negroes, several bales of cotton, burned the
barns of Colonel Morris, and pillaged the residences in
the neighborhood of Willtown bluff. Colonel Aiken had
2 men wounded and 2 captured. Colonel Higginson
reported 3 killed and several wounded, himself among
the latter. This expedition and the demonstration of
General Terry on James island, were made at the same
time as the attack on the south end of Morris island, and
were intended to mask that important movement.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>

<p>General Terry was still on James island on the 16th,
with his forces at Battery island and Grimball's on the
Stono, and at Legaré's on the Folly river side of the
island. They were attacked at Grimball's and Legaré's
on the 16th by General Hagood, and driven down on
Battery island. They embarked at that point and
evacuated the island on the following night. In this
affair General Hagood commanded portions of Clingman's
North Carolina and Colquitt's Georgia brigades,
and the Twenty-fifth South Carolina under Lieut.-Col.
J. G. Pressley, Colonel Simonton riding with General
Colquitt to give that general the benefit of his accurate
knowledge of the island. Perkins' (Marion) battery followed
and engaged with Colquitt's column at Legaré's,
and the North Carolinians, under Col. J. D. Radcliffe,
with artillery under Colonel Kemper, attacked the gunboats
Marblehead and Pawnee in the Stono above Grimball's.
Colquitt's attack at Legaré's, led by the Twenty-fifth
South Carolina, was followed by the quick retreat of
the force before him, and that at Grimball's retired on
Battery island before Colonel Radcliffe had defeated the
gunboats above the point. General Hagood reports
that his troops were under the fire of the gunboats mainly;
that the troops of the enemy were mostly negroes and
behaved poorly; that his loss was 3 killed, 12 wounded
and 3 missing, and that of the enemy, as far as ascertained,
30 killed on the field and 14 taken prisoners.</p>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>SECOND ASSAULT ON BATTERY WAGNER&mdash;SIEGE OF
WAGNER AND BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SUMTER&mdash;EVACUATION
OF MORRIS ISLAND.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">The</span> bloody repulse of the assault on Battery Wagner,
July 11th, left General Gillmore in possession
of two-thirds of the island, Colonel Graham holding
the northern end for about a mile, with his outposts
about 200 yards in advance of Wagner on a sand ridge.
It was determined to hold Wagner to the last, and to
relieve the garrison frequently by sending over fresh
troops at night. Such reliefs were landed at Cummings
point and marched up to Wagner, always subject to the
shells of the fleet and the fire of Gillmore.</p>

<p>In what follows in this chapter the writer has taken
the facts stated mainly from the official reports; the
admirable pamphlet of Major Gilchrist, already referred
to; and the account given by the accomplished engineer
on duty at Fort Sumter, Maj. John Johnson, in his valuable
book on the "Defense of Charleston Harbor."</p>

<p>Gen. W. B. Taliaferro, who had commanded a division
in Jackson's corps, army of Northern Virginia, and was
now serving under General Beauregard, was ordered to
take command on Morris island on the 13th of July, and
relieved Colonel Graham on the 14th. He reported the
enemy had his pickets three-quarters of a mile in front;
was busy erecting batteries along the hills 1,300 and
2,000 yards distant; that his riflemen were annoying, and
that the fleet had thrown some 300 shell and shot during
the day. On the night of the 14th, General Taliaferro
ordered Major Rion to make a reconnoissance of the
position in front, and gave him command of 150 men for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
this purpose, detachments from Colonel Graham's garrison&mdash;Seventh
South Carolina battalion, Twenty-first
South Carolina, Twelfth and Eighteenth Georgia, and
Fifty-first North Carolina. Major Rion was directed to
drive in the enemy's pickets and feel his way until he
encountered a supporting force. The duty was gallantly
and well done. Rion pushed the pickets back, first upon
their reserves and then upon a brigade in position, and
moved on them so rapidly that the fire of the brigade
was delivered into its retreating comrades. Accomplishing
the purpose of the reconnoissance, Rion withdrew to
the ridge 200 yards in advance of the fort.</p>

<p>Graham's gallant garrison was now relieved and Fort
Wagner occupied by the Charleston battalion, Lieut.-Col.
Peter C. Gaillard; Fifty-first North Carolina, Col.
Hector McKethan; Thirty-first North Carolina, Lieut.-Col.
C. W. Knight; the companies of Capts. W. T. Tatom
and Warren Adams, of the First South Carolina infantry
(drilled as artillery); Captains Dixon's and Buckner's companies,
Sixty-third Georgia infantry and heavy artillery;
section of howitzers, De Saussure's artillery, under Capt.
W. L. De Pass, and a section of howitzers under Lieut.
L. D. Waties, First South Carolina artillery. Lieut.-Col.
J. C. Simkins was in command of all the batteries,
as chief of artillery.</p>

<p>The right flank was assigned to Lieutenant-Colonel
Gaillard, the center to Colonel McKethan, and the left
to Lieutenant-Colonel Knight. The mortar battery,
which fired at intervals of thirty minutes, was under
charge of Captain Tatom. Outside the fort, two of Colonel
Gaillard's companies, under Capt. Julius Blake, held
the sand-hills along the beach and the face extending
from the sally-port to the beach.</p>

<p>The artillery commands fired on the Federal working
parties and the monitors at intervals. The bombardment
was continued by the fleet throughout the 15th, 16th and
17th, three hundred or more heavy shot and shell being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>
thrown on each of these days. The casualties in the fort
were not numerous, and the damage done in the day was
repaired at night. Meanwhile the enemy's land batteries
were pressed forward, the nearest being within the
fort's range.</p>

<p>On the morning of the 18th, the batteries in front and
the fleet on the flank opened on Wagner a concentrated
fire from guns of the heaviest caliber. The Ironsides,
five monitors and the gunboats Paul Jones, Ottawa, Seneca,
Chippewa and Wissahickon, steamed within close
range. General Gillmore's 10-inch mortars, 10, 20 and 30
pounder Parrott rifles, thirty-six pieces of powerful artillery,
all opened on the fort, and kept up the bombardment
for the whole day and until 7:45 in the evening.
Major Johnson's careful estimate is that the bombardment
was from a total of sixty-four guns and mortars. Wagner,
Gregg, Sumter, Moultrie and batteries on James island
replied, but the fire from the island and from Moultrie
was at too great a range to be effective. The bombardment
became heaviest about midday, and for nearly eight
hours one hundred guns, in attack and defense, were filling
the air with clouds of smoke and peals of thunder.
Most of the men were kept in the bomb-proof. The gun
detachments filled the embrasures with sand-bags and
covered the light pieces in the same way, keeping close
under the merlons. Gaillard and Ramsay stuck to the
parapet on the right, and the gallant battalion stuck to
them. With only the protection of the parapet and the
merlons, "with an heroic intrepidity never surpassed,"
says General Taliaferro, "the Charleston battalion maintained
their position without flinching during the entire
day."</p>

<p>As night came on, General Seymour formed his column
of three brigades for the assault. We quote from his
report:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>It was suggested to me that the brigade of General
Strong would suffice, but it was finally understood that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>
all the force of my command should be held ready for
the work. The division was accordingly formed on the
beach and moved to the front. It consisted of three fine
brigades: The First, under Brigadier-General Strong, was
composed of the Forty-eighth New York, Colonel Barton;
Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania, Captain Littell; Third
New Hampshire, Colonel Jackson; Sixth Connecticut,
Colonel Chatfield; Ninth Maine, Colonel Emery, and
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts [negro troops], Colonel Shaw.
The Second brigade, under Colonel Putnam, consisted of
the Seventh New Hampshire, Lieutenant-Colonel Abbott;
One Hundredth New York, Colonel Dandy; Sixty-second
Ohio, Colonel Pond; Sixty-seventh Ohio, Colonel Voris.
The Third brigade was commanded by Brigadier-General
Stevenson, and consisted of four excellent regiments.</p></blockquote>

<p>General Strong's brigade was to lead, with the Massachusetts
regiment in front; Colonel Putnam's promptly
to support General Strong, "if it became necessary,"
and Stevenson's was held in reserve. The hour of twilight
was selected "to prevent accurate firing by the
enemy". The bayonet alone was to be used by the
assailants. "The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts, a colored
regiment of excellent character, well officered, with full
ranks, that had conducted itself commendably a few days
previously on James island, was placed in front." Then,
says Seymour, "the First brigade launched forward.
It had not moved far, before the fort, liberated somewhat
from the presence of our fire, opened with rapid discharges
of grape and canister, and its parapet was lit by
a living line of musketry. More than half the distance
was well passed when, present myself with the column,
I saw that to overcome such resistance, overpowering
force must be employed."</p>

<p>Seymour, now wounded, ordered up Putnam, as Strong's
brigade "as a mass had already retired, although detached
portions, principally from the Forty-eighth New
York and Sixth Connecticut, with the colors of those
regiments, still clung to the fort." Putnam at first
declined to obey General Seymour, alleging that he had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>
Gillmore's order to remain where he was. Meanwhile,
portions of the Sixth Connecticut and Forty-eighth New
York were vainly endeavoring to scale the parapet or
were bravely dying on its crest. Some had gained the
crest and the interior of the southeast salient, where the
defense was assigned to the Thirty-first North Carolina.
This regiment, which had an honorable record, and was
yet to distinguish itself on many a field, was seized with
panic in the bomb-proof at the first alarm and could not
be got to the parapet. The whole bastion was undefended
by infantry at the crisis of the attack.</p>

<p>Finally, Putnam came on and met the grape and canister
and musketry of the fort, which broke his column to
pieces. He gallantly led the mass of survivors against
the left bastion, and mounting the parapet, entered the
bastion enclosure with a hundred or more of his men.
Here they maintained themselves for an hour until finally
overcome, Colonel Putnam being killed, and the whole
Federal attacking force on the outside of the bastion
retreating along the beach. On leaving the field, impressed
with the force and character of the defense, General
Seymour had twice ordered the brigade under General
Stevenson to follow Putnam, but the order was not
obeyed, and that brigade took no part in the action. In
the above account of the attack we have followed the
report of General Seymour.</p>

<p>General Taliaferro says:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>As the enemy advanced, they were met by a shower
of grape and canister from our guns, and a terrible fire of
musketry from the Charleston battalion and the Fifty-first
North Carolina. These two commands gallantly maintained
their position and drove the enemy back quickly
from their front, with immense slaughter. In the meantime,
the advance, pushing forward, entered the ditch and
ascended the work at the extreme left salient of the land
face, and occupied it. I at once ordered Lieutenant-Colonel
Gaillard to keep up a severe enfilading fire to his
left, and directed the field pieces on the left of the fort
outside the sally-port to direct their fire to the right, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>
as to sweep the ditch and exterior slope of that part of
the work thus occupied, thus preventing the escape or
reinforcement of the enemy at that point. The main
body of the enemy, after a vain attempt to pass over our
field of fire, retreated under the fire of our artillery and
the shells of Fort Sumter.</p></blockquote>

<p>Calling for volunteers to dislodge the force in the salient,
Maj. J. R. McDonald, Fifty-first North Carolina,
and Captain Ryan, Charleston battalion, promptly
responded, with their men. Ryan was selected and
ordered to charge the salient. Instantly leading his men
forward, he was killed in front of them, and this caused
his command to hesitate and lose the opportunity. Fighting
bravely, the Connecticut men and those of Putnam's
brigade clung to the parapet and the interior of the salient,
and suffered from the fire of the Fifty-first North
Carolina whenever they exposed themselves above the
work, or made any advance toward the interior of the
fort. It was now past 10 o'clock, and General Hagood
reached the fort with the Thirty-second Georgia. This
regiment was sent along the parapet on the left and took
position on the bomb-proof, and so completely commanded
the force in the salient, that on demand they surrendered.</p>

<p>Thus the second assault on Wagner terminated after a
bloody and heroic struggle. It cost the Confederates
a small loss in numbers, but a rich sacrifice in the character
of the men who lost their lives in its splendid defense.
Lieutenant-Colonel Simkins, standing on the
ramparts and cheering his artillery, fell in the heat of
the battle, "a noble type, living and dying, of the gentleman
and the brave soldier." Capt. William H. Ryan,
devoted to his adopted country, honored and prized by his
comrades, the gallant chief of the Irish volunteers, was
killed leading them against the force who occupied the
salient. Capt. William T. Tatom, an educated soldier,
cool, true and brave, fell by the side of his guns. Maj.
David Ramsay, worthy to stand by the side of the heroic
commander of the Charleston battalion, type of the cul<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>tured
citizen, worthy of the blood of Henry Laurens,
scholar, soldier and hero, yielded his life at Battery
Wagner, an offering of his love for South Carolina,
though he had opposed her secession from the Union he
cherished. The commanding general lost his gallant
aide, Capt. P. H. Waring, who was killed by the side of
his chief. Two others of his staff, Capt. W. E. Stoney,
adjutant-general, and Capt. H. D. D. Twiggs, were
severely wounded. The total loss in the fort was 181;
5 officers and 31 soldiers killed; 17 officers and 116 soldiers
wounded; 1 officer and 4 soldiers captured. The
Federal loss reported was 1,515; 28 officers and 218 soldiers
killed; 75 officers and 805 soldiers wounded; 8 officers
and 381 soldiers captured. Among the slain were
Brigadier-General Strong and Colonels Putnam, Chatfield
and Shaw. Each of these officers displayed the highest
gallantry, and died on the rampart or in the immediate
front of the attack.</p>

<p>Major Gilchrist, describing the scene of conflict the
morning after the battle, thus speaks of the heroic dead:
"In the salient and on the ramparts they lay heaped
and pent, in some places three deep. Among them Colonel
Putnam, with the back part of his head blown off;
still the remarkable beauty of his face and form evoked
from his victorious foes a sigh of pity. On the crest,
with but few of his "sable troop" beside the flag he had
vainly planted, was the corpse of the youthful Colonel
Shaw." The wounded, Confederate and Federal alike,
were sent to the hospitals in Charleston, and received
every attention from the medical corps. The Federal
dead were buried on the field "to be unearthed again by
the advancing sap and Federal shells."</p>

<p>We extract from the reports and accounts the following
incidents: By the explosion of a 15-inch shell and the
falling of tons of sand, General Taliaferro was so completely
buried that it was necessary to dig him out with
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>spades. During the heaviest period of the bombardment,
about 2 p. m., the flag halyards were cut and the
flag fell into the fort. Instantly Major Ramsay, Lieutenant
Readick, Sixty-third Georgia (artillery), Sergeant
Shelton and Private Flinn, Charleston battalion, sprang
upon the parapet, raised and refastened the flag. Seeing
the flag fall, Capt. R. H. Barnwell, of the engineers,
seized a battle-flag and planted it on the ramparts.
Again the flag was shot away, and Private Gilliland,
Charleston battalion, immediately raised and restored it
to its place. Lieut. J. H. Powe, of the First South Carolina
artillery, so distinguished himself at his gun as to
be specially and conspicuously mentioned, with Lieutenant
Waties and Captains Adams, Buckner, Dixon and
De Pass, for unsurpassed conduct. Lieut.-Col. D. B.
Harris, chief engineer of the department, came down to
the fort in the midst of the terrific cannonade. His cool
and gallant bearing and well-known ability and judgment
inspired confidence and contributed to the morale of the
garrison. The signal made by General Gillmore to
Admiral Dahlgren, fixing twilight as the time of assault,
was read by the Confederate signal corps and duly transmitted
to General Beauregard.</p>

<p>Maj. Lewis Butler, Sixty-seventh Ohio, in Colonel
Putnam's column, was by the side of that officer when
he was killed. He bore testimony to the care of the Federal
wounded, saying that General Beauregard's order directed
"that special care be taken of the wounded captured
at Wagner, as men who were brave enough to go in there
deserved the respect of the enemy;" and that "the
effects, money and papers, belonging to members of the
Sixty-seventh Ohio who died in Charleston hospital, were
sent through the lines by flag of truce."</p>

<p>About the 11th of August, during a heavy fire on Wagner,
a 15-inch shell burst in one of the gun chambers, doing
much damage, and mortally wounding and killing several
at the gun. Among the former was First Sergt.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>
T. H. Tynes, Company A, Lucas' battalion of artillery.
Capt. John H. Gary, seeing his gallant sergeant fall,
went at once to him, and was overcome by the sight of
his terrible wound. "I am dying, Captain, but I am
glad it is me, and not you." Devoted to his sergeant,
Gary burst into tears, when Tynes gasped, almost with
his last breath, "I can be spared; but our country can't
spare you, Captain." His noble-hearted captain fell at
the same gun the next day. Gary was an accomplished
young officer, of the highest promise, beloved and honored
by his command, and distinguished for his personal
gallantry.</p>

<p>Speaking of Wagner and its remarkable strength,
Major Johnson, than whom no more competent judge
could testify as to the qualities of a defensive work, pays
this tribute:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Not only had the massive earthwork proved the thoroughness
of its plan and construction by its wonderful
endurance, but the batteries had been so well protected
on the faces of the work as to admit of their being put
into immediate condition and readiness for action. This
was due to the thoughtful and energetic measures adopted
during the day, such as stopping the embrasures with
sand-bags, and even covering many of the lighter guns on
the land side so as to prevent them from injury until
they were needed. Most of all, the care taken to preserve
the magazine from danger was now to be proved and
rewarded.</p></blockquote>

<p>Brigadier-General Davis, at that time colonel of the
One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania, and in Gillmore's
command, says of Wagner in "Annals of the
War," Philadelphia Times, 1879: "This was one of the
strongest earthworks ever built, and gave evidence of the
highest order of engineering ability."</p>

<p>After the signal defeat of this last attempt, July 18th,
to carry Battery Wagner by storm, General Gillmore
proceeded to lay siege to the fort, and approached by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>
regular sap.<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> The limits of this history will not permit
a detailed account of this most interesting period of the
history of Battery Wagner and Fort Sumter. In Major
Johnson's book the full record will be found, and in the
reports and correspondence published by act of Congress,
the history and progress of the siege are related in every
particular.</p>

<p>The following incidents embracing a period of fifty days
are given from the records: On July 20th the fort was
subjected to a combined attack by the batteries on land
and water, and on the 23d, the second parallel was opened
within 870 yards of the fort. Another attack from the
fleet and the batteries followed on the 24th, and for five
hours the fort was assaulted by the bombardment. During
this period Wagner, Gregg and the batteries from
James island fired incessantly on the enemy's working
parties. Daily for the remainder of the month of July,
the fleet assaulted the fort, and the land batteries fired
throughout the night. On August 10th the third parallel
was established, 540 yards distant. During this night
Wagner, Sumter and the James island batteries drove off
the enemy's working parties. The heavy guns of the
enemy being advanced, he opened breaching batteries on
the gorge wall of Sumter, firing over Wagner, and the
fleet engaged Fort Sumter.</p>

<p>Covering the period August 16th to 26th, Major Johnson
makes the notes following:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>August 16th. Engineers' working force, 350 to 450,
having been engaged day and night for six weeks, has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
converted the two faces of Sumter nearest to Morris island
into a compact redan of sand, encased with brick, having
a height of 40 feet and general thickness of 25 feet, with
portions of the gorge 35 to 40 feet thick. Upward of
twenty guns have been removed from the armament
since July, leaving but thirty-eight for the present service
of the fort.</p>

<p>August 17th. First day of the great bombardment of
Fort Sumter; 948 shot from eleven guns on Morris island
and from the fleet. Wagner and Gregg under fire from
the land batteries and fourteen vessels. Wagner fought
the fleet with three guns for more than an hour. Capt.
J. M. Wampler, of the engineers, was killed at Wagner.</p>

<p>August 18th. Fourteen guns from Morris island firing
on Sumter; three ironclads, five gunboats, and siege
batteries on Wagner.</p>

<p>August 19th. The Ironsides fires on Wagner all day
and fifteen guns from breaching batteries on Sumter.
Working parties stopped by Wagner's picket fire from the
ridge in front.</p>

<p>August 20th. Eighteen guns fire on Sumter, one
being a 300-pounder Parrott rifle; range from 3,447 to
4,290 yards. Twenty-five thousand pounds of powder
removed from the fort. Wagner shelled all day by fleet,
Ironsides and four gunboats. Marsh battery (between
Morris and James islands), designed to fire upon Charleston
at 7,000 yards, completed by the enemy.</p>

<p>August 21st. More powder (9,700 pounds) removed
from Sumter. General Gillmore demands the surrender
of Fort Sumter with the immediate evacuation of Morris
island. Assault made on "the ridge" in front of Wagner
and repulsed. General Gillmore on Morris island, in his
demand for Sumter and the evacuation of the island,
gave General Beauregard four hours to answer, failing in
that time to receive his reply he threatened to fire upon
the city, and did so, its sleeping inhabitants having no
notice whatever. This act of uncivilized warfare was
properly rebuked by General Beauregard, and due time
was allowed for the removal of women and children, and
the hospitals, with their sick and wounded.</p>

<p>August 22d. Sixth day for Sumter. Only four guns
left in serviceable condition. Main flagstaff falling, colors
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>were flown from the crest of the gorge. A night
attack by five monitors, firing about fifty shells in the
direction of the western magazines, was serious. The
fort replied with two guns, firing six shots, the last fired
from its walls. The monitors drew a heavy fire on themselves
from Fort Moultrie. The rear-admiral, desiring
to "force the obstructions," prepared three or four times
to do so, but never reached them. Casualties, 5 wounded.</p>

<p>August 23d. Seventh day. Sumter soon reduced to
one gun (Keokuk's) in good condition, and two guns
partly serviceable. Work pressed to secure magazine
from danger of another attack by monitors firing in
reverse. Flagstaff twice shot away; more powder
shipped; casualties, 6 wounded. The fort is breached
and demolished by seven days' firing (total, 5,009 rounds)
at the close of the first period of the great bombardment.</p>

<p>August 24th. Council of defense held by the chief
engineers and colonel commanding. The second period
opens with only one-fourth of the daily rate of firing
hitherto received. General Gillmore urges upon the rear-admiral
the scheme of cutting off communications from
Morris island by picket-boats off Cummings point. Second
failure to carry "the ridge" in front of Wagner (25th).</p>

<p>August 27th to 29th. Capture of "the ridge" and pickets
of Morris island by Union charge (26th). Three
days of nearly suspended firing on Sumter.</p>

<p>August 30th. Heavy shelling of Fort Sumter from
the breaching batteries; casualties, 5; damages caused
by the 10-inch rifle (300-pounder) very severe. Recovery
of guns by night from the ruins, and shipment to city by
gang under Asst. Eng. J. Fraser Mathewes. This night,
transport steamer Sumter with troops, fired upon by mistake
and sunk by Fort Moultrie.</p>

<p>August 31st. Fort Sumter received only fifty-six shots.
Fort Moultrie engaged with four monitors for four hours,
suffering no damage. Maj.-Gen. J. F. Gilmer announced
as second in command at Charleston.</p>

<p>September 1st. Mortar firing on Wagner disabled four
guns. Fort Sumter suffers again from the heavy Parrotts,
382 shots, and in the night from the ironclad squadron,
245 shots, crumbling the walls and threatening the
magazine as before; casualties, 4; the fort had not a gun
to reply. This attack of the ironclads ends the second
period of the first great bombardment. The work of
saving guns from the ruins and removing them to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>
inner harbor began on the night of August 27th, and proceeded
regularly from this date forward.</p>

<p>September 2d. Desultory fire on Fort Sumter. The
sap approaches within 80 yards of Wagner.</p>

<p>September 3d and 4th. Wagner under fire and returning
it, assisted by Gregg and the James island guns. On
the night of the 4th, Major Elliott relieved Colonel Rhett
in command of Fort Sumter. Failure, same night, of
the plan to assault Cummings point (Battery Gregg).</p>

<p>September 5th. Slow fire from batteries and New
Ironsides on Wagner. The assault on Battery Gregg,
Cummings point, made and repulsed on the night of 5th.</p>

<p>September 6th. Head of sap opposite the ditch (east)
of Wagner.</p></blockquote>

<p>This was the last day of Wagner's defense, and the
fifty-eighth day of the attack by land and sea. The sap
had progressed on the sea face so far as to enable a large
force to move on that flank and gain the rear of the fort,
while the whole front was covered by the last parallel
within 50 yards of the fort. The fire of the fleet and
mortar fire from the trenches, with incessant fire along the
parapet by the land batteries, made it fatal work for most
of the fort's sharpshooters, and the gun detachments.</p>

<p>The garrison of the fort at this memorable period was
as follows: Col. Lawrence M. Keitt, commanding;
Maj. H. Bryan, adjutant-general; Capt. Thomas M.
Huguenin, First South Carolina infantry (artillery),
chief of artillery; Capt. F. D. Lee and Lieut. R. M.
Stiles, engineers; Lieut. Edmund Mazyck, ordnance
officer. The artillery: Captain Kanapaux's company,
Lafayette South Carolina artillery; Company A, First
South Carolina infantry (artillery), Lieut. J. L. Wardlaw;
Company A, Second South Carolina artillery, Capt.
W. M. Hunter; Company E, Palmetto battalion artillery,
Capt. J. D. Johnson. The infantry: Twenty-fifth South
Carolina, Lieut.-Col. John G. Pressley; Twenty-seventh
Georgia, Maj. James Gardner; Twenty-eighth Georgia,
Capt. W. P. Crawford. The total for duty was less than
900 men and officers, infantry and artillery.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>

<p>During the day of the 6th, about 100 casualties were
reported by Colonel Keitt. On this day Colonel Keitt,
after consulting his engineers, reported to General Ripley
the situation at the fort as desperate and recommended
its evacuation, and added: "If our sacrifice be of benefit,
I am ready. Let it be said so, and I will storm the
enemy's works at once.... Before day dawns we should
assault him if we remain here. Answer positively and
at once." This dispatch was sent at 3:15 p. m., and at
5 o'clock General Ripley signaled Colonel Keitt to
prepare to leave the fort at night. The evacuation was
successfully accomplished, the rear guard leaving Cummings
point at 1:30 a. m. on the 7th. The infantry having
left the fort by midnight, its command was turned
over to the rear guard, under Captain Huguenin, 25 men,
Company A, First South Carolina infantry (artillery),
10 men, Twenty-fifth South Carolina, under Lieuts. F. B.
Brown, R. M. Taft and James A. Ross. Capt. C. C.
Pinckney, ordnance officer of the First district, Lieut.
Edmund Mazyck, ordnance officer of Wagner, were also
present and assisting Captain Huguenin.</p>

<p>At 12:30 the rear guard was withdrawn from the parapet
and marched out of the fort for Cummings point.
Huguenin, Pinckney, Mazyck, Ross and Ordnance Sergeant
Leathe alone remained to lay the slow match
which had been carefully prepared. Captain Huguenin
reports: "In five minutes the train was fixed." Captain
Pinckney reports regarding the spiking of the guns:
"The vents of most of the pieces were greatly enlarged.
In most cases the spikes dropped in loosely, and we were
obliged to use two or three of them. We could have
remedied this by driving them in and hammering the
edges over the orifice, but absolute quiet was obviously
necessary." The 10-inch columbiad was prepared for
bursting. Ross took the lanyard and Huguenin gave the
order: "The last gun from Battery Wagner, fire!"
The primer failed! Another failed! A cartridge from a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>
Whitworth rifle was opened and the vent primed, but from
some unknown cause the piece could not be fired. The
fire from the parapet having ceased, and the enemy
being just under the fort, Captain Huguenin lit the slow
match to the magazine. The fuse burned brightly and
the officers left the fort. But no explosion followed!
The fort was under the fire of mortars, and doubtless a
bursting shell cut, or put out the fuse; and the disabled
fortress remained for the enemy's inspection.</p>

<p>At Battery Gregg, Capt. H. R. Lesesne successfully
spiked his two 10-inch guns, spiked and threw overboard
the other pieces, and fired the magazine. The
transportation for the garrisons of Wagner and Gregg was
skillfully collected at Cummings point and managed with
perfect order by Lieut.-Col. O. M. Dantzler, Twentieth
South Carolina.</p>

<p>The Confederate ironclads Palmetto State and Chicora
sent their boats to assist in taking off the command of
Colonel Keitt. The enemy's guard-boats from the rear
of Morris island were very active and attacked the transport
furiously, at long range. Overtaking two small
boats, carrying some forty-odd men, under Lieutenant
Hasker of the Confederate navy, they took both boats,
and thus the Federal navy secured the only prisoners
taken during the evacuation.</p>

<p>Referring to Major Johnson's journal of August 21st,
25th and 26th, and September 5th, mention is there made
of attacks on "the ridge" in front of Wagner, and on Battery
Gregg. These events will now be noticed more in
detail. On the 21st, a force of the enemy charged the
ridge and were repulsed, but established their line
behind sand hillocks within 20 yards of the picket line.
Lieutenant-Colonel Dantzler, with the Twentieth South
Carolina, reinforced the pickets, crossed the ridge, and
drove back the force in the hillocks, re-establishing the
vidette stations and inflicting severe punishment on the
intruders. General Hagood, commanding at the time at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>
Battery Wagner, reported the gallant and zealous service
of Colonel Dantzler, and the splendid conduct of his
command on this occasion.</p>

<p>On the 25th, the attack on the ridge was repeated with
more determination and was repulsed with heavy loss to
the assailants, and 25 casualties on the part of the defense.
The fire of Wagner's picket line from the ridge
had been so faithful and so effective that Gillmore's chief
engineer reported that the sap could not advance unless
it was silenced. "The engineer officers of the sap
express the earnest wish that the enemy be driven out of
the ridge with the bayonet."</p>

<p>On the 26th, General Gillmore "ordered General Terry
to take and hold the ridge, and placed the resources of
the command at his disposal for that purpose." On the
evening of the 26th a Federal brigade charged and carried
the coveted prize, capturing 67 prisoners, the larger
part of the force holding the ridge. The engineer in
charge of the sap remarked upon the position: "Rude
rifle-pits in the excellent natural cover afforded by the
ridge, were found, and sand-bags of a superior quality
had been freely used for loopholes and traverses."</p>

<p>On September 5th, the signals between General Gillmore
and Admiral Dahlgren apprised General Ripley of
an intended boat attack by way of Vincent's creek on
Battery Gregg, to be made that night. Gregg was accordingly
ready for it. It came about 1:30 o'clock on
the morning of the 6th, and is reported by Captain
Lesesne as follows:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>I ordered the guns trained on the most probable point
of attack, double loaded with canister, one 10-inch gun
bearing on the beach in front and one on the extreme
point in rear. Two 12-pounder howitzers were placed
on the beach to the right of the work (under Lieut. E. W.
Macbeth, First regular infantry) from the right of Battery
Gregg to the beach. The artillery was supported by
Major Gardner, commanding the Twenty-seventh Georgia.
The enemy advanced from the point in about twenty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>
boats; when within 100 yards of the beach I opened
upon them with the 10-inch gun, followed by the howitzers.
The infantry commenced firing shortly afterward.
The enemy returned the fire with their boat howitzers
and musketry. A few succeeded in landing but quickly
returned to their boats. After the fire had been kept up
for about fifteen minutes the whole force retreated. Our
casualties were 1 man mortally and 5 slightly wounded.</p></blockquote>

<p>General Gillmore signaled to Admiral Dahlgren, who
had furnished the boats and crews, that he found Gregg
prepared for the attack and had failed.</p>

<p>During the siege of Wagner, General Gillmore had
established a picket post at the mouth of Vincent's
creek, on the James island side. Lieut.-Com. A. F.
Warley, of the Chicora, with a launch and crew, and
Capt. M. H. Sellers, with a detachment of the Twenty-fifth
South Carolina in boats, the whole under the guidance
of J. Fraser Mathewes, attacked and captured this
picket on the 4th of August, Captain Sellers losing one
of his gallant followers. The night following, Lieut.
Philip Porcher, on the unarmed steamer Juno, with a
crew armed with rifles, was out along Morris island
reconnoitering the fleet. Encountering an armed launch
of the frigate Wabash, Porcher ran her down, attacked
her crew with his rifles and received her surrender, with
most of the crew. The launch was turned over to Commodore
Tucker for his use in the harbor.</p>

<p>The account of the defense of Battery Wagner may
well be concluded with the following extract from Major
Johnson's work:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The hardships of defense in Wagner were certainly
greater while they lasted than those endured in Sumter.... After
the 17th of August, when the breaching batteries
of Morris island were opened on Sumter and its
demolition assured, the holding longer of the northern
end of the island might appear to have been unnecessary.
General Gillmore says truly: "Neither Fort Wagner nor
Battery Gregg possessed any special importance as a
defense against the passage of the ironclad fleet. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>
were simply outposts of Fort Sumter. Fort Wagner in
particular was specially designed to prevent the erection
of breaching batteries against that fort. It was valueless
to the enemy if it failed to accomplish that end, for
the fleet in entering was not obliged to go within effective
range of its guns." Why, then, was it held? The answer
is, General Beauregard estimated it, if no longer an outpost
of Fort Sumter, as indeed an outpost of the city of
Charleston. He held it long enough to enable him to
gain three weeks in perfecting the defenses of James
island and the inner harbor.</p></blockquote>

<p>The following dispatches between General Gillmore
and Admiral Dahlgren, sent during the period July 22d
to September 2d, and read by the Confederate signal
corps, will show from the enemy's point of view how the
conduct of Wagner was regarded, and how her fire damaged
her adversaries:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>July 22d. Dahlgren: We agree that a third assault
of Fort Wagner cannot be made at the present time. I
have made two that were unsuccessful and do not feel
authorized to risk a third just now.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 16th. Dahlgren: I shall open on Fort Sumter
at daylight. Can you commence on Wagner as early as
that?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 16th. Gillmore: The monitors will commence
to move at six and will open soon after. If it is an
object to you, I will open fire earlier, but the tide is very
bad before 6 o'clock for the monitors.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 16th. Dahlgren: If I find the fire from Wagner
too hot, I will stop firing from my advanced batteries until
you get the monitors into action against Wagner.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 17th. Dahlgren: What do you think of the
morning's work?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 17th. Gillmore: Sumter seems greatly damaged.
What do you think?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 17th. Dahlgren: I am satisfied with the firing
thus far. The gorge wall is covered with shot holes.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 19th. Dahlgren: I am now pushing my approaches
to Fort Wagner, and need cover against sorties.
I think I can destroy the traverse and dismount the heavy
gun on the sea front of Wagner with the assistance of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>
powerful fire from the New Ironsides. If that big gun
were out of the way, could a couple of monitors be within
400 or 500 yards of Wagner all the time, night and day?
A deserter says there are at least twenty Quaker guns on
the parapet of Sumter.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 19th. Gillmore: I am going in with the monitors
to feel of Sumter. If the enemy's fire is heavy,
please get your batteries in action.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 21st. Dahlgren: The enemy's sharpshooters
are annoying our advanced batteries seriously. Can you
have it stopped?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 21st. Gillmore: I will try to do so.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 21st. Dahlgren: The fire of Fort Wagner is
very galling. Cannot your monitors keep it down?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 21st. Dahlgren: My approaches are suspended
on account of the sharpshooters on Fort Wagner. Can
you keep down that fire?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 21st. Gillmore: I am going in with the ironclads
to Sumter, and shall open about 11:30 o'clock.
Please give the necessary directions in order that I may
not be fired into.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Gillmore: I have just returned from
above. The Passaic, which was some distance in advance,
got ashore. It took so much time to get her off,
that when I was informed of the fact I would have had
but little time to make the attack before daylight, so it
was unavoidably postponed for to-night.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Dahlgren: I received your dispatch stating
that your attack is postponed until to-night. I think
with our batteries in operation against Sumter she cannot
fire a gun at you even in the daytime, if she has any
to fire, which I doubt.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Gillmore: It is not of Sumter that I am
apprehensive, but of Moultrie and adjacent forts; but
most all of Sumter's have been sent to Moultrie, which
makes no difference in the fire. This I am inclined to
endure rather than have a monitor ashore to defend or
destroy, which would change the whole course of operations.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Gillmore: Wagner is firing rapidly. I
fear she will dismount some of our guns.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Turner</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Dahlgren: Wagner is firing very rapidly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>
There is great danger of dismounting our guns. What
can you do to stop it?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Gillmore: I will send up some monitors
at once.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Turner: Can you not keep down Wagner's
fire with mortars, 30-pounders, Parrotts and sharpshooters?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Gillmore: Is the fire of the ironclads
effectual in silencing the sharpshooters at Fort Wagner?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Dahlgren: Between the gunboats and
our batteries, Wagner's fire has been considerably kept
under.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Dahlgren: Are you going to attack to-night?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 22d. Gillmore: Yes, if the weather will permit.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 23d. Dahlgren: What did you ascertain as to
the condition of Sumter?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 23d. Gillmore: It was so foggy that but little
could be ascertained. We received a very heavy fire from
Moultrie. The admiral is now asleep.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">O. C. Badger</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 23d. Badger: Did you receive any fire from
Fort Sumter?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 23d. Gillmore: She fired two or three times
only, when we first opened.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Badger</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 26th. Gillmore: Would it be convenient for
you to open a heavy fire on Sumter, sustaining it until
nightfall?</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 26th. Dahlgren: I can open a pretty strong
fire on Sumter, if you deem it necessary. One of my
8-inch guns is burst, and others are nearly expended.
Do you think Sumter has any serviceable guns? My calcium
lights can operate to-night on Sumter and the harbor,
unless you wish otherwise, and we can arrange for
investing Morris island.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 26th. Gillmore: I am going to operate on the
obstructions and a portion of my men will be without
cover. I do not fear heavy guns from Sumter, but wish
to keep down the fire of small guns. Your fire will help
me very much. I am sorry that your guns are giving
out.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 26th. Dahlgren: I shall be able, I think, to
light up the waters between Fort Sumter and Cummings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>
point, so that no small boats can approach the latter
without being seen by your picket boats.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 26th. Turner: Open all the guns in the left
batteries on Sumter and keep them going through the
day.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 26th. Gillmore: To-night I shall need all the
darkness I can get. If you light up you will ruin me.
What I did want was the active fire of your batteries this
afternoon on Sumter.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 27th. Dahlgren: Can I take from your vessel
another 8-inch gun and a 100-pounder? I have burst
three 8-inch guns in all. We took 68 prisoners, including
2 officers, and gained 100 yards toward Wagner yesterday.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 27th. Gillmore: You can take the guns with
pleasure. My attempt to pass the forts last night was
frustrated by the bad weather, but chiefly by the setting
in of a strong flood tide.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 27th. Dahlgren: Can you spare me some 200-pounder
shells? My supply is very low. A constant fire
on Sumter is more than my guns can stand very long.
I have lost three 200-pounders.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 29th. Gillmore: Much obliged. All your fire
on Sumter materially lessened the great risk I incur.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>August 29th. Gillmore: I will let you have either
guns or projectiles, as many as you wish, if you will
inform me how much you require.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>September 1st. Gillmore: We have dismounted two
guns on Sumter and injured one this a. m. But two
remain. We are firing with great accuracy.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Lookout</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>September 1st. Gillmore: I am glad the batteries are
doing good execution. I hope you will give me the full
benefit of your fire, as I intend to be in action to-night,
if nothing prevents. I would advise great care in handling
the hand grenades, as one of my men was killed
and two wounded by a very ordinary accident.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>September 2d. Gillmore: I think your fire on Sumter
may be omitted to-day. Have just returned from above
and am trying to get a little rest. I do not know what
damage our fire did Sumter. My chief of staff wounded;
his leg broken.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br />
</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p>

<p>September 2d Adams: I wish to know if Sumter
fired at the monitors last night while they were in action.
Do not disturb the admiral if he is asleep, but please get
me the information, as it will determine whether I continue
firing on Sumter to-day.</p>

<p>
<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br />
</p>

<p>September 2d. Gillmore: Not to my knowledge.</p></blockquote>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> In his final report he said: "The formidable strength
of Fort Wagner induced a modification of the plan of operations,
or rather a change in the order previously determined upon. The
demolition of Fort Sumter was the object in view as preliminary to
the entrance of the ironclads.... To save valuable time, it was
determined to attempt the demolition of Sumter from ground already in
our possession, so that the ironclads could enter upon the execution of
their part of the programme, ... and arrangements were at once
commenced, and the necessary orders given to place the breaching
guns in position. Arrangements were also made to press the siege
of Fort Wagner by regular approaches."</p></div>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN&mdash;GALLANT SERVICE OF
PERRIN'S AND KERSHAW'S BRIGADES&mdash;HAMPTON'S
CAVALRY AT BRANDY STATION.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">The</span> spring had gone and summer had opened in
Virginia, when, seeing no indications of aggressive
movement on the part of the Federal army lying
opposite him on the Rappahannock, General Lee determined
to draw it from his Fredericksburg base and compel
it to follow his movements or attack him in position.
General Lee's plan involved the movement of his army
by its left to Orange and Culpeper, the crossing of the
Blue ridge into the Shenandoah valley, the crossing of
the Potomac, and the march of his whole force directly
on Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania.</p>

<p>The army of Northern Virginia was now organized in
three corps, commanded by Lieutenant-Generals Longstreet,
Ewell and A. P. Hill. Longstreet's division commanders
were McLaws, Pickett and Hood; Ewell's,
Early, Rodes and Johnson; A. P. Hill's, Anderson,
Heth and Pender. Still in the division of the gallant
McLaws, under Longstreet, associated with Barksdale's
Mississippians and Semmes' and Wofford's Georgians,
was the South Carolina brigade of Gen. J. B. Kershaw.
Also in the First corps were the batteries of Capt. Hugh
R. Garden (Palmetto) and Captain Bachman's German
artillery, with Hood's division, and the Brooks (Rhett's)
battery, Lieut. S. C. Gilbert, in Alexander's battalion of
Walton's reserve artillery. Gen. Micah Jenkins' South
Carolina brigade, of Pickett's division, Longstreet's
corps, was detached for special duty on the Blackwater,
in southeast Virginia, under Maj.-Gen. D. H. Hill. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>
the Third army corps (A. P. Hill's), South Carolina was
represented by McGowan's brigade, Hill's light division&mdash;North
Carolinians, South Carolinians and Georgians&mdash;now
being commanded by Pender, and the South Carolina
brigade by Col. Abner Perrin. Maj. C. W. McCreary
commanded the First regiment, Capt. W. M. Hadden
the First rifles, Capt. J. L. Miller the Twelfth, Lieut.-Col.
B. T. Brockman the Thirteenth, and Lieut.-Col.
J. N. Brown the Fourteenth. With the Third corps also
was the Pee Dee artillery, Lieut. W. E. Zimmerman.
In the cavalry corps of Maj.-Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, Brig.-Gen.
Wade Hampton commanded his brigade, including
the First and Second South Carolina cavalry, and Capt.
J. F. Hart's South Carolina battery was part of the horse
artillery under Major Beckham.</p>

<p>Thus it will be seen that there were two infantry brigades,
five batteries, and two cavalry regiments of South
Carolina troops in the army of General Lee on this march
into Pennsylvania. Evans' and Gist's brigades were in
Mississippi with General Johnston, and Manigault's
brigade was with General Bragg's army at Chattanooga.
Attached to those commands or serving in the West, were
the batteries of Captains Ferguson, Culpeper, Waties and
Macbeth. Most of the South Carolina troops of all arms
were engaged in the defense of Charleston and the coast
of the State, then being attacked by a powerful fleet and
a Federal army.</p>

<p>On June 7th the corps of Longstreet and Ewell, with
the main body of the cavalry under Stuart, were encamped
around Culpeper Court House; Hill's corps
being in position at Fredericksburg in front of General
Hooker. The latter, vaguely aware of a campaign at
hand, sent his cavalry, under General Pleasanton, up the
Rappahannock to gain information. Pleasanton crossed
his cavalry, supported by infantry and artillery, at Kelly's
and Beverly fords, and advanced upon Brandy Station,
one column approaching that railroad station from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>
northeast (Beverly ford), the other from the southeast
(Kelly's ford). The road from Beverly ford, before
reaching the station, passes over a high ridge on which
is the hamlet of Fleetwood. On the morning of June
9th, Jones' cavalry brigade was covering Beverly ford,
and Robertson's, Kelly's ford. The Federal columns
drove off the pickets at the two fords and marched
directly to the attack. Before Robertson's brigade had
assembled, General Stuart sent the First South Carolina,
Col. John L. Black, down the Kelly's Ford road to check
the advance until Robertson could take position. This
duty was well done by the First, until relieved by Robertson,
when the regiment went into battle on the Beverly
road with Hampton. As soon as the firing in front was
heard, General Hampton mounted his brigade and moved
from his camp rapidly through the station and over the
Fleetwood ridge to support Jones on the Beverly Ford road,
leaving the Second South Carolina, Col. M. C. Butler, to
guard the station. Throwing his brigade immediately
into action on the right of General Jones, and in support,
the division, after severe fighting, drove the column of
attack back. At this juncture the Federal force which
moved up the Kelly's Ford road had reached the railroad
and was taking possession of the Fleetwood ridge in rear
of the engagement on the Beverly Ford road. General
Stuart promptly ordered his brigades to concentrate upon
this, the main attacking force, and the battle followed
for the possession of the ridge. The brigades of Hampton,
Jones and W. H. F. Lee by repeated charges, front
and flank, swept the hill, captured the artillery which
had been placed on its summit, and drove the enemy in
full retreat for the river. His strong infantry and artillery
support checked the pursuit and covered his crossing.
The First South Carolina lost 3 killed and 9 wounded,
among the latter the gallant Captains Robin Ap C. Jones
and J. R. P. Fox.</p>

<p>Meanwhile the Second South Carolina had been fight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>ing,
single-handed, an unequal battle on the road running
from the station to Stevensburg, 5 or 6 miles south, and
beyond that place on the road leading to Kelly's ford.
A column of cavalry, with artillery, had advanced from
Kelly's toward Stevensburg with the evident intention
of moving up from that place to the support of the
attack at Fleetwood, and if it had reached the field of
battle in the rear of Stuart, might have turned the day in
Pleasanton's favor. But, being advised of this menacing
movement, General Stuart sent Colonel Butler's regiment,
220 strong, down the Stevensburg road to meet
and check it. Leading the advance of Butler's regiment,
Lieut.-Col. Frank Hampton met and drove back the Federal
advance beyond Stevensburg. Then Butler formed
his command across and to the left of the road at Doggett's
house, about 1½ miles beyond Stevensburg,
and stood ready to dispute the advance of the main
body of the enemy. Lieutenant-Colonel Hampton was
charged with the defense of the road, with a few sharpshooters
and one company, Capt. T. H. Clark's. Here
he held the right for a half hour, while Butler and Major
Lipscomb resisted the attack in the center and on the
left, the line of defense being nearly a mile in length.</p>

<p>Massing his squadrons, the enemy charged the right,
and to break the force of the onset, Lieutenant-Colonel
Hampton, with 36 men, dashed forward at the head of
his column. He fell mortally wounded, and the onrushing
squadrons scattered his little band. Butler retired
his center and left up the Brandy Station road and took
post on an eminence at Beckham's house, where his command
was reinforced by a squadron from the Fourth
Virginia, sent by General Stuart and led by Capt. W. D.
Farley of his staff. While holding this position a shell
from one of the enemy's batteries passed through Colonel
Butler's horse, shattered his leg below the knee, and
mortally wounded the gallant Farley. The artillery fire
was sweeping the road and the hill, and the Federal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>
squadrons were forming to charge, when the men offered
to bear Farley off. Smiling, with grateful thanks, he
told them to stand to their rifles, and to carry Butler out
of the fire. Then, with expressions of resignation to his
fate and devotion to his country, he expired on the field.
Major Lipscomb took command and drew off slowly
toward Brandy Station. But the battle had been won for
the Confederates at Fleetwood, and Lipscomb soon had
opportunity to advance and drive the Federals before him
in the general retreat, until he posted his pickets at the
river. In this famous cavalry battle Stuart captured 375
prisoners, 3 pieces of artillery and several colors.</p>

<p>A few days later, being satisfied that General Lee was
beyond his right flank in force, Hooker began moving
his army to keep between Lee and Washington. Meanwhile
Ewell marched upon Milroy at Winchester in the
Valley, attacked and captured 4,000 prisoners and 28
pieces of artillery, and cleared the Valley for Lee's
advance.</p>

<p>General Lee now ordered up A. P. Hill's corps to join
in the march for the Potomac. Kershaw's brigade, with
McLaws, marched to Sperryville on the 16th, thence to
Ashby's gap, where Rice's battalion rejoined the command,
crossed the Shenandoah at Berry's ford on the
20th, recrossed and formed line of battle to meet a threatened
attack on the 21st, and then continuing, crossed the
Potomac on the 26th and encamped near Williamsport.
Reaching Chambersburg, Pa., on the 28th of June, they
remained there until the 30th, then marching to Fayetteville.
McGowan's brigade, with A. P. Hill, also occupied
a position near Fayetteville on the 29th. Stuart's
cavalry, moving on Longstreet's right flank, left General
Hampton on the Rappahannock to watch the enemy. On
the 17th, Fitzhugh Lee's brigade made a splendid fight at
Aldie, but Pleasanton occupied that place with a large
force, and Stuart called Hampton and his other scattered
commands together at Middleburg. Here he was at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>tacked
by cavalry, infantry and artillery on the 21st.
Hampton and Jones received the attack gallantly, but
were compelled to retire. Here, said General Stuart in
his report, "one of the pieces of Captain Hart's battery
of horse artillery had the axle broken by one of the
enemy's shot, and the piece had to be abandoned, which
is the first piece of my horse artillery that has ever
fallen into the enemy's hands. Its full value was paid
in the slaughter it made in the enemy's ranks, and it
was well sold." The fight was renewed at Upperville,
before Ashby's gap, and there, said Stuart, "General
Hampton's brigade participated largely and in a brilliant
manner." On the night of the 24th, Stuart's brigades rendezvoused
secretly near Salem Depot, and started toward
Washington, encountering Hancock's corps marching
north, at Gum Spring. When Hancock had passed they
moved to Fairfax Station, where Hampton's advance
had a brisk fight on the 27th. Stuart was now between
the Federal army and Washington, and Hampton, in
advance, crossed the Potomac near Dranesville, and on
the 28th started northward. At Rockville a Federal
army train, about 8 miles long, was captured, and the
subsequent movements of the cavalry were embarrassed
by the attempt to convoy the train to Lee's army.</p>

<p>Ewell, meanwhile, taking a more easterly route than
Longstreet and Hill, on the 27th camped at Carlisle,
Early's division of his corps marching to York, and menacing
the Pennsylvania capital. General Hooker did not
cross the Potomac until the 25th and 26th, and on the 28th
General Meade was placed in command of the Federal
army.</p>

<p>On the 28th, General Lee learned from a scout that the
Federal army was marching to Frederick and was in part
located at the base of South mountain, and he changed
his design of marching up the valley to Harrisburg and
ordered Hill eastward toward Gettysburg. Heth took
the lead, and the South Carolinians, with Pender, reached<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>
Cashtown, 8 miles from Gettysburg, on the last day of
June.</p>

<p>On that day both Meade and Lee were marching unconsciously
to the point at which they were to fight the great
and decisive battle of the year, if not of the war. It is
interesting to note that the Southern general was concentrating
from the north and the Northern general from
the south. Ewell's corps was approaching the battlefield
from Carlisle and York, and Hill's from Chambersburg.
Before the close of the day Hill learned that Pettigrew's
North Carolinians, of Heth's division, in advance near
Gettysburg, had met a strong cavalry force, before which
they withdrew without battle.</p>

<p>Early on the morning of July 1st, General Hill pushed
Heth's division forward, followed closely by Pender's.
With Heth was the Pee Dee artillery, in Pegram's
battalion; with Pender, the battalion of McIntosh. About
10 a. m. Heth met Buford's Federal cavalry and drove it
back across Willoughby run, where the cavalry was
promptly supported by the First corps of Meade's army,
three divisions, under General Reynolds. General Hill
deployed Heth's division on the right and left of the road,
Pender's in support, and the battle became severe.</p>

<p>Pushing his battle forward, Hill was checked at the
wooded ridge known as Seminary hill, where the First
corps with artillery was strongly posted. Putting his
artillery in position Heth gallantly charged the heights
with his four brigades, and made so strong a battle that
General Howard, with part of the Eleventh corps, reinforced
the line of the First. At this juncture Ewell's two
divisions came in on Hill's left, and the latter ordered
Pender forward to relieve Heth. Ewell's line was at
right angles to that of Hill's, and both lines now swept
onward with irresistible force. Pender's advance was
with Thomas' Georgians on the left of the road, and
Lane, Scales and Perrin (McGowan's brigade) on the
right. The combined assault of Pender and Ewell's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>
divisions swept the hill and routed the two Federal corps,
driving them through the streets, capturing 5,000 prisoners,
exclusive of the wounded, several colors and 3 pieces
of artillery.</p>

<p>Reporting the advance of Pender, General Hill said:
"The rout of the enemy was complete, Perrin's brigade
taking position after position of the enemy and driving
him through the town of Gettysburg." This special
mention by the corps commander of McGowan's veterans,
under Perrin, was well deserved. Never was a brigade
better handled in battle, and never did regiments
respond more steadily to every order for advance in
direct charge, or change of front under fire. The Fourteenth,
under Lieut.-Col. J. N. Brown and Maj. Edward
Croft, and the First, under Maj. C. W. McCreary, on
the right of the brigade; and the Twelfth, under Col.
J. L. Miller, and the Thirteenth, under Lieut.-Col. B. T.
Brockman, on the left, stormed the stone fences on either
side of the Lutheran college on Seminary hill and routed
their foe from this strong position, capturing hundreds of
prisoners, 2 field pieces and a number of caissons, and
following the routed columns through the town of Gettysburg.
The colors of the First South Carolina were
the first Confederate standard raised in the town as Hill's
troops were entering it. Late in the afternoon, when
Perrin drew up his brigade for rest on the south of the
town, a battery which had been driven before Perrin
took position on Cemetery hill and fired the first shot
from that memorable eminence at the South Carolina
brigade. Colonel Perrin reported this fact, and stated
that he had watched the battery on its retreat as it was
pursued through the town, and saw it take position on
the hill. But the loss of the brigade did not fall short of
500. Every one of the color sergeants taken into the
fight was killed in front of his regiment.</p>

<p>Perrin was in position in front of Cemetery hill on the
2d, the Federal sharpshooters in his front on the Emmits<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>burg
road. In the afternoon he was ordered by General
Pender to push his skirmishers to the road. Capt. William
T. Haskell, of the First regiment, commanding a
select battalion of sharpshooters, was intrusted with this
duty, and Major McCreary led the First regiment, now
only about 100 strong, in Haskell's support. The gallant
Haskell threw his sharpshooters against the Federal skirmishers,
captured the road and drove his opponents up
the slope and under their guns. While putting his men
in favorable positions on the road, Haskell received a
mortal wound and expired on the field. His fall was
felt to be a serious loss to the whole brigade. South
Carolina gave no better, purer, nobler man as a sacrifice
to the cause of Southern independence at Gettysburg.</p>

<p>Perrin held the skirmish line Haskell had won, and on
the 3d threw forward the Fourteenth to maintain it
against a strong attack. His sharpshooters from the
road commanded the cannoneers on the hill, and a desperate
effort was made to drive them off the road. In
the fight of the Fourteenth regiment to sustain the sharpshooters,
Lieutenant-Colonel Brown and Major Croft were
severely wounded. The skirmish line was held until the
massing of artillery and infantry on the crest made it no
longer tenable.</p>

<p>The total loss in McGowan's brigade at Gettysburg
was 100 killed and 477 wounded. Including the loss on
the retreat, the total was 654. Orr's Rifles, left to guard
the trains, did not participate in the battle of the 1st, or
the affairs of the 2d and 3d, and lost but few men. The
heaviest casualties fell on the Fourteenth, two-thirds of
its men being killed or wounded in the three days'
engagements. Colonel Perrin mentioned particularly
the conduct of the following officers: Major Croft, of the
Fourteenth; Maj. I. F. Hunt, of the Thirteenth; Maj.
E. F. Bookter, of the Twelfth; Capts. W. P. Shooter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
T. P. Alston and A. P. Butler, of the First; Capts. James
Boatwright and E. Cowan, of the Fourteenth, and Capt.
Frank Clyburn, of the Twelfth.</p>

<p>Among the gallant dead were Lieut. A. W. Poag, of
the Twelfth; Capt. W. P. Conner and Lieuts. W. C. McNinch
and D. M. Leitzsey, of the Thirteenth; and Lieutenant
Crooker, of the Fourteenth. Lieut. J. F. J. Caldwell,
of the First, whose graphic and instructive history
of the brigade has aided the writer materially, was
among a host of wounded line officers.</p>

<p>The break of day on the 2d revealed the army of General
Meade in line of battle on the heights south of Gettysburg,
running north and south with the Emmitsburg
road in his front. General Lee thus described his position:
"The enemy occupied a strong position, with his
right upon two commanding elevations adjacent to each
other, one southeast (Culp's hill), and the other (Cemetery
hill) immediately south of the town which lay at its
base. His line extended thence upon the high ground
along the Emmitsburg road, with a steep ridge in rear,
which was also occupied. This ridge was difficult of
ascent, particularly the two hills above mentioned as
forming its northern extremity, and a third at the other
end (Little Round Top) on which the enemy's left rested.
Numerous stone and rail fences along the slope served to
afford protection to his troops and impede our advance.
In his front the ground was undulating and generally open
for about three-quarters of a mile."</p>

<p>Immediately south of the Federal left, as described by
General Lee, was a still higher hill, known as Round
Top, which commanded the whole left of the Federal
position, and was not occupied early on the morning of
the 2d. To attack a superior force in a position so
strong presented a difficult problem for solution, and gave
the Confederate general serious pause. He had Ewell's
corps on his left, confronting Culp's and Cemetery hills,
and facing southwest and south; and Hill's corps on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>
right facing east. McLaws' and Hood's divisions of
Longstreet's corps camped within 4 miles of the battlefield
on the night of the 1st, left camp at sunrise on the
2d, and marched to the right of Hill's corps. The Third
division of Longstreet's corps (Pickett's) was left to
guard the trains at Chambersburg, and did not reach the
vicinity of Gettysburg until the afternoon of the 2d.
General Longstreet received his definite orders for position
and attack about 11 o'clock, and by 3:30 p. m. McLaws
was in position opposite the enemy's advanced
position at the peach orchard, with Hood on his right
facing the Round Tops. General Lee's order of attack
directed that his right (Hood and McLaws), strongly supported
by artillery, should envelop and drive in the Federal
left; that simultaneously with this attack against the
Federal left, the Confederate left should storm Culp's
and Cemetery hills; and the Confederate center at the
same time should so threaten the Federal center as to
prevent reinforcements to either Federal wing. General
Lee's plan of battle contemplated prompt movement,
and concert of action along his entire line. If these conditions,
essential to the success of the plan, had been
given in its execution, the writer believes that the battle
of Gettysburg would have been won by General Lee on
July 2d by a victory as complete as Chancellorsville.
They were not given and the plan failed.</p>

<p>The actual fighting of the separate assaults was gallant
and heroic, and the resistance both steady and aggressive;
the Federal position along his main line being
unmoved by the assaults. On the Confederate right two
divisions of Longstreet's corps made the advance at 4 p.
m. (Hood's and McLaws'), supported by four of the five
brigades of Anderson's division from the center. Hood
on the extreme right, next McLaws, and then Anderson,
were fighting forward and struggling to storm the last<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>
position of the Federal army on the heights, but these
divisions were fighting it out without the simultaneous
battle which Lee had ordered on the left.</p>

<p>They had carried the stone walls and numerous hills
and woods, the peach orchard, the great wheat-field and
rocky bluffs in their front, and were on the slopes of the
Round Tops and the heights north of them, but still the
battle had not opened on the left. There was not a man
to reinforce Longstreet's line, and the enemy in his front
was reinforced by both infantry and artillery. Hours
passed (General Lee said two, General Longstreet four
and Gen. Edward Johnson said it was dark) before General
Ewell's left division moved to the attack on Culp's
hill, which, after some time, perhaps another hour, was
followed by the attack on the north face of Cemetery
hill. Edward Johnson's division made the attack on
Culp's hill and Early's division on Cemetery hill. The
Third division of Ewell's corps (Rodes') did not attack at
all. Anderson's (of Hill's corps) was the only one of the
three center divisions that attacked from the center.</p>

<p>It is evident from these statements, which are made
from a careful study of the official reports, that the prime
conditions of success, concert of action and simultaneous
movement, were not given the plan of the commanding
general. Edward Johnson's three brigades did not begin
the actual attack on Culp's hill until dusk, according to
his own and General Ewell's statements. General Early,
with two of his four brigades, Hays' and Hoke's, attacked
Cemetery hill still later. These two brigades carried the
height and actually took the enemy's batteries, but were
unable without support to hold what they had gained.
It is in the report of Rodes, who did not advance at all,
on account of darkness, that particular mention is made
of his having observed the enemy on Cemetery hill, during
the afternoon, withdrawing artillery and infantry to
reinforce against the attack then in progress on the Confederate
right. The troops of the Federal army in posi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>tion
at Culp's and Cemetery hills were those beaten and
routed on the 1st, and considering the success gained by
the brigades of Hays and Avery, there can be no reasonable
doubt that with the immediate support of Rodes,
the attack being made at the earlier hour ordered, Cemetery
hill would have fallen, and with its fall the Confederate
left and center would have driven the Federal right
in confusion and Gettysburg would have been added to the
long list of General Lee's great victories. The Comte de
Paris, in his review of Gettysburg, has truly said, that
"the way in which the fights of the 2d of July were
directed does not show the same co-ordination which
insured the success of the Southern arms at Gaines'
Mill and Chancellorsville."</p>

<p>But it is time that our attention was directed to the
South Carolina brigade, under Kershaw, operating with
McLaws, in Longstreet's attack, and the batteries of
Bachman and Garden, operating with Hood, on the
extreme right of Longstreet's battle.</p>

<p>Kershaw formed the right of McLaws' division and
Barksdale his left, Semmes behind Kershaw and Wofford
behind Barksdale. In front of Barksdale was the peach
orchard, 500 yards distant and in front of Kershaw and
on a line with the orchard a stone house, stone barn and
stone fence. The peach orchard was on an eminence,
and was held by infantry and a battery. Beyond the
stone house was another eminence, defended by a battery,
and beyond this battery a stony hill, wooded and rough.
This stony hill was in front of Kershaw's center, and
beyond the hill opened the great wheat-field which
spread forward to the slopes of the Federal main position.
Barksdale moved against the orchard and Kershaw against
the stony hill and the battery in front of it. Before moving
General Kershaw had detached the Fifteenth South
Carolina, Colonel De Saussure, to support a battery
between his right and Hood's left.</p>

<p>Marching forward under the fire of canister from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>
battery in his front, and the infantry fire from the south
side of the peach orchard, the Carolina brigade swept
past the battery and reached the hill, Barksdale clearing
the orchard and its battery on Kershaw's left. Taking
possession of the rocky hill, the enemy at once advanced
upon it over the wheat-field in two lines of battle.</p>

<p>As the brigade stood on the rocky hill to receive the
advance, the regiments were ranged, from right to left:
The Seventh, Colonel Aiken; Third, Maj. R. C. Maffett;
Second, Colonel Kennedy; Third battalion, Lieut.-Col.
W. G. Rice; Eighth, Colonel Henagan. The Fifteenth,
Colonel DeSaussure, was still in battle in support of artillery
between Kershaw and Hood. Here, at the rocky
hill, was the battle ground of the brigade. The Eighth,
Third battalion and Second held their ground and beat
back the attacks coming again and again against them.
Moving around Kershaw's right, before Semmes could
come to his support, a large force assaulted the Seventh
and pushed back its right. The Third held its ground
until the Seventh was crowded back at right angles, and
then changed its front to support the Seventh. A part
of Semmes' brigade came up, but the enemy were so far
in rear of Kershaw's right as to cut off the support.
Surrounding his right, the attacking force drove back the
Seventh, and the battle on Kershaw's right was with the
Third and Seventh and one of Semmes' regiments at
close quarters among the rocks and trees of the hill-crest
and sides.</p>

<p>Meanwhile the left was holding fast. On came Wofford
toward the conflict, and on the right Semmes' other regiments
and the Fifteenth South Carolina. Sweeping up
to the battle everything gave way before the charge, and
joining Wofford and Semmes, Kershaw's line moved forward,
the advance sweeping the whole wheat-field and
beyond to the foot of the mountain. Night came on, and
the brigades of McLaws were put on the hill along the
positions gained by the battle.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p>

<p>General Kershaw's losses were severe and grievous.
The brave and able Colonel De Saussure, of the Fifteenth,
and Major McLeod, of the Eighth, gallant in fight and
estimable in life, had both fallen; Colonel De Saussure
killed on the field and Major McLeod mortally wounded.
Among the wounded were Colonel Kennedy of the Second,
Lieut.-Col. Elbert Bland of the Seventh, and Maj.
D. B. Miller of the Third battalion. The writer regrets
that he can find no list of the line officers killed and
wounded in the brigade at Gettysburg. The brigade lost
115 killed, 483 wounded and 32 missing, making a total
of 630. Bachman's and Garden's batteries with Hood's
right, and Rhett's battery, under Lieutenant Gilbert,
were in action during the day, but there are no reports
at hand of their casualties.</p>

<p>If the problem presented to the mind of General Lee
on the morning of the 2d, as he saw his army, inferior in
numbers and equipment, confronted by the army of General
Meade on the heights of Gettysburg, was one which
gave him the deepest concern, how much more serious
was the situation on the morning of the 3d! General
Longstreet's battle on the right had driven the Federal
left to the crests, and the Confederate infantry and artillery
of that wing were occupying the positions which the
Federal forces had held on the morning of the 2d. But
now the Federal army was intrenched on those heights,
with the Round Tops bristling with artillery and Cemetery
hill and Culp's hill crowned by batteries, seven corps
behind breastworks of stone or earth, and the slopes in
front guarded by advanced lines lying behind fences or
covered in the woods.</p>

<p>There is no record of a council of war. Longstreet,
second in command, continued to favor a movement
around the Federal left; but General Lee disapproved,
and resolutely determined to attack the Federal citadel,
confident that the men who had swept Hooker's army
from the heights of Chancellorsville, if properly sup<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>ported,
could carry victory to the heights of Gettysburg.</p>

<p>He selected the Federal left center as the point of attack;
ordered, as on the 2d, concert of action from both
wings of his army, and organized his assaulting column of
15,000 men. Stuart's cavalry had come up on his left and
confronted the main body of Meade's cavalry. The situation
on his extreme right was more serious than the Confederate
general realized. This is evident from the
reports. The Round Tops were unassailable by the
force at Longstreet's command, and a division of cavalry,
Farnsworth's and Merritt's brigades, was in position
on the right rear, confronted by a single regiment, the
First South Carolina cavalry, Bachman's South Carolina
battery, and three regiments of Anderson's Georgia brigade.
Anderson's regiments were at right angles to
Longstreet's line, and Colonel Black's cavalry was on
Anderson's right flank. Black had only about 100 men
in his regiment. In Longstreet's immediate front the
situation was such that there was nothing to do but stand
on the defensive. He was weaker in numbers on the 3d
than he was on the morning of the 2d, and his enemy was
stronger by reinforcements and the occupation of the
greater of the two Round Tops. If, however, the
assaulting column of 15,000 could break the center, the
wings of General Meade's army would be so shaken that
both Longstreet and Ewell could attack with good hope
of success, and Lee was fixed in his purpose.</p>

<p>The column of attack was made up of the divisions of
Pickett and Pettigrew (Heth's), to be supported by Wilcox
and the brigades of Lane and Scales under Trimble.</p>

<p>All the available artillery of Hill's and Longstreet's
corps was put in position by Col. E. P. Alexander, and
at 1 o'clock General Longstreet ordered the batteries to
open. For two hours more than 200 cannon were in
action across the plain against Federal and Confederate.
At 3 the assaulting column moved out from cover and
down toward the Emmitsburg road, which ran between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>
the two armies, and at the point of attack was held by
the Federal pickets. The Confederate batteries had
ceased firing and could give no more support, for their
ammunition was nearly exhausted, no supply near at
hand, and it was essential to reserve the supply in the
chests.</p>

<p>All the reports of the advance concur in the statement
that the troops moved over the field and into the fire of
the enemy's batteries in beautiful order. Coming under
the canister fire of the batteries on the crest, the ranks
began rapidly to thin and officers to fall, but the advance
was steady. General Trimble, riding with his line, then
100 yards in rear of Pettigrew, said: "Notwithstanding
the losses as we advanced, the men marched with the
deliberation and accuracy of men on drill. I observed
the same in Pettigrew's line."</p>

<p>The enemy's batteries were on the crest. Below them
30 or 40 yards on the slope, and running almost parallel
with the crest, was a stone wall, breast high. Behind
this wall lay the Federal first line. Below this line, some
hundred yards, concealed in the undergrowth, lay his
advance line. Beyond it, at the road, ran his picket line.
Meeting the pickets, they were immediately driven in,
and Garnett and Kemper marched against the advance
line in the undergrowth. The resistance was slight,
prisoners were made, and the attack so vigorous and
dashing that the Federal line was driven in rout. But
the enemy's batteries opened with redoubled activity, and
the fire from the stone wall was galling. A battery on
Little Round Top, enfilading the front of the stone wall,
and another from Cemetery hill, plunged their shell into
the ranks of Kemper and Garnett and raked the advancing
line of Armistead as it moved up in support.</p>

<p>Garnett led his brigade forward against the stone wall
and got in advance, and arrived within 50 yards, where
the fire was so severe that it checked his onset and he
sent back to hurry up Kemper and Armistead. Both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>
these brigades were struggling through the withering
fire, and in a few moments were abreast with Garnett.
At 25 yards from the wall Garnett was shot from his
horse. Kemper had fallen and Armistead had been
killed, but officers and men rushed for the wall and
planted their standards. The fighting at this line was
desperate, and hand to hand. But the conflict was too
unequal to avail the gallant survivors of Garnett and
Kemper and Armistead. Of the three brigades scarcely
a picket line was left to grapple with the battle array of
their foe. The remnant gave up the fight and left the
field. If Wilcox could have reached the wall with his
gallant Alabamians, the fight might have been prolonged&mdash;it
might have been successful. But to reach that stone
wall Wilcox must march through the fire that shot to
pieces the brigades of Kemper, Garnett and Armistead.
General Wilcox says that he reached the foot of the hill;
that he could not see a man whom he was sent to support;
that he was subjected to such an artillery fire from
front and both flanks that he went back in search of a
battery; that he could find none; that returning to his
brigade he regarded further advance useless and ordered
a retreat.</p>

<p>On the left, Pettigrew and Trimble carried their battle
to the Emmitsburg road and to the advanced line.
Archer's brigade, on Garnett's immediate left, had 13
color-bearers shot one after another in gallant efforts to
plant the colors of his five regiments on the stone wall.
The direction of the Federal line was oblique to the general
line of advance. Pettigrew's line was exposed longest
to the front and flank fire, and at the Emmitsburg
road he had suffered more severely than Pickett's brigades.
When Pettigrew was yet 150 yards from the
Emmitsburg road, says General Trimble, who was about
that distance in his rear, "They seemed to sink into the
earth from the tempest of fire poured into them."
Although wounded, Pettigrew led his line across the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>
road and against the first line, but his brigades were shattered
too badly to make organized assault further.
Archer's brigade on his right fought at the stone wall, as
did Garnett's and Kemper's and Armistead's, and suffered
a like repulse. Officers and men from the other brigades
reached the wall and fought with desperate courage, and
died beside it, but the division in its organization was
torn asunder and shot to pieces by the time they reached
and attacked the first line. Trimble's brigades were as
helpless for successful assault as Pettigrew; and yet they
moved on until within pistol shot of the main line. As
General Trimble followed his line back to Seminary
ridge, on horseback, under the increased fire of shell,
grape and musketry, he reported his wonder that any one
could escape wounds or death. And, indeed, but few did.
The loss is reported for Garnett, Kemper, Armistead
and Wilcox, but there is no report given of the particular
loss of July 3d in Pettigrew's command, or
Trimble's. The three brigades of Pickett lost their
brigadiers, nearly every field officer, and nearly or quite
3,000 men.</p>

<p>With the failure of this attack, the great contest at Gettysburg
was decided. While it was in progress General
Stuart, on the rear of General Lee's left, was fighting a
great cavalry battle with the main body of General
Meade's cavalry. Stuart had the brigades of Hampton,
Fitz Lee, Chambliss, W. H. F. Lee and Jenkins. In the
battle much of the fighting was at close quarters and
with pistol and saber as the charging lines came together.
In one of these contacts General Hampton was twice
severely wounded. On the day previous, his having
been the first of General Stuart's brigades to reach the
vicinity of Gettysburg, he was just in time to meet a cavalry
force moving from Hunterstown directly against
General Lee's unprotected left. After a sharp engagement
General Hampton defeated this force, and drove it
beyond reach. The arrival of Stuart on the 2d was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>
source of infinite satisfaction to the Confederate commander;
indeed, if he had not come, the three divisions
of General Pleasanton would have taken complete possession
of General Lee's communications, and the battle of
Gettysburg would have been a still greater disaster to
the Southern army.</p>

<p>After the defeat of the assaulting column, Meade was
too cautious to risk his lines against the army that had
held the heights of Fredericksburg. He stood resolutely
on the defensive throughout the 4th of July. On that
night General Lee began his masterly retreat to the
Potomac, which he crossed in the face of his enemy on
the morning of the 14th. Ewell's corps forded the river
at Williamsport, Generals Longstreet and Hill crossed
by pontoon at Falling Waters, and by 1 p. m. of the 14th
the Gettysburg campaign was over.</p>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>SOUTH CAROLINIANS AT CHICKAMAUGA&mdash;ORGANIZATION
OF THE ARMIES&mdash;SOUTH CAROLINIANS ENGAGED&mdash;THEIR
HEROIC SERVICE AND SACRIFICES.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">The</span> armies of Generals Bragg and Rosecrans,
which were to fight the battle of Chickamauga on
the 19th and 20th of September, 1863, were widely
separated in the early part of August, Bragg at Chattanooga
and Rosecrans beyond the Cumberland mountains,
with the Tennessee river rolling between them.</p>

<p>About the middle of August, the Federal general broke
up his encampments and moved his army across the
mountains to the Tennessee. Crittenden's corps threatened
Chattanooga through the gaps in Walden's ridge,
while Thomas' corps and McCook's moved to Stevenson,
Bridgeport and the vicinity. Rosecrans established
his depot at Stevenson and passed his army over the
river on pontoons, rafts and boats, and boldly crossed
Sand mountain to Trenton. He was on the flank of General
Bragg by the 8th of September, and by the 12th had
crossed Lookout mountain.</p>

<p>Bragg, having left Chattanooga on the 8th, Rosecrans
sent Crittenden's corps to occupy that place and move on
the railroad as far as Ringgold, while Thomas and McCook
took position in McLemore's cove and down as far
as Alpine. Rosecrans' corps was widely separated and
his wings were by road, 50 miles or more apart! Meanwhile
Bragg was on the line of Chickamauga creek, with
his left at Lafayette and his headquarters at Lee &amp; Gordon's
mills. General Gist's South Carolina brigade, with
Ferguson's battery, was guarding his extreme left at
Rome and supporting the cavalry in that quarter. Crit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>tenden's
corps at Ringgold and vicinity was at General
Bragg's mercy. He was only 10 miles from Bragg's
headquarters, with the Chickamauga between himself
and Thomas, and by road at least 20 miles from that
general's support. McCook was fully as far from
Thomas on the other flank. "It was therefore a matter
of life and death (says Rosecrans in his report) to effect
the concentration of the army."</p>

<p>Crittenden marched across Bragg's right, passed the
Chickamauga and moved down toward Thomas, and McCook
marched up from Alpine toward that general's
position in McLemore's cove. Pigeon mountain range
covered McCook and Thomas; but Crittenden's march
was open to attack. His corps should have been beaten
and driven off toward Chattanooga. General Bragg
clearly saw this and endeavored to strike Crittenden at
the proper moment, giving explicit orders to that effect.
These orders were not executed, the opportunity passed,
and Rosecrans united his corps on the west side of the
Chickamauga, while Bragg confronted him on the east.
The great battles of the 19th and 20th of September
were now imminent. We give the organization of the
two armies as they were engaged in that memorable
conflict, omitting those troops which were not in the
battle; as, for instance, the brigades of Hood's and McLaws'
divisions, and the artillery of those commands.
Longstreet had only three brigades in battle on the 19th
and five on the 20th, the artillery and other commands
of his corps not having arrived. Among his absent
brigades was that of Gen. Micah Jenkins, composed of
South Carolina regiments.</p>


<p>BRAGG'S ARMY.</p>

<p>RIGHT WING, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL POLK COMMANDING.</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Hill's corps, Lieut.-Gen. D. H. Hill: Cheatham's division, 5 brigades,
5 batteries; Cleburne's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Breckinridge's
division, 3 brigades, 4 batteries.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p>

<p>Walker's corps, Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker: Walker's division,
3 brigades, 2 batteries; Liddell's division, 2 brigades, 2 batteries.</p>

<p>Total of wing, 5 divisions, 16 brigades, 16 batteries.</p></blockquote>


<p>LEFT WING, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL LONGSTREET COMMANDING.</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Buckner's corps, Major-General Buckner: Stewart's division,
4 brigades, 4 batteries; Preston's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries;
Johnson's division, 2 brigades, 2 batteries.</p>

<p>Longstreet's corps, Major-General Hood: McLaws' division, 2
brigades; Hood's division, 3 brigades; Hindman's division, 3 brigades,
3 batteries; Reserve artillery, 5 batteries.</p>

<p>Total of wing, 6 divisions, 17 brigades, 17 batteries.</p>

<p>Total in both wings, 11 divisions, 33 brigades, 33 batteries.</p>

<p>Corps of cavalry, Major-General Wheeler, operating on Bragg's
left: Wharton's division, 2 brigades, 1 battery; Martin's division,
2 brigades, 1 battery.</p>

<p>Corps of cavalry, Major-General Forrest, operating on Bragg's
right: Armstrong's division, 2 brigades, 2 batteries; Pegram's division,
2 brigades, 2 batteries.</p>

<p>Total of cavalry, 4 divisions, 8 brigades, 6 batteries.</p></blockquote>


<p>ROSECRANS' ARMY.</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Fourteenth corps, Major-General Thomas commanding: Baird's
division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Negley's division, 3 brigades,
3 batteries; Brannan's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Reynolds'
division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries.</p>

<p>Twentieth corps, Major-General McCook commanding: Davis'
division, 3 brigades, 5 batteries; Johnson's division, 3 brigades,
3 batteries; Sheridan's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries.</p>

<p>Twenty-first corps, Major-General Crittenden commanding:
Wood's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Palmer's division, 3 brigades,
4 batteries; Van Cleve's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries.</p>

<p>Reserve corps, Major-General Granger commanding: One division,
3 brigades, 3 batteries.</p>

<p>Total, 11 divisions, 33 brigades, 36 batteries.</p>

<p>Cavalry corps, Brigadier-General Mitchell commanding: 2 divisions,
5 brigades, 2 batteries.</p></blockquote>

<p>The number of infantry divisions and brigades, as
reported, was the same in both armies. Bragg had
more cavalry in the field than Rosecrans, but in the battle
of Chickamauga, on his immediate flanks, Wheeler
had not more than 2,000 and Forrest about the same number.
It is always difficult to estimate the strength of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>
armies by counting their divisions, brigades or regiments,
for the reason that it is impossible in an active campaign
to keep up the relative proportions of separate corps,
engaged at different times and often with no option as to
whether a fresh or a decimated command shall go into
action. The writer was an officer of General Walker's
division, and knows that at the battle of Chickamauga,
on the 20th, that division of three brigades did not number
3,000 men. General Gist's brigade, to which the
writer was attached, went into action on the 20th, 980
strong, one of its regiments (Sixteenth South Carolina)
and its light battery being absent at Rome.</p>

<p>By studying the field returns of both armies, nearest to
the opening battle on the 19th (Rosecrans' of September
10th and Bragg's of August 20th), and making deductions
for commands on stations or on detached duty, and
counting in for Bragg's army the two divisions from
Mississippi (Breckinridge's and Walker's), and Longstreet's
five brigades and Buckner's troops, and estimating
losses for both armies up to the battle of the 19th, it
is believed that Bragg crossed the Chickamauga on the
18th, 19th and 20th with 45,000, exclusive of his cavalry.
By the method of estimating the strength of General
Bragg's army, the writer believes that Rosecrans confronted
Bragg with 53,000, exclusive of his cavalry.</p>

<p>Before the battle, each general overestimated the
strength of the other and underestimated his own. On
September 12th, General Rosecrans believed that "the
main body of Johnston's army had joined Bragg," and
that he had been heavily reinforced from Virginia. The
truth is, that so far as Bragg's reinforcements affected
the engagements of the armies at Chickamauga, they did
not add a man more than 10,000 to Bragg's strength, if,
indeed, they added so many.</p>

<p>The two armies facing each other from opposite sides
of the Chickamauga, Bragg gave order for battle. Rosecrans'
left, under Thomas, was at Kelly's house on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>
Chattanooga road, his right stretching beyond and south
of Lee &amp; Gordon's mills. The Chattanooga road spoken
of is the main road from LaFayette to Chattanooga,
crossing the Chickamauga at Lee &amp; Gordon's mills. Kelly's
house was opposite Reed's bridge, and south of it, on
the road, were the houses of Poe, Brotherton, Brock,
Taylor and Vineyard. Nearly a mile north of Kelly's was
McDonald's. From McDonald's to Lee &amp; Gordon's mills
(the road running nearly north and south) was about
4 miles.</p>

<p>The crossings of the Chickamauga were by fords and
two bridges, Alexander's and Reed's; the former opposite
Vineyard's house, and the latter opposite Kelly's.
Hunt's (or Dalton's) ford came nearest Lee &amp; Gordon's
mills; then Thedford's, then Alexander's bridge, then
Byram's ford, then Reed's bridge, and a mile further
north, Reed's ford. General Bragg's order designated
the ford or bridge at which the different commands were
to cross and directed each to attack in front, beginning
from the Reed bridge crossing and moving against the
Federal left and rear.</p>

<p>Thomas marched his head of column beyond Kelly's
house, faced the Chickamauga, and sent one of his divisions
(Brannan's) to reconnoiter toward Reed's bridge.
From Kelly's to Reed's bridge was about 2½ miles. At
Jay's mill, near the bridge, Brannan met Forrest, and
the battle of the 19th was opened. Forrest pushed Brannan
back, the latter was reinforced by Baird's division,
and Walker (marching from Alexander's bridge toward
Forrest's battle) sent two of his brigades, Ector's and
Wilson's, to Forrest's support. Brannan and Baird were
driving Forrest back to Jay's mill when Ector and Wilson
came up, and then in turn Baird and Brannan were
driven, artillery and prisoners captured. Thomas now
reinforced his battle by Reynolds, and McCook sent in
Johnson's division. Walker, coming up with Liddell's two
brigades, took command of the battle and attacked vig<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>orously
with Forrest and his four brigades, driving Reynolds,
on the Federal right, in rout; but Palmer's division
sent by Crittenden to reinforce Thomas, met and drove
Walker back. Meanwhile, Baird and Brannan were
checking and holding Forrest.</p>

<p>General Bragg sent up Cheatham's division on Walker's
left, and Thomas moved Brannan from his left to his
right. Cheatham attacked against the Federal right,
further reinforced by Van Cleve's division, drove forward
for a half mile, was checked, his flanks threatened, and
retired to his first position. The Federal right advanced,
attacked Cheatham and Walker, and were handsomely
repulsed; meanwhile Forrest holding fast the right.
Finally, near night, Cleburne came up in Cheatham's rear
and forming on his right, attacked and drove for a mile
the Federal left, capturing three pieces of artillery, several
stand of colors and 300 or more prisoners. It was
now past night and the battle on the Confederate right
was over. Lieutenant-General Polk arrived on the right
and took command at about 5 p. m. Walker's, Cheatham's,
Cleburne's and Forrest's battle was from Jay's mill
(a half mile from Reed's bridge on to the west) toward
Kelly's house, the line of battle extending for a mile on
either side of the road from Reed's bridge toward Kelly's.
Early in the afternoon, Stewart's division in front of
Vineyard's, and Hood's on his left, vigorously attacked.
Stewart drove in the Federal center and crossed the Chattanooga
road, but was repulsed. The battle of Stewart
and Hood was vigorous and aggressive from the start,
but was not reinforced and was repulsed from the road.
Stewart nor Hood had artillery, and neither could hold
what was gained at and beyond the road.</p>

<p>Thus ended the battle of the 19th. Rosecrans held the
ridge of the Chattanooga road, formed and strengthened
his line during the night, and Bragg called his corps commanders
and gave his orders for the battle of the 20th
to open at daylight. General Rosecrans remarks of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>
19th, that "at the close of the day we had present but
two brigades that had not been squarely and opportunely
in action, opposed to superior numbers of the
enemy." On his part, the whole of his infantry, two
brigades excepted, had been "opportunely and squarely
in action." On Bragg's part, six divisions of eighteen
brigades, with Forrest's cavalry, had been "squarely in
action."</p>

<p>There was but little rest or sleep for soldier or officer
on the night of the 19th. Rosecrans was felling trees
along his front, building breastworks of logs and rails,
and massing his army in line from beyond Kelly's to
Vineyard's, a distance of 2 miles. Bragg gave his
right to Lieutenant-General Polk and his left to Lieutenant-General
Longstreet; the latter did not arrive until
11 p. m. on the 19th. Forrest was well out on the right,
in front of McDonald's; Wheeler on the left, at Lee &amp;
Gordon's mills and beyond. Polk's command was arranged
from right to left, as follows: Breckinridge,
Cleburne, with Walker behind the former and Cheatham
in rear and to the left of the latter. On the left, Lieutenant-General
Longstreet's wing was organized from
right to left as follows: Stewart (touching Cleburne),
Johnson, Hood, McLaws, Hindman and Preston. The
line of the Confederate battle for most of its entire length
was in the forest, which made it difficult to handle artillery
until the openings along the road were gained.</p>

<p>The South Carolina brigades, Kershaw's, Manigault's
and Gist's, were with the divisions of McLaws, Hindman
and Walker. Kershaw reached Alexander's bridge from
Ringgold at midnight and went into camp on the west
bank at 1 a. m. on the 20th. General McLaws not having
arrived, General Kershaw was in command of the
two brigades of the division present, Humphreys' and
his own.</p>

<p>While Kershaw was marching from Ringgold for
Alexander's bridge, General Gist was marching from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>
Catoosa Station for the same point, having arrived from
Rome with part of the Forty-sixth Georgia, the Twenty-fourth
South Carolina and the Eighth Georgia battalion;
the Sixteenth South Carolina and Ferguson's battery
awaiting transportation at Rome, with the remainder of
the Forty-sixth Georgia.</p>

<p>General Gist had under his charge an ammunition train
which delayed his march and prevented his leaving
Catoosa before 10 p. m. on the 19th. After an all-night
march Gist crossed Alexander's bridge at sunrise, halted
a mile beyond, and after a brief rest was directed to the
right to join Walker, arriving about 9 o'clock. General
Walker at once assigned Gist to the command of his division
(Ector, Wilson and Gist), and Gist's brigade was
commanded by the senior officer, Col. P. H. Colquitt,
Forty-sixth Georgia. Kershaw marched his own and
Humphreys' brigades to the left and took position in
support of Hood. Manigault's brigade, including the
Tenth and Nineteenth South Carolina, under Colonel
Pressley, was under fire on the 18th, Pressley losing
6 men, crossed at Hunt's ford on the afternoon of the
19th, with its division (Hindman's), and on the 20th was
in line near the extreme left. Culpeper's South Carolina
battery was with McNair's brigade, Johnson's division.</p>

<p>The province of the writer does not permit him to do
more than first sketch the outline of the battle, and then
more particularly to speak of the action of the South
Carolina commands. The attack began between 9 and
10 a. m. by a vigorous assault of Breckinridge's and
Cleburne's divisions on the extreme left of Rosecrans'
line, in front of Kelly's. This assault was repulsed.
Fighting on the right throughout the morning failed to
carry the Federal left. The battle progressed from right
to left, the Confederate center and particularly the left
being more successful. The Federal center and right
were gradually driven until forced from the road at Poe's,
Brotherton's and Vineyard's. Rosecrans' line was bent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>
first into a curve, and then broken into a right angle, the
angle being about opposite the left of Polk's wing. The
Federal right found a strong rest at Snodgrass hill, where
Thomas, now commanding on the field, concentrated
artillery and all the troops as they were driven from the
line. This position, assaulted again and again, repulsed
the assaults and proved the salvation of Rosecrans' army,
for behind it the Federal divisions retreated on Rossville
and Chattanooga.</p>

<p>The Federal left held the position at Kelly's until late
in the afternoon, about 5 o'clock, when General Polk
ordered his wing forward. The attack carried the position
for its whole front and Baird's division followed those
on his right in the retreat behind Snodgrass. This last
stronghold was abandoned during the early part of the
night and Bragg's victory was complete.</p>

<p>When the first attack against the Federal left had
failed, and the divisions of Breckinridge and Cleburne
were withdrawing, General Gist's brigade, under Colquitt,
not 1,000 strong, was hurried in to the support of
Breckinridge's left brigade, that of General Helm. No
opportunity was given for reconnoitering the woods, and
the lull in the firing made it uncertain as to the exact
position of the enemy. Colquitt was ordered to advance
due west and support Breckinridge, on his left, and his
left (Helm) was repulsed and retiring in disorder. Meeting
and passing Helm's men, the little brigade, dressing
on the center (Eighth Georgia battalion), marched on into
the great forest. Colquitt's three companies were on the
right and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina on the left.
It was now about 11 o'clock. The first attack had been
made at about 9:30. General Baird, who received the
attack, fixes the hour at between 8 and 9 a. m. The
well-known order of General Bragg had directed it to be
made at daylight.</p>

<p>The attack of Breckinridge and Cleburne, which preceded
this advance of Colquitt, struck the Federal left<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>
flank in front of Kelly's house. Baird's division was in
position here, behind breastworks of logs and rails, the
timber freshly cut from the abundant forest. The position
was a quarter of a mile east of the road, in the forest,
with open fields behind it running to the road and
surrounding Kelly's house. The breastworks made a
sharp angle about opposite the right of Polk's brigade
(on the left of Helm) and ran back northwest to the road.
From the angle to the road King's brigade of regulars
was stationed, and on their right Scribner's brigade and
then Starkweather's. General Baird formed his division
in two lines, and reported that King's regulars were even
more concentrated. Three batteries of artillery belonged
to Baird's division, but that general reported that much of
it was disabled on the 19th, and that he defended his line
with but four guns.</p>

<p>Gist's brigade, not 1,000 strong, plunged into the
woods, without support right or left, to storm the position
from which Cleburne on its left and Helm in its front,
were retiring. The gallant Helm had fallen and his brigade,
supported on its left by Polk, was repulsed, after
three attempts to storm King's regulars. In a few
moments the Twenty-fourth South Carolina passed the
angle in Baird's line unseen in the thick forest, and his
artillery and infantry opened an enfilade from King's
front. Promptly as the fire opened, Col. C. H. Stevens
commanded the Twenty-fourth to change front to the
left, and was instantly wounded and disabled, his horse
being shot. Lieutenant-Colonel Capers executed the
change of front and directed the fire of the Twenty-fourth
in reply. The gallant adjutant of the Twenty-fourth,
Lieut. J. C. Palmer, fell pierced through the head. Then
Maj. J. S. Jones was badly wounded, and in bringing up
his right to form on the Twenty-fourth and Eighth Georgia,
Colquitt fell. The assault was ordered, and while
leading it Lieutenant-Colonel Capers received a serious
wound in the thigh, his horse was disabled, and the little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>
brigade was repulsed. Capt. D. F. Hill took command
of the Twenty-fourth and Lieutenant-Colonel Napier,
Georgia battalion, took command of Gist's brigade.</p>

<p>In the battle of the afternoon the Twenty-fourth with
the brigade had better luck. Reinforced by the absent
companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia to 1,400 strong,
Napier led the brigade in the glorious battle of the right
wing and had the happiness to follow the broken and
routed columns of Baird, Johnson and Palmer, until
night came to give rest and sleep to men who had enjoyed
none since leaving Rome on the early morning of
the 18th.</p>

<p>In the struggle before Baird's position, which lasted
not more than forty minutes, the Twenty-fourth South
Carolina lost 169 men and line officers, killed and wounded.
Colonel Colquitt, an accomplished soldier and gallant
leader, fell from his horse mortally wounded in front of the
center of his line. At the moment Colquitt's 980 men were
sent in to support Breckinridge, Lieutenant-General Hill
(who gave the order) did not know that Helm and Polk
were badly repulsed. Learning it, he sent General Gist
forward with Ector and Wilson's brigades to support
Colquitt's attack, but before Gist reached Colquitt, his
attack was over, with the result above described. Indeed,
the history of Colquitt's attack and repulse is the
history of the fight of the right wing throughout the
morning of the 20th. It was not until the afternoon,
when the whole wing went forward, that victory crowned
its battle.</p>

<p>In the left wing Manigault and Kershaw were in the
thick of the fight. Kershaw commanded the two brigades
of McLaws' division, and after General Hood was wounded,
he took the direction of his three brigades. Kershaw
attacked about 11:30 and Manigault shortly after, the former
in front of the Brock house and the latter just north
of Vineyard's. Both attacks were successful and crossed
the Chattanooga road, swinging with the left wing in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>
grand wheel to the right. In his advance Kershaw
reached the Dyer house, almost in rear of Brotherton's
and half a mile beyond the Chattanooga road. Manigault
reached a point on Kershaw's left and in line with
his advance, the divisions of Preston, Hindman, Kershaw
and Hood driving the Federal right to Snodgrass
and drawing around that point. Here followed the hardest
and most prolonged struggle of the day. The order
of the divisions was somewhat broken up, and brigades
went in wherever they could assist in a charge. About
5 p. m. Gracie and Kelly, from Preston's; McNair, with
Culpeper's battery, from Johnson's; Anderson from
Hindman's, and Law from Hood's, with Kershaw's brigade,
all directed by Kershaw, moved on the front and
east of Snodgrass, while Hindman with Manigault's and
Deas' brigades, Johnson with Gregg's, and Preston
with Trigg's, attacked the west flank. This, says Kershaw,
"was one of the heaviest attacks on a single point
I ever witnessed! The brigades went in in magnificent
order. For an hour and a half the struggle continued
with unabated fury. It terminated at sunset." The
hill was not carried. It was held with splendid courage
and was defended by all the forces of the center and
right which could be rallied, and by Steedman's division
of Granger's reserve corps; the whole put in position by
General Thomas, now in command of the field, General
Rosecrans having given up the battle as lost and gone to
Chattanooga to arrange for the morrow.</p>

<p>As soon as the Confederate right had driven the Federal
left, Thomas began the retreat of the center behind
his citadel on Snodgrass, and after night withdrew the
divisions of Wood, Brannan and Steedman from the hill,
and the great battle had been fought to its victorious
end.</p>

<p>The losses had been terrible on both sides. Among
the Carolina commands some of the choicest spirits had
fallen. Kershaw lost 488 killed and wounded; Manigault<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>
539, and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina (Gist's brigade)
169; a total of 1,196. Lieut.-Col. Elbert Bland,
Seventh South Carolina, fell at the head of his regiment,
and a few moments later Maj. John S. Hard, his successor,
was instantly killed. Capt. J. M. Townsend, commanding
the Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. Hoole, Eighth
regiment, and Capt. W. A. Williams, acting major of the
Third, were killed in the gallant performance of duty.
Capt. D. R. Huger of General Manigault's staff fell in
front of Snodgrass hill, and others of that gallant brigade
sealed their devotion to duty with their heart's blood.</p>

<p>In the report of General Kershaw, the following officers
are mentioned for gallant and noteworthy conduct:
Lieutenant-Colonel Bland and Major Hard of the Seventh;
Captain Townsend of the Third battalion; Col.
James D. Nance of the Third regiment; Lieut.-Col.
Franklin Gaillard of the Second; Col. John W. Henagan
of the Eighth, and Col. Joseph F. Gist of the Fifteenth;
Capts. C. R. Holmes, H. L. Farley, and W. M. Dwight
of the brigade staff, and Couriers M. F. Milam, Company
A, Third battalion, and Rawlins Rivers, Company I, Second
regiment; both killed carrying General Kershaw's
orders on the field.</p>

<p>General Gist mentioned Maj. B. B. Smith, Capt. M. P.
King, and Lieuts. L. M. Butler and J. C. Habersham, of
his staff, for efficiency and gallant conduct; Col. C. H.
Stevens and Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers, Twenty-fourth,
for the same; and Adjt. J. C. Palmer and Capt. D. F.
Hill, of the Twenty-fourth, "and other brave and true
officers" of the same regiment.</p>

<p>General Manigault mentioned the following as "distinguished
for conduct on the field:" Col. J. F. Pressley
and Lieut.-Col. Julius T. Porcher of the Tenth; Maj.
J. L. White and Adjutant Ferrell of the Nineteenth;
Capt. C. I. Walker, assistant adjutant-general, and Lieut.
William E. Huger, aide-de-camp. These names are given
from the reports, but how many are left unmentioned!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>
The men and officers of the line who carried their colonels
and lieutenant-colonels and majors and generals forward
to victory are worthy of lasting honor. South Carolina has
recorded their names on her roll of faithful and devoted
soldiers and citizens, and while her archives endure they
may be read by their descendants as the witness she
bears to their courage, their patriotism, and their self-sacrificing
devotion to duty.</p>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>THE SIEGE OF CHARLESTON&mdash;CONTINUED BOMBARDMENT
OF FORT SUMTER&mdash;DEFENSE MAINTAINED
BY THE OTHER WORKS&mdash;THE TORPEDO BOATS-BOMBARDMENT
OF THE CITY&mdash;TRANSFER OF
TROOPS TO VIRGINIA&mdash;PRISONERS UNDER FIRE-CAMPAIGN
ON THE STONO.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">On</span> August 24, 1863, General Gillmore, in a communication
to the general-in-chief of the United
States armies, said: "I have the honor to report
the practical demolition of Fort Sumter as the result of
our seven days' bombardment of that work. Fort Sumter
is to-day a shapeless and harmless mass of ruins." It
was on this day that the garrison, under Colonel Rhett, was
visited by General Ripley and the chief engineers, Colonels
Gilmer and Harris, and it was determined to hold
to the last extremity the fort which Gillmore had reduced
to "a harmless mass of ruins." The men worked night
after night transferring the contents of the magazines to
safer places, preparing much of the munitions for shipment
to the city, and building new works from the débris.
The east magazines were not damaged.</p>

<p>Colonel Rhett's journal of the 25th has this entry:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Finished securing west magazine from reverse fire;
began traverses on parade at entrance to passage now
used for hospital sally port. Magazine and telegraph office
repaired and filled up with bags.... Restored traverses
on east barbette. Embrasures on northeast and northwest
faces in process of being bricked up.</p></blockquote>

<p>After this the fire from the Federal batteries on Sumter
was comparatively light, until the 30th, when 322 shot
and shell struck outside and 168 inside, doing a great deal
of damage. Next day, Fort Moultrie by mistake opened<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>
upon the steamer Sumter, carrying two regiments from
Morris island, disabling the steamer, from which 600 officers
and men belonging to the Twentieth South Carolina
and Twenty-third Georgia were saved by boats from Fort
Sumter and the navy. September 1st was another destructive
day for Sumter, six monitors and the Ironsides
aiding in the fire. On September 4th there was not a
single gun en barbette, and but one smooth-bore 32-pounder
next the sally port on western face that could
be fired. Colonel Rhett reported:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The northeastern and northwestern terre plein have
fallen in. The western wall has a crack in it extending
entirely through from parapet to berme. The greater
portion of the southern wall is down. The upper eastern
magazine is penetrated; the lower eastern magazine wall
is cracked. The eastern wall is very nearly shot away;
a large portion of the wall is down, the ramparts gone,
and nearly every casemate breached, and the remaining
wall very thin.... I consider it impracticable to either
mount or use guns on any part of the parapet, and I
deem the fort in its present condition unserviceable for
offensive purposes.</p></blockquote>

<p>The work of repair went on, however, and on September
4th the Charleston battalion arrived at the fort, under
command of Major Elliott, and relieved Colonel Rhett,
commanding, and Captain Fleming, Company B, detachment
of First South Carolina artillery and Twenty-seventh
and Twenty-eighth Georgia volunteers, who had
endured the first tremendous bombardment. Colonel
Rhett was put in command of the interior batteries in
and about the city, with Castle Pinckney and Fort
Ripley.</p>

<p>As soon as the Federals occupied Battery Wagner, it
was opened upon by Batteries Simkins and Fort Moultrie
and the works adjacent. Soon afterward a flag of truce
was sent to Fort Sumter, with a demand for surrender,
which was refused by Elliott, though he was utterly
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>unable to maintain an artillery fire. Following this
refusal, the Ironsides and five monitors came up the
channel and opened fire upon Sumter and the Sullivan's
island batteries. At Battery Beauregard, Lieut. E. A.
Erwin, First regulars, was killed.</p>

<p>On the 8th, the fight with the ironclads was renewed,
and one shell did fatal work in Fort Moultrie, disabling
an 8-inch columbiad, exploding a magazine, and killing
16 and wounding 12 men of Capt. R. Press Smith's
company of the First regulars. Besides these casualties
from the explosion there were others, including Capt.
G. A. Wardlow and Lieut. D. B. De Saussure, wounded.</p>

<p>About 1 o'clock on the morning of the 9th, an attempt
was made by the Federals to land a force at the foot of
the ruins of Sumter and carry the position by storm.
Major Elliott waited until the thirty or forty barges of
the enemy were within a few yards of the southern and
eastern faces, when he greeted them with a rattling fire
of musketry, while hand-grenades and fragments of the
ruins were thrown over on the advancing foe, completely
demoralizing him. At the same time the gunboat Chicora,
Fort Moultrie, the Sullivan's island batteries and
Fort Johnson, warned by signal, swept the skirts of the
ruins and the water round about with a fire that nothing
could survive. Elliott captured 5 boats, 5 stand of
colors, 12 officers and 109 men. Among the colors captured
was a worn garrison flag, which, it was believed, was
the flag lowered in 1861 by Maj. Robert Anderson, and
hoped to be hoisted again by this storming party.</p>

<p>On the night of August 20th, Capt. J. Carlin, commanding
a torpedo ram, with a guard on board under
Lieut. E. S. Fickling, made an attempt to explode a
torpedo against the New Ironsides. As he ranged up
alongside, Carlin was hailed, and to the demand for the
name of his craft, he replied, "The steamer Live
Yankee." The ironclad was swinging to the ebb, so
that it was impossible to do the work undertaken, and
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>Carlin's only hope was of escape. In this he was successful,
although the Ironsides was soon sweeping the
horizon with her guns. On October 5th, another attempt
was made to blow up the Ironsides, by Lieut. W. T.
Glassell, C. S. N., First Assistant Engineer J. H.
Tombs, Walker Cannon, pilot, and James Sullivan, fireman,
on board the propeller David, a small submerged
steamer. The boat approached the ironclad at 9 p. m.
at full speed, and when hailed, Glassell answered with a
shot from a double-barreled gun. The boat struck fairly
under the starboard quarter, and the torpedo was exploded
about 6½ feet below the surface, but it proved to
be of too light a charge (70 pounds) to injure the heavy
plates of the enemy. The David was riddled by the fire
of small-arms from the Ironsides, and almost swamped
by the great column of water thrown up by the explosion.
Although the little craft escaped sinking, the fires
were put out and the iron ballast thrown among the
machinery, so that it would not work when the engine
was reversed. In this critical situation, and believing
the boat to be sinking, Glassell and Sullivan jumped overboard,
and swimming in the direction of the enemy's
vessels were made prisoners. The pilot stuck to the
boat, and Tombs, after being thrown overboard, swam
back to it when he saw that their cries of surrender
were not heeded. The two coolly got up steam under a
continuous fire and managed to make their way back up
the channel, escaping two 11-inch shot sent after them,
passing through the Federal fleet and within three feet
of one of the monitors. Though unsuccessful, this was
justly considered one of the most daring exploits of the
war, and inspired Beauregard to ask for the purchase of
swift torpedo boats from English builders.</p>

<p>On November 15th, Maj. John Jenkins, Third South
Carolina cavalry, reported that the enemy had reoccupied
Seabrook island (John's island) in large force. On
the following day there was a considerable action between
the Federal monitors and the Sullivan's island batteries,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>
Capt. Jacob Valentine commanding at Fort Moultrie,
Capt. C. H. Rivers at Battery Rutledge, and Maj. W. S.
Basinger at Battery Marion.</p>

<p>During October the Federals were busy making Batteries
Wagner and Gregg formidable against the Confederate
defenses, without much molestation in their work,
while they maintained the bombardment of the ruins of
Fort Sumter. The reports of Major Elliott show that 625
shots were fired at Sumter on the 27th, with particular
attention to the gorge wall, and on the 29th, 1,039 shots.
Their effect was to cut away all the arches on the sea
face, and to make that and the gorge easy of access. It
was evident that the enemy was preparing for another
assault from boats. As many shots of all calibers struck
the fort on the next day, and this destructive torrent of
rifled shot and shell and mortar shells, from the batteries
and the monitors, continued for several days. The casualties
in the fort were comparatively few, the main loss
being the burying of twelve members of the Washington
light infantry, Twenty-fifth regiment, and one man of the
Twelfth Georgia battalion. While they were in position
for mounting the parapet in case of assault, a Parrott
shot struck an iron girder of the sea wall, and the roof
fell in, crushing them.</p>

<p>On November 1st, the southwest angle was the main
object of the bombardment. The flagstaff was twice
shot away, and replaced by brave men of the Georgia
battalion, who were finally compelled to substitute their
own flag for the riddled garrison flag. On the 4th, Major
Elliott remarked, regarding the rifled shells: "The
practice with these projectiles is very beautiful, the adjustment
of the time fuses being so perfect that the occupants
of the gorge wall are secure from the effects of the explosion,
which rarely fails to occur during the passage of
the shell over the parade." On the 6th the flagstaff was
again shot away, and replaced by Sergeant Currie and
Corporal Montgomery of the Twenty-fifth South Caro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>lina.
On the 12th, again, some of the Georgians had
the honor of replacing the flag under fire. Hardly a day
passed without some one being killed and several more
or less seriously wounded. During the week ending
November 16th, over 3,000 shots were fired at Sumter,
and on the night of the 19th a second attempt was made
to land a force from barges and storm the ruins, but
Elliott and his men were on guard, and their musketry
fire prevented the barges from reaching the island. On
the 24th, Capt. F. H. Harleston, having gone down the
slope of the sea face to inspect the obstructions against
storming parties, was mortally wounded by a Parrott
shell.</p>

<p>On November 28th Elliott reported:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Private James Tupper, shot marker, Charleston battalion,
seeing yesterday morning that the flag had been
shot down, walked along the whole extent of the gorge
wall, on the parapet, and endeavored to raise it. Finding
that the staff was too short, he procured an additional
piece of spar, and with the assistance of C. B. Foster
and Corps. W. C. Buckheister and A. J. Bluett, succeeded
in splicing and planting the staff, under a very heavy fire
directed at them. One shot struck the flag from their
hands. It was a most distinguished display of gallantry.</p></blockquote>

<p>About this time the continuous pounding of the ruins
by the enemy's projectiles had produced a steep slope on
the exterior of the fort, with very insecure footing, and
Colonel Elliott, after an examination, had no serious
fears of an assault. On the 11th, the most fatal calamity
in the history of the fort occurred&mdash;the explosion of the
southwest magazine&mdash;a danger of which the heroic
defenders had been in constant dread. The occupants
of the adjoining rooms were killed or badly burned, and
the flames, which instantly caught, spread with fierceness,
filling the casemates with stifling smoke. As soon
as the enemy observed the fire, he opened upon the fort
with rifled shells and mortars. Colonel Elliott was
slightly wounded, Capt. Edward D. Frost and 10 others
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>were killed, and 40 sustained more or less serious injuries.
Capt. John Johnson, Lieut. L. A. Harper and Capt.
M. H. Sellers were distinguished for bravery and coolness
amid the excitement and danger. The fire was not
entirely extinguished until a week later.</p>

<div class="figcenter">
<img src="images/fig7.jpg" alt="" />
<p class="caption center">MAP<br />
of<br />
CHARLESTON<small> AND ITS</small> DEFENSES.<br />
<br />
Compiled from Surveys of<br />
PORTIONS OF S<sup><small>T</small></sup> ANDREW'S<small> AND</small> CHRIST C<sup><small>H</small></sup> PARISHES<br />
<small>BY</small><br />
<span class="smcap">Lieut.</span> JOHN JOHNSON, C. S. Eng<sup>rs</sup>.<br />
THE HARBOR, JAMES I<sup><small>D</small></sup>, FOLLY I<sup><small>D</small></sup>, MORRIS I<sup><small>D</small></sup>, SULLLIVAN'S I<sup><small>D</small></sup>, <small>AND</small> LONG I<sup><small>D</small></sup>,<br />
<br />
NOV. 1863.


</p>
</div>
<hr />

<p>On the last of the year the undaunted Elliott recommended
that he be provided with two iron shields for
casemate batteries, which he said would render his position
one of "comparative invulnerability." His report at
this time showed that since August 12th nearly 27,000
projectiles had been fired at Sumter, of which 19,808 had
struck. During the same time 38 men had been killed
and 142 wounded.</p>

<p>On Christmas day an artillery attack was made upon
the United States gunboat Marblehead, lying off Legaréville,
by Col. P. R. Page, but with the assistance of the
Pawnee the vigorous efforts to capture the vessel were
repelled.</p>

<p>During all this period Forts Moultrie, Johnson, Simkins,
Cheves and other batteries, maintained an effective fire
upon the enemy's works and fleet, and attempts were
otherwise made to destroy the naval force of the Federals,
but without success. On October 11th four floating torpedoes
were set afloat from Fort Sumter with time fuses,
but they exploded at too great a distance from the fleet.
On the 15th the submarine boat was lost in an attempt
to run under the navy receiving ship. As soon as she
sunk, air bubbles were seen to come to the surface, indicating
that the manhole was not properly closed. Capt.
F. L. Hunley and seven men were lost.</p>

<p>In November, the throwing of shells into the city,
which was commenced August 21st, was resumed with
more frequency. Mr. T. S. Hale, the observer at St.
Michael's steeple, reported his post as the enemy's principal
line of fire, radiating to the northeastward as far as
St. Philip's church. He counted 27 shots on August 21st
and the three days following, and 3 on October 27th, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>
the regular bombardment may be said to have begun on
November 17th, after which to January 5, 1864, 442 shells
fell in the city. The shells first thrown were 200-pound
Parrotts, but later 100-pound projectiles were mainly
used. Only five deaths resulted, two ladies, two civilians,
and one slave. A number of buildings were ruined, and
thousands of persons compelled to leave their homes and
seek refuge in the upper part of the city or in the interior
of the State. The heaviest bombardment in 1863 was on
Christmas day, when 150 shells were fired at the city,
and a considerable fire caused in the vicinity of St.
Michael's church. Several citizens, soldiers and firemen
were wounded.</p>

<p>In December, 1863, a complete system of interior
defense was perfected at Fort Sumter, by the aid of
which the garrison, in the event of being driven to take
refuge in the casemates and bomb-proof, could protect
itself, while signaling for assistance from the surrounding
Confederate batteries. Through the heroic efforts of its
garrison, under eighteen months of constant fire, the
stronghold was maintained as an effective part of the
city's defenses. Says Major Johnson:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>From having been a desolate ruin, a shapeless pile of
shattered walls and casemates, showing here and there
the guns disabled and half buried in splintered wrecks of
carriages, its mounds of rubbish fairly reeking with the
smoke and smell of powder, Fort Sumter under fire was
transformed within a year into a powerful earthwork,
impregnable to assault, and even supporting the other
works at the entrance of Charleston harbor with six guns
of the heaviest caliber.</p></blockquote>

<p>The shelling of Charleston continued during January,
1864, on one day 273 shells being thrown, and in the
latter part of the month the fire on Sumter was renewed.
On the 30th the flagstaff was shot down, and replaced by
Private F. Schafer, of Lucas' battalion, who at the close
of his work stood on the traverse amid a cloud of smoke
and dust from bursting shell, waving his hat in triumph.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>

<p>Early in February, General Beauregard was advised of
Gillmore's expedition in Florida, threatening the capital
of that State, and he immediately began forwarding
troops to that almost defenseless region. Colquitt's
Georgia brigade was under orders to move, when news
was received of a Federal advance on John's island,
doubtless undertaken to detain troops at Charleston, or
to take advantage of their absence. Gen. Henry A.
Wise, in command of the Sixth district, reported that the
enemy landed in force on Kiowah island, the night of
the 8th, crossed Seabrook island, at the Haulover to
John's island, driving in the pickets of the advanced
post held by Maj. John Jenkins, with part of the Sixth
South Carolina cavalry. Jenkins, though outnumbered,
made a gallant resistance when attacked on the morning
of the 9th, and suffered considerable loss, Capt. M. B.
Humphreys, commanding the cadet cavalry company,
being severely wounded. Said General Wise:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>With about 150 men composed of the Stono scouts, the
Rebel troop, the Cadets and Sullivan's cavalry company,
one section of the Marion artillery, and Captain Jennett's
company of the Fifty-ninth Virginia infantry, he held
the whole force of the enemy in check; fought and fell
back some two or three miles only, and in turn drove
them back nearly the whole distance by such repeated
charges all day that he made them fear he was supported,
and he held his ground manfully until night, when he
was reinforced by Colonel Tabb with a battalion of the
Fifty-ninth Virginia and the Marion artillery.</p></blockquote>

<p>On the morning of the 10th, Jenkins was reinforced by
Charles' South Carolina battery and a battalion of the
Twenty-sixth Virginia, under Col. P. R. Page, who took
command until General Wise came up and retired the
forces to a more advantageous position, across the
Bohicket road. Part of Colquitt's Georgia brigade soon
arrived, and a strong line was formed. The enemy's
advance was met by the artillery, before whose effective
fire the Federals retreated from the field. General Wise<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>
did not order an advance till next morning, when it was
found that General Schimmelfennig, the Federal commander,
had abandoned his enterprise and left the island
under cover of the gunboats. In these operations about
15 men were killed or wounded in Jenkins' command.
The Federal loss was about the same. Colquitt's brigade
was immediately forwarded to Florida. On the morning
of the 11th, all the harbor batteries bearing on Morris
island opened a vigorous bombardment, as though preceding
an attack by infantry, to make a diversion in
favor of General Wise.</p>

<p>The night of February 17th was made memorable by
the destruction of the United States sloop-of-war Housatonic.
This was done by the submarine torpedo boat
H. L. Hunley, under command of Lieut. George E.
Dixon, of Alabama. This brave officer and his associates
left Battery Marshall, on Sullivan's island, that
night, for their daring deed, and were never again heard
from. They shared the fate of the vessel they destroyed.</p>

<p>The usual daily round of artillery firing continued in
the harbor defenses, with little activity on the part of
the enemy, during the following months, when both
North and South were preparing for the great struggle
between the armies in Virginia and Georgia. The guns
of Fort Sumter, at noon of April 13th, fired a defiant
salute in honor of the surrender by Major Anderson, and
provoked a fire in which J. P. Huger, of the signal corps,
was killed. A day or two later Colonel Elliott was relieved
in command by Capt. John C. Mitchel, of the First
artillery. On May 16th, two monitors moved up and
opened fire on Sumter, but were driven off, seriously
injured by the Sullivan's island batteries.</p>

<p>Sumter's flagstaff was again shot away on June 20th,
the Federal gunners at Cummings point hitting the staff
at the second shot and cutting it in two. Lieut. C. H.
Claibourne, First regulars, assisted by Sergt. N. F.
Devereux and Corp. B. Brannon, mounted the gorge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>
wall and lashed the two pieces of staff together, under a
rapid fire. The flagstaff was again struck on the 25th,
and twice shot away on the 26th, the last time being
replaced by Privates Walter Steele and D. E. Badger.
In return, a skillful gunner at Fort Johnson brought
down the Federal flag at Battery Gregg.</p>

<p>With the approach of the May campaigns in Virginia
and Georgia, heavy drafts were made upon General
Beauregard's forces. On March 17th, the First and
Second cavalry were ordered to South Carolina, and the
Fourth, Colonel Rutledge; Fifth, Colonel Dunovant;
Sixth, Colonel Aiken; Seventh Georgia, and Millen's
battalion, and the cavalry companies of Captains Tucker,
Wallace, Boykin, Trenholm and Magee were ordered
from General Beauregard's department to Virginia. On
April 14th, General Evans' brigade, under Gen. W. S.
Walker, was ordered to Wilmington, N. C. The Eleventh
and Eighteenth South Carolina, Colquitt's brigade,
and Company A, siege train, were ordered back from
Florida. General Beauregard, on the 20th, was assigned
to command of the department of Southern Virginia and
North Carolina, and Maj.-Gen. Sam Jones succeeded him
at Charleston. A week later Hagood's brigade was ordered
to Virginia. Several Georgia regiments were sent to
General Johnston at Dalton. On May 3d, both Wise's
and Colquitt's brigades were ordered to Richmond. On
the 4th General Jones telegraphed to Johnston, "I am
sending off my last infantry brigade to Virginia." Under
this pressure for troops, General Jones requested the
mayor to organize the fire brigade into companies,
ordered all the detailed men in his staff departments to
be organized, and called on the president of the South
Carolina railroad to muster in his employes for defense
of the city. Commander Tucker co-operated in this
effort by organizing a naval battalion. On the 24th
Colonel Keitt's regiment was started for Richmond.
Federal troops, also, had been sent to Virginia and Gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>eral
Gillmore had been called to that field and replaced
by General Foster.</p>

<p>While these troops were being ordered from the State,
the "reserves" were called out by the government at
Richmond. In a communication to the secretary of war
on this subject, Governor Bonham pointed out that in
South Carolina, unlike other States, militia officers and
magistrates were not exempt and were already in the
field, and that the taking away of the remaining population
at home, under eighteen years of age and over forty-five,
would cause great suffering next year, and in view
of the loss of upper Georgia, possible starvation.</p>

<p>At the same time there was much change in district commanders,
one of the most important being the assignment
of General McLaws to the Third district and Georgia.</p>

<p>On July 31st, the aggregate present in various commands
under General Jones was as follows: First and
Fourth districts, Gen. R. S. Ripley, 3,177; Seventh district,
General Taliaferro, 3,742; Second and Sixth districts,
Gen. B. H. Robertson, 1,280; Third district and
district of Georgia, General McLaws, 3,600.</p>

<p>The bombardment of Charleston having continued for
ten months, on June 13th General Jones addressed the
following letter to the Federal commander:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Maj.-Gen. J. G. Foster, Commanding United States
Forces on Coast of South Carolina, C. S.</p>

<p>General: Five generals and 45 field officers of the
United States army, all of them prisoners of war, have
been sent to this city for safekeeping. They have been
turned over to Brigadier-General Ripley, commanding
the First military district of this department, who will
see that they are provided with commodious quarters in
a part of the city occupied by non-combatants, the majority
of whom are women and children. It is proper,
however, that I should inform you that it is a part of the
city which has been for many months exposed day and
night to the fire of your guns.</p>

<p>
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,<br />
<span class="smcap">Sam Jones</span>, Major-General Commanding.<br />
</p></blockquote>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span></p>

<p>General Foster, replying, said in part:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Many months since Major-General Gillmore, United
States army, notified General Beauregard, then commanding
at Charleston, that the city would be bombarded.
This notice was given, that non-combatants might be removed
and thus women and children be spared from harm.
General Beauregard, in a communication to General Gillmore,
dated August 22, 1863, informed him that the non-combatant
population of Charleston would be removed with
all possible celerity.... That city is a depot for military
supplies. It contains not merely arsenals, but also
foundries and factories for the manufacture of munitions
of war. In its shipyards several armed ironclads have
already been completed, while others are still upon the
stocks in course of construction. Its wharves and the
banks of the rivers on both sides are lined with batteries.
To destroy these means of continuing the war is therefore
our object and duty.... I have forwarded your
communication to the President, with the request that
he will place in my custody an equal number of prisoners
of the like grades, to be kept by me in positions exposed
to the fire of your guns as long as you continue the
course stated in your communication.</p></blockquote>

<p>General Halleck, Federal chief of staff, in a letter to
Foster, June 21st, stated that the secretary of war approved
his suggestion, and had ordered an equal number
of Confederate generals and field officers to be forwarded
to be treated precisely as the Federal prisoners were,
and with proper precautions to prevent escape, "putting
them in irons, if necessary, for that purpose." The first
roll of Confederate prisoners of war made out for this
purpose was from those confined at Fort Delaware, and
included Maj.-Gens. Edward Johnson and Franklin
Gardner, Brig.-Gens. J. J. Archer, G. H. Steuart and
M. Jeff Thompson, and 46 colonels, lieutenant-colonels
and majors.</p>

<p>General Jones, on July 1st, proposed to General Foster
that they should exchange prisoners, if the respective
governments approved, and enclosed communications
from Brigadier-Generals Wessells, Seymour, Scammon,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>
Heckman and Shaler, the Federal general officers in his
hands, in which they declared that a prompt exchange
of prisoners, if an exchange were to be made, was called
for by every consideration of humanity. They also
asked for the Confederate officers who had arrived at
Hilton Head, "every kindness and courtesy that could be
extended them, in acknowledgment of the fact that we
at this time are as pleasantly and comfortably situated
as is possible for prisoners of war, receiving from the
Confederate authorities every privilege that we could
desire or expect, nor are we unnecessarily exposed to
fire."</p>

<p>General Foster replied to General Jones that he fully
reciprocated the desire for an exchange, but added:
"Before any steps can be taken to effect it, it will be
necessary to withdraw from exposure to our fire those
officers now confined in Charleston. I have not yet placed
your prisoners in a similar position of exposure." To
this General Jones rejoined that a removal of the prisoners
would be an implied admission that they were
unduly exposed, which they had themselves denied.</p>

<p>The Confederate prisoners were placed on Morris
island, under the fire of the Confederate batteries, the
number being increased to about 600 officers of all
grades, and were there held, until in October they and
the prisoners at Charleston were removed.</p>

<p>General Foster, on June 23d, notified the Federal chief
of staff that he would begin important operations soon,
saying: "I propose, first, to destroy the Charleston &amp;
Savannah railroad, and then to make a sudden attack
upon some of the defenses of Charleston or of Savannah.
If I fail in one, I will try the other." On July 1st, he
sailed from Hilton Head with a force of 5,000 infantry,
100 cavalry and two sections of artillery. Two brigades,
under General Hatch, were landed on Seabrook island
with orders to push to the north end, seize the ferry,
cross over and destroy the railroad. Another brigade<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>
was landed at White Point under General Birney, with
orders to torpedo the railroad track and destroy the
South Edisto and Ashepoo bridges and the trestle. At
the same time General Schimmelfennig was to attack on
James island, a boat expedition of 1,000 men was to
assault Forts Johnson and Simkins, and the bombardment
of Fort Sumter was to be renewed with the intention
of leveling its walls preparatory to storming.</p>

<p>This combined attack was a serious one and taxed the
heroism of the brave defenders of Charleston, but, as in
previous emergencies, they were successful in meeting
the enemy at every point. Birney, Foster said, encountered
a small force of the enemy with a battery, and
though Foster helped him with gunboats on Dawho
creek, he retreated and fell in behind Schimmelfennig on
the Stono. The latter carried a battery on James island,
but was shelled out of it by the batteries from Secessionville
to Fort Pringle. Hatch marched across John's
island but found it too hot to fight the Confederates concentrated
at the ferry. Colonel Hoyt, of the boat expedition,
was compelled to surrender with 5 officers and 132
men. Such, in effect, was Foster's summing up of results
on July 7th. On the 12th, he added, that having
been successful in one respect, forcing the Confederates
to accumulate a large force to meet him, he had re-embarked
to give his men a few days' rest, after a loss of
54 killed and drowned, 133 wounded and 143 missing.
His rest continued until November.</p>

<p>Gen. W. B. Taliaferro was in command on the Secessionville
line, which included Forts Johnson, Haskell and
Pringle, and Batteries Simkins, Wampler, Cheves, etc.,
whence an active fire had been maintained at the enemy,
varied at times with skirmishing against Federal demonstrations.
On July 2d he observed the advance of the
enemy in force, driving in the cavalry vedettes upon the
infantry pickets stretching from Rivers' causeway to the
Stono. There a stubborn resistance was made by Maj.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>
Edward Manigault, supported by Lieutenant De Lorme's
light artillery and a detachment of the siege train serving
as infantry under Lieutenant Spivey. The gallant
De Lorme, fighting too long against a line of battle, at
the fourth charge of the enemy lost his guns after they
had occasioned great loss in the Federal ranks. The
picket line was withdrawn in range of the batteries, and
the enemy advanced and intrenched, Taliaferro not having
force enough to attack, being compelled to weaken
Fort Johnson to hold his main line. A gunboat came up
the Stono to cover the Federal flank, but was driven
back by Battery Pringle. The enemy made one advance
in force, but met such a warm reception from the artillery
that no further effort was made that day.</p>

<p>Next morning at daylight the enemy landed from
barges at Shell point and made the attack on Battery
Simkins and Fort Johnson. Both were fiercely assaulted
by the Federals, but, said General Taliaferro, "the gallant
garrison, under the command of Lieut.-Col. Joseph
A. Yates, received them with heroic determination, and
soon staggered and drove them back, when, with a rapid
charge headed by Lieutenants Waties and Reynolds, 140
prisoners, including 5 commissioned officers, were taken."
The participants in this brilliant affair were the companies
of Lieutenant Waties, Captain Gaillard and Lieutenant
Cooper, of the First artillery, and of Lieutenants
Halsey and Raworth, Second artillery. These officers
and Corporal Crawford were distinguished for gallantry.
Five barges were captured.</p>

<p>The 3d was opened with an artillery battle along the
line, and the enemy's monitors and gunboats were seen
ascending the Stono. Legaréville and other points on
John's island were occupied, and Taliaferro was led to
believe that the enemy was engaged in a serious movement,
on the same line as that adopted by Sir Henry
Clinton in March, 1780, who occupied John's island,
crossed the Stono at the site of Fort Pemberton, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>
after gaining possession of the Stono, moved from James'
island to the mainland. Nevertheless the Confederate
line put on a bold front and Colonel Harrison, with his
Georgians, advanced and drove back the Federal pickets
to their original line. For several days afterward artillery
firing continued along the lines, and attacks upon
Manigault's picket line. The Federal fleet opened a
terrific fire on Battery Pringle, disabling several of the
guns. To relieve the exhausted garrison at the latter
point, Colonel Rhett was assigned and Major Blanding
with two companies of the First artillery. Battery Tynes
was also under fire, but ably defended by Captain Richardson,
of Lucas' battalion.<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>

<p>On the 8th Colonel Harrison, with his brigade,
was sent to the assistance of Gen. B. H. Robertson,
commanding on John's island. The latter had repulsed
several assaults, Major Jenkins commanding
at the front, and after the arrival of the Georgians,
made an attack in turn, on the morning of the 9th, driving
the enemy from his first intrenched line to the second,
beyond Burden's causeway, and occupying the elevated
ground necessary to the Federals to enfilade Taliaferro's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>
line on James island. The entire Confederate loss was
37 killed and 91 wounded.<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>

<p>While the battle was in progress on John's island, a
Brooke gun, brought to Battery Pringle, drove the
enemy's wooden boats down stream. An attempt of the
enemy to float fire rafts with the tide against the Stono
bridge was defeated by Lieutenant Smith, with a detachment
of the naval battalion, who brought them to shore,
and a second barge attack on Fort Johnson was repulsed,
the garrison being aided by Le Gardeur's battery and a
company of marines. On the 11th the enemy disappeared.</p>

<p>In his detailed report, Gen. Sam Jones said: "Officers
captured concur in representing that the expedition
was well and carefully considered and planned, and was
confidently expected to result in the capture of Charleston.
That it failed is due, under Providence, to the gallantry
and good conduct of our officers and men." His
aggregate of losses was 33 killed and 96 wounded.</p>

<p>The part of this campaign which fell upon Fort Sumter
was a fierce bombardment by day and night, in which
from July 7th to July 31st inclusive, 7,000 shot and shell
took effect. On the 7th the flag was cut down three
times. On the 20th Commandant Mitchel, one of the
most gallant officers of the artillery service, was mortally
wounded while making an observation from the highest
point of the fort. Capt. John Johnson, the faithful engineer-in-chief,
was severely wounded on the 28th. But
in spite of this terrific bombardment, and a new sort of
attack&mdash;floating powder boats to explode in its vicinity&mdash;Sumter
remained invulnerable. Capt. Thomas A. Hu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>guenin
succeeded Mitchel in command, and remained in
charge until on the night of February 17, 1865, he went
the rounds of the indomitable fortress for the last time,
and abandoned it to the enemy who had never been able
to enter its walls while a Confederate soldier remained
on guard.</p>

<p>Major Jenkins, on August 20th, found it necessary to
burn the village of Legaréville. The Stono scouts, owners
of property in the place, volunteered to aid in the
work, sixteen of the members applying the torches to
their own dwellings.</p>

<p>On October 5th, Maj.-Gen. W. J. Hardee took command
of the department, relieving General Jones, whom
he assigned to command of the State, exclusive of General
McLaws' district in the southeast.</p>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> General Taliaferro gave his loss in the campaign at 10
killed and 25 wounded. He particularly commended the gallantry of the
men on his advanced line under unremitting fire for eight days and
nights from the enemy's monitors, gunboats, mortar boats and land
batteries. These troops were detachments from the First and Second
artillery, Company B, siege train; First cavalry, First infantry
(regulars), Kirk's and Peeples' squadrons of cavalry and Harrison's
and Bonaud's Georgians, the South Carolina officers commanding
being Major Manigault, Major Blanding, Capts. R. P. Smith, Dickson,
Warley, Rivers, Witherspoon, Burnet, Humbert, Stallings,
Kennedy, Porcher Smith and Trezevant. The Stono batteries,
under Majors Lucas and Blanding, were commanded by Captains
Hayne, Richardson, Rhett, King, Lieutenants Ogier (specially
distinguished), Martin, Reveley, Lucas, Ford and Stuart.
Lieutenant-Colonel Brown at Fort Lamar, and the light batteries under
Captain Wheaton, did good service, and Colonels Black, Frederick
and Rhett were faithful and efficient in their duties commanding on
the east and west and in reserve.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> General Robertson specially commended, aside from the
gallant Georgians who led in the charge on the 9th, the Washington,
Marion, and Inglis batteries, under Colonel Kemper, Major Jenkins,
Sergeant Jervais and Privates Miller and Bryan of the Stono scouts;
Private A. J. White, of the Second cavalry, and a portion of the Second
cavalry under Captain Clark, who defended the right of the line on
the first day and lost 13 out of 21 engaged. Captain Dean, of the
same regiment, with 13 men, also participated in this heroic fight.</p></div>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>SOUTH CAROLINIANS WITH LONGSTREET AND LEE&mdash;WAUHATCHIE&mdash;MISSIONARY
RIDGE&mdash;KNOXVILLE&mdash;THE
VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN OF 1864&mdash;FROM THE WILDERNESS
TO THE BATTLE OF THE CRATER.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">Following</span> the battle of Chickamauga, Bragg's
army occupied Lookout mountain and Missionary
ridge, beleaguering Rosecrans, whose troops soon
began to suffer for want of food. Longstreet, in command
on the left, had the important duty of holding
the river line of communication, and cutting off Rosecrans'
supplies. Hood's division, at this time, was commanded
by Brig.-Gen. Micah Jenkins, and Col. John
Bratton commanded Jenkins' brigade, which joined Longstreet
after Chickamauga. The First regiment was under
command of Col. F. W. Kilpatrick; the Second Rifles,
of Col. Thomas Thompson; the Fifth, of Col. A. Coward;
the Sixth, of Col. M. W. Gary, and the Palmetto Sharpshooters,
of Col. Joseph Walker.</p>

<p>In October, 1863, Rosecrans was replaced by Thomas,
Grant became commander-in-chief in the West, and
prompt efforts were made by them to relieve Chattanooga.
On Longstreet's part Law's brigade of Jenkins'
division was moved down the river below Lookout mountain,
and on the 25th the brigade observed a force from
Chattanooga cross the river and seize a strong position,
where it was soon reinforced by Hooker's corps from
Virginia. On the 28th Longstreet arranged for a night
attack upon Geary's division, marching down Lookout
valley toward Brown's ferry, in which Bratton's division<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>
was to assail the enemy's rear.<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> The South Carolinians
made a gallant attack, and, Colonel Bratton reported,
"drove the enemy through their camp, and entirely beyond
their wagon camp." The brigade became seriously
engaged, and apparently had prospects of success, if
supported, but the Federal divisions of Carl Schurz and
O. O. Howard were close at hand, and Bratton was
ordered to withdraw. The loss was heavy, 31 killed, 286
wounded and 39 missing. Colonel Kilpatrick, distinguished
for gallantry and efficiency, was shot through the
heart early in the engagement. Capt. James L. Coker,
of Bratton's staff, was seriously wounded. In an account
of this combat, Captain Coker has written:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>General Geary's division was attacked by Jenkins'
South Carolina brigade. No other troops fired a shot at
Geary's men that night. When the order to retire was
received, the brigade was withdrawn in good order.
General Howard [marching to the support of Geary]
made such progress that Jenkins' brigade was in danger
of being cut off from the crossing over Lookout creek.</p></blockquote>

<p>With this understanding it is interesting to read General
Geary's report:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The enemy pressed forward vigorously with a continuous
line of fire.... The guns of Knap's battery ...
were served ... with spherical case with short fuses....
Charge after charge was made, each with redoubled
effort upon our left, but each time the enemy's lines were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>
hurled back under the unintermitting fire, both from infantry
and artillery, that like a wall of flame opposed them.
Prisoners began to come in, and we discovered that we
were opposing Hood's division of Longstreet's corps....
After nearly half an hour's desperate fighting ...
the enemy extended his attack without cessation of fire on
the left, to the right of my center, front and left flank....
The infantry suffered considerably, but dealt destruction
into the rebel ranks as correspondingly overwhelming
as were their numbers to those of our own
Spartan band.... The veteran division of Hood had
sought to annihilate us.... The enemy was driven from
the field, after a most desperate struggle of three hours'
duration.... [Geary reported his total present at about
2,400, loss 216.]</p></blockquote>

<p>Early in November, Longstreet, with the divisions of
McLaws and Hood (under Jenkins), including the South
Carolina brigades of Jenkins and Kershaw, and Fickling's
battery, was ordered up the Tennessee valley to wrest
Knoxville from Burnside and to divert to that region
some of the heavy reinforcements Grant was massing
against Bragg. The South Carolina brigades participated
in the combats of the advance and the investment of
Knoxville. Jenkins' brigade bore the brunt of the engagement
at Lenoir's Station, November 15th, in which
the gallantry and dash of the skirmishers, said Jenkins,
were never surpassed. Lieutenant-Colonel Logan, Hampton's
legion, and Lieutenant-Colonel Wylie, Fifth South
Carolina, were particularly distinguished. The brigade
lost 18 killed and 106 wounded.</p>

<p>On November 18th, before Knoxville, General Kershaw's
brigade was ordered to assault the advance line
of the enemy occupying breastworks of rails, upon a hill,
and the Armstrong houses. The charge was brilliant
and successful. Colonel Nance, of the Third, reported it
"was the most desperate encounter in which the regiment
was ever engaged." Among the mortally wounded was
Lieut. D. S. Moffett. Colonel Kennedy, of the Second,
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>was wounded. Maj. J. F. Gist, the brave and intrepid
commander of the Fifteenth, was killed by a Federal
sharpshooter, the command devolving on Capt. J. B.
Davis. James' battalion lost 27 killed and wounded.
Part of Kershaw's brigade was in action during the unsuccessful
assault of November 29th, and both brigades, with
occasional fighting and continuous suffering for want of
shoes, clothing and rations, passed the inclement winter
in rugged east Tennessee.</p>

<p>On November 20th the South Carolina commands with
Bragg on Missionary ridge were the Tenth and Nineteenth,
Maj. James L. White (Manigault's brigade); the
Sixteenth, Colonel McCullough, and Twenty-fourth, Colonel
Stevens (Gist's brigade), and Ferguson's battery.
These troops fell back with the army on November 25th,
and passed the winter of 1863-64 in the vicinity of Dalton.</p>

<p>While their comrades were thus engaged in the West,
the South Carolinians in the army of Northern Virginia
were undisturbed except by the Bristoe campaign in
October, and the Mine Run campaign in November.
Abner Perrin, promoted to brigadier-general, commanded
McGowan's brigade; Col. D. H. Hamilton, the
First regiment; Col. J. L. Miller, the Twelfth; Col. B. T.
Brockman, the Fourteenth; Col. F. E. Harrison, Orr's
Rifles. This brigade, with Lane's, Scales' and Thomas'
formed the division of Maj.-Gen. C. M. Wilcox, A. P.
Hill's corps. General Hampton, promoted to major-general,
commanded a division of the cavalry corps, and
his old brigade, under Brig.-Gen. M. C. Butler, included
the First and Second South Carolina cavalry, under Colonels
Black and Lipscomb. Hart's battery was still with
the cavalry, the Pee Dee artillery with the Third corps,
Garden's with Maj. J. C. Haskell's battalion of the reserve
artillery. Butler's cavalry brigade, under Col.
P. M. B. Young, early in October was distinguished at
Bethsaida church. "The enemy were drawn up in line to
meet us," General Stuart reported, "but being gallantly
charged in flank and rear by the First South Carolina<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>
cavalry, Lieut.-Col. J. D. Twiggs, broke and fled in confusion."
Pursuing to James City, Kilpatrick's whole
division was encountered. During the skirmishing which
followed, a dash of the enemy at the horse artillery was
gallantly met and repulsed by 150 sharpshooters under
Capt. R. Ap C. Jones, First South Carolina cavalry.
Fighting followed around Brandy Station, and Young's
brigade made a successful stand at Fleetwood hill on the
12th. On the 19th, at Haymarket and Buckland mills,
when Kilpatrick was finally routed with the loss of 250
prisoners and General Custer's headquarters baggage, the
First South Carolina gallantly led in the impetuous charge
of Stuart's troopers. "The rout at Buckland," said
Stuart, "was the most signal and complete that any cavalry
has suffered during the war."</p>

<p>When the great Federal army under Grant and Meade
crossed the Rapidan in May, 1864, Longstreet had his
corps again in Virginia, with headquarters at Gordonsville.
Brig.-Gen. J. B. Kershaw was in command of
McLaws' division, and his brigade was led by Col. John
W. Henagan. Lieut.-Col. Franklin Gaillard commanded
the Second, Colonel Nance the Third, Capt. James
Mitchell the Seventh, Lieut.-Col. E. T. Stackhouse the
Eighth, Col. John B. Davis the Fifteenth, Capt. B. M.
Whitener the Third battalion. General Jenkins was in
command of his brigade, in the division now led by Maj.-Gen.
C. W. Field, and the First regiment was commanded
by Col. James R. Hagood, the Second (rifles) by
Col. Robert E. Bowen, the Fifth by Col. A. Coward, the
Sixth by Col. John Bratton, the Palmetto Sharpshooters
by Col. Joseph Walker. General McGowan was again
in command of his brigade, of Wilcox's division, on the
Rapidan. The South Carolina cavalry brigade, under Gen.
M. C. Butler, composed of the Fourth regiment, Col. B.
Huger Rutledge; Fifth, Col. John Dunovant, and Sixth,
Col. Hugh K. Aiken, was assigned to General Hampton's
division. Garden's battery, the Palmetto artillery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>
under Captain Fickling, the Pee Dee under Zimmerman,
and Hart's battery continued in their former assignments.</p>

<p>On the night of May 5, 1864, General Lee telegraphed
to President Davis:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The enemy crossed the Rapidan yesterday at Ely's and
Germanna fords. Two corps of this army moved to oppose
him&mdash;Ewell's by the old turnpike, and Hill's by the plank
road.... A strong attack was made upon Ewell, who
repulsed it.... The enemy subsequently concentrated
upon General Hill, who, with Heth's and Wilcox's divisions,
successfully resisted repeated and desperate assaults.</p></blockquote>

<p>In this first fight in the Wilderness, May 5th, McGowan's
brigade was hurried into action, the line being
formed of the First regiment, Orr's Rifles, Twelfth,
Thirteenth and Fourteenth, from right to left. In this
order the brigade made a charge in which the enemy
were driven through the thickets, and in the onset,
though suffering heavy losses, it captured a considerable
number of prisoners, including a brigadier-general.</p>

<p>The attack of the Federals on the 6th fell upon the
right flank and front of McGowan's brigade, forcing it to
double up and fall back on Poague's artillery, where it
was reformed. At this juncture, Kershaw reached the
field, with the head of Longstreet's corps, and Colonel
Henagan formed his brigade in line of battle just in
time to screen the retreating masses of Heth's and Wilcox's
divisions. "Almost immediately," says Kershaw,
"the Federals were upon us." He continues:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Ordering Colonel Henagan forward to meet them with
the right of his command, I threw forward the Second
South Carolina regiment on the left of the road and
deployed and pushed forward Brigadier-General Humphreys
with his brigade, also, on the right of the road.
This formation was made successfully and in good order
under the fire of the enemy, who had so far penetrated
into the interval between Henagan and the road as to
almost enfilade the Second South Carolina, which was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>
holding the left of the road, and some batteries which
were there stationed. Humphreys was pushed forward
as soon as he got into position, and made for a time
steady progress.</p>

<p>In the meantime General Bryan's brigade coming up,
was ordered into position to Henagan's right. That
officer, in obedience to orders, had pushed forward and
driven the enemy in his front for some distance through
the dense thicket which covered the country to the right
of the plank road; but they being heavily reinforced,
forced him back to the line which Humphreys had by this
time reached. Here the enemy held my three brigades
so obstinately that I placed myself at the head of the
troops and led in person a charge of the whole command,
which drove the enemy to and beyond their original line
and occupied their temporary field works some half mile
or more in advance. The lines being rectified, and Field's
division and Wofford's brigade having arrived, a movement
was organized to attack the enemy in flank from
our right, while we continued to hold the enemy in front,
who was at intervals bearing down upon our lines, but
always without any success. This movement, concealed
from view by the dense wood, was eminently successful,
and the enemy was routed and driven pell-mell as far as
the Brock road, and pursued by General Wofford to some
distance across the plank road, where he halted within a
few hundred yards of the Germanna road. Returning
with General Wofford up the plank road, and learning
the condition of things in front, we met the lieutenant-general
commanding, coming to the front almost within
musket range of the Brock road. Exchanging hasty congratulations
upon the success of the morning, the lieutenant-general
rapidly planned and directed an attack to be
made by Brigadier-General Jenkins and myself upon
the position of the enemy upon the Brock road before he
could recover from his disaster. The order to me was to
break their line and push all to the right of the road
toward Fredericksburg. Jenkins' brigade was put in
motion in the plank road, my division in the woods to
the right. I rode with General Jenkins at the head of his
command, arranging with him the details of our combined
attack. We had not advanced as far as the position
still held by Wofford's brigade when two or three shots
were fired on the left of the road, and some stragglers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span>
came running in from that direction, and immediately a
volley was poured into the head of our column from the
woods on our right, occupied by Mahone's brigade. By
this volley General Longstreet was prostrated by a fearful
wound; Brigadier-General Jenkins, Capt. Alfred E.
Doby, my aide-de-camp, and Orderly Marcus Baum were
instantly killed.</p>

<p>I have not the particulars of casualties at hand,
except those in Kershaw's brigade, which were 57 killed,
239 wounded and 26 missing. Among the losses of that
brigade were two of the most gallant and accomplished
field officers of the command&mdash;Col. James D. Nance,
commanding Third South Carolina regiment, and Lieut.-Col.
Franklin Gaillard&mdash;both gentlemen of education,
position and usefulness in civil life and highly distinguished
in the field. Captain Doby had served with me
as aide-de-camp from the commencement of the war.
He distinguished himself upon every battlefield.</p></blockquote>

<p>Colonel Bowen, in describing the service of his regiment
(Jenkins' brigade), says:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>General Longstreet did not fall from his horse, but
rode the length of the regiment (Second rifles), when he
began to reel, and Lieutenant-Colonel Donnald and
Sergt. T. J. Bowen caught him and lifted him down
from his horse. Colonel Bowen formed his regiment
across the plank road in order to repel an attack in case
the enemy should return. Just at that time Gen. R. E.
Lee rode up and ordered Colonel Bowen to form the brigade
on the right and left of the Second rifles. Colonel
Coward came up and threw himself, weeping,
over the dead body of the gallant Jenkins. General
Anderson was called to take command of the corps and
Colonel Bratton took command of the brigade. The
sharpshooters and the Second rifles were then ordered to
the front and right, and after a half mile's march found
that the enemy had improved the brief lull in the fight
by throwing up intrenchments, from behind which they
opened a terrific fire. The advance regiments held their
position and suffered a heavy loss, until, as reinforcements
came up, the enemy fell back.</p></blockquote>

<p>The return of Colonel Hagood, of Jenkins' brigade&mdash;10
killed and 82 wounded out of 261&mdash;indicates the losses of
the troops engaged. The 7th passed without a general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>
engagement, but instead the positions of both armies
were changed from day to day, and a part of Kershaw's
command fought with success on the 8th, at one time
using the bayonet. Repeated and heavy assaults were
made on Ewell's corps during the 10th, and on the 11th
the two armies confronted each other at Spottsylvania
Court House, ready for the awful battle of the 12th of
May.</p>

<p>The great struggle over the possession of the "bloody
angle" began just before dawn by the successful sweep
of the Federal divisions through Gen. Edward Johnson's
line of intrenchments, thus threatening the overthrow of
Lee's army. The particulars of this fearful encounter,
which resulted, after the day's bloody fighting, in the
defeat of Grant's purpose, will not be given here, but the
part taken by McGowan's brigade deserves special mention.
This brigade, stationed far out on the Confederate
right, was summoned to action about sunrise, May 12th,
and after a march of two miles to the left, was
moved at double-quick along Ewell's line. General
Rodes, seeing them approach, asked: "What troops are
these?" and was answered, "McGowan's South Carolina
brigade." "There are no better soldiers in the world,"
was his inspiring reply. Almost immediately the South
Carolinians entered the fight, the Twelfth on the right,
and the First, Thirteenth, the Rifles and the Fourteenth
extending to the left consecutively. At double-quick and
with the "rebel yell" they went into the inner line,
where McGowan was wounded by a minie ball, and compelled
to yield the command to Colonel Brockman, who
in turn being quickly disabled by a wound, was succeeded
by Col. J. N. Brown.</p>

<p>"At that time," says Col. I. F. Hunt, in his account
of the battle, "the position of the Thirteenth regiment
was in an open field, and about fifty yards in rear of a
line of works occupied by Confederate troops (Harris'
Mississippians), a position where we could do no good,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>
while subjected to a terrific fire from the enemy, somewhat
on our right. I saw General Gordon passing, and
obtained permission to move the regiment to the right.
He ordered me to take it to the point where the fighting
was hardest." In moving to the right Colonel Hunt was
informed that all his seniors had been killed or wounded
and he took command of the brigade. He found the
right of the brigade in a short line of reserve works, and
perceiving that his men must either charge or retreat or
die where they stood, he ordered a charge, and drove the
enemy from the salient, or "bloody angle." In occupying
that work the left of the brigade connected with and
possibly lapped other troops, but the right was unprotected,
and as far down the right as Hunt could see, the
Federals held the opposite side of the works, with the
captured Confederate guns turned against him. The
ammunition soon began to give out, and although it appeared
to be certain death to leave the shelter of the
works, Privates William Kelly and Chance Evans of the
First volunteered to, and did bring ammunition from, the
rear in boxes and tent flies during the entire engagement.
At 1 p. m., the enemy about ten paces distant, raised a
white flag, and a general advanced who, when met by
Hunt, demanded a surrender, which was promptly refused.
Soon afterward Col. J. N. Brown took command.</p>

<p>The fierceness of this close engagement by McGowan's
brigade,<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> in which Harris' Mississippians bore an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>
equally gallant part, on the left, was probably not
exceeded in any war. The firing, when resumed after
the parley above mentioned, continued incessantly all
the remainder of the day and far into the night. Just
before day the brigade was withdrawn without pursuit to
a position near a part of Longstreet's corps, and there
rested with their Confederate comrades ready for the
enemy, who did not choose to advance. In this battle
the brigade lost 86 killed, 241 wounded and 117 missing.
Among the missing, it was afterward learned, were a
large number wounded and left in the trenches and others
that were killed. Among the casualties were Lieut.-Col.
W. P. Shooter, of the First, and Col. B. T. Brockman,
of the Thirteenth, killed; Col. C. W. McCreary, of the
First, and Lieut.-Col. G. McD. Miller, of the Rifles,
wounded.</p>

<p>On the same day General Bratton's brigade (Jenkins')
was in battle on the Brock road, on the right of Kershaw's
brigade, and the two repulsed a heavy assault.
Bratton reported that his brigade was about 1,250 strong,
and lost not more than 15, but the enemy left 500 dead
in its front. During the night Bratton's brigade covered
the withdrawal of McGowan's brigade from the bloody
angle, and without firing a gun, lost 70 men.</p>

<p>On the Cold Harbor line, June 1st, when a strong Confederate
movement by the right was ordered, a diary of
the First corps says:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Kershaw puts in his own brigade, supported by another.
Keitt's big regiment gives way, and in the effort to rally
it, Keitt is mortally wounded. Pickett is closed into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span>
right on Kershaw, and the latter on Hoke. Field closes
in on Pickett. In the afternoon a furious attack is made
on the left of Hoke and the right of Kershaw, enemy
penetrating an interval between them.... Kershaw
brings up the Second and Third South Carolina and regains
Bryan's lost ground, and captures prisoners and a
stand of colors.... [On June 3d] Kershaw's salient is
weak.... The expected battle begins early. Meantime
the enemy is heavily massed in front of Kershaw's
salient. Anderson's, Law's and Gregg's divisions are
there to support Kershaw. Assault after assault is made
and each time repulsed.</p></blockquote>

<p>The South Carolina cavalry and horse artillery participated
in this memorable campaign under Stuart, until
that famous leader fell at Yellow Tavern, then under
Hampton. In Hampton's successful battle with Sheridan
at Trevilian, Butler's South Carolina brigade opened
the attack and was distinguished throughout. Among
the wounded was Colonel Aiken, of the Sixth cavalry.
Before the battle of Nance's Shop, Hampton was joined
by Brig.-Gen. M. W. Gary, with a brigade including the
Hampton legion cavalry and Seventh South Carolina cavalry.
Gary opened the battle at Nance's shop and contributed
materially to the victory.</p>

<p>Meanwhile other gallant South Carolinians had been
on duty under General Beauregard, guarding the approaches
to the Confederate capital, and holding back the
advance of the Federal army under Gen. Ben Butler.
These South Carolina commands were Brig.-Gen. Johnson
Hagood's brigade; Evans' brigade, under Col. Stephen
Elliott; the Seventh cavalry, Col. W. P. Shingler,
and Kelly's battery (Chesterfield).</p>

<p>The Twenty-first and part of the Twenty-fifth arrived
at Port Walthall junction on May 6th, and at once went
out under Colonel Graham to meet the enemy. They
were successful in checking the enemy. The whole brigade,
arriving, was engaged in battle at the junction on
the 7th, repulsing the enemy, and at Swift Creek on the
9th. The brigade loss was 177. The brave Lieutenant-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>Colonel
Dargan fell at the head of his men; Colonel Graham
was wounded in two places; Lieutenant-Colonel
Pressley, and Captain Stoney, of the staff, were seriously,
and Lieutenant-Colonel Blake, Twenty-seventh, and
Captain Sellers, Twenty-fifth, slightly wounded.</p>

<p>At the battle of Drewry's Bluff, May 16th, according
to General Beauregard's report, "Hagood and Bushrod
Johnson were thrown forward and found a heavy force of
the enemy occupying a salient of the outer line of works....
Hagood with great vigor and dash drove the enemy
from the outer lines in his front, capturing a number of
prisoners, and in conjunction with Johnson, five pieces
of artillery. He then took position in the works." The
casualties of the brigade were 433 out of 2,235. Captain
Brooks, of the Seventh, received three severe wounds.
Fifty-seven bullet marks were found upon the flag of the
Seventh battalion after the fight, and in one of its companies
19 were killed and 46 wounded. It was by such
heroic fighting that Petersburg and Richmond were held
in May, 1864.</p>

<p>Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott reported a severe fight on
June 2d, in which the Seventeenth and Twenty-second
South Carolina were engaged, and the latter regiment
lost its colonel, O. M. Dantzler, who fell mortally
wounded while leading a charge.</p>

<p>Grant having transferred his army south of the James,
Bratton's brigade was sent across to Beauregard's line
near the Howlett house, on June 16th. Taking position
on the right, they saw next morning that the enemy was
still in partial possession of part of Beauregard's line.
"About the middle of the day the division (Field's) made
a sort of spontaneous charge," as Bratton put it, "in
which my skirmish line participated, and recovered the
line." Next morning, relieved by Pickett, Bratton
moved to the Petersburg line beyond the Appomattox,
taking position on the right of where the mine was
sprung later. Here for several days, during the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>
assaults of Grant's army, under incessant fire night and
day, Bratton's men had their severest tour of duty in all
the four years. On June 24th they were relieved by
Elliott's South Carolinians, and took other positions on
the line until transferred north of the James.</p>

<p>Hagood's brigade served with distinction in the Petersburg
battles of June 16th to 18th, repelling all assaults.
Reaching Petersburg from the Drewry's bluff line on the
night of the 15th, the brigade pushed out at the City
Point road where the Confederates were being driven
from the outer intrenchments. Under a fierce shelling
on the 16th and 17th, many were killed. Captains Hopkins
and Palmer and Adjutant Gelling, of the Twenty-second,
were killed by the shells. Lieutenant Allemand
was mortally wounded. So they fell all through the first
two months in Virginia, till many of the best and bravest
were laid to rest.</p>

<p>On the 18th Hagood fought to hold and did hold Hare's
hill, the scene of Gordon's desperate sally in February,
1865. Lieutenant Harvey, Seventh battalion, was killed
that day, and Lieutenant Felder, Twenty-fifth, and Major
Rion, Seventh battalion, were wounded. The brigade
lost about 220 in the three days. On the 24th Hagood's
brigade occupied a single line of intrenchments, on the
left of the Confederate line, the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-first
and Eleventh between Appomattox creek and the
City Point road, the Twenty-fifth and Seventh battalion
south of the road, facing the enemy, who was intrenched
in three lines. At dawn the South Carolinians were told
that a general engagement was ordered, which they were
to open, after a heavy cannonading of the enemy by the
batteries north of the Appomattox. The three regiments
north of the road were to charge and wheel to the
south, and supported by other brigades, it was hoped to
roll up the Federal flank and drive them beyond Hare's
hill. Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson, Seventh battalion,
was put in command of 400 picked men for the skirmish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>
line, a detail which left only 550 men of these regiments
in the second line. The attack was made, and the
enemy driven from his rifle-pits and part of the first line
of intrenchments, but the South Carolinians were too
few to go further, and their expected support did not
arrive in time. So the battle failed, but Hagood held
the Federal rifle-pits all day. The loss in the three regiments
and Seventh battalion was very heavy, 25 killed,
73 wounded and 208 whose fate was at the time unknown.
Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson was missing; Captain Axson,
Twenty-seventh, was killed; and Lieutenants Huguenin
and Trim, Twenty-seventh, Chappell, Ford and Vanderford,
Twenty-first, and Smith, Eleventh, wounded; Captains
Mulvaney and Buist (wounded) were captured;
Captain Raysor and Lieutenants Reilly, White and
Clemens, missing.</p>

<p>On the 29th of July, Bushrod Johnson's division was
arranged in the works with Ransom's North Carolinians
on the left, Elliott's South Carolinians next, then Wise's
Virginians, and Colquitt's Georgians on the right. A
projecting part of the works known as Pegram's salient
was occupied by Pegram's battery, with the Eighteenth
South Carolina on its left and the Twenty-second behind
it and to the right. To the left of the Eighteenth were
the Twenty-sixth and Seventeenth, and to the right of
the Twenty-second was the Twenty-third, all along the
parapet. A second line of intrenchments, behind, Elliott
did not have men enough to occupy. Upon these devoted
South Carolinians in the parapets was to fall a tremendous
blow, which was expected to open a way for Grant's
army into Petersburg.</p>

<p>About 4:55 on the morning of July 30th, after a moment's
appalling rumbling and trembling, the earth burst
like a volcano beneath them, and great masses were cast
in the air. Mingled in this horrible eruption which followed
the explosion of the Federal mine, were the bodies
of men, who fell nearly all of them lifeless, while scores<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>
of others were buried as the upheaval settled about the
great "crater," nearly 100 by 150 feet, and 30 feet deep.
Five companies of the Twenty-second South Carolina
were blown up with the left of the battery, and four
companies of the Eighteenth were thrown in the air or
buried. The loss of the first regiment was 170; of the
latter, 43 killed, 43 wounded, and 76 missing&mdash;buried or
captured. Stunned by the shock of this explosion, both
Federals and Confederates for a little while made no
move, but when the torrents of dust had subsided, the
Federals were seen pouring into the breach, and at the
same time there was another and more deafening outbreak&mdash;that
of the Federal artillery, all along the line,
in a torrent of shot and shell and continuous reverberation,
surpassing any previous artillery fire in the war.
But Lee's undaunted veterans held firm.</p>

<p>First to meet the advancing enemy were the Twenty-third
and Seventeenth South Carolina regiments and the
survivors of the Eighteenth and Twenty-second. The
remainder of the division hurried to the firing line, and
Wright's battery and Major Haskell's mortar batteries
came into action with terrible effect upon the crowded
masses of the Federals. General Elliott fell dangerously
wounded, but his place was taken by Col. F. W. McMaster,
Seventeenth, and Colonel Smith, Twenty-sixth,
formed a line to the left and rear of the crater composed
of his regiment, part of the Seventeenth, and the
Twenty-fourth North Carolina. The Twenty-third,
under Captain White, and the remnant of the Twenty-second,
under Captain Shedd, held the trenches on the
right. "The South Carolina troops on that side," said
General Johnson, "succeeded in placing a barricade on
the side of the hill and planting themselves in it and the
sunken ways running to the rear, maintained their position
within 30 yards of the crater for about five hours, during
which the enemy never drove them a foot to the
right, though they made several assaults and attempted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>
several times to form a line in rear of our works, so as to
move on the flank and rear of this gallant little band. In
the events of the 30th of July there will perhaps be found
nothing more heroic or worthy of higher admiration than
this conduct of the Twenty-second and Twenty-third
South Carolina regiments."</p>

<p>After Mahone's division came up, Colonel Smith's line
joined in a charge which cleared the enemy from part of
the second line of intrenchments, and the final charge
which resulted in the complete rout of the enemy was
participated in by the Seventeenth under Major Culp,
and Captain Shedd's line, which captured three flags and
many prisoners. "For every buried comrade," General
Johnson said, the South Carolinians "took a two-fold
vengeance on the enemy." In the last charge Sergt. J.
W. Connelly, Twenty-second, captured the colors of the
First Michigan sharpshooters. The loss of Elliott's South
Carolinians on that terrible day was 15 officers killed and
18 wounded; 110 men killed and 204 wounded; 14 officers
and 337 men missing; total, 698. This was the main
part of the Confederate loss. The Federal return of
losses was 4,400.</p>

<p>Grant's demonstrations north of the James, on the old
Seven Days' battle ground, to draw Lee's forces away
from the vicinity of the mine explosion, had caused
Bratton's brigade to be sent across at Drewry's bluff to
Fussell's mill on the 29th, and thence to New Market
heights. Kershaw had taken position at Chaffin's bluff
several days before, and on the 28th, Conner's (Kershaw's)
and Lane's brigades attempted to dislodge the enemy
from the Long Bridge road, causing a severe fight.
Heth's, Field's and Kershaw's divisions were massed
here; the enemy abandoned the advanced position and
Kershaw recrossed the James on the 30th.</p>

<p>On July 27th, Hampton was ordered from Drewry's to
intercept Wilson's cavalry expedition, returning from
Staunton river bridge to Grant's army. He attacked at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>
Sappony church, next day, and his thin line held the
enemy in check all night, 200 of the Holcombe legion
infantry, under Crawley, in the center. At dawn, the
whole command, including Butler's brigade, charged,
drove the enemy from two lines, pursued his scattering
forces two miles, and captured over 800 prisoners, while
Fitzhugh Lee was fighting with like success at Reams'
Station. The gallant Lieutenant-Colonel Crawley was
severely wounded. This pursuit, General Hampton
reported, closed the operations begun on June 8th, a
period of twenty-two days, during which his command,
poorly fed and without rest, had marched over 400 miles,
fought six days and one night, captured over 2,000 prisoners,
and many guns and small-arms, and defeated two
formidable Federal expeditions, at a loss of 719 men.</p>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Col. Robert E. Bowen, then senior captain commanding the
Second Rifles, in a description of this battle of Wauhatchie, Will's
Valley, or Lookout Valley, as it is variously called, says that during
an observation of the Federal movements from the summit of Lookout,
General Jenkins asked permission to attack and capture "the supply
train for Rosecrans' army," for which Hooker's troops were mistaken,
and the attack was made with that understanding, Law's brigade
being stationed at the river to prevent reinforcements from
Chattanooga. Captain Bowen commanded the brigade skirmish
line of six companies, which drove in the Federals, until he found
them in heavy force in line of battle, when he notified General Jenkins,
and was ordered to go as far as possible. His men opened fire,
lying down to load, and the brigade advanced to their line, within a
hundred yards of the Federals, and there stopped on account of the
evident strength of the enemy. Captain Bowen was severely
wounded, and Sergt. G. W. Bradley, a noble soldier, was killed.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Colonel Hunt says: "Accident gave the brigade the position
in front of the salient, and it sustained its reputation by charging,
retaking and holding it for seventeen hours. No one can describe
what we endured during that struggle. The trunk of that oak tree
now on exhibition in Washington tells better than words the heroic
endurance of the Confederate soldier, and gives a faint idea of the
storm of minie balls hurled at us. When we took the works, the
bark on it was intact. It stood near the right center of the salient.
A little to the left and in front of it stood a hickory tree about eight
inches in diameter, of which I have never seen any mention. The
hickory was shot down before night and fell across the works, catching
some of the men in its branches. Its body and branches were
chipped into splinters by minie balls.... I saw some very reckless
acts of individuals, for instance Private W. W. Davenport, of the
Thirteenth, and a boy of the Twelfth, whose name I cannot recall,
mounted ammunition boxes, not over ten feet from the hickory, and
fired over the salient while three or four men loaded guns for them
until the minie balls almost stripped the clothing from them. During
the afternoon the enemy's front line would seek protection under
cover of our works and fire by placing the muzzles of their guns
below the top logs of the works, while their second line would fire
over their heads. Frequently our men would seize their muzzles
and direct their fire to the rear."</p></div>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN&mdash;BATTLES AROUND ATLANTA&mdash;JONESBORO&mdash;HOOD'S
CAMPAIGN IN NORTH
GEORGIA&mdash;THE DEFENSE OF SHIP'S GAP&mdash;LAST
CAMPAIGN IN TENNESSEE&mdash;BATTLE OF FRANKLIN.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">Simultaneous</span> with the crossing of the Rapidan
river in Virginia by the Federal army of Meade,
Gen. W. T. Sherman, in command of the armies
of the Cumberland, Tennessee and Ohio, under Thomas,
McPherson and Schofield, in all about 100,000 strong,
advanced against the army of Tennessee, then under
Gen. J. E. Johnston, and occupying the valley and
mountain strongholds about Dalton, on the railroad from
Chattanooga to Atlanta. South Carolina was represented
in each of Johnston's two corps, in Hardee's by the Sixteenth
regiment, Col. James McCullough, and Twenty-fourth,
Col. Ellison Capers, in Gist's brigade of W. H. T.
Walker's division, and Ferguson's battery, Lieut. R. T.
Beauregard; and in Hood's corps by the Tenth regiment,
Col. James F. Pressley, and Nineteenth, Lieut.-Col.
Thomas P. Shaw, in Manigault's brigade of Hindman's
division. Upon the junction of Polk's forces, Waties'
battery, with Jackson's cavalry division, increased the
South Carolina contingent. Brig.-Gen. C. H. Stevens
commanded a Georgia brigade of Walker's division.</p>

<p>The South Carolinians shared fully in the campaign
which followed, in the course of which General Johnston
skillfully withdrew his forces, with inconsiderable loss,
from one position to another, as each became untenable,
also firmly holding the enemy for weeks on the New
Hope church and Kenesaw mountain lines, repulsing
fierce assaults and permitting Sherman to gain no adva<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>ntages
except such as were due to the power of flanking
inevitable to superior numbers.</p>

<p>The official reports of the campaign are meager, and
afford no particulars of the service of Manigault's brigade.
Colonel Capers, reporting September 10th, for
Gist's brigade, said that on May 6th the brigade marched
out of its winter quarters near Atlanta, and took position
near Mill Creek gap. Captain Wever's company, of the
Twenty-fourth, was the first engaged at this point, but
the brigade was soon transferred to Resaca, to meet the
Federal flanking column under McPherson. Then crossing
the river the two regiments were engaged below Resaca
against the enemy, whose crossing endangered Johnston's
position. Meanwhile the battle of Resaca came on
and Walker's division hurried back across the river, the
Twenty-fourth leading, under fire of the enemy's batteries.
They took position at the center, but Johnston
was compelled to withdraw that night. On the 16th
Hardee's corps was in bivouac on the Rome road, when
the enemy drove in his pickets and the Federal shells
began to fall in his camp. Colonel Capers, with his regiment
and Shaaff's Georgia sharpshooters, was sent to
re-establish the pickets, and his men were successful in a
gallant charge, but lost 9 killed and 30 wounded, among
the latter Capt. T. C. Morgan and Sergt.-Maj. J. B.
Dotterer.</p>

<p>At Cassville, "the greatest enthusiasm prevailed in our
ranks as the men and officers saw the army formed for
battle;" but the order was countermanded, and May
25th found them in rear of and supporting Stewart's
division at New Hope church. They were not engaged
in the battle, but lost several killed and wounded. After
various changes of position they were formed on June
19th south and west of Kenesaw mountain. The right of
the Twenty-fourth touched French's division, which
occupied the mountain.</p>

<p>The line, which was strongly intrenched, was soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>
under the fire of the enemy, who established his intrenched
line within 300 yards, and maintained such a
constant fire of small-arms and artillery that the men
had to keep close behind the works. Maj. C. C. O'Neill,
of the Sixteenth, was killed on the picket line, which
gallantly faced the enemy. On the 24th Colonel Capers'
regiment went forward to assist the pickets in covering
the brigade front, facing a Federal line of battle. The
famous assault occurred three days later, and was repulsed
from the line of the North Carolinians by their
steady fire, assisted by the raking artillery fire from General
French's batteries. But the Federals drove in the
picket line and planted themselves within 100 yards,
whence they maintained a galling fire of musketry.
After thirteen days of such fighting at Kenesaw mountain
the brigade was retired, with the army, the Twenty-fourth
having lost 57 men. The experience of all the
South Carolina regiments was similar.</p>

<p>On July 9th Gist's brigade crossed the Chattahoochee.
"On the 17th," Colonel Capers wrote in his report, "the
commanding general (Johnston) published an address to
the army, and announced that he would attack General
Sherman's army so soon as it should cross the Chattahoochee."</p>

<blockquote>

<p>I had the honor to read the address to the brigade, and
to congratulate the command upon the prospect of successful
battle. The order of battle was received with
enthusiasm and the most confident spirit prevailed.
Next day ... the farewell address of General Johnston
was received and read to the regiment. It is due to truth
to say that the reception of these orders produced the
most despondent feelings in my command. The loss of
the commanding general was felt to be irreparable. Continuing
the march and passing by his headquarters
Walker's division passed at the shoulder, the officers
saluting, and most of the latter and hundreds of the men
taking off their hats. It had been proposed to halt and
cheer, but General Johnston, hearing of our intention,
requested that the troops march by in silence.</p></blockquote>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p>

<p>On the 20th, the Federal army having crossed the river
and become separated in a movement toward the southeast
of Atlanta, General Hood caused an attack upon
Thomas on Peachtree creek by Hardee and Stewart
(Polk's corps), while his corps, under Cheatham, met the
enemy on the east. In this fight Walker's division made
a gallant but unsuccessful assault and suffered considerable
loss. On the 21st the fighting was brisk on the east
of the city, participated in by Manigault's brigade. Next
day Hardee made a circuitous march and fell upon the
enemy's southeastward flank and rear, while Cheatham
and Stewart attacked in front. In this hard-fought battle
of July 22d the Federal right was rolled up and severely
punished, but the Confederate loss was great, including
General Walker, killed.</p>

<p>Gist's brigade fought in the front line on the Federal
flank, and Manigault's brigade, in another part of the
field, charged forward against the works occupied by the
Federals on the Georgia railroad. Part of the Nineteenth
regiment entered a large white house to fire from
the windows, and seeing the enemy breaking, soon the
men were leaping over the works and capturing prisoners.
Capt. E. W. Horne reported: "Then mingling with
men of other regiments, they passed about 150 yards left
along the works, on the enemy's side of them, to the
brick house, where they captured other prisoners. Maj.
James L. White, who was in command of the regiment,
acted well his part." The brigade was taken back to
the white house, and formed, and then advanced again
under the heavy enfilade fire of the batteries that Sherman
had hurried up to protect his center, and occupied
the trenches left of the brick house, where Major White
was severely wounded. The brigade was soon afterward
withdrawn. The loss of the Nineteenth was 97. The
Tenth advanced on the right of the Nineteenth, the right
of the brigade line, and was conspicuous in the fight. It
was there, where the South Carolinians fought, that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>
Illinois batteries of Captain DeGress were captured, and
the honor of this achievement is claimed by Manigault's
brigade. After this battle Gist's brigade was transferred
to Cheatham's division.</p>

<p>On July 27th Stephen D. Lee, who went to Virginia in
1861 as a South Carolina artillery officer, took command
of Hood's corps, with the rank of lieutenant-general,
and on the next day he was ordered to attack the Federal
right, being extended southward west of the city. In
this fight Manigault's brigade was again engaged. Capt.
T. W. Getzen was in command of the Twenty-fourth,
and after he and Captain Home were wounded, the gallant
"Adjt. James O. Ferrell reported to General Manigault
that all his captains were now wounded or killed,
and the general ordered the adjutant himself to take
command." The loss of the Twenty-fourth that day was
53. The Tenth was engaged with like gallantry, its
commander, Lieut.-Col. C. Irvin Walker, falling painfully
wounded. Lieuts. G. A. Jennison and W. E.
Huger, of Manigault's staff, were among the wounded.
The brigade made repeated assaults, and left dead and
wounded within a few feet of the Federal intrenchments,
but the Confederate battle was not successful.</p>

<p>The investment of Atlanta was actively pressed after
the battles of the latter part of July to the 25th of August,
1864. During that period the Federal line was firmly
established on the east, north and west of the city, and
steadily pushed southwestward. On August 25th, Hood's
line, west and south of Atlanta, had extended to cover
East Point, on the Macon railroad, 5 miles distant
from the city.</p>

<p>Early in August General Hood sent General Wheeler
with half his cavalry force to operate on Sherman's railroad
communications with Chattanooga. Satisfied of his
ability to hold Atlanta and keep open his Macon communications,
he was equally well satisfied that Wheeler's
success would compel Sherman to assault or raise the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>
siege and recross the Chattahoochee. But Sherman had
already determined to raise the siege, to intrench one of
his corps on the Chattahoochee to guard his supplies and
protect that crossing, and to throw the Federal army
first on the West Point and then on the Macon road, south
of Atlanta. After an ineffective cavalry expedition,
Sherman's movement began on the night of the 25th,
and by the morning of the 28th nearly his whole army
was in position on the West Point railroad, tearing up
the track from East Point to Fairburn. Finishing this
work of destruction on the 29th, Howard and Thomas
were ordered to march on the 30th across to the Macon
road and take possession of General Hood's only remaining
railroad communications. Howard's destination was
Jonesboro, 20 miles south of Atlanta.</p>

<p>Meanwhile General Hood had been uncertain as to the
real character of the Federal general's movements, but
supposed his main force was actually recrossing the Chattahoochee
in retreat. Not until the evening of the 30th
was General Hood convinced that his rear was seriously
attacked. General Hardee was then ordered to march
immediately with his own and Lee's corps, and to attack
and drive across Flint river the force reported to be
marching for Jonesboro. The head of Hardee's corps
reached Jonesboro about sunrise, and the last of Lee's
corps did not arrive before 1 p. m. Howard had crossed
Flint river with one corps in the afternoon of the 30th,
and occupied and fortified a ridge of high ground parallel
with the railroad and between the river and Jonesboro.
He could just as well have occupied the hamlet of Jonesboro
and intrenched himself across the coveted railroad
facing the city of Atlanta, for he had nothing to oppose
his army but a brigade of cavalry. But he was deceived
by reports that Jonesboro was occupied by a large force
of infantry. Before "bedtime" of the 30th, General
Howard had two corps in position, the Fifteenth east and
the Sixteenth west of the river. Early on the morning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>
of the 31st the Seventeenth corps came up, and his army
of the Tennessee was ready for battle.</p>

<p>As the troops of Hardee and Lee arrived on the 31st,
they were quickly put in line of battle facing west, and
immediately confronting the Fifteenth corps, commanded
by Gen. John A. Logan. Lee's corps occupied the right,
the divisions of Patton Anderson (including Manigault's
brigade) and Stevenson in front, and Clayton's in reserve.
Hardee's corps, commanded by General Cleburne, occupied
the left, the divisions of Bate (under J. C. Brown)
and Cleburne (under Lowrey) in front, and Cheatham's
(under General Maney, and including Gist's brigade) in
reserve. General Hardee ordered the attack to begin on
the extreme left by Lowrey, to be followed up from left
to right, Lowrey and Brown wheeling to their right and
Lee attacking directly in front. Lowrey engaged the
skirmishers in his front at 3 o'clock, and Lee, hearing his
fire, led his corps forward. Lee was repulsed, but Lowrey
on the extreme left was brilliantly successful, driving
the enemy in his front across the river. He established
his line on the east bank of the river, but the attack having
failed on his right, he was recalled to his original
position. Patton Anderson's division was conspicuous in
the attack of Lee's corps. He was severely wounded and
his division suffered heavily. Persuaded of the certain
advance of General Thomas, and interpreting General
Howard's defensive attitude as indicative of his near
approach, Hardee wisely decided not to risk another
assault and also stood on the defensive.</p>

<p>In the attacks, right and left, the brigades of Manigault
and Gist were each in the line of support to the line
of attack. Gist's brigade (commanded by Lieut.-Col.
James McCullough, General Gist being absent wounded)
was on the extreme left of Cheatham's division, and followed
Lowrey's advance; but was not actively engaged
and suffered only 4 casualties. Manigault had a more
exciting experience. His brigade for this engagement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>
was assigned to Clayton's division, supporting Anderson
and Stevenson. General Clayton describes the attack of
the front line as wanting in dash and persistency. Ordered
up on its first repulse, Manigault on his left, Holtzclaw
next, and Gibson on his right, Clayton led his division
with spirit. Encountering a rail fence, parallel to
his advance, and the enemy's rifle-pits near it, a large
part of the division halted at these obstructions to return
the enemy's fire of musketry and canister which raked
their ranks. To this circumstance the repulse of the
division was due. "Never (says General Clayton) was
a charge begun with such enthusiasm terminated with
accomplishing so little."</p>

<p>Gibson led the brigade with the Confederate battle-flag
in his grasp, and lost half his men. Manigault on the
left was equally unsuccessful. This was the experience
of each division in the assault with the one exception of
Cleburne's, led by Lowrey. The whole attack was most
unsatisfactory and disappointing. The troops went forward
with spirit, but were soon discouraged and halted
behind any and every obstruction to reply to the enemy's
fire. This was fatal to the attack, though much determination
and courage were shown by fighting from shelter,
or even in the open. The corps of Hardee and Lee were
physically unfit for the heroic exertion demanded of
them on the 31st of August. To expect men who are
worn out physically and wanting food, to carry intrenchments
held by equal numbers, is unreasonable. The
great Jackson failed to push his corps across White Oak
swamp and join the battle at Frayser's farm, and his
friend and biographer explains this unusual want of his
characteristic energy by telling of his absolute physical
exhaustion. However much we may deplore the disappointing
results of the battle of the 31st of August, no
true man, who knew the men who failed there, would
charge their failure to a lack of spirit or courage.</p>

<p>The situation on the night of the 31st was critical.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>
Thomas' two corps were on the railroad in the rear of
Howard and in supporting distance, and Schofield, with
another corps, having eluded Hood at East Point, was in
supporting distance of Thomas, on the railroad at Rough
and Ready. Thus Sherman had thrown his entire army
(the Twentieth corps excepted) between General Hood
and the two corps at Jonesboro, and was hard at work
breaking up the Macon railroad. Hood was holding on
to Atlanta with Stewart's corps, and the militia of
Georgia, the latter under Gen. G. W. Smith. Hearing
late at night of the 31st, of Howard's success in repelling
Hardee, Sherman at once ordered everything against
Jonesboro, while General Hood directed Hardee to return
Lee's corps to Atlanta, saying: "There are some indications
that the enemy may make an attempt upon Atlanta
to-morrow." The execution of this order exposed Lee
to what seemed almost certain capture, and left Hardee
to defend the supplies and ordnance trains of the army
and the very existence of the army itself, against the
whole of the force of General Sherman. Lee left Hardee
before day on September 1st. That he succeeded in
reaching General Hood, with Thomas and Schofield
directly in his front, is a wonderful comment on the value
of bypaths and a brilliant testimony to Lee's skill in
finding them.</p>

<p>Hardee made the best possible disposition of his three
divisions of infantry, and his small cavalry force, and
stood behind such a defensive line as he could make. The
troops worked all night of the 31st, the entire corps being
in position from the railroad (a deep cut) on the right, to
a position covered by cavalry on the left, and north of
the hamlet of Jonesboro, Lowrey on the right, Brown in
the center and Carter (Anderson) on the left. Gist's
South Carolina and Georgia brigade was on the extreme
left flank. The whole line was in one rank. From sunrise,
Howard was threatening attack, with three corps in
position, and his artillery commanding every part of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>
Hardee's line. The Confederates took the shelling
patiently and worked hard upon their line of defense,
well aware of the responsibility of their position.</p>

<p>At the railroad on the right the line was turned back,
almost parallel with the deep railroad cut which passed
through the ridge, north and south, on which Hardee's
line was formed. This turn in the line was made to meet
a fire from the opposite side of the cut, which was densely
wooded, with a growth of small trees. The cut was too
deep to be crossed at that point. About 1 o'clock Gist's
brigade was ordered from the left, and put in position in
one rank in the wood just described, by the lieutenant-general
in person, and charged with the defense of the
right flank. The Second battalion Georgia sharpshooters,
Maj. R. H. Whiteley, and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina,
Col. Ellison Capers, occupied the position at the railroad
cut, and Colonel Capers was specially charged with
its defense. On the right of the Twenty-fourth was the
Sixteenth South Carolina and on its right the Forty-sixth
Georgia. The men climbed up the smaller trees, bent
them down, cut across the trunks with their pocket knives,
and made a first-rate abatis of small trees, interlaced,
covering the front for some distance. A barricade of
rails, small trees, and timbers brought up from a settlement
in rear, was quickly made, and these preparations
saved the right when the attack came.</p>

<p>Early in the afternoon, the Fourteenth corps, of
Thomas' army, came up and took position between the
railroad and Howard's left. Still later, at 4 o'clock, the
Fourth corps came up, and the leading division, Kimball's,
deployed in front of Gist's brigade. At 5 o'clock
Newton's division, of the Fourth corps, got into position
in the woods on Kimball's left, the two divisions far
overlapping Gist's brigade, and extending a quarter of
a mile beyond the right flank of Hardee's position. General
Sherman's plan of attack was to assault with the
Fourteenth and Fourth corps, and send the Seventeenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>
(Blair's) around Hardee's left flank to his rear, on the
railroad, assured by these combinations of his certain
capture. Davis brought his corps (Fourteenth) up in
handsome style, about 4 o'clock, concentrated his assault
on Lowrey, carried the position on the railroad, and captured
most of Govan's brigade, with its brigadier-general
and two 4-gun batteries. The brigade on Govan's
left, Granbury's, threw back its right and defended itself
on that flank and in the front. Lowrey and Hardee were
promptly on the scene. Vaughan's brigade was brought
up from Cheatham's division, and with the Fifth and
Fifteenth Arkansas of Govan's brigade, charged the position
of the enemy in Govan's line, recaptured most of it
and confined the assaulting force to the position immediately
on the railroad, from which they fired directly down
Lowrey's line. Meanwhile the assaults in front were
unsuccessful.</p>

<p>Simultaneous with the attack of Davis, Kimball's skirmishers
east of the railroad engaged those of Gist's brigade,
and at 5 o'clock an assault was made which fell on
Whiteley's sharpshooters and Capers' regiment. Davis'
troops on the west side of the cut fired into Whiteley's
flank, and he withdrew his battalion from the barricade.
Kimball's troops pushed up and occupied Whiteley's
position, and drove back the three left companies of the
Twenty-fourth South Carolina. On the left of his regiment
Colonel Capers had made a barricade of logs, at
right angles to the line, as a protection against a fire
from the west side of the cut. Assisted by the adjutant-general
of the brigade, Maj. B. B. Smith, and Lieutenant
Holmes, adjutant of the Twenty-fourth, Colonel
Capers rallied his companies, which, led by their commanding
lieutenants, Easterling (Company B), Beckham
(Company G) and Seigler (Company K), charged the
barricade, drove Kimball's men out, and reoccupied their
positions. Turning on the position which the sharpshooters
had vacated, Major Smith and Lieutenants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span>
Easterling and Beckham, with Companies B and K,
immediately attacked it, and Major Whiteley bringing up
his battalion in gallant style, the whole left of Gist's brigade
was re-established and the enemy driven to the bottom
of the ridge. In this battle the brave Maj. D. F.
Hill, of the Twenty-fourth, was killed, while directing the
fire of the left of the regiment. It was now growing
dark, and the lieutenant-general in person rode up and
congratulated Colonel Capers on the success of his regiment.
The commander of the Fourth corps, General
Stanley, in his report explained his delayed attack as "in
part owing to the dense undergrowth in front of the
enemy, and further, to the slow progress the skirmishers
made in pushing back those of the enemy. Grose and
Kirby both reported that they could not carry the position
in their front owing to the perfect entanglement
made by cutting down the thick undergrowth in front of
the rail barricade the rebels had hastily thrown up."
This was the entanglement made by Gist's men with
their pocket-knives. General Stanley continues: "Newton's
division had a much longer circuit to make and
when moved forward the right brigade (Wagner's) found
no enemy in front [Wagner was far to the right and on
the rear of Gist's right regiment], but received a fire from
the rear of their right flank." This was from the right
of the Forty-sixth Georgia. That regiment and the Sixteenth
South Carolina kept up a steady fire in their front
and on their flanks, that of the Sixteenth materially
assisting the Twenty-fourth in its contest over the left
barricades.</p>

<p>Night came on and it was unusually dark, so that the
active fighting ceased. Hardee had stood the shock and
held his position, with the single exception of Govan's
brigade front, and that had been in part gallantly restored
under his eye. About midnight General Hardee had
successfully left his lines, and by daylight of the 2d he
was in line of battle at Lovejoy, 5 miles in the rear of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>
Jonesboro, with all trains packed and his weary and
heroic battalions hard at work on a defensive line.</p>

<p>It is of this battle on the 1st and of its results, that
General Hood reported to Richmond: "Hardee's corps
was attacked in position at Jonesboro. The result was
the loss of eight guns and some prisoners. Hardee then
retired to Lovejoy's Station, where he was joined by
Stewart's and Lee's corps." No dates were given by
General Hood. Stewart and Lee did not reach Lovejoy's
until the evening of the 3d, and Sherman's advance
was deploying in Hardee's front by sunrise on the 2d.
A battle was successfully fought all that day by the
pickets, and again on the 3d, so that when Stewart and
Lee came up from Atlanta on General Hardee's right
rear, the Federal line of battle had been held at bay and
the Confederate commander had only to strengthen a
well-chosen position by the reinforcement of Lee's and
Stewart's corps. If the attack of August 31st was disappointing,
surely the splendid defense of September 1st,
the successful retreat to Lovejoy's and the defiant resistance
of a single corps on the 2d and 3d, with the safety
of the trains, ought to have cheered the heart of the commanding
general and inspired a gallant soldier's commendation.</p>

<p>Following these events, Sherman retreated to Atlanta,
Hood concentrated his army at Palmetto, near the Chattahoochee,
Hardee was supplanted by Cheatham in corps
command, and General Gist took command of Cheatham's
division. In Manigault's brigade, of Edward
Johnson's division, the Tenth South Carolina was under
command of Lieut.-Col. C. Irvine Walker, the Nineteenth
of Capt. Thomas W. Getzen. Gist's brigade was commanded
by Col. Ellison Capers, the Sixteenth regiment
by Capt. John W. Boling, and the Twenty-fourth by
Capt. W. C. Griffith.</p>

<p>On September 29, 1864, Cheatham's corps broke camp
at Palmetto, crossed the Chattahoochee, and marched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>
northward on the west of Atlanta and Sherman's army.
Gist's brigade camped on the road to Lost mountain on
the 4th and 5th of October. After a dreadful night of
storm, they marched through rain and mud on the Dalton
road, and pushed on for the next three days through Van
Wert, Cedartown and Cave Springs to Coosaville on the
Coosa river, on the 9th. Thence marching through the
beautiful valley of the Armuchee and through Sugar
valley, they came before Dalton on the 13th at 1 p. m.
General Hood summoned the fort, which surrendered after
John C. Brown's division (including Gist's brigade) was
ordered to carry it by assault.</p>

<p>Leaving Dalton on the afternoon of October 14th,
Gist's brigade passed Rocky Face, through Mill Creek
gap, familiar places to the soldiers of that army. After
camping a night at Villanow, they resumed their march,
passing Taylor's ridge through Ship's gap, and camped
in the Chattooga valley. Early next morning, October
16th, Colonel Capers was ordered to march back with his
regiment, and hold Ship's gap until ordered to retire. In
disposing his regiment for the defense of the gap, Colonel
Capers placed Companies A and F, Captains Steinmeyer
and Sherard, under Captain Roddey, acting major, about
a quarter of a mile in advance down the mountain, and
instructed Roddey to deploy his companies, taking
advantage of the woods, and to detain the enemy as long
as he could, falling back on the right and left of the regiment
when pressed too hard. Colonel Capers, from an
open place on the ridge, seeing the enemy's columns and
counting seventeen flags, reported by courier to General
Gist, who sent him a dispatch to hold the gap as long as
he could, but not to lose his regiment. It was then
about 11 o'clock, and Roddey was skirmishing heavily.
Colonel Capers sent his adjutant-general, Holmes, to
Roddey. Just as that officer had returned and was talking
to the colonel, the enemy was heard to raise a shout
from the direction of both flanks of Roddey's force, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>
suddenly the firing ceased. In a few minutes some men of
Companies A and F, who had escaped capture, came in
and reported that the enemy had passed around each
flank of their line, and charging from the rear had cut
off Roddey and most of his command. Soon after this
the Federals came up the mountain, and charged the
Twenty-fourth, which was holding the gap with the right
and left companies deployed to protect the flanks. The
well-directed fire of the gallant Carolinians repulsed the
attack. Learning soon after that a force was moving
around to get in his rear, Colonel Capers conducted his
regiment to the rear by the right flank, each company
firing up to the moment of marching. At the foot of the
ridge they were relieved by cavalry, and the regiment
was conducted to the bivouac of the brigade on the Summerville
road. The Twenty-fourth lost 4 officers and
about 40 men in this spirited skirmish at Ship's gap.
Captains Roddey, Steinmeyer and Sherard and Lieutenant
Gray were captured with about half of the force they
commanded. It could not be ascertained how many of
those cut off were killed or wounded. Only 8 were
wounded in the gap.</p>

<p>On the next day the march of Cheatham's corps was
continued. On October 18th they crossed the line of
Georgia and Alabama, and on the 21st halted at Gadsden,
where they received their mail and drew blankets, clothing
and shoes, not enough to supply all necessities, but
to relieve the most needy. Twenty men of the Twenty-fourth
were absolutely barefooted when they reached
Gadsden. That evening General Hood communicated
to the army his purpose to cross the Tennessee and march
into that State. The route lay through the beautiful
valley of the Tennessee, desolated by the enemy, and
Hood addressed a field circular to the army, calling attention
of the troops to the ruined homes on every hand and
exhorting officers and men to resolutely vow the redemption
of Tennessee from the grasp of the foe. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>
noted in the report of the colonel: "The circular was
received by the Twenty-fourth with a hearty cheer,
though many of the gallant soldiers who cheered were
absolutely suffering for clothing and shoes."</p>

<p>The march to the Tennessee, then across that river
and on to Franklin, was through rain and mud and snow,
with sometimes not more than three biscuits a day to the
man. Yet the troops were cheerful and dutiful. Finally,
on the afternoon of November 30th, they came upon the
field at Franklin. Cheatham's corps was deployed on
the left. The divisions were formed in two lines from
right to left as follows: Cleburne's, Brown's and Bate's.
In Brown's division, Gist's and Gordon's brigades occupied
the front and Carter's and Strahl's the rear line.
Stewart's corps was on the right of the pike. At 4 o'clock
p. m. the two corps moved down the hills, Brown's division
marching by the right flank of regiments until they
had descended the slopes, then forming forward into line.
As they advanced, the front line of the enemy was
steadily driven back. Says Colonel Capers in his
report:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Just before the charge was ordered, the brigade passed
over an elevation, from which we beheld the magnificent
spectacle the battlefield presented. Bands were playing,
general and staff officers and gallant couriers were
riding in front of and between the lines, a hundred flags
were waving in the smoke of battle, and bursting shells
were wreathing the air with great circles of smoke, while
20,000 brave men were marching in perfect order against
the foe. The sight inspired every man of the Twenty-fourth
with the sentiment of duty. As we were pressing
back the enemy's advance forces, Lieut.-Col. J. S. Jones
fell mortally wounded in front of the right of the regiment.
General Gist, attended by Capt. H. D. Garden
and Lieut. Frank Trenholm of his staff, rode down our
front, and returning ordered the charge, in concert with
General Gordon. In passing from the left to the right of
the regiment, General Gist waved his hat to us, expressed
his pride and confidence in the Twenty-fourth, and rode
away in the smoke of the battle, never more to be seen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span>
by the men he had commanded on so many fields. His
horse was shot, and dismounting he was leading the right
of the brigade when he fell pierced through the heart.</p></blockquote>

<p>Thus died Gen. S. R. Gist, a gallant son of South Carolina,
who had nobly defended on many a field the cause
for which he now so heroically yielded up his life. But
without a halt, his noble brigade pressed on, driving the
advance force of the enemy pell-mell into a locust abatis,
where many were captured and sent to the rear. Colonel
Capers, of the Twenty-fourth, fell wounded just
before reaching the Union works. Gist's and Gordon's
brigades charged on, reached the ditch of the main
works and then mounted the parapet, on which the
colors of the Twenty-fourth South Carolina were planted,
and there remained.</p>

<p>Strahl's and Carter's brigades went gallantly to the
assistance of Gist and Gordon. Though this line was
torn to pieces by a terrible enfilade fire, by which Strahl
and his entire staff were killed and Carter mortally
wounded, there was no backward movement of the line.
The gallant fellows pressed on to the ditch. Maj. B.
Burgh Smith, of the brigade staff, who was commanding
the Sixteenth South Carolina, was now the senior officer
of the brigade, every superior officer being either killed
or wounded. About 10:30 p. m. Lieut. James A. Tillman,
of the Twenty-fourth, led his own company (I) and
men from other companies of the regiment in a charge
over the work, and captured the colors of the Ninety-seventh
Ohio volunteer infantry and some 40 prisoners.
The whole of Gist's brigade, Carolinians and Georgians,
held their position against repeated attempts of the Federals
to regain the works, until about midnight when the
enemy retired, leaving the Confederates in possession of
the bloody field of Franklin.<a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> The Tenth and Nine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>teenth
South Carolina, in Manigault's brigade, Edward
Johnson's division, got into the battle late in the evening,
but did their duty well.</p>

<p>Gen. Stephen D. Lee reported: "Brigadier-General
Manigault, commanding a brigade of Alabamians and
South Carolinians, was severely wounded while gallantly
leading his troops to the fight, and of his two successors
in command, Col. T. P. Shaw [Nineteenth South Carolina]
was killed and Colonel Davis wounded. I have
never seen greater evidence of gallantry than was displayed
by this division under command of that admirable
soldier, Maj.-Gen. Ed. Johnson."</p>

<p>On no battlefield of the war was South Carolina more
nobly illustrated by her gallant sons. But their valor
was equaled by their endurance of hardships. "Once
during the campaign," says Colonel Capers' report, "the
men received as a ration three ears of corn to each man,
and frequently we had nothing but cornmeal. But I
am happy to report that no man deserted the flag of his
regiment."</p>

<p>The records are meager as to the battle of Nashville.
In the great disaster that befell the Confederate arms at
that place and the terrible hardships of the retreat, the
South Carolinians bore their full share of peril and suffering,
and maintained the honor of the gallant Palmetto
State.</p>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Colonel Capers, in his report commended Lieutenant Tillman,
who in turn praised the gallantry of Privates J. P. Blackwell, Anderson
Walls and J. E. O. Carpenter. "I would also mention specially
the gallantry of Privates Prewett and Mock, both of whom were
killed on the line of the enemy. Lieut. W. M. Beckham, acting
adjutant; Captain Bowers, Lieuts. Claude F. Beaty, Adrian C.
Appleby, C. D. Easterling, McDaniel, and Andrews were conspicuous
in the field for their gallant conduct. Private Adam
Carpenter bore the flag with courage and faithfulness, and
Color-Corporals Jones and Morgan were both wounded. Lieutenants
Weeks, Tatum and Millen were severely wounded. I would specially
commend the gallantry and devotion of the litter corps under Private
Joseph Breland. They kept up with the regiment and rendered
prompt assistance to the wounded, several of them being themselves
wounded on the field." At the close of the battle the ranking officer
of the brigade was Captain Gillis, of the Forty-sixth Georgia. Of
the general's staff Capt. H. D. Garden alone remained. When the
generals and field officers of Gist's brigade were either killed or
wounded, the company officers led their men in the assault upon the
enemy's works.</p></div>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>THE CLOSING SCENES IN VIRGINIA&mdash;SIEGE OF RICHMOND
AND PETERSBURG&mdash;FALL OF FORT FISHER&mdash;SOUTH
CAROLINA COMMANDS AT APPOMATTOX.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">Here</span> may be resumed the narrative of the services
of South Carolinians in the army of Northern
Virginia, as recorded in the fragmentary reports
and itineraries which are preserved.</p>

<p>The returns of August, 1864, show the following South
Carolina commands on duty in Virginia:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Elliott's brigade of Bushrod Johnson's division, Col. Fitz William
McMaster commanding the brigade: Seventeenth regiment, Maj.
John R. Culp; Eighteenth, Capt. R. H. Glenn; Twenty-second,
Lieut. T. N. Able; Twenty-third, Capt. H. H. Lesesne; Twenty-sixth,
Lieut.-Col. J. H. Hudson.</p>

<p>Hagood's brigade of R. F. Hoke's division, Brig.-Gen. Johnson
Hagood commanding the brigade: Eleventh regiment, Maj. John
J. Gooding; Twenty-first, Lieut. N. A. Easterling; Twenty-fifth,
Capt. William B. Gordon; Twenty-seventh, Lieut.-Col. Julius A.
Blake; Seventh battalion, Maj. James H. Rion.</p>

<p>Bratton's brigade of Field's division, First army corps, Brig.-Gen.
John Bratton commanding the brigade: First regiment, Col. James
R. Hagood; Second rifles, Col. Robert E. Bowen; Fifth regiment,
Col. A. Coward; Sixth regiment, Col. John M. Steedman; Palmetto
sharpshooters, Col. Joseph Walker.</p>

<p>Kershaw's old brigade of Kershaw's division, First army corps:
Second regiment, Col. J. D. Kennedy; Third, Col. William D.
Rutherford; Seventh, Capt. Elijah J. Goggans; Eighth, Col. J. W.
Henagan; Fifteenth, Col. John B. Davis; Twentieth, Col. Stephen
M. Boykin; Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. William G. Rice.</p>

<p>McGowan's brigade (Brig.-Gen. Samuel McGowan commanding)
of Wilcox's division, Third army corps: First regiment, Lieut.-Col.
Andrew P. Butler; Twelfth, Capt. Robert M. Kerr; Thirteenth,
Capt. David R. Duncan; Fourteenth, Lieut.-Col. Edward Croft;
Orr's rifles, Maj. James T. Robertson.</p>

<p>Cavalry brigade of Brig.-Gen. John Dunovant, of Maj.-Gen. M.
C. Butler's division, cavalry corps, army of Northern Virginia, Maj.-Gen.
Wade Hampton commanding: Third regiment, Col. Charles
J. Colcock; Fourth, Col. B. Huger Rutledge; Fifth, Lieut.-Col.
Robert J. Jeffords; Sixth, Col. Hugh K. Aiken.</p>

<p>Capt. Hugh R. Garden's battery was with Maj. J. C. Haskell's
battalion; Capt. W. W. Fickling's with Maj. Frank Huger's bat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>talion
of the First corps; the Pee Dee artillery, Capt. E. B. Brunson,
with Pegram's battalion, Third corps; Capt. J. F. Hart's battery
with Hampton's corps.</p>

<p>The Holcombe legion, Capt A. B. Woodruff, brigade of Gen.
H. A. Wise, was under General Beauregard's immediate command,
department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, as were also
Elliott's and Hagood's brigades.</p></blockquote>

<p>Bratton's brigade, which was left in a previous chapter
at New Market heights, north of the James river, was
unmolested until the middle of August, when Grant
ordered an advance in that quarter simultaneous with his
attempt to gain the Weldon railroad. On the 14th Bratton's
pickets were driven in, and Captain Beaty, of the
Sharpshooters, one of the most efficient officers of the
regiment, fell mortally wounded. Following this, the
movements of the enemy up the Darbytown and Charles
City roads necessitated a sliding of the whole division to
the left. Next morning the situation was more serious.
The enemy took a part of the line about Fussell's mill,
and the Fifth regiment and Second rifles were sent down
to recover that position, a work in which they most effectively
assisted.<a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> Meanwhile Bratton's thin line repulsed
assaults near the Libby house. In the afternoon Bratton
took command of the whole line from his left to Chaffin's
farm, and by the second day had recovered all that had
been lost. General Lee's report of August 21st reads:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The enemy abandoned last evening his position north
of James river and returned to the south side.</p>

<p>This morning General Hill attacked his position on the
Weldon railroad, and drove him from his advanced lines
to his main intrenchments, from which he was not dislodged.
Over 300 prisoners, exclusive of wounded, were
captured. Our loss was principally in Hagood's brigade,
which mounted enemy's intrenchments. Supports failing,
many were captured.</p></blockquote>

<p>General Hagood reported that he took into this Weldon
railroad fight, line officers (number not given) and 681<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>
men, and only 18 officers and 274 men came out unhurt.
General Hagood was personally distinguished in rescuing
the colors of the Twenty-seventh at the enemy's works.
In his report he testified to the splendid gallantry with
which his devoted men carried out the part of the attack
assigned to them. On the 25th A. P. Hill attacked the
Federals again at Reams' Station and won a splendid
victory. McGowan's brigade was present, and Pegram's
artillery took a prominent part. Dunovant's cavalry brigade
was held in reserve by General Hampton, protecting
the rear and flank of Hill's corps. General Butler
handled his division skillfully in the fight.</p>

<p>On the morning of September 14th General Hampton
moved upon his famous expedition to capture a herd of
cattle which the Federal army was grazing near Coggins'
point, on the James river. He took with him the division
of W. H. F. Lee, Rosser's and Dearing's brigades,
and 100 men from Young's and Dunovant's brigades,
under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Miller, Sixth
South Carolina. Moving down Rowanty creek to Wilkinson's
bridge the first day, General Hampton next found
it necessary to pass to the rear of Grant's army and force
his lines at some point. He selected Sycamore church,
Prince George county, as his point of attack, and before
night of the next day had his men on the Blackwater at
Cook's bridge, where he believed the enemy would not
be looking for him, the bridge having been destroyed.
After constructing a new bridge, he crossed at midnight,
and his force advanced in three columns, one under Lee,
another under Dearing, while Hampton himself, with the
commands of Rosser and Miller, moved directly on Sycamore
church. Each column was successful in its attack
early in the morning, though stubbornly resisted, and
Rosser pushed on and secured the cattle, 2,486 in number,
and everything was withdrawn before 8 o'clock.
Though heavily attacked on his return, Hampton saved
the captured property, repulsed all assaults, captured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>
304 prisoners, and returned after an absence of three
days, with the slight loss of 10 killed and 47 wounded.
Among those complimented for their services were Sergeant
Shadbourne, Jeff Davis legion, who furnished the
information about the cattle, and guided General Rosser;
Sergeant Hogan, in charge of Butler's scouts, and Sergeant
McCalla, First South Carolina, the only scout who
was killed.</p>

<p>Of the operations of all the South Carolina commands
during this and later periods of the siege, little detail is to
be found in the Official Records. The report of General
Bratton is alone preserved, giving a consecutive account.
His brigade, after the August fighting north of the James,
was on duty on the Petersburg lines until September
29th, when it was again ordered to the New Market road.
In that vicinity renewed Federal activity had resulted in
the capture of Battery Harrison, and Bratton's South
Carolinians, after a rest at Fort Gilmer, were ordered to
support Anderson's brigade in an assault to recover the
Confederate work. It was necessary for the brigade to
file out at double-quick, and without moderating the step
to move by the right flank in line against the enemy.
"My orders were obeyed," Bratton reported, "and my
dead, close under the enemy's works, attest their honest
efforts to achieve the object for which they were given."
The right regiment, Walker's, streaming along at a run,
was halted a moment and put in on the left against a
little redan, which it carried; but the main assault had
failed. Another assault was made by General Hoke, but
without effect. Bratton took into action that day (September
30th), 1,165 muskets and 129 officers, and his loss
in killed and wounded was 377. Hagood's regiment
mourned the loss of the gallant Captains Grimes and
Kirk and Ensign Bellinger. Part of the Second Rifles,
says Colonel Bowen, reached Fort Harrison, but could do
nothing, and it was far more hazardous to leave the fort,
once in it, than to enter.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span></p>

<p>On the 7th of October the brigade moved down the
Darbytown road and struck the enemy's outposts, which
Colonel Coward drove in to the Federal works. Then,
in conjunction with Anderson's brigade, Bratton drove
the enemy from the works, capturing one piece of artillery,
other guns falling an easy prey to Gary's cavalry
brigade (Hampton legion, Seventh South Carolina and
Twenty-fourth Virginia), which, before the arrival of
reinforcements, had been doing heroic duty holding back
the advancing Federals. Bratton then joined the division
line, and advancing found the enemy near the New
Market road in heavy force and behind log breastworks.
He came under a terrific fire against which he could make
no headway, and was compelled to fall back with a loss
of 190 killed and wounded, nearly half in Walker's regiment.
General Bratton was wounded; Captain Quattlebaum,
of the Sharpshooters, a most faithful officer, was
killed; Lieut. W. T. Norris, Fifth, was wounded and
captured; Lieutenant Lewis, Sharpshooters, lost a leg and
was captured; Captain Sorrel, adjutant-general, was
badly injured by the fall of his horse. General Bratton
was disabled for several weeks, during which Colonel
Walker was in command of the brigade. In this engagement,
Haskell's battalion took a conspicuous part. Major
Haskell narrowly escaped death, and Lieutenant McQueen,
of Garden's battery, was severely wounded.</p>

<p>The last service of Bratton's brigade in 1864 was a hurried
expedition by rail to Gordonsville, December 23d, to
the assistance of General Lomax, confronting Sheridan,
from which it returned without loss. At the beginning of
1865 General Bratton reported that he entered the campaign
with a total of 2,016, had lost 176 killed, 1,094
wounded and 94 missing, total, 1,364, and had present at
the date of his report, a total of 1,820. He particularly
commended Colonels Hagood and Howard and their regiments,
and the valuable services of Adjt.-Gen. J. B. Lyle.</p>

<p>Elliott's brigade remained on the Petersburg lines with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span>
Johnson's division through the fall and winter, and the
reports of General Johnson show that they had almost
daily losses in killed and wounded. On the night of
October 27th, the enemy carried a part of the picket line
of the Holcombe legion, and Gen. W. H. Wallace, then
in command of Elliott's brigade, immediately sent forward
a force of 200 men from the legion and Eighteenth
regiment, under Captain Brown, who retook the line,
with 14 prisoners. On the night of November 5th, 200
men of the legion, under Captain Woodruff, attacked the
Federal line in front of the Crater, and 60 men attempted
to intrench the position gained, but they were all compelled
to retire, with a loss to the brigade of 95 men.</p>

<p>In the latter part of September, General Heth and
Hampton's cavalry administered a severe check to the
enemy at Hatcher's run, and on the Vaughan and Squirrel
Level roads. In the latter fight, General Dunovant was
killed at the head of the South Carolina cavalry. The
continued activity of the enemy on the Hatcher's Run
line resulted in the battle of Burgess' Mill, October 27th,
fought by Mahone and Hampton. In a gallant charge
by Butler's division, Lieut. Thomas Preston Hampton,
aide-de-camp, fell mortally wounded, and Lieut. Wade
Hampton, of the general's staff, was severely wounded.
Lieutenant-Colonel Jeffords was killed at the head of
his regiment, the Fifth South Carolina, and Maj. T. G.
Barker, division adjutant-general, was dangerously
wounded. The gallant Captain Hart lost a leg while
fighting his guns close up to the enemy.</p>

<p>Kershaw's brigade, under Gen. James Conner, and
later under Colonel Kennedy, served gallantly under
Early in the Shenandoah valley. At the battle of Cedar
Creek, October 19th, a day of victory and disaster, the
brigade suffered a loss of 205. Maj. James M. Goggin,
subsequently commanding, reported the gallant service of
Lieut. Y. J. Pope and Cadet E. P. Harllee, both wounded;
of De Saussure Burrows, killed; of Couriers Crumley<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>
and Templeton, of the brave Capt. B. M. Whitener, who
fell in command of the battalion of sharpshooters; of Maj.
B. R. Clyburn, who lost a leg, and of Major Todd, commanding
Third regiment, severely wounded. Among
the captured were Colonel Boykin and Lieutenant-Colonel
McMichael, of the Twentieth.</p>

<p>In the latter part of December, Hoke's division was
ordered to Wilmington, N. C, to meet the expedition
against Fort Fisher. Hagood's brigade, then containing
720 effective men, took part in the operations which
resulted in the withdrawal of the Federal forces under
B. F. Butler. Besides the brigade, the Second cavalry
was present.</p>

<p>In mid-January the attack on Fort Fisher was resumed,
with a tremendous bombardment during the 13th and
14th, and an infantry assault on the 15th. Col. R. F.
Graham, commanding Hagood's brigade, at Fort Anderson,
was ordered to support the garrison, and on the
afternoon of the 15th, the Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth
regiments, under Captains DuBose and Carson, were
landed, but the enemy's fire was too severe to land any
more. The Twenty-first at once moved up to Fort
Fisher, and the other regiment reached there later in the
day, but the brave Confederate garrison was compelled
to abandon the fort and surrender. The remainder of the
brigade did not again join the army of Northern Virginia,
but closed its record in the campaign in the Carolinas.
Early in January, Conner's brigade, Kershaw's old command,
was sent to General Hardee at Charleston. Butler's
cavalry brigade accompanied General Hampton when he
took command of cavalry in the Carolinas.</p>

<p>The South Carolina commands which participated in
the final struggle to hold the defensive lines of Richmond
and Petersburg in 1865, were as follows, as compiled
from the reports and parole lists of Appomattox:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Brig.-Gen. John Bratton's brigade of Field's division,
First corps: First, Fifth, Sixth regiments and Second<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>
rifles, Colonels Hagood, Coward, Steedman and Bowen,
and the Palmetto sharpshooters, Capt. A. H. Foster.</p>

<p>Brig.-Gen. Samuel McGowan's brigade, Wilcox's division,
Third corps: First regiment (provisional army),
Lieut.-Col. A. P. Butler; Twelfth, Capt. J. C. Bell;
Thirteenth, Col. I. F. Hunt; Fourteenth, Lieut.-Col.
Edward Croft; Orr's rifles, Lieut.-Col. J. T. Robertson.</p>

<p>Brig.-Gen. William H. Wallace's brigade, of Johnson's
division, Lieut.-Gen. R. H. Anderson's corps: Seventeenth,
Capt. E. A. Crawford; Eighteenth, Lieut.-Col.
W. B. Allison; Twenty-second, Col. William G. Burt;
Twenty-third, Lieut.-Col. John M. Kinloch; Twenty-sixth,
Maj. Ceth S. Land; Holcombe legion.</p>

<p>In the cavalry under Fitzhugh Lee, were the Seventh
regiment, Col. A. C. Haskell, and the Hampton legion,
Lieut.-Col. R. B. Arnold, of Brig.-Gen. M. W. Gary's
brigade, the last troops to leave the capital of the Confederacy.</p>

<p>With the artillery were the South Carolina batteries of
Capt. H. R. Garden, Lieut. E. L. Purse (Fickling's),
and Capt. T. E. Gregg.</p></blockquote>

<p>Wallace's brigade suffered severely at the battle of
Five Forks, only a remnant marching thence to Appomattox
Court House.</p>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Of this movement Col. R. E. Bowen writes: "The regiment
marched fully one mile under a continuous fire of shell, grape, canister
and minie balls, without losing a single man&mdash;one of the most
remarkable events of the war."</p></div>

<hr class="chap" />

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span></p>



<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2>
</div>

<blockquote>

<p>BATTLE OF HONEY HILL&mdash;SHERMAN'S ADVANCE INTO
SOUTH CAROLINA&mdash;ORGANIZATION OF THE CONFEDERATE
FORCES&mdash;BURNING OF COLUMBIA&mdash;BATTLES
OF AVERASBORO AND BENTONVILLE&mdash;CONCLUSION.</p></blockquote>


<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">After</span> thoroughly destroying Atlanta, save its
mere dwelling-houses, as is stated in his official
report, Gen. W. T. Sherman began his march
through Georgia on November 15, 1864, and on December
10th drove in the picket lines of the Confederate
forces at Savannah under command of Lieutenant-General
Hardee. During Sherman's advance, his feints at
Columbia, Ga., made it uncertain for a time whether he
did not intend to enter South Carolina at that point.</p>

<p>On November 28th, before the arrival of Sherman at
Savannah, Maj.-Gen. John G. Foster, commanding the
Federal department of the South, left Hilton Head with
all his available troops, "amounting to 5,000 infantry,
cavalry and artillery, with 500 sailors and marines," and
went by boat to Boyd's Neck, on the south side of Broad
river. After landing, Brig.-Gen. J. P. Hatch was put in
command, with orders to push forward and cut the
Charleston &amp; Savannah railroad.</p>

<p>This formidable attempt seemed to promise success to
the Federals, as Colonel Colcock, in command of the district,
and Major Jenkins, commanding in the immediate
vicinity of the Federal movement, had no forces adequate
to an effective resistance, but fortunately, Gen. G. W.
Smith's division of Georgia State troops had just arrived
at Savannah, and was promptly sent to the scene by General
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>Hardee. The troops were put in position about
10 a. m. on the 30th on a line near the north bank of a
small stream about three miles south of Grahamville station,
occupying some light intrenchments that had been
made upon ground called Honey hill, ten or twelve
feet above the water level. On the right there was a
dense forest, on the left an open pine wood, with an open
space in front. The road on which the Federals approached
was bordered closely by dense forests. Colonel
Colcock was put in command of the line of battle, and
Major Jenkins of the cavalry, while Captain DeSaussure,
adjutant-general of the district, remained with General
Smith. "Within five or ten minutes after these dispositions
had been made," said General Smith, "the battle
began by an advance piece of our artillery firing upon
the enemy. Their line of battle was soon formed, and
from that time until near dark made continuous efforts
to carry our position. We had actually engaged five
pieces of artillery, and it is due to the South Carolina
artillerists that I should say I have never seen pieces
more skillfully employed and gallantly served upon a
difficult field of battle." In an hour the enemy had so
extended and developed their attack that Smith was
compelled to put in his last Georgia regiment, making his
force engaged about 1,400 muskets. The valor with
which they fought may be inferred from the report of
General Foster, who said:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The enemy's infantry, rather over 4,000 and nearly
equal to our own in number, was posted behind intrenchments
in the woods on each side of the road. This position
was immediately attacked with vigor and determination,
but ... we were unable to drive the enemy.
After an obstinate fight of several hours, General Hatch,
finding that the enemy's line could be neither successfully
assaulted nor outflanked, retired after dark to a
strong position about 2½ miles from Boyd's Neck.
Our loss was 88 killed, 623 wounded and 43 missing.</p></blockquote>

<p>"Our loss in every arm of the service," General Smith
reported, "was 8 men killed and 42 wounded. The enemy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span>
left over 200 of their dead upon the field, and their whole
loss in killed and wounded is believed to be upward of
1,000." About 4:30 p. m., General Robertson arrived with
reinforcements from Charleston, and by the next morning
General Chestnut was up with 350 South Carolina reserves,
and General Baker with a North Carolina brigade.</p>

<p>Of his subsequent operations, General Foster reported:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>From November 30th to December 5th, while keeping
the greater part of the force at Boyd's Neck, I made at
different points, with the assistance of the navy, several
demonstrations, in one of which the Twenty-fifth Ohio
marched six miles into the interior toward Pocotaligo
and captured two pieces of artillery at Church bridge.
On the night of December 5th, I embarked a force under
command of Brigadier-General Potter ... which landed
at Gregory's plantation, on the right bank of Tulifinny
creek ... pushed forward immediately, and about a
mile and a half out met the enemy, whom he forced
rapidly back to the spot where the road up the peninsula
between the Coosawhatchie and Tulifinny meets the road
running across from river to river. Here the enemy
made a stand and attacked our left vigorously, but our
men repulsed them, and got possession of the crossing,
which we now hold. Our loss was 5 killed and 50
wounded.</p></blockquote>

<p>Maj.-Gen. Samuel Jones, who had been ordered to
establish his headquarters at Pocotaligo, reached there
on the evening of the 5th, and found the Confederate
forces available were the Fifth and Forty-seventh Georgia,
part of the Thirty-second Georgia, artillery, part of
the Third South Carolina cavalry, Kirk's squadron, some
Georgia and South Carolina reserves and South Carolina
militia. They were posted to protect the railroad from
Pocotaligo to the Savannah river and up that river to Sister's
ferry, the forces at and near Grahamville under the
command of Brigadier-General Chestnut, and those at
and near Coosawhatchie under Brigadier-General Gartrell.
The latter met the advance under General Potter,
on the 6th, sending forward a small battalion of the Fifth
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span>Georgia, which was soon pressed back. It was reinforced
by a section of artillery and the Georgia reserves, but
the entire line soon gave way and fell back across the
Coosawhatchie river. The battalion of South Carolina
cadets was led forward by Maj. John Jenkins to the
Tulifinny bridge, but arrived too late to be of service.
General Jones then concentrated on the railroad near the
Tulifinny trestle all the troops he could collect, Georgia
commands, a company of the First artillery, the cadets,
and Bachman's battery, and at dawn on the 7th Colonel
Edwards, of Georgia, commanding, made an attack upon
the enemy in conjunction with a demonstration by
Gartrell, but without success, losing 4 killed and 31
wounded. This attack was participated in by Captain
King's company, First regulars, the cadets under Maj.
J. B. White, and 130 militia.</p>

<div class="figcenter">
<img src="images/fig9.jpg" alt="" />
<p class="caption center">SKETCH<br />
<small>SHOWING</small><br />
POSITION<br />
<small>OF</small><br />
BOYD'S NECK, HONEY HILL,<br />
<small>AND</small><br />
DEVAUX'S NECK, S.C.,
</p>
</div>

<p>Gen. B. H. Robertson was put in command of the
troops in this region on the 8th. On the 9th he was attacked
by a Federal brigade under command of Col.
Stewart L. Woodford, of New York, and several determined
efforts were made to carry his line, but all were
handsomely repulsed. General Robertson reported:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Foiled in his undertaking, the enemy moved to his left
in the direction of Coosawhatchie. The engagement was
renewed most vigorously on our right at 3 p. m., and
after an obstinate resistance by the enemy, lasting some
two hours, he was driven 800 yards from his original
line.... The German artillery, Captain Bachman,
rendered very efficient service on the left, as was proved
by the number of dead found in their front. Major
Jenkins, commanding the cadets, was particularly conspicuous
during the morning fight.</p></blockquote>

<p>General Robertson lost 8 killed and 44 wounded.
Colonel Woodford gave the loss of his regiment alone at
8 killed and 51 wounded. Some skirmishes followed, but
the Georgians and South Carolinians remained in firm
possession of the railroad.</p>

<p>On December 21st, Sherman, planning an assault<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>
upon Savannah, learned that General Hardee had successfully
eluded him, evacuated the Georgia seaport,
crossed the river, and moved into South Carolina.</p>

<p>On the 25th of December, Gov. A. G. Magrath addressed
a letter to President Davis which may be taken
as presenting accurately the situation in the State at that
date. Some extracts are therefore presented:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>The fall of Savannah has, of course, very much affected
the people of this State. The question which naturally
presents itself is, why the force which penetrated Georgia
cannot penetrate South Carolina. And at this moment
it is not an unwillingness to oppose the enemy, but a
chilling apprehension of the futility of doing so, that
affects the people.... As rapidly as it can be done, I
am reorganizing the militia.... If you will send us aid,
although for the moment it falls short of effectual aid, if
it foreshadow other aid to come, that spirit can be vitalized
which ... supplies the place of numbers. Of any force
which you may send, I am very anxious that the brigade
of General Conner should be a part of it, and sent as soon
as possible.</p></blockquote>

<p>To this President Davis replied:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>I have long realized the importance of such action as
you suggest, but necessities elsewhere have prevented
action in accordance with our wish. I have held several
conferences with General Lee on the subject, and will
have another, showing him your letter and telegram.</p></blockquote>

<p>To the governor's petition was added that of W. F. De
Saussure, Andrew Crawford, W. H. Scarborough, Daniel
Ravenel and many other citizens, declaring: "It is
absolutely necessary to have at least one well-organized
corps besides Hardee's on the coast, about which the
half-trained citizens may rally. Otherwise, however
brave and determined, their efforts will amount to nothing."
On the latter, President Davis indorsed: "The
question presented is one which General Lee can best
judge." The indorsement of General Lee was:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>I have sent all the troops from this army that can be
spared. The army of Tennessee is ordered to South<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>
Carolina, and a part of it arrived. If the citizens of
Georgia and South Carolina will fill up its ranks, it will
be able to protect the country.</p></blockquote>

<p>General Hardee, then at Charleston, on the 27th, was
advised to make "silently and cautiously all necessary
preparations for the evacuation of Charleston, should it
become necessary." General McLaws was instructed to
assume command of all troops between the Savannah river
and Pocotaligo, including the cavalry command of General
Wheeler at Hardeeville, and the forces at Honey
hill and on the Tulifinny and Coosawhatchie and vicinity,
then under General Taliaferro.</p>

<p>Beauregard was at his request relieved of the general
command of the department on the last day of 1864. His
presence was required at Montgomery and with the army
of Tennessee. He instructed General Hardee that while
the fall of Charleston would be a terrible blow to the
Confederacy, the loss of its garrison would be still more
fatal, and that preparations should be made for evacuation
as well as for defense.</p>

<p>On January 19th, General Butler's cavalry division was
ordered to South Carolina, and Gen. D. H. Hill was put
in command at Augusta, Ga. The greatly depleted corps
of S. D. Lee, Stewart and Cheatham, army of Tennessee,
were on their way to reinforce General Hardee. These
troops were reported destitute of clothing, but their indomitable
spirit remained, and the people of the Carolinas
were cheered by their approach. On the 28th, Gen.
Wade Hampton reported for duty in defense of his State,
soon after was given command of Butler's and Young's
(Iverson's) cavalry divisions, and later of all the cavalry
in the Carolinas. Conner's brigade, from the army of
Northern Virginia, arrived in this month, and on the
31st, General Hardee's army was organized as follows:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>McLaws' division, composed of Conner's brigade, Colonel Kennedy;
the Georgia brigade (reserves) of Col. John C. Fiser; the
Georgia brigade of Col. G. P. Harrison, including a detachment of
the First South Carolina cavalry; Col. W. M. Hardy's North Caro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>lina
brigade; another brigade of Georgia reserves, and six batteries
of artillery.</p>

<p>Taliaferro's division, composed of Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott's
brigade&mdash;parts of First and Second artillery, serving as infantry,
under Lieut.-Col. J. A. Yates; First cavalry, State cadets, and a
company of the siege train, under Lieut.-Col. W. A. Walker. Rhett's
brigade&mdash;First artillery, Maj. Ormsby Blanding; Third artillery, Col.
William Butler; First militia, Col. J. Griffin; Nineteenth cavalry,
Capt. M. J. Kirk; Young's cavalry; artillery, Capt. E. L. Parker, and
part of Thirty-second Georgia. Not brigaded: Lusk's company First
cavalry, six companies Second artillery, Fifteenth artillery battalion,
Maj. J. J. Lucas; South Carolina siege train, Col. Edward B. White;
Eighteenth militia, Col. John E. Carew; Gist Guards artillery, Lieut.
T. G. Boag; company Palmetto battalion; Tupper's militia artillery,
and several companies of Georgia artillery.</p>

<p>Maj.-Gen. Ambrose R. Wright's division, composed of Mercer's
brigade&mdash;Capt. A. P. Brown's company First cavalry; First,
Second, Sixth and Seventh reserves, Brig.-Gen. A. G. Blanchard;
batteries of Capts. M. Rickenbaker, Charles Daniell, W. L.
DePass, W. K. Bachman; Capt. J. D. Kay's reserve cavalry,
and several Georgia commands. Robertson's brigade&mdash;Second,
Third and Fourth militia, Col. A. D. Goodwyn; batteries of Capts.
H. M. Stuart, F. C. Schulz, F. W. Wagener, J. R. Mathewes, C. E.
Kanapaux, G. H. Walter; Stono scouts, Capt. J. B. L. Walpole;
Wilkins' cavalry company reserves.</p>

<p>Wheeler's cavalry corps included the brigades of Anderson, Hagan
and Crews, in Allen's division; of Dibrell, Ashby and
Harrison, in Humes' division; and of Ferguson, Lewis and Hannon,
in Iverson's division.</p>

<p>Brig.-Gen. J. H. Trapier's brigade, detached, was composed of
Ward's battalion reserves, Capt. L. A. Grice; Capt. J. J. Steele's
cavalry company, and the artillery companies of Capts. F. Melchers
and Mayham Ward.</p>

<p>Brig.-Gen. J. K. Jackson's brigade, also detached, included the
First foreign battalion, Lieut.-Col. J. G. Tucker; Fourteenth militia,
Col. D. R. Barton; Capt. A. J. Frederick's company militia; Capt.
W. E. Charles' battery.</p>

<p>The post at Columbia was commanded by Lieut.-Col. R. S. Means,
including a post guard under Capt. R. D. Senn, and provost guard
under Capt. D. H. Hamilton for the care of prisoners of war.</p></blockquote>

<p>On February 2d, a conference was held at Green's Cut
station, Ga., at which Generals Beauregard, Hardee,
D. H. Hill and G. W. Smith were present. It was estimated
that the forces available to meet Sherman, Lee's
corps of the army of Tennessee having arrived, and
Cheatham's and Stewart's being on the way, had the following
effective strength: Hardee's command, regular
infantry, 8,000; militia and reserves, 3,000; light artillery,
2,000; Butler's cavalry division, 1,500; total, 14,500.
Militia and reserves under Generals Smith and Browne,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>
1,450. Wheeler's cavalry, 6,700. Army of Tennessee:
Lee's corps, 4,000; Cheatham's corps, 3,000; Stewart's
corps, 3,000; artillery, 800; total, 10,800. Grand total,
33,450. On account of the absence of most of the army
of Tennessee, it was deemed inadvisable to give battle
at the important point of Branchville; but it was determined
to hold the Combahee as long as possible, while
Hardee should fall back on Charleston, and Wheeler on
Columbia. Lee's corps was ordered to Branchville,
where Conner's brigade was already stationed.</p>

<p>General Sherman, meanwhile, was preparing to march
northward through the Carolinas, with Savannah as his
base. His army was organized in two wings, the right,
under Gen. O. O. Howard, composed of the corps of
John A. Logan and Frank P. Blair; the left, under Gen.
H. W. Slocum, of the corps of Jeff C. Davis and A. S.
Williams. The average strength of each corps was 13,000
men, and the cavalry, under Gen. Judson Kilpatrick,
was about 4,000 in number. This, with the artillery,
made up an aggregate effective strength, officers and
men, of 60,000.</p>

<p>General Howard was ordered to embark his wing,
transport it to Beaufort, and by the 15th of January, to
make a lodgment on the Charleston &amp; Savannah railroad
at or near Pocotaligo, while the other wing and
cavalry were ordered to rendezvous near Robertsville
and Coosawhatchie. Howard performed his part of the
program, but on account of the loss of a pontoon bridge,
Slocum was compelled to cross at Sister's ferry, and the
river, even there, was so overflowed as to be three miles
wide, and he did not get entirely across until February.
In the meantime, to make Sherman's advance easier,
Grant had sent a division to garrison Savannah, Schofield's
corps to operate from New Bern, N. C., and a
tremendous fleet of warships, assisted by a land force,
was about to reduce Fort Fisher, the main defense of
Wilmington.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p>

<p>On January 2, 1865, a Federal brigade made the first
crossing of the river near Savannah and moved toward
Grahamville. On the 14th, General McLaws, confronting
the advance of Howard, from Beaufort, reported: "I
am endeavoring to evacuate my position. Enemy are
immediately in my front.... They are now checked at
Old Pocotaligo." McLaws withdrew behind the Salkehatchie,
and the railroad from there southward was at last
gained by the Federals. But the Combahee was an
impassable barrier to Howard, and he was compelled to
move up its southwest bank to find a crossing place.</p>

<p>General Wheeler was watching the enemy from Hardeeville,
gradually falling back to Robertsville and Lawtonville,
while part of his force observed the Federal
movements on the Georgia side. On the 28th he reported
the enemy crossing and advancing toward Robertsville.
After a brisk skirmish near Loper's cross
roads, he fell back toward Rivers' and Buford's bridges
on the Big Salkehatchie, early in February.</p>

<p>Sherman declares that his "real march" began on the
1st of February. "All the roads northward had been
held for weeks by Wheeler's cavalry, who had felled
trees, burned bridges and made obstructions to impede
our progress." On the 2d, Logan's corps was at Loper's,
and Blair's at Rivers' bridge. Williams' corps was
ordered to Buford's bridge, Kilpatrick to Blackville, and
Howard to cross the Salkehatchie and move for Midway
on the South Carolina railroad. "The enemy held the
line of the Salkehatchie in force, having infantry and
artillery intrenched at Rivers' and Buford's bridges."
The former was carried February 3d by two divisions of
Blair's corps, who waded the swamp and turned McLaws'
position, compelling him to retire toward Branchville,
behind the Edisto. McLaws reported, "It was with
difficulty that my command could be withdrawn, as I
was completely flanked on both sides. The fighting at
Rivers' bridge was quite sharp and lasted several hours."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>
Wheeler, following McLaws' retreat, burned the bridges
over the Little Salkehatchie. Gen. C. L. Stevenson,
commanding S. D. Lee's corps, took position to hold the
South Edisto to Binnaker's bridge.</p>

<p>Sherman pushed his army rapidly toward Midway and
Graham's Station on the South Carolina railroad, which
was destroyed, while Blair threatened Branchville, and
Kilpatrick, Augusta. The latter was met by Wheeler's
cavalry in battle at Blackville, Williston and Aiken,
the Confederate leader winning a substantial victory
before the latter place, and stopping Kilpatrick's advance.</p>

<p>On February 8th there was a brisk engagement at the
bridge of the Edisto west of Branchville. Stovall, stationed
at Binnaker's bridge, was reinforced by Clayton,
and the position ordered to be held as long as possible.
But on the 10th, Stevenson reported from Orangeburg:
"The enemy has driven the troops from Binnaker's and
they are retiring on this point."</p>

<p>On the 11th, McLaws' skirmishers, on the south side
of the North Fork, before Orangeburg, made a gallant
resistance, and Sherman's advance was checked by a
battery commanding the bridge, which was partially
burned, until a flanking force crossed the river below the
town. Orangeburg was then abandoned and the work of
destroying the railroad there was begun. Then, while
Blair marched up the railroad toward the Congaree,
destroying the track, Sherman turned toward Columbia.</p>

<p>General Hampton was put in command at the State
capital and arrangements were made for the transfer of
prisoners of war from that city and Florence to Salisbury,
N. C. General Hardee was ordered by General
Beauregard to evacuate Charleston, and join in a general
concentration of forces at Chesterville, whither the military
stores at Columbia were hastily forwarded. President
Davis, writing to Beauregard regarding the evacuation
of Charleston, said: "Such full preparation had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span>
been made that I had hoped for other and better results,
and the disappointment to me is extremely bitter."</p>

<p>The military situation on the 16th, as Beauregard described
it, was: "Our forces, about 20,000 effective
infantry and artillery, more or less demoralized, occupy
a circumference of about 240 miles from Charleston to
Augusta. The enemy, well organized and disciplined, and
flushed with success, numbering nearly double our forces,
is concentrated upon one point (Columbia) of that circumference."
On the same day he resumed command
of all troops in South Carolina. General Hardee was
seriously ill, and General McLaws took command at
Charleston in his stead and completed the evacuation by
the morning of Saturday, the 18th of February, when the
city was surrendered at 9 a. m. by Mayor Charles Macbeth.</p>

<p>Generals Cheatham and Stewart had by this time
brought what remained of their corps, pitifully few in
numbers, to Augusta, in the vicinity of which General
Wheeler had his cavalry, and General Hampton urged
the most rapid movement possible of these forces to unite
with the troops at Columbia for the defense of the State
capital, and the line of the Congaree; but the rapid
movements of Sherman made this impossible.</p>

<p>On the 15th, Logan's corps, advancing on Columbia,
was checked by a brave band of Confederates manning
a tête-de-pont and fort at Little Congaree bridge, and it
was night before the head of the Federal column reached
the Congaree in front of Columbia, and went into camp,
shelled by a battery on the other side. That night the
bridge was burned to check the Federal crossing, and
next morning part of De Gress' Federal battery began
firing upon the town. Slocum's corps was ordered to
move toward Winnsboro and Howard to occupy Columbia,
which one of his brigades did, by crossing the Saluda
and Broad rivers. General Hampton evacuated Columbia
on the 17th, and his forces took up their march northward
intending to concentrate at Chesterville, or if not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span>
possible there, at Charlotte, N. C., and at the same time
Cheatham's corps began its march in the same direction,
from Columbia.</p>

<p>A pontoon was built, on which Sherman crossed into
Columbia on the 17th, and was met by the mayor, who
surrendered the city and asked for its protection from
pillage. The day, Sherman says, was clear, but a "perfect
tempest of wind was raging." His orders to Howard
were, he says, to burn all arsenals and public property
not needed for army use, as well as all railroads and
depots, but to spare dwellings and schools and charitable
institutions; and he declares that before a single building
was fired by his order, the city was in flames spread by
cotton burning on the streets before he occupied the
city; that the whole of Woods' division was brought in to
fight the fire; that he was up nearly all night, and saw
Generals Howard, Logan, Woods and others laboring to
save houses and protect families. "Our officers and men
on duty worked well to extinguish the flames; but others
not on duty, including the officers who had long been
imprisoned there, may have assisted in spreading the fire
after it had once begun."</p>

<p>General Hampton denies that any cotton was fired by
his orders, also that any cotton was burning when the
Federals entered the city. Abundant testimony has been
given by the people of Columbia, both white and black,
to the effect that the city was burned by the Federal
soldiers. This is virtually admitted by General Slocum
when he says: "I believe the immediate cause of the
disaster was a free use of whisky (which was supplied
to the soldiers by citizens with great liberality). A
drunken soldier, with a musket in one hand and a match
in the other, is not a pleasant visitor to have about the
house on a dark, windy night." Sherman, in his Memoirs,
says: "The army, having totally ruined Columbia,
moved on toward Winnsboro." There can be no doubt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>
that Federal soldiers burned Columbia and were never
punished for it.</p>

<p>This, however, was but one instance of the general
devastation accompanying Sherman's march. The words
of a Federal soldier<a name="FNanchor_M_13" id="FNanchor_M_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_13" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> may be quoted as suggestive of the
ruin wrought by the invading army:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>It was sad to see the wanton destruction of property
which ... was the work of "bummers" who were
marauding through the country committing every sort
of outrage. There was no restraint except with the column
or the regular foraging parties. We had no communications
and could have no safeguards. The country
was necessarily left to take care of itself, and became a
"howling waste." The "coffee-coolers" of the army of
the Potomac were archangels compared to our "bummers,"
who often fell to the tender mercies of Wheeler's
cavalry, and were never heard of again, meeting a fate
richly deserved.</p></blockquote>



<p>General Beauregard at this time reported to General
Lee that Sherman was advancing on Winnsboro, and would
thence probably move on Greensboro, Danville and
Petersburg, and that he did not believe it possible for
the troops from Charleston or those of Cheatham to make
a junction with him short of Greensboro. On the 19th,
Gen. R. E. Lee wrote to the war department:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>I do not see how Sherman can make the march anticipated
by Beauregard [to Greensboro], but he seems to
have everything his own way, which is calculated to
cause apprehension.... General Beauregard has a difficult
task to perform under present circumstances, and
one of his best officers (General Hardee) is incapacitated
by sickness. Should his strength give way, there is no one
on duty in the department that could replace him, nor
have I any one to send there. Gen. J. E. Johnston is the
only officer who has the confidence of the army and people,
and if he was ordered to report to me I would place
him there on duty. It is necessary to bring out all our
strength, and, I fear, to unite our armies, as separately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span>
they do not seem able to make headway against the
enemy. Everything should be destroyed that cannot be
removed out of the reach of Generals Sherman and Schofield.
Provisions must be accumulated in Virginia, and
every man in all the States must be brought out. I fear it
may be necessary to abandon all our cities, and preparation
should be made for this contingency.</p></blockquote>

<p>On February 22d, General Johnston was assigned to
command of the departments of Tennessee and Georgia,
and South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.</p>

<p>On the 21 st, Sherman's advance was at Winnsboro, and
Rocky Mount was occupied on the 23d. Kilpatrick's
cavalry was ordered to Lancaster. For several days
after this Sherman was delayed by high water in the
rivers. Howard's wing, having crossed the Catawba
before the rains set in, advanced on Cheraw, where Hardee
was stationed with a force of about 12,000, and a
cavalry command was sent to burn and destroy at Camden.
Another body of cavalry attempting to cut the railroad
from Charleston to Florence was met and routed by
a part of Butler's command, at Mount Elon. General
Butler met Howard's advance at Chesterfield, and skirmished
to impede its march, but Cheraw was entered by
the enemy March 2d, and much property destroyed. An
expedition of Federals was sent toward Florence, but
was defeated in its attempt to reach that place.</p>

<p>Continuing his march northward, Sherman's left wing
reached Fayetteville, N. C., on the 11th of March. General
Hampton, with his cavalry, had maintained active
skirmishing to cover the retreat of Hardee's troops, and
on the morning of March 10th, finding Kilpatrick's cavalry
in a scattered condition, he ordered Wheeler's and
Butler's cavalry to attack. They charged the camps,
took Kilpatrick's headquarters, artillery and wagons,
destroying the latter, and captured 350 prisoners, but
the enemy reforming in a marsh, finally compelled the
Confederates to withdraw.</p>

<p>Sherman spent three days at Fayetteville, destroying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>
the arsenal and machinery. He then began to fear serious
trouble from the concentration of the Confederate
forces in his front under General Johnston, and began a
movement toward Goldsboro, where he ordered Schofield
to join him. His march began March 15th, his advance
being steadily resisted by Hampton, and on the 16th he
encountered General Hardee near Averasboro, in the
narrow, swampy neck between Cape Fear and South
rivers, determined to check the Federal advance to gain
time for the concentration of Johnston's army.</p>

<p>At 7 a. m. on the 16th, Hardee's line was attacked, 5
miles south of Averasboro, and Colonel Rhett's brigade
forced back, rallying on Elliott's. Forming a second line,
supported by McLaws' division and later by Wheeler's
cavalry, the fighting was continued, although the enemy's
great superiority in numbers enabled him to flank the
second line and compel Hardee to occupy a third. He
maintained his position during the day and retreated
upon Smithfield, where Johnston's headquarters was then
located. He reported his loss as 400 or 500. Colonel
Rhett was captured, in a skirmish preceding the battle,
and Colonel Butler commanded his brigade. Casualties
were reported in fourteen brigades of the Federal army,
aggregating 95 killed, 533 wounded and 54 missing.<a name="FNanchor_N_14" id="FNanchor_N_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_14" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p>

<p>General Taliaferro, in his report of the battle of Averasboro,
says:</p>

<blockquote>

<p>Our skirmish line, under the command of Captain
Huguenin, First South Carolina infantry, received their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>
advance very handsomely, and only fell back when forced
by greatly superior numbers. On the right of the line
and well advanced to the front, the houses at Smith's
place were occupied by two companies of the First South
Carolina artillery.... The fighting was heavy during the
entire morning. Men and officers displayed signal gallantry.
Our loss on this [Elliott's] line was considerable,
including some of our best officers, among whom were
Lieutenant-Colonel De Treville, First South Carolina
infantry, and Captain Lesesne, First South Carolina
artillery. Our light artillery, which consisted of two 12-pounder
howitzers of LeGardeur's (New Orleans) battery
and one 12-pounder Napoleon of Stuart's (South Carolina)
battery, was well served, and operated with good
results upon the enemy's infantry and opposing battery.
The ground was so soft with the heavy rains that the
pieces could with difficulty be maneuvered, and when this
line was abandoned, it was impossible to withdraw two
of the guns, as every horse of Stuart's but one, and nine
of LeGardeur's were killed, and nearly all the cannoneers
of both guns were either killed or wounded. Spare
horses had been ordered up, but did not arrive in time.
All the ammunition, however, to the last shot of all the
guns had been expended upon the enemy.<a name="FNanchor_O_15" id="FNanchor_O_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_15" class="fnanchor">[O]</a></p></blockquote>

<p>On being informed that the Fourteenth and Twentieth
Federal corps, which had been engaged with Hardee at
Averasboro, were moving by the Goldsboro road, at some
distance from Sherman's other wing, Johnston immediately
concentrated his troops available at Bentonville,
and attacked Slocum at 3 p. m., at first meeting with
brilliant success. A mile in the rear the Federals rallied.
"We were able to press all back slowly until 6," said
Johnston, "when receiving fresh troops apparently, they
attempted the offensive, which we resisted without difficulty
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>till dark." On the 20th, Hoke's division was
attacked, but repulsed every assault. Next day there
was heavy skirmishing, and Stewart's and Taliaferro's
skirmishers were thrown forward, who found that Sherman,
having united his two wings, was intrenching. On
the evening of the 21st, General Hardee, assisted by
Hampton and Wheeler, defeated an attempt of Blair's
corps to move upon Bentonville. Then, learning that
Schofield had reached Goldsboro, and Sherman was moving
toward Cox's bridge, Johnston withdrew to the neighborhood
of Smithfield, and thence through Raleigh
toward Greensboro.</p>

<p>The first attack upon the enemy preliminary to the
battle of Bentonville was made by General Hampton, on
the morning of the 18th, in defense of the position he
had selected for the battle which had been planned. On
the 19th, before the arrival of Hardee to take position
between Hoke and Stewart, Hampton held the gap in
the line with two South Carolina batteries of horse artillery,
Hart's, under Capt. E. L. Halsey, and Capt W. E.
Earle's.</p>

<p>Maj.-Gen. D. H. Hill, commanding Lee's corps, which
included the South Carolinians of Manigault's brigade,
reported the entire success of his command in the first
attack, and added: "Lieutenant-Colonel Carter [commanding
Manigault's brigade] was in actual negotiation
with a Yankee general for the surrender of his command."
Unfortunately, at this juncture the enemy
pressed upon the flank and rear of his advance, and many
men were cut off. "Captain Wood, adjutant-general of
Manigault's brigade, brought out 10 men and 8 prisoners,
after a tiresome march all night around the Yankee
forces."</p>

<p>Gen. John D. Kennedy commanded Kershaw's old
brigade, and he and his veterans did gallant service.<a name="FNanchor_P_16" id="FNanchor_P_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_16" class="fnanchor">[P]</a></p>

<p>During the operations just narrated, Hagood's brigade<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span>
had been engaged, under Hoke and Bragg, in the defense
of Wilmington, N. C., and of Kinston, maintaining in
every combat its old-time reputation for valor. In the
operations about Kinston, Lee's corps, under D. H. Hill,
also took part, and in the actions of March 8th, 9th and
10th, the South Carolinians of Manigault's brigade were
engaged.</p>

<p>Having fought to the extremity for a great Right, the
army under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was surrendered
April 26, 1865, upon the terms agreed upon between Lee
and Grant at Appomattox. The South Carolina soldiery
of all arms, and its men of the navy in all waters, had
valorously sustained the honor of their State, making in
long and arduous service a reputation for fortitude, courage,
humanity, and devotion to the Confederacy, only
equaled by the fame similarly earned by their comrades
from other States. Accepting honorable parole in good
faith, these chivalrous men retired from the theater of
war to act well their parts in civil life, trusting their
country's future to the honest hope that the operations
in the minds and actions of their countrymen of the
essential principles of free government under constitutional
regulations, would yet accomplish in peace the
great ends for which they had so terribly suffered in war.</p>



<div class="figcenter">
<img src="images/fig11.jpg" alt="" />
<p class="caption center">SOUTH CAROLINA.<br />
1861-65<br />
<span class="smcap">From official war records atlas</span><br />
Principal Engagements &#9733;






</p>
</div>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span></p>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_M_13" id="Footnote_M_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_13"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> Capt. Daniel Oakey, Second Massachusetts volunteers, in
"Battles and Leaders."</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_N_14" id="Footnote_N_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_14"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> A Federal line officer, writing of this fight years
afterward, said: "It was a wretched place for a fight. At some points we
had to support our wounded until they could be carried off, to prevent
their falling into the swamp water, in which we stood ankle deep. No
ordinary troops were in our front. They would not give way until
a division of Davis' corps was thrown upon their right while we
pressed them closely. As we passed over their dead and wounded,
I came upon the body of a very young officer, whose handsome,
refined face attracted my attention. While the line of battle swept
past me I knelt at his side for a moment. His buttons bore the arms
of South Carolina. Evidently we were fighting the Charleston
chivalry."</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_O_15" id="Footnote_O_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_15"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> Among South Carolinians specially mentioned by General
Taliaferro were Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott and Colonel Butler,
commanding brigades; Colonel Brown, Major Warley and Captain Humbert,
Second South Carolina artillery; Captain Mathewes and Lieutenant
Boag, Manigault's battalion; Lieutenant-Colonel Yates, Major
Blanding (severely wounded) and Captain King, First South Carolina
artillery; Captain Huguenin, First South Carolina infantry,
and Major Lucas.</p></div>

<div class="footnote">

<p><a name="Footnote_P_16" id="Footnote_P_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_16"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> General Kennedy complimented Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace,
commanding the Second regiment, for skill and gallantry, and
mentioned particularly, "Capt. C. R. Holmes, assistant adjutant-general,
Lieutenant Harllee, acting assistant inspector-general, Lieutenant Sill, acting on staff, and C. Kennison, acting aide-de-camp;
also the good conduct and coolness in bearing dispatches of Sergeant
Blake and Corporal Pinckney of the Second South Carolina."
Lieutenant-Colonel Roy, in the advance, was for a time on the left
of the brigade, gallantly inspiriting the men.</p></div>

<hr class="chap" />

<div class="chapter">
<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="BIOGRAPHICAL" id="BIOGRAPHICAL"></a>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h2>
</div>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span></p>



<blockquote>

<p>MAJOR-GENERALS AND BRIGADIER-GENERALS, PROVISIONAL
ARMY OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES,
ACCREDITED TO SOUTH CAROLINA.</p></blockquote>


<p>Brigadier-General Barnard E. Bee was born at Charleston,
S. C., in 1823, the son of Col. Barnard E. Bee, who
removed to Texas in 1835, and grandson of Thomas Bee,
the first Federal judge of the State of South Carolina.
He was appointed as a cadet-at-large to the United States
military academy, and was graduated in 1845, with promotion
to brevet second lieutenant, Third infantry.
Immediately afterward he served in the military occupation
of Texas, and during the war with Mexico participated
in the battles of 1846 at Palo Alto and Resaca de
la Palma, after which he was on recruiting service with
promotion to second lieutenant. In 1847 he took part in
the siege of Vera Cruz, and while storming the enemy's
intrenched heights at Cerro Gordo, was wounded and
earned the brevet of first lieutenant. His gallant record
was continued in the conflicts at Contreras, Churubusco,
Chapultepec and the City of Mexico, winning for him
the rank of brevet captain and a sword of honor from
South Carolina, his native State. After the close of this
war he served as adjutant of the Third infantry at various
army posts on the frontier, until the spring of 1855,
with promotion to first lieutenant in 1851, and to captain
of the Tenth infantry in 1855. For a short time he was
detached at the cavalry school at Carlisle; then was on
frontier duty in Minnesota; marched with Albert Sidney
Johnston to Utah in 1857, and in that territory served as
lieutenant-colonel of the volunteer battalion until the
close of 1858. He was on duty at Fort Laramie, Dak.,
when he resigned in March, 1861, to enter the Confederate
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>service. First commissioned major of infantry,
C. S. A., he was promoted to brigadier-general, provisional
army, in June, and given command of the Third brigade
of the army of the Shenandoah, under Brig.-Gen. Joseph
E. Johnston, whose other brigade commanders were
Colonels Jackson, Bartow and Elzey. Bee's command
was composed of the Second and Eleventh Mississippi,
Sixth North Carolina and Fourth Alabama regiments,
and Imboden's battery. After participating in the maneuvers
in the valley against Patterson, his brigade was
the first to reinforce Beauregard at Manassas Junction,
arriving there on July 20th. He selected the position
for the artillery on the morning of the 21st near the
Henry house, almost simultaneously with the placing of
Rickett's battery on the opposite hill, and ordered the
opening of the artillery fire which checked the Federal
advance and made the subsequent victory possible. He
was the ranking officer on this part of the field during the
early hours of battle, and supported Evans with his own
and Bartow's brigades, while Jackson followed and took
position on the line he had selected. Forced back by
Federal reinforcements, he rallied his troops, and during
the confusion shouted the historic words: "Look at Jackson's
brigade. It stands there like a stonewall." His
gallant men soon reformed and drove the Federals from
the Henry house plateau which they had gained, and soon
afterward were in turn driven back by the enemy. In
the second charge of the Confederates which swept the
Federals from the disputed position, captured the Rickett
and Griffin batteries, and won the day, General Bee fell
mortally wounded near the Henry house, close to the spot
where he gave his first orders for battle. He died the
following morning, July 22, 1861, in the little cabin on
the field where he had made his headquarters. The
death of General Bee, in this first great battle of the
war, caused universal mourning in the South. He was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>
an officer of tried courage and capacity, and had the
promise of a glorious career in the great struggle into
which he had entered with such generous enthusiasm.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Milledge Luke Bonham was born
near Red Bank, Edgefield district, December 22, 1813,
the son of Capt. James Bonham, who came from Virginia
to South Carolina about the close of the last century, and
married Sophie, daughter of Jacob Smith, niece of Capt.
James Butler, head of an illustrious South Carolina family.
The grandfather of General Bonham was Maj. Absalom
Bonham, a native of Maryland and a soldier of the
revolutionary war. General Bonham, after graduation
at the South Carolina college, had his first military
experience as a volunteer in the company of Capt. James
Jones, in the Seminole war, and was promoted to brigade
major, a position corresponding to adjutant-general of
brigade. Subsequently, while beginning his career as a
lawyer and legislator, he continued his association with
the militia and attained the rank of major-general. When
war began with Mexico he went to the front as lieutenant-colonel
of the Twelfth United States infantry, and
served with distinction, earning promotion to colonel,
and remained in Mexico a year after the close of the war,
as military governor of one of the provinces. Then
returning home he resumed the practice of law, was
elected solicitor of the southern circuit, and in 1856, upon
the death of Preston S. Brooks, was chosen as the successor
of that gentleman in Congress. Upon the secession
of the State he promptly resigned and was appointed
commander-in-chief of the South Carolina army, with the
rank of major-general. In this capacity, and waiving all
questions of rank and precedence, at the request of Governor
Pickens, he served upon the coast in hearty co-operation
with General Beauregard, sent there by the provisional
government of the Confederate States. At a
later date he was commissioned brigadier-general in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>
provisional army, and he took to Richmond the first
troops, not Virginian, that arrived for the defense of the
capital. His regiments were commanded by Colonels
Kershaw, Williams, Cash and Bacon, and were conspicuous
in the operations before Washington and in the first
battle of Manassas. Afterward, in consequence of a disagreement
with the war department, he resigned and was
elected to the Confederate Congress. In December,
1862, he was elected governor of the State, an office which
he filled with credit. In January, 1865, he was appointed
to command of a brigade of cavalry, in the organization
of which he was engaged at the close of military operations.
His subsequent career was marked by the same
ardent patriotism. As a delegate to President Grant
from the taxpayers' convention, and a supporter of the
revolution of 1876, he rendered the State valuable service.
He was the first railroad commissioner of South
Carolina, in 1878, and subsequently chairman of the commission
until his death, August 27, 1890. As a soldier
he is described as "one of the finest looking officers in
the entire army. His tall, graceful figure, commanding
appearance, noble bearing and soldierly mien, all excited
the admiration and confidence of his troops. He wore a
broad-brimmed hat with a waving plume, and sat his
horse with the knightly grace of Charles the Bold or
Henry of Navarre. His soldiers were proud of him, and
loved to do him homage. While he was a good disciplinarian,
so far as the volunteer service required, he did
not treat his officers with any air of superiority."</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General John Bratton was born at Winnsboro,
S. C., March 7, 1831, the son of Dr. William Bratton by
his second wife, Isabella Means. He is a descendant of
Col. William Bratton, of Virginia, who removed to York
county, S. C., and was a conspicuous figure in the war of
the revolution. John Bratton was graduated at the South
Carolina college in 1850, and a few years later embarked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>
in the practice of medicine at his native town, having
completed a professional course at the Charleston college.
In 1861 he enlisted in the first call for ten regiments
of troops, as a private, and being promoted captain,
served in that capacity during the bombardment of Fort
Sumter, and until the State troops were called upon to
enlist in the Confederate service. His company declining
to respond, he again enlisted as a private, and with twenty-three
men of his old command helped to fill up a company
for the Sixth regiment. This was soon ordered to Virginia,
where he went as second lieutenant of Company C.
Except for the engagement at Dranesville, the year for
which the regiment enlisted was uneventful, but toward
the close he attracted the favorable attention of General
Johnston by advocating the enlistment of his regiment as
a whole for the war, and though this proposition failed,
he was enabled to re-enlist the first company of one
year's men of Johnston's army. It followed that a battalion
of six companies of the Sixth was re-enlisted, and
he was soon elected to the command, and promoted colonel
when the regiment was filled up. He commanded
his regiment with gallantry in Jenkins' brigade, Longstreet's
corps, at Williamsburg, Seven Pines, the Seven
Days' battles, and the succeeding campaigns of the
army of Northern Virginia, and in the Chickamauga and
Knoxville campaigns, where he was in command of the
brigade while Jenkins had charge of Hood's division.
After the death of Jenkins at the battle of the Wilderness,
he was at once promoted brigadier-general on the urgent
request of General Lee, and he continued to lead this
famous brigade to the end. At Appomattox, so well
had his gallant men held together, he had the largest
brigade in the army, a little over 1,500 men, and in fact
it was larger than some of the divisions. His brigade
alone made an orderly march to Danville and secured
railroad transportation for a part of their homeward journey.
When General Bratton reached home he gave his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>
attention to planting, and in 1866 was elected to the legislature.
In 1876 he was the chairman of the South
Carolina delegation to the national Democratic convention,
in 1880 was chairman of the State committee of his
party, and in 1881 was elected comptroller of the State
to fill an unexpired term. He was a stalwart lieutenant
of Gen. Wade Hampton in the famous campaign of
1876, was elected to Congress in 1884, and was his party's
candidate for governor in 1890. Having been for many
years identified with the agricultural interests of the
State, he was selected as the one man likely to unify his
party. With the single purpose of mitigating the evils
attending division among the whites, he sacrificed himself
on the shrine of duty, as he saw it, and though
defeated, again won the admiration of all classes. Until
his death at Winnsboro, January 12, 1898, he held firmly
the unalloyed love and respect of the people.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Major-General Matthew Calbraith Butler was born near
Greenville, S. C., March 6, 1836. His father was Dr.
William Butler, an assistant surgeon in the United States
navy, and a congressman in 1841; his mother, Jane T.,
daughter of Captain Perry, U. S. N., of Newport, R. I.,
and sister of Commodore Oliver H. Perry and Matthew
Calbraith Perry. Judge A. P. Butler, United States
senator, and Gov. Pierce M. Butler, colonel of the Palmetto
regiment and killed at Churubusco, were his
uncles; his grandfather, Gen. William Butler, was a gallant
officer of the revolutionary army, and his great-grandfather,
Capt. James Butler, a native of Loudoun
county, Va., was the founder of the family in North
Carolina. In childhood he accompanied his father to
Arkansas, but after the latter's death returned to South
Carolina in 1851, and made his home with Senator A. P.
Butler near Edgefield. He was educated at the South
Carolina college, and then reading law was admitted to
practice in 1857. In the following year he was married<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>
to Maria, daughter of Gov. F. W. Pickens. He was
elected to the legislature in 1860, but before the conclusion
of his term, entered the military service of his State
as captain of a company of cavalry in Hampton's legion.
This command took a distinguished part in the first battle
of Manassas, and Captain Butler was promoted major to
date from July 21st, the beginning of his famous career
in the cavalry of the army of Northern Virginia. He
commanded the cavalry of the legion under Stuart in the
withdrawal of the troops from Yorktown, and was warmly
commended for gallantry at Williamsburg. In August,
1862, he was promoted to colonel of the Second regiment,
South Carolina cavalry, Hampton's brigade, and in this
rank he participated in the Second Manassas and Maryland
campaigns, winning favorable mention for gallant
leadership in the affair at Monocacy bridge, and in Stuart's
Chambersburg raid. He commanded the main part
of his brigade in the Dumfries expedition of December,
1862, and in June, 1863, he was one of the most conspicuous
leaders in the famous cavalry battle of Brandy Station.
Here he was severely wounded by a shell, losing
his right foot, and promotion to brigadier-general followed
in September. Returning to service before his
wound healed he was sent home to recover. He succeeded
General Hampton in brigade command, and took
part in the fall campaigns of the army in 1863, and
throughout the famous struggle of 1864, at the Wilderness,
Spottsylvania, and before Richmond in opposition
to Sheridan, he was one of the heroic figures of this last
great campaign of the Confederate armies. The reports
of Sheridan himself attest the splendid fighting of Butler
and his brigade at Hawe's Shop and Cold Harbor. At
Trevilian Station he was in command of Hampton's
division, and repulsed seven distinct and determined
assaults by the largely superior forces under Sheridan,
his command occupying the most important point of the
Confederate line and fighting as infantry. In September<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span>
he was promoted major-general, and in the spring of
1865 he was detached with a small division for the campaign
against Sherman in the Carolinas. He commanded
the rear guard of Hardee's army at the evacuation of
Columbia and Cheraw, and at the last had division command
of cavalry, his forces and Gen. Joe Wheeler's forming
the command of Lieut.-Gen. Wade Hampton. The
close of the war left him in financial ruin, but he bravely
met the exigencies of the occasion, and in a short time
attained national repute for the firmness and boldness
with which he handled the political questions which concerned
the essentials of the reorganized social life. While
he powerfully advocated obedience to the reconstruction
measures as the law, law being preferable to chaos, he
receded at no time from a persistent opposition to infringements
on good government, and was largely
instrumental in securing the election of Gov. Wade
Hampton. In 1876 he was elected to the United States
Senate, where his admission was met by a storm of partisan
protest which is memorable in the history of the
nation, but his career of eighteen years in that exalted
body vindicated the good judgment and patriotism of the
State which deputed him as its representative. In the
stormy days of sectional debate in Congress he was one
of the foremost champions of the South, but at a later
period he was enabled to make a splendid record in constructive
statesmanship by his staunch advocacy of a
strong navy, of civil service reform, and other measures
now settled in national policy. After the expiration of
his service in the Senate, March, 1895, he engaged in the
practice of law at Washington, D. C. In 1898 he was
appointed a major-general in the volunteer army of the
United States, for the war with Spain, and after peace
was secured he served as a member of the commission for
the removal of the Spanish forces from Cuba.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span></p>

<div class="figcenter">
<img src="images/fig5.jpg" alt="" />
<p class="caption center">M. C. BUTLER</p>
</div>


<p>Brigadier-General Ellison Capers, a descendant of an
English family which settled in South Carolina among
the earliest colonists, was born in Charleston, October 14,
1837. His father, grandfather and several generations
of the name, belonged to the parishes of St. Thomas and
St. Denis, in Charleston county, in the territory originally
called Berkeley county. His mother was of Irish extraction,
her father, William McGill, having settled in Kershaw
county, upon coming from Ireland. William
Capers, the grandfather of Ellison, was a soldier of the
revolution, a lieutenant in the Second South Carolina
regiment, and after the fall of Charleston in 1780, one of
Marion's captains in his famous partisan brigade, in
which his only brother, G. Sinclair Capers, held the same
rank. Several thrilling incidents in the career of these
two gallant partisan captains are related by Judge
James, of South Carolina, in his life of Marion. They
were both planters. William Capers, father of Ellison,
was born on his father's plantation, "Bull Head," in St.
Thomas parish, about 20 miles north of Charleston, January
25, 1790. He was graduated at the South Carolina
college in Columbia, entered the Methodist ministry in
1808, and devoted his life and brilliant talents to his
sacred calling. He was elected and consecrated a bishop
in the Methodist Episcopal church South, in 1845, and
died at his home in Anderson, S. C., January 29, 1855.
Ellison Capers, the fourth son of his marriage with Susan
McGill, was graduated at the South Carolina military
academy in November, 1857. The next year he was a
resident graduate and assistant professor of mathematics
and belles lettres in his alma mater. In 1859 he married
Charlotte Rebecca, fourth daughter of John Gendron and
Catherine Cotourier Palmer, of Cherry Grove plantation,
St. John's, Berkeley, S. C. In the fall of this year he
was appointed assistant professor of mathematics in the
South Carolina military academy at Charleston with the
rank of second lieutenant. The active state of affairs in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span>
Charleston during the summer and fall of 1860 roused
the military spirit of the people, and the First regiment
of Rifles was organized in Charleston, of which Lieutenant
Capers was unanimously elected major. He served
with this regiment at Castle Pinckney, and on Morris,
Sullivan's, James and John's islands. His regiment also
constituted a part of the army under Beauregard during
the attack on Fort Sumter. He continued to serve in the
vicinity of Charleston until November, when he resigned
the rank of lieutenant-colonel to which he had been promoted,
in order that he might enter the Confederate
service. Satisfied that a terrible struggle was before his
people, he resigned his professorship at the military
academy and united with Col. Clement H. Stevens, of
Charleston, in enlisting a regiment for the war. The
regiment was mustered into the Confederate service as
the Twenty-fourth South Carolina volunteer infantry,
April 1, 1862, with Clement H. Stevens as colonel, Ellison
Capers, lieutenant-colonel, and H. J. Hammond,
major; on the 4th of April was ordered to Coles' island,
and on the 25th of May was transferred to James island.
On June 3d, Companies A, B, D and E, and the Charleston
battalion, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel
Capers, opened the James Island campaign. In this
engagement Colonel Capers led the attack, and for his
courageous and skillful management of this affair he was
commended in general orders. At the battle of Secessionville,
the Twenty-fourth was again engaged, and Colonel
Capers was praised in orders. He was next detailed
to command a battery of siege guns at Clark's house.
Except a short service at Pocotaligo the regiment was on
James island until December 15, 1862, when it was
ordered to North Carolina to the relief of Wilmington,
and stationed at the railroad crossing of Northeast river
on Island Ford road. On February 13th it was returned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>
to South Carolina and placed on duty in the Third military
district (W. S. Walker's). Lieutenant-Colonel
Capers, with part of his regiment and other commands,
was detached to command the district between Combahee
and Ashepoo rivers. Charleston being threatened with
attack, the regiment was ordered back to Secessionville,
April 5, 1863. On May 6th it left South Carolina for
Jackson, Miss., being assigned to Gist's brigade, and eight
days later, while commanding the regiment in the battle
at Jackson, Lieutenant-Colonel Capers was wounded.
About the last of August, Gist's brigade was sent to General
Bragg. It participated in the battles of Chickamauga
and Missionary Ridge, and in the former Capers
was again wounded. During the winter at Dalton in
January, 1864, Colonel Stevens was promoted to brigadier-general
and placed in charge of the brigade formerly
commanded by Gen. Claudius C. Wilson. It was while
leading this brigade that General Stevens received his
mortal wound at Peachtree creek, July 20, 1864. Lieutenant-Colonel
Capers was promoted to the colonelcy of
the Twenty-fourth, which he led through the Atlanta and
Tennessee campaigns until the battle of Franklin, where
he was wounded and Gist was killed. On March 1, 1865, on
the recommendations of Generals Johnston, Hardee and
Cheatham, he was commissioned brigadier-general and
assigned to the command of Gist's brigade. After the war
General Capers was elected secretary of state of South
Carolina, December, 1866. In 1867 he entered the ministry
of the Protestant Episcopal church. He was for twenty
years rector at Greenville, S. C., for one year at Selma,
Ala., and for six years at Trinity, Columbia. In 1889 the
degree of D. D. was conferred on him by the university
of South Carolina. On May 4, 1893, he was elected bishop
by the convention of South Carolina on the first ballot,
and on July 20, 1893, was consecrated in this sacred
office.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span></p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General James Chestnut, a gallant South
Carolinian, distinguished as a general officer, also served
as aide-de-camp on the staff of President Davis, in which
connection his biography is given in the first volume of
this work.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General James Conner was born at Charleston,
the son of Henry W. Conner, of that city. After
his graduation at the South Carolina college in 1849,
he read law under James L. Petigru, and was admitted
to practice in 1852. In 1856 his ability as a lawyer was
recognized by appointment as United States district
attorney, an office which he resigned in 1860 on account
of the prospect of secession by his State. He was associated
with Judge Magrath and Hon. W. F. Colcock on a
committee which visited the legislature and urged the
calling of a convention, and after the passage of the
ordinance he devoted himself to preparation for the field.
Though appointed Confederate States attorney for the
district, he refused to leave the military service and
deputed his official duties. He entered the Confederate
service as captain of the Montgomery Guards, and in
May, 1861, was chosen captain of Company A, Washington
light infantry, Hampton's legion. He was promoted
major to date from the first battle of Manassas, and in
June, 1862, became colonel of the Twenty-second North
Carolina regiment. Being disabled for duty, he was
detailed as one of the judges of the military court of the
Second corps, with the rank of colonel of cavalry. On
June 1, 1864, he was promoted brigadier-general, and was
assigned to command of McGowan's and Lane's brigades.
Subsequently, as acting major-general, he commanded a
division consisting of the brigades of McGowan, Lane
and Bushrod Johnson. On the return of General McGowan
to duty, General Conner was assigned permanently
to the command of Kershaw's old brigade. In
1865 he was promoted to major-general, and the commis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span>sion
was made out, and forwarded, but failed to reach
him in the confusion of the final days of the Confederacy.
He was at the bombardment of Fort Sumter, 1861,
and participated in the battles of First Manassas, Yorktown,
New Stone Point, West Point, Seven Pines,
Mechanicsville, Chancellorsville, Riddle's Shop, Darby's
Farm, Fussell's Mill, Petersburg, Jerusalem Plank Road,
Reams' Station, Winchester, Port Republic and Cedar
Creek. He was severely wounded in the leg at Mechanicsville,
and again in the same leg near Fisher's Hill, October,
1864, compelling the amputation of the limb. At
First Manassas the command of the legion was given
him as senior captain, by Colonel Hampton, when the
latter was wounded, and Captain Conner gallantly led in
the charge upon Rickett's battery. As commander of
Kershaw's South Carolinians he was greatly beloved by
his men. After his return to Charleston he resumed the
practice of law, in which he gained distinction. For
many years he was assistant counsel and then solicitor of
the South Carolina railroad, and for the bank of Charleston,
and for some time was receiver of the Greenville &amp;
Columbia railroad. In 1876 he was chairman of the
Democratic executive committee of the State, and was
nominated and elected attorney-general of the State, on
the ticket headed by General Hampton. During the
exciting period of this campaign he was in command of
the rifle-clubs which were depended upon for the preservation
of order, and his calmness and self-control were of
great value to the State. His performance of the duties
of attorney-general elicited the warm official commendation
of Governor Hampton, and thanks were tendered
him by the legislature in the name of the people of the
State.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Thomas Fenwick Drayton was born
in South Carolina about 1807, of an ancestral line distinguished
in the history of the State. His grandfather,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>
William Drayton, born in South Carolina in 1733, was
educated in law at the Temple, London; was appointed
chief justice of the province of East Florida in 1768, and
after the revolution was judge of admiralty, associate justice
of the supreme court, and first United States district
judge. His father, William Drayton, born in 1776, a
lawyer, entered the United States service as lieutenant-colonel
in 1812; was promoted colonel, and later inspector-general;
was associated with Generals Scott and Macomb
in the preparation of a system of infantry tactics;
resigned in 1815, afterward served in Congress 1825-33,
and was a warm friend and supporter of President Jackson.
General Drayton was graduated at the United
States military academy in 1828, in the class of Jefferson
Davis, and was in the service as second lieutenant of
Sixth infantry until his resignation in 1836. Subsequently
he was occupied as a civil engineer at Charleston,
Louisville and Cincinnati for two years, then becoming
a planter in St. Luke's parish. He served as captain of
South Carolina militia five years, was a member of the
board of ordnance of the State, a State senator 1853-61,
and president of the Charleston &amp; Savannah railroad
1853-56. September 25, 1861, he was commissioned brigadier-general,
provisional army of the Confederate States,
and was assigned to the command of the Third military
district of the State. He was in command of the Confederate
forces during the bombardment and capture of
Forts Walker and Beauregard, at Port Royal entrance, in
November, 1861, on which occasion his brother, Capt.
Percival Drayton, commanded the steamer Pocahontas,
one of the Federal vessels under Admiral DuPont. He
was in charge of the Fifth military district, under Gen.
R. E. Lee, and the Sixth and Fourth districts under
Pemberton, in the same region, with headquarters at
Hardeeville. During the Second Manassas and Maryland
campaigns he commanded a brigade composed of
the Fifteenth South Carolina, and two Georgia regi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>ments,
which, with Toombs' Georgia brigade, constituted
the division of D. R. Jones, Longstreet's corps, and participated
in the battles of Thoroughfare Gap and Second
Manassas, South Mountain and Sharpsburg. In August,
1863, he was ordered to report to Gen. T. H. Holmes, at
Little Rock, Ark., and was there assigned to command
of a brigade of Sterling Price's division, consisting of
Missouri and Arkansas troops. From the beginning of
1864 he was in command of this division in Arkansas,
until Gen. Kirby Smith relieved Holmes, when he was
transferred to the command of the West sub-district of
Mexico. He was also in command of the Texas cavalry
division composed of the brigades of Slaughter and H. E.
McCullough. In the spring of 1865 he was a member of
the board of inquiry demanded by General Price after
his Missouri expedition. After the close of hostilities,
General Drayton farmed in Dooly county, Ga., until 1872,
afterward was an insurance agent, and in 1878 removed to
Charlotte, N. C., as president of the South Carolina immigration
society. He died at Florence, February 18, 1891.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General John Dunovant held the rank of
major of infantry in the State army during the initial
operations of the war of the Confederacy, and during
the bombardment of Fort Sumter was present at Fort
Moultrie, doing all that was in his power. Subsequently
he became colonel of the First regiment of infantry, and
was stationed for some time on Sullivan's island and at
Fort Moultrie. Later in 1862 he was given command of
the Fifth regiment, South Carolina cavalry, in which
capacity he served in the State, until ordered to Virginia
in March, 1864. There he and his regiment were under
the brigade command of Gen. M. C. Butler, in Wade
Hampton's division of Stuart's cavalry. The regiment
under his leadership did admirable service, General
Ransom reported, at the battle of Drewry's Bluff, May
16th, and subsequently in the encounters with Sheridan's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>
cavalry, he shared the services of Butler's brigade at
Cold Harbor, Trevilian's and other important conflicts.
On August 2, 1864, President Davis suggested to General
Lee, Dunovant's promotion to temporary rank as brigadier-general,
and it was soon afterward ordered. In
this capacity he had brigade command under General
Hampton until, in the fighting north of the James river,
following the capture of Fort Harrison, he was killed October
1, 1864. On receipt of news of the death of the gallant
soldier, General Lee replied to General Hampton: "I
grieve with you at the loss of General Dunovant and Dr.
Fontaine, two officers whom it will be difficult to replace."</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Stephen Elliott, Jr., was born at
Beaufort, S. C., in 1832, son of Stephen Elliott, first
bishop of the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Georgia
and provisional bishop of Florida; and grandson of
Stephen Elliott, a distinguished naturalist. He passed
his youth on the plantation, devoted to manly sports. At
the beginning of the formation of the Confederate States,
he organized and equipped a light battery, known as the
Beaufort artillery, of which he was commissioned captain.
He was present at the bombardment of Fort Sumter,
aiming several shots from the siege guns, and during
his subsequent service in the State he became famous
for daring and skillful fighting. On guard in 1861 in the
vicinity of Port Royal harbor, he put twenty of his boys
on the tug Lady Davis, and ran out to sea to find a
prize. With indomitable pluck, accompanied by good
fortune, he captured a sailing vessel, of 1,200 tons, and
brought her in to Beaufort. Subsequently he was ordered
to Bay Point, the other side of Port Royal entrance being
held by the German volunteers under Captain Wagener.
There he fought a Federal fleet for two hours, until his
guns were dismounted. After the Federals occupied the
coast islands, he engaged in numerous daring raids. During
one night he burned fourteen plantation settlements;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span>
again he surprised a picket post successfully, and in August,
1862, he commanded an expedition against a Federal
force on Pinckney island, which was very successful and
gained for him the unstinted commendation of his superiors.
His activity also turned to the direction of inventing
floating torpedoes, with which he blew up a tender in
St. Helena bay. He was promoted to chief of artillery
of the Third military district, including Beaufort, near
where, in April, 1863, he captured the Federal steamer
George Washington. Promotion followed to major
and then to lieutenant-colonel. Twice he met the enemy
in open field at Pocotaligo, where his guns put the invaders
to flight. In command of the Charleston battalion
he occupied Fort Sumter, September 5, 1863, and held
the ruins of the famous citadel against the enemy until
May, 1864. Then as colonel of Holcombe's legion he
was ordered to Petersburg, Va., and was soon promoted
to brigadier-general and assigned to the command of
N. G. Evans' old brigade, which included the legion.
He served actively in the defense of Petersburg, his brigade,
a part of Bushrod Johnson's division, holding that
important part of the line selected by the Federals as the
point to be mined, and carried by an assaulting party.
Two of his regiments, the Eighteenth and Twenty-second,
occupied the works blown up on the morning of July 30th,
and the immense displacement of earth which formed the
crater maimed and buried many of the command. But,
undismayed, General Elliott and his brigade received the
onslaught made through the breach of the Confederate
intrenchments. In the words of the division commander,
"Brigadier-General Elliott, the gallant commander of the
brigade which occupied the salient, was making prompt
disposition of his forces to assault the enemy and reoccupy
the remaining portion of the trenches when he was
dangerously wounded." Entirely disabled for further
service he returned to his home at Beaufort, and died
from the effects of his wound, March 21, 1866.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span></p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Nathan George Evans was born in
Marion county, S. C., February 6, 1824, the third son of
Thomas Evans, who married Jane Beverly Daniel, of
Virginia. He was graduated at Randolph-Macon college
before he was eighteen, and at the United States military
academy, which he entered by appointment of John C.
Calhoun, in 1848. With a lieutenancy in the Second
Dragoons, he was first on duty at Fort Leavenworth,
Kan., whence he marched to the Rocky mountains in
1849. In 1850 to 1853 he served in New Mexico, and
began a famous career as an Indian fighter, which was
continued in Texas and Indian Territory after his promotion
to captain in 1856, in various combats with the
hostile Comanches. At the battle of Wachita Village,
October 1, 1858, his command defeated a large body of
the Comanches, and he killed two of their noted chieftains
in a hand-to-hand fight. For this he was voted a handsome
sword by the legislature of South Carolina. In 1860
he was married to a sister of Gen. M. W. Gary, of Abbeville
county. He resigned from the old army in February,
1861, being then stationed in Texas, and taking farewell
of his colonel, Robert E. Lee, proceeded to Montgomery,
and was commissioned major of cavalry, C. S. A.
Being assigned to duty as adjutant-general of the South
Carolina army, he was present at the bombardment of
Fort Sumter and was soon afterward promoted colonel.
Joining the army under General Beauregard at Manassas
Junction, Va., he had a command on the field during the
first encounter at Blackburn's ford, and again in the
great battle of July 21, 1861. At the opening of the latter
engagement, his forces, consisting of the Fourth South
Carolina regiment, a battalion of Louisiana volunteers,
Terry's squadron of cavalry, and a section of Latham's
battery, were stationed at the stone bridge, where he
held the enemy in check in front, until he perceived in
operation the flank movement which was the Federal
plan of battle. Instantly without waiting for orders he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span>
threw his little command in a new line, facing the enemy,
and alone held him in check until reinforced by General
Bee. With great intrepidity he and his men held their
ground against great odds until the Confederate army
could adapt itself to this unexpected attack. As remarked
by a Northern historian: "Evans' action was probably
one of the best pieces of soldiership on either side during
the campaign, but it seems to have received no special
commendation from his superiors." General Beauregard
commended his "dauntless conduct and imperturbable
coolness," but it was not until after the fight at Leesburg
that he was promoted. This latter engagement, known
also as Ball's Bluff, was fought in October, near the
Potomac river, by his brigade, mainly Mississippians, and
a splendid victory was gained over largely superior numbers,
with great loss to the enemy. His promotion to
brigadier-general was made to date from this memorable
affair, and South Carolina again, through her general
assembly, gave him a vote of thanks and presented him
with a gold medal. In 1862 he commanded a brigade
consisting of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-second
and Twenty-third regiments, and Holcombe's legion,
South Carolina troops, and was mentioned by General
Longstreet among the officers most prominently distinguished
in the battles of Second Manassas and Sharpsburg.
In the latter fight he commanded his division.
Thereafter his service was mainly rendered in South
Carolina. In 1863 he moved to the support of Johnston
against Grant. After the fall of Richmond he accompanied
President Davis as far as Cokesbury, S. C. A
year later he engaged in business at Charleston, but was
mainly occupied as a teacher at Midway, Ala., until his
death at that place, November 30, 1868. Gen. Fitzhugh
Lee has written of him: "'Shanks' Evans, as he was
called, was a graduate of the military academy, a native
South Carolinian, served in the celebrated old Second
Dragoons, and was a good type of the rip-roaring, scorn-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span>all-care
element, which so largely abounded in that regiment.
Evans had the honor of opening the fight (First
Manassas), we might say fired the first gun of the war."</p>
<hr />

<div class="figcenter">
<img src="images/fig4.jpg" alt="" />
<p class="caption center">Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">John Dunovant.</span> Brig.-Gen.<span class="smcap"> James Chestnut.</span><br />
<br />
Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Barnard E. Bee.</span> Maj.-Gen.<span class="smcap"> M. C. Butler.</span> Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">John Bratton.</span><br />
<br />
Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">M. L. Bonham.</span> Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">N. G. Evans.</span> Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Stephen Elliott, Jr.</span><br />
<br />
Maj.-Gen.<span class="smcap"> M. W. Gary.</span> Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Thos. F. Drayton.
</span>
</p>
</div>
<hr />

<p>Brigadier-General Samuel W. Ferguson was born and
reared at Charleston, and was graduated at the United
States military academy in 1857. As a lieutenant of
dragoons he participated in the Utah expedition under
Albert Sidney Johnston, and in 1859-60 was on duty
at Fort Walla Walla, Washington. When informed
of the result of the presidential election of 1860, he
resigned his commission and returned to Charleston, and
on March 1, 1861, entered the service of his native State
with the rank of captain. Being appointed aide-de-camp
to General Beauregard, he received the formal surrender
of Major Anderson, raised the first Confederate flag and
posted the first guards at Fort Sumter. He was then
sent to deliver to the Congress at Montgomery the flag
used at Fort Moultrie, the first standard of the Confederacy
struck by a hostile shot. He remained on Beauregard's
staff and took an active part in the battle of Shiloh,
on the second day being assigned to command a brigade
of the Second corps. At the battle of Farmington
he was also on duty with General Beauregard. At the
same time he held the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the
Twenty-eighth Mississippi regiment cavalry, and subsequently,
stationed at Vicksburg, he had command of cavalry
and outlying pickets until detailed for special duty
along the Yazoo delta, opposing with cavalry and artillery
the advance of the Federal transports. During
Grant's preliminary movements against Vicksburg he
thwarted the attempt of Sherman and Porter to reach the
city in the rear by way of Deer creek. In 1863 he was
promoted to brigadier-general. He was active in command
of cavalry in harassing Sherman's movement to
Chattanooga, and during the Georgia campaign of 1864
his brigade of Alabamians and Mississippians, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span>
Armstrong's and Ross' brigades, formed the cavalry of
the army of Mississippi, under command of Gen. W. H.
Jackson, operating on the left wing of Johnston's army.
He defeated Wilder's "lightning brigade," and displayed
gallantry on every field. When Sherman began his
march to Savannah, he harassed the Federal flank until
within a few miles of Savannah, when he left his horses
on the South Carolina side of the river, after swimming
it, and entering Savannah with his men as infantry, covered
the rear of Hardee's army at the evacuation. He
subsequently operated in southern Georgia until ordered
to Danville, Va., but on reaching Greensboro was
ordered back, escorting President Davis from Charlotte
to Abbeville, and as far as Washington, Ga., where his
command was disbanded. He then made his home in
Mississippi, and practiced law at Greenville. In 1876 he
was made president of the board of Mississippi levee
commission for several counties, and in 1883 became a
member of the United States river commission. In 1894
he returned to his native city of Charleston, and devoted
himself to the profession of civil engineering. In 1898
he offered his services for the war with Spain.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Martin Witherspoon Gary was born
in 1831 at Cokesbury, Abbeville county, the third son of
Dr. Thomas Reeder Gary. He was educated at the
South Carolina college and Harvard college, graduating
at the latter institution in 1854. Then studying law he
was admitted to the bar in 1855, and soon acquired distinction
in both law and politics. As a member of the
South Carolina legislature in 1860 and 1861, he advocated
secession, and when the ordinance was enacted, at once
went into the military service as captain of the Watson
Guards, which became Company B of the Hampton
legion. At First Manassas the command of the legion
devolved upon him after Colonel Hampton was wounded,
Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson killed and Captain Conner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span>
disabled. At the reorganization in 1862 he was elected
lieutenant-colonel of the infantry of the legion, a battalion
of eight companies, and after it was filled to a regiment,
he was promoted colonel. He participated in the
battles around Richmond, at Second Manassas, Boonsboro
and Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, and with Longstreet
at Suffolk, Chickamauga, Bean's Station, Campbell's
Station and Knoxville. His command was subsequently
mounted as cavalry, and served on the north
side of the James before Richmond. After the fight
at Riddle's Shop, in June, 1864, he was promoted
brigadier-general, his cavalry brigade including the
Hampton legion, Seventh South Carolina, Seventh
Georgia and Twenty-fourth Virginia regiments, and
Harkerson's artillery. He led the brigade in all the
heavy fighting north of the James during the siege, and
was the last to leave Richmond. Capt. Clement Sulivane,
left behind to destroy the bridge after Gary had
crossed, relates that at daylight April 3d, when the Union
troops were in sight advancing, and a mob was ravaging
the storehouses, "a long line of cavalry in gray turned
into Fourteenth street, and sword in hand galloped
straight down to the river; Gary had come. The mob
scattered right and left before the armed horsemen, who
reined up at the canal. Presently a single company of
cavalry appeared in sight, and rode at headlong speed to
the bridge. 'My rear guard!' exclaimed Gary. Touching
his hat to me, he called out, 'All over, good-bye!' and
trotted over the bridge." Joining Lee's rear guard he
was one of the heroes of Fitzhugh Lee's command,
engaged in incessant fighting until Appomattox Court
House was reached. There he did not surrender, but cut
his way through the Federal lines, and rode to Greensboro,
where he took command of about 200 men of his
brigade on their way to Virginia, and escorted the President
and his cabinet to Cokesbury, S. C. The cabinet
held one of their last meetings in his mother's house at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span>
that place. Then resuming the practice of law, he continued
in that profession until his death at Edgefield,
April 9, 1881. He was a noted figure in the exciting
political campaign of 1876, and for four years thereafter
held a seat in the State senate.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General States R. Gist was a descendant of
that gallant Marylander, Gen. Mordecai Gist, who distinguished
himself at the battle of Camden in 1780, and
at the Combahee in 1782, and subsequently resided at
Charleston, at his death leaving two sons who bore the
names of Independent and States. At the organization of
the army of South Carolina early in 1861, States R. Gist
was assigned to the position of adjutant and inspector
general, in which capacity he rendered valuable service
in the preparation for the occupation of Charleston harbor
and the reduction of Fort Sumter. He went to Virginia
as a volunteer aide to General Bee, and at the critical
moment in the first battle of Manassas, when Gen.
J. E. Johnston rode to the front with the colors of the
Fourth Alabama at his side, Beauregard relates that
"noticing Col. S. R. Gist, an aide to General Bee, a
young man whom I had known as adjutant-general of
South Carolina, and whom I greatly esteemed, I presented
him as an able and brave commander to the
stricken regiment, who cheered their new leader, and
maintained under him to the end of the day, their previous
gallant behavior." Subsequently he resumed his
duties as adjutant-general, organizing South Carolina
troops for the war, until in March, 1862, he was commissioned
brigadier-general in the Confederate service, and
ordered to report to General Pemberton, then in command
of the department. He was after this on duty on
the South Carolina coast, in command east of James
island in June, on that island from July; temporarily in
command of the first district, and in December, 1862, in
command of the troops ordered to the relief of Wilming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span>ton,
until May, 1863, when he was ordered to take command
of a brigade and go to the assistance of General
Pemberton in Mississippi. Reaching Jackson his command
formed part of the troops under J. E. Johnston,
took part in the engagement of May 14th at Jackson,
marched to the Big Black river just before the surrender
of Vicksburg, and then returning to Jackson was
besieged by Sherman. His brigade comprised the Forty-sixth
Georgia, Fourteenth Mississippi and Twenty-fourth
South Carolina, the Sixteenth South Carolina soon afterward
being substituted for the Mississippi regiment, and
was assigned to the division of Gen. W. H. T. Walker.
He fought gallantly at Chickamauga, commanding during
part of the battle Ector's and Wilson's brigades, his
own brigade being led by Colonel Colquitt, and on Sunday
commanding Walker's division. At an important
stage of the fight Gen. D. H. Hill called for Gist's brigade
for dangerous duty, in the performance of which it
suffered severely. He continued in conspicuous and
valuable service; during the battle of Missionary Ridge
commanded Walker's division, and throughout the
Atlanta campaign of 1864 was identified with that division.
After the fall of General Walker he was transferred
to Cheatham's division, which he commanded for some
time during the fall campaign of that year. At the terribly
destructive battle of Franklin, Tenn., he was one
of the noblest of the brave men whose lives were sacrificed.
Attended by Capt. H. D. Garden and Lieut.
Frank Trenholm, of his staff, he rode down the front,
and after ordering the charge and waving his hat to the
Twenty-fourth, rode away in the smoke of battle,
never more to be seen by the men he had commanded on
so many fields. His horse was shot, and he was leading
the right of the brigade on foot when he fell, pierced
through the heart.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span></p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Maxcy Gregg was born in Columbia,
S. C, the son of Col. James Gregg, a distinguished lawyer
of that city, and was educated at the South Carolina
college, where he graduated with the first honors of his
class. He then entered upon the practice of law as a
partner of his father. In 1846 he had his first military
experience as major of a regiment of the second levy of
volunteers sent to Mexico, but did not arrive at the scene
of conflict in time to share in any of the famous battles.
He was a member of the convention of 1860 which determined
upon the secession of the State, and then became
colonel of the First North Carolina regiment, enlisted for
six months' service, with which he was on duty on Sullivan's
and Morris islands during the reduction of Fort
Sumter, and afterward in Virginia. Previous to the battle
of Manassas he was stationed at Centreville, and then
near Fairfax Court House, and commanded the infantry
in the action at Vienna. At the expiration of the term of
enlistment he reorganized his regiment in South Carolina,
and returning to Virginia was stationed at Suffolk.
In December, 1861, he was promoted to brigadier-general
and ordered to South Carolina, where he took command
of a brigade composed of the First, Twelfth, Thirteenth
and Fourteenth regiments. With this brigade he was
attached to the famous light division of A. P. Hill for
the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond. He led the
advance of the division at Cold Harbor, crossing the
creek under fire made what Hill pronounced "the handsomest
charge in line I have seen during the war," and
during the remainder of the battle displayed undaunted
bravery. At Frayser's Farm he charged and captured a
Federal battery. At the battle of August 29th, on the
plains of Manassas, he with his comrades of the division,
fought "with a heroic courage and obstinacy almost
beyond parallel," repelling six determined assaults of the
enemy, who sought to overwhelm Jackson's corps before
Longstreet could arrive. Hill reported: "The reply of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span>
the gallant Gregg to a message of mine is worthy of
note: 'Tell General Hill that my ammunition is exhausted,
but that I will hold my position with the bayonet.'" In
the battle of the 30th and at Ox Hill on September 1st,
he was again distinguished. He participated in the capture
of Harper's Ferry, at Sharpsburg shared with distinguished
gallantry in the heroic work of the Light
division, which reached the field in time to save the Confederate
right, and was wounded in the fight; and at
Shepherdstown, after the crossing of the Potomac by the
army, commanded the line of three brigades which drove
back and terribly punished the enemy's forces, which had
the temerity to pursue the lion-hearted veterans of Lee's
army. His part in the battle of Fredericksburg we may
best describe in the words of the immortal Lee. After
describing the momentary success of the Federals on the
right, he wrote: "In the meantime a large force had penetrated
the wood so far as Hill's reserve, and encountered
Gregg's brigade. The attack was so sudden and unexpected
that Orr's Rifles, mistaking the enemy for our own
troops retiring, were thrown into confusion. While in
the act of rallying them, that brave soldier and true
patriot, Brig.-Gen. Maxcy Gregg, fell mortally wounded."
Again, "In Brigadier-Generals Gregg and Cobb the Confederacy
has lost two of its noblest citizens and the army
two of its bravest and most distinguished officers. The
country consents to the loss of such as these, and the
gallant soldiers who fell with them, only to secure the
inestimable blessing they died to obtain."</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Johnson Hagood was born in Barnwell
county, February 21, 1829. His ancestors were of
English extraction, and the family in America was first
established in Virginia, removing thence to South Carolina
before the revolution. He was graduated at the Citadel
military academy in 1847, and then studying law was
admitted to the bar in 1850. Throughout his subsequent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span>
career he maintained an association with the State military
forces, holding the rank of brigadier-general when
South Carolina seceded. He was then elected colonel of
the First regiment, and after participating in the reduction
of Fort Sumter was ordered to Virginia, where he
was present at the first battle of Manassas. Returning
to South Carolina with his regiment he was engaged in
the operations about Charleston and the battle of Secessionville,
June, 1862, after which he was promoted brigadier-general.
Until May, 1864, he served on the coast
of the State, in defense of Charleston during Gillmore's
siege, and was distinguished for gallantry in the defense
of Fort Wagner and the operations on James island. On
May 6, 1864, part of his brigade arrived at Petersburg
and immediately went into battle at Walthall Junction
with the advancing forces of Butler, and a few hours
later General Hagood arrived with reinforcements. With
three regiments, the Twenty-first, Twenty-fifth and
Twenty-seventh South Carolina, he repulsed Butler's
advance, "at least two brigades," on the 7th; and on the
9th, the remainder of his brigade having come up, the
Eleventh regiment and Seventh battalion, he was again
engaged. As General Beauregard has written: "General
Hagood and his command became the heroes of the
day, and were justly looked upon as the saviors of Petersburg
on that occasion." At the battle of Drewry's Bluff,
May 16th, Hagood, with great vigor and dash, drove the
enemy from the outer lines in his front, capturing a
number of prisoners and three 20-pound Parrotts and two
fine Napoleons. These Parrott guns were afterward used
in shelling Butler's transports, causing him to set about
the famous Dutch Gap canal. In June Hagood and his
gallant men fought at Cold Harbor, and soon afterward
were sent to meet Grant before Petersburg, the brigade
being the first of Hoke's division to reach the field, June
16th, at the critical moment and save Petersburg for the
second time. During the siege which followed his bri<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span>gade
served in the trenches at one period sixty-seven
days without relief, and was reduced in numbers from
2,300 to 700 present for duty. In August, 1864, during
the fighting on the Weldon railroad, 200 of his men, he
accompanying them, charged into the enemy's works at
a re-entering angle, and found themselves under a severe
cross-fire, and about to be surrounded. A Federal officer
rode up, seized the colors of the Eleventh and called upon
them to surrender, when General Hagood, on foot, his
horse having been killed, demanded the return of the
colors, and ordered the officer back to his lines. This
being refused, he shot the Federal officer from his horse,
the colors were regained by Orderly Stoney, and the
intrepid general mounted his antagonist's horse and
brought off his men. General Beauregard warmly commended
this act of gallantry of a "brave and meritorious
officer," and recommended him for promotion. When
Wilmington was threatened in December, Hagood was
sent to the relief of Fort Fisher. Subsequently he participated
in the North Carolina campaign, including the
battles of Kinston and Bentonville, and was surrendered
with Johnston's army, the brigade then containing less
than 500 officers and men. During the exciting period
of reconstruction he took a conspicuous part in the movement
which finally brought about the election of General
Hampton in 1876, and he was elected on the same ticket
as comptroller-general, having previously rendered services
of great value in investigating the financial condition
of the State and the State bank. He and Gen. James
Conner were the advisers and executive officers of General
Hampton during the perilous period preceding the
recognition by President Hayes of the Hampton government.
In 1878 he was re-elected comptroller, and in 1880
he was honored with the highest office in the gift of the
commonwealth. His admirable reorganization of the
finances of the State was fitly complemented by his honest,
business-like and common-sense administration as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span>
governor. By his marriage to Eloise, daughter of Senator
A. P. Butler, he had one son, Butler Hagood. The
death of General Hagood occurred at Barnwell, January
4, 1898.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Major-General Benjamin Huger was born at Charleston
in 1806, son of Francis Kinlock Huger, whose wife
was a daughter of Gen. Thomas Pinckney. His father,
who was aide-de-camp to General Wilkinson in 1800,
and adjutant-general in the war of 1812, suffered imprisonment
in Austria for assisting in the liberation of
Lafayette from the fortress of Olmutz; his grandfather,
Benjamin Huger, was a famous revolutionary patriot,
killed before Charleston during the British occupation;
and his great-great-grandfather was Daniel Huger, who
fled from France before the revocation of the edict of
Nantes and died in South Carolina in 1711. General
Huger was graduated at West Point in 1825, with a lieutenancy
in the Third artillery. He served on topographical
duty until 1828, then visited Europe on leave of
absence; after being on ordnance duty a year was promoted
captain of ordnance in 1832, a department of the
service in which he had a distinguished career. He was
in command of Fortress Monroe arsenal twelve years,
was member of the ordnance board seven years, and one
year was on official duty in Europe. He went into the
war with Mexico as chief of ordnance on the staff of General
Scott, and received in quick succession the brevets
of major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel, for gallant and
meritorious conduct at Vera Cruz, Molino del Rey and
Chapultepec. In 1852 he was presented a sword by
South Carolina in recognition of the honor his career had
cast upon his native State. After this war he was a
member of the board which prepared a system of artillery
instruction for the army, and was in command of the
armories at Harper's Ferry, Charleston and Pikesville,
Md., with promotion to major of ordnance, until his resig<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span>nation
from the old army to follow his State in her effort
for independence. He was commissioned colonel of
artillery in the regular army of the Confederate States,
in June, brigadier-general in the provisional service, and
in October, 1861, major-general. In May, 1861, he was
assigned to command of the department of Southern
Virginia and North Carolina, with headquarters at Norfolk,
and after the evacuation of Norfolk and Portsmouth
in the spring of 1862, he commanded a division of the
army under General Johnston and General Lee, during
the campaigns which included the battles of Seven Pines
and the series of important actions ending at Malvern
hill. Subsequently he was assigned as inspector of artillery
and ordnance in the armies of the Confederate
States, and in 1863 was appointed chief of ordnance of
the Trans-Mississippi department. After the conclusion
of hostilities he was engaged for several years in farming
in Fauquier county, Va. His death occurred at his
native city of Charleston, December 7, 1877. His son,
Frank Huger, a graduate of the United States military
academy, 1860, entered the Confederate service as captain
of the Norfolk light artillery and had a conspicuous
career with the army of Northern Virginia, rising to the
rank of lieutenant-colonel and the command of a battalion
of artillery of the First corps.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Micah Jenkins was born on Edisto
island in 1839. After his graduation at the South Carolina
military academy, at the head of his class, he with
the co-operation of his classmate, Asbury Coward,
founded the King's Mountain military school in 1855.
His military genius was valuable in the first organization
of troops in 1861, and he was elected colonel of the Fifth
regiment, with which he went to Virginia, in the brigade
of Gen. D. R. Jones. In the latter part of 1861
he was in command of that brigade, and had grown
greatly in favor with his division commander, General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span>
Longstreet. Longstreet proposed to begin the reorganization,
a matter approached with much misgiving, in
this brigade, and he declared that he hoped to hold every
man in it if Jenkins could be promoted brigadier-general.
"Besides being much liked by his men, Colonel
Jenkins is one of the finest officers of this army," Longstreet
wrote. Beauregard also added his approval to this
recommendation. Still in the rank of colonel, Palmetto
sharpshooters, he commanded R. H. Anderson's brigade
in the battles of Williamsburg and Seven Pines, and was
warmly commended by Longstreet and D. H. Hill and
by J. E. B. Stuart, whom he supported at Fort Magruder.
He was again distinguished at Gaines' Mill, and at Frayser's
Farm, having been ordered to silence a battery,
Longstreet supposing he would use his sharpshooters
alone, he threw forward his brigade and captured the
guns, bringing on the battle. July 22, 1862, he was promoted
brigadier-general, and continuing in command of
the same brigade, participated in the battles of August 29th
and 30th, Second Manassas, and was severely wounded.
He was on duty again at the battle of Fredericksburg
and during the Suffolk campaign, his division now being
commanded by General Pickett, and was on the Blackwater
under Gen. D. H. Hill, during the Gettysburg
campaign. When Longstreet was sent to the assistance
of Bragg at Chattanooga, Jenkins' brigade was transferred
to Hood's division, and reached the field of Chickamauga
after the battle. During the investment of Chattanooga
he commanded the attack upon the Federal
reinforcements arriving under Hooker, and then accompanied
Longstreet in the Knoxville campaign, commanding
Hood's division. He took a conspicuous part in the
operations in east Tennessee, and then, early in 1864,
returned to Northern Virginia. Field was now in charge
of the division, and Jenkins led his famous old brigade to
battle on May 6th, the second day of the Wilderness fighting,
when the splendid veterans of the First corps arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span>
in time to check the current of threatened disaster. As
he rode by the side of Longstreet, he said to his chief, "I
am happy. I have felt despair for the cause for some
months, but now I am relieved, and feel assured that we
will put the enemy across the Rapidan before night."
Immediately afterward, by the mistaken fire of another
body of Confederates, he and Longstreet were both
wounded, Jenkins mortally. General Longstreet has
written of him: "He was one of the most estimable characters
of the army. His taste and talent were for military
service. He was intelligent, quick, untiring, attentive,
zealous in discharge of duty, truly faithful to
official obligations, abreast with the foremost in battle,
and withal a humble, noble Christian. In a moment of
highest earthly hope, he was transported to serenest
heavenly joy; to that life beyond that knows no bugle
call, beat of drum or clash of steel. May his beautiful
spirit, through the mercy of God, rest in peace! Amen!"</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Major-General David Rump Jones was born in Orangeburg
county, S. C., in 1825. His family removed to
Georgia in his childhood, and from that State he was
appointed to the United States military academy, where
he was graduated in 1846 in the class with Stonewall
Jackson, McClellan and other famous commanders. As
a lieutenant of the Second infantry he served in the war
with Mexico, participating in the siege of Vera Cruz, the
battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino
del Rey, and the capture of the city of Mexico, particularly
being distinguished and earning promotion on the fields
of Contreras and Churubusco. He subsequently served
as adjutant of his regiment, made the voyage to California
in 1848-49, and with promotion to first lieutenant was on
duty there until the fall of 1851, after which he acted as
instructor in infantry tactics at West Point. With the
brevet rank of captain of staff he served from the spring
of 1853, successively as adjutant-general of the Western<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span>
department and the Pacific department, as acting judge-advocate
of the Pacific department, and as assistant adjutant-general
of the department of the West, until his
resignation, February 15, 1861. He was commissioned
major in the Confederate States army, and assigned to
duty as chief-of-staff of General Beauregard, in which
capacity he visited Fort Sumter on April 13th and offered
the terms of surrender, which were accepted. On June
17, 1861, he was promoted brigadier-general. With the
army under Beauregard at Manassas, Va., he had command
of a brigade composed of Jenkins' Fifth South
Carolina and Burt's Eighteenth and Featherston's Seventeenth
Mississippi. In the original Confederate plan of
battle, July 21st, he was to have taken a prominent part in
the fight, but the actual events of the day confined him
to demonstrations against the Federal flank. Soon afterward
his brigade was composed of the Fourth, Fifth,
Sixth and Ninth South Carolina regiments, until February,
1862, when he was assigned to command of Gen.
Sam Jones' Georgia brigade. He was in charge of General
Magruder's first division, including the Georgia brigade
of Robert Toombs and his own under George T.
Anderson, during the retreat from Yorktown, and the
battles of Gaines' Mill, Savage Station and Malvern Hill,
and other engagements of the Seven Days before Richmond.
In the Second Manassas campaign he commanded
a division of Longstreet's corps, Drayton's brigade having
been added to the two previously mentioned. He drove
the enemy through Thoroughfare Gap, held the extreme
right next day, confronting Fitz John Porter, and in the
battle of the 30th actively engaged the Federal left. In
the Maryland campaign his division, increased by the
addition of Kemper's and Garnett's Virginia brigades
and Jenkins' South Carolina brigade, had a conspicuous
part, winning renown first by the heroic defense of the
passes of South mountain, and at Sharpsburg fighting
desperately against the advance of Burnside across the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span>
Antietam on the Confederate right. After this battle he
was promoted major-general. His coolness and excellent
judgment as a commanding officer would have doubtless
brought still higher honors, but at this time an affection
of the heart to which he had long been subject was
greatly aggravated, and after a lingering illness he died
at Richmond, January 19, 1863.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General John D. Kennedy was born at Camden,
January 5, 1840, son of a native of Scotland, who
settled in Kershaw county about 1830, and married a
granddaughter of Abraham Belton, a pioneer of Camden
and a soldier of the revolution. He was a student at the
South Carolina college, read law, and was admitted to
practice in January, 1861, but at once gave himself to the
military service of his State. In April, 1861, he became
captain of Company E, Second South Carolina infantry,
under Col. J. B. Kershaw. With this command he was
in the first battle of Manassas, and was struck by a Federal
ball. Upon the promotion of Kershaw to brigadier-general
he became colonel of the Second regiment, and in
that rank participated in the skirmish on the Nine-mile
road near Richmond, in June, 1862, and the battle of
Savage Station, after which he was disabled for some
time by fever. During the investment of Harper's Ferry
he was with Kershaw's brigade in the capture of Maryland
heights, and at Sharpsburg his regiment was the
first of the brigade to come to the relief of Jackson. He
drove the enemy from his front, but fell painfully
wounded in the first charge. At Fredericksburg he was
sent with his own and the Eighth regiment to the support
of General Cobb at Marye's hill, the focus of the hottest
fighting of that memorable battle, and aided materially
in the defeat of the Federal attacks; and at Chancellorsville
he was identified with the gallant action of his brigade.
During 1864 when not disabled he was either in
command of his regiment or of Kershaw's old brigade,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span>
in the Richmond and Shenandoah Valley campaigns, and
in December he was promoted to the temporary rank of
brigadier-general. With his brigade in McLaws' division
of Hardee's corps he took part in the final campaign
in North Carolina against Sherman, including the battle
of Bentonville, and surrendered with the army at Greensboro.
He was six times wounded during his service, and
was hit fifteen times by spent balls. After the close of
hostilities he was mainly engaged in planting until 1877,
when he resumed the profession of law. He was elected
to Congress in 1865, but declined to take the "ironclad"
oath demanded and did not take his seat. In 1878-79 he
represented his county in the legislature, was elected in
1880 and served as lieutenant-governor of the State to
1882, and in the latter year was a prominent candidate
for the nomination of governor. In 1884 he was presidential
elector-at-large on the Democratic ticket, and in
1886 was appointed consul-general at Shanghai, China,
by President Cleveland. Returning from that post in
1889, he continued the practice of law at Camden until
his death in April, 1896.</p>

<div class="figcenter">
<img src="images/fig6.jpg" alt="" />
<p class="caption center">Maj.-Gen. <span class="smcap">J. B. Kershaw</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Roswell S. Ripley</span>.<br />
<br />
Maj.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Benjamin Huger</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">A. M. Manigault</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Abner Perrin</span>.<br />
<br />
Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Ellison Capers</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">C. H. Stevens</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">J. B. Villepigue</span>.<br />
<br />
Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">W. H. Wallace</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Samuel McGowan</span>.
</p>
</div>

<p>Major-General Joseph Brevard Kershaw was born at
Camden, S. C., January 5, 1822, son of John Kershaw,
member of Congress in 1812-14, whose wife was Harriet,
daughter of Isaac Du Bose, an aide-de-camp of General
Marion. His line of the Kershaw family in South Carolina
was founded by Joseph Kershaw, a native of Yorkshire,
who immigrated in 1750, and served as a colonel in
the war of the revolution. General Kershaw was educated
for the legal profession and began practice in 1844
at Camden. He was a member of the governor's staff
in 1843, and served one year in the Mexican war as first
lieutenant of Company C, Palmetto regiment. From
1852 to 1856 he was a representative in the legislature,
and in 1860 participated in the convention which enacted
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span>the ordinance of secession. In February, 1861, he was
commissioned colonel of the Second South Carolina regiment,
with which he served at Sullivan's island, and in
April went to Virginia. He commanded his regiment, in
the brigade of General Bonham, at the Blackburn's Ford
engagement and the battle of First Manassas, and in
February, 1862, was promoted brigadier-general, to succeed
General Bonham. In this rank he participated in
the Yorktown campaign, and in McLaws' division fought
through the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond,
commanded the troops which captured Maryland heights,
and had a gallant part in the fighting at Sharpsburg. At
Fredericksburg his brigade was sent into the fight at
Marye's hill, where Kershaw was in command after
General Cobb was wounded; at Chancellorsville he was an
active participant, and at Gettysburg he and his brigade
were conspicuous in the defeat of Sickles at the peach
orchard. Reaching the field of Chickamauga in time
for the fighting of September 20th, he was in the grand
line of veterans with which Longstreet overwhelmed the
Federals, commanding McLaws' division, and in the last
grand assault on George H. Thomas also commanding
McNair's, Grade's, Kelly's and Anderson's brigades.
He drove the enemy into their lines at Chattanooga, and
subsequently participated in the Knoxville campaign, at
Bean's Station and other engagements commanding the
division. In the same command he went into the Wilderness
campaign of May, 1864, checked the Federal success
on May 6th with his veterans, sweeping the enemy from
his front and capturing his works. He was riding with
Longstreet and Jenkins when these two generals were
wounded, and fortunately escaped injury. It was his
division which reached Spottsylvania Court House in
time to support Stuart's cavalry and thwart the flank
movement of Grant, and by an attack on Sheridan opened
the bloody struggle at Cold Harbor, where the heaviest
Federal loss was before Kershaw's position. He was
promoted major-general, and after participating in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span>
Petersburg battles was ordered to the support of Early
in the Shenandoah valley. In September he was ordered
back to Richmond, and while on the way Early was
defeated at Winchester. Then returning to the valley
he opened the attack at Cedar Creek, with great success.
After this, until the fall of Richmond, he served before
that city, north of the James. His last battle was Sailor's
Creek, where he was captured with General Ewell
and the greater part of the remnant of his command. As
a prisoner of war he was held at Fort Warren, Boston,
until August 12, 1865. On his return to South Carolina
he again took up the practice of law, and in the same year
was elected to the State senate and made president of
that body. In 1874 he was the Democratic candidate for
Congress in his district, and three years later was elected
to the position of judge of the Fifth circuit. He served
upon the bench until 1893, when he resigned on account
of failing health and resumed practice as an attorney at
Camden. In February, 1894, he was commissioned postmaster
at that city, but he died on the 12th of April following.
His wife, Lucretia Douglas, to whom he was
married in 1844, four daughters and a son survive him.
The latter is rector of St. Michael's church, Charleston.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Thomas M. Logan was born at
Charleston, November 3, 1840, the son of Judge George
William and Eliza Staun (Yonge) Logan. His family is
of ancient Scottish descent. He was graduated at the
head of his class at the North Carolina college in 1860,
and was among the early volunteers in 1861 as a private
in the Washington light infantry, with which he served
during the investment of Fort Sumter. Then aiding in
the organization of Company A, Hampton legion, he was
elected first lieutenant and accompanied the legion to
Virginia, where he participated in the first battle of
Manassas, and was soon afterward elected captain.
Though wounded at Gaines' Mill he continued on duty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span>
at Second Manassas, and for conspicuous gallantry at
Sharpsburg was promoted major. His command was
subsequently transferred to Jenkins' brigade, and he was
promoted lieutenant-colonel. During the Suffolk and
Blackwater campaigns under Gen. D. H. Hill he was
distinguished for the successful management of a reconnoissance
in force fifteen miles in advance of the Confederate
lines; and in command of the sharpshooters of Longstreet's
corps in the Chattanooga and Knoxville campaigns,
he gained new laurels as a daring and active
leader. He commanded the advance guard which Longstreet
organized to push Burnside back toward Knoxville
in an attempt to prevent his intrenching, and kept up a
running skirmish with the Federals for several days. On
May 19, 1864, he was promoted colonel of Hampton's
legion, served temporarily on the staff of General Beauregard
during the battle of Drewry's Bluff, and was severely
wounded in the fight at Riddle's shop. Promoted brigadier-general
at the age of twenty-four years, he was
assigned to the command of the old cavalry brigade of
Gen. M. C. Butler, with which he served in the North
Carolina campaign and at the battle of Bentonville, and
made the last charge of this last campaign at the head of
Keitt's battalion. After the close of hostilities General
Logan began the study of law at Richmond, Va., in
which State he has since resided and practiced that profession
for several years. He then became interested in
railroad management, and soon became prominent in the
organization of the Richmond &amp; Danville system, of
which he was elected vice-president.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Samuel McGowan was born of
Scotch-Irish parentage in Laurens county, October 19,
1819, and was graduated at the South Carolina college in
1841. He embarked in the practice of law at Abbeville,
but answered the call of his country in 1846 and started
for the Mexican war as a private in the Palmetto regi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span>ment.
He was soon appointed to the general quartermaster's
staff, with the rank of captain, in which capacity
he served during the war, first on the staff of General
Quitman and afterward with Generals Worth and Twiggs.
As volunteer aide to General Quitman at the storming
of Chapultepec and the capture of Garita de Belen he
was distinguished for gallantry. On his return to South
Carolina he continued with much success the practice of
his profession, and sat twelve years in the lower house of
the State legislature; but also retained his connection
with military matters, becoming major-general in the
State militia. Upon the secession of South Carolina he
was commissioned brigadier-general in the State army and
assigned to command of one of the four brigades first
formed, and in that capacity assisted General Beauregard
during the reduction of Fort Sumter. Upon the transfer
of the troops to the Confederate service he joined General
Bonham in Virginia, and served as a volunteer aide at
the battles of Blackburn Ford and First Manassas. Then
returning to South Carolina he was elected lieutenant-colonel
of the Fourteenth regiment, and in the spring of
1862, while in service on the coast, was promoted colonel.
Soon afterward, with Gregg's brigade, he began a distinguished
career in the army of Northern Virginia. He
was wounded at Cold Harbor, where he led his regiment
in several daring charges; retrieved the ground lost
by another brigade at Frayser's Farm, and continued on
duty in spite of his injury until after Malvern Hill. For
his gallantry in these battles he was recommended by
General Gregg for promotion. After fighting at Cedar
Run he was wounded at Second Manassas, and for some
time disabled, but he rejoined his regiment after the
battle of Sharpsburg and commanded it at Fredericksburg.
There General Gregg was killed, and in January,
1863, Colonel McGowan was promoted brigadier-general
and became Gregg's successor in command of the gallant
brigade. In this capacity he served until the end of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span>
war, receiving several wounds, the most severe of which
befell him at Chancellorsville and during the fight at the
bloody angle at Spottsylvania Court House. After the
surrender at Appomattox he returned to his home and
resumed the profession from which he had been twice
diverted by war. He was elected to Congress in 1865,
but was not permitted to take his seat; made a thorough
canvass of the State as an elector-at-large on the Democratic
presidential ticket in 1876; in 1878 was elected to
the legislature, and in 1879 was elected associate justice
of the supreme court. In the latter office he won lasting
honor and distinction as he had upon the field of battle.
His death occurred in December, 1893.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Arthur Middleton Manigault was
born at Charleston in 1824. He was a great-grandson of
Gabriel Manigault, a native of Charleston, and a famous
merchant who was treasurer of the province in 1738; after
the declaration of independence advanced $220,000 from
his private fortune for war purposes, and in 1779, with
his grandson Joseph, served as a private soldier in the
defense of Charleston. General Manigault entered business
life at Charleston in youth. In 1846 he went to the
Mexican war as first lieutenant of a company of the Palmetto
regiment, and served in the army of General Scott
from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. Returning to
Charleston he was in the commission business until 1856,
and then was engaged in rice planting until the beginning
of the Confederate war, when he raised a company
of volunteers. He served as inspector-general on the staff
of General Beauregard during the period including the
reduction of Fort Sumter, after which he was elected
colonel of the Tenth South Carolina regiment. Under
Gen. R. E. Lee he commanded the First military district
of South Carolina, with headquarters at Georgetown.
After the battle of Shiloh he and his regiment were
transferred to the army in Mississippi under General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span>
Bragg, forming part of the brigade composed of the
Tenth and Nineteenth South Carolina and three Alabama
regiments, commanded by General Withers until the
latter was given division command, afterward by Patton
Anderson and later by Colonel Manigault. He was in
brigade command from the summer of 1862, and participated
in the occupation of Corinth during the siege, and
the operations of the army in Tennessee and Kentucky.
In April, 1863, he was promoted to brigadier-general.
At the battle of Stone's River his brigade under his gallant
leadership was distinguished in the assaults upon the
Federal line, and at Chickamauga again was conspicuous
in the attacks upon the position held by George H.
Thomas. In both these battles the brigade suffered
severely in the loss of officers and men, but the remnant
fought through the Atlanta campaign of 1864 among the
bravest of the heroes of that memorable struggle, from
Dalton to Ezra church. He subsequently participated in
the operations under General Hood, until he fell severely
wounded in the disastrous battle of Franklin, Tenn.
After the conclusion of hostilities he engaged in rice
planting in South Carolina. In 1880 he was elected
adjutant-general of the State, was continued in this office,
and was about to be re-elected when he died from the
effects of his wound received at Franklin, August 16,
1886.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Abner M. Perrin was born in Edgefield
district, in 1827. He entered the Confederate States
service as captain of a company of the Fourteenth
regiment, South Carolina infantry, Col. James Jones,
and was present at the engagement at Port Royal
Ferry, January 1, 1862. His regiment was ordered to
Virginia in the spring of 1862, and attached to the
South Carolina brigade of Gen. Maxcy Gregg, the
regiment then being commanded by Col. Samuel McGowan.
Captain Perrin shared the services of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span>
Fourteenth in the battles before Richmond, at Cedar
run, Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg and
Fredericksburg, and then being promoted colonel, commanded
the regiment at Chancellorsville, where, after the
wounding of General McGowan and Colonel Edwards,
he had command of the remnant of the brigade in the
Sunday battle. He continued in charge of this brigade,
consisting of the First, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth
South Carolina regiments and First Rifles, Pender's division,
A. P. Hill's corps, during the Gettysburg campaign.
On the afternoon of July 1, 1863, said A. P. Hill, Perrin's
brigade took position after position of the enemy, driving
him through the town of Gettysburg. He maintained
an advanced position throughout the next two days, keeping
up a continual heavy skirmish and repelling several
assaults on the third. On the retreat he repulsed an
attack of cavalry near Falling Waters. He was promoted
to brigadier-general in September, 1863. Previous
to the campaign of May, 1864, in Virginia, General McGowan
returned to the command of the South Carolina
brigade, and General Perrin was transferred to the Alabama
brigade lately commanded by General Wilcox,
Anderson's division. He passed through the fiery ordeal
in the Wilderness, but at Spottsylvania, in the words of
the telegram of General Lee to President Davis, "the
brave General Perrin was killed." It was just after
Hancock had swept over the "bloody angle," early on
May 12th, capturing the larger part of Johnson's division,
and A. P. Hill was called on for reinforcements, that
Perrin came up leading his brigade through a terribly
destructive fire, and fell dead from his horse just as he
reached the works.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General John Smith Preston was born at Salt
Works, near Abingdon, Va., on April 20, 1809, of Irish
descent, his ancestors having emigrated from Donegal,
Ireland, in the early part of the seventeenth century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span>
He was educated at Hampden-Sidney college and graduated
at that institution in 1824. He then studied law at
the university of Virginia and Harvard college. In 1830
he married Caroline, daughter of Gen. Wade Hampton,
and settled at Abingdon, Va., where he began the practice
of his profession, but later removed to Columbia,
S. C. He was engaged for several years in sugar planting
in Louisiana, also devoted a great deal of his time to literary
pursuits, and the collection of paintings and statuary.
His interest in art led him to assist many struggling
young men of genius, notably Hiram Powers, who in
appreciation, gave him the replica of the "Greek Slave."
General Preston was a distinguished orator, and made
many brilliant addresses, among them the speech of welcome
to the Palmetto regiment on its return from the
Mexican war in 1848. He was an ardent secessionist,
and in May, 1860, was chairman of the South Carolina
delegation to the Democratic convention that met at
Charleston. After the election of President Lincoln, he
was a commissioner to Virginia, and in February, 1861,
made an eloquent plea in favor of the withdrawal of that
State from the Union. He entered the Confederate
army, and served on the staff of General Beauregard
during 1861 and 1862, receiving special commendation for
efficiency in the first battle of Bull Run. He was promoted,
June 10, 1864, brigadier-general in the provisional
army of the Confederate States, and placed in charge of
the bureau of conscription, in which office he rendered
valuable service. He went to England shortly after the
war, and remained several years. After his return he delivered
an address at a commencement of the university of
Virginia, which, as a fervent assertion of the right of
secession, incurred the severe criticism of the Northern
press. His last appearance as an orator was on the
occasion of unveiling the Confederate monument at
Columbia.</p>

<div class="figcenter">
<img src="images/fig8.jpg" alt="" />
<p class="caption center">Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">John S. Preston</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Maxcy Gregg</span>.<br />
<br />
Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">T. M. Logan</span>. Maj.-Gen. <span class="smcap">David R. Jones</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Micah Jenkins</span>.<br />
<br />
Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Johnson Hagood</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">S. W. Ferguson</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">James Conner</span>.<br />
<br />
Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">John D. Kennedy</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">S. R. Gist</span>.
</p>
</div>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span></p>

<p>Brigadier-General Roswell Sabine Ripley was born at
Worthington, Ohio, March 14, 1823. He was graduated at
the United States military academy, number seven in the
class of 1843, of which Gen. U. S. Grant was twenty-first.
With promotion to brevet second lieutenant, Third artillery,
he served until 1846 on garrison duty, and for a few
months as assistant professor of mathematics at West
Point. In 1846, being commissioned second lieutenant,
he was on the coast survey until ordered to Mexico, where
he fought at Monterey in September. Then being promoted
first lieutenant, Second artillery, he took part in
the siege of Vera Cruz, and at the battle of Cerro Gordo
won the brevet of captain. At Contreras, Churubusco
Molino del Rey, Chapultepec and the capture of the
Mexican capital he won new honors and came out of the
war with the brevet rank of major. After service as
aide-de-camp to General Pillow to July, 1848, he prepared
and published a history of the war in 1849, and
subsequently was engaged in the Indian hostilities in
Florida and in garrison duty until March, 1853, when he
resigned and engaged in business at Charleston, the
home of his wife. At the organization of the South
Carolina army he received the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
commanding the First artillery battalion, and at the
bombardment of Fort Sumter was highly commended by
the generals commanding for his services in charge of
the batteries on Sullivan's island. In August following
he was commissioned brigadier-general in the provisional
army of the Confederate States, and was put in command
of the department of South Carolina, and when that was
merged in a larger department under Gen. R. E. Lee,
he was given charge of the Second military district of the
State. Joining the army of Northern Virginia in June,
1862, he commanded a brigade of D. H. Hill's division,
composed of Georgia and North Carolina regiments, in
the battles of Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill,
South Mountain and Sharpsburg. In the latter engage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span>ment
he was shot in the throat, but returned to the fight
after his wound was dressed. About a month later he
took command of the First military district of South
Carolina, including Charleston and its defenses, and was
in immediate command during the memorable attacks of
the Federal fleets and army in 1863 and 1864. In January,
1865, he was ordered to report to General Hood,
and at the last was assigned to command of a division of
Cheatham's corps of the army in North Carolina. Then
going abroad he resided in Paris several years, and upon
his return resumed his business operations at Charleston.
He died at New York, March 26, 1887.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General Clement Hoffman Stevens was born
in Norwich, Conn., August 14, 1821, the son of Lieut.
Clement W. Stevens, United States navy, and Sarah J.
Fayssoux, daughter of Dr. Peter Fayssoux, surgeon-general
of the army in South Carolina during the war of the
revolution. Not long after his birth the father left the
navy and the family settled in Florida, but removed to
Pendleton, S. C., at the outbreak of Indian troubles in
1836. In youth he served for several years as private
secretary to his kinsmen, Commodore William B. Shubrick
and Capt. Edward Shubrick. In 1842 he abandoned
this service at sea, and became an official of the
Planters and Mechanics bank at Charleston, of which he
was cashier at the period of secession. In January, 1861,
he presented to Gen. David F. Jamison, secretary of war
for the State, a design he had prepared for an ironclad
battery, and it being approved, he immediately began
the erection of an armored battery of two guns on Cummings
point, known as the Stevens' iron battery. It
was built of heavy yellow pine timber with great solidity,
and the face, inclined at an angle of forty degrees, was
covered with bars of railroad iron. In this protected
battery, which was of service in the bombardment of Fort
Sumter, was the germ of the armored ship Virginia,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span>
and her class. The floating battery designed by Lieut.
J. R. Hamilton, in use at the same time, approached still
more closely the plan of the famous ironclad of Hampton
Roads. General Stevens' mechanical ingenuity was
later shown in the invention of portable ovens, by the use
of which his regiment was supplied with excellent bread.
Stevens next served as volunteer aide to his cousin,
Gen. Barnard E. Bee, at the battle of First Manassas,
and was severely wounded. Returning home, as soon as
he had recovered from his wound he took charge of a
militia regiment at Charleston, but soon joined in the
organization of the Twenty-fourth regiment, of which he
was elected colonel. In the winter of 1861-62 he was for
some time on duty as aide to General Ripley. In the
fight at Secessionville he commanded the Confederate
forces on the field. In December, 1862, he was assigned
to command one of the brigades to be sent under General
Gist for the support of Wilmington, and in May, 1863,
he and his regiment were ordered to Mississippi under
the brigade command of Gist. With the forces collected
under Gen. J. E. Johnston he participated in the summer
campaign of that year for the relief of Vicksburg, and
the defense of Jackson against Sherman, and subsequently
joined the army at Chattanooga. At the battle
of Chickamauga he was actively engaged until two horses
were killed under him and he was wounded. Gist
alluded to him as the "iron-nerved," and General Walker
reported "that the gallant Stevens, who was severely
wounded, from what I know of his capacity as an officer,
from his gallantry on the field, and from his devotion to
the cause, would grace any position that might be conferred."
January 20, 1864, he was promoted to brigadier-general,
and was assigned to the command of a Georgia
brigade, formerly known as Wilson's, of Walker's division,
which he led with distinction throughout the Atlanta
campaign, until he was killed in the battle of July 20,
1864, near the city of Atlanta.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span></p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General James H. Trapier, a native of South
Carolina, was graduated in the United States military
academy, third in the class of 1838, of which General
Beauregard was second and William J. Hardee, Edward
Johnson and Carter L. Stevenson were other famous
members. As a lieutenant of engineers in the United
States service he assisted in the construction of defenses
at Charleston harbor and Fort Pulaski, and was promoted
first lieutenant in 1839. Subsequently he was constructing
engineer of repairs at Forts Macon and Caswell,
and Forts Ontario, Niagara and Porter, New York;
served in the war with Mexico in 1847, and was assistant
engineer connected with the fortification of New York
harbor until his resignation in 1848. Returning to South
Carolina he was engaged as a planter at Georgetown until
the organization of the Confederacy, serving also as chief
of ordnance of the State in 1851-52, and as aide-de-camp,
with the rank of colonel, on the staff of Governor Means.
With the rank of captain of engineers he rendered valuable
service in the construction of the Confederate batteries
for the attack on Fort Sumter, and was engineer-in-chief
on Morris island. Soon afterward he was
promoted major of engineers, and in October was promoted
brigadier-general and assigned to command of the
department of Eastern and Middle Florida, with especial
care of Cumberland sound. Asking to be relieved in
March, 1862, he was ordered to report to General Johnston
in Alabama. He commanded the First division of
General Polk's corps at Corinth and in the battle of Farmington,
May 9, 1862, and in November following was
assigned to command of the Fourth district of South
Carolina, with headquarters at Georgetown. In the
spring of 1863 he was in command on Sullivan's island
during the attack by the Federal fleet, April 7th, and not
long afterward resumed his duties at Georgetown. Surviving
the war he died at Mansfield, S. C, January 2,
1866, at the age of fifty-one years.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span></p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General John Bordenave Villepigue was born
at Camden, S. C, July 2, 1830, of French descent. He
was graduated at the United States military academy in
1854, with a brevet lieutenancy in the dragoons; a year
later was promoted to second lieutenant, and in 1857 to
first lieutenant. His military service of about seven
years in the old army was rendered in the Second dragoons,
mainly on the frontier in Kansas and Nebraska,
participating in the Sioux expedition of 1855 and the
march to Fort Lookout, Dakota, in 1856. He took part
in the Utah campaign of 1857-58, and then after a period
spent at the Carlisle cavalry school, was on duty in Utah
until he resigned, March 31, 1861, to enter the service of
the Southern Confederacy. He received the commission
of captain of artillery from the government at Montgomery,
and soon afterward was promoted colonel in the provisional
army, and assigned to the Thirty-sixth Georgia
regiment. In command of Georgia and Mississippi soldiers
he first attracted attention by his heroic defense of
Fort McRee, Pensacola harbor, during the bombardment
of November 22, 1861. General Bragg reported at that
time that for the number and caliber of guns brought
into action it would rank with the heaviest bombardment
of the world. The buildings of the fort were several
times on fire, and Villepigue was seriously wounded, but
his coolness inspired his volunteers to fight with the
tenacity of veterans. Said Bragg: "An educated soldier,
possessing in an eminent degree the love and confidence
of his officers and men, he had been specially
selected for this important and perilous post. The result
fully vindicates the fortunate choice, and presents for
our admiration, blended in perfect harmony, the modest
but heroic soldier with the humble but confiding Christian."
Villepigue was appointed chief of engineers and
artillery on the staff of General Bragg, was for a time in
command at Pensacola, then was at Mobile, and joining
Bragg was promoted brigadier-general early in 1862. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span>
was assigned to command at Fort Pillow on the Mississippi,
General Beauregard sending him there as "the
most energetic young officer" at his command. Week
after week he held the open batteries, and kept back the
enemy's superior land and naval forces until ordered to
retire, when he blew up his fortifications and brought off
his command in safety, June 4th. He was given command
of a brigade of the army in Mississippi, under General
Van Dorn, and at the battle of Corinth in October
was distinguished both in the attack and in the protection
of the rear during the retreat. Soon after this
arduous and dispiriting campaign the young soldier was
prostrated by a severe illness, which resulted in his
death at Port Hudson, November 9, 1862.</p>

<div class="center">* * * * *</div>

<p>Brigadier-General William Henry Wallace was born in
Laurens county, March 24, 1827, son of Daniel Wallace,
for several terms a member of the legislature, a major-general
of militia, and from 1849 to 1853 representative
in Congress. His grandfather was Jonathan Wallace, a
native of Virginia who removed to South Carolina before
the war of the revolution, in which he was a patriot soldier.
General Wallace was graduated at the South Carolina
college in December, 1849, and in the following
spring was married to Sarah, daughter of Robert Dunlap,
of Newberry. She was the niece of James Dunlap,
appointed governor of Florida by Andrew Jackson, and
granddaughter of William Dunlap, a revolutionary soldier
who was the grandson of John Hunter, a native of
Ireland who was United States senator from South Carolina
in 1801. General Wallace was occupied as planter in
Union county until 1857, when he became the proprietor
of the Union Times newspaper, and in 1859 began the
practice of law at Union. In 1860 as a member of the
legislature he supported the call for a convention, and at
the expiration of his term he enlisted as a private in Com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span>pany
A, Eighteenth South Carolina volunteers. A few
days later he was appointed adjutant of the regiment by
Col. James M. Gadberry, who was killed at Second Manassas.
Before going into the field the regiment was
reorganized, and Wallace was elected lieutenant-colonel
in May, 1861. The regiment was ordered into Virginia
in time to engage the enemy near Malvern Hill in
August, after which it fought at the battle of Second
Manassas, losing about half its number in battle, including
the gallant Colonel Gadberry. Wallace was at once
promoted colonel, and he led his regiment, in the brigade
of Gen. N. G. Evans, through the battles of South
Mountain and Sharpsburg with the army of Northern
Virginia. Subsequently he was on duty in defense of
Charleston. In the spring of 1864 the brigade under
Gen. Stephen Elliott was ordered to Petersburg, where
Colonel Wallace participated in the defense of the lines
and all the operations of Bushrod Johnson's division.
His brigade suffered most heavily at the battle of the
Crater, four companies of his regiment being blown up
or destroyed by falling earth at the explosion of the
mine, July 30, 1864. In September he was promoted
brigadier-general, and up to the eve of the surrender he
commanded the brigade, fighting gallantly at Gravelly
run and Namozine church on the retreat. At Appomattox
Court House, on the night of April 8th, he was assigned
by General Gordon to the command of Johnson's division,
in which capacity he reported to Gen. Clement A.
Evans and participated in the last action of the army on
the morning of April 9th. After his parole he devoted
himself to the practice of the law, the care of his plantation
and the restoration of good government in the State.
He was one of the few Democrats elected to the legislature
in 1872, and was re-elected in 1874 and 1876. In
1877 he was chosen judge of the Seventh circuit, a position
in which he continued to serve with honor and ability
until 1893, when he retired from public life.
</p>

<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 50737 ***</div>
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