diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/50737-h/50737-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50737-h/50737-h.htm | 18066 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 18066 deletions
diff --git a/old/50737-h/50737-h.htm b/old/50737-h/50737-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index f8bed35..0000000 --- a/old/50737-h/50737-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18066 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Confederate Military History, Vol. 5, by Ellison Capers. - </title> -<link rel="coverpage" href="images/frontcover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -.hang {text-indent:-2%;margin-left:2%;} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - - p.ph1, p.ph2, p.ph3 {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; margin: 2em auto;} - p.ph1 {font-size: 200%;} - p.ph2 {font-size: 150%;} - p.ph3 {font-size: 120%;} - - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.p6 {margin-top: 6em;} - - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin: 2em 33.5%; - clear: both; -} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin: 2em 17.5%;} - -ul.index { list-style-type: none; } -li.ifrst { margin-top: 1em; } -li.indx { margin-top: .5em; } -li.isub1 {text-indent: 1em;} -li.isub2 {text-indent: 2em;} -li.isub3 {text-indent: 3em;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - .tdr { - text-align: right; - } - .tdl {text-align: left;} - .tdc {text-align: center;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; -} /* page numbers */ - -.linenum { - position: absolute; - top: auto; - left: 4%; -} /* poetry number */ - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.sidenote { - width: 20%; - padding-bottom: .5em; - padding-top: .5em; - padding-left: .5em; - padding-right: .5em; - margin-left: 1em; - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-top: 1em; - font-size: smaller; - color: black; - background: #eeeeee; - border: dashed 1px; -} - -.bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} - -.bl {border-left: solid 2px;} - -.bt {border-top: solid 2px;} - -.br {border-right: solid 2px;} - -.bbox {border: solid 2px;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.u {text-decoration: underline;} - -.gesperrt -{ - letter-spacing: 0.2em; - margin-right: -0.2em; -} - -em.gesperrt -{ - font-style: normal; -} - -.caption {font-weight: bold;} - -/* Images */ - -img {max-width: 100%; height: auto;} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; -} - -.figright { - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: - 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; -} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Poetry */ -.poem { - margin-left:10%; - margin-right:10%; - text-align: left; -} - -.poem br {display: none;} - -.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} - -p.drop-cap { - text-indent: -0.5em; -} -p.drop-cap2 { - text-indent: -0.2em; -} -p.drop-cap:first-letter, p.drop-cap2:first-letter -{ - float: left; - margin: 0.15em 0.1em 0em 0em; - font-size: 250%; - line-height:0.85em; - text-indent: 0em; -} -@media handheld -{ - p.drop-cap, p.drop-cap2 { - text-indent: 0em; /* restore default */ - } - p.drop-cap:first-letter, p.drop-cap2:first-letter - { - float: none; - margin: 0; - font-size: 100%; - } -} -.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; -margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.break-before {page-break-before: always;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Confederate Military History - Volume 5 (of -12), by Ellison Capers - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Confederate Military History - Volume 5 (of 12) - A Library of Confederate States History - -Author: Ellison Capers - -Editor: Clement Anselm Evans - -Release Date: December 21, 2015 [EBook #50737] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY *** - - - - -Produced by Alan and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="mynote"> -Transcriber's Note:<br /> -For readability illustrations have been slightly moved thus altering the -page numbers in the List of Illustrations. Compound nouns, names, and -hyphenated words are not consistant in the original text. - - -</div> - -<div class="center"> -<img src="images/frontcover.jpg" alt="" id="coverpage" /> -</div> - -<h1 class="break-before"> - <span class="smcap">Confederate<br /> - Military History</span></h1> - -<div class="center"> -<img src="images/fig1.jpg" alt="" id="printmark" /> -</div> - - -<div class="center"> - - A LIBRARY OF CONFEDERATE<br /> - STATES HISTORY, IN TWELVE<br /> - VOLUMES, WRITTEN BY DISTINGUISHED<br /> - MEN OF THE SOUTH,<br /> - AND EDITED BY GEN. CLEMENT<br /> - A. EVANS OF GEORGIA.... - -</div> - -<div class="center"> -<img src="images/fig1.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<div class="center"> - - VOL. V. - -</div> - - -<div class="center"> -<img src="images/fig1.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<div class="center"> - - Atlanta, Ga.<br /> - Confederate Publishing Company<br /> - 1899 - -</div> - -<div class="center"> -<img src="images/fig2.jpg" alt="" id="printmark2" /> -</div> - -<div class="center"> - - <span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1899,<br /> - BY <span class="smcap">Confederate Publishing Company.</span> - -</div> - -<div class="center"> -<img src="images/fig2.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p class="ph2 break-before"> - - TABLE OF CONTENTS. - -</p> - - -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary=""> - -<tr valign="top"><td> </td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a> Spirit of Secession—The State Militia—Charleston - and the Forts—The Violated Agreement—Major Anderson - Occupies Fort Sumter—South Carolina Occupies Pinckney - and Moultrie—The Star of the West—Fort Sumter - Surrendered—Carolinians in Virginia—Battle of Manassas</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">4</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a> Affairs on the Coast—Loss of Port Royal Harbor—Gen. - R. E. Lee in Command of the Department—Landing - of Federals at Port Royal Ferry—Gallant Fight on - Edisto Island—General Pemberton Succeeds Lee - in Command—Defensive Line, April, 1862</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">29</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a> South Carolinians in Virginia—Battle of - Williamsburg—Eltham's Landing—Seven Pines and Fair - Oaks—Nine-Mile Road—Gaines' Mill—Savage Station—Frayser's - Farm—Malvern Hill</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">43</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a> The Coast of South Carolina, Summer of 1862—Operations - under General Pemberton—Engagement at - Old Pocotaligo—Campaign on James Island—Battle of - Secessionville</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">76</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a> General Beauregard in Command—The Defenses - of Charleston—Disposition of Troops—Battle of - Pocotaligo—Repulse of Enemy at Coosawhatchie Bridge—Operations - in North Carolina—Battle of Kinston—Defense - of Goldsboro</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">94</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a> South Carolinians in the West—Manigault's - and Lythgoe's Regiments at Corinth—The Kentucky Campaign—Battle - of Murfreesboro</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">111</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a> With Lee in Northern Virginia, 1862—The - Maneuvers on the Rappahannock—Second Manassas Campaign—Battle - of Ox Hill</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">120</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a> The Maryland Campaign—The South - Mountain Battles—Capture of Harper's Ferry—Battles of - Sharpsburg and Shepherdstown</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">140</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a> Hampton's Cavalry in the Maryland Raid—The - Battle of Fredericksburg—Death of Gregg—South Carolinians - at Marye's Hill—Cavalry Operations</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">165</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a> Operations in South Carolina, Spring of 1863—Capture - of the Isaac Smith—Ingraham's Defeat of the - Blockading Squadron—Naval Attack on Fort Sumter—Hunter's - Raids</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">188</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a> South Carolina Troops in Mississippi—Engagement - near Jackson—The Vicksburg Campaign—Siege of - Jackson</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">203</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a> South Carolinians in the Chancellorsville - Campaign—Service of Kershaw's and McGowan's Brigades—A - Great Confederate Victory</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">213</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a> Operations in South Carolina—Opening of - Gillmore's Campaign against Fort Sumter—The Surprise of - Morris Island—First Assault on Battery Wagner—Demonstrations - on James Island and Against the Railroad—Action - near Grimball's Landing</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">223</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a> Second Assault on Battery Wagner—Siege - of Wagner and Bombardment of Fort Sumter—Evacuation - of Morris Island</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">235</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a> The Gettysburg Campaign—Gallant Service - of Perrin's and Kershaw's Brigades—Hampton's Cavalry - at Brandy Station</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">257</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</a> South Carolinians at Chickamauga—Organization - of the Armies—South Carolinians Engaged—Their - Heroic Service and Sacrifices</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">277</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a> The Siege of Charleston—Continued Bombardment - of Fort Sumter—Defense Maintained by the Other - Works—The Torpedo Boats—Bombardment of the City—Transfer - of Troops to Virginia—Prisoners under Fire—Campaign - on the Stono</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">291</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII.</a> South Carolinians with Longstreet and - Lee—Wauhatchie—Missionary Ridge—Knoxville—The Virginia - Campaign of 1864—From the Wilderness to the Battle - of the Crater</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">310</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">CHAPTER XIX.</a> The Atlanta Campaign—Battles around - Atlanta—Jonesboro—Hood's Campaign in North Georgia—The - Defense of Ship's Gap—Last Campaign in Tennessee—Battle - of Franklin</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">328</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX">CHAPTER XX.</a> The Closing Scenes in Virginia—Siege of - Richmond and Petersburg—Fall of Fort Fisher—South Carolina - Commands at Appomattox</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">346</td></tr> -<tr><td><p class="hang"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI">CHAPTER XXI.</a> Battle of Honey Hill—Sherman's Advance - into South Carolina—Organization of the Confederate - Forces—Burning of Columbia—Battles of Averasboro and - Bentonville—Conclusion</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom">354</td></tr> -<tr><td><a href="#BIOGRAPHICAL">BIOGRAPHICAL</a></td><td align="right">373</td></tr> - - -</table> - -<hr /> - -<p class="ph2 break-before">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary=""> - -<tr valign="top"><td> </td><td align="right"><small>FACING PAGE.</small></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bee, Barnard E.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bonham, M. L.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bratton, John</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Butler, M. C.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Capers, Ellison</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Charleston, Defenses</span> (Map)</td><td align="right">Between pages 296 and <a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Chestnut, James</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Connor, James</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Drayton, Thos. F.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Dunovant, John</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Elliott, Stephen, Jr.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Evans, N. G.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ferguson, S. W.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gary, M. W.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gist, S. R.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gregg, Maxcy</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Hagood, Johnson</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Honey Hill, Battle</span> (Map)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Huger, Benjamin</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Jenkins, Micah</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Jones, David R.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Kennedy, John D.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Kershaw, J. B.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Logan, J. M.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">McGowan, Samuel</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Manigault, A. M.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Perrin, Abner</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Preston, John S.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ripley, Roswell S.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">South Carolina</span> (Map)</td><td align="right">Between pages <a href="#Page_371">371</a> and <a href="#Page_372">372</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Stevens, C. H.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Villepigue, J. B.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Wallace, W. H.</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter break-before"> -<img src="images/fig3.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center">ELLISON CAPERS</p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> - -<p class="ph2 break-before">SOUTH CAROLINA<br /> -<br /> -<small>BY</small><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen. Ellison Capers</span>. -</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">INTRODUCTORY.</h2> -</div> - -<p>The writer of the following sketch does not attempt, -in the space assigned him, to give a complete history -of the various commands of Carolinians, who for four -years did gallant and noble service in the armies of the -Confederacy.</p> - -<p>A faithful record of their names alone would fill the -pages of a volume, and to write a history of their marches -and battles, their wounds and suffering, their willing sacrifices, -and their patient endurance, would demand more -accurate knowledge, more time and more ability than -the author of this sketch can command.</p> - -<p>He trusts that in the brief history which follows he has -been able to show that South Carolina did her duty to -herself and to the Southern Confederacy, and did it -nobly.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>SPIRIT OF SECESSION—THE STATE MILITIA—CHARLESTON -AND THE FORTS—THE VIOLATED AGREEMENT—MAJOR -ANDERSON OCCUPIES FORT SUMTER—SOUTH -CAROLINA OCCUPIES PINCKNEY AND MOULTRIE—THE -STAR OF THE WEST—FORT SUMTER -SURRENDERED—CAROLINIANS IN VIRGINIA—BATTLE -OF MANASSAS.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">From</span> the time that the election of the President was -declared, early in November, 1860, the military -spirit of the people of South Carolina was thoroughly -awake. Secession from the Union was in the air, -and when it came, on the 20th of December following, it -was received as the ultimate decision of duty and the call -of the State to arms. The one sentiment, everywhere -expressed by the vast majority of the people, was the -sentiment of independence; and the universal resolve -was the determination to maintain the secession of the -State at any and every cost.</p> - -<p>The militia of the State was, at the time, her only arm -of defense, and every part of it was put under orders.</p> - -<p>Of the State militia, the largest organized body was -the Fourth brigade of Charleston, commanded by Brig.-Gen. -James Simons. This body of troops was well organized, -well drilled and armed, and was constantly under -the orders of the governor and in active service from -the 27th of December, 1860, to the last of April, 1861. -Some of the commands continued in service until the -Confederate regiments, battalions and batteries were -organized and finally absorbed all the effective material -of the brigade.</p> - -<p>This efficient brigade was composed of the following -commands:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> - -<p>First regiment of rifles: Col. J. J. Pettigrew, Lieut.-Col. -John L. Branch, Maj. Ellison Capers, Adjt. Theodore -G. Barker, Quartermaster Allen Hanckel, Commissary -L. G. Young, Surg. George Trescot, Asst. Surg. Thomas -L. Ozier, Jr. Companies: Washington Light Infantry, -Capt. C. H. Simonton; Moultrie Guards, Capt. Barnwell -W. Palmer; German Riflemen, Capt. Jacob Small; Palmetto -Riflemen, Capt. Alex. Melchers; Meagher Guards, -Capt. Edward McCrady, Jr.; Carolina Light Infantry, -Capt. Gillard Pinckney; Zouave Cadets, Capt. C. E. -Chichester.</p> - -<p>Seventeenth regiment: Col. John Cunningham, Lieut.-Col. -William P. Shingler, Maj. J. J. Lucas, Adjt. F. A. -Mitchel. Companies: Charleston Riflemen, Capt. -Joseph Johnson, Jr.; Irish Volunteers, Capt. Edward -McGrath; Cadet Riflemen, Capt. W. S. Elliott; Montgomery -Guards, Capt. James Conner; Union Light Infantry, -Capt. David Ramsay; German Fusiliers, Capt. -Samuel Lord, Jr.; Palmetto Guards, Capt. Thomas W. -Middleton; Sumter Guards, Capt. Henry C. King; -Emmet Volunteers, Capt. P. Grace; Calhoun Guards, -Capt. John Fraser.</p> - -<p>First regiment of artillery: Col. E. H. Locke, Lieut.-Col. -W. G. De Saussure, Maj. John A. Wagener, Adjt. -James Simmons, Jr.</p> - -<p>Light batteries: Marion Artillery, Capt. J. G. King; -Washington Artillery, Capt. George H. Walter; Lafayette -Artillery, Capt. J. J. Pope; German Artillery (A), -Capt. C. Nohrden; German Artillery (B), Capt. H. -Harms.</p> - -<p>Cavalry: Charleston Light Dragoons, Capt. B. H. -Rutledge; German Hussars, Capt. Theodore Cordes; -Rutledge Mounted Riflemen, Capt. C. K. Huger.</p> - -<p>Volunteer corps in the fire department: Vigilant Rifles, -Capt. S. V. Tupper; Phœnix Rifles, Capt. Peter C. Gaillard; -Ętna Rifles, Capt. E. F. Sweegan; Marion Rifles, -Capt. C. B. Sigwald.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> - -<p>Charleston, the metropolis and seaport, for a time absorbed -the interest of the whole State, for it was everywhere -felt that the issue of secession, so far as war with -the government of the United States was concerned, must -be determined in her harbor. The three forts which had -been erected by the government for the defense of the -harbor, Moultrie, Castle Pinckney and Sumter, were built -upon land ceded by the State for that purpose, and with -the arsenal and grounds in Charleston, constituted the -property of the United States.</p> - -<p>The secession of South Carolina having dissolved her -connection with the government of the United States, -the question of the possession of the forts in the harbor -and of the military post at the arsenal became at once a -question of vital interest to the State. Able commissioners, -Robert W. Barnwell, James H. Adams and James -L. Orr, were elected and sent by the convention of the -State to treat with the government at Washington for an -amicable settlement of this important question, and other -questions growing out of the new relation which South -Carolina bore to the Union. Pending the action of the -commissioners in Washington, an unfortunate move was -made by Maj. Robert Anderson, of the United States -army, who commanded the only body of troops stationed -in the harbor, which ultimately compelled the return of -the commissioners and led to the most serious complications. -An understanding had been established between -the authorities in Washington and the members of Congress -from South Carolina, that the forts would not be -attacked, or seized as an act of war, until proper negotiations -for their cession to the State had been made and had -failed; provided that they were not reinforced, and their -military status should remain as it was at the time of this -understanding, viz., on December 9, 1860.</p> - -<p>Fort Sumter, in the very mouth of the harbor, was -in an unfinished state and without a garrison. On the -night of the 26th of December, 1860, Maj. Robert Ander<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>son -dismantled Fort Moultrie and removed his command -by boats over to Fort Sumter. The following account of -the effect of this removal of Major Anderson upon the -people, and the action of the government, is taken from -Brevet Major-General Crawford's "Genesis of the Civil -War." General Crawford was at the time on the medical -staff and one of Anderson's officers. His book is a clear -and admirable narrative of the events of those most eventful -days, and is written in the spirit of the utmost candor -and fairness. In the conclusion of the chapter describing -the removal, he says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The fact of the evacuation of Fort Moultrie by Major -Anderson was soon communicated to the authorities and -people of Charleston, creating intense excitement. -Crowds collected in streets and open places of the city, -and loud and violent were the expressions of feeling -against Major Anderson and his action.... [The governor -of the State was ready to act in accordance with -the feeling displayed.] On the morning of the 27th, he -dispatched his aide-de-camp, Col. Johnston Pettigrew, of -the First South Carolina Rifles, to Major Anderson. He -was accompanied by Maj. Ellison Capers, of his regiment. -Arriving at Fort Sumter, Colonel Pettigrew sent a card -inscribed, "Colonel Pettigrew, First Regiment Rifles, -S.C.M., Aide-de-Camp to the Governor, Commissioner -to Major Anderson. Ellison Capers, Major First Regiment -Rifles, S.C.M." ... Colonel Pettigrew and his -companion were ushered into the room. The feeling was -reserved and formal, when, after declining seats, Colonel -Pettigrew immediately opened his mission: "Major -Anderson," said he, "can I communicate with you now, -sir, before these officers, on the subject for which I am -here?" "Certainly, sir," replied Major Anderson, "these -are all my officers; I have no secrets from them, sir."</p> - -<p>The commissioner then informed Major Anderson that -he was directed to say to him that the governor was much -surprised that he had reinforced "this work." Major -Anderson promptly responded that there had been no -reinforcement of the work; that he had removed his -command from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, as he had -a right to do, being in command of all the forts in the -harbor. To this Colonel Pettigrew replied that when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> -the present governor (Pickens) came into office, he found -an understanding existing between the previous governor -(Gist) and the President of the United States, by which -all property within the limits of the State was to remain -as it was; that no reinforcements were to be sent here, -particularly to this post; that there was to be no -attempt made against the public property by the State, -and that the status in the harbor should remain unchanged. -He was directed also to say to Major Anderson -that it had been hoped by the governor that a peaceful -solution of the difficulties could have been reached, and a -resort to arms and bloodshed might have been avoided; -but that the governor thought the action of Major -Anderson had greatly complicated matters, and that he -did not now see how bloodshed could be avoided; that -he had desired and intended that the whole matter might -be fought out politically and without the arbitration of -the sword, but that now it was uncertain, if not impossible.</p> - -<p>To this Major Anderson replied, that as far as any -understanding between the President and the governor -was concerned, he had not been informed; that he knew -nothing of it; that he could get no information or positive -orders from Washington, and that his position was threatened -every night by the troops of the State. He was -then asked by Major Capers, who accompanied Colonel -Pettigrew, "How?" when he replied, "By sending out -steamers armed and conveying troops on board;" that -these steamers passed the fort going north, and that he -feared a landing on the island and the occupation of the -sand-hills just north of the fort; that 100 riflemen on -these hills, which commanded his fort, would make it -impossible for his men to serve their guns; and that any -man with a military head must see this. "To prevent -this," said he earnestly, "I removed on my own responsibility, -my sole object being to prevent bloodshed." Major -Capers replied that the steamer was sent out for patrol -purposes, and as much to prevent disorder among his -own people as to ascertain whether any irregular attempt -was being made to reinforce the fort, and that the idea -of attacking him was never entertained by the little -squad who patrolled the harbor.</p> - -<p>Major Anderson replied to this that he was wholly in -the dark as to the intentions of the State troops, but that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> -had reason to believe that they meant to land and attack -him from the north; that the desire of the governor to have -the matter settled peacefully and without bloodshed was -precisely his object in removing his command from Moultrie -to Sumter; that he did it upon his own responsibility -alone, because he considered that the safety of his command -required it, as he had a right to do. "In this controversy," -said he, "between the North and the South, -my sympathies are entirely with the South. These -gentlemen," said he (turning to the officers of the post -who stood about him), "know it perfectly well." Colonel -Pettigrew replied, "Well, sir, however that may be, the -governor of the State directs me to say to you courteously -but peremptorily, to return to Fort Moultrie." "Make -my compliments to the governor (said Anderson) and say -to him that I decline to accede to his request; I cannot -and will not go back." "Then, sir," said Pettigrew, -"my business is done," when both officers, without further -ceremony or leavetaking, left the fort.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Colonel Pettigrew and Major Capers returned to the -city and made their report to the governor and council -who were in session in the council chamber of the city -hall. That afternoon Major Anderson raised the flag of -his country over Sumter, and went vigorously to work -mounting his guns and putting the fort in military order. -The same afternoon the governor issued orders to Colonel -Pettigrew, First regiment of rifles, and to Col. W. G. -De Saussure, First regiment artillery, commanding them -to take immediate possession of Castle Pinckney and -Fort Moultrie. Neither fort was garrisoned, and the -officers in charge, after making a verbal protest, left and -went to Fort Sumter, and the Palmetto flag was raised -over Moultrie and Pinckney. In the same manner the -arsenal in Charleston was taken possession of by a detachment -of the Seventeenth regiment, South Carolina militia, -Col. John Cunningham, and Fort Johnson on James -island, by Capt. Joseph Johnson, commanding the Charleston -Riflemen. The governor also ordered a battery to be -built for two 24-pounders on Morris island, bearing on -Ship channel, and his order was speedily put into execu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>tion -by Maj. P. F. Stevens, superintendent of the South -Carolina military academy, with a detachment of the -cadets, supported by the Vigilant Rifles, Captain Tupper. -This battery was destined soon to fire the first gun of the -war. In taking possession of the forts and the arsenal, -every courtesy was shown the officers in charge, Captain -Humphreys, commanding the arsenal, saluting his flag -before surrendering the property.</p> - -<p>By the possession of Forts Moultrie and Pinckney and -the arsenal in Charleston, their military stores fell into -the hands of the State of South Carolina, and by the governor's -orders a careful inventory was made at once of -all the property and duly reported to him. At Moultrie -there were sixteen 24-pounders, nineteen 32-pounders, -ten 8-inch columbiads, one 10-inch seacoast mortar, four -6-pounders, two 12-pounders and four 24-pounder howitzers -and a large supply of ammunition. At Castle Pinckney -the armament was nearly complete and the magazine -well filled with powder. At the arsenal there was a large -supply of military stores, heavy ordnance and small-arms. -These exciting events were followed by the attempt of -the government to succor Major Anderson with supplies -and reinforce his garrison.</p> - -<p>The supplies and troops were sent in a large merchant -steamer, the Star of the West. She crossed the bar early -on the morning of January 9, 1861, and steamed up Ship -channel, which runs for miles parallel with Morris island, -and within range of guns of large caliber. Her course lay -right under the 24-pounder battery commanded by Major -Stevens and manned by the cadets. This battery was -supported by the Zouave Cadets, Captain Chichester; the -German Riflemen, Captain Small, and the Vigilant Rifles, -Captain Tupper. When within range a shot was fired -across her bow, and not heeding it, the battery fired -directly upon her. Fort Moultrie also fired a few shots,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> -and the Star of the West rapidly changed her course and, -turning round, steamed out of the range of the guns, -having received but little material damage by the fire.</p> - -<p>Major Anderson acted with great forbearance and judgment, -and did not open his batteries. He declared his -purpose to be patriotic, and so it undoubtedly was. He -wrote to the governor that, influenced by the hope that -the firing on the Star of the West was not supported by -the authority of the State, he had refrained from opening -fire upon the batteries, and declared that unless it was -promptly disclaimed he would regard it as an act of war, -and after waiting a reasonable time he would fire upon -all vessels coming within range of his guns.</p> - -<p>The governor promptly replied, justifying the action of -the batteries in firing upon the vessel, and giving his -reasons in full. He pointed out to Major Anderson that -his removal to Fort Sumter and the circumstances attending -it, and his attitude since were a menace to the State -of a purpose of coercion; that the bringing into the harbor -of more troops and supplies of war was in open defiance -of the State, and an assertion of a purpose to reduce her -to abject submission to the government she had discarded; -that the vessel had been fairly warned not to continue -her course, and that his threat to fire upon the vessels in -the harbor was in keeping with the evident purpose of -the government of the United States to dispute the right -of South Carolina to dissolve connection with the Union. -This right was not to be debated or questioned, urged -the governor, and the coming of the Star of the West, sent -by the order of the President, after being duly informed -by commissioners sent to him by the convention of the -people of the State to fully inform him of the act of the -State in seceding from the Union, and of her claim of -rights and privileges in the premises, could have no other -meaning than that of open and hostile disregard for the -asserted independence of South Carolina. To defend -that independence and to resent and resist any and every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> -act of coercion are "too plainly a duty," said Governor -Pickens, "to allow it to be discussed."</p> - -<p>To the governor's letter Major Anderson replied, that -he would refer the whole matter to the government at -Washington, and defer his purpose to fire upon vessels in -the harbor until he could receive his instructions in reply. -Thus a truce was secured, and meanwhile active preparations -for war were made daily by Major Anderson in Fort -Sumter and by Governor Pickens on the islands surrounding -it. War seemed inevitable, and the whole State, as -one man, was firmly resolved to meet it.</p> - -<p>The legislature had passed a bill on December 17th -providing for the organization of ten regiments for the -defense of the State, and the convention had ordered the -formation of a regiment for six months' service, to be -embodied at once, the governor to appoint the field -officers. This last was "Gregg's First regiment," which -was organized in January, 1861, and on duty on Sullivan's -and Morris islands by the 1st of February following. -The governor appointed Maxcy Gregg, of Columbia, colonel; -Col. A. H. Gladden, who had been an officer of the -Palmetto regiment in the Mexican war, lieutenant-colonel; -and D. H. Hamilton, the late marshal of the -United States court in South Carolina, major. On March -6, 1861, the adjutant-general of the State reported to Gen. -M. L. Bonham, whom the governor had commissioned -major-general, to command the division formed under the -act of December 17, 1860, that he had received into the -service of the State 104 companies, under the said act of -the legislature, aggregating an effective force of 8,836 -men and officers; that these companies had been formed -into ten regiments and the regiments into four brigades.</p> - -<p>These regiments were mustered for twelve months' -service, were numbered respectively from 1 to 10, inclusive, -and commanded by Cols. Johnson Hagood, J. B. -Kershaw, J. H. Williams, J. B. E. Sloan, M. Jenkins,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> -J. H. Rion, T. G. Bacon, E. B. Cash, J. D. Blanding, -and A. M. Manigault.</p> - -<p>The brigadier-generals appointed by the governor -under the act above referred to, were R. G. M. Dunovant -and P. H. Nelson. By an act of the legislature, January -28, 1861, the governor was authorized to raise a battalion -of artillery and a regiment of infantry, both to be formed -and enlisted in the service of the State as regulars, and to -form the basis of the regular army of South Carolina. -The governor appointed, under the act, R. S. Ripley, -lieutenant-colonel in command of the artillery battalion, -and Richard Anderson, colonel of the infantry regiment. -The artillery battalion was afterward increased to a regiment, -and the regiment of infantry converted, practically, -into a regiment of artillery. Both regiments served in -the forts and batteries of the harbor throughout the war, -with the greatest distinction, as will afterward appear. -These troops, with the Fourth brigade, South Carolina -militia, were under the orders of the government and -were practically investing Fort Sumter.</p> - -<p>The States of Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, -Louisiana and Texas, having left the Union during the -month of January, and the Confederate government having -been organized early in February, at Montgomery, -President Davis, on the 1st of March, ordered Brigadier-General -Beauregard to Charleston to report for duty to -Governor Pickens. Thenceforward this distinguished -soldier became the presiding genius of military operations -in and around Charleston.</p> - -<p>Repeated demands having been made upon Major Anderson, -and upon the President, for the relinquishment -of Fort Sumter, and these demands having been refused -and the government at Washington having concluded -to supply and reinforce the fort by force of arms, it was -determined to summon Major Anderson to evacuate the -fort, for the last time. Accordingly, on April 11th, General -Beauregard sent him the following communication:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> -<p> -Headquarters Provisional Army, C. S. A.<br /> -Charleston, April 11, 1861.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Sir: The government of the Confederate States has -hitherto foreborne from any hostile demonstrations -against Fort Sumter, in hope that the government of the -United States, with a view to the amicable adjustment of -all questions between the two governments, and to avert -the calamities of war, would voluntarily evacuate it.</p> - -<p>There was reason at one time to believe that such -would be the course pursued by the government of the -United States, and under that impression my government -has refrained from making any demand for the surrender -of the fort. But the Confederate States can no longer -delay assuming actual possession of a fortification commanding -the entrance of one of their harbors and necessary -to its defense and security.</p> - -<p>I am ordered by the government of the Confederate -States to demand the evacuation of Fort Sumter. My -aides, Colonel Chestnut and Captain Lee, are authorized -to make such demand of you. All proper facilities will -be afforded for the removal of yourself and command, -together with company arms and property, and all private -property, to any post in the United States which you may -select. The flag which you have upheld so long and with -so much fortitude, under the most trying circumstances, -may be saluted by you on taking it down. Colonel -Chestnut and Captain Lee will, for a reasonable time, -await your answer.</p> - -<p>I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> - -<p> -G. T.<span class="smcap">Beauregard</span>, Brigadier-General Commanding.<br /> -</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>Major Anderson replied as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p> - -Fort Sumter, S. C., April 11, 1861.<br /> -</p> - -<p>General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt -of your communication demanding the evacuation of this -fort, and to say, in reply thereto, that it is a demand with -which I regret that my sense of honor, and of my obligations -to my government, prevent my compliance. Thanking -you for the fair, manly and courteous terms proposed, -and for the high compliment paid me,</p> - -<p>I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Robert Anderson</span>,<br /> -Major, First Artillery, Commanding.<br /> -</p> -</blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> - -<p>Major Anderson, while conversing with the messengers -of General Beauregard, having remarked that he would -soon be starved into a surrender of the fort, or words to -that effect, General Beauregard was induced to address -him a second letter, in which he proposed that the major -should fix a time at which he would agree to evacuate, -and agree also not to use his guns against the Confederate -forces unless they fired upon him, and so doing, he, -General Beauregard, would abstain from hostilities. To -this second letter Major Anderson replied, naming noon -on the 15th, provided that no hostile act was committed -by the Confederate forces, or any part of them, and provided, -further, that he should not, meanwhile, receive -from the government at Washington controlling instructions -or additional supplies.</p> - -<p>The fleet which was to reinforce and supply him was -then collecting outside the bar, and General Beauregard -at once notified him, at 3:20 a. m. on the morning of the -12th of April, that he would open fire on the fort in one -hour from that time.</p> - -<p>The shell which opened the momentous bombardment -of Fort Sumter was fired from a mortar, located at Fort -Johnson on James island, at 4:30 on the morning of the -12th.</p> - -<p>For over three months the troops stationed on the -islands surrounding Fort Sumter had been constantly -employed building batteries, mounting guns, and making -every preparation for the defense of the harbor, and, if -necessary, for an attack on the fort if the government -at Washington persisted in its refusal to order its -evacuation. Lieut.-Col. R. S. Ripley, an able and energetic -soldier, commanded the artillery on Sullivan's -island, with his headquarters at Fort Moultrie, Brigadier-General -Dunovant commanding the island. Under -Ripley's direction, six 10-inch mortars and twenty -guns bore on Sumter. The guns were 24, 32 and 42 -pounders, 8-inch columbiads and one 9-inch Dahlgren.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> -The supports to the batteries were the First regiment of -rifles, Colonel Pettigrew; the regiment of infantry, South -Carolina regulars, Col. Richard Anderson; the Charleston -Light Dragoons, Capt. B. H. Rutledge, and the German -Flying Artillery, the latter attached to Col. Pettigrew's -command, stationed at the east end of the island. These -commands, with Ripley's battalion of South Carolina -regular artillery and Capt. Robert Martin's mortar battery -on Mount Pleasant, made up the force under General -Dunovant.</p> - -<p>On Morris island, Gen. James Simons was commanding, -with Lieut.-Col. W. G. De Saussure for his artillery chief, -and Maj. W. H. C. Whiting for chief of staff. The infantry -supports on the island were the regiments of Cols. -John Cunningham, Seventeenth South Carolina militia, -and Maxcy Gregg, Johnson Hagood and J. B. Kershaw, -of the South Carolina volunteers. The artillery was in -position bearing on Ship channel, and at Cummings point, -bearing on Sumter. The fleet making no attempt to -come in, the channel batteries took no part in the bombardment -of Sumter.</p> - -<p>On Cummings point, six 10-inch mortars and six guns -were placed. To the command and direction of these -guns, Maj. P. F. Stevens was specially assigned. One -of the batteries on the point was of unique structure, -hitherto unknown in war. Three 8-inch columbiads -were put in battery under a roofing of heavy timbers, -laid at an angle of forty degrees, and covered with railroad -T iron. Portholes were cut and these protected by -heavy iron shutters, raised and lowered from the inside -of the battery. This battery was devised and built by -Col. Clement H. Stevens, of Charleston, afterward a brigadier-general -and mortally wounded in front of Atlanta, -July 20, 1864, leading his brigade. "Stevens' iron battery," -as it was called, was "the first ironclad fortification -ever erected," and initiated the present system of -armor-plated vessels. The three mortars in battery at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> -Fort Johnson were commanded by Capt. G. S. James. -The batteries above referred to, including Fort Moultrie, -contained fifteen 10-inch mortars and twenty-six guns -of heavy caliber.</p> - -<p>For thirty-four hours they assaulted Sumter with an -unceasing bombardment, before its gallant defenders -consented to give it up, and not then until the condition -of the fort made it impossible to continue the defense. -Fort Moultrie alone fired 2,490 shot and shell. Gen. S. -W. Crawford, in his accurate and admirable book, previously -quoted, thus describes the condition of Sumter -when Anderson agreed to its surrender:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>It was a scene of ruin and destruction. The quarters -and barracks were in ruins. The main gates and the -planking of the windows on the gorge were gone; the -magazines closed and surrounded by smouldering flames -and burning ashes; the provisions exhausted; much of -the engineering work destroyed; and with only four barrels -of powder available. The command had yielded to the -inevitable. The effect of the direct shot had been to -indent the walls, where the marks could be counted by -hundreds, while the shells, well directed, had crushed the -quarters, and, in connection with hot shot, setting them -on fire, had destroyed the barracks and quarters down to -the gun casemates, while the enfilading fire had prevented -the service of the barbette guns, some of them comprising -the most important battery in the work. The breaching -fire from the columbiads and the rifle gun at Cummings -point upon the right gorge angle, had progressed -sensibly and must have eventually succeeded if continued, -but as yet no guns had been disabled or injured at that -point. The effect of the fire upon the parapet was pronounced. -The gorge, the right face and flank as well as -the left face, were all taken in reverse, and a destructive -fire maintained until the end, while the gun carriages on -the barbette of the gorge were destroyed in the fire of -the blazing quarters.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The spirit and language of General Beauregard in communicating -with Major Anderson, and the replies of the -latter, were alike honorable to those distinguished soldiers. -The writer, who was on duty on Sullivan's island,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> -as major of Pettigrew's regiment of rifles, recalls vividly -the sense of admiration felt for Major Anderson and his -faithful little command throughout the attack, and at the -surrender of the fort. "While the barracks in Fort Sumter -were in a blaze," wrote General Beauregard to the -secretary of war at Montgomery, "and the interior of the -work appeared untenable from the heat and from the -fire of our batteries (at about which period I sent three -of my aides to offer assistance), whenever the guns of -Fort Sumter would fire upon Moultrie, the men occupying -the Cummings point batteries (Palmetto Guard, Captain -Cuthbert) at each shot would cheer Anderson for his -gallantry, although themselves still firing upon him; and -when on the 15th instant he left the harbor on the steamer -Isabel, the soldiers of the batteries lined the beach, silent -and uncovered, while Anderson and his command passed -before them."</p> - -<p>Thus closed the memorable and momentous attack upon -Fort Sumter by the forces of South Carolina, and thus -began the war which lasted until April, 1865, when the -Southern Confederacy, as completely ruined and exhausted -by fire and sword as Fort Sumter in April, 1861, -gave up the hopeless contest and reluctantly accepted the -inevitable.</p> - -<p>The following is believed to be a correct list of the -officers who commanded batteries, or directed, particularly, -the firing of the guns, with the commands serving -the same:</p> - -<p>On Cummings point: (1) Iron battery—three 8-inch -columbiads, manned by detachments of Palmetto Guard, -Capt. George B. Cuthbert directing, assisted by Lieut. -G. L. Buist. (2) Point battery—mortars, by Lieut. N. -Armstrong, assisted by Lieut. R. Holmes; 42-pounders, -Lieut. T. S. Brownfield; rifle gun, directed by Capt. J. P. -Thomas, who, with Lieutenant Armstrong, was an officer -of the South Carolina military academy. Iron battery -and Point battery both manned by Palmetto Guard. (3)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> -Trapier battery—three 10-inch mortars, by Capt. J. -Gadsden King and Lieuts. W. D. H. Kirkwood and -Edward L. Parker; Corp. McMillan King, Jr., and Privates -J. S. and Robert Murdock, pointing the mortars; a -detachment of Marion artillery manning the battery, -assisted by a detachment of the Sumter Guards, Capt. -John Russell.</p> - -<p>On Sullivan's island: (1) Fort Moultrie—Capt. W. R. -Calhoun, Lieutenants Wagner, Rhett, Preston, Sitgreaves, -Mitchell, Parker, Blake (acting engineer). (2) -mortars—Capt. William Butler and Lieutenants Huguenin, -Mowry, Blocker, Billings and Rice. (3) Mortars—Lieutenants -Flemming and Blanding. (4) Enfilade—Captain -Hallonquist and Lieutenants Valentine and Burnet. -(5) Floating battery—Lieutenants Yates and Frank -Harleston. (6) Dahlgren battery—Captain Hamilton.</p> - -<p>On Mount Pleasant: (1) Mortars—Captain Martin and -Lieuts. F. H. Robertson and G. W. Reynolds.</p> - -<p>On Fort Johnson: (1) Mortars—Capt. G. S. James and -Lieut. W. H. Gibbes.</p> - -<p>Immediately upon the fall of Sumter the most active -and constant efforts were made by Governor Pickens and -General Beauregard to repair and arm the fort, to -strengthen the batteries defending the harbor, and to -defend the city from an attack by the Stono river and -James island. General Beauregard inspected the coast, -and works of defense were begun on James island and -at Port Royal harbor.</p> - -<p>But South Carolina was now to enjoy freedom from -attack, by land or sea, until early in November, and while -her soldiers and her people were making ready her defense, -and her sons were flocking to her standard in larger -numbers than she could organize and arm, she was called -upon to go to the help of Virginia. William H. Trescot, -of South Carolina, in his beautiful memorial of Brig.-Gen. -Johnston Pettigrew, has described the spirit with which -"the youth and manhood of the South" responded to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> -the call to arms, in language so true, so just and so eloquent, -that the author of this sketch inserts it here. -Writing more than five years after the close of the great -struggle, Mr. Trescot said:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>We who are the vanquished in this battle must of necessity -leave to a calmer and wiser posterity to judge of the -intrinsic worth of that struggle, as it bears upon the -principles of constitutional liberty, and as it must affect -the future history of the American people; but there is -one duty not only possible but imperative, a duty which -we owe alike to the living and the dead, and that is the -preservation in perpetual and tender remembrance of the -lives of those who, to use a phrase scarcely too sacred for -so unselfish a sacrifice, died in the hope that we might -live. Especially is this our duty, because in the South a -choice between the parties and principles at issue was -scarcely possible. From causes which it is exceedingly -interesting to trace, but which I cannot now develop -the feeling of State loyalty had acquired throughout the -South an almost fanatic intensity; particularly in the -old colonial States did this devotion to the State assume -that blended character of affection and duty which gives -in the old world such a chivalrous coloring to loyalty to -the crown.... When, therefore, by the formal and constitutional -act of the States, secession from the Federal government -was declared in 1860 and 1861, it is almost -impossible for any one not familiar with the habits and -thoughts of the South, to understand how completely the -question of duty was settled for Southern men. Shrewd, -practical men who had no faith in the result, old and -eminent men who had grown gray in service under the -national flag, had their doubts and their misgivings; but -there was no hesitation as to what they were to do. -Especially to that great body of men, just coming into -manhood, who were preparing to take their places as the -thinkers and actors of the next generation, was this call -of the State an imperative summons.</p> - -<p>The fathers and mothers who had reared them; the -society whose traditions gave both refinement and assurance -to their young ambition; the colleges in which the -creed of Mr. Calhoun was the text-book of their studies; -the friends with whom they planned their future; the -very land they loved, dear to them as thoughtless boys,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> -dearer to them as thoughtful men, were all impersonate, -living, speaking, commanding in the State of which they -were children. Never in the history of the world has -there been a nobler response to a more thoroughly recognized -duty; nowhere anything more truly glorious -than this outburst of the youth and manhood of the -South.</p> - -<p>And now that the end has come and we have seen it, -it seems to me that to a man of humanity, I care not in -what section his sympathies may have been matured, -there never has been a sadder or sublimer spectacle than -these earnest and devoted men, their young and vigorous -columns marching through Richmond to the Potomac, -like the combatants of ancient Rome, beneath the imperial -throne in the amphitheater, and exclaiming with uplifted -arms, "<i>morituri te salutant</i>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>President Lincoln had issued his proclamation calling -for 75,000 volunteers to coerce the South; Virginia had -withdrawn from the Union, and before the end of April -had called Lee, J. E. Johnston and Jackson into her service; -the seat of the Confederate government had been -transferred from Montgomery, Ala., to Richmond; and -early in May, General Beauregard was relieved from duty -in South Carolina and ordered to the command of the -Alexandria line, with headquarters at Manassas Junction. -He had been preceded by General Bonham, then a Confederate -brigadier, with the regiments of Colonels Gregg, -Kershaw, Bacon, Cash, Jenkins and Sloan—First, Second, -Seventh, Eighth, Fifth and Fourth South Carolina volunteers.</p> - -<p>Before General Beauregard's arrival in Virginia, General -Bonham with his Carolina troops had been placed in -command of the Alexandria line, the regiments being -at Fairfax Court House, and other points of this line, -fronting Washington and Alexandria.</p> - -<p>These South Carolina regiments were reinforced during -the month of July by the Third, Colonel Williams; the -Sixth, Colonel Rion, and the Ninth, Colonel Blanding. -The infantry of the Hampton legion, under Col. Wade<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> -Hampton, reached the battlefield of Manassas on the -morning of July 21st, but in time to take a full share in -that decisive contest.</p> - -<p>On the 20th of June, General Beauregard, commanding -the "army of the Potomac," headquarters at Manassas -Junction, organized his army into six brigades, the First -commanded by Bonham, composed of the regiments of -Gregg, Kershaw, Bacon and Cash. Sloan's regiment -was assigned to the Sixth brigade, Early's; and Jenkins' -regiment to the Third, Gen. D. R. Jones. Col. N. G. -Evans, an officer of the old United States army, having -arrived at Manassas, was assigned to command of a -temporary brigade—Sloan's Fourth South Carolina, -Wheat's Louisiana battalion, two companies Virginia -cavalry, and four 6-pounder guns.</p> - -<p>On the 11th of July, General Beauregard wrote to the -President that the enemy was concentrating in his front -at Falls church, with a force of not less than 35,000 men, -and that to oppose him he had only about half that number. -On the 17th, Bonham's brigade, stationed at Fairfax, met -the first aggressive movement of General McDowell's -army, and was attacked early in the morning. By General -Beauregard's orders Bonham retired through Centreville, -and took the position assigned him behind Mitchell's -ford, on Bull run. The Confederate army was in position -behind Bull run, extending from Union Mills ford on the -right to the stone bridge on the left, a distance of 5 -miles.</p> - -<p>The brigades were stationed, from right to left, as follows: -Ewell, D. R. Jones, Longstreet, Bonham, Cocke, -and Evans on the extreme left. Early was in reserve, -in rear of the right. To each brigade a section or a -battery of artillery was attached, except in the case of -Bonham who had two batteries and six companies of -cavalry attached to his command. Seven other cavalry -companies were distributed among the other brigades. -Bonham's position was behind Mitchell's ford, with his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> -four regiments of Carolinians; Jenkins' Fifth regiment -was with General Jones' brigade, behind McLean's ford, -and Sloan's Fourth regiment was with Evans' brigade -on the left, at the stone bridge. With this disposition of his -little army, General Beauregard awaited the development -of the enemy's movement against him.</p> - -<p>At noon on the 18th, Bonham at Mitchell's ford and -Longstreet at Blackburn's ford, were attacked with infantry -and artillery, and both attacks were repulsed. General -McDowell was engaged on the 19th and 20th in -reconnoitering the Confederate position, and made no -decided indication of his ultimate purpose. The delay was -golden for the Confederates. Important reinforcements -arrived on the 20th and on the morning of the 21st, which -were chiefly to fight and win the battle, while the main -body of Beauregard's army held the line of Bull run. -General Holmes, from the lower Potomac, came with -over 1,200 infantry, six guns and a fine company of cavalry; -Colonel Hampton, with the infantry of his legion, -600 strong, and the Thirteenth Mississippi; Gen. Joseph -E. Johnston, from the Shenandoah, with Jackson's, -Bee's and Bartow's brigades, 300 of Stuart's cavalry and -two batteries, Imboden's and Pendleton's.</p> - -<p>The reinforcements were put in line in rear of the -troops already in position, Bee and Bartow behind Longstreet, -covering McLean's and Blackburn's fords, with -Barksdale's Thirteenth Mississippi; Jackson in rear of -Bonham, covering Mitchell's ford; and Cocke's brigade, -covering the fords further to the left, was strengthened -and supported by a regiment of infantry and six guns, -and Hampton was stationed at the Lewis house. Walton's -and Pendleton's batteries were placed in reserve in -rear of Bonham and Bee. Thus strengthened, the army -of General Beauregard numbered about 30,000 effectives, -with fifty-five guns.</p> - -<p>General Beauregard had planned an attack on McDowell's -left, which was to be executed on the 21st; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> -before he put his right brigades in motion, McDowell had -crossed two of his divisions at Sudley's ford, two miles to -the left of Evans, who was posted at the stone bridge, and -while threatening Evans and Cocke in front, was marching -rapidly down the rear of Beauregard's left. Satisfied -of this movement, Evans left four companies of the -Fourth South Carolina to defend the bridge, and taking -the six remaining companies of the Fourth, with -Wheat's Louisiana battalion and two guns of Latham's -battery, moved rapidly to his rear and left and formed -his little brigade at right angles to the line on Bull run -and just north of the turnpike road. In this position he -was at once assailed by the advance of the enemy, but held -his ground for an hour, when Bee, who had been moved -up to stone bridge, came to his assistance. Evans, with -his Carolinians and Louisianians; Bee, with his Alabama, -Mississippi and Tennessee regiments, and Bartow with -his Georgia and Kentucky battalions, and the batteries -of Latham and Imboden, with heroic fortitude sustained -the assault for another hour, before falling back south of -the turnpike. It was then evident that the battle was -not to be fought in front of Bull run, but behind it, and -in rear of General Beauregard's extreme left. Both -generals, whose headquarters had been at the Lewis -house, three miles away, hurried to the point of attack -and arrived, as General Johnston reported, "not a moment -too soon." Fifteen thousand splendidly equipped troops -of McDowell's army, with numerous batteries, many of -the guns rifled, were driving back the little brigade of -Evans and the regiments of the gallant Bee and Bartow, -and the moment was critical. The presence and example -of the commanding generals, the firm conduct of the -officers, and the hurrying forward of Hampton with his -legion, and Jackson with his brigade, re-established the -battle on the line of the Henry house, a half mile south -of the turnpike and two miles in the rear of the stone -bridge. Beauregard took immediate command on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> -field of battle, and Johnston assumed the general direction -from the Lewis house, whose commanding elevation -gave him a view of the whole field of operations. "The -aspect of affairs (he says in his report) was critical, but I -had full confidence in the skill and indomitable courage -of General Beauregard, the high soldierly qualities of -Generals Bee and Jackson and Colonel Evans, and the -devoted patriotism of the troops."</p> - -<p>At this first stage of the battle, from 8:30 to 11 a. m., -the troops from South Carolina actively engaged were -the Fourth regiment, Colonel Sloan, and the legion of -Hampton. Two companies of the Fourth, thrown out -as skirmishers in front of the stone bridge, fired the first -gun of the battle early in the morning, and the regiment -bore a glorious part in the battle which Evans fought -for the first hour, and in the contest of the second hour -maintained by Bee, Bartow and Evans. The Fourth -lost 11 killed and 79 wounded.</p> - -<p>Hampton arrived at the Lewis house in the morning, -and being connected with no particular brigade, was -ordered to march to the stone bridge. On his march, -hearing of the attack on the rear, and the roar of the -battle being distinctly heard, he changed the direction of -his march toward the firing. Arriving at the Robinson -house, he took position in defense of a battery and attacked -the enemy in his front. Advancing to the turnpike under -fire, Lieut.-Col. B. J. Johnson, of the legion, fell, "as, -with the utmost coolness and gallantry, he was placing -our men in position," says his commander. Soon enveloped -by the enemy in this direction, the legion fell back -with the commands of Bee and Evans to the first position -it occupied, and, as before reported, formed an important -element in re-establishing the battle under the immediate -direction of Generals Beauregard and Johnston.</p> - -<p>The troops ordered by the commanding generals to -prolong the line of battle, formed at 11 o'clock, took -position on the right and left as they successively arrived,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> -those on the left assaulting at once, and vigorously, the -exposed right flank of the enemy, and at each assault -checking, or repulsing, his advance. No attempt will be -made by the author to follow the movements of all of -these gallant troops who thus stemmed the sweeping -advance of strong Federal brigades, and the fire of McDowell's -numerous batteries. He is confined, particularly, -to the South Carolina commands.</p> - -<p>The line of battle as now re-established, south of the -Warrenton turnpike, ran at a right angle with the Bull -run line, and was composed of the shattered commands -of Bee, Bartow and Evans on the right, with Hampton's -legion infantry; Jackson in the center, and Gartrell's, -Smith's, Faulkner's and Fisher's regiments, with two -companies of Stuart's cavalry, on the left. The artillery -was massed near the Henry house. With this line the -assaults of Heintzelman's division and the brigades of -Sherman and Keyes, with their batteries, numbering -some 18,000 strong, were resisted with heroic firmness.</p> - -<p>By 2 o'clock, Kershaw's Second and Cash's Eighth -South Carolina, General Holmes' brigade of two regiments, -Early's brigade, and Walker's and Latham's batteries, -arrived from the Bull run line and reinforced the -left. The enemy now held the great plateau from which -he had driven our forces, and was being vigorously assailed -on his left by Kershaw and Cash, with Kemper's battery, -and by Early and Stuart. General Beauregard ordered -the advance of his center and right, the latter further -strengthened by Cocke's brigade, taken by General Johnston's -order from its position at the stone bridge.</p> - -<p>This charge swept the great plateau, which was then -again in possession of the Confederates. Hampton fell, -wounded in this charge, and Capt. James Conner took -command of the legion. Bee, the heroic and accomplished -soldier, fell at the head of the troops, and Gen. S. -R. Gist, adjutant-general of South Carolina, was wounded -leading the Fourth Alabama. Reinforced, the Federal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> -troops again advanced to possess the plateau, but Kirby -Smith's arrival on the extreme left, and his prompt attack, -with Kershaw's command and Stuart's cavalry, defeated -the right of McDowell's advance and threw it into confusion, -and the charge of Beauregard's center and right -completed the victory of Manassas.</p> - -<p>In the operations of this memorable day, no troops displayed -more heroic courage and fortitude than the troops -from South Carolina, who had the fortune to bear a part -in this the first great shock of arms between the contending -sections. These troops were the Second regiment, -Col. J. B. Kershaw; the Fourth, Col. J. B. E. Sloan; -the Eighth, Col. E. B. Cash; the Legion infantry, Col. -Wade Hampton, and the Fifth, Col. Micah Jenkins. -The latter regiment was not engaged in the great battle, -but, under orders, crossed Bull run and attacked the strong -force in front of McLean's ford. The regiment was -wholly unsupported and was forced to withdraw, Colonel -Jenkins rightly deeming an assault, under the circumstances, -needless.</p> - -<p>The following enumeration of losses is taken from the -several reports of commanders as published in the War -Records, Vol. II, p. 570: Kershaw's regiment, 5 killed, -43 wounded; Sloan's regiment, 11 killed, 79 wounded; -Jenkins' regiment, 3 killed, 23 wounded; Cash's regiment, -5 killed, 23 wounded; Hampton's legion, 19 killed, 102 -wounded; total, 43 killed, 270 wounded.</p> - -<p>Gen. Barnard Elliott Bee, who fell, leading in the final -and triumphant charge of the Confederates, was a South -Carolinian. Col. C. H. Stevens, a volunteer on his staff, -his near kinsman, and the distinguished author of the -iron battery at Sumter, was severely wounded. Lieut.-Col. -B. J. Johnson, who fell in the first position taken by -the Hampton legion, was a distinguished and patriotic -son of the State, and Lieut. O. R. Horton, of the Fourth, -who was killed in front of his company, had been prominent -in the battle of the early morning. At Manassas,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> -South Carolina was well represented by her faithful sons, -who willingly offered their lives in defense of her principles -and her honor. The blood she shed on that ever-memorable -field was but the token of the great offering -with which it was yet to be stained by the sacrifices of -more than a thousand of her noblest sons.</p> - -<p>The battle of Manassas fought and won, and trophies -of the Confederate victory gathered from the plateau of -the great strife, and from the line of the Union army's -retreat, the South Carolina troops with General Beauregard's -command were put into two brigades, Bonham's, -the First, and D. R. Jones', the Third. The Second, -Third, Seventh and Eighth regiments made up General -Bonham's brigade; the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Ninth, -General Jones' brigade. Gregg's First regiment was at -Norfolk, and Hampton's legion was not brigaded. Headquarters -were established at Fairfax Court House, and -the Confederate line ran from Springfield on the Orange -& Alexandria railroad to Little Falls above Georgetown. -No event of great importance occurred in which the -troops of South Carolina took part, in Virginia, during -the remainder of the summer.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>AFFAIRS ON THE COAST—LOSS OF PORT ROYAL HARBOR—GEN. -R. E. LEE IN COMMAND OF THE DEPARTMENT—LANDING -OF FEDERALS AT PORT ROYAL -FERRY—GALLANT FIGHT ON EDISTO ISLAND—GENERAL -PEMBERTON SUCCEEDS LEE IN COMMAND—DEFENSIVE -LINE, APRIL, 1862.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">Throughout</span> the summer of 1861, in Charleston -and along the coast of South Carolina, all was -activity in the work of preparation and defense. -On August 21st, Brig.-Gen. R. S. Ripley, whose promotion -to that rank had been applauded by the soldiers and -citizens of the State, was assigned to the "department of -South Carolina and the coast defenses of that State." -On assuming command, General Ripley found the governor -and people fully alive to the seriousness of the situation, -and everything being done which the limited -resources of the State permitted, to erect fortifications -and batteries on the coast, and to arm and equip troops -for State and Confederate service.</p> - -<p>Governor Pickens wrote to the secretary of war at -Richmond about the time of the Federal expedition to -North Carolina, and the capture of the batteries at Hatteras -inlet, urgently requesting that Gregg's First regiment -might be sent him from Virginia, as he expected -an attack to be made at some point on the coast. In this -letter he begged that 40,000 pounds of cannon powder be -forwarded from Norfolk at once. The governor had -bought in December, 1860, and January, 1861, 300,000 -pounds from Hazard's mills in Connecticut, for the use -of the State, but he had loaned 25,000 pounds to the governor -of North Carolina, 5,000 pounds to the governor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> -Florida, and a large amount to the governor of Tennessee. -Of what remained he needed 40,000 pounds to supply -"about 100 guns on the coast below Charleston." -The governor estimated the troops in the forts and on the -islands around Charleston at 1,800 men, all well drilled, -and a reserve force in the city of 3,000. These forces, -with Manigault's, Heyward's, Dunovant's and Orr's -regiments, he estimated at about 9,500 effective.</p> - -<p>On October 1st, General Ripley reported his Confederate -force, not including the battalion of regular artillery -and the regiment of regular infantry, at 7,713 effectives, -stationed as follows: Orr's First rifles, on Sullivan's -island, 1,521; Hagood's First, Cole's island and stone -forts, 1,115; Dunovant's Twelfth, north and south -Edisto, 367; Manigault's Tenth, Georgetown and -defenses, 538; Jones' Fourteenth, camp near Aiken, -739; Heyward's Eleventh, Beaufort and defenses, 758; -cavalry, camp near Columbia, 173; cavalry, camp near -Aiken, 62; arsenal, Charleston (artillery), 68; Edwards' -Thirteenth, De Saussure's Fifteenth, and remainder of -Dunovant's Twelfth, 2,372.</p> - -<p>On the first day of November, the governor received the -following dispatch from the acting secretary of war: "I -have just received information which I consider entirely -reliable, that the enemy's expedition is intended for Port -Royal." Governor Pickens answered: "Please telegraph -General Anderson at Wilmington, and General -Lawton at Savannah, to send what forces they can spare, -as the difficulty with us is as to arms." Ripley replied, -"Will act at once. A fine, strong, southeast gale blowing, -which will keep him off for a day or so." The fleet -sailed from Hampton Roads on the 29th of October, and -on the 4th of November the leading vessels that had -withstood the gale appeared off Port Royal harbor. The -storm had wrecked several of the transports, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> -whole fleet suffered and was delayed until the 7th, before -Admiral DuPont was ready to move in to the attack of -the forts defending this great harbor.</p> - -<p>Port Royal harbor was defended by two forts, Walker -and Beauregard, the former on Hilton Head island, and -the latter on Bay point opposite. The distance across -the harbor, from fort to fort, is nearly 3 miles, the harbor -ample and deep, and the water on the bar allowing the -largest vessels to enter without risk. A fleet of 100 sail -could maneuver between Forts Walker and Beauregard -and keep out of range of all but their heaviest guns. To -defend such a point required guns of the longest range -and the heaviest weight of metal.</p> - -<p>In planning the defense of Port Royal, General Beauregard -designed that batteries of 10-inch columbiads and -rifled guns should be placed on the water fronts of both -forts, and so directed; but the guns were not to be had, -and the engineers, Maj. Francis D. Lee and Capt. J. W. -Gregory, were obliged to mount the batteries of the forts -with such guns as the Confederate government and the -governor of South Carolina could command. The forts -were admirably planned and built, the planters in the -vicinity of the forts supplying all the labor necessary, so -that by September 1, 1861, they were ready for the -guns.</p> - -<p>Fort Walker mounted twenty guns and Fort Beauregard -nineteen, but of this armament Walker could use but -thirteen, and Beauregard but seven against a fleet attacking -from the front. The rest of the guns were placed -for defense against attack by land, or were too light to -be of any use. The twenty guns of Walker and Beauregard -that were used in the battle with the fleet, were -wholly insufficient, both in weight of metal and number. -The heaviest of the guns in Walker were two columbiads, -10-inch and 8-inch, and a 9-inch rifled Dahlgren. -The rest of the thirteen were 42, 32 and 24 pounders. Of -the seven guns in Beauregard, one was a 10-inch colum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>biad, -and one a 24-pounder, rifled. The rest were 42 and -32 pounders; one of the latter fired hot shot.</p> - -<p>Col. William C. Heyward, Eleventh South Carolina -volunteers, commanded at Fort Walker, and Col. R. G. -M. Dunovant, of the Twelfth, commanded at Fort Beauregard. -The guns at Walker were manned by Companies -A and B, of the German Flying Artillery, Capts. D. -Werner and H. Harms; Company C, Eleventh volunteers, -Capt. Josiah Bedon, and detachments from the -Eleventh under Capt. D. S. Canaday. Maj. Arthur M. -Huger, of the Charleston artillery battalion, was in command -of the front batteries, and of the whole fort after -Col. John A. Wagener was disabled. The guns in Fort -Beauregard were manned by the Beaufort artillery; -Company A, Eleventh volunteers, Capt. Stephen Elliott, -and Company D, Eleventh volunteers, Capt. J. J. Harrison; -Captain Elliott directing the firing. The infantry -support at Walker was composed of three companies of -the Eleventh and four companies of the Twelfth, and -a company of mounted men under Capt. I. H. Screven. -The fighting force of Fort Walker then, on the morning -of the 7th of November, preparing to cope with the great -fleet about to attack, was represented by thirteen guns, -manned and supported by 622 men. The infantry support -at Fort Beauregard was composed of six companies -of the Twelfth, the whole force at Beauregard, under -Colonel Dunovant, amounting to 640 men and seven -guns.</p> - -<p>Brig.-Gen. Thomas F. Drayton, with headquarters at -Beaufort, commanded the defenses at Port Royal harbor -and vicinity. He removed his headquarters to Hilton -Head on the 5th, and pushed forward every preparation -in his power for the impending battle. The remote -position of Fort Beauregard and the interposition of the -fleet, lying just out of range, made it impossible to reinforce -that point. An attempt made early on the morning -of the 7th, supported by the gallant Commodore Tattnall,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> -was prevented by the actual intervention of the leading -battleships of the enemy. Fort Walker, however, -received just before the engagement, a reinforcement of -the Fifteenth volunteers, Colonel DeSaussure, 650 -strong; Captain Read's battery of two 12-pounder howitzers, -50 men and 450 Georgia infantry, under Capt. T. J. -Berry.</p> - -<p>The morning of the 7th of November was a still, clear, -beautiful morning, "not a ripple," wrote General Drayton, -"upon the broad expanse of water to disturb the -accuracy of fire from the broad decks of that magnificent -armada, about advancing in battle array." The attack -came about 9 o'clock, nineteen of the battleships -moving up and following each other in close order, firing -upon Fort Beauregard as they passed, then turning to -the left and south, passing in range of Walker, and pouring -broadside after broadside into that fort. Captain -Elliott reports: "This circuit was performed three -times, after which they remained out of reach of any -except our heaviest guns." From this position the heavy -metal and long range guns of nineteen batteries poured -forth a ceaseless bombardment of both Beauregard and -Walker, but paying most attention to the latter.</p> - -<p>Both forts replied with determination, the gunners -standing faithfully to their guns, but the vastly superior -weight of metal and the number of the Federal batteries, -and the distance of their positions from the forts (never -less than 2,500 yards from Beauregard and 2,000 from -Walker), made the contest hopeless for the Confederates -almost from the first shot. Shortly after the engagement -began, several of the largest vessels took flanking positions -out of reach of the 32-pounder guns in Walker, and -raked the parapet of that fort. "So soon as these positions -had been established," reported Major Huger, "the -fort was fought simply as a point of honor, for from that -moment we were defeated." This flank fire, with the -incessant direct discharge of the fleet's heavy batteries,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> -dismounted or disabled most of Fort Walker's guns. -The 10-inch columbiad was disabled early in the action; -the shells for the rifled guns were too large to be used, -and the ammunition for all but the 32-pounders exhausted, -when, after four hours of hard fighting, Colonel -Heyward ordered that two guns should be served slowly, -while the sick and wounded were removed from the fort; -that accomplished, the fort to be abandoned. Thus terminated -the fight at Fort Walker.</p> - -<p>At Fort Beauregard, the battle went more fortunately -for the Confederates. A caisson was exploded by the -fire of the fleet, and the rifled 24-pounder burst, and several -men and officers were wounded by these events, but -none of the guns were dismounted, and Captain Elliott -only ceased firing when Walker was abandoned. In his -report, he says: "Our fire was directed almost exclusively -at the larger vessels. They were seen to be struck -repeatedly, but the distance, never less than 2,500 yards, -prevented our ascertaining the extent of injury." General -Drayton successfully conducted his retreat from -Hilton Head, and Colonel Dunovant from Bay point, all -the troops being safely concentrated on the main behind -Beaufort.</p> - -<p>The taking of Port Royal harbor on the 7th of November, -1861, gave the navy of the United States a safe and -ample anchorage, while the numerous and rich islands -surrounding it afforded absolutely safe and comfortable -camping grounds for the army of Gen. T. W. Sherman, -who was specially in charge of this expedition. The -effect of this Union victory was to give the fleet and -army of the United States a permanent and abundant -base of operations against the whole coast of South Carolina, -and against either Charleston or Savannah, as the -Federal authorities might elect; but its worst result was -the immediate abandonment of the whole sea-island -country around Beaufort, the houses and estates of the -planters being left to pillage and ruin, and thousands of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> -negro slaves falling into the hands of the enemy. General -Sherman wrote to his government, from Hilton -Head, that the effect of his victory was startling. Every -white inhabitant had left the islands of Hilton Head, St. -Helena, Ladies, and Port Royal, and the beautiful -estates of the planters were at the mercy of hordes of -negroes.</p> - -<p>The loss of the forts had demonstrated the power of the -Federal fleet, and the impossibility of defending the -island coast with the guns which the State and the Confederacy -could furnish. The 32 and 42 pounders were -no match for the 11-inch batteries of the fleet, and gunboats -of light draught, carrying such heavy guns, could -enter the numerous rivers and creeks and cut off forts or -batteries at exposed points, while larger vessels attacked -them, as at Port Royal, in front. It was evident that -the rich islands of the coast were at the mercy of the -Federal fleet, whose numerous gunboats and armed -steamers, unopposed by forts or batteries, could cover -the landing of troops at any point or on any island -selected.</p> - -<p>On the capture of Port Royal, it was uncertain, of -course, what General Sherman's plans would be, or what -force he had with which to move on the railroad between -Charleston and Savannah. The fleet was ample for all -aggressive purposes along the coast, but it was not -known at the time that the army numbered less than -15,000 men, all told. But it was well known how easily a -landing could be effected within a few miles of the railroad -bridges crossing the three upper branches of the -Broad river, the Coosawhatchie, Tulifinny and Pocotaligo, -and the rivers nearer to Charleston, the Combahee, -Ashepoo and Edisto. Bluffton, easily reached by gunboats, -afforded a good landing and base for operations -against the railroad at Hardeeville, only 4 miles from -the Savannah river, and 15 from the city of Savannah. -On this account, General Ripley, assisted by the planters,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> -caused the upper branches of the Broad, and the other -rivers toward Charleston to be obstructed, and meanwhile -stationed the troops at his command at points covering -the landings.</p> - -<p>General Drayton, with a part of Martin's regiment of -cavalry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Colcock, and Heyward's -and De Saussure's regiments, was watching Bluffton -and the roads to Hendersonville. Clingman's and -Radcliffe's North Carolina regiments, with artillery -under Col. A. J. Gonzales, Captain Trezevant's company -of cavalry, and the Charleston Light Dragoons and the -Rutledge Riflemen, were stationed in front of Grahamville, -to watch the landings from the Broad. Colonel -Edwards' regiment and Moore's light battery were at -Coosawhatchie, Colonel Dunovant's at Pocotaligo, and -Colonel Jones', with Tripp's company of cavalry, in front -of the important landing at Port Royal ferry. Colonel -Martin, with part of his regiment of cavalry, was in -observation at the landings on Combahee, Ashepoo and -Edisto rivers. The idea of this disposition, made by -Ripley immediately upon the fall of Forts Walker and -Beauregard, was to guard the railroad bridges, and keep -the troops in hand to be moved for concentration in case -any definite point was attacked.</p> - -<p>On the 8th of November, the day after Port Royal was -taken, Gen. Robert E. Lee took command of the department -of South Carolina and Georgia, by order of the -President of the Confederacy. It was evident to him -that the mouths of the rivers and the sea islands, except -those immediately surrounding the harbor of Charleston, -could not be defended with the guns and troops at his -command, and, disappointing and distressing as such a -view was to the governor and especially to the island -planters, whose homes and estates must be abandoned -and ruined, General Lee prepared for the inevitable. -He wrote to General Ripley, in Charleston, to review the -whole subject and suggest what changes should be made.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> -"I am in favor," he wrote, "of abandoning all exposed -points as far as possible within reach of the enemy's fleet -of gunboats, and of taking interior positions, where all -can meet on more equal terms. All our resources should -be applied to those positions." Subsequently the government -at Richmond ordered General Lee, by telegraph, -to withdraw all his forces from the islands to the mainland. -When the order was carried out, it was done at -a terrible sacrifice, to which the planters and citizens -yielded in patient and noble submission, turning their -backs upon their homes and their property with self-sacrificing -devotion to the cause of Southern independence. -Never were men and women subjected to a greater test -of the depth and strength of their sentiments, or put to -a severer trial of their patriotism, than were the planters -and their families, who abandoned their houses and -estates along the coast of South Carolina, and retired as -refugees into the interior, all the men who were able -entering the army.</p> - -<p>At the time of the fall of Forts Walker and Beauregard, -Charleston harbor was defended by Forts Moultrie -and Sumter, Castle Pinckney and Fort Johnson, and by -batteries on Sullivan's and Morris islands. All these -were to be strengthened, and the harbor made secure -against any attack in front. To prevent the occupation -of James island, the mouth of Stono river was defended -by forts built on Cole's and Battery islands, and a line -of defensive works built across the island. No attempt -had been made to erect forts or batteries in defense of -the inlets of Worth or South Edisto, but the harbor of -Georgetown was protected by works unfinished on Cat -and South islands, for twenty guns, the heaviest of which -were 32-pounders.</p> - -<p>When General Lee took command, November 8th, -he established his headquarters at Coosawhatchie, and -divided the line of defense into five military districts, -from east to west, as follows: The First, from the North<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> -Carolina line to the South Santee, under Col. A. M. -Manigault, Tenth volunteers, with headquarters at -Georgetown; the Second, from the South Santee to the -Stono, under Gen. R. S. Ripley, with headquarters at -Charleston; the Third, from the Stono to the Ashepoo, -under Gen. N. G. Evans, with headquarters at Adams' -run; the Fourth, from Ashepoo to Port Royal entrance, -under Gen. J. C. Pemberton, with headquarters at Coosawhatchie; -the Fifth, the remainder of the line to the -Savannah river, under Gen. T. F. Drayton, with headquarters -at Hardeeville.</p> - -<p>On the 27th of December, General Lee wrote to Governor -Pickens that his movable force for the defense of -the State, not including the garrisons of the forts at -Georgetown and those of Moultrie, Sumter, Johnson, -Castle Pinckney and the works for the defense of the -approaches through Stono, Wappoo, etc., which could -not be removed from their posts, amounted to 10,036 -Confederate troops—the Fourth brigade, South Carolina -militia, 1,531 strong; Colonel Martin's mounted regiment, -567 strong; two regiments from North Carolina, -Clingman's and Radcliffe's; two regiments from Tennessee, -the Eighth and Sixteenth, and Colonel Starke's Virginia -regiment; the Tennesseeans and Virginians making -a brigade under Brigadier-General Donelson. The above, -with four field batteries, made up the force scattered -from Charleston to the Savannah river, and stationed -along the line, on the mainland, in front of the headquarters -above named.</p> - -<p>Nothing of great importance occurred for the remainder -of the year 1861 along the coast of South Carolina, -except the sinking of a "stone fleet" of some twenty -vessels across the main ship channel on December 20th, -in Charleston harbor. This was done by the order of -the United States government to assist the blockade of -the port, and was pronounced by General Lee as an -"achievement unworthy of any nation."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> - -<p>On January 1, 1862, at Port Royal ferry, was demonstrated -the ease with which a large force could be placed -on the mainland under the protection of the fleet batteries. -Brig.-Gen. Isaac Stevens landed a brigade of 3,000 -men for the purpose of capturing a supposed battery of -heavy guns, which, it was believed, the Confederates had -built at the head of the causeway leading to Port Royal -ferry. Landing from Chisolm's island, some distance -east of the small earthwork, Col. James Jones, Fourteenth -volunteers, had promptly withdrawn the guns in -the earthwork, except a 12-pounder, which was overturned -in a ditch. Believing the movement to be an -attack in force upon the railroad, Colonel Jones disposed -his regiment and a part of the Twelfth, under Lieut.-Col. -Dixon Barnes, with a section of Leake's battery, and 42 -mounted men, under Major Oswald, for resisting the -attack, forming his line about a mile from the ferry. -But there was no engagement. The deserted earthwork -was easily captured, and the 12-pounder gun righted on -its carriage and hauled off, under the constant bombardment -of the vessels in the Coosaw river. The opposing -troops caught glimpses of each other, and fired accordingly, -but not much harm was done on either side. Colonel -Jones lost Lieut. J. A. Powers and 6 men killed and -20 wounded by the fire of the gunboats, and Colonel -Barnes, 1 man killed and 4 wounded; 32 casualties. The -Federal general reported 2 men killed, 12 wounded and -1 captured. During the winter and early spring the fleet -was busy exploring the rivers, sounding the channels, and -landing reconnoitering parties on the various islands.</p> - -<p>Edisto island was garrisoned early in February, and -the commander, Col. Henry Moore, Forty-seventh New -York, wrote to the adjutant-general in Washington, on -the 15th, that he was within 25 miles of Charleston; considered -Edisto island "the great key" to that city, and -with a reinforcement of 10,000 men could "in less than -three days be in Charleston."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> - -<p>It will be noted in this connection that early in March, -General Lee was called to Richmond and placed in command -of the armies of the Confederacy, and General -Pemberton, promoted to major-general, was assigned to -the department of South Carolina and Georgia. Major-General -Hunter, of the Federal army, had assumed command -instead of General Sherman, the last of March, and -reported to his government, "about 17,000 troops scattered -along the coast from St. Augustine, Fla., to North -Edisto inlet." Of these troops, 12,230 were on the -South Carolina coast—4,500 on Hilton Head island; -3,600 at Beaufort; 1,400 on Edisto, and the rest at other -points. The force on Edisto was advanced to the northern -part of the island, with a strong guard on Little -Edisto, which touches the mainland and is cut off from -the large island by Watts' cut and a creek running across -its northern neck. Communication with the large island -from Little Edisto is by a bridge and causeway, about -the middle of the creek's course.</p> - -<p>This being the situation, General Evans, commanding -the Third district, with headquarters at Adams' run, -determined to capture the guard on Little Edisto and -make an armed reconnoissance on the main island. The -project was intrusted to Col. P. F. Stevens, commanding -the Holcombe legion, and was quite successfully -executed. On the morning of March 29th, before day, -Colonel Stevens, with his legion, Nelson's battalion, -and a company of cavalry, attacked and dispersed the -picket at Watts cut, crossed and landed on the main island -west of the bridge, which communicated with Little -Edisto. Moving south into the island, he detached -Maj. F. G. Palmer, with seven companies, 260 men, to -attack the picket at the bridge, cross over to Little Edisto, -burn the bridge behind him, and capture the force thus cut -off on Little Edisto, which was believed to be at least two -companies. Palmer carried the bridge by a charge, and -crossing over, left two of his staff, Rev. John D. McCul<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>lough, -chaplain of the legion, and Mr. Irwin, with Lieutenant -Bishop's company of the legion, to burn the -bridge, and pushed on after the retreating force. Day -had broken, but a heavy fog obscured every object, and -the attack on the Federals was made at great disadvantage. -Palmer captured a lieutenant and 20 men and non-commissioned -officers, the remainder of the force escaping -in the fog. Colonel Stevens marched within sound of -the long roll beating in the camps in the interior, and -taking a few prisoners, returned to the mainland by -Watts' cut, and Palmer crossed his command and prisoners -over at the north end of Little Edisto in a small boat, -which could only carry five men at a time, flats which -were on the way to him having failed to arrive. Several -of the Federal soldiers were killed and wounded in -this affair, the Confederates having two slightly wounded. -But for the dense fog the entire force on Little Edisto -would have been captured.</p> - -<p>General Pemberton, on assuming command, executed -General Lee's purpose and ordered the removal of the -guns from Fort Palmetto on Cole's island, at the mouth -of the Stono, and from the works at the mouth of -Georgetown harbor. Georgetown was then at the mercy -of the fleet, but there was no help for it, for Port Royal -had shown that the guns which the Confederates could -command were practically inefficient against the batteries -of the fleet. For the rear defense of Charleston, James -island must be the battleground, and the forces on the -mainland, along the line of the Charleston & Savannah -railroad, must depend upon rapid concentration to resist -an advance from any one of the numerous landings in -front of that line. The regiment of regular South Carolina -infantry, and the regiment of regular artillery, -splendidly drilled as gunners, and officered by accomplished -soldiers, garrisoned the harbor defenses, and Ripley's -energy and high capacity were constantly exerted to -secure a perfect defense of the city of Charleston.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> - -<p>The troops on James island and on the line of railroad, -as reported April 30, 1862, present for duty, numbered -22,275, rank and file, stationed as follows: In the -First district, Col. R. F. Graham, 1,254; Second district, -Brigadier-General Ripley, 8,672; Third district, Brigadier-General -Evans, 5,400; Fourth district, Col. P. H. -Colquitt, 1,582; Fifth district, Col. P. H. Colquitt, 2,222; -Sixth district, Brigadier-General Drayton, 3,145; total, -22,275.</p> - -<p>The above statement includes infantry, artillery and -cavalry. They were all South Carolina troops except -Phillips' Georgia legion (infantry), Thornton's Virginia -battery, and a company of Georgia cavalry, under Capt. -T. H. Johnson. Manigault's Tenth volunteers and -Moragné's Nineteenth, with the two Tennessee regiments -under Brigadier-General Donelson, had been sent to Corinth -to reinforce Beauregard in the west, and Dunovant's -Twelfth, Edwards' Thirteenth, McGowan's Fourteenth -(Col. James Jones having resigned), and Orr's rifles had -gone to the aid of General Johnston in Virginia. Such -was the situation in South Carolina at the close of April, -1862.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>SOUTH CAROLINIANS IN VIRGINIA—BATTLE OF WILLIAMSBURG—ELTHAM'S -LANDING—SEVEN PINES -AND FAIR OAKS—NINE-MILE ROAD—GAINES' MILL—SAVAGE -STATION—FRAYSER'S FARM—MALVERN -HILL.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">In</span> Virginia, Gen. George B. McClellan had been placed -in command of the great army which he had fully -organized, and his headquarters had been established -at Fort Monroe early in April, preparatory to his advance -upon Richmond by way of the James river and the peninsula. -Gen. Joseph E. Johnston commanded the Confederate -army for the defense of Richmond, with headquarters -at Yorktown, April 17th. Holding Yorktown -and the line which ran across the peninsula to the Warwick, -until the 4th of May, Johnston retired from Williamsburg. -His army, about 53,000 strong, was opposed -by McClellan's splendidly equipped and organized army, -estimated by General Johnston at 133,000. It was Johnston's -intention to fall back slowly on the defenses of -Richmond, and then, being joined by the division of -Huger from Norfolk, and other reinforcements which he -expected the Confederate government would order to his -army, to give McClellan battle in front of those defenses -on more equal terms.</p> - -<p>Johnston's army at that time was composed of the -divisions of Magruder (commanded by D. R. Jones), -Longstreet, D. H. Hill and G. W. Smith. Magruder -and Smith had passed beyond Williamsburg on the -march to Richmond, and Hill, encumbered with the -trains and baggage, was also moving beyond that point, -on the afternoon of the 4th, when Longstreet's rear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> -guard was attacked, in front of Williamsburg, by the -Federal advance. This attack was met and checked -by two brigades under Brigadier-General McLaws -(Semmes' and Kershaw's), with Manly's battery. In -this brief history, the writer is confined, by the plan of -the work, to the part taken in each action by the troops -of South Carolina. The grateful task of speaking of -troops from other States is resigned with the understanding -that ample justice will be done them by writers who -have been selected to record the history of their courage, -skill and devotion as soldiers of the Confederacy.</p> - -<p>In this affair of the afternoon of the 4th of May, Kershaw's -brigade, the Second, Third, Seventh and Eighth -South Carolina, bore a part, and though but little blood -was spilled, the gallant conduct of the brigade received the -notice and commendation of General McLaws, who, in -reporting the action, said: "I call attention to the -promptness with which General Kershaw placed his men -in the various positions assigned him, and the readiness -with which he seized on the advantage offered by the -ground as he advanced to the front.... His command -obeyed his orders with an alacrity and skill creditable to -the gallant and obedient soldiers composing it." The -result of the combat was, that McLaws checked the Federal -advance, captured several prisoners, one piece of -artillery, three caissons, and disabled a battery, and lost -not exceeding 15 men killed, wounded and missing. A -part of Stuart's cavalry was also engaged, and that officer -complimented the conduct of the Hampton legion cavalry -in high terms, for "a brilliant dash upon the enemy's -cavalry in front of Fort Magruder.... Disinterested -officers, spectators, speak in the most glowing terms of -that portion of my brigade."</p> - -<p>It was evident to General Johnston that the safety of -his trains required that a more decided opposition be -offered to the Federal advance, and Longstreet's division -was put in position to meet it on the following morn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>ing. -The battle which followed, accordingly, on the 5th, -fulfilled the general's expectations, and was a bloody -engagement, continuing at intervals from early morning -until near dark, the two divisions (Longstreet's under -Anderson and D. H. Hill's) repelling the assaults of -thirty-three regiments of infantry, six batteries of artillery, -and three regiments of cavalry.</p> - -<p>The battle in front of Williamsburg was fought in terrible -weather, the whole country flooded by the rains, -the roads almost impassable for artillery, and the troops -"wading in mud and slush," as General Hill expressed -it. On the morning of the 5th, Longstreet held the forts -and line in front of Williamsburg. Anderson's South -Carolina brigade, commanded by Col. Micah Jenkins, -was stationed in Fort Magruder, and in the redoubts and -breastworks to the right and left of the fort. This brigade -was composed of the Palmetto sharpshooters, -Lieut.-Col. Joseph Walker; Fourth battalion, Maj. -C. S. Mattison; Fifth, Col. John R. Giles, and Sixth, -Col. John Bratton, Lieut.-Col. J. M. Steedman.</p> - -<p>The position at Fort Magruder was the center of Longstreet's -line and was the point at which the battle opened -at 6 o'clock in the morning. Major Mattison, commanding -the pickets in front of Fort Magruder, was -sharply engaged, and being reinforced by a battalion of -the sharpshooters, had quite a picket battle before retiring -to the fort. The attack on Fort Magruder and on -the redoubts and breastworks to the right and left of it, -was at once opened with artillery and infantry, and the -superiority of the Federal artillery and small-arms put -Jenkins' command at great disadvantage. But the artillery -in the fort and the redoubts was so well directed, -the gallant gunners stood so heroically to their guns, -and were so firmly supported by the Carolina infantry, -that the Federal columns could not assault the line, and -were driven back and compelled by noon to change the -point of attack further to the Confederate left. Mean<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>while, -Longstreet was assailing the Federal left, and -gaining ground with the remainder of his division, supported -by reinforcements from Hill's, called back from -their march beyond Williamsburg. In the afternoon, -General Hill brought his whole division on the field, and -reinforcing the center, commanded by Anderson, and -leading the left in person, a final advance was made -which ended the fighting by sunset, the Confederates -occupying the field, the Federals being repulsed from -right to left.</p> - -<p>In the defense of the center and left, Anderson's brigade, -under Jenkins, bore a conspicuous part. In Fort -Magruder, the Richmond howitzers and the Fayette -artillery lost so many men by the fire of the enemy, that -details were made by Colonel Jenkins from the infantry -to relieve the men at the guns. By concentrating the -artillery fire on particular batteries in succession, and -by volley firing at the gunners, Jenkins compelled his -assailants to shift their positions, while the regiments of -Bratton, Giles, Walker and Mattison poured their well-directed -fire into the threatening columns of Federal -infantry.</p> - -<p>At an important period of the battle on the right, when -the Federal left had been driven back and was exposed -to the full fire of Fort Magruder, every gun was turned -upon it. In the afternoon, and just before D. H. Hill's -attack on his right, the Federal commander had gained -a position almost turning the Confederate left. At this -critical juncture, the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth South -Carolina regiments, with the Fourteenth Alabama, Major -Royston, splendidly supported by Dearing's and Stribling's -batteries, and three guns under Lieutenant Fortier, -met the movement with firmness, and, aided by the -fire from Fort Magruder, checked and repulsed the Federal -right, and held the Confederate left intact.</p> - -<p>General McClellan claimed a great victory at Williamsburg, -basing his claim upon the occupation of the town the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> -next day, the capture of 300 prisoners and 1,000 wounded, -and five guns. But the fact is, that the battle was fought -by General Johnston with two divisions of his army, for -no other purpose than to secure his trains and make good -his retreat upon Richmond, and this he accomplished. -The divisions that fought the battle slept on the field, and -left their positions without molestation on the morning -of the 6th. Johnston marched only 12 miles on the 6th, -and was not pursued. Four hundred wounded were left -at Williamsburg because he had no ambulances, and the -wagons were out of reach on the march toward Richmond. -Four hundred prisoners, several stand of colors, -and cannon were taken, and the Confederate loss, 1,560 -killed and wounded, was only two-thirds that of the Federals.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> -With these facts before us, Williamsburg cannot -be considered a victory for General McClellan.</p> - -<p>Regarding the morale of the Confederate army at this -period, a distinguished commander of one of its divisions -wrote: "Our revolutionary sires did not suffer more at -Valley Forge than did our army at Yorktown, and in the -retreat from it. Notwithstanding the rain, cold, mud, -hunger, watching and fatigue, I never heard a murmur, -nor witnessed a single act of insubordination. The want -of discipline manifested itself only in straggling, which -is the curse of our army."</p> - -<p>The security of General Johnston's march toward -Richmond was seriously threatened on the second day -after the battle at Williamsburg, May 7th. The menace -came from the direction of Eltham's landing, at the -head of the York, where General McClellan was disembarking -several of the divisions of his army. Franklin's -division had landed, and was in line of battle well in -front and covering the disembarkation of the other divisions. -In this position, Franklin's advance was within 3 -miles of Johnston's line of march, and his trains and artil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>lery -were in danger. Gen. G. W. Smith's division, under -Whiting, was halted at Barhamsville (West Point) until -the rest of the army had passed, and had been kept fully -apprised of the Federal position between Barhamsville -and the river. To keep the enemy back until the army -had passed this point, General Smith ordered Whiting's -division to move out toward the river and attack and drive -back the Federal line. The attack was made by Hood's -Texas brigade and two commands of Hampton's brigade, -with S. D. Lee's artillery. The troops engaged on -the Federal side composed the division of Franklin.</p> - -<p>It was a spirited affair, the Hampton legion infantry, -commanded by Lieut.-Col. J. B. Griffin and Maj. James -Conner, and the Nineteenth Georgia, Lieutenant-Colonel -Johnson, vying with Hood's gallant Texans in the steady -advance. The Federals were driven back to the river -line and held their position firmly, and the guns of the -fleet being opened on the Confederates, Hood and Hampton -withdrew their supports and resumed the march that -night toward New Kent Court House. Hood lost 8 -killed and 28 wounded, and Hampton, 12 wounded. -Forty-six prisoners were taken. The reported loss of -General Franklin was, killed 48, wounded 110, captured -28; total 186.</p> - -<p>After the affair, General Franklin reported it a success -for his division, and concluded by congratulating -himself that he had maintained his position. Hampton, -in his report, complimented the officers and men of the -legion, and of the Nineteenth Georgia, and mentioned -particularly Lieutenant-Colonel Griffin, commanding his -infantry battalion, Major Conner, in command of skirmishers, -and Maj. Stephen D. Lee, commanding his -artillery. In this affair the Confederates had five regiments -and a battery actually engaged, and a brigade in -support (but not engaged) on each flank. The return of -casualties by the Federal record shows losses in six regiments, -and a battery. The affair occurred for the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> -part in the woods east and west of the road leading from -Barhamsville to Eltham's landing, and within range of -the guns of the vessels in York river.</p> - -<p>Arriving before the defenses of Richmond, General -Johnston encamped his army north and east of the city, -with grand guards well out on the roads leading from -Richmond to the crossing of the Chickahominy, and in -the direction of the landings on the James. His cavalry, -under Stuart, was immediately in observation of the -troops of Franklin at Eltham, and of General McClellan's -main advance from Williamsburg. The Federal army -moved up the peninsula by the roads leading to White -House, on the Pamunkey, and thence, on the north side -of the Chickahominy, as far as Mechanicsville. All the -bridges, including the York river railroad bridge crossing -the Chickahominy, had been destroyed, and Johnston's -army was south of that stream. By the 20th of May, -McClellan had seized the crossings of the Chickahominy -from Bottom's bridge up to Meadow bridge, the latter -point being immediately north of Richmond, and within -5 miles of the defenses of the city. His left, at Bottom's -bridge, was about 12 miles in a direct line from the city's -limits. The general direction of the Chickahominy is -from northwest to southeast, between these points. By -the 26th of May, the Third and Fourth corps of the Federal -army, under Generals Heintzelman and Keyes, had -crossed at Bottom's bridge, and by the 30th, the latter -corps had intrenched itself on the Richmond side of -Seven Pines and Fair Oaks station, with its right refused -toward the Chickahominy swamp. The other corps of -the Federal army were north of the Chickahominy, opposite -bridges which had been constructed for their convenience -in crossing. Heintzelman's corps was in the vicinity -of Bottom's bridge. There had been incessant rains, -and the whole country was flooded with water and the -roads almost impassable for artillery.</p> - -<p>On the 30th of May, General Johnston determined to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> -attack Keyes on the 31st at Seven Pines, and crush -his corps before it could be reinforced from the north of -the Chickahominy or to any extent by Heintzelman from -Bottom's bridge. To understand his plan of attack, it -will be necessary to explain the situation more minutely. -Seven Pines and Fair Oaks are about a mile apart, and -distant from Richmond about 7½ and 7 miles. Fair -Oaks is on the railroad, and Seven Pines on the Williamsburg -road. Two roads which figure in this account, -and the railroad, run east from Richmond practically -parallel for 5 miles, the Nine-mile road to the north, -below it the railroad, and further south the Williamsburg -road. At Old Tavern, 5 miles from Richmond, the -Nine-mile road turns southeast, crosses the railroad at -Fair Oaks, and joins the Williamsburg road at Seven -Pines. About 2 miles from Richmond, on the Williamsburg -road, the Charles City road turns off to the southeast. -White Oak swamp lies between Seven Pines and the -Charles City road. To strike the corps at Seven Pines, -the direct road would be the Williamsburg road, with -the Charles City road running to the Federal left. To -strike him at Fair Oaks, the direct road would be the -railroad, with the Nine-mile road coming to the same -point (Fair Oaks) from Old Tavern, and affording good -points from which to turn the Federal right.</p> - -<p>Johnston's plan of attack was admirably considered. -D. H. Hill's division was to attack at Seven Pines by the -Williamsburg road; Brig.-Gen. Benjamin Huger's division -was to attack the left flank by the Charles City road; -Longstreet's division was to attack at Fair Oaks by the -Nine-mile road, and W. H. C. Whiting's division was to -support the whole by guarding the Confederate left and -watching against reinforcements coming from the north -side of the Chickahominy. The plan was perfect, but it -was not executed, except in one particular; the attack -assigned to D. H. Hill was a splendid achievement, and -won the main success of the day, May 31st. In securing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> -that success, the brigade of R. H. Anderson bore a most -conspicuous part, and to describe its operations is now -the writer's duty.</p> - -<p>The battle, which had been ordered to begin at an -early hour in the morning, was not opened until Hill led -his splendid division to the attack at 1 p. m. The four -brigades of the division, Rodes and Rains on the south of -the road, and Garland and G. B. Anderson on the north -side, with Bondurant's and Carter's batteries, had beaten -Casey's Federal divisions with its supports, driven them -back on the Federal second line, at Seven Pines, captured -eight guns, and was now attacking the Federal line -intrenched right and left across the Williamsburg road, -at Seven Pines, running toward Fair Oaks. Pressing -his attack on this position in front, and on the Federal -left, Hill sent back for another brigade to co-operate in -the attack, by moving along the railroad on his left and -striking at the Federal right and rear. "In a few -moments," says General Hill, "the magnificent brigade -of R. H. Anderson came to my support," and being -ordered by Hill immediately on his extreme left, it -began its effective operations. General Hill ordered -Colonel Jenkins, with the Palmetto sharpshooters and -the Sixth South Carolina, Colonel Bratton, to march -through the woods beyond his extreme left to the railroad, -move down it toward the Federal right flank at -Seven Pines, and strike at the rear of that position, -while the rest of Anderson's brigade attacked on the -immediate left of Hill, between Casey's captured line -and the railroad, Anderson directing his own and Jenkins' -movements. The sequel will show how remarkably -well these battlefield orders were carried out. Jenkins, -with his own and Bratton's regiment, and the Twenty-seventh -Georgia, from one of Hill's left brigades, formed -line of attack in the woods, facing northeast, and gallantly -moved against a portion of General Couch's division -posted there. General Anderson, with the Fourth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> -and Fifth South Carolina, under Major Mattison and Colonel -Giles, on the right of Jenkins and on the immediate -left of Hill's attacking troops, formed his line in the same -wood facing with Jenkins' line, but some distance from it, -and, supported by artillery fire from Hill's line, attacked -in his front a portion of General Naglee's troops. Both -attacks were successful and Couch's and Naglee's troops -were beaten. Reaching the railroad, Jenkins halted -and dressed his line, the Twenty-seventh Georgia being -now recalled. Meeting General Anderson at the railroad, -Colonel Jenkins was directed by him to move -on. The sharpshooters and the Sixth marched ahead, -fighting, and penetrated the Federal line, cutting off a -part of those troops from Seven Pines. Changing front -forward on his right, Colonel Jenkins, with his two regiments, -now facing southwest, attacked the right of the -position at Seven Pines on Hill's extreme left. "At this -point," he reports, "the enemy, heavily reinforced, -made a desperate stand and the fighting was within 75 -yards." Pushing on, the Federals slowly gave ground, -and the two regiments kept in close support and perfect -order. Fighting forward and to his right, Jenkins -reached the Williamsburg road, the Federal forces in his -front falling back and taking position in the woods south -of it, while the two South Carolina regiments formed in -line in the road, facing south. The little brigade was -now in a most critical position, in advance of Hill's line, -with the foe in front, and troops coming up the Williamsburg -road to attack his left.</p> - -<p>Colonel Jenkins determined, as he says in his report, -"to break the enemy in front before I could be reached -by this new advance [coming up the Williamsburg road -on his left], and then by a change of front to meet them." -This was handsomely done, and sending two companies -of the Sharpshooters, Kilpatrick's and Martin's, -under Maj. William Anderson, to attack and check the -Federal advance, the two regiments were formed across<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> -the road, facing south, while Jenkins' adjutant, Captain -Seabrook, hurried back for reinforcements. General -Anderson, who had led the Fourth and Fifth forward on -Hill's left in the general attack, sent the Fifth to Jenkins, -under Lieut.-Col. A. Jackson, the gallant Colonel -Giles having been killed; and the Twenty-seventh -Georgia was also sent forward to him by General Hill. -Before his reinforcements reached him, the Federal -advance was so near that their commands and cheers -could be heard, and the two regiments had been -advanced to within 100 yards of them. The Twenty-seventh -Georgia was the first to come up, and being placed -on the right, the Sharpshooters in the center and the -Sixth (Lieutenant-Colonel Steedman commanding, Colonel -Bratton being wounded) on the left, Jenkins boldly -advanced to meet his foe. "The two commands neared -each other, to 30 or 40 yards," says Colonel Jenkins, describing -this struggle. "Losing heavily, I pressed on, and -the enemy sullenly and slowly gave way, leaving the -ground carpeted with dead and dying." By this time the -Fifth South Carolina volunteers came up at the double-quick. -The Twenty-seventh Georgia (which had been -repulsed) rallied and came forward on the right. Jackson -came up on the right of the Georgians, "sweeping -before him the rallied fragments who had collected and -resumed fire from the woods to the right, and thus, at -7:40 p. m., we closed our busy day." A day of -splendid achievement!</p> - -<p>In his fighting and maneuvering, Colonel Jenkins had -advanced on the arc of a circle for more than 2 miles, -fighting first northeast, then east, then southeast, then -due south, and lastly east. "We passed," he said, -"through two abatis of fallen timber, over four camps, -and over artillery twice, driving the enemy from three -pieces. We never fought twice in the same place, nor -five minutes in one place, and, steadily on the advance, -were under fire from 3 p. m. to 7:40 p. m." Gen. G. W.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> -Smith, in his exhaustive and able book on the battles of -Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, makes the following comment -on this remarkable achievement: "It is believed -that the annals of war show few, if any, instances of -more persistent, skillful and effective 'battlefield fighting,' -than was done by the South Carolina regiments, -under Colonel Jenkins, on the afternoon of May 31st." -The losses were heavy, as might be expected, but unhappily -there is no official report of them. Colonel Bratton, -after the war, reported to General Smith that the Sixth -lost 269 killed and wounded, out of 521 taken into the -action. The loss of the Sharpshooters must have been -fully as large. Speaking generally of his losses, Colonel -Jenkins says: "In my two color companies, out of 80 -men who entered, 40 were killed and wounded, and out of -11 in the color guard, 10 were shot down. My colors, -pierced by nine balls, passed through four hands without -touching the ground." Capt. J. Q. Carpenter, commanding -the color company, lost 16 out of 28, "and ever -in their front, the fatal ball pierced his heart, when he -turned to his company and said, 'Boys, I am killed, but -you press on.'"</p> - -<p>While the battle of Seven Pines was in progress, General -McClellan at 2 p. m. had ordered General Sumner's -corps to cross the Chickahominy and go to the assistance -of the Federal forces now being driven by Hill's division -and R. H. Anderson's brigade. In the first advance of -Jenkins, it will be recalled that he cut through General -Couch's forces, dividing them and leaving a part in rear -of his left flank. This force was composed of four regiments -and a battery of artillery, which retreated beyond -(north of) Fair Oaks, and with the brigade of Abercrombie, -stationed at Fair Oaks, took up a defensive line at -the Adams house, facing Fair Oaks. This line was commanded -by General Couch in person. In this position, -Couch was on the left flank and rear of Hill's battle and -in place to be reinforced by Sumner, who came to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> -support in time to save him from destruction by the -attack of that portion of General Johnston's army, under -General Johnston's immediate direction, whose headquarters -were at Old Tavern, about 2 miles from Fair -Oaks. Anxious for the safety of the Confederate left, -and fearing that it might be attacked by forces from the -north of the Chickahominy, General Johnston had ordered -the brigades of Whiting, Hood, Pettigrew, Hatton and -Hampton, under Whiting, at about 4 p. m., to march by -Fair Oaks to attack the Federal right and rear. The -head of these troops (Whiting's brigade), reaching Fair -Oaks, were fired upon by Couch's battery at the Adams -house, and by his advanced pickets. A halt was made -to take the battery, and to drive the Federal infantry -out of reach of the road, when followed the battle of -Fair Oaks, the effort of which was to keep Sumner and -Couch from the field at Seven Pines, and leave Hill's -division and Anderson's brigade masters of the battle in -that quarter. But this was the main effect of the Confederate -attack at Fair Oaks, for the battery was not -taken, and Couch, reinforced by at least a strong division -from Sumner's advance, with artillery, held his position -against the assaults of Whiting, Pettigrew, Hatton and -Hampton. The latter commanded the only South Carolinians -who were in the engagement at Fair Oaks, the -infantry of his legion.</p> - -<p>There is no report from General Hampton, but the -reports of Generals Johnston and G. W. Smith define his -position in the affair on the left of the Confederate -attack. General Smith says, that as the musketry fire -of Whiting, Pettigrew and Hampton rapidly increased, -opening the attack on Couch, he rode into the woods -where the troops were engaged, and learned from -Col. S. D. Lee, of the artillery, that "General Hampton -had driven the enemy some distance through the woods, -but that they were being rapidly reinforced [by Sumner], -held a strong position, and extended beyond Hampton's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> -left. The firing indicated that Whiting and Pettigrew -were being fully occupied by the enemy in their immediate -front." Hatton coming up, he was put in immediately -between Hampton and Pettigrew, and Gen. G. W. -Smith ordered the line forward to carry the Federal position. -The woods were dense, the undergrowth thick, -and the smoke so great that officers leading their troops -could not see "more than a limited number of their men -at any one time." General Smith continues: "Various -attempts were made to charge the enemy, but without -that concert of action necessary to success.... On no -part of the line where I was, did the enemy at any time -leave their cover or advance one single foot. Our troops -held their position close to the enemy's line until it was -too dark to distinguish friend from foe." The attack -had been in progress for nearly two hours when darkness -put an end to it. The gallant Hatton was killed, -and that noble and accomplished soldier, Pettigrew, had -fallen, badly wounded, so near the Federal line that he -was made prisoner. Brig.-Gen. Wade Hampton was -seriously wounded, but kept his horse, had the ball -extracted by Surg. E. S. Gaillard on the field, and refused -to leave his troops. In this affair, Whiting's brigade -(commanded by Col. E. M. Law) lost in killed, wounded -and missing, 356; Pettigrew's, 341; Hampton's, 329; and -Hatton's, 244; total, 1,270. The Hampton legion -infantry, General Smith reported, suffered a greater loss -by far in proportion to its numbers than any other regiment -of the division, being 21 killed and 120 wounded -out of 350. These numbers were furnished by Surg. -John T. Darby, acting chief surgeon of Whiting's -division.</p> - -<p>Near the close of the action, General Johnston was -unhorsed and seriously wounded by a fragment of shell, -and the command of the Confederate army devolved -upon Maj.-Gen. G. W. Smith, next in rank, who was -succeeded by Gen. R. E. Lee on the following day.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> - -<p>On June 18th a reconnoissance was made on the Nine-mile -road by Gen. J. B. Kershaw, with two regiments of -his South Carolina brigade, the Second, Col. J. D. Kennedy, -and the Third, Col. J. D. Nance. With the Second -on the left and the Third on the right of the road, the front -covered by four companies deployed as skirmishers, -under Captain Cuthbert, and two companies under Maj. -W. D. Rutherford, Kershaw advanced. The skirmishers -were soon engaged, and those of the Federal force were -driven back on the supports. The two regiments advanced -to within 70 yards of the Federal line, developed his -position, forces, etc., and then Kershaw withdrew to -camp. In this affair, Kershaw lost 1 killed and 11 -wounded, among the latter Capt. G. B. Cuthbert, of the -Second, and Capt. F. N. Walker, of the Third. Private -W. H. Thompson, Company E, was killed, and "the gallant -Sergt. H. D. Hanahan," of the Second, lost a leg.</p> - -<p>The situation of the Federal army at this time (toward -the close of June) determined General Lee to take the -aggressive. The center and left of General McClellan -were south of the Chickahominy, strongly intrenched and -covered by the cutting of trees in the dense forests. The -extreme left rested on White Oak swamp, and the right -of the center on the Chickahominy at New bridge. The -Federal right, under Fitz John Porter, was well and -strongly posted behind Beaver Dam creek, north of the -Chickahominy, with a grand guard at Mechanicsville in -front, and outposts still beyond, guarding the crossing. -General Lee's determination was to attack this right -and separated wing with three of his divisions, calling -Jackson's corps to co-operate. Jackson's march, from -his victorious campaign in the valley, was so directed that -he was expected to be at Ashland, 15 miles north of -Richmond, on the 24th of June. From Ashland a march -of 15 miles, toward Cold Harbor, would place his corps -on the right flank and rear of the Federal position at -Beaver Dam, while A. P. Hill, D. H. Hill and Long<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>street, -with their divisions, crossing the river at Mechanicsville, -should carry that place and the strong position -at Beaver Dam.</p> - -<p>The morning of the 26th (Thursday) was fixed by Lee -for this concerted movement against McClellan's right -wing. But Jackson did not reach Ashland until the -night of the 25th, his march having been delayed by -obstructions put in his way by the Federal outposts, many -bridges being burned over streams crossing his march. -It was after sunrise on the 26th before Jackson left Ashland. -He marched past the right flank of the Federal -position, at Beaver Dam, and went into camp 3 miles in -the rear of that flank, at Hundley's corner, in the evening. -In consequence, the bloody battle fought on the 26th, -along Beaver Dam, by the gallant division of A. P. Hill -and Ripley's brigade of D. H. Hill's division, was fought -without Jackson's assistance. The Federal position -behind Beaver Dam was heroically assailed; but it was -too strong to be carried by Hill and Ripley, who suffered -heavy losses. With Ripley was Capt. A. Burnet Rhett's -South Carolina battery, who built a bridge, crossed the -creek and, pushing up close to the enemy, were in action -until 10 o'clock at night, losing 11 wounded. They -were particularly complimented by A. P. Hill. With -A. P. Hill were the South Carolina batteries of Capts. -W. K. Bachman and D. G. McIntosh, the latter of which -(Pee Dee artillery) probably fired the first gun at Mechanicsville, -and fired 160 rounds from each gun before night -stopped the fight. The brigade of General Gregg did not -become actively engaged on the 26th.</p> - -<p>The position of Jackson, on the right and rear, and the -divisions of D. H. Hill and Longstreet in front, all fresh -and ready for attack in the early morning of the 27th, made -the position of General Porter behind Beaver Dam untenable, -and he promptly retreated and took up a strong -position 3 miles further down the river.</p> - -<p>On Friday morning (27th), A. P. Hill was ordered for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>ward -toward Gaines' mill, the South Carolinians in -advance. Gregg formed a line of battle with the First -volunteers, Col. D. H. Hamilton, and the Twelfth, Col. -Dixon Barnes, with skirmishers thrown out under Captains -Cordero and Miller; and the Thirteenth, Col. O. E. -Edwards, and First Rifles, Col. J. Foster Marshall, and -Crenshaw's battery in support. They moved forward -across the creek, and through the discarded accouterments -and burning stores of the enemy, until coming out in an -open, Cordero's company was fired upon by artillery in -front and Lieutenant Heise was wounded. This apparently -hostile force, according to the report of General -Gregg, proved to be Stonewall Jackson's command, -with which communication was at once opened. After a -conference between Hill and Jackson, Gregg marched on, -and presently was stopped by General Lee, who gave him -further instructions. Longstreet, soon afterward, informed -Gregg that he was moving on a parallel road to -the right. The skirmishers became briskly engaged at -Gaines' mill, but Gregg soon ordered them forward at -double-quick, and they gallantly drove the Federal skirmishers -before them. The brigade followed and bridged -Powhite creek. Hill reported of the crossing of the -Powhite: "His whole brigade being over, he made the -handsomest charge in line I have seen during the war." -Gregg continued his advance, part of the time at double-quick -and with continual skirmish firing, descended the -hollow beyond Cold Harbor, driving out the enemy, and -formed in line of battle on the hillside beyond. He found -the enemy above him and desired to attack, but being -refused, lay in position until 4 p. m., the artillery firing -going on overhead.</p> - -<p>General Lee thus describes Porter's position, at which -the battle of Gaines' Mill, or Cold Harbor, was fought on -the afternoon and evening of the 27th of June:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>He occupied a range of hills resting in the vicinity of -the McGehee house and his left near that of Dr. Gaines,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> -on a wooded bluff, which rose abruptly from a deep -ravine. The ravine was filled with sharpshooters, to -whom its banks gave great protection. A second line of -infantry was stationed on the side of the hill behind a -breastwork of trees above the first; a third occupied the -crest, strengthened with rifle trenches and crowned with -artillery. The approach to this position was over an open -plain, about a quarter of a mile wide, commanded by -this triple line of fire and swept by the heavy batteries -south of the Chickahominy. In front of his center and -right the ground was generally open, bounded on the side -of our approach by a wood, with dense and tangled undergrowth -and traversed by a sluggish stream which converted -the soil into a deep morass.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Old Cold Harbor was in front of the Federal right, and -Gaines' mill in front of his right center, the length of his -line being about 2 miles and running in a curve from the -"wooded bluff" on his left to a swamp on his right. The -attack on this position was made by two roads running -parallel with the Chickahominy, one going to the Federal -left, and the other by Gaines' mill, opposite his right -center. Longstreet attacked on the former, and A. P. -Hill on the latter, D. H. Hill and Jackson attacking from -the direction of the Federal front and right. At 4 p. m. -A. P. Hill ordered his whole division forward, and the -desperate struggle began, in which every inch of -ground was to be won by a great sacrifice of life, and to -be disputed with heroic firmness. Gregg, who was first -engaged, fought his way through the tangled wood and -the boggy morass to the foot of the main position, -when, confronted by a determined and unfaltering resistance, -and his lines torn by artillery from the crest in front -and by a battery on his right flank, he could make no further -progress. Marshall was ordered to take the battery on -the right, and advanced gallantly, Perrin's, Joseph Norton's, -Miller's and Miles Norton's companies in front, -under Lieutenant-Colonel Ledbetter. The battery was -withdrawn, but its support in the woods, composed of a -strong body of troops, among them the New York Zouaves,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> -held the ground in a fierce combat. The Zouaves attacking -on the left flank, Lieutenant Higgins promptly assembled -30 riflemen, and held them in check. The attack being -pressed anew, the regiment, having lost 81 killed and 234 -wounded out of 537, and being unsupported, was forced -to retire to its former position. But Marshall's gallant -charge and contest had driven off the battery, and Gregg -ordered the First, Twelfth and Thirteenth forward again. -The struggle for the crest was renewed with heroic zeal -and courage, and met with splendid firmness, driving -Gregg back a second time. A third advance was ordered, -and now the Fourteenth, Col. Samuel McGowan, being -by Gregg's request relieved from outpost duty, was conducted -by his aide, Capt. Harry Hammond, to his right -flank. Passing through Crenshaw's guns, McGowan's -men moved right forward, supported by the other shattered -regiments of Gregg's brigade. "Tired as they -were," says Gregg, "by two days and nights of outpost -duty, and by a rapid march under a burning sun, they -advanced with a cheer and at a double-quick. Leading -his regiment to the right of the Thirteenth and across -the hollow, Colonel McGowan arrived just in time to -repulse the advance of the enemy and prevent them from -establishing a battery on the brow of the hill." With -varying success, backward and forward, Gregg struggled -to gain and pierce the Federal line, but not until the final -and united charge of Lee's whole line was made at -7 o'clock, and when Hood had gained the "wooded bluff" -and turned the Federal left, did the Confederate commands -mount the whole line of defense and drive its -heroic defenders from the field.</p> - -<p>Gregg lost 829 (estimated) killed and wounded. The -severest losses in the brigade fell on the Rifles, the -Fourteenth and the Twelfth. The Rifles lost 319, -the Fourteenth, 291, and the Twelfth, 155. At one -time every one of the color-guards of the First -volunteers was shot down around Colonel Hamilton,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> -who took the colors. The color-bearer, Sergeant Taylor, -fell with the colors in his grasp, as he was planting -them forward of the line, and Corporal Hayne, -seeing Colonel Hamilton take the flag, seized it, -and gallantly going forward, fell mortally wounded. -Private Spillman, of Company K, then took the flag and -carried it to the final charge in triumph to victory. He -was promoted color-bearer on the field for gallant conduct. -Among the lamented dead of the First was the -gallant and accomplished Lieut.-Col. A. M. Smith, who -left a sick bed to take his place in his country's service. -In the Twelfth, Colonel Barnes was wounded, but did not -leave the field. Lieut. J. W. Delaney, commanding -Company B, was killed in the first assault; Captain Vallandingham -lost a leg, and Captains Miller, McMeekin -and Bookter were wounded. In the Thirteenth, which -was mainly in support, the loss was not so heavy, 8 killed -and 40 wounded. In the Fourteenth, Colonel McGowan -and Maj. W. J. Carter were wounded, as were also Captains -Brown, Taggart and Edward Croft, and Lieutenants -Brunson, O. W. Allen, Stevens, McCarley, Dorrah and -Carter; and the gallant Lieut. O. C. Plunkett, Company -H, was killed on the field. The First Rifles (known as -Orr's Rifles) suffered terribly. Its gallant adjutant, J. B. -Sloan, Captains Hawthorne and Hennegan, Lieutenants -Brown and McFall, and Sergeant-Major McGee died -heroically leading in Marshall's charge. In Gregg's -battle, a section of Capt. D. G. Mcintosh's battery was -called into action late in the afternoon, too late to take -an active part in the battle, as the enemy's artillery in -front had been silenced, or had retired. He lost 1 man -killed and 2 wounded, and 5 horses killed.</p> - -<p>The other South Carolina troops at the battle of Gaines' -Mill were with Hood and Longstreet. The brigades of -Hood and Law composed Whiting's gallant division, -which had marched from Ashland as the advance of Jackson's -corps. They went into battle in the late afternoon,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> -after A. P. Hill had been fighting for two hours.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> With -Hood was the Hampton legion infantry, under Lieut.-Col. -M. W. Gary, and with Longstreet was R. H. Anderson's -South Carolina brigade. These troops had the -honor of taking part in Longstreet's and Whiting's final -charge along the front and flank of the Federal left, and -were among the first to gain the coveted crest and pierce -and turn his flank, capture his artillery and decide the -day.</p> - -<p>Hood moved to the final assault with Hampton's legion -on his left. On the left of the legion was Law's splendid -brigade. Immediately on Hood's right was Pickett's -brigade, and in support of Pickett the brigades of Wilcox, -Pryor and Featherston. Thus, in the decisive charge, -ordered by General Lee all along the battle line, -they were hurled against and around the "wooded bluff" -on the Federal left. In this grand assault, R. H. Anderson's -brigade was divided, part of it supporting Pickett -and part Wilcox. The writer regrets that neither General -Anderson nor any one of his regimental commanders has -a report of the battle on file. The same is true of the -Hampton legion, Colonel Gary.</p> - -<p>General Hood reports that he ordered the legion "to -gain the crest of the hill in the woods and hold it, which -they did." General Longstreet, reporting the action of -his brigade, refers specially to the gallantry of General -Anderson and Colonel Jenkins, these officers commanding -the separated parts of the brigade of Anderson. In the -official returns, the loss of Anderson at Gaines' Mill and -Glendale (Frayser's Farm) is given in total at 787. The -losses of the Fourth, Fifth and Palmetto sharpshooters at -Gaines' Mill are reported as 173. The losses of the Second -Rifles and Sixth South Carolina at this battle are not -given separately from Glendale. Hood reports the legion's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> -loss at only 20. Anderson's and Gary's losses at Gaines' -Mill could not have been more than 350, which was less -than a half of Gregg's loss. Anderson and Gary were -only engaged in the last attack, and Gregg was fighting -from the opening of the battle to its close, with a short -rest in the afternoon.</p> - -<p>Referring to the gallant conduct of officers as well as -soldiers, General Longstreet remarks in his report upon the -battle of Gaines' Mill, that "there was more individual -gallantry displayed on this field than any I have seen." -General Whiting, in closing his report, pays the same -tribute to a number of soldiers, and especially remarks -upon the conduct of Maj. John Haskell, of D. R. Jones' -staff, who had volunteered to carry information of the -Federal movements to General Lee, as they were observed -from the south side of the Chickahominy, and acted on -General Longstreet's staff, as a volunteer aide. General -Whiting says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Though not on my staff, I should not do right were -I not to mention here the chivalrous daring of young -Major Haskell, of South Carolina. His personal bearing -in a most deadly fire, his example and directions contributed -not a little to the enthusiasm of the charge of the -Third brigade. I regret to say that the brave young -officer received a terrible wound from a shell (losing his -right arm), but walked from the field as heroically as he -had gone into the fire.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The South Carolina batteries were more fortunate in -their losses than the infantry commands. Rhett, whose -horse was shot under him, lost 2 wounded at Gaines' -Mill; Bachman's battery (German Artillery) and McIntosh's, -only a few men each. The nature upon the -ground was not favorable to the Confederate artillery, -and the batteries engaged under great disadvantage.</p> - -<p>Under cover of night, following the 27th, General -Porter made good his retreat by the bridges he had built -across the Chickahominy, passing in rear of McClellan's -fortified line on the south side, and destroying his bridges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> -behind him. His defense was beyond criticism. Reinforced -from the south side by Slocum's division, he saved -the army of McClellan by inflicting a heavy blow on the -victorious columns of Lee, and by his able retreat at -night. The timely arrival of two brigades, coming up -just as Porter's line was carried, covered his retreat and -successfully checked the disordered pursuit of the victorious -Confederates.</p> - -<p>General McClellan does not estimate his loss in this -battle separately from those which immediately followed, -but acknowledges the loss of twenty-two pieces -of artillery. Over 5,000 prisoners were taken by the -Confederates, and thousands of arms gathered from the -fields and the short line of Porter's retreat to the river.</p> - -<p>McClellan's rear guard, Sumner's corps, and Smith's -division of Franklin's corps, made a stand on the 29th at -Savage Station, covering the crossing of White Oak -swamp against Magruder's corps. The South Carolina -troops with Magruder were the brigade of General Kershaw -and Capt. James F. Hart's Washington artillery. -Hart's battery was with D. R. Jones' division. The -Second, Col. John D. Kennedy; Third, Col. James D. -Nance; Seventh, Col. D. Wyatt Aiken, and the Eighth, -Col. John W. Henagan, with Kemper's battery, composed -Kershaw's brigade of McLaws' division.</p> - -<p>Early in the morning of the 29th (Sunday), Kershaw -was ordered to advance on the Nine-mile road and develop -the Federal position. Kennedy, covered by a line of -skirmishers under Maj. F. Gaillard, made the advance -and found the enemy beyond Fair Oaks, at Allen's farm. -The skirmishing became general and the enemy opened -an artillery fire. Having been repeatedly cautioned to -avoid a collision with General Jackson's forces, Kershaw -restrained the fire of his men, and sent a battle-flag to be -waved on the railroad. He was then ordered back till -Magruder's other troops should take position.</p> - -<p>At 3 p. m. Kershaw advanced along the railroad to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>ward -Savage Station. The enemy had retreated, and -when found again were in position on the Williamsburg -road, occupying the rifle-pits and intrenchments made, -doubtless, in McClellan's advance prior to the battle of -Seven Pines. The Second and Third were thrown forward -toward the left and formed to charge the position, -while Kemper's battery opened a rapid fire that drove -back the enemy without the aid of the infantry,<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> and Kershaw -moved on to fight his battle at Savage's farm.</p> - -<p>His line ran from the railroad to near the Williamsburg -road. The battle began in earnest at 5:30 p. m. by the -opening of Sumner's artillery on Kershaw's skirmishers -under Gaillard and Rutherford, and lasted into the night. -Kemper took position in the Williamsburg road, the -Eighth on his right, in support, and the Second, Third, -and Seventh on his left. Kershaw ordered his left regiments -to charge, and they dashed into the wood, driving -through to the open beyond. In this charge a heavy loss -was inflicted upon the opposing force, which was thrown -into much disorder, and many prisoners taken. But Kershaw -could not maintain his position. Kemper and the -Eighth were attacked and his right flank turned. To meet -this emergency, he ordered his line back to the original -position from which he had charged the wood, and at the -critical moment Semmes' brigade attacked the force that -had turned his right. Semmes, supported by Kemper's -fire and the Eighth, drove back the flanking column, and -Kershaw repelled the assault on his front. Night had -come and Kershaw's battle was over. Major-General -McLaws says: "The South Carolina brigade carried into -action 1,496 men and lost in killed 47, wounded 234, -missing 9; total 290." Semmes had only two regiments -engaged and lost 64, and the loss in other commands of -Magruder's force was only 36 in killed and wounded, -which shows that Magruder's battle to beat McClellan's -rear was fought by the brigades of Kershaw and Semmes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> -and only two regiments of the latter at that. The brunt -fell on the gallant command of Kershaw and his splendid -battery. Hart's battery, which operated with Jones' -division on Kershaw's left, lost 5 men wounded, 2 mortally. -Hart engaged the enemy from D. R. Jones' right, -"compelling the retreat out of view of the enemy's -infantry."</p> - -<p>Jones put his division in admirable position on Kershaw's -left for attack, but he reports: "Scarcely had -this disposition been made when I received orders from -General Magruder to fall back to the railroad bridge with -my whole command to support the right of his line." -This unfortunate order was inspired by Magruder's overrating -the movement which turned Kershaw's right, and -which Semmes checked, at little cost. But for Jones' -withdrawal at the moment he was about to attack, Savage -Station might have been a harder blow to General McClellan. -McLaws compliments his brigade commanders -in high terms. Of Kershaw he says: "I beg leave to call -attention to the gallantry, cool, yet daring courage and -skill in the management of his gallant command exhibited -by Brigadier-General Kershaw." Kershaw praises the -gallantry, self-possession and efficiency of his regimental -commanders, and the conduct of the men and officers. -Lieut.-Col. B. C. Garlington, of the Third, was killed, -sword in hand, at the head of his regiment. Lieut.-Col. -A. D. Goodwyn, of the Second, and Lieut.-Col. Elbert -Bland, of the Seventh, were severely wounded and honorably -mentioned by Kershaw. Gaillard was distinguished -in command of the skirmishers. Kemper added to the -laurels he won at Vienna, Bull Run and Manassas. Captain -Holmes and Lieutenants Doby and W. M. Dwight, of the -staff, were active and gallant in dispatching the orders -of their chief. The Second lost Captain Bartlett, "one -of the most gallant and conscientious officers belonging -to it;" and Lieutenant Perry, Company H, was severely -wounded. The Third, besides its gallant lieutenant-col<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>onel, -lost Capt. S. M. Lanford and Lieut. J. T. Ray. -Colonel Nance mentioned especially Capt. D. M. H. -Langston and Maj. W. D. Rutherford. The Seventh did -not suffer as severely as the Third, losing 82 killed and -wounded. The Eighth, which was mainly in support of -Kemper's battery, lost but 2 killed and 8 wounded.</p> - -<p>It appears from General Sumner's report, that three -corps, his own, Franklin's and Heintzelman's, were -under his command and put in line of battle at Savage -Station. Heintzelman (15,000) was ordered to hold the -Williamsburg road, but before the attack by Kershaw, -General Heintzelman left the field, and crossed White -Oak swamp. Sumner speaks of the assault by Kershaw -and Semmes as being met by Burns' brigade, "supported -and reinforced by two lines in reserve, and finally by the -Sixty-ninth New York (Irish) regiment." He also speaks -of Brooks' brigade "holding a wood on the left," "doing -excellent service," and though wounded, "keeping his -command until the close of the battle." He says the -action was "continued with great obstinacy until some -time after dark, when we drove the enemy from the -field." It is evident that Kershaw attacked Generals -Burns and Brooks, the Sixty-ninth New York, and -"two lines in reserve." The reader may determine -whether Kershaw and Semmes were "driven from the -field" of Savage Station.</p> - -<p>Sumner, having successfully guarded the passage of -White Oak swamp by his unequal battle with Kershaw's -and Semmes' brigades and Kemper's battery, followed -Heintzelman's retreat at night, and crossing White Oak -marched to Glendale, near the junction of the Charles -City and Long Bridge roads. The passage across White -Oak was skillfully broken up and the roads approaching -it obstructed. Franklin, with two divisions and a brigade, -stood on the south side, with batteries well posted, to -dispute the crossing. This he did throughout the whole -of the 30th, keeping Jackson's corps on the north side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> -and effectually preventing his taking any part in the battle -of that day. While Jackson was thundering at Franklin -with his artillery, and Franklin was preventing his passage -of White Oak, McClellan was posting the divisions -of Hooker, McCall, Sedgwick, Kearny and Slocum in -line of battle across the Long Bridge road, confronting -the expected advance of Lee down the Charles City and -Darbytown roads.</p> - -<p>The troops of Lee that had won the bloody battle of -the 27th, north of the Chickahominy, did not cross that -river in pursuit of McClellan until the morning of the -29th, at which time General Lee became assured that his -able antagonist was retreating upon the James. His -orders, as in the case of the first assault on the 26th, were -faultless. Jackson was to cross at Grapevine bridge and -press the rear of the retreat; Magruder was to attack -the flank on the Williamsburg road; Huger to move down -the Charles City road, and Longstreet and A. P. Hill -down the Darbytown to the Long Bridge road; and -Holmes to cross from the south side of the James and -march down the New Market road. A glance at a good -map will show that this plan was perfect in its conception. -But McClellan was fully equal to this great emergency, -and put White Oak swamp on his right, guarded -by Franklin, and his five divisions in his center to meet -the advance upon him down the Charles City and Darbytown -roads, and selected a veritable Gibraltar for his left, -crowned by artillery and defended by a fleet of gunboats -and Porter's and Keyes' corps.</p> - -<p>In carrying out Lee's plan, everything miscarried but -the movements of Longstreet and A. P. Hill. We have -seen how Kershaw and Semmes and Kemper alone carried -out Magruder's flank attack on the Williamsburg road. -On the 30th he was ordered to the Darbytown road and -reached it in time to come into effective battle on Longstreet's -right, but Holmes, moving on Malvern hill, saw -that he had not force sufficient to attack, sent for aid,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> -and Magruder was sent to him. Neither of these divisions -was engaged on the 30th. Huger reported his -march obstructed by trees thrown across the road, had -an affair with outposts in his front, and was so badly -balked in his march that he did not reach the field of -battle on the 30th. Jackson, whom Franklin stopped at -White Oak, served no other purpose on the 30th than to -keep Franklin's division and his artillery too busily engaged -to join the five divisions at Frayser's farm. All -this reflects the highest credit upon the military genius of -McClellan, who directed the details of his masterly retreat.</p> - -<p>Longstreet, in advance, came up with the Federal -battle line, as above described, on the morning of the -30th. A. P. Hill was closed up on his march. Finding -the enemy drawn up across his road, in front of the point -where the Charles City road falls into it (Long Bridge -road), he put his division in line of battle, with A. P. -Hill in reserve, and waited anxiously to hear from Huger -on his left, and Magruder and Holmes on his right. He -felt sure that Jackson, crossing White Oak, would be in -time to fall on the Federal right and rear. General Lee -and the President were both at his headquarters when a -Federal battery opened in his immediate front. A shell -from this battery exploded so near the group as to wound -one of the couriers and kill several horses. At this -moment (4 p. m.) artillery fire was heard back on the -Charles City road, and Longstreet, taking it for the signal -of Huger that he was near at hand, ordered one of his -batteries to reply, and the battle of Frayser's Farm was -opened. The artillery on the Charles City road was -Huger's affair with one of Franklin's outposts. R. H. -Anderson, the senior brigadier, was assigned by Longstreet -to the immediate direction of his front, and Colonel -Jenkins commanded the South Carolina brigade, the -first engaged in battle. He was ordered to silence the -battery in front with his sharpshooters, but he preferred -to capture it, and led his brigade forward, charged, drove<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> -back McCall's division, and seized Randol's battery. -Longstreet's whole division now engaged, the troops in -his front being those of McCall's and Kearny's divisions. -The battle was forward for a time and McCall and Kearny -gave ground, but Slocum reinforced Kearny against the -Confederate left, and Sedgwick and Hooker against the -right, so that Longstreet's right was pushed back and his -left checked and pressed. He was compelled to assume -the defensive, and ordered up A. P. Hill to his immediate -support. Gregg's South Carolina brigade was thrown into -the battle on the extreme left. Hill restored the battle to -its first aggressive stage, and McCall's division was forced -to retire, and that general fell into Longstreet's hands. -Longstreet and Hill, with their twelve brigades, drove -one of the Federal divisions from the field, and successfully -resisted the attacks of the other four, gaining ground -forward and holding in the end of the struggle all that -they gained. Gregg, on the left, and Jenkins, in the -center, bore their full share of the great contest, the latter -capturing the battery of Randol, which, being retaken, -was again captured by Hill's advance.</p> - -<p>The battle lasted well into the night, the Federal divisions -leaving the field under the cover of darkness, followed -by Franklin from White Oak, to take their places -in McClellan's last line on the James river. There is no -report from either R. H. Anderson, Gregg or Jenkins. -Longstreet specially mentions Anderson, Jenkins and -Captain Kilpatrick of the Palmetto sharpshooters in his -report, for distinguished conduct. A. P. Hill reports -that Gregg was sent by General Longstreet's request to -support the brigades of Pryor and Featherston, and -pushed their battle forward. Featherston being wounded -and for a time in the enemy's hands, his brigade was -driven back and scattered, "when," says Hill, "Colonel -McGowan, with the Fourteenth South Carolina, retrieved -our ground." Special mention is made by General Hill -in his report of Colonels McGowan, Edwards and Hamil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>ton, -and Lieutenant-Colonel Simpson, of the Fourteenth. -Gregg lost 12 killed and 105 wounded, the heaviest loss -falling on the Fourteenth. Jenkins lost over 450, 234 -of these from the Sharpshooters, the remainder being -nearly equally divided among the other regiments. Longstreet -and Hill took fourteen pieces of artillery, thousands -of arms, several stand of colors and hundreds of prisoners. -The battle that General Lee had planned to be fought -by all the divisions of his army was actually fought by -two.</p> - -<p>The Federal commanders greatly exaggerate the Confederate -strength in the battle. Before Gaines' Mill, -A. P. Hill had 14,000 troops. He could not have had -more than 10,000 in his division at Frayser's Farm. Nor -could Longstreet's division have been larger. Kershaw -carried only 1,496 into the battle of Savage Station, and -his was one of Longstreet's best brigades. In McClellan's -five divisions there were fifteen brigades, which, at -1,500 each, would make his force at Frayser's Farm greater -than Longstreet's and Hill's by at least 2,500. It must -be remembered, too, that A. P. Hill was not put into the -fight until very late, when Longstreet had been engaged -alone with the five divisions. It was a stubborn battle, -and well contested on both sides, but the advantage was -clearly with the Confederates.</p> - -<p>In the battle of Malvern Hill, which followed the day -after Frayser's Farm, but one of Lee's South Carolina -brigades was seriously engaged, that of Kershaw. McClellan -rapidly and skillfully concentrated his army on -the night of the 30th of June and the morning of July -1st. He thus describes his position and concentration: -"The left and center of our lines rested on Malvern hill, -while the right curved backward through a wooded -country toward a point below Haxall's, on James river. -Malvern hill is an elevated plateau about a mile and a -half by three-fourths of a mile in area, well cleared of -timber, with several converging roads running over it."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> -In front of this position there was a good range for artillery, -and on its left (west) the plateau falls off abruptly -into a ravine. Expecting attack from the front and left -of his position, McClellan made those points strongest -and massed his artillery there, sixty pieces of artillery -and ten siege guns being "so disposed on the high -ground that a concentrated fire could be brought to bear -on any point in his front or left." Commodore Rodgers -placed his flotilla to command both flanks. The general -line faced north and was nearly at right angles to the -line of McClellan's retreat from Frayser's farm and distant -about 3½ miles from that battlefield.</p> - -<p>Before this unassailable position General Lee brought -up his whole army. He resolved to attack with Magruder, -Holmes and Huger, holding A. P. Hill and Longstreet -in reserve. To Magruder was assigned the attack -on Porter's position—the strongest on Malvern hill—supported -by Holmes, whose small division was in line -on Magruder's right, facing east. The attack was -planned by Lee to be general along his whole line; -Holmes, then Magruder, then Huger, then Jackson. In -spite of McClellan's artillery, if this attack could have -been made by noon, and made by the whole line in a -grand charge for the batteries, the Federal army, already -so terribly shaken, would have been unable to resist it, -and Lee's antagonist would have been literally driven to -his gunboats. Instead of all this, no attack was made -until late in the evening. Holmes did not attack at all, -deeming it "perfect madness;" Magruder and Huger, -from the difficulty of communication with their commands, -and the wooded character of the country, put in -their brigades one after another, to charge across the -open and up Malvern hill against nearly one hundred -guns, supported by the Federal army, in full view, with -the field and the woods swept by the gunboat batteries. -Jackson sent D. H. Hill and Whiting forward, in order, -and supported them with brigades from his own and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> -Ewell's division, and they met a bloody repulse; but -they did not make the attack until after Magruder's and -Huger's brigades had been successively repulsed, some -of them from the very crown of the hill.</p> - -<p>It was 6 o'clock before Kershaw was ordered forward. -His description of his advance will indicate what doubtless -happened to other gallant brigades. Being in McLaws' -line, on the farm adjoining Crew's farm, he was -ordered by one of Magruder's staff to "advance and -attack the enemy's battery." Having no other instructions, -in total ignorance of the country, or the position of -the foe, Kershaw marched half a mile forward in a wood, -nearing the sound of battle and moving really immediately -against Porter's front, his artillery sweeping the -open and the woods through which Kershaw was marching. -Reaching at last the open, passing "three lines of -troops" who had preceded him in the attack, he moved -up a ravine to the slopes of Malvern hill. The artillery -and infantry fire in front and flank was thinning his -ranks, when his friends in rear (Twenty-sixth Georgia) -by mistake opened fire upon him. At this crisis he -ordered the whole brigade to retire and reform further to -the right. While reforming on the Second South Carolina, -General Ewell called him to support immediately a -brigade he was about to lead against "the enemy's battery," -and was so urgent, that without waiting for the -rest of his brigade, he led the Second in support of Ewell's -gallant and useless charge, and with this affair, night -having fully come, Kershaw's brigade had done the part -assigned to it at Malvern hill. The long march to this -point, after the battle of Savage Station, with its losses, -had reduced the strength of the brigade. Kershaw took -into the advance on Malvern hill 956 men and lost 164. -The attack on Malvern hill failed of its purpose, but one -thing it did accomplish; the repeated assaults were so -gallant and determined, and pressed so near the enemy's -guns, and inflicted so great a loss upon him, and so many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> -brigades rested at night so close up to his defense, that -he lost confidence in his ability to continue his successful -defense on Malvern hill, and gave up the position during -the night, leaving his dead unburied, his wounded in -Confederate hands, and property and stores of great value -on the field. His retreat was to a strong camp at -Harrison's landing, immediately under the protection of -Commodore Rodgers' flotilla.</p> - -<p>With Malvern Hill, Lee's battles with McClellan in -front of Richmond practically ended. McClellan reported -his total losses, from June 26th to July 1st, inclusive, at -15,249. Lee, for the same time, reported his total loss -at 18,351. In McClellan's report he acknowledges the -capture of 5,958 of his army, under the head of missing; -but clearly he is wide of the mark according to the actual -count in Richmond. As General Lee reported: "More -than 10,000 prisoners, including officers of rank, 52 -pieces of artillery, and upward of 35,000 stand of small-arms -were captured. The stores and supplies of every -description which fell into our hands were great in -amount and value, but small in comparison with those -destroyed by the enemy."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The loss of Jenkins' brigade was 10 killed and -75 wounded (including Lieut. W. J. Campbell, mortally).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> While waiting for Jackson, Lee ordered Longstreet to make a -feint on the right, which became an assault, Whiting coming up in -time to join on Longstreet's left.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Called by Sumner the battle of Allen's Farm.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>THE COAST OF SOUTH CAROLINA, SUMMER OF 1862—OPERATIONS -UNDER GENERAL PEMBERTON—ENGAGEMENT -AT OLD POCOTALIGO—CAMPAIGN ON -JAMES ISLAND—BATTLE OF SECESSIONVILLE.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">At</span> the close of the spring of 1862, the Federal army -in South Carolina, under General Hunter, had not -made lodgment on the mainland. The enemy's -gunboats, commanding the waters surrounding the -islands, made ineffectual attacks on several of the batteries -on shore.</p> - -<p>On May 29th, a small force under Colonel Christ, of the -Fiftieth Pennsylvania regiment, a company of cavalry -and one company of the Eighth Michigan regiment, -crossing at Port Royal ferry, made an attack at Old Pocotaligo -with a view of reaching and cutting the Charleston -& Savannah railroad. This force was met by the Rutledge -mounted riflemen, Capt. W. L. Trenholm, and two -companies, A and D, of the First battalion of South -Carolina cavalry, the whole under Maj. J. H. Morgan. -A spirited engagement followed along the banks of Screven's -canal, but the Confederates, numbering only seventy-six -men, were forced back to a point three-quarters of -a mile beyond Old Pocotaligo, where they took up a -strong position.</p> - -<p>Col. W. S. Walker, commanding the Third military -district, having arrived on the field, directed this movement -and awaited the second attack. The first attack -had been made at 10:30 a. m., and the Confederates -were not dislodged until 1 o'clock. At 4 o'clock Captain -Elliott brought up three pieces of his Beaufort battery, -and Captains Izard and Wyman, with their companies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> -(I and F) of the Eleventh South Carolina, also reinforced -Walker. Later Col. J. H. Means, with his regiment, -400 strong, came up to Colonel Walker's aid. But his -dispositions were not to be tried by the Federals. Colonel -Christ, though he had now with him a reinforcement -of Connecticut artillery, determined not to -attack, and being covered by the woods in his retreat, -was far on his way to Garden's corners before Walker -got information of it and began the pursuit. He succeeded -in crossing Port Royal ferry at night in flats -which were in readiness, before he could be engaged by -the Confederates.</p> - -<p>Elliott put his guns in position at the ferry next morning -and battered the ferry-house which sheltered the -Federal picket, and destroyed the flats. In this affair -Christ reported a loss of 2 killed and 9 wounded, and -Walker, 2 killed, 6 wounded and 1 missing. The Federal -commander estimated the Confederate force at from 600 -to 800, but in the actual engagement along Screven's -canal, Walker had only 76 men, rank and file; 110 men, -armed for the most part only with sabers, being held a -mile in rear with the horses, under orders to charge in -case of a disaster in front.</p> - -<p>Colonel Walker, in his official report, mentions in special -praise the conduct of Capt. W. L. Trenholm and his -riflemen; Lieut. R. M. Skinner and his small command -of the First battalion cavalry; Captain Elliott, of the -Beaufort artillery; Capt. W. W. Elliott, acting ordnance -officer; Lieut. L. J. Walker, of the Rutledge riflemen; -Lieut. E. H. Barnwell, acting assistant adjutant-general; -Corp. W. H. Jeffers, and Privates J. D. Taylor and -W. K. Steadman of the riflemen.</p> - -<p>This attempt, like all others, failed to reach the railroad, -and served only to inspire Walker and other commanders -along its line to increased watchfulness. Thus -closed the spring campaign on the coast of South Carolina.</p> - -<p>An event occurred in Charleston harbor on the morn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>ing -of May 13th which, no doubt, determined the movement -of a large force against the Confederate position on -James island. This was the abduction of the steamer -Planter by a portion of the crew, who took the steamer -out of the harbor and turned her over to the Federal -fleet. The Planter was a swift, light-draught vessel, -employed in transporting ordnance and stores to the -forts and batteries of the harbor and the vicinity. She -had a white captain, mate and engineer, and a crew of eight -intelligent negroes. The day before her abduction she -had been loaded at Southern wharf with heavy ordnance for -the Middle Ground battery in the harbor, consisting of -a banded rifle 42, an 8-inch columbiad, an 8-inch howitzer, -and a 32-pounder. She carried for her own defense -a 32-pounder and a 24-pounder howitzer. The captain, -mate and engineer, contrary to written orders, were in -the city, when four of the crew, under the leadership of -one of their number, Jacob Small, fired up and boldly ran -out of the harbor before daylight, the Planter being taken -for a guard boat by the forts and allowed to pass. The -crew were well-informed men and thoroughly acquainted -with the situation around Charleston, and especially with -the recent removal of the guns from the Georgetown -defenses and from Cole's island, at the mouth of Stono -river.</p> - -<p>All this information was, of course, carried to the Federal -commanders. Great excitement followed in the -city, and all the troops and posts were ordered to be -ready for attack, especially by way of the land. The -abandonment of Fort Palmetto at the mouth of the Stono -left the way open to the Federal fleet to enter that river, -and to General Hunter to land a large force on James -island. Following the plan which he had adopted after -the fall of Port Royal harbor, General Pemberton gave -up the defense of the sea islands and the harbor of -Georgetown, and made the Charleston & Savannah railroad -his main line south of Charleston, drawing in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> -defenses on James island to a line running across the -island from Secessionville on its left to Fort Pemberton, -on the Stono, on its right.</p> - -<p>This policy was unpopular with the governor, the military -generally and the people, and made General Pemberton, -an honest and patriotic soldier, both unpopular -and mistrusted. The idea was abroad that he did not -mean to defend the city to the last; that he was not confident -of success, and that he was not equal to the emergency. -These sentiments were freely communicated to -General Lee and to President Davis by the governor and -by prominent citizens of the State. General Ripley, -who commanded the harbor defenses and the forces on -James island, regarded the abandonment of Fort Palmetto -as a fatal mistake, and at his request, he was -ordered to join General Lee in front of Richmond. General -Ripley had shown great energy and unusual ability -as an artillery officer, and possessed the full confidence of -the military and the people. He had made the Palmetto -a strong battery and had put in command an accomplished -officer, Maj. J. J. Lucas, with his artillery battalion supported -by infantry. Cole's island, on which Fort Palmetto -was situated, was surrounded by creeks and -marshes, and the causeway in its rear ran along the river -to Battery island, and thence by causeway to James island. -Battery island was immediately on the river and was also -strongly fortified. General Pemberton was satisfied that -the Federal boats could run by both forts, and with their -superior guns command the approach from James island so -effectually as to make it impossible to send relief to -either point. In this view of the situation he was fortified -by the judgment of General Lee. Possessing the -courage of his military convictions, the heavy guns from -both positions were removed early in May, and by General -Ripley's order were put in position at Elliott's cut -and on the lines east of James Island creek. Cole's -island was occupied by a battalion of the Twenty-fourth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> -South Carolina volunteer infantry, in observation, under -Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers, with instructions to prevent -barges or small boats entering the Stono, or landing -detachments on either Cole's or Battery island.</p> - -<p>How far Major-General Pemberton communicated his -views respecting the immediate defense of Charleston to -his subordinates or to Governor Pickens, is not known, -but to General Lee he wrote, on May 21st, after the gunboats -had entered the Stono and anchored off Battery -island, that he favored the abandonment of Forts Sumter -and Moultrie and the defense of Charleston from the -city itself. This remarkable judgment was expressed to -General Lee in an official letter dated at Charleston, May -21, 1862, addressed to Col. A. L. Long, military secretary. -The following are extracts:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I don't suppose there is any immediate intention of -attacking Charleston.... Our land defenses on James -island, however, are very strong. The battery constructed -at Elliott's cut, on Stono river (not yet entirely -completed), mounts only eight guns. I desire to make -it twenty, but under present arrangements cannot effect -it. [This battery, gradually strengthened, became a -splendid fort, and as its history will show, did gallant -service against repeated attacks. It was named Fort -Pemberton, in honor of the major-general commanding.] -I do not regard Charleston as strong. What under the -old system of warfare was our strength, is now our great -weakness. The many approaches by water and the -recent proof of the practicability of their gunboats passing -our batteries [Port Royal] have made the defense of this -city a very difficult problem to solve. To obstruct 2,000 -yards of channel (and this with relation to the forts, -Sumter and Moultrie, is decided upon as the most feasible) -looks almost like an impossibility. Every effort, -however, is being made to accomplish it. I am decidedly -of the opinion that the most effectual defense of the city -of Charleston can and should be made from and around -the city itself. I believe that when the enemy is prepared -to assault the forts at the entrance of the harbor, -he will do so with such force and with such appliances -as will reduce it to a question of time only. Our great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> -reliance being in these works, when they fall our means -of defense will be inadequate to hold the city; but with -the guns now within their walls, I am satisfied that however -great might be the injury to the city itself from -bombardment, his fleet could be kept from polluting its -streets. This has been for some time my opinion, and I -am glad to find many gentlemen of eminence and intelligence -who entirely concur with me.... The forts -should not only be dismounted, but destroyed. They will -be of no use after the termination of this war in their -present condition, for I take it, impregnable ironclad -batteries must take the place of stone and mortar. I -propose this subject for the serious consideration of the -department.</p></blockquote> - -<p>These views of General Pemberton were certainly -known to the "eminent gentlemen" who agreed in them, -but they were not shared by Governor Pickens and his -able council, nor by the military, nor by the citizens generally. -Forts Sumter and Moultrie, garrisoned by well -drilled and disciplined soldiers, commanded by accomplished -and gallant officers, were the pride and hope of -old Charleston, as they stood on either side of her great -sea gate equipped and eager for her defense. Their history -was destined to prove how well this confidence was -placed.</p> - -<p>Members of the governor's council addressed a communication -to General Pemberton, which expressed the -apprehensions as well as the fixed purpose of the State -authorities. The members of the council proposed to -the general specific interrogatories, to which they asked, -in the most respectful terms, his immediate reply. He -was asked: (1) If in the event of his determining, for -military considerations, to retire the Confederate troops -from Charleston, would he consider it an interference -with his authority for the governor and council to undertake -its defense? (2) Would he be willing to advise the -governor and council in such an emergency? (3) Would -he be willing to give any assistance in his power?</p> - -<p>General Pemberton replied promptly, assuring the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> -gentlemen who had addressed him the interrogations -of his appreciation of the situation and of his hearty willingness -to promote in any way the defense of the city, -and asking that any plans for defensive works undertaken -by the governor and council be submitted to him. -Meanwhile he was doing all in his power to strengthen -the defenses on James island and to hold his forces well -in hand to be concentrated at the point of attack. General -Pemberton had under his command for the defense -of Charleston and on the line of the Charleston & Savannah -railroad, about 20,000 effectives, and in the department -of Georgia about 10,000 from which he could draw -reinforcements in the event of an attack on Charleston.</p> - -<p>General Hunter, commanding the Federal forces in -South Carolina, reported an aggregate of 16,989 effectives, -stationed along the coast from Tybee, Ga., to Edisto -island. These troops were commanded by Brigadier-Generals -Benham, Viele, Stevens, Wright and Gilmore, -and were mainly concentrated on Daufuskie island, at -Hilton Head and Beaufort, and on Edisto island. The -Federal force was greatly overestimated by the Confederates, -and it was believed that an army of at least 25,000 -or 30,000 could be thrown upon James or John's island -in an advance upon Charleston from that direction, while -a powerful fleet of armored vessels might be expected to -attack by the harbor. The Federal commander, with a -similar overestimate of the Confederate forces, wrote to -Washington in the latter part of April, 1862, rating General -Pemberton's forces as follows: At Savannah, 30,000; -at Charleston, 25,000; at Augusta, 10,000; a total of -65,000! He was doubtless better informed by the intelligent -crew of the Planter, and then determined upon the -occupation of James island.</p> - -<p>The Planter was stolen by her negro crew on the 13th -of May, and two gunboats entered the Stono on the 20th -following. The channel was open, the guns were all gone -from the forts on Cole's and Battery islands, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> -gunboats threw their 11-inch shells with perfect impunity -on the right and left as they ran up the river. They -anchored beyond Battery island, which would have -effectually cut off the retreat of the battalion under Colonel -Capers, if no other means of escape had been provided. -By the energy and forethought of Col. C. H. -Stevens, commanding the Twenty-fourth volunteers, an -interior causeway had been thrown up, and bridges built, -running from Cole's island to James island, right through -the marsh and over the creeks, and by this causeway -Colonel Capers retreated without the loss of a man, having -burned the military barracks at Fort Palmetto and -removed the small supply of stores. It was now evident -that the Federals planned a lodgment on James island, -for the number of their boats increased gradually in the -river, and on the 2d of June, General Benham landed a -part of his command at Battery island, under Brig.-Gen. -I. I. Stevens. Here they were secure under the guns of -the fleet in the Stono. By June 5th another division -under Gen. H. G. Wright, having marched across Seabrook -and John's island from North Edisto, had crossed -the Stono from Legaréville to Grimball's on James -island. These two divisions constituted the force of General -Benham, that of Wright covering his left on the -Stono, and that of Stevens his right, immediately in front -of Secessionville. The gunboats in the Stono, firing by -signals from the Federal camps and advance pickets, -enfiladed their front and afforded effective support.</p> - -<p>On the early morning of June 3d, the day after General -Stevens had landed, the first affair of the James island -campaign took place. The One Hundredth Pennsylvania -regiment had been advanced as far as the causeway -crossing the marsh at Rivers' place, where the Charleston -Riflemen and the Beauregard light infantry, Lieutenant -Lynch and Captain White commanding, were on -outpost duty. On the causeway in their front, three -seacoast 24-pounder howitzers, of Captain Chichester's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> -battery, were bogged so badly in an attempt to take -them across, the evening before, that they had been left -in this position, and were now covered by the rifles of -the Pennsylvanians.</p> - -<p>Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers, with four companies of the -Twenty-fourth volunteers, was sent before day, on the -3d, to extricate the guns. He found Captain White and -Lieutenant Lynch holding the Federal regiment in -check, and, ordering them to join his command, at once -made his dispositions for attack. A sharp conflict in the -pines beyond the causeway drove the enemy back to the -cover of a ditch and bank beyond, and this position being -assaulted and carried, the Federals fell back across an old -field and took shelter in a row of negro houses at -Legaré's place. At this point of the engagement, Lieut.-Col. -P. C. Gaillard, commanding the Charleston battalion, -came up to the support of Colonel Capers. The following -is his report to Colonel Capers of the affair which -followed his arrival:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Learning on Tuesday morning, the 3d instant, that you -were engaged with the enemy at Legaré's, and that they -were in larger force than yourself, I assembled the five -companies of my battalion (one, the Charleston Riflemen, -being already with you) to reinforce you.... Soon -after joining, you called upon me for three companies -to join in a charge upon the buildings occupied by the -enemy. The Irish Volunteers, Sumter Guards and Calhoun -Guards were designated for that duty, and well did -they respond.... I joined in the charge also, but seeing -you up with them, I fell back (by your order) to take -charge of the line in rear.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The three companies named above, with the Evans -Guard of the Twenty-fourth volunteers, the Charleston -Riflemen and Beauregard light infantry, were led in the -charge on the houses by their gallant officers, Captain -Gooding, Lieutenant Lynch, Captain Ryan, Captain -White, Lieut. Ward Hopkins and Captain Miles, and -stormed and silenced the Federals at the houses. Some of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> -them surrendered, but most retreated to their supports in -the direction of Battery island. The gunboats, in full view -in the Stono, opened a fire on the Confederates, and the -enemy's supports, Twenty-eighth Massachusetts and -Eighth Michigan, coming rapidly up, a retreat was -ordered, and with a Federal captain and 20 other prisoners, -Colonel Capers fell back to the position held by Colonel -Gaillard. The enemy did not advance further than -Legaré's, and the affair was over. The adjutant of the -Charleston battalion, Lieut. Henry Walker, was wounded -at the houses and fell into the enemy's hands. In this -affair 9 men of the Twenty-fourth and 8 of the Charleston -battalion were wounded.</p> - -<p>The engagement just described, and a reconnoissance -in front of Grimball's on the 10th of June, gallantly -made by the Forty-seventh Georgia regiment, fully -developed the positions and force of the Federal army -on James island. General Pemberton was active and -efficient in strengthening the lines of defense and in concentrating -troops on the island. By June 15th a force fully -equal to that of the Federal army was encamped behind -the batteries, and on the lines of defense from Fort Pemberton -on the Stono, at Elliott's, cut, to Secessionville on -the extreme east, under Brig.-Gens. N. G. Evans, W. D. -Smith and S. R. Gist, the former in chief command. -Col. Johnson Hagood, First volunteers, commanded the -advance guard, composed of his own regiment, the -Twenty-fourth, Col. C. H. Stevens; the Eutaw battalion, -Lieut.-Col. C. H. Simonton, and the Fourth Louisiana -battalion, Lieut.-Col. J. McEnery. This force was -encamped outside the line of defense, and was charged -with guarding the front of the Confederate line, except -the immediate front of Secessionville, which was protected -by its own outposts.</p> - -<p>Secessionville is situated on a peninsula cut from the -east side of the island by an arm of Lighthouse creek, a -bold tidewater stream which empties into the harbor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> -Charleston, east of Fort Johnson. At the point of the -peninsula of Secessionville where the battery was erected, -the peninsula is narrowest, probably not more than half -regimental front, and on either side of it run the tidewaters -of Lighthouse creek and Big Folly creek, bordered -by impracticable marshes. The banks of the peninsula -in front and in rear of the battery were fringed by a -thick growth of myrtle bushes. Col. T. G. Lamar was -in command of the fort at Secessionville (afterward -called Fort Lamar, in his honor) and its infantry supports. -The garrison consisted of Companies I and B of -Lamar's regiment of South Carolina artillery, Capts. -G. D. Keitt and Samuel J. Reid; and the infantry support -was composed of two battalions of infantry, the -Charleston battalion, Lieut.-Col. P. C. Gaillard, and the -Pee Dee battalion, Lieut.-Col. A. D. Smith. The battery -mounted an 8-inch columbiad, two 24-pounder -rifles, several 18-pounders, and a mortar. A gunboat -battery on the east bank, anchored in Big Folly creek, -and commanded by Capt. F. N. Bonneau, would have -been an effective ally, had not its guns just been moved -on shore to be added to those of the fort.</p> - -<p>In the early morning of June 16th, the Secessionville -picket was on duty at Rivers' place, a mile in front of -the fort, and the Twenty-fourth, with six companies of -the First South Carolina and one of the Forty-seventh -Georgia, was covering the front of the east lines, under -command of Col. C. H. Stevens. In the fort a gun -detachment was awake and on the watch, but the -remainder of the garrison was fast asleep.</p> - -<p>At 1 o'clock a. m., Gen. N. G. Evans had started 100 -picked men from Colonel Goodlett's Twenty-second regiment, -under Capt. Joshua Jamison, as a fatigue party, to -go over the bridge to Fort Lamar and assist in mounting -Captain Bonneau's guns in the fort. These men reached -the fort about daylight. Just at dawn the Secessionville -picket was surprised and several of them captured.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> -The main picket force ran in and gave the first notice to -Lamar of the enemy's rapid advance on his position. -The garrison was aroused and at the guns and on the -flanks just in time to meet the gallant assault of the -Eighth Michigan, Seventh Connecticut, Seventy-ninth -New York, Twenty-eighth Massachusetts, One Hundredth -Pennsylvania and Forty-sixth New York, with -Rockwell's and Strahan's light batteries and a company -of engineers. The six regiments were moved forward in -two lines, both under the immediate direction of Gen. -I. I. Stevens, and each commanded by its senior colonel. -As they advanced the peninsula narrowed, and when -within short range of the works, the left regiment of the -front line, the Seventh Connecticut, was crowded into -the marsh. Just at this juncture Lamar fired the 8-inch -columbiad charged with canister, and in rapid succession -the 24's and 18's, and the mortar opened. The whole -line wavered and was broken in some confusion. Urged -on by their officers, the Connecticut, Michigan and New -York regiments pressed forward, the latter two in larger -numbers gaining ground. Groups of men and officers of -these two regiments gained the ditch and both flanks of -the work, and some of them mounted the work. They -were met by the galling fire of the infantry of Gaillard -and Smith, and were either killed or captured. Meanwhile -the 100 men under Jamison, sent to mount Bonneau's -guns, arrived and promptly took their places on -the parapet, adding their rifles to the fire of the Charleston -and Pee Dee battalions.</p> - -<p>A number of the assaulting force, moving along the -marsh under cover of the myrtle bushes, gained a lodgment -on the right flank and in rear of the work, and were -doing serious execution by their fire, hid as they were, -and shielded by the bank of the peninsula. But they -were soon dislodged by the rifles of the Fourth Louisiana -battalion, sent by Colonel Hagood to reinforce the garrison -as soon as he learned that the fort was being attacked.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> -The Louisianians coming up at a run were promptly put -into position by their gallant commander, Colonel McEnery, -and drove the Federals from the myrtles into the -marsh or out into the field. Two 24-pounders, in battery -on the west flank of the fort and west of the creek -and marsh, had been silent up to this moment. Colonel -Hagood, who had moved promptly down the Battery -Island road to check any advance by that way, and protect -the right front of the fort, noting the silence of the -flank battery, dispatched Lieutenant-Colonel Capers to -open the fire of these guns. Finding a small detachment -of Lamar's artillery at the guns, under Lieutenant Kitching, -a prompt and gallant response to the order to open -fire was made, and under the direction of Colonel Capers -solid shot and shell were delivered along the line of the -myrtles, and into the regiments vainly endeavoring to -form on the field in front of the work. The sun was now -fully up and Lamar's victory was achieved, though both -sides continued to fire until the Federal regiments had -withdrawn from range.</p> - -<p>During the assault upon the fort, a column of forty -companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery and a -squadron of cavalry, about 2,500 strong, under Brigadier-General -Wright, advanced along the Battery Island road -and up the west side of Lighthouse creek, as a covering -force for the protection of the left and rear of the troops -assaulting Secessionville. This force was made up of -the Third New Hampshire, and companies of the Third -Rhode Island, Ninety-seventh Pennsylvania, Sixth Connecticut, -Forty-seventh New York, Forty-fifth Pennsylvania, -and First New York engineers. The advance of -Hagood down the Battery Island road, with a portion of -the First and Twenty-fourth South Carolina and the -Eutaw battalion, brought him in contact with General -Wright's advance, which he checked and repelled. The -Eutaw battalion was placed behind an obstruction of -felled timber on the east of the road, and four companies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> -of the Twenty-fourth still further to the left and immediately -in front of the enemy's advance. One piece of -Boyce's battery, under Lieutenant Jeter, was put in -position immediately on the right of the Twenty-fourth -and the four companies of the First south of the road. -Jeter opened fire on the enemy, in full view at Hill's -place, and immediately Wright's artillery replied, shelling -the whole front of Hagood's force and throwing solid shot -at Jeter's gun. The Third Rhode Island advanced to -charge the position, but was handsomely repulsed by -Colonels Stevens and Simonton and the effective fire of -Jeter. By this time the contest in front of Secessionville -having been determined, General Wright retired his -troops to their intrenched positions, and the battle of -Secessionville was ended.</p> - -<p>After the first repulse, the fort was again in danger -from the fire of infantry and artillery in its rear and -right flank by a portion of Wright's column, which had -marched up the west bank of Lighthouse creek and were -in position south and east of Hill's negro houses. It was -this force that McEnery attacked as he came up, firing at -short range across the creek. They were ultimately -driven off by the fire of the 24-pounders in front of -Clark's house, above alluded to, and by Hagood's troops. -The latter were well posted, and when assaulted easily -repulsed the attack. Lieutenant Jeter with his guns did -good service in this affair; indeed, the position of General -Wright's column at Hill's houses, though for a short -time it took the work at Secessionville in flank and rear, -was between the infantry fire of McEnery at the fort and -Hagood's force and the 24-pounder battery at Clark's -house. If Colonel Hagood had had his whole advance -guard under his command, with Boyce's entire battery, he -could have moved immediately against General Wright's -column, striking him in flank and rear. On the contrary, -if Wright had known that Hagood had with him only the -total strength of a good regiment, with one piece of artil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>lery, -he would doubtless have attacked with his entire -force instead of with a portion of the Rhode Island regiment -only.</p> - -<p>The force assaulting the fort numbered, of all arms, -3,562. It was defended by two companies of artillery, -three battalions of infantry, and 100 picked men under -Captain Jamison, a total of less than 1,000 men. -Wright's column could not have been less than 2,500 to -3,000 of all arms. Hagood's force did not exceed 700 -men, with one piece of artillery. The Confederate troops -actually engaged did not exceed 1,800.</p> - -<p>General Stevens reported a loss of 529 men and officers -in his assaulting column; General Wright, 129; making -an aggregate of 658. Colonel Hagood took 12 prisoners -and counted 12 dead in front of Colonel Stevens' four -companies, and 8 in front of the Eutaw battalion. More -than the number reported by General Stevens were -buried on the field, and while that general reports 1 -officer and 30 men made prisoners, by actual count the -Confederates took 65 wounded and 42 unwounded prisoners. -The total Federal loss could not have been less -than 750 to 800.</p> - -<p>The Confederates lost in killed, wounded and missing, -204 officers and men, as follows: Forty-seventh Georgia, -1 killed; Fourth Louisiana, 6 killed, 22 wounded; -Lamar's artillery, 15 killed, 39 wounded, 1 missing; -Charleston battalion, 10 killed, 40 wounded, 2 missing; -Pee Dee battalion, 3 killed, 23 wounded, 3 missing; -First volunteers, 1 wounded; Twenty-second volunteers, -10 killed, 8 wounded; Twenty-fourth volunteers, 3 -killed, 7 wounded, 2 missing; Eutaw battalion, 4 killed, -14 wounded; total, 5 officers and 47 men killed, 12 -officers and 132 men wounded, 8 missing; aggregate 204.</p> - -<p>Among the gallant dead were Capt. Henry C. King and -Lieut. John J. Edwards, of the Charleston battalion; -Capt. Samuel J. Reed, of Lamar's artillery; Lieut. -Richard W. Greer, of the Eutaw battalion, and Lieut.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> -B. A. Graham, of the Forty-seventh Georgia. Colonel -Lamar and Lieutenant-Colonel Gaillard were both -wounded severely. Also among the wounded were -Captain Walker, of the Fourth Louisiana; Capts. J. A. -Blake, F. T. Miles and R. P. Smith, and Lieuts. J. W. -Axson, George Brown, John Burke and F. R. Lynch of -the Charleston battalion; Lieut. J. G. Beatty of the Pee -Dee battalion; Lieut. F. W. Andrews of the Twenty-fourth, -and Lieut. Samuel J. Berger of the Eutaw battalion.</p> - -<p>It was a gallant assault on the part of the Federals and -came near being a complete surprise. But for the heroic -conduct of the garrison in standing to their guns, and the -persistent and gallant support of the Charleston and Pee -Dee battalions and Jamison's men, who fought on the -parapet and on the flanks, the Michigan and New York -regiments and the Seventh Connecticut would have -swarmed over the work at the first assault, closely followed -by their supports.</p> - -<p>The news of the victory at Secessionville was heralded -to every quarter of the State and the Confederacy, and -filled the hearts of soldiers and people with joy and -thanksgiving. General Pemberton congratulated the -troops engaged in orders, and especially acknowledged -the heroism and ability of Lamar and his garrison. In -published orders, the following officers and soldiers were -specially mentioned for good conduct: Col. T. G. Lamar, -Lieut.-Cols. P. C. Gaillard, A. D. Smith, John McEnery -and Ellison Capers; Majs. David Ramsay and J. H. -Hudson; Capts. Samuel J. Reed, Henry C. King, F. T. -Miles, G. D. Keitt, W. W. McCreery, F. N. Bonneau, -R. E. Elliott, S. J. Corrie, H. W. Carr, Joshua Jamison, -Samuel S. Tompkins and W. H. Ryan; Asst. Surg. -James Evans; Lieutenants Hall and Matthews, C. S. -N.; Adjt. E. J. Frederick; Lieuts. W. H. Rodgers, J. B. -Kitching, J. B. Humbert, W. S. Barton, J. W. Moseley, -T. P. Oliver, John A. Bellinger, W. M. Johnson, J. W.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> -Lancaster, L. S. Hill, H. H. Sally, J. B. Cobb, William -Beckham, George Brown, A. A. Allemand, James Campbell -and R. A. Blum; Sergt. W. H. Hendricks, and Privates -Joseph Tennent, J. Campbell Martin, and T. -Grange Simons, Jr.</p> - -<p>Maj. David Ramsay, who succeeded to the command of -the Charleston battalion on the wounding of Lieutenant-Colonel -Gaillard, closes his brief report with this appropriate -and just tribute, applicable to each of the commands -engaged in the battle of Secessionville. "I have -mentioned those especially noticeable, but can only -repeat that I refrain from enumerating others because it -would be to furnish a roll of those engaged."</p> - -<p>Signally repulsed at Secessionville, and convinced of -the strength of the line of defense across the island, the -Federal commander-in-chief abandoned the campaign, -evacuated James island the last of June, and aggregated -the main portion of his troops at Hilton Head, Beaufort -and North Edisto. There were left only the gunboats -in the lower Stono, and the blockading fleet off the bar -to menace Charleston. The troops which had reinforced -the command of General Gist on James island were -returned to their former stations on the coast and at -Savannah, and the heroes of Secessionville were toasted -on every hand.</p> - -<p>During the remainder of the summer, several affairs -occurred along the coast which illustrated the watchfulness -and gallantry of the South Carolina soldiers. An -expedition to Fenwick's island was organized and successfully -conducted by Maj. R. J. Jeffords, commanding -the Sixth battalion South Carolina cavalry, and the -enemy's positions in the surrounding waters and on the -adjacent islands fully reported to Col. W. S. Walker, -commanding the Third district. On the 14th of August, -the Federal gunboats, having entered Winyaw bay, -steamed up Black river as far as Mrs. Sparkman's plantation, -20 miles above Georgetown. Maj. W. P. Emanuel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> -commanding in that quarter, with a section of Wood's -battery and all his troops south of the river, marched at -once to Mrs. Sparkman's and boldly attacked the boats -with rifles and battery. The enemy's force that had -landed was compelled to re-embark, and the boats soon -steamed down the river, shelling the banks on their way. -Major Emanuel threw his mounted infantry forward at -every available bluff, and gave the boats a spirited fight -on their return to Georgetown. A picket force on Pinckney -island was surprised and captured at dawn of the 21st -of August, by Captains Elliott and Mickler. This was an -incursion far into the enemy's lines, and at the risk of -being cut off by his gunboats, which were in the immediate -vicinity. The lieutenant commanding the Federal -picket was killed, with 14 of his men, and 36 were captured, -4 of whom were wounded. The expedition left -Bear island in nine boats, 120 strong, detachments from -the Eleventh volunteers, Captains Mickler, Leadbetter -and Wescoat commanding, and from the Beaufort artillery, -Lieutenant Stuart commanding, the whole directed -by Capts. Stephen Elliott and John H. Mickler. The -affair was well planned and gallantly executed, with the -loss of only 8 men wounded on the part of the Confederates.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>GENERAL BEAUREGARD IN COMMAND—THE DEFENSES -OF CHARLESTON—DISPOSITION OF TROOPS—BATTLE -OF POCOTALIGO—REPULSE OF ENEMY -AT COOSAWHATCHIE BRIDGE—OPERATIONS IN -NORTH CAROLINA—BATTLE OF KINSTON—DEFENSE -OF GOLDSBORO.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">On</span> the 29th of August, General Beauregard, who -had been in command of the army in Mississippi, -was ordered to take charge in South Carolina. -General Pemberton was directed to report for duty at -Richmond. His policy of abandoning the attempt to -defend the mouth of Broad river and the harbor of -Georgetown, and especially his removal of the guns from -the mouth of the Stono, had made him unpopular; but -his energy, ability and patriotism commanded the respect -of the military, and the government at Richmond reposed -in him the highest confidence. Upon taking the command -at Charleston in September, General Beauregard -made a careful inspection of the department, and writing -to Richmond, expressed his admiration for the amount -and character of defensive work which General Pemberton -had done, especially in the defense of Charleston.</p> - -<p>Having requested General Pemberton to give his -views upon the situation, and particularly as to the -forces, guns, etc., necessary to the proper defense of the -cities of Charleston and Savannah and their dependencies, -General Beauregard received the following reply -from Pemberton, dated September 24, 1862:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I have the honor to state in answer to your inquiry, -that in my opinion this department can be successfully -defended against any reasonable force which it is prob<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>able -the enemy may bring against it [by the following -forces], to wit:</p> - -<p>James island: 10,000 infantry, 1,000 heavy artillery, -500 cavalry, 6 field batteries. Morris island: 1,000 -infantry, 250 heavy artillery, 50 cavalry. Sullivan's -island: 1,500 infantry, 800 heavy artillery, 50 cavalry, -1 field battery. Christ Church: 1,000 infantry, 100 heavy -artillery, 200 cavalry, 1 field battery. St. Andrew's: 2,000 -infantry (movable column), 200 heavy artillery, 200 cavalry, -2 field batteries. Second military district: 5,000 -infantry, 800 cavalry, 200 heavy artillery, 2 field batteries. -Third military district: 5,000 troops of all arms. Savannah: -10,000 infantry, 1,200 heavy artillery, 2,000 cavalry, -8 field batteries. Fort Sumter: 500 heavy artillery, 100 -riflemen. Georgetown (merely for preventing marauding, -the defense of Winyaw bay requiring obstructions -and a numerous heavy artillery, both of which are entirely -out of the question): 7 companies of cavalry, 3 batteries -of artillery, 3 companies of infantry. The above -estimate is based upon the supposition that attacks may -be made simultaneously upon different points.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Upon this communication, General Beauregard endorsed: -"Approved as the minimum force required, as -above stated, to guard with security the department of -South Carolina and Georgia."</p> - -<p>General Beauregard was warmly received by the governor -and council of South Carolina, by the military and -by the citizens. Governor Pickens addressed him the -following letter a few days after his taking command:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Dear General: I enclose the within to you, being a -letter from myself to General Lee, dated May 23d, and -one from him in reply, dated May 29th, containing an -order to General Pemberton relating to the defense of -Charleston. It strikes me that the defense of Charleston -is now of the last importance to the Confederacy, and in -my very full interview yesterday, I took the liberty of -urging that Fort Sumter was the key to the harbor and -in fact was almost absolutely essential to enable the -South to hold communication with the foreign world.... -I am rejoiced to see you here again, as there is no -general who could have been selected to whom South Carolina -would look with more confidence for her defense than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> -yourself. Our whole coast involves the most complicated -difficulties in defense, and all the highest range of -science in war is required to make that defense successful. -Feeling the greatest confidence in your abilities, -and well knowing that this position is well suited to your -peculiar talents and scientific knowledge, it affords me -the greatest pleasure to co-operate with you in anything -that you may suggest, and to offer you all the resources -of the State that I may be able to command.</p></blockquote> - -<p>After an inspection of the harbor defenses, and the -lines and work on James island, General Beauregard -reported the result of his examination in the following -letter, of date October 3, 1862, addressed to Adjutant-General -Cooper at Richmond:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Accompanied by Major-General Pemberton, Brigadier-General -Jordan, my chief of staff, Colonel Gonzales, chief -of artillery, and Lieut.-Col. George Lay, on a tour of -inspection, under orders of the war department, on September -16th I proceeded to inspect the harbor defenses, -beginning with four new sand batteries, in barbette, -near the west end of Sullivan's island, bearing on and -commanding the floating boom under construction across -the channel thence to Fort Sumter. Those batteries are -not finished, but two guns, 10-inch columbiads, were in -position, one only being ready for service and the magazines -not yet built. The boom is composed of railroad iron, -strongly linked together with heavy iron links and bands, -protected and buoyed by spars of timber of the same -length with the bars of iron, and banded closely together -with iron. The bars are suspended four feet under water, -and the whole structure is anchored every sixth section -with an anchor. About one-fourth of this boom is laid. -I am informed that it has been tested by running against -it a heavily-loaded vessel towed by a steamboat. This -test it resisted, parting the towline, a 10-inch hawser. -It was also proposed to lay another line about 100 yards -in rear of that now under construction, if sufficient time -is allowed and enough chains and anchors can be procured. -In addition, a rope obstruction has been prepared -to place in advance of the wooden and iron boom for -the purpose of entangling the enemy's propellers while -under fire of our heavy guns in the adjacent forts and -batteries.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> - -<p>It is proper for me to notice that since my inspection -the plan of the boom was found to be defective, at least -in one particular; the great length of it made it unable -to bear the pressure of the tide, and the boom parted in -several places. This, it is hoped by the projector, may -be remedied by breaking the continuous character of the -barrier and laying it in sections, and on that plan it is -now being carried on....</p> - -<p>The armament of the four new sand batteries is to consist, -as planned, of seven 10 and one 8 inch columbiad, -and two 42-pounder rifle guns. Fort Sumter has thirty-eight -heavy guns above the caliber of 32-pounders, and -Fort Moultrie nine, bearing at once on the obstructions. -There will be also two strong ironclad gunboats, each -armed with four guns, to give important, indeed vital, -assistance. These, I am advised, will be completed -before the 15th instant, and could even now yield some -aid in an emergency. I regard them as absolutely -indispensable to the successful defense of the harbor. -The Neck battery on Morris island [afterward Battery -Wagner] was next visited, which was found incomplete, -wanting at least two weeks' work to finish it according -to plan, and needing a closed gorge to secure against surprise. -It was erected to defend that approach to Fort -Sumter. In addition, a few rifled guns ought to be -placed to bear on the main channel.</p> - -<p>Subsequently I visited a small work, Fort Ripley, now -under construction in cribs in the bay, about midway -between Fort Johnson and Castle Pinckney. It is nearly -ready for its armament of five heavy guns in barbette, -but must be protected outside to the high-water mark by -rubbish before it can be relied on. A series of similar -smaller works erected in the shallow water nearer to the -mouth of the harbor would materially add to the strength -of our defenses. I did not visit Castle Pinckney, the -armament of which is nine 24-pounders and one 24-pounder -rifled gun. I am well acquainted with this -work, and regard it as nearly worthless at this juncture.</p> - -<p>On the 17th of September, accompanied by Major-General -Pemberton, I inspected the defensive lines on James -island from the Wappoo to Mellichamp's, a distance of -about 3 miles. These lines consist of a system of forts, -redoubts, redans, <i>cremailleres</i>, not very properly arranged -and located, with the exception of Fort Pemberton, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> -the Stono and some of the redoubts; and in my opinion -a simpler system, one requiring a smaller force to hold -and defend, might have been originally devised with -advantage. However, this line ought to serve our purpose -with a proper force of about 3 men for every 2 yards -of development. Each redoubt and redan has at least -one heavy gun in position. That part of the lines between -Dill's creek and the Wappoo will be completed in two -weeks. Fort Pemberton is a strong work, and has an -armament of twenty guns of various calibers. There are -two batteries on the Ashley river and the entrances of -Dill's and Wappoo creeks, but for want of guns the works -are without armaments, except the battery at Lawton's, -which has four 32-pounders in position, which, however, -are of little use against any probable attack.</p> - -<p>On the 18th, accompanied as on the previous days, I -inspected Forts Sumter and Moultrie, which were found -in fine order and condition, considering the repairs in -progress at the latter work. The armament of Moultrie -consists of thirty-eight guns of various calibers, from -24-pounders to 8-inch columbiads, with a garrison of -some 300 effective men. The armament of Sumter consists -of seventy-nine guns of all calibers, from 32-pounders -to 10-inch columbiads, and seven 10-inch mortars. It -has a garrison of about 350 effective men. The barracks -are being cut down to protect them from the fire of the -enemy.... Battery Beauregard, across Sullivan's island, -in advance of Fort Moultrie, to defend the approach from -the east, is armed with five guns. The work at the eastern -extremity of the island, placed to defend the interior -approach by water to the rear and west of Long island, -is a redoubt armed with eight guns (two 32-pounders and -six small guns). I am informed by General Pemberton -that all these works are sufficiently garrisoned.</p> - -<p>My conclusions are as follows: That when the works -contemplated and in progress for the defense of the harbor, -especially when the obstructions and ironclad gunboats -shall have been completed and are properly armed -with guns of the heaviest caliber, the enemy's fleet will -find it extremely difficult to penetrate sufficiently within -the harbor to injure or reduce the city; but until these -works are finished, armed as indicated, and properly -garrisoned, the city cannot be regarded as protected.</p> - -<p>Accompanied as on previous days, on the 19th of Sep<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>tember -I examined the works at Secessionville, which -are irregular and of poor construction. A force of some -200 men was still at work increasing and strengthening -them. The position is naturally strong, being surrounded -by two marshes and a wide creek, except on -one side [the front], where there is a very narrow strip of -level ground, along which the abolitionists made their -attack, which was a surprise, when they were defeated -by one-fifth of their numbers. I do not see the necessity -or advantage of holding in force this advanced position. -A strong picket would be sufficient. The armament of -this work consists of two 8-inch naval guns, one 18-pounder -howitzer, six 32-pounders, one 32-pounder and two -24-pounder rifled guns, and two 10-inch mortars. All of -which is respectfully submitted, etc.</p></blockquote> - -<p>This communication gives a clear view of the character -of the defenses of Charleston in October, 1862, and -shows also the activity and engineering skill of General -Pemberton, under whose direction the works, for the -most part, were prosecuted after the abandonment of -Cole's island early in May. The position for the fort at -Secessionville was originally selected by Col. Lewis M. -Hatch of Charleston, whose practical knowledge of the -waters and islands surrounding Charleston and patriotic -zeal in planning for their defense made his services -most valuable, especially at the beginning of the -defensive work, when so very few military men in -Charleston had made a study of the approaches by land -and water to the city. The victory of the 16th of June -bore ample testimony to the value of the exact spot on -which Fort Lamar stood.</p> - -<p>In July, Col. Johnson Hagood was promoted to brigadier-general, -and the First regiment came under the -command of Col. Thomas Glover. Early in August, -Generals Drayton and Evans were sent from South Carolina -to reinforce General Lee, in Virginia. These generals -took with them the First regiment, Colonel Glover; -the Fifteenth, Col. W. D. De Saussure; the Seventeenth, -Col. (Governor) J. H. Means; the Eighteenth, Col. J. M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> -Gadberry; the Twenty-second, Col. Joseph Abney; the -Twenty-third, Col. H. L. Benbow; Holcombe legion, -Col. P. F. Stevens; Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. G. S. -James, and Capt. R. Boyce's battery, all South Carolina -organizations. Upon taking command, General Beauregard -assigned Gen. S. R. Gist to command the First district, -with headquarters at Charleston. This district -embraced the coast from the North Carolina line to Rantowles -creek, and included the islands touching the -harbor. Col. R. F. Graham commanded on Morris island, -Col. L. M. Keitt on Sullivan's island, Col. C. H. -Stevens on James island, and Major Emanuel at Georgetown. -Lieut.-Col. William Butler, First regular infantry, -commanded at Fort Moultrie, and Maj. Alfred Rhett, -of the First regular artillery, at Fort Sumter. Fort -Pemberton on the Stono was commanded by Maj. J. J. -Lucas, and the post of Secessionville by Lieutenant-Colonel -Capers. General Gist had under his command 133 -companies of all arms. In this enumeration by companies -were included the following South Carolina regiments: -First regular artillery, First regular infantry, First -volunteer artillery, Twentieth, Twenty-first, Twenty-fourth -and Twenty-fifth volunteers, ten companies each.</p> - -<p>Brigadier-General Hagood, in charge of the Second -military district, with headquarters at Adams' run, had -in his command one regiment (the Sixteenth), Smith's -and Nelson's battalions of infantry, two companies of -cavalry, the Stono scouts, and two batteries (the Washington -and Morrison artillery)—twenty-nine companies -of all arms, all South Carolinians.</p> - -<p>Col. W. S. Walker, commanding the Third military -district, with headquarters at McPhersonville, had under -his orders an aggregate of forty companies of all arms, as -follows: Eleventh volunteers, First and Second battalions -of sharpshooters, Third regiment of cavalry, First, -Second and Sixth battalions of cavalry, Rutledge mounted -riflemen, Charleston dragoons, Kirk's partisan rangers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> -Elliott's Beaufort artillery, Kavanaugh's Lafayette battery, -all South Carolina commands, and Nelson's Virginia -battery. The whole Confederate force in South Carolina -upon General Beauregard's assuming command, September -24, 1862, amounted to 202 companies of all arms, and -aggregated 12,544 officers and soldiers present for duty.</p> - -<p>On October 22d, the battle of Old Pocotaligo was fought -by Col. W. S. Walker, with a small force of infantry, -dismounted cavalry, and sections from two batteries of -artillery, amounting in all to 675 men and officers. On -the same day the railroad and turnpike bridges crossing -the Coosawhatchie were successfully defended by the -Lafayette artillery, Lieut. L. F. Le Bleux commanding; -a section of Elliott's Beaufort battery, Lieut. H. M. -Stuart commanding, and Capt. B. F. Wyman's company -of the Eleventh South Carolina infantry. These engagements -will be described separately.</p> - -<p>A Federal force of 4,448 of all arms, under the command -of Brigadier-General Brannan, sailed from Hilton -Head on the evening of October 21st in transports supported -by gunboats, destined for Mackay's point, on -Broad river, with orders from the Federal commanding -general "to destroy the railroad and railroad bridges on -the Charleston and Savannah line." Landing his forces -at Mackay's point during the night of the 21st and on the -early morning of the 22d, General Brannan marched with -all of his troops except the Forty-eighth New York and -two companies of engineers, immediately up the road -leading to Old Pocotaligo. The force detached was sent -by boat up the Broad, and thence up the Coosawhatchie -to destroy the railroad bridge over the latter river, where -the main column, in case of victory at Pocotaligo, should -unite with it in tearing up the railroad on either hand, -including the bridge over the Pocotaligo and Tulifinny -rivers.</p> - -<p>If General Brannan had succeeded, he would have cut -very effectually the communication between Savannah<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> -and Charleston, captured the military stores at Coosawhatchie -and Pocotaligo, and inflicted a serious blow to -General Beauregard's line of defense. But his expedition -signally failed, and he was defeated with brilliant -success by Colonel Walker's troops at Old Pocotaligo and -at Coosawhatchie bridge. Learning of his landing at -Mackay's point and of his advance, Colonel Walker -ordered by wire the artillery and infantry named above -to repair to the bridge, and himself marched down the -Mackay's point road, with all the force he could command, -to meet General Brannan. Meanwhile, Col. C. J. Colcock, -at Grahamville, commanding the Third South Carolina -cavalry, dispatched Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson with five -companies of his regiment, and Major Abney, with two -companies of his battalion of sharpshooters, to march -rapidly to Coosawhatchie and intercept the force which -he had learned was moving up the river. These dispositions -were effective, as the result showed.</p> - -<p>Walker's force consisted of Nelson's Virginia battery, -two sections of Elliott's battery, and the following commands: -Maj. J. H. Morgan's battalion of cavalry, the -Charleston light dragoons, Captain Kirk's partisan -rangers, Captain Allston's company of sharpshooters, -Capt. D. B. Heyward's company of cavalry, and Capt. -A. C. Izard's company of the Eleventh South Carolina, -Lieut. W. L. Campbell commanding. The aggregate of -these troops was 475, one-fourth of whom were horse-holders -and not in the engagement now to be described. -Walker took position near Dr. Hutson's residence, on a -salt marsh, crossed by a causeway and skirted by woods -on both sides. A section of Elliott's guns, Allston's -sharpshooters, and two companies of cavalry, under Maj. -J. H. Morgan, had gone in advance of Walker's position -and were skirmishing with the head of Brannan's advance -and holding him in check. In this affair Major Morgan -was severely wounded, but his command held the advance -of the Federal troops sufficiently long to allow Walker to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> -post his gallant little force at Hutson's. Elliott's guns -were posted in and near the road, and Nelson's in the -field in rear of the skirmishers, and screened by woods in -front. The rest of the command was put in line to the -right and left of the road, covered by the trees which -fringed the marsh.</p> - -<p>General Brannan, encouraged by his success in driving -in Major Morgan, pushed up with his infantry and attacked -at once. Walker replied with the guns of Elliott -and Nelson (Lieutenant Massie commanding) and with his -rifle fire. The marsh was impracticable, but Brannan -pushed his troops to its edge and opened an infantry fire -from a force so much superior to Walker's as to inflict -serious damage to his batteries by killing horses and -wounding the gunners. The Federal artillery fired so -incessantly that their ammunition fell short and their fire -slackened.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile Elliott and Massie raked the woods opposite -with shell and canister. General Brannan reports that -this fire twice drove his infantry out of the woods "with -great slaughter;" "the overwhelming fire of the enemy -tore through the woods like hail." But the position was -not strong enough to be held against so superior a force, -and as the Federal regiments pushed out into the edge -of the marsh, enveloping both flanks of the Confederate -position, and delivering a damaging fire from their superior -rifles, Walker ordered a retreat upon Old Pocotaligo, -some 2½ miles in his rear.</p> - -<p>This was well executed and without confusion, Capt. -J. B. Allston's sharpshooters and part of Company I, -Eleventh volunteers, covering the movement. On the -retreat, Capt. W. L. Trenholm, with his splendid company, -the Rutledge mounted riflemen, joined Walker from -outpost duty, and took command of all the cavalry.</p> - -<p>Arriving at Old Pocotaligo, Walker took position in -the old houses and behind the scattered trees of the hamlet, -the Pocotaligo creek with its impracticable marsh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> -being in his front, and the ground higher and better -adapted for defense than the position at Dr. Hutson's.</p> - -<p>Capt. John H. Screven, just as the enemy appeared, -opened fire, and after the last man of the rear guard had -crossed, took a party of men and effectually tore up the -long bridge on the causeway, and the fight began in -earnest. Brannan brought up all his troops and artillery -and poured in a galling fire, to which Walker's men -replied from trees and houses and every bush on the edge -of the marsh. Two of Elliott's guns and all of Morris' -but one were disabled by the loss of the gunners, killed -or wounded, and after the battle had been in progress -some two hours, Walker had only three guns left. One of -these he withdrew from the position commanding the -causeway and put it in position under Sergeant Fuller, -about 300 yards to his right, where it opened on the Federal -left. Nelson's battalion (Seventh), 200 strong, -under Capt. W. H. Sligh, came up at this juncture on -Walker's right, and swelled his gallant little band to -about 800 men. Half of Sligh's command, under Capt. -J. H. Brooks, took position beyond Fuller's place, and -opened fire from the woods fringing the Pocotaligo 700 -or 800 yards beyond the hamlet of Pocotaligo. This fire -created the impression of a strong reinforcement on -Walker's right, and threatened the Federal left, which -was in full view "in air."</p> - -<p>General Brannan had sufficient force to hold Walker at -Old Pocotaligo, and move at least 2,500 men around his -right flank, crossing the Pocotaligo a mile or so above, -where it becomes very narrow. But he cautiously held -on to his position and kept up his fire on Walker's force, -relieving his regiments as they became slack of ammunition. -He could not get to Walker without forcing the -causeway and relaying the bridge, and this he could not -do as the fire of the artillery and every musket would be -turned on the least advance. The creek was deep and -the banks boggy and made an impassable ditch in Walk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>er's -front. Finally the Federal artillery ceased firing, -and the entire force opened on Walker's left an incessant -discharge from their rifles. Captain Sligh and the -Charleston light dragoons on Walker's left replied with -so much spirit and effect that Brannan gave up the fight, -and at 6 p. m. withdrew from range and began his retreat -to his boats at Mackay's point.</p> - -<p>The bridge being destroyed and Walker's men thoroughly -exhausted, it was some time before Colonel Walker -could organize and direct the pursuit. Lieut. L. J. -Walker, commanding the Rutledge mounted riflemen -and Kirk's rangers, passing around the head of the Pocotaligo, -pushed on down the Mackay's point road in the -rear of Brannan's force; but the bridges were torn up -and Walker could not reach the flying foe until the night -made it impracticable to proceed. Brannan reached his -gunboats in safety and re-embarked for his base at Hilton -Head.</p> - -<p>The force which attacked the bridge over the Coosawhatchie -was met by Le Bleux's and Stuart's artillery and -the fire of Captain Wyman's company, and was promptly -repelled. A detachment, however, while the main force -attacked the bridge, marched to the railroad, cut down a -telegraph pole, cut the wire, and tore up two or three -rails. A train carrying a portion of the Eleventh regiment -and one company of Abney's battalion, under the -command of Maj. J. J. Harrison, unhappily ran up just -in time to receive a volley from the party on the railroad, -by which the engineer was killed and Major Harrison -lost his life.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson, with his cavalry, arriving -at this juncture, the Federal force retreated and joined -the force retiring from the bridge. The destruction of -several bridges over marshes and creeks, which are -numerous in the tidewater section, so impeded Colonel -Johnson that he dismounted his men, and thus moved -three companies in line to within 130 yards of the boats<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> -and fired on the troops as they embarked. The gunboats -returned the fire, and a gallant soldier, Private Thomas -B. Fripp, was killed, and Lieut. T. G. Buckner and Corp. -Thomas Farr wounded. When the train was fired upon -and the engineer killed, the conductor, Mr. Buckhalter, -with coolness and courage, ran his train on in the face of -the ambuscading party. Thus ended the expedition to -destroy the railroad and bridges on the Charleston line.</p> - -<p>Walker lost 21 killed, 124 wounded, 18 missing; total, -163. Brannan's loss reported was 43 killed, 294 wounded, -3 missing; total, 340. Colonel Walker closed his report -of the battle of Pocotaligo by commending in highest -terms the conduct of the whole command, mentioning -particularly Capt. H. J. Hartstene, naval aid; Capt. -W. W. Elliott, ordnance officer; Capts. John H. -Screven and George P. Elliott; Corp. D. L. Walker, -and Privates Fripp and Martin and E. B. Bell, all of -whom served on his staff. R. M. Fuller and the Messrs. -Cuthbert, father and son, serving on the staff, rendered -efficient service to the colonel commanding. The battle -over, and the enemy safe on his gunboats, ample reinforcements -arrived from Hagood and Gist, and from -Savannah, but too late to do more than congratulate -Colonel Walker and his heroic and victorious troops.</p> - -<p>With the battle of Pocotaligo and the repulse of the -New York regiment at Coosawhatchie bridge, the aggressive -movements of the land forces of the enemy on -the coast of South Carolina closed for the year 1862.</p> - -<p>The Federal position at New Bern, N. C., protected by -the heavy batteries of the fleet and held by a strong -force under Major-General Foster, in 1862, afforded a safe -and easy base of operations against the railroad line connecting -Wilmington with Petersburg and Richmond. -Goldsboro, on this railroad, was connected directly with -New Bern by a railroad which ran through Kinston, the -latter place being about halfway between New Bern and -Goldsboro.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> - -<p>At Kinston, Gen. N. G. Evans was in command, with -his South Carolina brigade and some North Carolina -troops, including Lieutenant-Colonel Pool's heavy battery -on the river. The Neuse, open to gunboats, runs -by both Goldsboro and Kinston, crossing the railroad line -within four miles of the former place. General Foster -planned an attack, first on Kinston and then on the railroad -at the bridge near Goldsboro. For this purpose he -marched from New Bern on December 11, 1862, with -10,000 infantry, eight light batteries, forty guns, and a -regiment of cavalry 640 strong. Foster's force was composed -of twelve Massachusetts, one Connecticut, one -New Jersey, four New York, two Pennsylvania, and one -Rhode Island regiments, light batteries from Rhode -Island and New York, and cavalry from New York.</p> - -<p>Evans' brigade was composed of the Holcombe legion, -Col. P. F. Stevens; the Seventeenth South Carolina, Col. -F. W. McMaster; the Twenty-second South Carolina, -Col. S. D. Goodlett; the Twenty-third South Carolina, -Col. H. L. Benbow, and Boyce's light battery. With -this brigade and Radcliffe's regiment, Mallett's battalion -and Bunting's and Starr's light batteries, North Carolina -troops, he fought the battle of Kinston. Lieutenant-Colonel -Pool, commanding the work on the river just -below Kinston, successfully repelled the attack of the -gunboats. Taking post on Southwest creek, about 4 -miles due west of Kinston, Evans was attacked by Foster -on the morning of the 13th. The Federal general -marched up the west bank of the Neuse. With his overwhelming -force, he turned both flanks of General Evans -and compelled his retreat to a position about a mile from -the town, covering the bridge over the Neuse. Foster -moved on this position at once and attacked again with -his infantry and artillery. The conduct of Evans' little -command was heroic, and their firmness enabled him to -hold Foster in check throughout the day.</p> - -<p>Early the next morning the battle was renewed, Gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>eral -Evans taking the offensive; but the superior force of -the Federal army enveloped the small command of General -Evans, and after three hours of gallant battle, he -ordered a retreat across the river and through the town. -At the bridge Evans lost between 400 and 500 of his command, -taken prisoners, but succeeded in taking over his -artillery and most of his troops. He took up a strong -position, toward Goldsboro, about 2 miles from Kinston, -and was awaiting General Foster's advance when he -received a summons from that general to surrender! -This he promptly declined and prepared for battle, but -night coming on, Foster gave up the further pursuit of -General Evans on the east bank of the Neuse, and crossed -to the west side of the river, encamping in that position -for the night. On the 15th he resumed his march up the -west bank toward the railroad bridge near Goldsboro, -and followed with his attack upon the bridge and its -destruction on the 17th. In this affair an attack was -also made upon the county bridge crossing the Neuse, -which was successfully defended by General Clingman -and his gallant command of North Carolinians, strongly -supported by Evans.</p> - -<p>On the 18th of December, General Foster began his -movement back to his base at New Bern. Almost without -cavalry, the Confederate forces, now under the chief -command of Maj.-Gen. G. W. Smith, could not follow -him effectively, and he reached New Bern after suffering -a total loss of 591, killed, wounded and captured. -There is no record of the losses of the South Carolina -brigade at Kinston, or at the railroad bridge in front of -Goldsboro. General Clingman reported a loss of 20 -killed, 107 wounded, and 18 missing; total, 145. Evans -lost over 400 taken prisoners at the bridge at Kinston, and -must have met heavier losses than Clingman in his battles -on the 13th and 14th. His total loss could not have -been less than 600 in killed, wounded and captured, out -of a total in front of Kinston of 2,014. General Foster's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> -rapid retreat from the railroad can only be accounted for -upon the supposition that he exaggerated the forces sent -from Wilmington, Petersburg and Richmond to reinforce -Goldsboro. The aggregate of all arms at Goldsboro on -the 18th could not have reached 7,000 effectives, and -General Foster's army, after its losses on the 13th, 14th -and 17th, was fully 10,500 of all arms.</p> - -<p>General Evans in his official report mentioned especially -the gallant conduct of Adjt. W. P. Du Bose and -Capt. M. G. Zeigler, of the Holcombe legion; Capt. S. A. -Durham, Twenty-third South Carolina; his personal staff, -and Lieutenant-Colonels Mallett and Pool, and Colonels -Radcliffe and Baker of the North Carolina troops.</p> - -<p>The expedition of General Foster with so large a force, -and the reported presence of a large fleet of transports, -carrying an army under General Banks, in the waters of -Beaufort, made General Whiting, commanding at Wilmington, -apprehensive of an attack on that city. Pending -the movement of Foster, General Whiting telegraphed -to General Beauregard urgently to send troops to his -assistance, as Wilmington was protected only by its forts -and a small garrison. General Beauregard promptly sent -a division of two brigades under Brig.-Gen. S. R. Gist. -The first brigade was made up of troops from the First -and Second military districts of South Carolina, under -command of Col. C. H. Stevens, Twenty-fourth regiment, -and the second from the military district of Georgia, -commanded by the senior colonel. Three South -Carolina light batteries accompanied the division, W. C. -Preston's, Waities' and Culpeper's. The South Carolina -infantry included the Sixteenth, Colonel McCullough; the -Twenty-fourth, Lieutenant-Colonel Capers; Twenty-fifth, -Colonel Simonton, and Nelson's battalion. By -December 17th, the day of the attack in front of Goldsboro, -General Gist's division had arrived in Wilmington, -and went into camp. The Twenty-fourth, with Preston's -battery, was stationed at the railroad crossing of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> -the Northeast river, 9 miles east of Wilmington, and fortified -the position and the roads approaching it.</p> - -<p>The month of December passed, and the expected -attack upon Wilmington was not made. The expedition -under General Banks did not move inland and the fleet -did not appear off Cape Fear. General Whiting wrote -General Beauregard that a storm at sea, which had lost -the fleet three of its monitors, had saved Wilmington from -the threatened attack. About January 1, 1863, the division -under Gist was returned to General Beauregard, -except Harrison's Georgia regiment, Nelson's battalion, -the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, and the three batteries, -Preston's, Waities' and Culpeper's. These, with Clingman's -brigade, sent from Goldsboro, and three North -Carolina light batteries, made up the whole of General -Whiting's disposable force for the defense of Wilmington, -after Gist's division was returned to Beauregard.</p> - -<p>Returning these troops, Whiting wrote to General -Beauregard: "I send you this note by your able Brigadier-General -Gist, of South Carolina.... I beg you will -receive my true and real thanks for the promptness with -which you sent your magnificent troops to my assistance at -a time when it was thought they were needed." He made a -special request that he might have General Gist's personal -services, and accordingly that general was ordered to -return and report to General Whiting for special duty, for -which favor Whiting expressed his thanks, referring to -Gist as always "cool, sensible and brave," characteristics -which that officer manifested throughout his career.</p> - -<p>During January, 1863, the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, -with Preston's battery, under Col. C. H. Stevens, -occupied the vicinity of Island creek, on the Holly Shelter -road, as an outpost in advance of the Northeast -bridge, fortifying the position and obstructing the roads. -The expected attack not being made, the South Carolina -troops were returned, to resume their positions on the -coast of their own State early in February.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>SOUTH CAROLINIANS IN THE WEST—MANIGAULT'S -AND LYTHGOE'S REGIMENTS AT CORINTH—THE -KENTUCKY CAMPAIGN—BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">In</span> April, 1862, following the battle of Shiloh, in response -to the urgent call of General Beauregard, at -Corinth, Miss., for troops to reinforce the army he -then commanded, the Tenth South Carolina, Col. A. M. -Manigault, and the Nineteenth, Col. A. J. Lythgoe, were -ordered from the coast of South Carolina to report to that -general. Arrived at Corinth, the two regiments were brigaded -with the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-eighth and Thirty-fourth -Alabama regiments, under the command of -Brigadier-General Trapier, in the division of Major-General -Withers. From December, 1862, the brigade -was commanded by Colonel Manigault, and known as -"Manigault's brigade." Lieut.-Col. James F. Pressley -took command of the Tenth.</p> - -<p>Covering the front of Beauregard's army, on May 2d, -Manigault's brigade was brought into prominent notice -by the firm stand it made against the enemy's advance. -The supports on its right and left having retired, Colonel -Manigault held his position and repelled the attack. No -report of the details of this affair is at hand. It reflected -much credit on the brigade, and gave the South Carolina -regiments their first battle before Corinth. At Corinth -and at Tupelo, the army suffered from exposure and bad -water, and 17,000 sick were sent to the rear, and in these -hardships the South Carolina regiments had their full -share. The faithful chaplain of the Tenth, Rev. W. T. -Capers, and many of the officers and men of both regiments -were ill, and many died.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> - -<p>In July the army was moved to a healthier camp, and -early in August it was concentrated near Chattanooga -for an aggressive campaign in Tennessee and Kentucky. -General Bragg was now in command, General Beauregard -having been called to Charleston.</p> - -<p>Bragg crossed the Tennessee, moved over the Cumberland -mountains and entered Kentucky. When the army -moved against Munfordville, Manigault was in advance -and met and drove in the pickets. The garrison capitulated -September 18th, and Bragg moved on toward Frankfort. -Buell, who had left Tennessee and marched to -Louisville, where he reorganized his army, struck at -Bragg's exposed rear, attacking Polk at Perryville. Polk -held his own with greatly inferior numbers, repulsed -Buell, captured much artillery and many prisoners, but -lost in killed and wounded over 3,000 of his little army. -General Bragg retired toward the mountains, and crossing -into east Tennessee, occupied Knoxville, Buell moving -to Nashville. During the rapid retreat on Knoxville, the -army suffered greatly from want of proper food, rapid -marches and the exposure of the men in bivouac. After -resting his army at Knoxville, General Bragg recrossed -the mountains and ultimately took post at Murfreesboro, -where he was attacked by Rosecrans (who had displaced -General Buell), and the battle of Stone's River, or Murfreesboro, -followed on December 31st.</p> - -<p>Manigault's brigade bore a conspicuous part at Murfreesboro, -and its operations in connection with that battle -will now be described. General Bragg's line of battle -was formed in front of Murfreesboro, running a little east -of north and west of south. Stone's river ran southeast, -in his front, cut off his right, and bending south ran along -his rear. As the divisions stood from right to left they -were placed in the following order: Breckinridge east of -the river, then Withers, Cheatham, McCown and Cleburne, -the formation in two lines, the cavalry well out -on the flanks. Near the river, on the west side of it, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> -Nashville railroad and the turnpike, running near each -other, passed through Bragg's line nearly at right angles. -The Wilkinson pike passed through the line on the left -of Withers, running northwest.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant-General Polk commanded the right wing, -and Lieutenant-General Hardee the left; Breckinridge, -Withers and Cheatham made the right, and McCown and -Cleburne, with Wharton's cavalry, the left.</p> - -<p>Rosecrans stood before Bragg with three army corps, -commanded by Major-Generals McCook, Thomas and -Crittenden, all west of the river. Crittenden faced -Breckinridge with three divisions; Thomas, with five divisions, -faced Withers and Cheatham; McCook, with three -divisions, faced Cleburne and McCown. Wharton, with -his splendid brigade of cavalry, stood forward of Hardee's -left, ready to make his brilliant attack on Rosecrans' -right and rear.</p> - -<p>The signal for battle was given, and at 7 o'clock on -the morning of December 31st, Hardee ordered Wharton -with his troopers to find the rear of McCook's right flank -and fall upon his supports, and directed his infantry and -artillery forward. McCown, supported by Cleburne, -advanced and engaged in severe battle, taking the enemy -by surprise and forcing him back toward the Wilkinson -pike. Bragg's plan was to drive back the right wing of -Rosecrans, and when beaten to attack his center and right -simultaneously. Hardee's battle pushed McCook beyond -the Wilkinson pike, when Withers moved out against -Thomas, supported by Cheatham. Bragg's battle was a -grand right wheel, pivoting on the river, the wheel -obliquing toward the wheeling flank, and the pivot gaining -forward. By 10 o'clock, both of Hardee's divisions -were in full battle, as were those of Withers and Cheatham, -and later on Breckinridge sent over four of his brigades -to reinforce the battle of the pivot.</p> - -<p>When evening came the full right wheel had been completed -and the army stood against its enemy in a line at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> -an exact right angle to its first position. The pivot had -gained forward a half mile, but Rosecrans had held fast -with his left on the river. In the wheeling fight, on -Hardee's right, and in the struggle to move the pivot -forward as it turned, Withers' division made its battle. -That general reported the operations of his division with -great accuracy and distinctness, and we shall follow his -report for an account of Manigault's brigade.</p> - -<p>As Withers placed his brigades from right to left, Chalmers' -brigade was on the right touching the river, and -formed the pivot of the great wheel; then came Patton -Anderson's brigade, then Manigault's, and lastly Deas'. -Manigault moved out in due time, and his left swinging -around met the enemy on a wooded ridge, and stormed -and carried it. In his wheel through an open field, and -before the brigade could touch Anderson's, on its right, -it was taken in flank by artillery and the fire of the force -it had driven. Here fell the gallant Col. A. J. Lythgoe, -of the Nineteenth South Carolina, at the head of his regiment. -His major-general well said of him: "He dies -well who dies nobly." The flank fire on Manigault -broke his line and repelled his advance in some confusion. -Rallying, the brigade continued its battle, now with -more success charging and gaining ground. But it had -gone beyond its right and left supports, and was again -fired upon by artillery on the right flank; the brigade on -his immediate left was repulsed and again Manigault had -to retire. Maney's brigade, from Cheatham's division, -was ordered to support Manigault's left, and again he -advanced and with Maney's gallant aid the brigade swung -forward and round in victorious advance.</p> - -<p>This third advance brought the two South Carolina -regiments directly on the battery that had done their brigade -so much harm, and the Tenth and Nineteenth were -ordered to charge and take it. The Tenth, led by Lieut.-Col. -J. F. Pressley, and the Nineteenth, by Lieut.-Col. -T. P. Shaw, moved as one man to take the guns. A Fed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>eral -brigade in support delivered its volleys so rapidly as -to check the assault, when Anderson, who was on Manigault's -right, moved up his brigade and attacked the supporting -brigade, while the Tenth and Nineteenth dashed -forward and took the guns. General Bragg allowed these -regiments to have the battery, and they sent it to South -Carolina to have the names of the gallant men who fell -in its capture inscribed upon the pieces. General Withers -closed this part of his report with high praise of Manigault's -brigade. The brigade, says the major-general, -had been subjected to a most trying ordeal, and had -lost heavily. The calm determination and persistent -energy and gallantry which rendered Colonel Manigault -proof against discouragements, had a marked influence -on and was admirably responded to by his command.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant-General Polk, in his report, thus refers to -the brigade:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The brigade of Colonel Manigault, which was immediately -on the right of that of Colonel Coltart [Deas'], followed -the movement of the latter according to instructions; -but as Coltart failed in the first onset to drive -Sheridan's right, Manigault, after dashing forward and -pressing the enemy back on his second line, was brought -under a heavy fire of artillery from two batteries on his -right, supported by infantry, and was compelled to fall -back.... But the gallant South Carolinian returned to -the charge a second, and a third time, and being aided -by the brigade of General Maney, of the second line, -which came to his relief with its Napoleon guns and a -deadly fire of musketry, the enemy gave way and joined -his comrades on his right in precipitate retreat across the -Wilkinson pike. This movement dislodged and drove -the residue of Sheridan's division, and completed the -forcing of the whole of McCook's corps out of line of -battle, and placed it in full retreat.</p></blockquote> - -<p>With these operations, thus described, the honorable -part borne by the South Carolina regiments in the battle -was practically ended. Manigault was in line with -Hardee and touching the troops on the pivot, and night -ended the great contest.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> - -<p>The brigade of Colonel Manigault lost a total of 517. -The Tenth South Carolina had 109 killed and wounded -and 2 taken prisoners; the Nineteenth had 80 killed and -wounded, among the killed its gallant colonel. Maj. -John A. Crowder and Lieut. J. T. Norris, of the Nineteenth, -faithful and true men and officers, were among -those mortally wounded. It is to be regretted that Colonel -Manigault's report of Murfreesboro is not at the -writer's command, and there is no official report from -either regiment of record.</p> - -<p>On the roll of those "conspicuous for courage and good -conduct on the field of battle" at Murfreesboro, published -by order of the Confederate Congress, are the following:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Tenth South Carolina: First Lieut. C. C. White, Sergts. -C. W. Cockfield (killed) and S. B. Rhuarck; Privates -A. J. McCants, J. S. Beaty, W. D. Hewitt, G. S. Flowers, -G. W. Curry, J. Cannon, N. Gray, W. H. Posten, J. W. -H. Bunch (killed) and J. A. Boatwright.</p> - -<p>Nineteenth South Carolina: Col. A. J. Lythgoe, Maj. -John A. Crowder; Sergts. W. H. Burkhalter and Martin -Youce; Privates Benjamin W. Boothe, Samuel S. Horn, -W. A. Black, S. D. McCoy, Samuel Bloodsworth, Seth -A. Jordan, James McClain and James Jones.</p></blockquote> - -<p>It is a grateful task to copy, in this connection, a paragraph -from the report of Lieutenant-General Polk, in -which he perpetuates an act of self-sacrificing heroism -which is worthy of lasting remembrance, and gives an -example of patient courage and devotion which the writer -has never known surpassed by any of his Confederate -comrades. It occurred just before the last charge of -Manigault and Maney. Says General Polk:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I think it proper to bring to the notice of the general -commanding an instance of self-sacrificing devotion to -the safety of their immediate commands, and to our cause, -which for heroic courage and magnanimity is without a -parallel. A battery was pouring a murderous fire into -the brigade of General Maney from a point which made it -doubtful whether it was ours or the enemy's. Two unsuccessful -efforts had been made by staff officers (one of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> -whom was killed in the attempt) to determine its character. -The doubt caused the brigade to hesitate in returning -the fire of the battery, when Sergeant Oakley, color-bearer -of the Fourth Tennessee, and Sergt. C. M. Hooks, -color-bearer of the Ninth Tennessee, gallantly advanced -eight or ten paces to the front, displaying their -colors and holding themselves and the flag of their country -erect, remained ten minutes in a place so conspicuous -as to be plainly seen, and fully to test from whom their -brigade was suffering so severely. The murderous fire -was increased and intensified, and demonstrated that the -battery and its support were not friends, but enemies. -The sergeants then returned deliberately to their proper -places in line, unhurt, and the enemy's battery was -silenced and his column put to flight.</p></blockquote> - -<p>With this act of devotion we leave the battle of Murfreesboro, -making the following general remarks about it:</p> - -<p>General Bragg's army, infantry and artillery, numbered -33,475. His cavalry, under Wharton, Wheeler and -Pegram, aggregated 4,237, making his army, of all arms, -37,712. Wheeler's brigade reported on December 31st, -1,169, and was not in the battle, but was operating on Rosecrans' -immediate communications. Pegram and Buford, -with five regiments, 1,118 strong, were on the extreme -right and scarcely engaged. Hanson's brigade, of Breckinridge's -division, 1,893 strong, was east of the river. -Deducting Wheeler's and Hanson's brigades from Bragg's -total, that general fought in actual battle against Rosecrans' -columns a force of 34,650, of all arms. These -figures are taken from the field returns of the army, as -they are given from the originals in the War Records of -the Union and Confederate armies.</p> - -<p>It is interesting to note General Rosecrans' estimates -of General Bragg's forces and losses. He reported to -Washington that he had encountered superior numbers, -and gave Bragg's strength, 46,200 infantry, 1,200 sharpshooters, -1,840 artillery, and 13,250 cavalry, "making a -total of 62,490." In like manner the Union general estimated -the Confederate loss at 14,560. In this estimate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> -he missed it by over 4,000! General Bragg lost 10,266 -of all arms, killed, wounded and captured. General -Rosecrans took the actual loss in General Breckinridge's -division and multiplied by seven, instead of five, the -number of divisions. The Federal loss in killed and -wounded as reported by General Rosecrans was 8,778. -He estimated his loss in prisoners at 2,800. The inspector-general -of Bragg's army reported to his chief over 6,000 -prisoners! General Hardee reported 1,900 captured by -Wharton's cavalry alone!</p> - -<p>The writer, from his experience in the field, knows it to -be very difficult to report accurately, after a great battle, -the losses in killed, wounded and prisoners, but he -has often been impressed with the exaggeration of generals, -Federal and Confederate, in giving estimates of -the numbers opposing them, and the losses they inflict -upon their adversaries. Here we have Rosecrans reporting -Bragg's army opposed to him at 62,490, and General -Bragg reporting Rosecrans' army at from 60,000 to -70,000; Rosecrans estimating Bragg's loss at 14,560, and -Bragg reporting an estimated loss for Rosecrans at 25,273. -By the official statements of both generals, as shown in -the army returns, now published by the government in -its invaluable War Records of both armies, Rosecrans -engaged Bragg's 34,650 of all arms, with a force of 43,400 -of all arms. "On the whole," said General Rosecrans in -his report, written six weeks after the battle, "we fought -superior numbers on unknown ground, inflicted much -more injury than we suffered, were always superior on -equal ground with equal numbers, and failed of a most -crushing victory on Wednesday [December 31st] by the -extension and direction of our right wing." The facts -are that Bragg was victorious everywhere on the field, -except on his extreme right, and after the withdrawal of -Rosecrans' left on the river, at night, the whole battlefield -was Bragg's, with all its spoils. He captured 31 -pieces of artillery; over 6,000 prisoners, two brigadier-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>generals -among them; several stand of colors, 200 wagons -with their contents, destroying over 800 others, loaded -with ammunition and army stores, all of which he secured -and appropriated.</p> - -<p>Both armies were non-aggressive on January 1st; on -the 2d, Rosecrans crossed a force in front of Breckinridge, -bringing on a bloody engagement in the afternoon with -that division. On the 3d and 4th, no movement of importance -was made, and Bragg, learning of reinforcements -coming to his adversary, whose strength he estimated -at 70,000, with the river in the rear rapidly rising -from constant rains, and his army without tents and -baggage and much worn by constant watching and battle, -determined upon retreat, and fell back ultimately to -Tullahoma, without firing a gun in his retirement. Here, -as afterward at Chickamauga, General Bragg failed to -take advantage of his success, and General Rosecrans -claimed a great victory.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>WITH LEE IN NORTHERN VIRGINIA, 1862—THE MANEUVERS -ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK—SECOND MANASSAS -CAMPAIGN—BATTLE OF OX HILL.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">We</span> left the South Carolinians of the army of Northern -Virginia in front of McClellan at Malvern -hill, whence the Federal army retreated and took -shelter under the guns of the fleet at Harrison's landing. -The latter, naturally a strong defensive position, the -genius and skill of McClellan and his able engineers -made a fortified camp, protected by impracticable -swamps and water-courses, and the batteries of the fleet -on its flanks. Here the army of McClellan was safe from -attack and too much shattered to take the immediate -offensive. Meanwhile the corps of McDowell, Banks -and Sigel, which had been operating against Jackson in -the valley, and in immediate defense of Washington, -had been united under Gen. John Pope, and called the -"army of Virginia." This army of Pope was to be reinforced -by General McClellan and march on Richmond -from the north.</p> - -<p>Early in July, Pope was on the Rappahannock, with his -outposts on the Rapidan. His army was over 45,000 -strong, and the only obstacle to his advance was the cavalry -under General Stuart. General Lee determined to -check Pope's further advance, until he could be satisfied -of McClellan's movements, and accordingly ordered Jackson -to Gordonsville, and early in August reinforced him -with A. P. Hill's division. With characteristic energy -Jackson crossed the Rapidan, and on August 9th, in the -battle of Cedar Run, gave Pope's advance on Richmond -a telling blow. Gen. Maxcy Gregg's brigade of South<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> -Carolinians was in A. P. Hill's division, with McIntosh's -battery, but was not engaged in the battle. Greatly to -the disappointment of the Carolinians, they were left -behind to guard the passages of the Rapidan.</p> - -<p>General Burnside, with a strong force, was at Fredericksburg, -and McClellan (August 13th) was still in his -fortified camp on the James, 30 miles from the city of -Richmond. The battle on Cedar run had checked Pope, -but he stood over 40,000 strong, in front of Jackson's -corps, and was receiving reinforcements from Burnside. -On the 14th of August, McClellan began the movement -of his army by water to Aquia creek on the Potomac. -Anticipating this, on the 13th, General Lee ordered -Longstreet, with twelve brigades and their artillery, to -move by railroad to Gordonsville, and on the 15th took -command in person on the Rapidan. With Longstreet -were Rhett's, Bachman's and Garden's South Carolina -batteries; Anderson's old brigade, under Brig.-Gen. -Micah Jenkins, with Corse's and Hunton's Virginia brigades, -forming the division of General Kemper; and the -South Carolina brigade of Brig.-Gen. N. G. Evans, -which had joined the army in time to be slightly engaged -at Malvern hill. This, an independent brigade, included -the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-second and Twenty-third -regiments, the Holcombe legion and the Macbeth -artillery, Captain Boyce. Kershaw's brigade in McLaws' -division was left in front of Richmond; Hampton's brigade -of cavalry, including the legion and Hart's battery, -was in McClellan's front.</p> - -<p>General Lee planned an attack on Pope immediately -before his arrival on the Rapidan. R. H. Anderson's -division was ordered up from Richmond, and the plan of -campaign was to be carried out on the 18th by crossing -the Rapidan and turning Pope's left. But a letter from -General Lee detailing the movements of the cavalry fell -into Pope's hands by the capture of Stuart's adjutant-general, -and Pope, thus apprised of the plans of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> -adversary, on the 17th fell back behind the Rappahannock -to a much stronger position. The lost dispatch had -broken up the plans for the expected battle, and Lee put -his two corps in position on the south bank of the Rappahannock, -Longstreet on the right and Jackson on the -left.</p> - -<p>Now, sure that he could with safety collect all his army -on the Rappahannock, General Lee wrote the President -for the divisions of D. H. Hill and McLaws, and General -Hampton's cavalry. On the 19th, the President, fearing -that Richmond would be endangered, telegraphed -General Lee that until movements of the enemy were -more developed he would retain those commands before -the capital. Finally, on the 24th, Lee wrote Mr. Davis -that he had intercepted a letter from General Pope to -General Halleck (commander-in-chief of the United -States armies), dated August 20th, stating his whole -force for duty at 45,000, independent of Burnside, and -revealing his plan to hold Lee in check until McClellan -could come up from the lower Rappahannock. Thus -General Lee was put in possession of General Pope's -plans and formed his own accordingly. He wrote the -President that he wished his whole army immediately, -and all available troops, and added: "Hampton's cavalry -I particularly require." Richmond, he wrote, must rely -upon her defenses and field batteries. On the 26th, -McLaws and D. H. Hill and Hampton were ordered to -Lee, and Mr. Davis wrote him: "Confidence in you overcomes -the view that otherwise would be taken of the -exposed condition of Richmond, and the troops retained -for the defense of the capital are surrendered to you on -a renewed request." Neither of these commands was -able to reach Lee, however, until immediately after the -conflicts on the Rappahannock and the great struggle at -Manassas. The fords on the Rappahannock were too -full for the crossing of the army, and too strongly -defended by Pope's artillery.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> - -<p>Several affairs occurred during the five days Lee was -detained on the right bank. In one of these Gregg's -brigade was moved up to support a battery, and subjected -to a severe shelling from a high hill on the left -bank, losing several men killed and wounded. On -August 23d a more serious affair occurred, in which the -brigade of General Evans and Boyce's battery were -engaged. The enemy had fortified a hill near the railroad -bridge at Rappahannock Station, and on the right -bank. Evans, supported by several batteries, was -ordered to attack. The brigade moved up promptly -against the fortified position, under a sharp counter fire, -but before they reached charging distance the enemy -retired, leaving his intrenching tools and other property, -but taking guns and troops securely over the railroad -bridge, which he fired and destroyed. Evans ordered -Boyce to occupy the steep hill with his battery, and that -gallant officer at once moved up but was immediately -subjected to the fire of four batteries from commanding -heights on the north bank. He was compelled immediately -to withdraw, losing 8 killed and 14 wounded, and -7 horses killed. Lieut. William Monro of the battery was -severely wounded. The brigade lost in this affair 27 -killed and 84 wounded, a total of 111.</p> - -<p>Without waiting for the arrival of the reinforcements -from Richmond, General Lee began his movement -around the right of General Pope on the 25th of August. -Jackson was to move up the right bank of the river -beyond the extreme right of Pope, cross beyond Waterloo -and move on his railroad communications. Longstreet, -after demonstrating in Pope's front, was to follow -Jackson. The genius of Lee, Jackson and Longstreet -was to determine the precise field and the essential conditions -of the battle.</p> - -<p>Jackson marched early on the 25th, crossed the upper -branches of the Rappahannock, and camped at Salem, -on the Manassas Gap railroad. On the 26th he turned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> -due east, passed the Bull Run mountains through Thoroughfare -gap, and by sunset was at Bristoe Station in -Pope's immediate rear, and on his main railroad communication -with Washington. The capture of Bristoe and -Manassas Junction, with vast stores, followed.</p> - -<p>Gregg's brigade, which had been under fire at Rappahannock -bridge on the 21st, and further up the river on -the Rappahannock hills on the 24th, crossed on the 25th -at Henson's mill, and made a forced march of 24 miles -that day up the Salem valley, and continued the march -on the 26th "without wagons or baggage of any kind, -turning to the right at Salem, through Thoroughfare -gap, and sleeping at night in rear of our artillery in the -road near Bristoe Station." General McGowan, whose -report is quoted, continues:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The next morning we reached Manassas Junction, -where the enemy, attempting to recapture it, were scattered -with considerable loss. In the afternoon of that day -the brigade returned from pursuit, to the junction, -where three days' rations were issued from the vast supply -of captured stores, and the men for a few hours -rested and regaled themselves upon delicacies unknown -to our commissariat, which they were in good condition -to enjoy, having eaten nothing for several days except -roasting ears taken from the fields near the road, and -what was given by the generous citizens of the Salem -valley to the soldiers as they hurried along in their rapid -march.</p> - -<p>At dark on the evening of August 27th (Wednesday), -the brigade, in conjunction with that of General Thomas, -was thrown out on the south side of Manassas Junction -as the rear guard, and formed in line of battle facing the -enemy, who had during the evening been fighting General -Ewell near Bristoe Station. Standing under arms -here we had a fine view of the magnificent conflagration -caused by the burning of the sutler's and commissary -stores, together with about 100 cars freighted with every -article necessary for the outfit of a great army, all of -which was set on fire about midnight and consumed.</p> - -<p>About 2 o'clock in the morning of Thursday, the 28th, -we silently retired from our picket lines in front of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> -enemy, and by the light of the smoldering ruins followed -the division across Bull run at Blackburn's ford to Centreville. -Here we rested a short time, and thence turned -back toward Bull run, and moving by the Warrenton -pike crossed the run again near the stone bridge. At -this critical moment the enemy, falling back from the -Rappahannock, caused doubtless by our flank movement, -were coming down the turnpike from Warrenton, meeting -us. We turned to the right, leaving the turnpike, -and after going up the run a short distance, changed -front and were drawn up in battle array along the line of -the unfinished Independent railroad track, facing the -turnpike along which the enemy was moving.</p></blockquote> - -<p>As Gregg's brigade took this position, brisk firing was -heard upon the right, where the divisions of Taliaferro -and Ewell were thrown by Jackson against the column -of Pope's army coming up the Warrenton pike, expecting -to find Jackson at Centreville. A severe engagement -followed, the battle of Groveton, in which Ewell and -Taliaferro were both wounded. About dark Gregg's brigade -was hurried to the scene of action, but the firing -soon after ceased.</p> - -<p>Jackson resumed his place behind the railroad and lay -the night of the 28th in perfect silence, doubtless to create -the impression that he had retreated. Capt. J. F. J. -Caldwell, of the First South Carolina, Gregg's brigade, -who has written an admirable history of his brigade, and -was himself a gallant participant in all of its hardships -and glories, thus describes the night of the 28th of -August:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>We were placed in columns of regiments and lay during -the night in the open field. The night before a battle -is never a pleasant one, but this was peculiarly trying. -Strict silence was enjoined on every man. We had three -divisions, which, in all, would not sum up 20,000 men. -Before us was Pope with at least the bulk of the Federal -army, which, of course, was magnified by many thousands; -behind us was no base, no subsistence, no reinforcement! -Longstreet with three divisions was beyond -Pope, and must be some time in reaching us. God, -Jackson and our own hearts were our dependence.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> - -<p>But Longstreet was not "beyond Pope," for he had -that day forced the passage of Thoroughfare gap, after -a sharp conflict in which Drayton's brigade (which -included the Fifteenth South Carolina) took part, and -that night his command camped in the gap and west of -the mountain.</p> - -<p>Daybreak of August 29th, upon the great battle plains -of Manassas, found Jackson in his well-chosen position -behind the railroad cut, Longstreet descending the east -slope of the gap he had won, and the forces of General -Pope forming for battle in Jackson's front. The plan of -the Federal commander was to attack and crush Jackson -before Longstreet could reach him. The battle opened -by an artillery attack in force on Jackson's right, which -was promptly met. This failing to move Jackson, an -equally galling fire of artillery was delivered against his -left, and this also was replied to effectively. At 2 p. m. -the infantry battle opened against A. P. Hill on Jackson's -left, and raged until 9 o'clock at night. Hill -repulsed six separate assaults, the forces against him -being the commands, in whole or in part, of the Federal -generals Hooker, Kearney, Sigel and Stearns.</p> - -<p>Gregg's brigade,<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> after sleeping on their arms on -Ewell's battlefield, had returned to their first position on -the left at early dawn of the 29th, and were put in line -on the extreme left of the army, near Catharpin run, -occupying a small, rocky, wooded knoll, having a railroad -excavation bending around the east and north -fronts, and a cleared field on the northwest. This position -was slightly in advance of the general line, and -besides being on the extreme left, was considered -important because of its command of the Sudley Ford -road. The brigade line made an obtuse angle toward -the enemy, one side nearly parallel to the railroad cut -and the other along the fence of the cleared field on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> -northwest, and enclosed the knoll, which they were -ordered to hold at all hazards. On this spot, barely -large enough to hold the brigade, they stood and fought -from 8 o'clock in the morning until dark.</p> - -<p>The regiments of the brigade were posted from right -to left in the following order: The Thirteenth, Col. O. E. -Edwards; the First, Maj. Edward McCrady; the Twelfth, -Col. Dixon Barnes; the Fourteenth, Col. Samuel McGowan; -Orr's Rifles, Col. J. Foster Marshall, in reserve.</p> - -<p>Early in the morning, the enemy's advance being -reported, General Gregg sent forward McCrady to skirmish -with it. The enemy lay in force in a wooded hollow -in front, and McCrady's advance drew the fire of his -line, front and flank. A sharp musketry contest followed -and Gregg sent up the Twelfth on McCrady's left. The -two regiments charged and gained ground forward, but -on the right the enemy held his ground and fired on -McCrady's flank. Barnes had passed on beyond, and -McCrady's position was critical. Edwards, with the -Thirteenth, came to his support, but met such -resistance that he had to fight independently. Meanwhile -Marshall, with the Rifles, had gone to Barnes' support, -and those two regiments were driving victoriously -forward. McCrady, fighting front and flank, was stubbornly -holding his ground, and Edwards was stemming -the tide against his regiment. At this juncture Gregg -recalled the four regiments to the railroad position, as -his orders were to act on the defensive and not to bring -on a general engagement. Time was everything to -Jackson, who knew his enemy was in his front with -superior numbers, and he did not risk a battle until -Longstreet was reported to be on his right.</p> - -<p>The affair of the four regiments had checked the -arrangements for assault in Gregg's front, and he was in -solid line awaiting the next move. It soon came. Pressing -on through the thick growth of bushes along Gregg's -front, the attack drove in his skirmishers, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> -infantry of the enemy poured in volley after volley as -they advanced to the railroad. It was a close fight of -infantry, across the cut, and ended in a repulse of the -attack. Reinforced, he came for a second battle with -Gregg, and was repulsed. A third and a fourth assault -were met, and a third and fourth battle fought with the -same result. Gregg's brigade had now nearly exhausted -its ammunition, and most of the field officers were killed -or wounded, with many most active and gallant subordinates. -Now came the critical hour of Jackson's battle. -Coming up the railroad cut from the left and right, -and screened by its high banks and the thick brush on -both sides of it, the enemy massed on Gregg's right, -opposite a thick wood. In this wood were Edwards and -McCrady, forming the right of Gregg, McCrady supporting -Edwards. Beyond Gregg's right was the left of -Thomas' Georgia brigade, quite an interval being -between the two brigades.</p> - -<p>The fifth grand assault fell on Thomas' and Gregg's -right, and easily filled the wooded interval between -them, flanking both Thomas and Gregg. The moment -was most critical. Edwards and McCrady changed front -to face the woods filled with Federal troops, and fought -desperately. Barnes came up to their help, while Marshall's -Rifles heroically held Gregg's left. But the right -was about to be overpowered and crushed, when Gregg -sent in McGowan, his only reserve. The Fourteenth -rushed upon the crowded ranks of intruders in the -wood, delivered their volleys at close range, and -shouting, charged the mass. At the instant Thomas -attacked from his side with the Forty-ninth Georgia, and -the victory was gallantly won. The whole assaulting -force was driven by Gregg's and Thomas' forces back -across the railroad, and into the woods beyond.</p> - -<p>Almost exhausted by such terrible work, the cartridge -boxes reduced to two or three rounds, Gregg held his -railroad line with a fixed determination never to yield.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> -In this resolve he was supported by every officer and -man of his brigade. When General Hill sent to ask if he -could hold out, says McGowan, "he replied modestly he -thought he could, adding, as if casually, that his ammunition -was about expended, but he still had the bayonet." -And on the bayonet the brigade was now to rely, as the -most desperate assault from fresh forces in its front was -about to come. The rush and noise of the advance were -heard, the volleys of musketry swept over and through -the thinned ranks of Gregg, and in another moment the -charging lines of the enemy were mounting the banks -of the railroad cut and rushing upon him. Meeting this -heaviest assault of the day, and fighting, first with their -last cartridges, and then with the bayonet, the men of -the brigade gave slowly back. They were not driven far -from their battle line, when Gregg's call for help was -answered by General Hill. Branch and Field were sent -in, and with portions of their brigades met and turned the -tide of assault. Gregg's men were rallied by their commanders, -and the Virginians, North Carolinians and -South Carolinians drove back the great assault across -and beyond the railroad, and again Gregg's line was -formed. But the brigade, after fighting for several -hours, was worn out and its last round of ammunition -expended.</p> - -<p>The gallant and heroic Marshall fell in this last conflict, -as well as his able lieutenant-colonel, D. A. Ledbetter. -Colonels McGowan and Barnes, Lieutenant-Colonel -Farrow, and Majors Brockman and McCorkle -were wounded and borne from the field. Captains and -lieutenants and their brave men lay dead in every part -of the field.</p> - -<p>It was evident that another grand assault must be met. -"Casting about for help," says General Hill, "fortunately -it was here reported to me that the brigades of -Generals Lawton and Early were near by, and sending -to them, they promptly moved to my front at the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> -opportune moment." Gregg was relieved, and Lawton -and Early, now, late in the afternoon, advanced beyond -the railroad, met the last assault of the day, and drove -the Federals in confusion to the rear. Night had come, -and with it rest for Gregg's heroic brigade. Jackson -held his field, and the effort to crush him before Longstreet -came up had disastrously failed.</p> - -<p>The losses in Gregg's brigade were as follows: Orr's -Rifles, 19 killed, 97 wounded, total 116; First, 24 killed, -119 wounded, total 143; Twelfth, 24 killed, 121 wounded, -total 145; Thirteenth, 26 killed, 118 wounded, total 144; -Fourteenth, 8 killed, 57 wounded, total 65; aggregate -for the brigade, 613.</p> - -<p>On this bloody day McIntosh did not have an opportunity -to use his guns. At Manassas Junction on the -27th, he had done effective work and aided in silencing -the enemy's battery and driving off his infantry. The -brigade was not in action on the next day, the 30th, but -took position under fire. While forming his command, -Major McCrady received a severe wound in the head, -after passing through the storm of battle on the 29th -unhurt. McIntosh's battery, posted on Gregg's left, on -the 30th, did splendid service in shelling the enemy's -masses in front, and in breaking his advances against -Gregg's position. The following officers are mentioned -among the killed and wounded in the reports of McGowan -and McCrady, the former reporting for the brigade:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Killed: Orr's Rifles—Col. J. Foster Marshall, Lieut.-Col. -D. A. Ledbetter, Capt. M. M. Norton and Lieut. -W. C. Davis. First—Capt. C. D. Barksdale, Lieuts. -John Monro and John C. McLemore, Sergeants Lowrimore, -Darby and Smith. Twelfth—Lieuts. J. A. May -and J. R. Hunnicutt. Thirteenth—Capt. A. K. Smith -and Adjt. W. D. Goggans.</p> - -<p>Wounded: Orr's Rifles—Lieut. J. S. Cothran. First—Major -McCrady, Capts. T. P. Alston and M. P. Parker, -Lieuts. T. H. Lyles, G. R. Congdon, John H. King, -Z. B. Smith and Thomas McCrady. Twelfth—Maj. -W. H. McCorkle, Capts. E. F. Bookter and L. M. Grist;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> -Lieuts. W. S. Dunlop, M. K. Sharp, J. H. Bigham, -M. V. Darwin, L. A. Garvin, T. A. White, H. P. Thode, -J. M. Hencken and J. C. Rollings. Thirteenth—Col. -O. E. Edwards, Lieut.-Col. T. S. Farrow, Maj. B. T. -Brockman, Capts. R. L. Bowden, P. A. Eichelberger, -G. W. Meetze; Lieuts. J. D. Copeland, R. M. Crocker, -S. J. Greer, W. T. Thom and J. B. Fellers. Fourteenth—Col. -Samuel McGowan, Capts. C. M. Stuckey and J. N. -Brown; Lieuts. W. J. Robertson, W. J. Carter and J. H. -Allen. A total of 12 commissioned officers killed and 37 -wounded in the brigade.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Major McCrady mentions in his report for distinguished -conduct on the field, Color-bearer Spellman and Sergeant -Matthews, Sergeants Lorrimore, Smith, Darby, Kelley, -Gore and Miller, Color Corporal Owens, Corporals -Wigg and Larkin, Privates Ruff, Holloran and Carroll, -Sergeant Ragan, Corporal Brereton, Privates Lyles and -Duff. Capts. W. T. Haskell, M. P. Parker, W. P. Shooter, -Barksdale and T. P. Alston, and Lieuts. James Armstrong, -John C. McLemore, Thomas McCrady, Hewetson, -Brailsford, McIntire, Congdon, John Monro, Wiborn, -Seabrook and Hamilton were distinguished on the field.</p> - -<p>The great issue of battle between Pope and Lee was to -be determined on the 30th. Longstreet was in battle -array on Jackson's right, with a front of seven brigades: -First Hood, with his brigades, supported by Evans; then -Kemper, with two brigades in his front line, Jenkins -and Hunter, supported by Corse; then D. R. Jones, -with three brigades in echelon, on the extreme right, -reaching the Manassas Gap railroad. Wilcox, with three -brigades, in column, was in close supporting distance, behind -Hood and Evans. R. H. Anderson with three brigades -was on the march for the field, moving from the direction -of Warrenton. The brigades of Evans and Jenkins -were composed of South Carolina troops; the Fifteenth -South Carolina was in Drayton's brigade, with D. R. -Jones on the right, and the Hampton legion infantry -was in Wofford's brigade, with Hood on the left.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> -Bachman's and Garden's batteries were in Major Frobel's -battalion, and Rhett's was in S. D. Lee's battalion.</p> - -<p>Pope massed against Jackson, and after assailing him -with a heavy fire of artillery, attacked his whole line with -all the aggressive power he could command. Porter's -corps assailed his right and center, and Heintzelman's -and Reno's corps attacked his left and left flank. These -three corps were supported by the divisions of King and -Ricketts.</p> - -<p>Jackson stood against this combination with his three -divisions, and made desperate resistance. For three -hours, from 1 to 4 p. m., his battle was purely defensive -and held back the surging columns of attack, but he saw -that his limit of resistance had been reached and sent to -General Lee for a division. At that moment General -Longstreet, riding out to a commanding position oh Jackson's -right, saw the whole field of attack and seized the -opportunity to enfilade the line. Chapman's Virginia, -Boyce's South Carolina and Reilly's North Carolina batteries -were called up at a run, and fully appreciating the -situation, went into telling action. The assaulting lines -were broken in ten minutes, rallied, returned, and were -again broken. Rallying a third time, they were a third -time staggered by the fire of Boyce, Chapman and Reilly, -and Jackson's line was given a breathing spell. S. D. -Lee now put his battalion into action, and his guns swept -the field and "tore the line to pieces," says General -Longstreet. Rhett's South Carolina battery, commanded -by Lieut. William Elliott, with Lee's battalion, shared -the honors of this grand assault of artillery in aid of -Jackson's heroic battle. The moment had come for -Longstreet to move, and as the commanding general -rode on the field and ordered the grand assault, he was -sending the order to his division commanders to advance.</p> - -<p>It was now late in the afternoon, but before night had -settled down on that great field of strife, Hood and Evans -and Kemper and D. R. Jones and R. H. Anderson had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> -carried the battle beyond the Chinn house and to the -base of the great plateau at the Henry house, which -commanded the enemy's line of retreat over Bull run. -But night had come and saved the plateau to Pope's army -and his retreat was secured to him.</p> - -<p>Lee's victory was complete. But it had been won by a -mighty sacrifice of human life. South Carolina had laid -down her noble sons in costly sacrifice. Her brigades -and regiments in that great battle had given their very -best. Among the gallant dead, and those who received -mortal wounds, at Manassas, on the two days of heroic -strife, were the following distinguished officers:</p> - -<p>Col. J. F. Marshall and Lieut.-Col. D. A. Ledbetter, -of Orr's Rifles; Col. Thomas J. Glover, of the First -South Carolina battalion; Col. John V. Moore, of the -Second Rifles; Col. John H. Means, of the Seventeenth; -Col. J. M. Gadberry, Eighteenth; Lieut.-Col. Francis G. -Palmer, of the Holcombe legion, and many other gallant -spirits. Brigadier-General Jenkins was wounded at the -head of his brigade and over 400 of his officers and men -killed and wounded. Col. H. L. Benbow, Twenty-third -South Carolina; Maj. W. J. Crawley, of the Holcombe -legion, and other field, staff and company officers of the -South Carolina commands were wounded on the field. -It is greatly to be regretted that there are no reports -from General Jenkins of record, or any one of his regimental -commanders, respecting the operations of the -29th and 30th.</p> - -<p>As Hood's right swept on in its battle, Jenkins and Hunton -kept abreast of it, and Evans, in supporting Hood, -came into battle connection with Jenkins. This was -particularly the case when the guns were captured at the -Chinn house. Colonel Corse in his report gives the line -of program which Jenkins observed, as passing beyond -the Chinn house and south of it, while Evans, who supported -Hood's two brigades, passed beyond and north of -it. Wofford, who commanded Hood's right brigade,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> -refers to his advance against a battery at or east of the -Chinn house, when the Holcombe legion (of Evans' brigade) -came up to his support and fought "with much -spirit and gallantry." Colonel Gary, the commander of -the Hampton legion infantry, in his report says: "We -were then [Wofford's brigade] hotly engaged around the -Chinn house, where the brigade captured several pieces -of artillery. At this place the brigade of General Evans -came up in gallant style and relieved us." Evidently -the Chinn house, which stood about one mile southwest -of Groveton, formed the center of the theater of battle -for the brigades of Jenkins and Evans and the Hampton -legion infantry, under Colonel Gary.</p> - -<p>These commands carried their battle for a half mile -east of the Chinn house, when darkness checked and -ended their advance. Over the space indicated the -South Carolinians fought with steady courage, attesting -their devotion by the sacrifices of the day. In this -advance fell the noble-hearted Governor Means, at the -head of the Seventeenth; the accomplished and gallant -Glover, at the head of Hagood's First; the brave Gadberry, -leading the Eighteenth; the dashing Moore, commanding -the Second rifles; the heroic Palmer, urging the -Holcombe legion to the charge, and Henry Stevens, aide -to Col. P. F. Stevens, falling with five wounds.</p> - -<p>A single shell bursting in front of Company K, Palmetto -sharpshooters, killed five young men—Theodotus -L. Capers, James Palmer, Whiteford Smith, Bearden and -McSwain—graduates and undergraduates of college, the -very best Carolina could give for her cause. It is particularly -noted, that these were representative young men, -sons of men of prominence in the church and in the -State. Never did one shell destroy more of the beauty -and promise of life, or carry more sorrow to human -hearts.</p> - -<p>The Fifteenth South Carolina operated on the extreme -right in support of cavalry, and is reported as losing 21<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> -in killed and wounded. General Longstreet complained -that Drayton was sent to the right without his knowledge, -and expressed his regret that he could not command -his aid when he needed it to reinforce the battle.</p> - -<p>Major Frobel reported that on Friday morning he took -Bachman's battery, by General Hood's order, to the -extreme right on the Orange & Alexandria railroad, -where Stuart's cavalry was operating. Here Bachman -opened on a column marching to the Confederate right. -Fifteen rounds were so well directed that the column -halted and then disappeared toward the left. Later, -Bachman and Garden took post on the Warrenton pike, -and for two hours engaged the batteries of the enemy at -the Groveton house, and silenced them. On the 30th, in -the afternoon, following Hood's advance, Bachman and -Garden advanced down the Warrenton pike, Bachman -taking position on the right of the road and Garden on -the left, both well out, and opened on the enemy's guns -at the Dogan house. Again the batteries engaged and -drove the enemy's guns away from the house, and prepared -the way for Colonel Law's brigade to carry the -position. Bachman had exhausted his ammunition, and -Garden moved on until night stopped his progress. -Major Frobel reported that Bachman and Garden handled -their guns with great skill and effect. Lieutenant Siegling, -a gallant officer of Bachman's battery, was struck -from his horse by a fragment of shell, and seeing the -exposed position of his mounted men, as he was falling -gave the command, "Cannoneers, dismount." His wound -was through the stomach, and was supposed to be -mortal, but his cheerful resolution and strong physique, -with skillful surgical attention, carried him through -the ordeal, and he rejoined his command.</p> - -<p>The following are the returns of casualties from the -several South Carolina commands engaged at Manassas -on the 29th and 30th. Except from Boyce's battery -there are no reports of casualties in the artillery: Gregg's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> -brigade—Orr's Rifles, 116; First, 143; Twelfth, 145; -Thirteenth, 144; Fourteenth, 65. Jenkins' brigade—First -(Hagood's), 124; Second Rifles, 58; Fifth, 39; -Sixth, 115; Sharpshooters, 68. Drayton's brigade, -Fifteenth, 21. Wofford's brigade, Hampton's legion, -74. Evans' brigade, Holcombe legion, 155; Seventeenth, -179; Eighteenth, 113; Twenty-second,—; Twenty-third, -149; Boyce's battery, 6. The grand total is 1,714, and of -these, 281 are given as killed on the field. Many of those -reported wounded had received mortal hurt.</p> - -<p>The morning of Sunday, August 31, 1862, dawned -upon the plains and hills and valleys of Manassas to find -them covered with the dead, the dying and the wounded -of both armies. The trophies of victory cheered the -awful prospect, but the sight of the great battlefield -filled every manly heart with feelings of reverence for -the dead and sympathy for the wounded, both friend and -foe. Ten thousand wounded Union soldiers, 30 pieces of -artillery, many stand of colors, and 7,000 prisoners bore -witness to the steady courage and the heroic endurance -of Jackson's three divisions on the 29th, and the gallant -charge of Longstreet's wing on the 30th. Pope retreated -after nightfall on the 30th and put his rear guard in the -Confederate defenses at Centreville.</p> - -<p>He reported that he had been driven in perfect order -from the field, by overwhelming numbers; that the fight -had been an unequal one; that Longstreet had crushed his -left with great masses of Confederates, pouring down in -a stream of reinforcements from the Bull Run mountains. -" ... At no time could I have hoped to fight a successful -battle with the immensely superior force of the -enemy which confronted me, and which was able at any -time to outflank me and bear my small army to the dust." -But the official records show beyond question that on the -field of Manassas he had under his command 10,000 more -men than Lee commanded in his front on the 30th. -Jackson's corps numbered scarcely 20,000 men of all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> -arms. Pope assailed it all day on the 29th, and made -desperate attempts to destroy it on the 30th, and not a -man reinforced Jackson on the 29th or the 30th; and the -"superior forces" that assaulted General Pope's right on -the 30th were just the corps of General Jackson after all -its losses and work on the 27th, 28th and 29th of August.</p> - -<p>General Longstreet tells us that on the morning of -Sunday, the 31st, General Lee called General Jackson to -his headquarters and gave him instructions to cross Bull -run at Sudley's ford, march by Little River turnpike, -and intercept the enemy's retreat. On receiving these -instructions, says Longstreet, Jackson said, "Good!" and -away he went without another word. He marched on -the morning of the 31st, struck the Little River turnpike -at Wykoop's, turned toward Fairfax Court House, and -camped for the night at Pleasant valley. On September -1st he continued his march, passed Chantilly, and -came upon Pope's forces at Ox hill, just south of the -turnpike, and about halfway between Chantilly and -Germantown. General Pope had due notice of the -advance on his right, and early on the 1st formed a -determination, as he reports, to fight a battle between -the roads which come together at Fairfax, on one of -which he was stationed, Jackson, followed by Longstreet, -marching on the other.</p> - -<p>Reinforced by Sumner's and Franklin's corps, General -Pope arranged for battle on the 1st of September with a -force of 57,000. The corps of Heintzelman, Reno and -McDowell were in position south of the Little River -turnpike, facing almost north. Against these corps General -Jackson attacked on the afternoon of the 1st, the battle -being fought during a storm of rain and wind, which -blew directly in the faces of the Confederates. Jackson -put his corps on right into line of battle, Hill, Lawton -and Starke from right to left. Jackson attacked by -Hill's division, and a severe battle followed until night. -During the battle a portion of Ewell's division, com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>manded -by Lawton, supported General Hill, but the battle -was mainly fought by Hill, the brigades of Branch, -Gregg and Pender bearing the brunt of the fight. General -Hill says that the enemy stubbornly contested the -ground, but on the fall of the two prominent commanders -on the field, Generals Kearny and Stevens, the enemy -was driven back, but not far, retreating entirely after -night. The battle was aggressive on Jackson's part, and -as it progressed pushed the Federal forces back, but -night coming on both sides ceased from conflict.</p> - -<p>In this battle Gregg's brigade, leading Hill's division, -came first into line by its right, the Thirteenth and -Fourteenth in the front line, Orr's Rifles, the Twelfth -and the First supporting. As the battle progressed, the -Rifles and the Twelfth were advanced to the front line -of battle, the First remaining in support, under command -of Capt. C. W. McCreary. Lieut.-Col. W. D. Simpson -commanded the Fourteenth, and Capt. James Perrin the -Rifles. The losses in Gregg's brigade at Ox Hill were -reported as follows: Orr's Rifles, 5 killed, 25 wounded, -total 30; First South Carolina, 1 killed, 7 wounded, total -8; Twelfth, 1 killed, 10 wounded, total 11; Thirteenth, -5 killed, 24 wounded, total 29; Fourteenth, 3 killed, 23 -wounded, total 26; total, 15 killed, 89 wounded. Lieut. -W. C. Leppard, of the Thirteenth, and Adjt. W. C. -Buchanan, of the Twelfth, were killed on the field -after being distinguished in the action. Captain West -and Lieutenant Youngblood of the Fourteenth, and Lieutenant -Jenkins of the Rifles, were wounded.</p> - -<p>We call the battle of Ox Hill a battle with Pope's rear -guard, for such it was. Though his army was in position -to give battle to General Lee on the 2d of September, -his forces were arranged so as to secure his retreat, -and this he actually made on the night of the 1st and the -morning of the 2d, falling back on the defenses of Washington. -General Pope seems to have regarded his army -at Centreville on the morning of September 1st, though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> -numbering 62,000, including Banks, near at hand, no -match for that of General Lee, which was not a man -over 40,000, if so strong. If he had only known the -actual strength of General Lee's army, the question -arises, Would it have made any difference in the results -of the Rappahannock-Manassas campaigns?</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> For the part borne by Gregg's brigade on the 29th, -I shall follow the official reports and Mr. Caldwell's history.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>THE MARYLAND CAMPAIGN—THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN -BATTLES—CAPTURE OF HARPER'S FERRY—BATTLES -OF SHARPSBURG AND SHEPHERDSTOWN.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">General</span> Lee marched his victorious army from -the plains and hills of Manassas to Leesburg, and -crossed into Maryland, fording the Potomac between -September 4th and 7th, and concentrating at the -city of Frederick. His reasons for this move are here -given in his own words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The armies of Generals McClellan and Pope had now -been brought back to the point from which they set out -on the campaign of the spring and summer. The object -of those campaigns had been frustrated, and the designs -of the enemy on the coast of North Carolina and in western -Virginia thwarted by the withdrawal of the main -body of his forces from these regions. Northeastern -Virginia was freed from the presence of Federal soldiers -up to the intrenchments of Washington, and soon after -the arrival of the army at Leesburg, information was -received that the troops that had occupied Winchester -had retired to Harper's Ferry and Martinsburg. The -war was thus transferred from the interior to the frontier, -and the supplies of rich and productive districts made -accessible to our army.</p> - -<p>To prolong a state of affairs in every way desirable, and -not to permit the season of active operations to pass without -endeavoring to inflict further injury upon the enemy, -the best course appeared to be to transfer the army into -Maryland. Although not properly equipped for invasion, -lacking much of the material of war, and feeble in transportation, -the troops poorly provided with clothing, and -thousands of them destitute of shoes, it was yet believed -to be strong enough to detain the enemy upon the northern -frontier until the approach of winter should render -his advance into Virginia difficult, if not impracticable.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> -The condition of Maryland encouraged the belief that the -presence of our army, however inferior to that of the -enemy, would induce the Washington government to -retain all its available force to provide against contingencies -which its course toward the people of that State -gave it reason to apprehend. At the same time it was -hoped that military success might afford us an opportunity -to aid the citizens of Maryland in any efforts they -might be disposed to make to recover their liberties. The -difficulties that surrounded them were fully appreciated, -and we expected to derive more assistance in the attainment -of our object from the just fears of the Washington -government than from any active demonstration on the -part of the people, unless success should enable us to -give them assurance of continued protection.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The South Carolina commands with Lee in Maryland, -were the brigades of N. G. Evans, Kershaw and Jenkins -under Col. Joseph Walker; the Fifteenth regiment, Colonel -De Saussure, in Drayton's brigade; the Hampton -legion infantry, in Wofford's brigade, and Bachman's, -Garden's, Rhett's and Boyce's batteries—all with Longstreet's -corps; in Jackson's corps, the brigade of Maxcy -Gregg and McIntosh's battery; and with the cavalry -under Stuart, the Second cavalry, Col. M. C. Butler, of -Hampton's brigade, and Hart's battery. Thus it will be -seen that four brigades, a regiment and a battalion of -infantry, six light batteries, and one regiment of cavalry -represented South Carolina in the short and bloody campaign -through which we are now to trace their career. -We may not do more than make such general allusions to -other commands as will put the positions and movements -of the South Carolinians in their true moral and military -aspect. The gallant comrades of other States, who fought -by their side, and on whose heroic daring and sublime -fortitude so much depended—whenever they touched -their Carolina brethren in battle, their touch was an -inspiration, and wherever they fought by their side, their -battle was an assurance of strength.</p> - -<p>When General Lee took post at Frederick, his position<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> -warranted the expectation that the Federal forces in the -valley of Virginia and at Harper's Ferry would retreat -upon Washington, and he made dispositions to intercept -them. In this he was disappointed. Martinsburg and -Harper's Ferry were held fast, and Lee resolved to attack -those points at once. He prepared an order detailing his -combinations and directing the march of each corps and -division, and the action of his cavalry. A copy of this, -sent Gen. D. H. Hill, fell into General McClellan's -hands, as a former order, issued on the Rapidan, had gone -into the hands of Pope. Thus McClellan was informed -that Lee's army would leave Frederick and cross the -mountains at Boonsboro gap; that D. H. Hill's division -was to halt at Boonsboro, while the rest of Longstreet's -corps marched toward Hagerstown; that Jackson would -cross the Potomac and move on Harper's Ferry; that -McLaws' division, following Jackson, would enter Pleasant -valley and possess Maryland heights, and that Walker's -division, following McLaws, would cross the Potomac -and possess Loudoun heights. Friday, September 12th, -was to be the day when these combinations should -result in the capture of Harper's Ferry. That accomplished, -Jackson, McLaws and Walker were to rejoin the -army at Boonsboro or Hagerstown.</p> - -<p>McClellan, thoroughly appreciating the situation, -promptly advanced against Boonsboro gap. In this -forward movement he was delayed by General Hampton, -who skirmished at every available point. As the advance -guard approached Frederick with cavalry, infantry and -artillery, Hampton drew in his outposts and formed his -brigade for attack. The enemy posted a gun, supported -by infantry, so as to command the city, and this gave -Hampton his opportunity. As the gun opened he ordered -Butler to charge, with the brigade in support. One brilliant -dash at the gun and its support, and it was in Hampton's -possession, the enemy scattered, many killed and -wounded, and Colonel Moore, Twenty-eighth Ohio, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> -10 other prisoners taken. In this affair, Lieutenant-Colonel -Meighan, of the Second South Carolina cavalry, -and Captain Waring, of the Jeff Davis legion, acted with -distinguished gallantry, and the Second, under its gallant -colonel, was commended for its conduct. So successful -was the repulse of the advance guard of the enemy that -Hampton withdrew at a walk, and camped for the night -at Middletown, taking with him the prisoners, and leaving -Lieutenant-Colonel Martin, commanding the Jeff -Davis legion, to cover his camp.</p> - -<p>At daylight, Martin was attacked in the gap of Catoctin -mountain which he was holding. Hampton sent up a -section of Hart's battery to his support, and Martin held -his position against odds until 2 p. m., the fire of Hart's -guns driving the opposing artillery from several positions. -Then the enemy, reinforced, gained a strong -point for artillery, and Hampton withdrew Martin, and -in front of Middletown formed for battle, which was soon -joined. Hart's guns replied vigorously to those of the -Federals, the sharpshooters became warmly engaged, and -soon the whole brigade was in action, the fight being -pressed by infantry on the enemy's side. Notified that -Gen. D. H. Hill had taken position in Boonsboro gap, -General Stuart, who had come forward, ordered Hampton -to withdraw to the south, and sent Martin with Hart's -guns through the gap in South mountain to Boonsboro. -Hampton retired to Burkittsville, and on his way encountered -a Federal cavalry command, which he charged with -Colonel Young's Georgians, dispersed the force, with a -loss of 30 killed and wounded on the enemy's part, and -4 killed and 9 wounded in the Cobb legion.</p> - -<p>Hill's division, which had marched into Boonsboro -gap, was composed of the brigades of Ripley, Rodes, -Garland, Colquitt and Anderson. With these commands -and Rosser's Fifth Virginia cavalry, Hill stood against -the assaults of McClellan for five hours. Longstreet hurried -back from Hagerstown to his support and arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> -between 3 and 4 p. m. With Longstreet were the South -Carolina brigades of Evans and Jenkins, the Fifteenth -South Carolina with Drayton, and the Hampton legion -with Wofford. Evans' brigade, under Col. P. F. Stevens, -was marched to the left of General Hill's battle to -support Rodes, who was nearly overwhelmed. Stevens -put in the brigade on the right of Rodes, and was at once -assailed. The Seventeenth, under Col. F. W. McMaster, -held its ground on the right of the brigade, supported -by the Holcombe legion, but the pressure of the attack -pressed back the Twenty-second and Twenty-third until -these regiments, rallied by their gallant commanders, -Lieut.-Col. T. C. Watkins and Capt. S. A. Durham and -Maj. M. Hilton, returned to the battle, and supported by -the Eighteenth, Col. W. H. Wallace, held the battle, in -line with the Seventeenth and the legion. But not for -long; the enemy crowded up the mountain in such -strength that Rodes and Stevens could not hold their -line and were driven from the crest.</p> - -<p>In this brief struggle, Lieut.-Col. Thomas C. Watkins -fell in the thick of the fight, rallying his regiment. His -fall was a loss to his command and to his country, but he -died as he wished to die, fighting for the independence -of the Southern Confederacy. He was succeeded by -Major Hilton, who rallied the regiment and restored its -position on the crest. In the same contest Lieut.-Col. -R. S. Means, of the Seventeenth, was severely wounded. -At the moment of his fall the crest was carried, and Colonel -McMaster ordered him borne from the field, but he -generously refused the aid of his comrades, seeing they -must inevitably be captured.</p> - -<p>Colonel Stevens especially commended the conduct of -Colonel McMaster, Major Hilton, Captain Durham and -Adjt. W. P. DuBose. The latter officer was captured -after night while endeavoring with a small force to reconnoiter -the enemy's front. The loss in the brigade was -comparatively small: Seventeenth, killed 7, wounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> -37, missing 17; Twenty-second, killed 10, wounded 57, -missing 4; Twenty-third, killed 4, wounded 16, missing 4; -no reports for the Eighteenth and the legion.</p> - -<p>The rapid march of Longstreet from Hagerstown on -the 14th had thinned the ranks of all his brigades. Men -overcome with fatigue fell by the way in large numbers, -and the rush up the mountain in the afternoon almost -depleted some commands. Colonel McMaster, reporting -the strength of the Seventeenth in the battle, said: "In -this battle we had engaged 10 officers and 131 men, rank -and file, and ambulance corps." General Longstreet, -referring in his recent book to the effect upon the troops -of the march from Hagerstown, and the marches and -countermarches on the mountain, says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>It was near night when the brigades under Generals -Kemper and Garnett and Colonel Walker (Jenkins') -returned from their march down the mountain and -reached the top. They were put in as they arrived, to -try to cover the right of Rodes and Evans, and fill the -intervening space to the turnpike. As they marched, the -men dropped along the road as rapidly as if under severe -skirmish. So manifest was it that nature was exhausted -that no one urged them to get up and try to keep their -ranks.... The Union brigades were stronger than the -Confederates, mine having lost more than half this number -by the wayside from exhaustion, under the forced -march.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Col. Joseph Walker, Palmetto sharpshooters, commanding -Jenkins' brigade, reported his force only partially -engaged. Much of his time in the afternoon was consumed -by marches and countermarches, in accordance -with orders, which carried his brigade first to the foot of -the mountain on the west side, nearly 2 miles south of -the Boonsboro pike, on which he had arrived from Hagerstown. -Then he was sent to take position at the hotel on -top of the mountain and north of the pike. From that -post he was ordered to move across the pike obliquely to -the south, and down the east slope of the mountain, where -he made his partial battle. The First regiment, Lieut.-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>Col. -D. Livingston, the Sixth, Lieut.-Col. J. M. Steedman, -and the Fifth, Capt. T. C. Beckham, were advanced -to a stone fence, where they stood against the fire of the -infantry and artillery in their front, the Sharpshooters, -Second rifles and the Fourth battalion supporting. -Walker held this post all through the evening and night, -moving off on the morning of the 15th and covering the -retirement from that part of the field, the Second rifles -marching as rear guard. The losses in Jenkins' brigade -were comparatively light, 3 killed and 29 wounded, total, -32, distributed as follows: Palmetto sharpshooters, -2 wounded; First, 1 killed, 15 wounded; Second rifles, -1 wounded; Fifth, 6 wounded; Sixth, 2 killed, 5 wounded.</p> - -<p>The writer regrets that he can find no record of the -service of the Fifteenth South Carolina, in Drayton's -brigade, and the Hampton legion infantry, in Wofford's. -Gen. D. H. Hill, in his report of the action of his troops, -refers to the brigade of Drayton in the following words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>In answer to a dispatch from General Longstreet, I -urged him to hurry forward troops to my assistance. -General Drayton and Col. G. T. Anderson [the latter -commanding a brigade of Georgians] came up, I think, -about 3 o'clock, with 1,900 men.... Anderson, Ripley -and Drayton were called together, and I directed them to -follow a path until they came in contact with Rosser, -when they should change their flank, march in line of -battle and sweep the woods before them.... Anderson -soon became partially and Drayton hotly engaged.... -Three brigades moved up in beautiful order against Drayton -and the men were soon beaten.</p></blockquote> - -<p>This is the only reference to Drayton's brigade in the -action at Boonsboro, by which it appears that the Fifteenth -South Carolina, and Fiftieth and Fifty-first Georgia, -the three regiments that composed it, stood against -the attack of three Union brigades until they were -"beaten."</p> - -<p>The battle of Boonsboro Gap was not anticipated by -General Lee, and it came, on the 14th, in the nature of a -surprise. Certainly Lee's army was not prepared for it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> -All that could be done was done—the brigades of Hill and -Longstreet, with such artillery as could be operated on -the mountain, held back the advancing columns of Hooker -and Reno until night put an end to the conflict. General -McClellan reported the battle on his side as fought -by the divisions of Hatch, Ricketts and Meade, of -Hooker's corps; Willcox, Sturgis and Cox, of Reno's -corps; and the brigade of Sedgwick, of Sherman's corps; -with artillery and cavalry. That this force did not drive -Hill in rout from the mountain before Longstreet came -up is due to the firmness and heroism of his defense. -That it did not envelop both Longstreet and Hill late -in the afternoon, and force them down upon Boonsboro, -is due to the skill of those generals, and the conduct -of their troops and their commanders.</p> - -<p>Having already stated the order for the investment of -Harper's Ferry, we will have now to do with the part -taken by Kershaw's and Gregg's South Carolina brigades -in its capture. Kershaw was with McLaws and Gregg -with A. P. Hill. To Kershaw, commanding his own and -Barksdale's brigades, was assigned the task of capturing -the south end of Elk ridge, called Maryland heights, -which overlooked Harper's Ferry. The heights captured, -McLaws was to plant his rifled guns there to co-operate -with Walker, on Loudoun heights, and Jackson, on Bolivar -heights. Kershaw marched on the 12th and ascended -Elk ridge by Solomon's gap. The Union pickets offered -a feeble resistance at the gap and retired, Kershaw ascending -to the top of the ridge and marching on its crest -toward the point of attack. Capt. G. B. Cuthbert, Second -South Carolina, commanding Kershaw's right flankers, -and Major Bradley, Mississippi regiment, commanding -skirmishers in advance, met and easily drove back the -outposts along the ridge. But the road was so obstructed, -and so impracticable, that it was 6 p. m. before General -Kershaw came up on the first line of defense, within one -mile of the south end, or Maryland heights. This was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> -strong abatis running across the ridge and flanked by -high boulders. Here the enemy was standing in force.</p> - -<p>Kershaw put his brigade in two lines of attack and held -Barksdale in reserve. Henagan's Eighth South Carolina -and Aiken's Seventh made the first line, Nance's Third, -and Kennedy's Second in rear. Before these dispositions -were made night came on, and the troops lay on their -arms within sight of the battlefield. Early on the 13th -the South Carolinians moved to the attack in beautiful -order, and came under the heavy fire of the enemy. The -Eighth encountered a ledge of rock which completely -stopped its advance, but the Seventh had a clear field to -the abatis. Aiken led his regiment on with a dash, -mounted the obstruction, poured a volley into the faces -of his adversaries, and the abatis was won, the enemy -retreating a quarter of a mile to a still stronger position -across the ridge. Kershaw sent Barksdale to his left to -make a detour on the east slope, and gain the flank of -the position. The Seventh and Eighth again advanced -to the abatis and carried it, but the fire from a log breastwork -in rear checked their progress. The Third, under -Nance, reinforced the fire of the Seventh and Eighth, and -these three regiments made the battle, losing severely.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile Barksdale had worked his way around to -the rear and right of the Federals and opened fire. Seeing -himself assailed in front and flank, the enemy retreated -down the south end of the mountain and across the river, -by pontoon, into Harper's Ferry. Kershaw and Barksdale -moved to the position captured, overlooking the -enemy in his stronghold. Major McLaws, of the division -staff, directed the cutting of a road by which four rifled -guns were brought to the heights, and by 2 p. m. on the -14th, while the battle at Boonsboro gap was raging, and -the enemy had penetrated Pleasant valley by Crampton's -gap and was marching on McLaws' rear, Captains Read -and Carlton opened their guns on Harper's Ferry and -Bolivar heights.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> - -<p>Kershaw's work was done and well done, and he was -ordered into the valley early on the morning of the 15th. -While on the mountain the brigades suffered from want -of water; not a drop could be obtained except at the foot -of the ridge. The march on the crest was over crags -and boulders, and the advance to battle was impeded by -fallen trees and every possible obstruction. General -Kershaw reported that not a man retired from his line -who was not wounded, and especially spoke of the Seventh, -Colonel Aiken, as bearing the brunt of the battle -and suffering the heaviest loss. Lieut. Moultrie Dwight, -of the brigade staff, was severely wounded by a fall from -a precipice while communicating a message from Kershaw -to Barksdale. Barksdale's loss was 2 killed and 15 -wounded. Kershaw lost 33 killed and 163 wounded; -total, 196. The Second South Carolina, not being engaged -directly, suffered no casualties. The three regiments -engaged numbered 100 officers and 863 soldiers. The -Third had 14 killed, 35 wounded, total 49; the Seventh, -13 killed, 100 wounded, total 113; the Eighth, 6 killed, -28 wounded, total 34.</p> - -<p>Gregg's South Carolina brigade marched with Jackson's -corps from the vicinity of Boonsboro on the 11th -and camped at Williamsport on the Potomac. On the -12th, crossing the Potomac, Jackson marched upon Martinsburg, -occupied by a Federal force under Brigadier-General -White. Gregg was in front and deployed for -battle, but White retired upon Harper's Ferry. Jackson -entered the town and the inhabitants rejoicingly received -him and his troops. His hungry men were feasted, their -general caressed and honored, and the sutler's stores and -army provisions left by the enemy duly appropriated. -Marching on for Harper's Ferry, Jackson was in position -before that place, on Bolivar heights, by noon of the -13th. Next day Gregg was sent to Jackson's right -(with Branch's brigade) to take position on the Shenandoah, -move along its north bank, and be ready on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> -morning of the 15th to assault from that point. Early on -the 15th all the batteries opened on the defenses of Harper's -Ferry, among them McIntosh's South Carolina battery. -McLaws' rifled guns from Maryland heights, Walker's -batteries from the Loudoun hills, and Jackson's from -Bolivar heights poured their shot and shell into every -opposing fort and battery, and the signal was about to -be given to "cease firing" to give chance for the concerted -assault of Jackson's infantry, when the banner of -surrender was raised and Harper's Ferry was captured. -The enemy replied from every one of his batteries with -vigor, and kept up his defense until he saw his doom. -Gregg had not lost a man, and remaining with A. P. -Hill's division to secure the spoil of battle, his brigade -reaped a harvest of good things at Harper's Ferry. The -situation is thus described by Captain Caldwell:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>We fared sumptuously. In addition to meat, crackers, -sugar, coffee, shoes, blankets, underclothing, etc., many -of us captured horses, of which the quartermaster, however, -duly deprived us.</p> - -<p>Jackson was the great theme of conversation. The -Federals seemed never weary of extolling his genius and -inquiring for particulars of his history. They were -extremely anxious to see him. He came up from the -riverside late in the afternoon. The intelligence spread -like electricity. Almost the whole mass of prisoners -broke over us, rushed to the road, threw up their hats, -cheered, roared, bellowed, as even Jackson's own troops -had scarcely ever done. We, of course, joined in with -them. The general gave a stiff acknowledgment of the -compliment, pulled down his hat, drove spurs into his -horse, and went clattering down the hill away from the -noise.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The garrison of Harper's Ferry, surrendered, gave -Jackson over 11,000 prisoners, 73 pieces of artillery, -13,000 small-arms, and a large supply of military stores.</p> - -<p>General McClellan did not push his advantage gained -at Boonsboro gap. It was 8 o'clock on the morning of -the 15th before his troops appeared on the west of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> -mountain, and General Lee had the columns of D. H. -Hill and Longstreet beyond his reach by that time. -Marching all the night of the 14th, these commands were -in front of Sharpsburg early on the morning of Monday, -the 15th. Jackson left Harper's Ferry on the night following, -with McLaws', Walker's and Anderson's divisions, -marched up to Shepherdstown, and crossed the -river and reported to General Lee on the battlefield early -on the 16th. He had left A. P. Hill's division at Harper's -Ferry to parole the prisoners, secure the property -captured, and hold the place. As will be seen, McLaws -and R. H. Anderson did not reach the field of battle -until it had been raging for hours, but they came up, as -did A. P. Hill, in time to reinforce Lee at critical -moments.</p> - -<p>In writing of Sharpsburg there are particular features -of that battlefield to which reference must frequently be -made in order to comprehend the struggle, and these -will first be noted.</p> - -<p>The town of Sharpsburg is about a mile from the southward -bend of the Potomac. A straight line running due -east from the Potomac and passing through Sharpsburg -would cross the Antietam river about 1½ miles from the -town. The general direction of the Antietam in front -(east) of Sharpsburg is a little west of south. And this, -too, is the general direction of the Potomac in the vicinity -of the battlefield. About 3 miles below Sharpsburg the -Potomac makes a sweeping bend to the east and the -Antietam to the west, the latter entering the former just -below the point where the river turns sharply to the -south. Lee's line was in front of Sharpsburg and behind -the Antietam, which was easily forded, and crossed by -good stone bridges in Lee's front and on each flank.</p> - -<p>Two main roads gave direction to the battle, one running -north to Hagerstown, and the other a little north of -east to Boonsboro. About 1¼ miles from the town, on -the Hagerstown road, was a church known as the Dunk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>er's -chapel, with a heavy wood north, south and west of -it. The hills along the Antietam, on both sides, were high -and commanding, and gave the best positions for artillery. -The country between the Antietam and the Hagerstown -road was undulatory, with good elevations for artillery, -and south of Sharpsburg very much the same. The -Antietam makes a very long bend to the west about 1½ -miles below the town and then bends south again. General -Lee's right rested on this bend, the hills being high -and steep on the Sharpsburg side. Lee formed two lines -of battle on the hills described, its direction parallel with -the Antietam, bending toward the Potomac on the left.</p> - -<p>On the 15th, Longstreet was posted on the south of the -Boonsboro road, and D. H. Hill north of it. Hood's -division prolonged the line on Hill's left bending west -until it touched the Hagerstown road. Jackson, early on -the 16th, was put on Hood's left, with his right on the -Hagerstown road. Stuart with cavalry and horse artillery -guarded the extreme left next the Potomac. Walker, -with his two brigades, came up from Harper's Ferry by -afternoon, and was posted on the extreme right and -immediately on the Antietam bluffs. As the divisions -slept on arms, on the night of the 16th, they stood for -battle, from right to left, in the following order: Walker, -D. R. Jones, Evans (brigade), D. H. Hill, Hood, Lawton, -J. R. Jones, cavalry. The artillery opened the great -battle at dawn on the 17th, and before the sun had risen -Jackson was hotly engaged with Hooker's corps on the -Confederate left.</p> - -<p>Jackson's and Hood's troops held their ground with -great courage and firmness, sometimes advancing in triumph -and then repulsed by the front lines of the enemy. -The history of Jackson's battle is a history of violent and -bloody contention, advances and retirements, with ground -lost, gained, relost and regained, until at last the enemy -was forced to the defensive and the Confederate battle -held on nearly its chosen line. The three corps of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> -Hooker, Mansfield and Sumner were engaged in these -battles with Jackson and Hood, while the latter were -reinforced from time to time by three brigades from -D. H. Hill, one from D. R. Jones, and two with Walker. -These forces, with Jackson's two small divisions and -Hood's two brigades, had forced the battle beyond the -Hagerstown road, and were on the successful offensive, -as against Hooker's and Mansfield's corps, when Sumner -entered the battle. His advance was against Jackson's -right and center, two of his divisions (Richardson's and -French's) operating east of the turnpike and south of the -church, and one (Sedgwick's) moving against the woods -just north of the church. Sumner's line operated at once -to check the tide of his retreating friends, and to stem -that on his advancing foes. Fresh, strong and admirably -handled, the divisions of Richardson, French and Sedgwick -moved to renew the waning battle. Richardson, -supported by French, moved against D. H. Hill's left -center, and Sedgwick attacked in front and north of the -church.</p> - -<p>Sumner's account of affairs on the battlefield when he -reached it shows the work which had been done by the -troops of Jackson, Hood, D. H. Hill and the brigade from -D. R. Jones. He said: "On going upon the field, I -found that General Hooker's corps had been dispersed -and routed. I passed him some distance in the rear, -where he had been carried wounded, but I saw nothing -of his corps as I was advancing on the field. There were -some troops lying down on the left which I took to belong -to Mansfield's command. In the meantime, General -Mansfield had been killed, and a portion of his corps -thrown into confusion."</p> - -<p>Sedgwick had pushed his battle successfully, and was -now south and west of the church and about to clear the -woods, when the head of McLaws' division arrived from -Harper's Ferry, worn down by their forced march, without -food, and many of them footsore. But they were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> -ready for battle, and appreciated the emergency. Portions -of Hooker's and Mansfield's corps were attacking farther -to Jackson's left, and Sumner's fresh corps was terribly -aggressive. General Lee had ordered Walker from -the extreme right, and he arrived in good time to join -with McLaws. These commands, with portions of the -troops that had been fighting all the morning, confronted -the new advance, assailed it, beat it back, broke its order, -and gained the position from which Sumner had advanced. -Sedgwick was overwhelmed, but Richardson retired in -order. The attack of Sumner on Lee's left and left center -had failed, and failed by reason of the heroic, aggressive -battle of McLaws and Walker, and the rallied fragments -of Jackson's, Hood's, Hill's and Jones' troops.</p> - -<p>In this great achievement Kershaw's South Carolina -brigade, of McLaws' division, bore a distinguished part. -Arriving on the field just as Jackson's battle had been -driven into the woods south of the chapel and the enemy -were in plain view, McLaws advanced Kershaw against -him in direct attack, the Second South Carolina leading. -The struggle to be made was for the possession of the -wood west and north of the chapel. Kershaw threw the -Eighth, Seventh and Third forward to Kennedy's support, -and they pressed their battle into the wood and -beyond the chapel, supported right and left by their comrades, -and by the fire of Read's battery. Aiken approached -within 30 yards of a Federal battery, drove its -gunners off, and was about to seize the guns when a -flanking battery opened upon him with canister and -drove him back. The enemy reinforced made assault -after assault, and were as often repelled. Kershaw had -established his line beyond the church, and here he held -his battle throughout the day. Reporting upon the conduct -of his brigade, he said that the Eighth, under Lieut.-Col. -A. J. Hoole, carried in 45 men, rank and file, and lost -23; the Second, first to attack and drive the enemy, -suffered the loss of Colonel Kennedy from a severe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> -wound, and its gallant major, Franklin Gaillard, led it -on against a front line, broke it, and pressed it beyond -range of fire; the Third, under Nance, twice changed -front under fire, and as often drove the opposing line; -the Seventh, led by Aiken, trailed their progress to the -cannon's mouth with the blood of their bravest, and out -of 268 carried into action, lost 140, Colonel Aiken being -among those most seriously wounded. The death of its -gallant Maj. W. C. White deprived the service of an -accomplished officer, a noble gentleman, and an elevated -character.</p> - -<p>Without a supply of rations from Monday to Wednesday; -constantly under arms, marching, or in action during -that period, no sleep and but brief halts for rest, -Kershaw's gallant command fought at Sharpsburg as if -they had come to the field from a well-provided camp.</p> - -<p>But Sumner's work was not yet done. Richardson and -French, supported by their famous batteries, many of -them rifled guns, returned to the attack, directing their -march directly against D. H. Hill's center on the Boonsboro -road. He had sent Ripley, Garland and Colquitt to -reinforce the struggle on the left, and had with him only -two brigades of his own division (Rodes' and G. B. Anderson's), -his batteries, Evans' brigade under Col. P. F. Stevens, -and Boyce's battery. With these troops Hill met -and repelled Richardson's first advance. General Lee -sent up R. H. Anderson's division to his support, and -Hill formed that command behind his front line. By the -mistake of a subordinate, Rodes' brigade was moved from -the front line and a broad gap left in Hill's defense. At -once Richardson saw his advantage and pressed his troops -into and beyond the gap. We give, substantially, General -Hill's account. G. B. Anderson held his brigade in -position, while the Federals poured through the gap, -making all the defense he could, until he was wounded, -when his brigade broke in panic, but Colonel Bennett and -Major Sillers of North Carolina rallied a portion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> -the brigade. There were no troops near, except some -rallied fragments of commands, to hold the center. Hill -was now back to the hill which commanded Sharpsburg -and the rear. Affairs looked critical. A battery in a -cornfield was ordered up, and proved to be Boyce's South -Carolina battery, attached to Evans' brigade. It moved -out most gallantly, in full view, and exposed to a terrible -direct and reverse fire from rifled guns beyond the Antietam. -A caisson was exploded, but the battery unlimbered -and with grape and canister poured volley after -volley so fast into the advancing troops that they halted, -wavered, and then broke in retreat. With such of his -troops as he could call to his immediate command, Hill -charged, was checked, repulsed and charged again, and -at last the center was secure.</p> - -<p>The part borne by Evans' brigade of South Carolinians -in this defense of the center is described by Colonel Stevens, -commanding:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Sickness, fatigue and casualties of battle had reduced -the brigade to a mere skeleton. Placed in position near -the town and north of the Boonsboro road, the brigade -acted as support with various batteries, until the afternoon, -when the attack in front pressing, General Evans -ordered it deployed as skirmishers to meet the enemy. -In this position we were forced back, until I again advanced, -and with Boyce's battery broke the line in my -front and drove them back. The force in our front having -retired, and Colonel Walker, commanding Jenkins' -South Carolina brigade, on our right, having sent to me -for artillery, I ordered Captain Boyce with his battery to -report to him. Night coming on, the brigade bivouacked -on the field.... During the engagement at Sharpsburg -my men behaved well, obeyed orders, and never gave -back except at my command.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Boyce lost 15 horses. Sergt. Thomas E. Dawkins and -Private James Rogers were killed, Privates B. Miller and -E. Shirley mortally wounded, and Lieut. H. F. Scaife -and 15 of the battery more or less severely wounded.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> -Sergt. B. T. Glenn continued to work his piece long after -receiving a very severe wound.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p> - -<p>Colonel McMaster, of the Seventeenth South Carolina, -Evans' brigade, reports that he carried into the battle -only 59 officers and men, so great had been his losses -from sickness and wounds and straggling. Out of these -he lost 19 in battle. There are no separate returns of the -losses of Evans' brigade at Boonsboro gap and Sharpsburg, -but in these two they are reported as follows: Holcombe -legion, 18 wounded; Seventeenth, 18 killed, 49 -wounded; Eighteenth, 3 killed, 39 wounded; Twenty-second, -8 killed, 64 wounded; Twenty-third, 14 killed, 66 -wounded; aggregate, 43 killed, 236 wounded.</p> - -<p>While D. H. Hill was defending the center, Longstreet's -line was assailed, on Lee's right. Crossing at the bridge -and fords General Burnside's troops threw their masses -against D. R. Jones' division. Jenkins' brigade under -Colonel Walker was on the left of Jones' division, and -the operations are reported by Colonel Walker. During -the 16th the brigade lay in line south of the Boonsboro -road exposed to an incessant fire of artillery from batteries -posted east of the Antietam. In the afternoon of the -17th Walker was moved forward, and supported a part of -the Washington artillery, of New Orleans. These gallant -batteries were constantly engaged, and drew an unceasing -fire upon Walker as well as themselves. The guns -withdrew for ammunition and Walker went forward 400 -yards to an apple orchard. The enemy being near, -Walker attacked with the Palmetto sharpshooters and -the Second rifles on the right, the Sixth, Fifth and First -continuing the line to the left.</p> - -<p>The fire of the brigade was so steady and so well deliv<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>ered, -that when about to advance, the force in its front -broke and retired to the woods on the Antietam. On -Walker's right, the attack on Generals Kemper and Drayton -was so heavy that those brigades were giving ground, -and the enemy was pressing up a ravine in their rear and -on their right. Walker changed his front, and attacking -the flagging force, in concert with Drayton and Kemper, -drove back the advancing line. In this repulse the guns -of Rhett's battery, under Lieut. William Elliott, did splendid -service, firing at short range on the infantry masses -as they came up from the Antietam against Jones. The -losses of the brigade at Sharpsburg were 26 killed and 184 -wounded, the heaviest loss falling on the Palmetto sharpshooters. -Capts. J. E. Lee and N. W. Harbin, of the -sharpshooters, were killed; and Lieut.-Col. D. Livingston, -of the First; Capt. E. B. Cantey, commanding the -Sixth; Lieut. J. C. McFadden, of the Sixth; Lieuts. -H. H. Thompson and W. N. Major, of the sharpshooters, -were wounded. To that part of the action of Jenkins' -brigade in which it was turned by Walker to deliver its -fire upon the forces driving back Kemper and Drayton, -Gen. D. R. Jones, the division commander, makes complimentary -reference in a paragraph in which he also -refers to the Fifteenth, in Drayton's brigade: "The Fifteenth -South Carolina, Colonel De Saussure, fell back -very slowly and in order, forming the nucleus on which -the brigade rallied." In the two engagements of Boonsboro -Gap and Sharpsburg, the Fifteenth lost 110 killed -and wounded.</p> - -<p>The attack upon Jones on the right, coming from a -whole corps, and met by his division alone, numbering -less than 2,500, and the artillery on his line, gave illustration -of endurance, courage and resolution seldom if -ever surpassed in the annals of war. General Toombs, -with his artillery and two Georgia regiments, repulsed -five separate assaults by Burnside's forces, and only retired -when every cartridge had been fired and his position had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> -been turned by a passage below him. Just at the moment -when Jones was driven back upon the town and the corps -of General Burnside under General Cox was sweeping -up on his front and right and making for a lodgment on -the Shepherdstown road in his rear, Lee's line of retreat, -the division of A. P. Hill, which had been marching all -day, reported on Jones' right and formed forward into -battle. This arrival saved the day.</p> - -<p>Hill placed his batteries rapidly and opened with canister; -but before his infantry could be formed the enemy -had charged the guns and captured McIntosh's battery -and flag. Not a moment was to be lost if Lee's line to -Shepherdstown was to be saved, and A. P. Hill and Jones -ordered the charge. "My troops were not in a moment -too soon," says Hill. With a yell of defiance Archer -charged [with Toombs] recaptured McIntosh's battery -and drove the enemy pell-mell down the slope; -Gregg and Branch, from Archer's left, poured in a deadly -fire as they steadily moved down the slope, and the whole -line of attack broke and retired to the Antietam. Night -settled down upon the battlefield of Antietam and the -bloodiest struggle of the war was over.</p> - -<p>Gregg's casualties were 163 killed and wounded, of -which the First lost 4 killed and 30 wounded; Orr's -Rifles, 3 killed and 9 wounded; Twelfth, 20 killed and -82 wounded; Thirteenth, 1 killed and 14 wounded. The -Fourteenth was not engaged.</p> - -<p>The brave and accomplished Col. Dixon Barnes, of the -Twelfth, fell mortally wounded. Lieut. Archibald McIntire, -of the First, and Capt. F. A. Irwin and Lieut. -J. B. Blackman, of the Twelfth, were killed. Capt. M. P. -Parker, of the First; Capts. J. L. Miller and H. C. Davis -and Lieut. R. M. Carr, of the Twelfth; Lieuts. J. M. -Wheeler and W. L. Litzsey, of the Thirteenth, and Capt. -James Perrin, commanding Orr's Rifles, were wounded.</p> - -<p>Space does not permit a review of this great battle. It -was a gigantic struggle of eighteen hours. General Mc<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>Clellan -referred to it as a mighty contest in which 200,000 -men contended for mastery! General Lee reported it as -a protracted and sanguinary conflict in which every effort -of the enemy to dislodge him from his position had been -defeated with severe loss. The battle was not renewed -on the 18th. General McClellan, reporting to his government, -said that a sense of duty to the army and the country -forbade a renewal of the fight on the 18th without -reinforcements, the probabilities of defeat being too great. -Whatever General McClellan's strength, it is certain -General Lee fought around Sharpsburg with less than -40,000 men of all arms. When Lee was at Frederickstown, -his army numbered, by its returns, in round numbers, -61,000 of all arms. The battles of Boonsboro, -Crampton's Gap and Harper's Ferry, with the cavalry engagements, -followed. These, of course, reduced the fighting -force, but his heaviest losses were from straggling -incident to the rapid marches and the actual suffering of -the troops for the want of sleep and food between Boonsboro -and Sharpsburg. The remarks of Gen. D. H. Hill -will apply to most of the divisions. He says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>My ranks had diminished by straggling, and on the -morning of the 17th I had but 3,000 infantry.... Our -wagons had been sent off across the river on Sunday, and -for three days the men had been sustaining life on green -corn and such cattle as they could kill in the field. In -charging through an apple orchard with the immediate -prospect of death before them, I noticed men eagerly -devouring apples.... Had all our stragglers been up, -McClellan's army would have been completely crushed.</p></blockquote> - -<p>In leaving the battlefield of Sharpsburg, the writer -pauses to pay a tribute of respect and love to a brave -and accomplished soldier, his preceptor at the South -Carolina military academy, and his honored friend. Col. -Charles Courtney Tew, the gallant commander of the -Second North Carolina, in Anderson's brigade of D. H. -Hill's division, fell at the head of his regiment in Hill's -defense of the center against the attack of Richardson in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> -the afternoon. After graduating at the head of the first -class to leave the South Carolina military academy, Colonel -Tew became one of its able and distinguished professors. -Removing to North Carolina, he established a military -academy at Hillsboro, and when the time came for -battle he was at the head of the second regiment raised -in the old North State. Modest, resolute, sincere, -devoted to study and to work, he was an accomplished -scholar, a true and noble spirit, and a resolute character. -General Hill said of him, while reporting his ability and -gallantry, and lamenting his loss: "He had no superior -as a soldier in the field." Knowing him well, we can -understand how his efficiency at the head of a regiment -and his fine attainments as a soldier, would make such -an impression upon his major-general. How many such -men did the South yield up in willing and costly sacrifice -on the altar of Southern independence!</p> - -<p>The last guns of the Maryland campaign of 1862 were -fired at Shepherdstown and by the cavalry in front of -Williamsport, on the 20th of September. In both these -actions South Carolina troops took part, under Generals -Gregg and Hampton. General Lee's army was behind -the Opequon on the 19th; that of McClellan was threatening -the passages of the Potomac. The cavalry under -Stuart, with Hampton's brigade in advance, had moved -up the right bank of the Potomac and crossed into Maryland, -at Williamsport, to watch and threaten the enemy's -right and rear. Advancing from Williamsport, Hampton -met a strong force of all arms sent to oppose Stuart, successfully -skirmished with it all day of the 20th, and recrossed -the river into Virginia without loss at night.</p> - -<p>On the evening of the 19th, General Porter with the -Federal Fifth corps was at the Shepherdstown ford, with -his artillery on the Maryland hills and his sharpshooters -lining the left flank. Under cover of his artillery, he -successfully crossed a portion of his command, stormed -the position on the Virginia side, drove off the infantry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> -force of 600 men, and captured four guns of General Pendleton's -artillery. Early on the 20th, A. P. Hill was sent -with his division to drive Porter's force back and hold -the crossing. In executing this command General Hill -fought the battle of Shepherdstown.</p> - -<p>General Porter in his report represents the attack of -General Hill to have been made upon two of his brigades, -and a part of a third, who, by his order, recrossed the -river, under the cover of his batteries, with little injury, -except to the One Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania -regiment. He gives as the reason for his retrograde -movement that the enemy (Hill) was reported as advancing -in force. Reading the Federal general's report, one -not conversant with the facts would naturally suppose -that Hill's division met the Pennsylvania regiment alone -in actual battle, and as Porter says that this regiment -became "confused" early in the action, and their arms -were ineffective, it would appear that Hill had little to -do.</p> - -<p>General Hill, after stating that the brigades on the -Virginia side were making preparations to hold their -position, thus describes the situation: "I formed my -division in two lines—in the first, Pender, Gregg and -Thomas, under Gregg; in the second, Lane, Archer and -Brockenbrough, under Archer. The enemy had lined -the opposite hills with some 70 pieces of artillery, and the -infantry who had crossed lined the crest of the high banks -on the Virginia shore.... The advance was made in the -face of the most tremendous fire of artillery I ever saw." -Mr. Caldwell, in his history, says: "We were under the -fire of their batteries the whole time, though they did not -open heavily upon us until we cleared the cornfield; then -their fire was terrific! Shot, shell and canister swept the -whole surface of the earth. Yet the advance was beautifully -executed. It excelled even the marching of the -enemy at Sharpsburg.... The roar of the pieces and -the howl and explosion of shells were awful. Sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> -a shell burst in the ranks, tearing and mangling all -around it. In Pender's brigade I saw a man lifted in -the air. But all in vain. The ranks closed up, and the -advance continued without a falter." Alluding to this -heroic advance, General Hill says: "Too much praise -cannot be awarded to my regiments for their steady, -unwavering step."</p> - -<p>Describing the fighting with the infantry, General Hill -said that his left brigade was so hotly engaged with the -enemy's infantry that Pender called on Archer for help, -and the latter moved his own brigade to Pender's, thus -putting four brigades on the front line. The One Hundred -and Eighteenth Pennsylvania, confused as it was, -with damaged arms, could hardly have done so much -against a line of battle that had marched to the attack -through such an artillery fire as both sides report was -poured upon it. At close quarters with General Porter's -troops, Hill ordered the final charge, and the brigades of -the Fifth corps were driven into and across the river, -hundreds being drowned, over 200 prisoners taken, and -the dead and wounded left on the field of battle.</p> - -<p>In this battle the heaviest loss fell on Hill's left flank. -The greatest loss of the South Carolina brigade was in -the Fourteenth regiment, which had 10 killed, among -them the gallant Capt. James H. Dunlap, and 45 wounded, -most of them by the artillery fire. In the other regiments -of Gregg's brigade, 8 were wounded, including Lieut. -D. H. Hamilton, adjutant of the First.</p> - -<p>After this engagement General Lee camped his army -behind the Opequon, and the weary soldiers enjoyed a -rest. Regiments and brigades were assigned new commanders -to take the places of those who had fallen on the -field. Men who had greatly distinguished themselves -for personal gallantry in the ranks, were either elected -to office by their fellow soldiers, or promoted upon special -recommendation of their superiors.</p> - -<p>The description which Mr. Caldwell gives of the condi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>tion -of the troops at this time is so graphic, and the -writer, from his observations and experiences, knows it -to be so true to the facts, that he quotes it here entire, -as applicable to all the commands of Lee's army, after -their marches and battles and toil and suffering in the -memorable months of August and September, 1862:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>It is difficult to describe the condition of the troops at -this time, so great and various was their wretchedness. -They were sunburnt, gaunt, ragged, scarcely at all shod—specters -and caricatures of their former selves. Since -the beginning of August they had been almost constantly -on the march, had been scorched by the sultriest sun of -the year, had been drenched with the rain and the heavy -dews peculiar to this latitude, had lost much night rest, -had worn out their clothing and shoes, and received nothing -but what they could pick up on the battlefield. They -had thrown away their knapsacks and blankets, in order -to travel light; had fed on half-cooked dough, often raw -bacon as well as raw beef; had devoured green corn and -green apples, and contracted diarrhea and dysentery of -the most malignant type. They now stood, an emaciated, -limping, ragged mass, whom no stranger to their -gallant exploits could have believed capable of anything -the least worthy. Orders were published for instant and -thorough ablution, and the men were marched by squads -and companies to the Opequon.</p></blockquote> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Captain Boyce mentions all his officers, Lieutenants -Jeter, Porter, Scaife and Monro, and Sergeants Glenn, Humphreys, Bunch, -and Young, and Corporals Rutland, Byrd, Watts and Schartle; and -Privates Scaife, Garner, Hodges, Shirley, Simpson, Gondelock, A. -Sim, L. H. Sims, Willard, Peek, Gossett and Franklin, for distinguished -gallantry in the battles from the Rappahannock to Antietam.</p></div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>HAMPTON'S CAVALRY IN THE MARYLAND RAID—THE -BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG—DEATH OF GREGG—SOUTH -CAROLINIANS AT MARYE'S HILL—CAVALRY -OPERATIONS.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Early</span> in October, General Lee, from his camp -at Winchester, in the Virginia valley, directed -J. E. B. Stuart to take a picked force of 1,500 cavalry, -cross the Potomac above Williamsport, penetrate the rear -of General McClellan's army, damage his railroad communications, -and gain such information of his positions, -strength, etc., as this opportunity would afford. He was -to return by such route as circumstances would determine. -In this expedition, Hampton's brigade was in -advance, and crossed at McCoy's ford by the dawn of day -on October 10th. A section of Hart's South Carolina -battery, and 175 picked men of the Second South Carolina -cavalry, under Colonel Butler, were with Hampton. -Lieutenant Phillips, Tenth Virginia, with 25 dismounted -men, at the appointed moment waded the river and surprised -the enemy's pickets above the ford, while Butler -dashed across with his troopers and routed the guard, -and in five minutes the ford was secured. Hampton's -brigade leading, rode on rapidly, passing through the -narrow strip of Maryland into Pennsylvania, and arrived -before Chambersburg at night. Placing Hart's guns in -position, the town surrendered upon demand (made -through Lieut. T. C. Lee, Second South Carolina), and -General Hampton moved his little brigade into it at -10 o'clock at night and established a rigid provost guard, -with Capt. J. P. Macfie, Second cavalry, in command. -The night was spent in Chambersburg, and on the morn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>ing -of the 11th, Hampton was ordered to destroy the -depot and such storehouses as contained munitions of -war. This was promptly done, and as rear guard General -Hampton took up his march behind Stuart's column. -The march was continued through the day and night of -the 11th, and the early morning of the 12th found the -rear guard at Barnesville, on the Potomac, with the -enemy's advance pressing.</p> - -<p>Hampton sent part of his command and one of Hart's -guns down the Poolesville road on his left, and with the -other and the Second South Carolina and Phillips' legion, -he defended the crossing of the wagons, led horses and -the two other brigades of Stuart. This being successfully -accomplished, he crossed most of his brigade under cover -of one of Hart's pieces, then sent the gun over, and -brought his last regiment to the Virginia shore, without -losing a man or a horse. The brigade brought -over 260 horses captured on the raid. General Hampton -mentioned in terms of praise the conduct of his whole brigade, -and especially commended the service rendered by -Captain Macfie, Second South Carolina; Capt. W. H. H. -Cowles, First North Carolina; Capt. T. G. Barker, -adjutant-general of the brigade, and Lieutenants Hamilton -and Phillips.</p> - -<p>Early in November, the Federal army, under McClellan, -was concentrated about Warrenton, Va., and General -Lee had thrown Longstreet in its front, at Culpeper Court -House. McClellan's plan was to move directly upon -Culpeper and Gordonsville. President Lincoln thought -his movements too slow and cautious, losing much time -after the battle of Sharpsburg, and had written him to -this effect under date of October 13th. In this letter Mr. -Lincoln revealed the insight of an experienced soldier -and admirable common sense, incidentally paying the -Confederate army and its chief so many tributes that -we quote the paragraphs: "Are you not overcautious [he -asked McClellan], when you assume that you cannot do<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> -what the enemy is constantly doing? Should you not -claim to be at least his equal in prowess and act upon the -claim?" McClellan had called for the rebuilding of the -road from Harper's Ferry to Winchester, in order to supply -his army if he moved against Lee, then at Winchester. -Mr. Lincoln reminded him that Lee was subsisting his -army without a railroad, hauling his supplies twice the -distance from Harper's Ferry to Winchester. The President -rallied his general for not operating on Lee's communications -and for being so anxious about his own, and -said: "Change positions with the enemy, and think you -not he would break your communication with Richmond -in the next twenty-four hours?... You are now nearer -Richmond than the enemy is, by the route that you can -and he must take. Why can you not reach there before -him, unless you admit that he is more than your equal on -a march? His route is the arc of a circle, while yours is -the chord. The roads are as good on yours as on his." -The President was for aggressive action, and urged his -general to strike at Lee directly, through the gaps in -the mountains, on his communications, in any way, so he -fought and beat him. "I would press closely to him; -fight him if a favorable opportunity should present, and -at least try to beat him to Richmond on the inside track. -I say 'try;' if we never 'try,' we shall never succeed.... -We should not so operate as merely to drive him away. -As we must beat him somewhere, or fail finally, we can -do it, if at all, easier near to us than far away. If we -cannot beat the enemy where he now is [at or about -Winchester], we never can, he again being within the -intrenchments of Richmond."</p> - -<p>This letter, written on the 13th of October, did not -have the effect of either breaking up General Lee's wagon -communications, or beating him in direct battle. The -first week of November found the Federal army cautiously -concentrating about Warrenton, and on the 5th of November, -President Lincoln issued an order relieving Mc<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>Clellan -from command and giving the army to General -Burnside. The new commander took charge on the 9th, -and on the 15th began his march on the "chord," while -Lee took the "arc." Burnside's plan was to "beat" Lee -to Fredericksburg, cross the river on pontoons and seize -the heights, and "move upon Richmond from that point."</p> - -<p>The advance of Burnside's army reached Falmouth on -the 17th. Colonel Ball, with a regiment of Virginia cavalry, -a regiment of infantry and two batteries of artillery, -prevented a crossing and held the city of Fredericksburg.</p> - -<p>On the 22d, at 8 p. m., General Lee informed President -Davis by telegram from Fredericksburg, that General -Burnside's whole army was on the left bank of the river -opposite Fredericksburg; that he was on the heights with -four divisions of Longstreet's corps, Pendleton's reserve -artillery, and two brigades of Stuart; that the Fifth division -of Longstreet would be up on the 23d, and that he -would resist an attempt to cross the river.</p> - -<p>On the 23d, Lee ordered Jackson, in the Valley, to move -east of the mountains and put his corps in position at -Warrenton, or Culpeper, on the flank of Burnside, where -he would be in calling distance when needed. On the -25th he again wrote Jackson, that as far as he could judge, -Burnside was repairing the railroad to the Potomac, getting -up supplies, and making ready for a move on Richmond. -"To delay him," said General Lee, "and throw -him into the winter, I have determined to resist him from -the beginning. From the circumstances which surround -you, if you see that no good can be obtained from a flank -movement on Culpeper or Warrenton, you can march -directly to this point." Accordingly, on December 1st, -Jackson was in position on Longstreet's right, and General -Lee's army was united.</p> - -<p>General Burnside's army was arranged in three grand -divisions—right, center and left—commanded by Generals -Sumner, Hooker and Franklin. In each grand division -there were six divisions, with cavalry and numerous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> -batteries attached. According to General Burnside's -report, he had in battle line in Lee's front, December -13th, an army 113,000 strong. There were four brigades -of cavalry on his immediate flanks, and twenty-three batteries -with Franklin's wing and nineteen with Sumner's -and Hooker's. In the battle, as reported by the chief -of artillery, all of Franklin's batteries were engaged on -the field (116 guns), and only seven batteries of Sumner's -and Hooker's. To cover the crossing of the river on the -12th, General Hunt reported 147 guns in battery along -the Stafford hills.</p> - -<p>Confronting this magnificent array of guns and infantry, -Lee's army was drawn up on the hills behind Fredericksburg, -"with a view to resist the enemy's advance after -crossing," as General Lee expressed it. Longstreet's -corps, five divisions, was the left, and Jackson's, four -divisions, the right wing of Lee's army. From Longstreet's -left, resting on the river at Taylor hill, to Jackson's -right on the wooded height at Hamilton, the divisions -stood as follows: Anderson's, McLaws', Pickett's -and Hood's, of Longstreet's wing; and A. P. Hill's, of -Jackson's wing. Ransom's division was in support of the -guns on Marye's and Willis' hills. Behind A. P. Hill -were the divisions of Early, Taliaferro and D. H. Hill in -columns of division. A. P. Hill's division was in two -lines, the brigades of Archer, Lane and Pender in front, -and Gregg and Thomas behind them. There was a gap -between Archer and Lane, and Gregg was some distance -behind this gap. The woods hid the front line of -A. P. Hill from its supports. Jackson had fourteen guns -on his right and twenty-one on his left, posted in good positions -to sweep his front and flank. Walton's and Alexander's -battalions of artillery occupied the Marye's height -and the hills to right and left, on which were also posted -the batteries of the divisions of Anderson, Ransom and -McLaws.</p> - -<p>In this disposition of the troops the South Carolina<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> -commands were posted as follows: Gregg's brigade on -the right, as has been noted; McIntosh's battery, with -Lieut.-Col. R. L. Walker's guns, on the extreme right of -A. P. Hill; Jenkins' brigade with Pickett's division; -Bachman's and Garden's batteries on Hood's line; Rhett's -battery in Alexander's battalion; Kershaw's brigade in -McLaws' line, with the left of the brigade resting on -Hazel run. The brigade of Gen. N. G. Evans, with -Boyce's battery, had been ordered to South Carolina early -in November.</p> - -<p>The part which fell to the South Carolina commands -in the battle of Fredericksburg will now be related. That -allotted to Gregg's brigade is sad to relate, for it involved -the death of the gallant commander. The first attack of -the day was made on Walker's guns and A. P. Hill's -division, on the extreme right. The enemy's batteries, -from the plain and from the Stafford hills, had been raking -Hill's front for hours. Stuart had held the Federal -infantry advance in check, with Pelham's enfilade fire, -as long as he could maintain his exposed position in front -of Jackson's right, and had been forced to retire. At -noon, the division of General Meade, supported on its right -by that of General Gibbon and on its left by that of General -Doubleday, advanced to the assault of the position -at Hamilton's, held by A. P. Hill. Meade received the -fire of McIntosh's and Pegram's, Crenshaw's and Latham's -guns, which checked, then broke, and finally drove -back his advance. Promptly reforming, Meade and Gibbon -marched steadily on through the artillery fire, and -rushed against Hill. Archer and Lane and Pender met -the assault, and the battle was sternly contested. Meade -and Gibbon pressed their attack and entered the woods -in the unfortunate interval between Archer and Lane. -Lane and Archer were flanked right and left. Lane -gave away slowly, and Archer's left was overwhelmed.</p> - -<p>Thomas came to Lane's help in answer to his call, and -they held Gibbon back, but Meade pressed on through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> -the woods and took Gregg by surprise. Gregg was fully -persuaded that the time had not come for his advance, -and being without orders from Hill, unaware of the interval -between Archer and Lane, unable to see in the thick -woods, and not believing the enemy near him, he had -resisted the request of his men to fire for fear of damaging -Lane and Archer. Suddenly Meade's troops came -in sight of Orr's rifles on his right and opened a fire upon -them before they could return it. This threw the rifles -into confusion, and but for the firmness of the First regiment, -immediately on the left, and the conduct of the left -company of the rifles, under Lieut. J. D. Charles, the -whole brigade would have been routed, for General -Gregg, who had promptly ridden to his right, was immediately -shot from his horse, and at the critical moment -the brigade was without its head.</p> - -<p>Col. D. H. Hamilton, of the First, senior officer, quickly -grasping the situation, changed his front on his tenth -company, to the rear, and opened on the mass of the -enemy at close quarters, the left company of the rifles, -under Lieutenant Charles, taking post on his right. -Holding his position, Hamilton was immediately supported -by the other regiments of the brigade, the Twelfth -coming up on his left and the Thirteenth and Fourteenth, -under McGowan, on his right, and they stood firmly -against Meade's attack, delivering their fire at close quarters, -without giving a foot. Driven from their guns, -Orr's rifles were helpless, but every man who survived -hailed the moment of his ability to regain his place in -the front. Some of them, seizing their guns from the -stacks, fought in the ranks of the First regiment. Sergeant -Pratt, of Company B, rallied a number of the men, -and took his place on the right of Lieutenant Charles' -company. The Fifth Alabama battalion, the Twenty-second -Virginia battalion, and the Forty-seventh Virginia -regiment, from Archer's and Brockenbrough's brigades, -came up to Hamilton's assistance, and together the Car<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>olinians, -Alabamians and Virginians charged and drove -back the bold assault of Meade. Jackson sent Early forward, -and a sweeping charge of his division drove Meade -and Gibbon back and beyond the railroad. The attack -on Gregg was wholly unexpected by that brave and gallant -soldier, who had exerted himself to keep his brigade -quiet, particularly cautioning them that their friends were -in front.</p> - -<p>The casualties of the brigade were reported as follows: -Orr's Rifles, 21 killed, 149 wounded; First South Carolina, -15 killed, 58 wounded; Twelfth South Carolina, 1 -killed, 7 wounded; Thirteenth South Carolina, 3 killed, -52 wounded; Fourteenth South Carolina, 28 wounded; -aggregate, 336. The main loss was sustained by Orr's -rifles, who were attacked lying down behind their stacks, -and 170 of them killed and wounded and their general -slain, before they could grasp their arms in defense. In -the First regiment Capt. T. H. Lyles was killed. Capt. -T. P. Alston, Lieutenant Armstrong, Lieut. Thomas -McCrady, and Lieut. W. J. Delph were wounded. Captain -Alston returned to the field, after his wound was -dressed, despite the remonstrances of the surgeon. Adjt.-Gen. -A. C. Haskell, severely wounded, refused to leave -the field until he sank fainting from loss of blood.</p> - -<p>General Gregg was shot through the spine, and died the -day after the battle. Seeing he must die, he sent his -respects to the governor of his State, and assured him -that he "gave his life cheerfully for South Carolina." -General Hill said of him, in his official report, "A more -chivalrous gentleman and gallant soldier never adorned -the service which he so loved." General Jackson, in his report, -deplored the loss of "a brave and accomplished officer, -full of heroic sentiment and chivalrous honor." General -Lee wrote to Governor Pickens to claim a share in South -Carolina's sorrow, and to express his appreciation of her -loss and the loss to his army. "He has always been at -the post of duty and of danger," said General Lee. "His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> -services in this army have been of inestimable value, and -his loss is deeply lamented. In its greatest triumphs and -bloodiest battles he has borne a distinguished part.... -The death of such a man is a costly sacrifice, for it is to -men of his high integrity and commanding intellect that -the country must look to give character to her councils, -that she may be respected and honored by all nations." -Mr. Caldwell, the brigade historian, pays his general a -worthy tribute, and speaks of his high character, his -heroic courage, his careful, unswerving, unselfish equity. -He was a Ney on the battlefield and a Rhadamanthus in -giving judgment.</p> - -<p>The distinguished part borne by Kershaw's brigade at -Fredericksburg will now be referred to. As already -stated, Kershaw was in McLaws' line, to the right of -Marye's hill. His brigade included, besides the Second, -Third, Seventh and Eighth, the Fifteenth, transferred -from Drayton's brigade, and the Third battalion, known -as James' battalion. These transfers were made by General -Lee on November 26th, and the policy adopted, as -far as possible, of brigading troops of the same State -together.</p> - -<p>On the morning of the 11th, being called on to reinforce -General Barksdale's pickets on the river, at Deep run, -General Kershaw sent the Fifteenth, Colonel De Saussure, -upon this duty. During the night, so bitterly cold was -the weather, one of De Saussure's men was frozen to death, -and others so badly as to be temporarily disabled for -service. Under such circumstances of suffering the fortitude -and courage required of the soldier on picket are as -great and as noble as when displayed in charging the -batteries of the enemy. The brigade was at work on -the line strengthening the position, until the hour of its -battle. At 10 o'clock on the 13th, while Meade and Gibbon -were assaulting A. P. Hill, and Sumner and Hooker -were throwing their divisions against Marye's hill, Kershaw -was ordered to reinforce the position held by Gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>eral -Cobb at the foot of the hill. The Second regiment, -Col. A. D. Kennedy, and the Eighth, Capt. E. T. Stackhouse, -were sent forward. Before these regiments could -reach their destination, Kershaw was directed by General -McLaws to go with his whole brigade and take personal -command, as the gallant and noble Cobb had been mortally -wounded, and General Cooke, who supported him -from the crest in rear, was also wounded.</p> - -<p>Riding rapidly forward, General Kershaw reached the -point with the Second and Eighth just in time to meet -and assist in repulsing a fresh assault. Kershaw describes -the position at the stone wall so clearly that we quote his -report:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Marye's hill, covered with our batteries—then occupied -by the Washington artillery, Colonel Walton commanding—falls -off abruptly toward Fredericksburg to a stone -wall, which forms a terrace on the side of the hill and the -outer margin of the Telegraph road, which winds along -the foot of the hill. The road is about 25 feet wide, and -is faced by a stone wall about 4 feet wide on the city side. -The road having been cut out of the side of the hill, in -many places this wall is not visible above the surface of -the ground. The ground falls off rapidly to almost a -level surface, which extends about 150 yards, then, with -another abrupt fall of a few feet, to another plain which -extends some 200 yards, and then falls off abruptly to a -wide ravine, which extends along the whole front of the -city and discharges into Hazel run.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The brigade of General Cobb had held the position -behind the stone wall against the attack of the Federal -Second corps, the three divisions of that corps, French's, -Hancock's and Howard's, assaulting successively in the -order named. In making his heroic defense, Cobb was -supported by the artillery fire from the hill in his rear, -and the infantry fire from the crest, delivered by the -brigade of General Cooke. When Kershaw arrived, the -attack of the Ninth corps was pending, and Sturgis' division -of that corps was moving forward. Throwing his -two regiments behind the wall, in the sunken road, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> -line of Confederates, four deep, delivered their fire with -such deadly effect that the column of Sturgis was checked, -broken and driven in confusion back on its supports. -Meanwhile the remaining regiments of Kershaw's brigade -were reporting for position as they successively -came up. Col. James Nance, with the Third, formed to -the left of the Marye house with his right at the house, -and the Seventh, Lieut.-Col. Elbert Bland, formed on -the right of the house with his left in front of the house -and touching the Fifteenth North Carolina, of Cooke's -brigade. Bland's position was not so exposed as that of -Nance, as he was partially protected by an abrupt rise -along his front. Nance was in the open and terribly -exposed. The Fifteenth, Colonel De Saussure, was placed -in rear of Walton's battalion as a support.</p> - -<p>These regiments took their position under the enemy's -artillery and infantry fire. De Saussure being under the -crest, could not reply, but Nance and Bland, firing over -the troops at the stone wall, delivered their volleys into -Getty's column of attack as it advanced boldly against -Kershaw to make the fifth division assault of the day. -Getty made a gallant charge, but all in vain. Walton's -guns, the fire from the North Carolinians and the volleys -of Nance and Bland, all pouring down on him from the -hills, and the steady stream from the Georgians of Cobb -and the Carolinians of Kershaw at the stone wall, broke -up his front and his march, and he, too, went to the rear -in confusion.</p> - -<p>Three divisions of the Second and two of the Ninth -corps had now been beaten in detail in the attempt to -carry the Confederate position. General Sumner's right -grand division had been repulsed by three brigades and -the artillery. General Burnside, bitterly disappointed -that Franklin, with 60,000 troops, had not crushed Jackson -and turned Lee's right, and unwilling to accept General -Hooker's assurance that it was a "hopeless" task to -attack the stone wall again, determined that it must be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> -done, and ordered Hooker forward with his Fifth corps. -Calling all his batteries at his command into service, and -ordering General Butterfield to form Humphreys' and -Sykes' divisions of the Fifth corps for attack, Hooker -directed all his guns to open their fire, with the intention -of breaking all "barriers" and clearing the way for "Butterfield's -attacking column to carry the crest."</p> - -<p>Seeing these preparations in progress in his front, Kershaw -ordered down the Third, Seventh and Fifteenth -regiments to take position in the road and behind the -stone wall. General Kershaw described the artillery fire -of Hooker's batteries as terrific. It was continued until -near sunset, when Humphreys and Sykes advanced to -carry the position with the bayonet. General Hooker -says the attack was made with a spirit of determination -"seldom, if ever, equaled in war." He assigns as the -reason for its "almost immediate repulse," that the enemy -had the advantage of an "impregnable position."</p> - -<p>General Kershaw reports that the attack was gallant and -impetuous, and assailed his whole front, lasting from 5 to -6 p. m., but that the columns were shattered and beaten -by the time they came within a hundred paces of the position. -Some of the assailants came as near as thirty -paces, but were shot down, or, being unsupported, -retreated with the mass. With this last assault the battle -was practically ended, and the Confederate victory won. -General Lee reports that not more than 20,000 of his -army were engaged during the day.</p> - -<p>At the last assault of General Hooker's, Kershaw had -behind the stone wall and in the sunken road, his own -and Cobb's brigades, and a brigade from General Ransom's -division. It is not clear from the reports whether -this last-mentioned brigade was not General Cooke's. If -so, it is certain that Cooke's brigade fought from the hill, -and the brigade from Ransom's division, to which Kershaw -refers as being engaged in defense of the position, was -not behind the wall. If this was the case, then only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> -Cobb's and Kershaw's brigades defended the wall against -the successive attacks of eight divisions and their batteries!</p> - -<p>The loss of General Kershaw's brigade was 373 killed -and wounded, distributed as follows: Second South Carolina, -6 killed, 56 wounded; Third, 25 killed, 138 wounded; -Seventh, 4 killed, 57 wounded; Eighth, 2 killed, 29 -wounded; Fifteenth, 1 killed, 52 wounded; Third battalion, -1 killed, 1 wounded. The heaviest loss fell on Colonel -Nance's regiment. Taking his position on the crest -of the hill to the left of the Marye house, just as an -assault was being made, and being in the open and in -full view of the assaulting column and its supports, the -Third was subjected to a terrible infantry fire, as well -as the fire of the batteries. Seeing the importance of -delivering a steady fire on the advancing column of -attack, Colonel Nance held his men in position and delivered -his fire until the attack was repulsed. Meanwhile -he fell wounded, and Lieut.-Col. D. W. Rutherford, Maj. -Robert C. Maffett, Capt. W. W. Hance and Capt. John C. -Summer, who in succession took command, were all shot -down. Colonel Nance lay on the field, and continued to -direct his men, and when carried off, ordered up a fresh -supply of ammunition and directed them to move more -under cover. Captain Hance lost a leg, and Capts. J. C. -Summer and L. P. Foster and Lieuts. James Hollingsworth -and James C. Hill, all officers of high character and gallant -men, were killed on the field. Capt. R. P. Todd, the -senior captain of the regiment, was among those first -wounded. The three field officers and the three senior -captains were wounded or killed, leaving the fourth captain, -John K. G. Nance, in command.</p> - -<p>In the Second, Maj. Franklin Gaillard was twice -wounded. Lieuts. R. E. Elliott and R. Fishburne, Jr., of -Captain Cuthbert's company, were wounded. Captain -Cuthbert was detailed to skirmish with the enemy's advance -in front of McLaws' division early in the morning,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> -and remained on that duty all day. The Third battalion -was also detailed for special duty at Howison's mill, on -Hazel run, and was not with the brigade in the engagement. -In the Seventh, Capts. Benjamin Roper and T. A. -Hudgens and Lieut. J. C. Lovelace were wounded. In the -Eighth most of the casualties were met while the regiment -was taking position and exposed to the enemy's -view. In the Fifteenth, Lieuts. B. P. Barron and J. A. -Derrick were wounded.</p> - -<p>Of the general staff, Adjt.-Gen. C. R. Holmes, Lieut. -A. E. Doby, Lieut. J. A. Myers and Lieut. W. M. -Dwight were specially mentioned. Doby's gallant and -efficient conduct in directing the posting of troops under -fire is particularly referred to by the regimental commanders. -Dwight, not yet recovered from his injuries -on Maryland heights, was again at his post, and was -wounded by a fragment of shell. The Georgians and -Carolinians who defended the stone wall against the -assaults of eight divisions, with their powerful artillery, -throughout the memorable battle of Fredericksburg, -made it a veritable Thermopylę, and won from their gallant -assailants the declaration that their defense made -the position "impregnable," and to attack it was a "hopeless" -task. The name and death of Gen. Thomas R. R. -Cobb will forever be associated with this heroic defense, -and the honor and glory of sustaining the position which -he held against such odds, will be the lasting possession -of Kershaw and his brigade.</p> - -<p>Jenkins' brigade, though under artillery fire and -suffering the loss of 8 men, was but slightly engaged; -Bachman's and Garden's batteries did effective service -against the flank of the Federal attack on the extreme -right. The rifle battery of Captain Rhett, attached to -Alexander's battalion, was posted on an eminence south -of the plank road. From this position Rhett's guns commanded -the Stafford hills, a mile and a half away, and -the approach to the stone wall. On the 12th, Rhett<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> -opened on the bridge parties and enfiladed two of the -streets of the city. The rifles of the enemy replied vigorously, -but the battery was so well protected that no -harm was done. On the 13th, the battery shared in the -honors of that eventful day, and is associated with other -batteries of Alexander's battalion and the batteries of -Colonel Walton in the immortal defense of Marye's -heights.</p> - -<p>General Hampton's cavalry brigade, after November -10th, included two South Carolina regiments, the First, -Col. J. L. Black, and Second, Col. M. C. Butler. While -General Lee was concentrating his army at Fredericksburg, -before the battle, Longstreet being already in position -and Jackson halted at Orange Court House, General -Hampton crossed the Rappahannock and made a brilliant -dash into the enemy's lines, capturing an outpost on his -immediate right flank. On the morning of November -27th, with 50 men from the First North Carolina, 50 from -the Cobb legion, 40 from the Jeff Davis legion, 34 -from the Phillips legion, and 34 from the Second South -Carolina, a force of 208 men, Hampton crossed the river -at Kelly's mill and moved northeast to Morrisville. -Learning of an outpost stationed at a church 8 miles -east of Falmouth, immediately on Burnside's right flank, -and on the road from Morrisville to Fredericksburg, General -Hampton at once determined upon its capture. The -pickets of this outpost were advanced toward Morrisville -as far as Deep run, a tributary of the Rappahannock, -and on the roads leading toward Warrenton. Moving -from Morrisville in an arc through the country, so as to -avoid the picket on the Morrisville road and to get between -those on the other roads and the post at the church, -Hampton lay concealed the night of the 27th, within two -miles of the church.</p> - -<p>At 4 a. m. of the 28th, he left the Morrisville road, -passed through the woods in a circuit and came into the -marsh road a half mile from the church. The attack was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> -ordered, and Maj. J. H. Whittaker, leading the detachments -of the First North Carolina and the Jeff Davis -legion, dashed into camp, and Hampton coming up -with the rest of his command, the surprise was complete, -and the whole Federal squadron captured. The Cobb -legion, sent up the White Ridge road, took the pickets -in rear, and surprised and captured them. Taking his -prisoners, except those too badly wounded to be moved, -General Hampton went up the road toward Morrisville, -and swept the picket at Deep run, thus completing the -capture of two squadrons of the enemy's cavalry. The -achievement was completed by 8 o'clock. This was a -brilliant morning's work. With a small force, numbering -208 men, General Hampton had eluded the outpost -pickets on two roads, surprised and captured the outpost, -and then, in turn, swept in his pickets! With 2 captains, -3 lieutenants, 2 stand of colors, 87 privates, -100 horses and as many carbines as the fruit of his brilliant -dash at the enemy, and without the loss of a man, -General Hampton moved on to Morrisville and to the -Rappahannock, and was in camp again by night of the -28th. To General Stuart he reported in high terms of -praise the conduct of his men and their officers, mentioning -particularly Major Whittaker, Capt. T. G. Barker -and Lieut. T. P. Hampton of his staff.</p> - -<p>On December 10th, General Hampton again left his -camp at Culpeper Court House and rode out to capture -Dumfries and operate on the Telegraph road up to the -Occoquan. This would bring him on the line between -Alexandria and Fredericksburg. His detachments were -from the First South Carolina, Lieut.-Col. J. D. Twiggs; -Second South Carolina, Col. M. C. Butler; First North -Carolina, Lieut.-Col. James B. Gordon; Jeff Davis legion, -Lieutenant-Colonel Martin, and the Cobb legion, Capt. -Jerry Rich, a force of 520 men. Butler commanded the -First North Carolina, Second South Carolina, and Cobb -legion; Martin the First South Carolina and Davis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> -legion. On the night of the 11th, the command bivouacked -within 16 miles of Dumfries, and by daylight on the -12th, Hampton had his troops on the main approaches -immediately at the town. The surprise was complete, -and Butler, dashing in, received the surrender after firing -a few shots. Fifty-odd prisoners, 24 sutler's wagons and -the telegraph operator with his battery, were the only -fruits of this dash. The command was disappointed at -not finding the large garrison they confidently expected, -but Hampton proposed to sweep up the Telegraph road -toward the Occoquan.</p> - -<p>In this move, however, he was disappointed. General -Sigel's corps was marching to Dumfries by the only -road open to General Hampton's retreat, and he was compelled -to retrace his march in order to save his wagons -and prisoners. Marching in retreat on the 12th for 40 -miles, he camped near Morrisville, and on the morning -of the 13th, while the battle of Fredericksburg was in -progress, recrossed the Rappahannock at Kelly's again, -without losing a man.</p> - -<p>Resting for three days, General Hampton left camp -on the 17th for a third expedition against the enemy's -communications, this time aiming to sweep up the Telegraph -road and attack the garrison at Occoquan. His -force, numbering 465 men, was made up of detachments -from his regiments, as in the other expeditions; 100 -from the First South Carolina, Col. J. L. Black; 75 -from the First North Carolina, Capts. J. C. Blain and N. -M. Addington; 75 from the Second South Carolina, Capt. -T. H. Clark; 80 from the Phillips legion, Maj. W. B. C. -Puckett; 75 from the Cobb legion, Maj. William C. -Delony, and 60 from the Davis legion, Lieutenant-Colonel -Martin.</p> - -<p>Crossing the river at the railroad on the 17th, the brigade -marched to the wood road and bivouacked at Cole's -store at night. Moving rapidly down this road before -day, Hampton by dawn was at Kanky's store, on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> -Neabsco creek, 8 miles from Occoquan. At Kanky's a -small post was surprised and captured, with eight wagons. -Sweeping up the Telegraph road Major Deloney in advance, -every picket was successively surprised and captured. -Hampton moved on the town of Occoquan in -three columns, commanded by himself, Deloney and -Martin. The latter dashed into the town from the south -side, and found a wagon train of Sigel's corps in the act -of crossing the river, by ferry-boat. Dismounting his -men, he deployed them on the south bank as sharpshooters, -and compelled the wagon guard on the opposite bank -to surrender. General Hampton entered the town from -the north side, and Deloney came up the Telegraph road -with his prisoners and two captured wagons, loaded with -army stores. A force of 2,500 cavalry, marching from -Alexandria, appeared at this juncture at Selectman's ford, -1½ miles south of Occoquan, and were about to cross, but -General Hampton sent Captain Clark with part of his -own and part of the Phillips legion to hold the ford, while -he secured the wagon train.</p> - -<p>Clark successfully disputed the crossing, and the enemy -sent part of his force to recapture the wagons on the -north side. In this they were defeated and driven off, -and returned to the ford. Hampton sent word to Captain -Clark to resist the crossing for an hour, and he would -save the train. But the single boat was his only means -of crossing the river, and the banks were high and the -passage difficult. After twenty wagons, loaded with -army stores, had been ferried over, General Hampton -sent them off under Colonel Black, with the prisoners, -and commenced his return march, Captain Clark covering -his rear. The enemy's cavalry crossed, but Clark gallantly -dashed at the head of their column and drove them -back and across the river. Resuming the retreat, Clark -skirmished with the advance of the enemy for two miles, -when he gave up the pursuit. Marching by Greenwood -church and Cole's store, the brigade camped on Cedar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> -run on the night of the 18th, and on the 19th the march -was promptly resumed, the wagons and prisoners securely -crossed over the Rappahannock, and General Hampton -was "safely home without the loss of a man."</p> - -<p>He brought in 157 prisoners, 20 loaded wagons, 30 stand -of infantry arms, and 1 stand of colors. Again he -reported to General Stuart the gallant bearing and spirit -of his command, staff, field, line, rank and file. The wonderful -escape from casualties on this expedition is hard -to be accounted for, especially in the operations of Captain -Clark while disputing the passage of Selectman's -ford and charging the enemy's head of column. It -seems ungracious to say that the only explanation is that -the enemy were badly demoralized and fired wildly, for -they fired abundantly. At the town and on the Telegraph -road, there was no decided resistance offered. -The surprise was complete, and the show of force and dash -compelled almost immediate surrender.</p> - -<p>These brilliant achievements of General Hampton's -command were followed by a fourth expedition, led by -General Stuart, with "select detachments" from the -brigades of Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee and W. H. F. Lee. -Hampton's command was composed of 175 of the First -North Carolina, under Maj. J. H. Whittaker; 150 of the -First South Carolina, Capt. W. A. Walker; 150 of the -Second South Carolina, Col. M. C. Butler; 180 of the -Cobb legion, Maj. William G. Delony; 130 of the Phillips -legion, Lieut.-Col. W. W. Rich, and 85 of the Jeff -Davis legion, Lieutenant-Colonel Martin; a force 870 -strong. A section of artillery, under Lieut. F. M. Bamberg, -was also with Hampton. General Stuart's purpose -was to operate mainly on the Telegraph road, assured -of finding it at this time well filled with trains moving to -General Burnside's army. Gen. W. H. F. Lee was -ordered to move on Dumfries, General Hampton on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> -Occoquan, and Gen. Fitzhugh Lee on the Telegraph road -between these points, the brigades being in supporting -distance.</p> - -<p>Gen. W. H. F. Lee found the force at Dumfries too -strong for successful attack. He captured all the pickets -he encountered, about 50, and drove in the outposts, but -the infantry and artillery defending the town were too -well posted for his small cavalry brigade. Fitzhugh Lee -was more fortunate. Encountering two regiments of -cavalry drawn up in line of battle, he charged and routed -them, following them for 8 miles and taking over 100 -prisoners; captured 8 loaded wagons, and their guard, -on the Telegraph road; crossed the Occoquan at Selectman's -ford, attacked and routed a body of cavalry posted -there, and took their camp and burned the railroad bridge -over the Accotink, on the Orange & Alexandria railroad.</p> - -<p>Hampton crossed the Rappahannock with the division, -and pushed on to Cole's store with his brigade, capturing -the pickets beyond that point. Butler, with most of the -brigade, moved directly on the town of Occoquan; Hampton, -with Martin's and Delony's detachments, supporting -him. Colonel Butler drove in the pickets, charged into -the place and routed several hundred cavalry, taking 19 -prisoners and 8 loaded wagons, with the loss of 1 man -wounded, the first casualty in Hampton's command on -his repeated expeditions. Camping for the night at Cole's -store, General Hampton returned toward Occoquan on -the 28th. At Greenwood church, General Stuart sent -Butler, with his detachments, to attack the enemy's force -north of that point, at Bacon Race church, and ordered -Hampton, with the other detachments, to follow Fitzhugh -Lee across the Occoquan at Selectman's ford. Crossing -in Lee's rear, he turned up the river, met and routed -a small force of the enemy, and was joined by Butler at -night, when the darkness stopped his pursuit of the -enemy.</p> - -<p>Colonel Butler, before joining Hampton north of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> -Occoquan, had extricated his command on the Bacon -Race road in the most skillful manner. Meeting a force -of the enemy within a mile of the church, Butler's -advance, under Lieut. W. H. Perry, charged and drove -it back on its supports. Coming up with his main force, -Colonel Butler charged the squadron in his front, and -drove them in precipitous retreat. Following up their -retreat, he came upon General Geary's division of cavalry, -with artillery, on the march from Fairfax to Dumfries. -Geary was in position to meet him, and at once -opened with canister. Taking in the seriousness of his -situation, he promptly retired a short distance, and by -the time the enemy had formed column for advance, he -wheeled about and presented a bold front, compelling a -halt and the forming of a new line of battle by this movement. -This gave time for retreat, but a strong force of -Geary's division was on the road in his rear. Before -either force of the enemy could attack him, Colonel -Butler moved off on his flank, and by making a circuit of -four miles, rejoined his friends and saved his command, -with the loss of several horses and two of his men wounded. -Colonel Butler had understood that his attack at the -church was to be supported by General Hampton, and -pushed his little force against Geary with the expectation -of this co-operation. Finding himself in front of a division -and under its artillery fire, he made the best of the -situation, and extricated his command with admirable -tact and the coolest judgment.</p> - -<p>Hampton recrossed the Rappahannock on the 29th, with -his captured wagons and 33 prisoners. General Stuart -reported over 200 prisoners captured by his brigade, a -large number of horses, mules, wagons, saddles, sabers, -and other valuable property. He was disappointed in his -expectation of finding loaded trains on the Telegraph -road, and ascribed his ill luck to the numerous "descents -upon that road by General Hampton and detachments -from his command."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p> - -<p>These brilliant achievements of the cavalry were acknowledged -and published in orders to the army by General -Lee, as follows:</p> - - -<p>General Orders, No. 29.</p> - -<p>Headquarters Army of Northern Virginia,</p> - -<blockquote> -<p> -February 28, 1863.<br /> -</p> - -<p>The general commanding announces to the army the -series of successes of the cavalry of Northern Virginia -during the winter months, in spite of the obstacles of -almost impassable roads, limited forage, swollen streams -and inclement weather.</p> - -<p>I. About the 1st of December [November 27th] General -Hampton, with a detachment of his brigade, crossed the -upper Rappahannock, surprised two squadrons of Federal -cavalry, captured several commissioned officers and about -100 men, with their horses, arms, colors and accouterments, -without loss on his part....</p> - -<p>III. On the 10th of December, General Hampton -crossed the Rappahannock with a detachment of his brigade, -cut the enemy's communications at Dumfries, -entered the town a few hours before Sigel's corps, then -advancing to Fredericksburg, captured 20 wagons with -a guard of about 90 men, and returned safely to his camp. -On the 17th of the same month, he again crossed the -river with a small force, proceeded to Occoquan, surprised -the pickets between that place and Dumfries, captured 50 -wagons, bringing many of them across the Occoquan in a -ferry-boat, and beating back a brigade of cavalry sent to -their rescue. He reached the Rappahannock with 30 -wagons and 130 prisoners.</p> - -<p>IV. On the 25th of December, General Stuart, with -detachments of Hampton's, Fitz Lee's and William H. F. -Lee's brigades, under the command of these officers -respectively, made a forced reconnoissance in rear of the -enemy's lines, attacked him at Dumfries, capturing men -and wagons near that place, advanced toward Alexandria, -drove his cavalry with considerable loss across the Occoquan, -captured his camp on that stream, burned the -Accotink bridge, on the Orange & Alexandria railroad, -then, passing north of Fairfax Court House, returned to -Culpeper with more than 200 prisoners and 25 wagons, -with a loss on his part of 6 men wounded and Captain -Bullock, a most gallant officer, killed....</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> - -<p>IX.... A detachment of 17 men of Hampton's brigade, -under the brave Sergeant Michael, attacked and -routed a body of Federals near Wolf Run shoals, killing -and wounding several and bringing off 15 prisoners, with -the loss on our part of Sergeant Sparks, of the Second -South Carolina regiment, who, a few days before, with -2 of his comrades, attacked, in Brentsville, 6 of the enemy -sent to take him, killed 3 and captured the rest.</p> - -<p>In announcing these achievements, the commanding -general takes special pleasure in adverting to the promptness -of the officers in striking a successful blow whenever -the opportunity offered, and the endurance and gallantry -with which the men have always supported their commanders. -These deeds give assurance of vigilance, activity -and fortitude, and of the performance of still more -brilliant actions in the coming campaign.</p> - -<p> -R. E. <span class="smcap">Lee</span>, General.<br /> -</p></blockquote> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>OPERATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA, SPRING OF 1863—CAPTURE -OF THE ISAAC SMITH—INGRAHAM'S DEFEAT -OF THE BLOCKADING SQUADRON—NAVAL -ATTACK ON FORT SUMTER—HUNTER'S RAIDS.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">The</span> operations of the Federal naval and land forces -on the coast of South Carolina at the beginning of -the year 1863, pointed to an attack upon either -Charleston or Savannah. General Beauregard, commanding -the department of South Carolina, Georgia and -Florida, with the active co-operation of the Confederate -government and the governors of the States, was making -every preparation for the defense of both cities.</p> - -<p>In South Carolina, on January 1, 1863, Gen. Joseph H. -Trapier commanded from the North Carolina line to the -South Santee; Gen. R. S. Ripley from the South Santee -to the Stono and Rantowles creek; Gen. Johnson Hagood -from Rantowles to the Ashepoo, and Gen. W. S. Walker -from the Ashepoo to the Savannah. These officers had -under their command a force of 14,500 of all arms, present -for duty; more than half this force being stationed -in the forts and on the immediate approaches to Charleston. -The district, commanded by General Ripley, -embraced the harbor defenses, Christ Church and St. -Andrew's parishes, and the islands surrounding the harbor. -Each island constituted a separate subdivision of -the district, the parish of St. Andrew's being attached to -James island.</p> - -<p>Col. L. M. Keitt, Twentieth South Carolina, commanded -on Sullivan's island; Col. William Butler, Fort -Moultrie and the batteries outside. On Morris island -Col. R. F. Graham, of the Twenty-first, was in charge.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> -Gen. States R. Gist, on his return from Wilmington, -commanded on James island and in St. Andrew's. Fort -Sumter, garrisoned by the First artillery, was in charge -of Col. Alfred Rhett, and Forts Ripley and Castle Pinckney -were commanded by Capt. H. S. Farley.</p> - -<p>The following South Carolina troops were at this time -on duty in the State:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Infantry: First regiment regulars, Col. William Butler, -Fort Moultrie; Third volunteers, Col. C. J. Colcock, -Third district; Eleventh, Colonel Heyward, Third district; -Sixteenth, Col. James McCullough, Second district; -Twentieth, Col. L. M. Keitt, Sullivan's island; Twenty-first, -Col. R. F. Graham, Morris island; Twenty-fourth, -Col. C. H. Stevens, Third district; Twenty-fifth, Col. -C. H. Simonton, James island; Twenty-sixth, Col. -A. D. Smith, Second district; Charleston battalion, -Lieut.-Col. P. C. Gaillard, city; Seventh battalion, -Lieut.-Col. P. H. Nelson, Second district; First battalion -sharpshooters, Maj. Joseph Abney, Third district.</p> - -<p>Artillery: First regiment regulars, Col. Alfred Rhett, -Fort Sumter and batteries; Second regiment volunteers, -Colonel Lamar, James island; Lucas' battalion, Maj. -J. J. Lucas, James island; Palmetto battalion, Maj. E. B. -White, James island; siege train, Maj. Charles Alston, -city. Batteries: German, Company A, Capt. D. Werner, -Sullivan's island; German, Company B, Capt. F. Melchers, -James island; Ferguson's, Capt. T. B. Ferguson, -Christ Church; Santee, Capt. C. Gaillard, Christ Church; -Gist Guards, Capt. C. E. Chichester, Morris island; -Mathewes', Capt P. N. Bonneau, Morris island; Ward's, -Capt. J. Ward, Georgetown; Parker's, Capt. E. L. Parker, -Second district; Washington, Capt. G. H. Walter, -Second district; Horse artillery, Capt. W. L. Trenholm, -Third district; Beaufort, Capt. S. Elliott, Third district; -Lafayette, Capt. J. T. Kanapaux, Third district; Palmetto, -Capt. W. E. Earle, Third district.</p> - -<p>Cavalry: Ferguson's regiment, Colonel Ferguson; -Third regiment, Col. C. J. Colcock; Sixth regiment, -Colonel Aiken; Rutledge cavalry, Col. B. H. Rutledge; -Company, Capt. J. H. Tucker; Stono scouts, Capt. J. B. L. -Walpole; rangers, Capt. M. J. Kirk.</p></blockquote> - -<p>In aggregate the South Carolina commands were nine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> -regiments and three battalions of infantry; two regiments -and three battalions of heavy artillery; thirteen -light batteries; four regiments and three independent -companies of cavalry. Besides the South Carolina commands, -General Beauregard had under his command in -the State the North Carolina brigades of Generals Clingman -and Cooke, and several regiments and batteries from -Georgia. His total effective force of all arms, in February, -was about 15,500 for the defense of the State, with -10,000 near Savannah and on the coast of Georgia.</p> - -<p>It will be recalled that when General Beauregard -assumed command in South Carolina, October 1, 1862, -General Pemberton, at his request, estimated the troops -necessary for the defense of the State against a probable -force which might be sent to attack Charleston, at 30,000 -infantry, cavalry and heavy artillery, and fifteen light -batteries, an estimate which General Beauregard -approved as the minimum required. It was with great -concern, therefore, that he contemplated the attack -which was evidently pending in January, 1863, when his -total of all arms in South Carolina was but a little over -15,000, with about 10,000 in Georgia. But with the war -raging in Virginia and in the West, and a Federal army -threatening North Carolina, the military resources of the -Confederate government were taxed to the utmost. -South Carolina had put all her fighting material in the -field, and thousands of her noblest sons had fallen in -Virginia, in Tennessee, and on her own soil. Meanwhile -every preparation was being made to defend Charleston -and the line of railroad connecting it with Savannah. -January closed with two brilliant incidents in the history -of this defense.</p> - -<p>The Federal gunboats had control of the Stono river -up to the range of Fort Pemberton. This strong work, -mounting fifteen heavy guns, commanded the Stono and -flanked the defensive line on James island to the west. -John's island, on the west side of the Stono, was occupied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> -only by a cavalry picket, and gunboats ran up and down -the river with impunity. It was arranged by Generals -Beauregard and Ripley to surprise and capture one or -more of them. These arrangements were most successfully -carried out on the 30th of January. Maj. J. J. -Lucas, commanding at Fort Pemberton, sent Capt. John -H. Gary with three rifled 24-pounders to put them in -battery, and under cover, at Thomas Grimball's place on -James island. This was done in the night, and the guns -carefully secreted from the enemy's view. They were -commanded by Lieuts. W. G. Ogier, E. B. Colhoun and -Capt. T. B. Hayne respectively, officers of Companies -A, B and C, of Lucas' command. In the same way, -lower down the Stono, at Battery island, Maj. J. W. -Brown, Second artillery, concealed two rifled 24-pounders -in the woods, at night, built platforms for them in the -old battery, and kept in hiding for the event. Brown's -guns were commanded by Lieuts. John A. Bellinger, -Company B, and F. Lake, Company K. Fifty men of -the Eighth Georgia battalion, under Lieuts. R. Hays and -George Johnson, were detailed as sharpshooters. Lieut.-Col. -Joseph A. Yates, First regulars, made a secret disposition -of a larger force, on John's island, between the -guns of Gary and Brown. He took two companies of -Major Alston's siege train, A and B, commanded by -Capt. B. C. Webb and Lieut. S. W. Willson, Jr.; Company -F, Palmetto battalion, Capt. F. C. Schulz; a light -battery, commanded by Capt. F. H. Harleston; one -Parrott gun, in charge of Lieut. T. E. Gregg; Capt. -John C. Mitchel's company, I, First artillery, and Companies -H and I of the Twentieth infantry, Capt. S. M. -Roof and Lieut. M. Gunter. Yates masked his guns at -Grimball's and Legaré's points, on John's island, and -awaited his opportunity.</p> - -<p>The gunboat Isaac Smith, carrying a 30-pounder Parrott -in her bow, and eight 8-inch columbiads, steamed up -the river on the afternoon of the 30th, passed Brown at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> -Battery island and Yates on John's island, and dropped -anchor opposite Gary's position, within 500 yards. -Waiting a few moments for her to become settled in her -anchorage, Gary unmasked his guns and opened fire. -The Smith promptly replied with shot, shell and canister, -but suffering from Gary's fire, she slipped her anchor and -retreated down the river, followed by the shots of Gary's -rifled guns and replying vigorously. But as she began -her retreat, she was met by the batteries of Yates, which -opened immediately. Reaching Legaré's point, she was -too badly crippled in her machinery to proceed, and -dropped anchor and surrendered. She lost 8 killed, 44 -wounded, and surrendered 10 officers and 95 men. Private -McQueen, of Alston's command, was mortally -wounded, the only casualty on the Confederate side. -The Isaac Smith was towed up under the guns of Pemberton, -and subsequently did service in the harbor. In -this affair the Stono scouts, Captain Walpole, rendered -Colonel Yates valuable service.</p> - -<p>Brown, at Battery island, was only to fire in case the -batteries above him had failed to arrest the boat, and -was silent until one of her friends attempted to go to her -rescue. When within range, Brown opened with his -rifles, and after a sharp conflict drove her down the river. -Next morning a larger boat steamed up and engaged -Brown's battery, but she would not stand long and expose -her sides to rifles, and doing Brown no harm, after being -hit several times she dropped down out of range. The -guns were all removed on the night of the 31st, having -done their work well.</p> - -<p>Flag Officer D. N. Ingraham, commanding the Confederate -naval forces in Charleston harbor, with the Confederate -ironclad gunboats Palmetto State and Chicora, -made a brilliant attack on the blockading squadron on -the early morning of January 31st. The Palmetto State -was commanded by Lieut.-Com. John Rutledge, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>the Chicora by Capt. J. R. Tucker. The Palmetto -State carried Commodore Ingraham's flag. Waiting -for a full tide in order to cross the bar with safety, -the two steamers took position near the bar before -day and passed over at 4:30 a. m., the Palmetto State -leading. The plan of attack was to engage the enemy -at close quarters and sink his vessels by ramming.</p> - -<p>Rutledge encountered the United States steamer Mercedita -immediately after crossing, took her by surprise, -rammed and sunk her. The Chicora encountered a -schooner-rigged propeller, engaged and set her on fire. -A large side-wheel steamer was next met and engaged at -close quarters, and ran out of sight, it being yet before -day. The Keystone State was then met by Tucker and -with her consort, a propeller, quickly engaged. The -larger vessel struck, being on fire, but after Captain -Tucker ceased his fire, she ran off. Meanwhile, Rutledge -was vainly endeavoring to bring others to close quarters. -The ironclads were slow, and except when taking the -enemy by surprise they were at a disadvantage. Seeing -the whole squadron in full retreat to the south and east, -the flag officer chased them out of sight, and anchored -his vessels outside at 8 o'clock.</p> - -<p>Temporarily the blockade of the port was raised, but -the fleet soon returned, much strengthened, and the gallant -gunboats waited another chance.</p> - -<p>The Federal land and naval forces had held possession -of Port Royal harbor, and the islands surrounding it, -since November, 1861. It was now April, 1863. During -that period their only achievement had been the capture -of Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah river. -Repeated attempts had been made to destroy the bridges -and break the railroad communication between Savannah -and Charleston, all of which had been signally repulsed. -Battles had been fought at Pocotaligo, Coosawhatchie, -and at numerous points along the line of the railroad, -and repeated skirmishes with raiding parties of the -enemy had always resulted in "driving him back to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> -gunboats." The enemy advanced in force against -Charleston, by way of James island, in June, 1862, but -the Confederate victory at Secessionville, on the 16th of -that month, compelled his retreat and return to his base -at Port Royal. Charleston or Savannah being his objective, -he had been threatening both cities for a period of -seventeen months, without accomplishing anything more -than the practical ruin of the sea-island planters and -their property, the capture of Fort Pulaski, and the -possession of the waters surrounding the islands.</p> - -<p>The beginning of April, 1863, found the Federals concentrating -in the Stono and North Edisto, for another -attempt to take Charleston, in which the land attack was -to be for the possession of Morris island, by way of Folly -island, the objective being Fort Sumter; and the naval -attack, by the ironclad fleet, was to be on that fort, Fort -Moultrie, and the batteries defending the outer harbor.</p> - -<p>On April 7th, General Beauregard commanded a force -of 22,648 effectives, of all arms, for the defense of -Charleston and the coast of South Carolina. In the forts -and batteries, and on the islands surrounding the harbor, -the effective force amounted to 12,856. The remainder -of the troops were disposed along the main line of defense -between Rantowles creek and the Savannah river, guarding -the water approaches from Beaufort and the Edistos, -while a small force of cavalry and light artillery operated -in Christ Church, and beyond the Santees. On the 4th -of April, seven monitors had been collected in North -Edisto and twenty transports were in the Stono, landing -troops on Cole's and Folly islands. On the 6th, the steam -frigate Ironsides and eight monitors were off the bar, and -on the morning of the 7th, having crossed, were lying -off the south end of Morris island. The Federal land -forces were commanded by Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, -and the fleet by Rear-Admiral S. F. Du Pont.</p> - -<p>No attempt by General Hunter's forces was made, or -appeared to be in preparation, to attack either Morris<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> -island from Folly island, or James island from Cole's -island. On James island General Gist commanded a -force fully adequate to hold the enemy's advance until -he was reinforced; but on Morris island Colonel Graham -was not strong enough to resist a division attacking from -Folly island under the fire of gunboats, which lay off the -north end of the latter island. If the Federal general -had known his opportunity, he might have possessed himself -of the south end of Morris island, and overwhelmed -the gallant little force standing in his path. Graham's -command on Morris island was his regiment, the -Twenty-first South Carolina, Chichester's and Mathewes' -companies of artillery at Battery Wagner, under Lieut.-Col. -C. K. Hughes, and a detachment from the First -South Carolina artillery at Cummings point, under Lieutenant -Lesesne. Morris island was at the mercy of the -Federal general, but happily he did not possess the military -insight and the aggressive capacity to perceive and -use his advantage. He remained inactive and secure in -his island isolation, while Du Pont went into battle with -the forts and batteries. After the defeat of the admiral, -he wrote to that officer from the transport Ben DeFord, -that he had been "a mere spectator," and that he "could -do nothing but pray for him," which he assured him he -had done "most heartily."</p> - -<p>Du Pont moved to the attack at 2 p. m., on April 7th, -in single file, steaming up Ship channel, the monitor -Weehawken leading, and the flagship Ironsides in the -center of the column. The plan of attack contemplated -the destruction of Fort Sumter, whose high walls and -broad sides were a noble target for the admiral's 15 and -11-inch turreted guns.</p> - -<p>If there had been no Fort Moultrie, or Batteries Bee -and Beauregard on Sullivan's island, and no Wagner or -Cummings point battery, the noble walls of Sumter -might have crumbled beneath the powerful impact of -tons of iron; but the writer believes that the barbette and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> -casemate batteries of the east and northeast faces of -Sumter, directed, as they were, by skilled and heroic -officers, and manned by gallant soldiers, would have been -equal to the disabling of the fleet before its powerful -guns could have effected a serious breach.</p> - -<p>The action began at 3 p. m., by a shot from Fort Moultrie, -directed at the Weehawken. Fort Sumter and Batteries -Bee, Beauregard, Wagner and Cummings Point -opened their fire, and the action at once became general. -All the batteries had been instructed to concentrate on -the leading assailants, and following these directions, the -concentration of fire soon disabled the Weehawken, and -she steamed out of range, giving place to the next monitor, -which steamed into action on the curve of an ellipse. -The Ironsides came into action first against Moultrie, -and then Sumter, approaching within 1,600 or 1,700 -yards, but the fire of the forts and the batteries directed -upon her drove her beyond range. The Keokuk, a -double-turreted monitor, gallantly steamed under the -walls of Sumter, within 900 yards of her batteries, and -opened with her 11-inch guns. Sumter, Moultrie, Bee -and Cummings Point concentrated their fire upon her, -and for forty minutes she fought heroically for the breach -in Sumter. The 10-inch shot and 7-inch bolts penetrated -her armor, her hull and turrets were pierced, her boats -shot away, the plating at her bow was ripped up for six -feet in length and two and a half in width, and she was -barely able to retreat to an anchorage off Morris island, -where she sank. The battle was continued for two hours -and twenty-five minutes, when Admiral Du Pont signaled -his vessels to retreat. He had made a gallant fight, but -his ironclads could not stand the fire of Ripley's guns, -and his defeat was decisive. "I attempted to take the -bull by the horns," he wrote General Hunter, the day -after the battle, "but he was too much for us. These -monitors are miserable failures where forts are concerned; -the longest was one hour and the others forty-five -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>minutes under fire, and five of the eight were wholly -or partially disabled."</p> - -<p>By the 12th of April the surviving monitors had been -taken to Port Royal or sent north for repairs, and the -Ironsides, much damaged, was being repaired at her -moorings on the blockading line outside the bar. There -is no report at hand of the casualties in the fleet.</p> - -<p>In the forts and batteries the casualties were very few. -At Fort Sumter five men were wounded by splinters -from a traverse. Their names are not reported. At -Fort Moultrie the flagstaff was shot away, and falling, -mortally wounded Private Lusty, Company F. Private -Joseph Harrison, Company G, lost a finger, but after -having his wound dressed, returned to his gun. Both -these gallant men were of Colonel Butler's regiment. -At Battery Wagner there were 8 casualties, 3 killed and -5 wounded, by the explosion of an ammunition chest. -Sergt. G. W. Langley and Privates Amos Fitzgerald and -Jerry Dyer were killed, and Lieut. G. E. Steedman, -Corp. Matthew Martin and Privates Samuel Red, Marion -Quillan and Thomas Prince were wounded. Total casualties, -4 killed and 11 wounded. Fort Sumter suffered -some damage, but none of a serious nature. The other -forts were entirely unhurt. At Sumter an 8-inch columbiad -burst, a 42-pounder rifled gun was dismounted by -recoil, and a 10-inch gun was dismounted by having part -of its carriage shot away. The walls of the fort were -not materially damaged. Fifty-five shot struck the east -and northeast faces, damaging several of the embrasures -to the casemates, cracking the parapet wall in places, -and dislodging the masonry surrounding the spot struck. -Three shot, striking very near each other, on the east face -and near the parapet, made a crater 10 feet high, 8 feet -wide, and 2 feet deep. In other places the penetrations -were 2, 3 and in two instances as much as 5 feet, with -craters from 2 to 6 feet in height, and from 1 to 5 feet in -width. This damage was speedily repaired, and the fort<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> -stood as strong as ever for battle in forty-eight hours -after the action.</p> - -<p>The brilliant victory of the forts over the much-dreaded -ironclad fleet was celebrated on every hand, and the gallant -commanders of batteries, their officers, and their -men, were the boast and the toast of the day. The legislature -being in session at the time, passed, amid much -enthusiasm, a joint resolution of thanks to the officers -and men for the gallant defense of Charleston "against -the onset of the foe," and hailed their achievement as the -bright harbinger of a still more glorious victory.</p> - -<p>The forts and batteries engaged were garrisoned and -commanded by the following troops and officers:</p> - -<p>Fort Moultrie was garrisoned by a detachment of the -First South Carolina regular infantry, drilled as artillery, -and commanded by Col. William Butler, Maj. T. M. -Baker second in command. The guns engaged were -manned by Company A, Capt. T. A. Huguenin; Company -E, Capt. R. Press. Smith; Company F, Capt. B. S. -Burnet; Company G, First Lieut. E. A. Erwin, and the -mortars, Company K, Capt. C. H. Rivers. Staff: Capt. -W. H. Wigg, Lieut. Mitchell King, Capt. G. A. Wardlaw, -Lieut. Thomas Williams.</p> - -<p>Battery Bee was garrisoned by another detachment of -the First South Carolina, and commanded by Lieut.-Col. -J. C. Simkins. The guns were fought by Company C, -Capt. Robert De Treville; Company H, Capt. Warren -Adams, and Company I, Capt. W. T. Tatom.</p> - -<p>Battery Beauregard was commanded by Capt. J. A. -Sitgreaves, with Company K, First artillery, Lieut. -W. E. Erwin commanding, and Company B, First -infantry, Capt. J. H. Warley commanding. The commanders -on Morris island have already been referred to.</p> - -<p>Fort Sumter was garrisoned by seven companies of the -First South Carolina regular artillery, Col. Alfred Rhett, -Lieut.-Col. Joseph A. Yates, Maj. Ormsby Blanding. -Colonel Rhett commanded the fort, Lieutenant-Colonel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> -Yates the barbette guns, and Major Blanding the casemate -batteries. Lieutenant Clarkson's detachment of -Company B, Charleston battalion, was posted in second -tier of casement as sharpshooters. Companies B and D, -Capts. D. G. Fleming and F. H. Harleston, fought the -guns on the east and northeast parapet batteries. The -other companies were stationed as follows: Company F, -Capt. J. G. King, northwest parapet; Company I, Capt. -J. C. Mitchel, west parapet; Company E, Capt. J. R. -Macbeth, mortar battery and east casemate battery; -Company G, Capt. W. H. Peronneau, northeast casemate -battery; detachments of Companies C and E, Capt. -C. W. Parker, northwest casemate battery. Lieut. -W. H. Grimball, with regimental band, battery in second -tier of casemates. Staff: Lieut. S. C. Boyleston, -adjutant; Capt. T. M. Barker, quartermaster; Capt. -S. P. Ravenel, chief of staff; Lieut. J. B. Heyward, ordnance -officer; Rev. N. Aldrich, chaplain; Lieut. Edward -J. White, engineer officer. Signal corps: T. P. Lowndes, -Arthur Grimball, Joseph Seabrook.</p> - -<p>The following extracts from the reports are of interest:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The nearest the enemy ventured at any time to Fort -Moultrie was estimated at 1,000 yards; to Battery Bee, -1,600 yards; to Battery Beauregard, 1,400 yards. (Gen. -J. H. Trapier's report.)</p> - -<p>The enemy's fire was mostly ricochet and not very -accurate; most of their shots passed over the fort and -several to the right and left. The greater portion of their -shots were from 1,300 to 1,400 yards distant, which -appeared to be the extent of their effective range. Some -shots from a greater distance did not reach the fort at -all. (Col. A. Rhett's report.)</p> - -<p>The advance vessels took their positions alternately, -ranging from 1,800 to 2,000 yards from this battery.... -Two hundred and eighty-three solid shots were fired from -this battery.... Of this number, many were distinctly -seen to strike the vessels aimed at, and it is believed, -doing serious damage in many instances. (Lieutenant-Colonel -Simkins' report.)</p> - -<p>I am satisfied that the Ironsides was struck several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> -times by shot from this battery, and I think one or two -others were also struck, with what effect it is impossible -to say, except from reports since the engagement, which -lead us to believe that the enemy were considerably -damaged. (Captain Sitgreaves' report.)</p> - -<p>The guns of this battery were of too light a caliber to -be of much service, but those at Cummings point were -much heavier, and the firing was particularly good. -(Maj. C. K. Huger's report.)</p> - -<p>Our batteries were admirably served by our skilled -artillerists. Much of the rapidity and accuracy with -which the heavy guns were fired was due to the use of -Colonel Yates' traverser, with the merits of which the -general commanding has been fully impressed. Our batteries -discharged 2,200 shot of all sorts, the enemy's fleet -about 110, chiefly 15-inch shell and 11-inch solid shot; -not less than 80 of which were directed at Fort Sumter. -The sinking of the Keokuk, and the discomfiture of the -other ironclads have established their vulnerability to our -heavy projectiles at a range, say, of from 900 to 1,200 -yards. (Maj. D. B. Harris, chief engineer.)</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Weehawken, which led the attack, carried on her -bow a huge raft for finding and exploding torpedoes, -popularly called the "devil," which greatly retarded her -advance, and was ultimately shot adrift by the batteries. -Maj. W. H. Echols, of the engineers, in his report says -of this raft:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The "devil" floated ashore on Morris island; the cables -by which it was attached to the turrets' bow being cut -away. It is probable that the "devil" becoming unmanageable, -was the cause of the turret retiring early from -the action, it being a massive structure, consisting of two -layers of white pine timbers 18 inches square, strongly -bolted together; a re-entering angle 20 feet deep to receive -the bow of the vessel; 50 feet long, 27 feet side; a layer -of beveled timbers on the front, forming a bow; seven -heavy iron plates, through which passed chains directly -down and over the sides through hawser plates; to these -were attached grappling irons, with double prongs, suspended -underneath at the sides and bow; in the countersinks -were loose iron rollers, apparently to facilitate the -drawing of the chains through the holes over them when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> -the grapplings took hold, to drag up to the "devil" -whatever he may catch with his hooks.</p></blockquote> - -<p>It was a miserable contrivance and proved of no use to -the fleet and only an object of merriment and curiosity -to the garrisons and their officers.</p> - -<p>Says General Ripley in his report:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>In this the first trial of the Abolition iron fleet against -brick fortifications and their first attempt to enter the -harbor of Charleston, in which they were beaten before -their adversaries thought the action had well commenced, -they were opposed by 76 pieces in all, including -mortars.... While service in immediate action is that -which is most conspicuous, after such a result as has been -accomplished, the greatest credit is due to that long, -patient and laborious preparation by which our works -and material, never originally intended to withstand such -an attack as has been encountered, have been so resecured -as to enable our gallant and well-instructed officers -and men to obtain their end with comparatively small -loss. In that preparation the late Lieut.-Col. T. M. -Wagner contributed much on both sides of the channel, -and Colonel Rhett, Lieutenant-Colonel Yates, Major -Blanding and other officers of Fort Sumter have been -more or less engaged since the fort fell into our hands, -two years ago.</p></blockquote> - -<p>On the morning of April 9th the United States steamer -Washington was attacked in the Coosaw river by light -batteries under Capt. Stephen Elliott, crippled and set -on fire by shells, and totally destroyed. On the night of -the 10th, Lieutenant-Colonel Dargan, of the Twenty-first, -made a night attack upon the picket at the north end of -Folly island, crossing from Morris island a small detachment -in boats. The attack was a surprise, and completely -stampeded the enemy's picket force, which fled to the -south of the island. Colonel Dargan returned, after fully -locating the enemy's camp, bringing off a single prisoner, -and leaving one of the enemy's pickets severely wounded.</p> - -<p>General Hunter addressed his energies to making raids -up the river, destroying the property of the planters and -carrying off their negroes, keeping his negro troops,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> -employed in this business, always under the protection of -the gunboats. One of these gunboat raiding parties -steamed up the Combahee on the 2d of June, burned four -fine residences, with all their valuable contents, and six -mills, and carried off about 700 negroes. Later in the -month a greater part of the town of Bluffton, on May river, -was burned by a gunboat raid, and the utmost vigilance -was required by troops stationed on the rivers to protect -the property of citizens from wanton destruction. In -reporting the raid up the Combahee to the secretary of -war, General Hunter, after expressing pleasure at the -success which Colonel Montgomery had achieved, continues:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>This expedition is but the initial experiment of a system -of incursions which will penetrate up all the inlets, -creeks and rivers of this department, and to be used in -which I am now having several of our light draught -transport steamers supplied with bulwarks of boiler iron, -etc.... Colonel Montgomery with his forces will repeat -his incursions as rapidly as possible in different directions, -injuring the enemy all he can and carrying away -their slaves, thus rapidly filling up the South Carolina -regiments in the departments, of which there are now four. -The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts regiment (colored), Colonel -Shaw commanding, arrived to-day in good condition, -and appears to be an excellent regiment, over 900 -strong. They will soon have abundant and very important -employment, as will all other regiments, white or colored, -that may be sent to reinforce this department.</p></blockquote> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>SOUTH CAROLINA TROOPS IN MISSISSIPPI—ENGAGEMENT -NEAR JACKSON—THE VICKSBURG CAMPAIGN—SIEGE -OF JACKSON.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">On</span> May 2d the secretary of war telegraphed General -Beauregard as follows: "Advices show the enemy -abandoning their attack on the eastern coasts -and concentrating great forces on the Mississippi. Send -with utmost dispatch 8,000 or 10,000 men to General -Pemberton's relief." General Beauregard replied that -he had returned to North Carolina Cooke's and Clingman's -brigades, but would send at once 5,000 men and -two light batteries to General Pemberton's relief. He -added that he would then have left only 10,000 infantry -available for the defense of South Carolina and Georgia, -and if he sent more troops to Pemberton, he would lose -command of the Savannah railroad. This satisfied the -secretary, and on the 4th he telegraphed General Beauregard -to hurry the 5,000 troops on as soon as possible.</p> - -<p>Accordingly, orders were issued, assigning Brig.-Gens. -S. R. Gist and W. H. T. Walker to the command of brigades, -with a light battery attached to each, and directing -them to report to General Pemberton. These two brigades -were composed of Georgia and South Carolina -troops, the Fourth Louisiana battalion being attached to -Walker's brigade.</p> - -<p>By General Beauregard's order of May 4, 1863, the -command of Carolinians and Georgians known in the -Western army as Gist's brigade was duly formed. The -following was its composition: Sixteenth South Carolina, -Col. James McCullough; Twenty-fourth South Carolina, -Col. C. H. Stevens; Eighth Georgia battalion, Capt.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> -Z. L. Watters; Forty-sixth Georgia, Col. P. H. Colquitt; -Ferguson's battery, Capt. T. B. Ferguson.</p> - -<p>On the 5th, General Beauregard telegraphed General -Pemberton that he would send two brigades of his best -troops, and requested that they be kept together under -General Gist. On the 6th, the first of Gist's troops, five -companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia, under Col. P. H. -Colquitt, and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, under -Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers (Col. C. H. Stevens remaining -to bring on the stores of the regiment), left Charleston -for Jackson, Miss., by way of Atlanta, Montgomery, -Selma and Meridian. Delayed on the way, these commands -reached Jackson on the evening of May 13th, and -went into bivouac near the depot, with orders to be ready -to march out on the Clinton road at dawn next day. -Gen. Joseph E. Johnston reached Jackson by the same -train.</p> - -<p>The situation was most critical in Mississippi. General -Grant's army was thrown between Jackson and Vicksburg, -holding the railroad at Clinton, where McPherson's -corps was encamped. Sherman's corps was between -Jackson and Raymond, McClernand's in supporting distance. -General Pemberton, with 17,000 men, was at -Edwards depot and marching to give battle. General -Johnston did not have exceeding 6,000 men in and -about Jackson. The three corps of General Grant numbered -about 45,000 effectives.</p> - -<p>It was easy to beat Johnston at Jackson before Pemberton -could possibly come to his aid, as the latter had -only reached Edwards on the 13th, and formed for defensive -battle at that point. Clinton was 8 miles from -Jackson, and Edwards was distant 25 miles, so that Grant -was between Pemberton and Johnston, 25 miles from -the former and 8 miles from the latter. This was the situation -on the night of the 13th of May. McPherson -advanced upon Jackson early on the 14th, on the Clinton -road, and Sherman at the same time, on the Raymond<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> -and Mississippi Springs road, both corps converging on -Jackson, while Pemberton was in line of battle at -Edwards, and General Grant's cavalry was demonstrating -in his front to keep up a show of attack. To check -McPherson and Sherman while valuable stores were being -removed from Jackson toward Canton, General Johnston -sent the troops he could command out on the roads leading -to Clinton and Raymond.</p> - -<p>The Twenty-fourth South Carolina, Lieutenant-Colonel -Capers, five companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia, Capt. -T. B. Hancock, of Gist's brigade, with the Fourteenth -Mississippi and Capt. J. A. Hoskins' battery of four pieces, -were ordered out at daylight on the 14th, under Colonel -Colquitt, to take position on the Clinton road, at a point -to be designated by Brig.-Gen. John Gregg. General -Gregg selected a good position on a ridge about 3 miles -from Jackson, assisted Colquitt in arranging his defense, -and left him with orders to hold the enemy until ordered -to retire through Jackson. The Georgians (five companies) -and the Mississippi battalion were posted on the right -of the road, and the Twenty-fourth and Hoskins' battery -on the left. The position was at Wright's farm, the command -being on the right and left of his house. The -Twenty-fourth was advanced some distance to take -advantage of a garden fence, and the artillery placed in -battery on the crown of the hill, one gun behind the -Twenty-fourth, in support, and three at the main road. -This little brigade, which did not number over 900 men -and officers, was attacked at 9 a. m. by the Seventh division -of the Seventeenth army corps, composed of three -brigades with four light batteries, and held its position -until 2 p. m. before it was forced to retire.</p> - -<p>The enemy's official reports give his losses as follows: -Second brigade 215, Third brigade 37, Fourth brigade 13; -total in division, 265, exclusive of artillery. In defending -this position Colquitt's little brigade of two battalions, -one regiment and four guns lost 198 men and officers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> -killed, wounded and captured. The heaviest loss was in -the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, which held its position -longest and lost 105 men and officers. Lieutenant-Colonel -Capers was wounded, and Lieut. A. F. Cunningham, -of Company F, was killed. On the enemy's part their -main loss was in the center brigade, which made the -direct attack in front.</p> - -<p>The fighting in the final assault, which carried the -position and forced a retreat on Jackson, is described as -follows by the commander of the Tenth Missouri, which, -with the Seventeenth Iowa, Eightieth Ohio, Thirty-sixth -Illinois, and Company E, of the Twenty-fourth -Missouri, made up the Second brigade:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Colonel Holmes, commanding the brigade, now ordered -bayonets fixed and a charge made upon the enemy. The -troops moved forward at double-quick, cheering wildly, -driving in first the skirmishers, and then the main line, -passing over about 500 yards under a terrific fire of shell, -canister and musketry to the house of O. P. Wright, in and -behind which, and the hedges, fences and trees surrounding -it, the rebels were hidden and protected. Here -ensued an almost hand-to-hand conflict, with the Twenty-fourth -regiment South Carolina volunteers. The Tenth -Missouri suffered severely from the stream of fire which -issued from behind every object which could furnish protection -to the enemy. We succeeded finally in dislodging -them and driving them some 200 yards to the left [enemy's -left] and toward the main road to Jackson. Reforming -our line, a section of the Sixth Wisconsin battery was -rapidly brought upon the field....</p></blockquote> - -<p>But the Twenty-fourth, now under Major Appleby, had -followed the remainder of the brigade in retreat, and -joined General Johnston's little army moving out from -Jackson on the Canton road. In the fight above described, -the attack on the Georgia and Mississippi battalions -was made principally by the Iowa and Ohio regiments, -and was well sustained by the Georgians and Mississippians. -The conduct of Captain Hoskins' battery was -beyond praise. But for the service of his four guns, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> -position could not have been held two hours against the -attack of the Federal division. Writing to General Beauregard -from Canton, on the 25th of May, General Gist -said:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>None of the troops from your department reached Jackson -in time for the affair at Raymond, and only two regiments -of Gen. W. H. T. Walker's brigade, Martin's -battery, Twenty-fourth South Carolina, five companies of -the Forty-sixth Georgia, and Eighth Georgia battalion -arrived in time to participate in the skirmish and evacuation -of the city. I got within 6 miles, and was ordered -back by General Johnston with remainder of Walker's -and my own brigade.... The only troops of my brigade -engaged at Jackson were those mentioned above, and all -officers join in awarding them highest praise for soldierly -conduct and gallantry. The Twenty-fourth regiment -South Carolina volunteers, Lieutenant-Colonel Capers -commanding, particularly distinguished themselves. -[War Records, Vol. XXIV, Pt. III, p. 919.]</p></blockquote> - -<p>General Walker's troops were not engaged in the battle -at Wright's house. The Eighth Georgia battalion of Gist's -brigade arrived in Jackson by train on the morning of the -14th, too late to take part with the Twenty-fourth South -Carolina and the Forty-sixth Georgia.</p> - -<p>Looking back upon the event and reflecting on the performance -of the little brigade at Wright's house, it seems -almost ludicrous to read in the report of Major-General -McPherson, commanding the Seventeenth army corps, an -account of the formidable disposition he made to attack it. -Erroneously stating that he found the enemy "posted in -strong force under Gen. W. H. T. Walker," he continues:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The position of the enemy was carefully reconnoitered, -and Lieut. J. W. McMurray's battery, Parrott guns, -brought up to reply to their artillery, which had already -opened on our lines. While the dispositions for the -attack were being made, a very heavy shower set in which -delayed the attack an hour and a half, the rain coming -down in such torrents that there was great danger of the -ammunition being spoiled if the men opened their cartridge -boxes. The time, however, was well employed in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> -putting the men in position, and bringing up Logan's -division as a reserve. The enemy occupied a semi-circular -ridge, stretching across the main road, his right -holding a piece of woods, and his center and left commanding -rolling ground in his front, over which it would -be necessary to pass to attack him. Two [only one, -Hoskins'] batteries were in position, one covering the -road and the other near his left, having a good range -across the open field. The disposition of my troops was -as follows: Boomer's brigade on the left of the road in -the timber; Holmes' brigade on his right, in the open -fields; Sanborn's brigade on the right of Holmes, with -skirmishers well out on his flank; John E. Smith's brigade, -Logan's division, in the woods in rear of Boomer, -about 400 yards, in column of regiments as a reserve; -Stevenson's brigade across a ravine on Boomer's left, -with directions to advance and gain a road which entered -the city from the northwest; Dennis' brigade remained a -short distance in the rear to guard the trains.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Six brigades arrayed in battle by the accomplished -General McPherson, against two battalions, one regiment, -and a battery of four guns!</p> - -<p>General Johnston's forces, about 6,000 strong, encamped -the night of the 14th, 5 miles from Jackson on -the Canton road. As many of the stores as could be run -out of the city by railroads to Canton and Brandon, and -by wagons, were safely removed, and General Grant's -army was free to turn upon General Pemberton.</p> - -<p>The situation in Mississippi was so serious that additional -troops were ordered from South Carolina, and on -May 15th the secretary of war directed General Beauregard -to send Evans' brigade with all dispatch to General -Johnston. The governor of South Carolina, the mayor -of Charleston and General Beauregard all remonstrated -with the President against stripping the coast of the State -almost bare of infantry, but the President was firm in -the belief that the enemy had but a small force in South -Carolina; that his troops had gone to Virginia, North -Carolina and to the southwest, and that 10,000 of all arms -were sufficient for the defense of Charleston and the coast.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> -Accordingly Evans' brigade—Seventeenth, Col. F. W. -McMaster; Eighteenth, Col. W. H. Wallace; Twenty-second, -Lieut.-Col. J. O'Connell; Twenty-third, Col. H. L. -Benbow; Twenty-sixth, Col. A. D. Smith; Holcombe -legion, Lieut.-Col. W. J. Crawley—went to Mississippi, -and was assigned to the division of Major-General French, -in Johnston's little army.</p> - -<p>On the 20th of May, General Gist, with the balance of -his brigade, joined General Johnston at Canton, and was -assigned to Walker's division. Meanwhile the disastrous -battles of Baker's Creek and the Big Black had been -fought and lost by General Pemberton, and Grant was -investing Vicksburg, with his army greatly increased. -By the 4th of June, General Johnston had collected at -Jackson, Canton and Yazoo City, and on the Big Black, -a force of 24,000 infantry and artillery, and 2,800 cavalry -under Gen. W. H. Jackson. This force was almost without -transportation, and was deficient in ammunition for -all arms. The Big Black river, impassable except by -bridges, interposed between General Johnston's army -and Grant's, and was guarded at every pass by intrenched -forces from the army investing Vicksburg.</p> - -<p>Johnston decided that an attack on Grant under these -circumstances was impracticable, though urged by the -secretary of war to make it. Pemberton had 18,000 or -20,000 effective troops in the defenses of Vicksburg, and -on the 4th of June, General Johnston wrote him: "All -we can attempt to do is to save you and your garrison." -He urged a simultaneous attack at the same point -with a view of extricating Pemberton, and proposed that -it be made north of the railroad. But General Pemberton -deemed himself too weak to attack his foe, strongly intrenched, -and General Johnston held the same view on -his part, so that the siege of Vicksburg progressed, Grant -being secured in his intrenchments by his overwhelming -numbers and powerful artillery from Pemberton in front, -and by the fortified crossings of the Big Black from Johnston -in rear.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> - -<p>Finally, on June 29th, General Johnston put his army -in motion for the Big Black, the force effective for service -being reported, June 25th, at 28,569, of all arms. General -Johnston puts it, on the 29th, at a little over 20,000 infantry -and artillery, and 2,000 cavalry, supplied with -transportation, full equipment of ammunition, and a serviceable -floating bridge. "This expedition," General Johnston -wrote in his Narrative, "was not undertaken in the -wild spirit that dictated the dispatches from the war -department." On the 21st of June, the secretary of war -had urged Johnston to attack General Grant for the relief -of Pemberton, and had said: "The eyes and hopes of the -whole Confederacy are upon you, with the full confidence -to fail nobly daring, than, through prudence even, to be -that you will act, and with the sentiment that it is better -inactive."</p> - -<p>Johnston moved to the Big Black, not indulging the -sentiment of Mr. Seddon, that it was better to dare an -attack and fail, than to remain only in observation of the -siege. His purpose was to make a reconnoissance along -the Big Black to find a point of attack, his hope being to -extricate General Pemberton's army and not to raise the -siege. These reconnoissances on the 1st, 2d and 3d of -July satisfied him that an attack north of the railroad was -impracticable, and before he had made his proposed -examinations south of the railroad, Vicksburg capitulated. -Learning this, General Johnston fell back to the fortified -line around Jackson, where he was invested by three corps -of Grant's army, under Sherman, which, by the 10th, were -intrenched in front of Johnston's semi-circular line. -Daily skirmishes took place, and the city of Jackson was -well pelted with shot and shell until the night of the 16th, -when Johnston crossed Pearl river, saving his stores and -public property, and carrying off his entire force, artillery -and wagon trains. Ultimately the army was encamped -at and near Morton, Miss., on the 20th of July. The -enemy did not follow except in small force, and after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> -burning the town of Brandon, destroying the railroad -bridges, and setting fire to the city of Jackson, which he -utterly destroyed, on the 23d of July the ruined city was -left to its distressed inhabitants, and Sherman's army -returned to Vicksburg.</p> - -<p>In the campaign above described, from May 20th to July -20th, Gist's brigade formed part of Walker's division, -Evans' brigade of French's. The marches and countermarches -to which they were subjected in the heat of -summer, the men for the most of the time badly supplied -with shoes and actually, at times, suffering for water fit -to drink, fully tested the spirit and discipline of the -brigade. In the short siege of Jackson, July 10th to 16th -inclusive, Walker's division occupied a position on the -left center of the line of defense, with its right on the -Clinton road, the brigades posted as follows: Ector's, -Gregg's, Gist's and Wilson's. Several casualties occurred -in General Gist's brigade on the picket line, and in the -trenches, but no return of them is available.</p> - -<p>In the retreat from the Big Black, French's division -reached Jackson in advance July 7th, and at daylight on -the 9th, the troops were put in position in the trenches, -Evans' brigade on the right resting on the Clinton road, -with the batteries of J. F. Culpeper and B. A. Jeter on its -front. On the 11th an effort was made to force in Evans' -skirmishers, and handsomely repulsed by the Holcombe -legion. The next attack was on Breckinridge, at the -left of French, and the 13th was devoted to heavy cannonading. -John Waties' battery was put in position at -French's left. There was heavy firing all the morning -of the 14th, with brisk skirmishing. Evans' line advanced, -drove back the enemy, burned several small -houses which sheltered the Federal sharpshooters, and -then fell back to their line. Gist's brigade remained -encamped near Morton until the latter part of August, -when, in response to General Bragg's request for troops, -Walker's and Breckinridge's divisions were ordered to -report to him near Chattanooga.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p> - -<p>Capt. James Gist, special aide to General Gist, and Dr. -Thomas L. Ogier, division surgeon, both died of fever at -Morton, lamented by their comrades. Captain Gist and -Doctor Ogier were both identified with the brigade of -General Gist from its earliest history, and were greatly -loved and respected as efficient and faithful officers.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>SOUTH CAROLINIANS IN THE CHANCELLORSVILLE -CAMPAIGN—SERVICE OF KERSHAW'S AND McGOWAN'S -BRIGADES—A GREAT CONFEDERATE -VICTORY.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">After</span> the defeat of General Burnside's attempt to -drive the Confederate army from its position in -rear of Fredericksburg, both armies went into winter -quarters, and remained inactive until about the middle -of April, 1863. In January, General Burnside was -removed from command, and Gen. Joseph Hooker, who -had commanded the center grand division of Burnside's -army, was placed in command of the army of the Potomac, -and charged with the task of capturing Richmond. -Upon assuming command, General Hooker published his -general orders, No. 1, in which he contrasted the merits -of his army with those of General Lee's in the following -sentences: "In equipment, intelligence and valor the -enemy is our inferior. Let us never hesitate to give him -battle, wherever we can find him." It is hardly possible -that such language could have disparaged the character -of General Lee's army in the estimation of the Federal -soldiers who had so often felt the force of its "equipment, -intelligence and valor."</p> - -<p>President Lincoln was not willing to give General -Hooker so great a trust without warning and serious -admonition, which he embodied in the following letter, -under date of January 26, 1863:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>General: I have placed you at the head of the army -of the Potomac. Of course, I have done this upon what -appears to me to be sufficient reasons. And yet I think -it best for you to know that there are some things in -regard to which I am not quite satisfied with you. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> -believe you to be a brave and skillful soldier, which, of -course, I like. I also believe you do not mix politics with -your profession, in which you are right. You have confidence -in yourself, which is a valuable if not an indispensable -quality. You are ambitious, which within reasonable -bounds does good rather than harm. But I think -that during General Burnside's command of the army you -have taken counsel of your ambition and thwarted him -as much as you could, in which you did a great wrong -both to the country and to a most meritorious and honorable -brother officer. I have heard in such way as to -believe it, of your recently saying that both the army and -the government needed a dictator. Of course it was not -for this, but in spite of it, that I have given you the command. -Only those generals who gain success can set -up as dictators. What I now ask of you is military success, -and I will risk the dictatorship. The government -will support you to the utmost of its ability, which is -neither more nor less than it has done and will do for all -commanders. I much fear the spirit you have aided to -infuse into the army of criticising their commander and -withholding confidence from him will now turn upon you. -I shall assist you as far as I can to put it down. Neither -you, nor Napoleon, if he were alive again, could get any -good out of an army while such a spirit prevails in it. -And now beware of rashness—beware of rashness; but -with energy and sleepless vigilance go forward and gain -us victories.</p> - -<p> -Yours very truly,<br /> -A. Lincoln.<br /> -</p></blockquote> - -<p>How far the anxious President's candid letter influenced -the generalship of the new commander may be -seen by what follows in description of his unhappy experiences -in "finding the enemy" and testing his "inferior -equipment, intelligence and valor."</p> - -<p>On April 30, 1863, the Federal army under Hooker had -133,708 men "actually available for the line of battle," -organized in seven corps; the First under Reynolds, the -Second under Couch, the Third under Sickles, the Fifth -under Meade, the Sixth under Sedgwick, the Eleventh -under Howard, the Twelfth under Slocum. The artillery -included 370 guns, of all calibers. The cavalry force -outnumbered General Lee's three to one.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p> - -<p>General Lee's army was numerically not as strong as -at the battle of Fredericksburg, Longstreet having been -sent south of the James with the divisions of Hood and -Pickett, and Hampton's cavalry brigade having been sent -into the interior to recruit its horses. Lee's army confronting -Hooker numbered of all arms, on the 1st of -April, 53,303, with 170 pieces of artillery. McLaws and -Anderson commanded the divisions of Longstreet's corps -present, and Early, A. P. Hill, Rodes and Colston commanded -Jackson's divisions; W. H. F. Lee and Fitzhugh -Lee commanded the two brigades of cavalry under -Stuart, and General Pendleton the artillery battalions of -Alexander, Crutchfield, R. L. Walker, Brown, Carter, -Andrews and McIntosh. McGowan's brigade, on April -29th, occupied the same position it held in the battle of -December 13th.</p> - -<p>By the 29th of April, three of Hooker's corps, the Fifth, -Eleventh and Twelfth, had marched up the Rappahannock, -crossed at Kelly's ford, and were marching for -Germanna and Ely's fords on the Rapidan, on Lee's left -flank. The Second corps crossed at the United States -ford on the 30th, and at night Hooker was at Chancellorsville -with four corps of his army, covering all -approaches to that position. On the same day he ordered -up the Third from in front of Fredericksburg, and by noon -on May 1st he was in position around Chancellorsville -with five army corps. General Sedgwick, with the remaining -two corps, the First and Sixth, had crossed below -Fredericksburg, and was demonstrating as if for attack. -General Hooker was so much elated by the success of this -concentration, that he published a field order congratulating -his army on its "brilliant achievements," and declared -that General Lee must "ingloriously fly" before -such a combination, else "certain destruction awaits -him, should he give us battle on our own ground." -<i>Nous verrons</i>.</p> - -<p>On the 29th of April, General Lee had decided that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> -Hooker's main attack was to be expected from the troops -marching on Chancellorsville, and that the operations in -his front at Fredericksburg were only demonstrations in -force to deceive him. He made his dispositions at once, -and leaving Early and Barksdale and the reserve artillery -for the defense of the position at Fredericksburg, with -the main army marched to meet Hooker at Chancellorsville. -The divisions of Anderson and McLaws were -advanced on the main approaches, the plank road and old -turnpike, and became engaged with Hooker's advance on -both roads, early on the 1st of May, about 4 miles -from General Hooker's headquarters. Jackson, with his -three divisions, was in supporting distance, and in immediate -charge of the advance. Pressing forward, on both -roads, the Federals were driven back upon the line immediately -around Chancellorsville, in which they were -strongly protected by natural and prepared defenses.</p> - -<p>On the evening and night of the 1st, General Lee put -his troops in position across the plank road and fronting -General Hooker's line. Lee's right extended as far as -the mine road, and his left was in front of and beyond -the Catherine furnace. General Hooker's line extended -as far as the river on his left, and on his right along -the road to Germanna's ferry (the old turnpike) for a -distance of 3 miles. This line was covered from end to -end by a vast forest, which hid its extent from observation, -and was protected by abatis of fallen timber, rifle-pits, -breastworks of logs, earthworks, etc. The forest -also hid General Lee's line, and by the activity of the -cavalry on his flanks, General Hooker was led to magnify -both its strength and its length.</p> - -<p>Hooker was so strong in front that General Lee determined -to attack beyond his fortified line. On the night -of the 1st he held a long conference with General Jackson, -as a result of which General Jackson was ordered to -lead his three divisions early in the morning to the extreme -right and rear of General Hooker's line, and assault<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> -with vigor. Lee was to stand in Hooker's front with -McLaws' and Anderson's divisions, and Early was to -keep back Sedgwick. Jackson marched with 26,000 men, -and left Lee in front of Hooker with 14,000. The wilderness -was his defense. It hid his weakness and screened -Jackson's march.</p> - -<p>Kershaw's brigade, with McLaws—the Fifteenth, -Lieut.-Col. Joseph F. Gist; Seventh, Col. Elbert Bland; -Third, Maj. R. C. Maffett; Second, Col. J. D. Kennedy; -James' battalion, Lieut.-Col. W. G. Rice, and Eighth, -Col. John W. Henagan—was in the second line of battle -at Zoar church on May 1st, and next day formed in the -front line before Chancellorsville, with thirteen companies -thrown forward in the dense woods, under Maj. -D. B. Miller, James' battalion, engaged in continually -pressing the enemy.</p> - -<p>Jackson's three divisions were commanded by Gens. -A. P. Hill, R. E. Rodes and R. E. Colston. His South -Carolina brigade, in Hill's light division, was now commanded -by Brig.-Gen. Samuel McGowan, who was colonel -of the Fourteenth South Carolina under the lamented -Gregg, and when that gallant and accomplished soldier -fell at Fredericksburg, was promoted to take command -of the brigade, thenceforth known in the army of Northern -Virginia as McGowan's brigade. McGowan's brigade, -after being engaged in skirmishing, and under artillery -fire on the 1st, moved out with Hill's division early -on the 2d. As soon as the First regiment left the cover -of the woods, said Col. D. H. Hamilton, it was subjected -to the "most trying ordeal to which any troops could be -subjected. As soon as we reached the open ground, we -were exposed in open and full view to the batteries of -the enemy, and under a deliberate and annoying fire, we -passed those batteries in review. My regiment stood the -ordeal well. Projecting hills soon screened us from further -annoyance, and our march was rapidly and success<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>fully -continued until we reached a position beyond Chancellorsville, -in rear of the enemy's line of works."</p> - -<p>By 4 p. m. on the 2d, General Jackson was on the Germanna -Ford road, and in rear of the right flank of General -Hooker. The forest enveloping him covered his deployments, -and his three divisions were put in line of battle, -one behind the other, and marched up the road, and -actually began the attack from the rear and flank before -General Hooker's troops knew that they were being -approached by a Confederate force. The Eleventh corps, -General Howard, held the Federal right. Jackson's front -line was led by Rodes, and so impetuous was the attack, -and so complete the surprise, that the divisions of Howard -were at once thrown into confusion and soon into rout. -Rodes pressed on up the road and through the forest, -followed by Colston and then by Hill, the great Jackson -directing the advance. It was known that the enemy -had a fortified line at the Talley house, and a second at -Melzi Chancellor's house. Jackson's order was to carry -the position at Talley's, and to move right on against the -second at Chancellor's. Both were carried, and the entire -right of Hooker's line defeated and driven back to the -heights of Chancellorsville. Now, late in the day, -General Jackson ordered A. P. Hill's division to relieve -the divisions of Rodes and Colston at the Chancellor -house. It was at this juncture, while Hill's division was -taking position, that General Jackson, he and his staff -being mistaken in the darkness for Federal cavalry, was -fired upon and mortally wounded. Gen. A. P. Hill was -soon afterward wounded, and the command of Jackson's -corps devolved upon General Rodes for a time. General -Stuart was then summoned, and the night of the 2d was -spent by that active soldier in arranging for the morning's -attack.</p> - -<p>At sunset, McGowan's brigade had reached that part -of the field that had been cleared of the enemy by Rodes'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> -division, leaving roads and fields strewn with the Federal -dead. Colonel Hamilton's report continues:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Passing beyond, we were drawn up in line, by order of -General McGowan, on the plank road, the Fourteenth -regiment being deployed, and covering our front as skirmishers. -Here we were subjected to a heavy fire of -shells, which was annoying, but did not do us much damage. -About 11 o'clock orders were given to advance, and -the attempt was made, but either in consequence of the -impossibility of advancing through the pine thickets, or -a change of orders, the order was countermanded. At -midnight the brigade was marched to a position in front -of the enemy's breastworks, with Brigadier-General Lane -on our left and Brigadier-General Archer on our right.</p></blockquote> - -<p>At dawn on the 3d, Stuart's line was arranged for a -renewal of battle, and by sunrise he moved forward, -Archer's brigade, on the extreme right, being charged -with the duty of uniting with General Anderson's left, -and so reuniting Lee's separated wings. The battle of -Chancellorsville was won by 10 a. m., by the united -assaults of the two wings coming together at the center, -where the victorious advance of Stuart and Anderson and -McLaws swept back the heroic resistance which Hooker's -broken forces made around the heights, and drove them -from the entire field of battle.</p> - -<p>In this, the final and crowning assault of that great battle, -the two South Carolina brigades, under McGowan and -Kershaw, bore an honorable and memorable part. Kershaw -on the right with McLaws, and McGowan on the -left with Stuart, were in the front lines of advance, and -carried their troops to the extreme limit of the great victory. -The sacrifice which Carolina offered at Chancellorsville -was costly, indeed. Over 550 of her sons were -killed and wounded in the battle of the 3d, and that at -Salem church on the 4th, in which last engagement -General Lee defeated Sedgwick and drove him over the -Rappahannock, turning upon his advance toward Chancellorsville -with the divisions of Anderson, McLaws and -Early.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p> - -<p>Of the part taken by McGowan's brigade, General -Heth, commanding Hill's division, said:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I ordered Generals McGowan and Archer to move forward.... -The light division forming the front line, -opened the battle of Chancellorsville.... Lane's brigade, -supported by part of Heth's brigade, and McGowan's -brigade advanced and charged the enemy behind -his breastworks and supported by twenty-nine pieces of -artillery. I cannot conceive of any body of men ever -being subjected to a more galling fire than this force. -The brigades, notwithstanding, drove the enemy from -his works and held them for some time.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Passing beyond the breastworks, the brigade soon -became very hotly engaged, but on account of the oblique -movement of Archer's brigade on their right, that flank -was exposed and they were compelled to hold the line of -works they had taken. Here, in the midst of a desperate -fight, General McGowan and his able and gallant adjutant-general, -Capt. A. C. Haskell, were severely wounded. -Col. O. E. Edwards, of the Thirteenth, assumed brigade -command, but this heroic soldier, exposing himself with -characteristic intrepidity, was soon mortally wounded. -Col. D. H. Hamilton, of the First, then took charge of the -brigade. Here, also, the brigade suffered an irreparable -loss in the fall of the accomplished Col. James M. Perrin, -of the First rifles, who was mortally wounded at the -breastworks. Among the gallant dead of McGowan's -brigade were Lieuts. E. C. DuBose and C. P. Seabrook, -of the First; Lieut. H. L. Fuller, of the Thirteenth, and -Lieut. J. H. Fricks of the First rifles. Sergt. L. A. -Wardlaw, Color-bearer G. S. Bell and Private T. R. -Puckett, of the Rifles, were wounded bearing the colors. -Maj. G. McD. Miller, of the Rifles, was severely wounded. -The total loss of the brigade was 46 killed and 402 wounded. -Col. Abner Perrin commanded the Fourteenth, and -was in command of part of the brigade in the last charge. -The Twelfth was not engaged.</p> - -<p>The advance of Kershaw's brigade, early on the 3d,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> -suffered the loss of its gallant leader, Capt. G. B. Cuthbert, -Second regiment, who fell with two wounds that -caused his death. About 9 o'clock, General Kershaw -reported, "the whole line advanced to the attack of -Chancellorsville, and by 11 o'clock our troops were -in possession of the position, the skirmishers only having -been engaged. Moving over to the turnpike road to -form a new front, under orders from the major-general -commanding, I was directed by Gen. R. E. Lee to move -with General Mahone toward Fredericksburg, to check -the advance of a column of the enemy reported coming -up from that point, along the plank road." This movement -brought Kershaw's brigade into the battle of Salem -Church, in which the Third regiment and part of James' -battalion were engaged, on the right of Wilcox's brigade. -Late in the evening of the 4th, the brigade took part in -the engagement at Banks' ford, driving the enemy across -the river. They spent all the night beating the thickets for -Federals, finding only straggling prisoners; bivouacked -at 4 a. m., arose at sunrise, and gathered over 800 stand -of arms. About noon they marched to a point near the -United States ford, and relieved Heth's brigade, and on -the 6th, after the heavy rain had ceased, advanced and -found there were no Federals on the south side of the -Rappahannock.</p> - -<p>Colonel Henagan's regiment was with General Jackson -from the 2d. The loss of Kershaw's brigade was not -great, 11 killed and 89 wounded; but the death of Captain -Cuthbert and Capt. C. W. Boyd, of the Fifteenth, who -fell together before Chancellorsville, <i>par nobile fratrum</i>, -was deeply mourned. They were young men of the -brightest promise, of commanding talents, high social -position, and most attractive personality.</p> - -<p>General Hooker's loss at Chancellorsville was greater -than Lee's. The former lost in both wings, according to -his statement before the committee on the conduct of the -war, 17,197; by the returns in the War Records, 1,575<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> -killed, 9,559 wounded, 5,711 prisoners or missing. General -Lee's loss was 1,581 killed, 8,700 wounded. Both generals -lost artillery, Lee eight pieces and Hooker thirteen, -with 1,500 rounds of ammunition. General Lee gathered -from the field, besides tents and army stores of various -kinds, 19,500 rifles and muskets, and over 300,000 rounds -of infantry ammunition.</p> - -<p>After the battle, in his general orders of congratulation, -General Lee recommended that the troops "unite -on Sunday next, in ascribing to the Lord of Hosts the -glory due unto His name," and quoted the following letter -from President Davis:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>General Lee: I have received your dispatch, and reverently -unite with you in giving praise to God for the -success with which He has crowned our arms. In the -name of the people I offer my thanks to you and the -troops under your command for this addition to the -unprecedented series of great victories, which your army -has achieved. The universal rejoicing produced by this -happy result, will be mingled with general regret for the -good and brave who are numbered among the killed and -wounded.</p></blockquote> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>OPERATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA—OPENING OF GILLMORE'S -CAMPAIGN AGAINST FORT SUMTER—THE -SURPRISE OF MORRIS ISLAND—FIRST ASSAULT ON -BATTERY WAGNER—DEMONSTRATIONS ON JAMES -ISLAND AND AGAINST THE RAILROAD—ACTION -NEAR GRIMBALL'S LANDING.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">The</span> attempt of Admiral Du Pont and Major-General -Hunter to reduce and capture the outer defenses -of Charleston on April 7, 1863, having been signally -repulsed, and the ironclad squadron badly crippled, both -of those officers were relieved, and the energies and -resources of the Federal government concentrated upon -the capture of Morris island. Brig.-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore -took command in place of General Hunter, and Rear-Admiral -J. A. Dahlgren supplanted Du Pont. General -Gillmore had confidently expressed his ability to reduce -Fort Sumter from Morris island, and was an officer of -recognized energy and skill. After the defeat of April -7th, it was well known in Washington that Admiral -Du Pont had lost faith in the fighting qualities of his iron -fleet, and General Hunter, in communicating with the -government at Washington, had several times complained -of "the inactivity of the admiral." The failure of the -general himself to do more than organize raiding parties, -which pillaged plantations, burned planters' residences, -mills and barns, and were invariably driven back to the -ubiquitous gunboat protection, must have impressed his -superiors unfavorably. General Hunter complained of -his removal from command as a reflection upon his military -conduct, but Mr. Lincoln assured him that he was -held in high esteem, that no reflection upon him was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> -meant, and that other and controlling reasons had determined -the appointment of Gillmore.</p> - -<p>On quitting the Stono, after the repulse of the ironclads -on April 7th, General Hunter had left a brigade, -under Brigadier-General Vogdes, on Folly island, with -light artillery and some cavalry. This brigade had orders -to conceal its encampments among the sand-hills, and in -the dense woods and behind the growth of the island, and -so effectually carried out the directions, that the force on -Folly island baffled the attempts made to locate it or determine -its strength. The island was unassailable by the Confederate -forces on James island, and there were no troops -in the department to spare for an attack from Morris -island, across Lighthouse inlet. General Vogdes was -known to be on Folly island with some force, but what he -was doing, or what he was there to do, was a matter of -frequent discussion, and was certainly never determined -until Gillmore developed his force on Stono inlet, when -Morris island, Battery Wagner and Fort Sumter were -seen to be his objectives.</p> - -<p>The department commanded by General Beauregard -had been stripped almost bare to reinforce other points. -Against this depletion of his infantry, General Beauregard, -the governor of the State, the mayor of Charleston, -and numerous prominent citizens had remonstrated, but -the reply of the secretary of war was both inevitable and -unanswerable: "It cannot be helped, however much it -is deplored."</p> - -<p>Gillmore's force of all arms amounted to 10,950, supplied -with field batteries and siege guns of the highest capacity, -supported in the Stono and on its left flank by a flotilla of -gunboats, and on the right by the admiral's armored -fleet. For the immediate defense of the city, General -Beauregard had in position, on the islands and in the -forts and batteries, a total of 5,841 men: On Morris -island 927, on James island 2,906, on Sullivan's island -1,158, and in the city 850.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> - -<p>Morris island, the selected point of real attack, lies -along the main ship channel, about 3½ miles in length, -north and south, its north end, Cummings point, being -three-quarters of a mile south by east from Fort Sumter. -At Cummings point, Battery Gregg, named in honor of -Brig.-Gen. Maxcy Gregg, mounted guns of the heaviest -caliber which the department could command. This -battery was an important outpost of Fort Sumter, and -one of the strong defenses of the harbor. Three-quarters -of a mile south of Battery Gregg stood, square across a -narrow neck of the island, Battery Wagner, named in -honor of Lieut.-Col. Thomas M. Wagner. Wagner -touched the beach on its sea flank, and Vincent's creek -on its west flank, covering the whole island width of -about 280 yards. It is noteworthy that the Star of the -West battery, which fired the first gun of the war, was -located, in January, 1851, just in advance of the ground -on which Wagner stood.</p> - -<p>At the time of which we write (July, 1863), Battery -Wagner mounted two heavy guns on the sea face, and -some twelve or more, of lighter caliber, on the south and -west faces. It was a strong earthwork, constructed of -compact sand, upon which the heaviest projectiles produced -little effect, with well-built traverses protecting -the guns from the sea fire, high merlons, thoroughly -protected magazine and bomb-proof, with a strong -parapet on the north or gorge face, for the protection -of the opening. The salients on the east and west -were flanked by infantry and howitzer fire. The barbette -guns of Sumter, distant a mile and a half from Wagner, -commanded its immediate approaches from the south, -while from the parapet of Sumter, with a good glass, -Morris island for its entire length was in plain view for -observation.</p> - -<p>Late in May, General Ripley, commanding the defenses -of Charleston, became dissatisfied with the progress -of constructing batteries on the extreme south end of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> -Morris island, designed to prevent an attack by boats -from Folly island. The enemy's strength on the latter -island was unknown, boats and barges were at Vogdes' -command, and if two or three thousand troops were to -make a determined attack, Ripley felt unprepared to -meet it. These representations were made by him to -General Beauregard on the 24th of May, and the work -on the south end was pushed slowly forward by an inadequate -force. Meanwhile General Gillmore had come into -command, and by the middle of June was preparing his -plans for attack at the south end of Morris island.</p> - -<p>When the attack came, on the early morning of July -10th, it was a surprise and overwhelming. Gillmore had -put forty-seven guns and mortars in battery, facing the -nine separate 1-gun batteries of the Confederates, within -three-eighths of a mile of the rifle-pits, and without their -knowledge. Observant officers and men were satisfied -that batteries were being constructed on Folly island, -but so well was the work screened, that not until the -brushwood was cut away, the embrasures opened out, -and the fire opened, did the little force on the south end -of Morris island, or the general commanding the district, -or General Beauregard, realize the true character of the -attack that had been so secretly prepared. "With -lookout stations on the ruins of the old lighthouse on -Morris island; on the mast-head of a wrecked blockade-runner, -off Lighthouse inlet, and at Secessionville on -James island, there was yet no discovery of these Federal -works. So far from it, that General Ripley (district -commander) reports, that 'up to the 8th or 9th of July -the enemy, so far as ascertained, had constructed no -works on Folly island, except to shelter his pickets -from our shells.'" (Johnson's "Defense of Charleston.") -On this subject Major Gilchrist says, in his pamphlet -on the defense of Morris island, himself a participant in -that defense:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>It has always been a vexed question on whom should -rest the blame for the neglect of this strategic point. -There were mutual recriminations and much bad blood -between those who were thought to be responsible for -the success of the Federals on July 10th, which involved -the destruction of Fort Sumter and the long and bloody -siege of Wagner. But the truth is, General Beauregard -did not believe an attack would be made by this route, -and was firmly persuaded that the enemy would again -essay an advance by way of James island. He therefore -withdrew the negro laborers from Morris island to -strengthen the fortifications elsewhere, leaving the Gist -Guard and Mathewes' artillery to finish half-completed -Fort Wagner. And when General Ripley, on his own -responsibility, and by his own engineer, commenced to -fortify the neighborhood of Lighthouse inlet, he commanded -the work to stop. Later, when it was discovered -that General Vogdes was doing some work—its extent -unknown—on Folly island, General Ripley again, with -the tardy consent of General Beauregard, sent two companies -of the First South Carolina artillery, Capt. John -C. Mitchel commanding, who, with the assistance of the -Twenty-first South Carolina, Col. R. F. Graham, built -among the sand-hills of the south end of Morris island -nine independent 1-gun batteries, which were eventually -to meet the concentrated fire of forty-seven guns in the -masked batteries on Folly island, and 8, 11 and 15-inch -guns in the monitors.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The writer of the pamphlet quoted cannot have been -aware of the fact, that as early as March 10th General -Beauregard had ordered the south end of Morris island -fortified, that the work was promptly begun, and that -when General Ripley complained, May 24th, of its slow -progress, Capt. Langdon Cheves, of the engineers, was -prosecuting it with an inadequate force, and no wood -material furnished, necessary for magazine and bomb-proof. -As a precautionary measure the works were -ordered by General Beauregard, and more appreciated -as being necessary by General Ripley, but neither of these -generals expected them to be attacked except by boat -howitzers and rifle guns of light batteries covering an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> -attack by infantry landing from small boats. In such an -attack the batteries on the south end, supported by 1,000 -men, could have successfully repelled the enemy. If an -attack at that point should come, it was looked for only in -that shape.</p> - -<p>On July 4th, from his headquarters at Hilton Head, -General Gillmore issued his order for the disposition of -two divisions designed to attack Morris island. The -First was commanded by Brigadier-General Terry, its -brigades by Brigadier-General Stevenson and Colonel -Davis; the Second by Brigadier-General Seymour, -its brigades by Brigadier-Generals Vogdes and Strong. -The brigade of Vogdes was already on Folly island, -and had been since April 7th; Strong landed on the 6th -of July, and Stevenson subsequently.</p> - -<p>On the 9th, General Beauregard telegraphed Mr. Davis -of the presence in Stono and off the bar of thirty-eight -vessels and five monitors, and at noon of the same day -to Governor Bonham, and to Richmond, that "an attack -on Sumter along Folly and Morris islands is evidently -imminent." General Mercer, at Savannah, and General -Whiting, at Wilmington, were asked for support, and -Generals Hagood and Walker were ordered to hold all -available troops in the Second and Third districts in readiness -to march or take the cars for Charleston at a moment's -warning.</p> - -<p>The batteries on Folly island were then under cover -and still unknown. The only certain indication of the -impending attack was reported by Capt. C. T. Haskell -early on the morning of the 9th. That gallant and energetic -officer had made a reconnoissance to the west of -Folly island, by boat, and had plainly discovered the -flotilla of barges and small boats in Folly Island creek, -"moored and ready for crossing." This reconnoissance -by Captain Haskell, and the landing of Strong's brigade -on Folly island, persuaded General Beauregard to look -for the attack on the south end of Morris island. How<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> -was he prepared to meet it? Eleven guns were in position, -in unconnected, detached batteries, three 8-inch -navy shell guns, two 8-inch howitzers, one 24 and -one 30 pounder rifled Parrott, one 12-pounder Whitworth, -and three 10-inch mortars. Rifle-pits were dug in front, -covering Oyster point. The guns were manned by 200 -artillerists from the First regulars, under Capts. John -C. Mitchel and J. R. Macbeth, and Lieut. H. W. Frost. -The infantry supports were 400 men of the Twenty-first, -under Maj. G. W. McIver, and one company of the First -South Carolina infantry, commanded by Capt. Charles -T. Haskell. The whole force amounted to 650 men!</p> - -<p>Against this defense General Gillmore was to make his -attack with forty-seven guns from his masked batteries, -the guns of four of the monitors, and a brigade of -infantry 3,000 strong, composed of four regiments and -two battalions of four companies each. Just at daylight -on the morning of the 10th, the guns on Folly island -were unmasked and opened their fire on the Confederate -detached batteries. The surprise was complete. The -gallant men and officers on duty were expecting an attack, -but such a volume and weight of metal was overwhelming. -But Mitchel and Macbeth ordered their guns -opened in reply, and McIver and Haskell manned the -rifle-pits.</p> - -<p>After the unequal combat of artillery had lasted about -two hours, General Strong advanced from the northwest -end of the island against McIver and Haskell. The few -guns left mounted were turned upon the flotilla of boats, -sinking a barge and killing and wounding many in the -boats, but the advance was unchecked, and the brigade -landed, stormed and carried the pits, and drove off the -little force remaining unhurt by the assault. The gallant -Haskell fell, cheering his men, sword in hand; Macbeth, -badly wounded, was taken prisoner; Lieut. John S. Bee -had fallen at his gun, and Lieut. T. H. Dalrymple on the -infantry line. Fighting yet the last guns, the contest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> -was ended by the charge of the Sixth Connecticut on the -rear and sea flank, met by the advance of General Strong -from the west side. The Connecticut regiment had -passed by the entire front and landed under cover of the -sand-hills, and took the batteries in reverse. It was an -unequal contest, but continued for hours. Seeing its -hopelessness, Colonel Graham ordered retreat upon Wagner, -covered by Nelson's South Carolina battalion, under -Maj. James H. Rion, which arrived just as the retreat -was ordered. Four monitors followed along, pelting the -retreating and almost exhausted Confederates with their -15-inch shell and showers of grape. Colonel Graham -reported a total loss in killed, wounded and missing, of -295; 183 in the Twenty-first, 12 in Captain Haskell's company, -and 100 in the artillery.</p> - -<p>The south end of Morris island was lost, and General -Gillmore immediately reinforced Strong, and General -Seymour took command of the division on Morris island, -now in a position to assault Battery Wagner. On the -9th, General Terry, with about 4,000 men, had sailed up -the Stono, supported by gunboats, and made such a -demonstration of landing on James island as to keep all -the troops there, under Colonel Simonton, under arms, -and to turn others, arriving from Charleston, in that -direction. Reports from James island, coming to the -commanding general on the morning of the 9th, made it -doubtful, for a time, where the most formidable attack -was to be made, but the concentration of force on Morris -island, and the action of the squadron, soon settled all -doubts as to General Gillmore's designs.</p> - -<p>Wagner was reinforced as soon as the troops could be -sent over, and during the night of the 10th the garrison -was increased to 1,000 infantry and 200 artillerists. A -gallant band of Georgians, under Col. C. H. Olmstead, -came to stand on the ramparts by the side of their Carolina -brethren. There were thus assembled, for the -defense of the fort, the following commands:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p> - -<p>Infantry: Twenty-first South Carolina, Major McIver; -Seventh South Carolina battalion, Maj. J. H. Rion; -Company D, First South Carolina regular infantry, Lieut. -J. M. Horlbeck; four companies First Georgia, Col. C. H. -Olmstead; four companies Twelfth Georgia battalion, -Lieut.-Col. H. D. Capers; three companies Eighteenth -Georgia battalion, Maj. W. L. Basinger. Artillery: -Detachments of Companies E, I and H, First South -Carolina regular artillery, Capt. John C. Mitchel; Gist -Guard, Capt. C. E. Chichester, and the Mathewes artillery, -Capt. J. R. Mathewes. Lieut.-Col. Joseph Yates -commanded the batteries, and Colonel Graham the fort. -Colonel Graham kept his force in the fort under arms -and on watch, all night, while Major Rion covered the -front with 150 skirmishers. The infantry was stationed, -in support of the guns, from right to left, in the following -order: Seventh South Carolina battalion, Twelfth -Georgia battalion, Twenty-first South Carolina, First -South Carolina infantry, Eighteenth Georgia battalion, -First Georgia volunteers.</p> - -<p>At dawn on the 11th the assault came and the pickets -were driven in. The attacking column was led by four -companies of the Seventh Connecticut, Lieutenant-Colonel -Rodman, followed by the Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania -and the Ninth Maine. The Third and Seventh -New Hampshire formed the reserve. The Connecticut -detachment charged gallantly and followed Rion's pickets -so closely that they were nearly at the left salient of the -fort before the fire opened, the light being so imperfect -that it was difficult to distinguish an object 100 yards in -advance. The Georgians on the left opened the fire of -the infantry, and then in rolling succession every gun was -fired. The ranks of the Seventh Connecticut were broken -and swept away, and the Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania -was so stunned by the fire as to halt and lie down. -Recovering, they arose and made for the center of the fort, -while the Ninth Maine charged gallantly at the right sal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>ient. -It was all in vain. The withering fire of canister -and musketry broke up the ranks, and the whole column -retreated in wild confusion. General Strong blamed the -Seventy-sixth for his failure to carry the fort, because -they halted and fell on the ground under "the sudden, -tremendous and simultaneous fire" which they met. -But that same fire would have had an identical effect -upon them if they had not lain down, as it had when they -rose and rushed to the charge. No regiment can preserve -its line of assault under the fire of canister from a dozen -guns and the continued discharge of 1,000 rifles. If the -two New Hampshire regiments had followed this first -assault, and they, in turn, had been followed by still a -third column of attack, they might have carried the fort; -but to attempt its assault with two regiments and a battalion -of four companies was to presume upon the character -of its defenders and the strength of its defense.</p> - -<p>General Strong reported his loss at 8 officers and 322 -non-commissioned officers and soldiers. Colonel Graham -lost 1 officer and 5 soldiers killed, and 1 officer and 5 soldiers -wounded. Capt. C. Werner, of the First Georgia, -was the officer killed, and all the casualties in the fort -were among the Georgia troops.</p> - -<p>Four monitors, lying a mile off, bombarded Wagner on -the 10th, and on the morning of that day, Capt. Langdon -Cheves, the engineer of Fort Wagner, just after receiving -the intelligence of the death of his gallant kinsman, was -killed in the fort by a fragment of shell, fired from one -of the monitors, the first shot fired at the fort that day. -Captain Cheves was an accomplished engineer, a devoted -patriot and a gallant soldier. Battery Wagner was built -under his direction, and his name, with those of others -hereafter to be mentioned, who gave their lives in its -defense, will be forever commemorated in its history.</p> - -<p>Gillmore's third demonstration, on July 10th, the -attempt to cut the railroad at Jacksonboro, was a failure. -It was made by Col. T. W. Higginson, commanding a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> -regiment of recently enlisted negroes. With three armed -steamers he ascended the South Edisto under the cover -of a dense fog, until arrested at Willtown bluff by the -obstructions in the river. Landing at that point a force -of 100 or more Confederates, a section of artillery, without -infantry supports, was surprised in camp and driven -off, 2 men being taken prisoners. Removing the obstructions, -Colonel Higginson steamed up the river with the -purpose of burning the railroad bridge at Jacksonboro. -At Dr. Glover's plantation, about 3 miles from the bridge, -he encountered a section of Capt. George Walter's battery, -under Lieut. S. G. Horsey, and after an action of -an hour's duration the boats were beaten and turned -down stream. Col. H. K. Aiken, commanding the -Second military district, sent a section of the Marion artillery, -Lieut. Robert Murdoch, to the plantation of Mr. -Gibbes, below; and being joined at this point by Lieutenant -White, with the section which had been surprised at -Willtown bluff, the two sections caught the boats on their -retreat, and badly crippled them. One of the vessels -was set on fire and burned to the water's edge, and two -of them made their escape out of the Edisto.</p> - -<p>Colonel Higginson reported that the vessel destroyed -grounded on the obstructions, was abandoned and fired -by her commander, while Colonel Aiken reported her set -on fire by shells from the section at Gibbes'. Two brass -rifled guns were taken from the wreck and added to -Aiken's artillery on the river. Higginson carried off -over 100 negroes, several bales of cotton, burned the -barns of Colonel Morris, and pillaged the residences in -the neighborhood of Willtown bluff. Colonel Aiken had -2 men wounded and 2 captured. Colonel Higginson -reported 3 killed and several wounded, himself among -the latter. This expedition and the demonstration of -General Terry on James island, were made at the same -time as the attack on the south end of Morris island, and -were intended to mask that important movement.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p> - -<p>General Terry was still on James island on the 16th, -with his forces at Battery island and Grimball's on the -Stono, and at Legaré's on the Folly river side of the -island. They were attacked at Grimball's and Legaré's -on the 16th by General Hagood, and driven down on -Battery island. They embarked at that point and -evacuated the island on the following night. In this -affair General Hagood commanded portions of Clingman's -North Carolina and Colquitt's Georgia brigades, -and the Twenty-fifth South Carolina under Lieut.-Col. -J. G. Pressley, Colonel Simonton riding with General -Colquitt to give that general the benefit of his accurate -knowledge of the island. Perkins' (Marion) battery followed -and engaged with Colquitt's column at Legaré's, -and the North Carolinians, under Col. J. D. Radcliffe, -with artillery under Colonel Kemper, attacked the gunboats -Marblehead and Pawnee in the Stono above Grimball's. -Colquitt's attack at Legaré's, led by the Twenty-fifth -South Carolina, was followed by the quick retreat of -the force before him, and that at Grimball's retired on -Battery island before Colonel Radcliffe had defeated the -gunboats above the point. General Hagood reports -that his troops were under the fire of the gunboats mainly; -that the troops of the enemy were mostly negroes and -behaved poorly; that his loss was 3 killed, 12 wounded -and 3 missing, and that of the enemy, as far as ascertained, -30 killed on the field and 14 taken prisoners.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>SECOND ASSAULT ON BATTERY WAGNER—SIEGE OF -WAGNER AND BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SUMTER—EVACUATION -OF MORRIS ISLAND.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">The</span> bloody repulse of the assault on Battery Wagner, -July 11th, left General Gillmore in possession -of two-thirds of the island, Colonel Graham holding -the northern end for about a mile, with his outposts -about 200 yards in advance of Wagner on a sand ridge. -It was determined to hold Wagner to the last, and to -relieve the garrison frequently by sending over fresh -troops at night. Such reliefs were landed at Cummings -point and marched up to Wagner, always subject to the -shells of the fleet and the fire of Gillmore.</p> - -<p>In what follows in this chapter the writer has taken -the facts stated mainly from the official reports; the -admirable pamphlet of Major Gilchrist, already referred -to; and the account given by the accomplished engineer -on duty at Fort Sumter, Maj. John Johnson, in his valuable -book on the "Defense of Charleston Harbor."</p> - -<p>Gen. W. B. Taliaferro, who had commanded a division -in Jackson's corps, army of Northern Virginia, and was -now serving under General Beauregard, was ordered to -take command on Morris island on the 13th of July, and -relieved Colonel Graham on the 14th. He reported the -enemy had his pickets three-quarters of a mile in front; -was busy erecting batteries along the hills 1,300 and -2,000 yards distant; that his riflemen were annoying, and -that the fleet had thrown some 300 shell and shot during -the day. On the night of the 14th, General Taliaferro -ordered Major Rion to make a reconnoissance of the -position in front, and gave him command of 150 men for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> -this purpose, detachments from Colonel Graham's garrison—Seventh -South Carolina battalion, Twenty-first -South Carolina, Twelfth and Eighteenth Georgia, and -Fifty-first North Carolina. Major Rion was directed to -drive in the enemy's pickets and feel his way until he -encountered a supporting force. The duty was gallantly -and well done. Rion pushed the pickets back, first upon -their reserves and then upon a brigade in position, and -moved on them so rapidly that the fire of the brigade -was delivered into its retreating comrades. Accomplishing -the purpose of the reconnoissance, Rion withdrew to -the ridge 200 yards in advance of the fort.</p> - -<p>Graham's gallant garrison was now relieved and Fort -Wagner occupied by the Charleston battalion, Lieut.-Col. -Peter C. Gaillard; Fifty-first North Carolina, Col. -Hector McKethan; Thirty-first North Carolina, Lieut.-Col. -C. W. Knight; the companies of Capts. W. T. Tatom -and Warren Adams, of the First South Carolina infantry -(drilled as artillery); Captains Dixon's and Buckner's companies, -Sixty-third Georgia infantry and heavy artillery; -section of howitzers, De Saussure's artillery, under Capt. -W. L. De Pass, and a section of howitzers under Lieut. -L. D. Waties, First South Carolina artillery. Lieut.-Col. -J. C. Simkins was in command of all the batteries, -as chief of artillery.</p> - -<p>The right flank was assigned to Lieutenant-Colonel -Gaillard, the center to Colonel McKethan, and the left -to Lieutenant-Colonel Knight. The mortar battery, -which fired at intervals of thirty minutes, was under -charge of Captain Tatom. Outside the fort, two of Colonel -Gaillard's companies, under Capt. Julius Blake, held -the sand-hills along the beach and the face extending -from the sally-port to the beach.</p> - -<p>The artillery commands fired on the Federal working -parties and the monitors at intervals. The bombardment -was continued by the fleet throughout the 15th, 16th and -17th, three hundred or more heavy shot and shell being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> -thrown on each of these days. The casualties in the fort -were not numerous, and the damage done in the day was -repaired at night. Meanwhile the enemy's land batteries -were pressed forward, the nearest being within the -fort's range.</p> - -<p>On the morning of the 18th, the batteries in front and -the fleet on the flank opened on Wagner a concentrated -fire from guns of the heaviest caliber. The Ironsides, -five monitors and the gunboats Paul Jones, Ottawa, Seneca, -Chippewa and Wissahickon, steamed within close -range. General Gillmore's 10-inch mortars, 10, 20 and 30 -pounder Parrott rifles, thirty-six pieces of powerful artillery, -all opened on the fort, and kept up the bombardment -for the whole day and until 7:45 in the evening. -Major Johnson's careful estimate is that the bombardment -was from a total of sixty-four guns and mortars. Wagner, -Gregg, Sumter, Moultrie and batteries on James island -replied, but the fire from the island and from Moultrie -was at too great a range to be effective. The bombardment -became heaviest about midday, and for nearly eight -hours one hundred guns, in attack and defense, were filling -the air with clouds of smoke and peals of thunder. -Most of the men were kept in the bomb-proof. The gun -detachments filled the embrasures with sand-bags and -covered the light pieces in the same way, keeping close -under the merlons. Gaillard and Ramsay stuck to the -parapet on the right, and the gallant battalion stuck to -them. With only the protection of the parapet and the -merlons, "with an heroic intrepidity never surpassed," -says General Taliaferro, "the Charleston battalion maintained -their position without flinching during the entire -day."</p> - -<p>As night came on, General Seymour formed his column -of three brigades for the assault. We quote from his -report:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>It was suggested to me that the brigade of General -Strong would suffice, but it was finally understood that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> -all the force of my command should be held ready for -the work. The division was accordingly formed on the -beach and moved to the front. It consisted of three fine -brigades: The First, under Brigadier-General Strong, was -composed of the Forty-eighth New York, Colonel Barton; -Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania, Captain Littell; Third -New Hampshire, Colonel Jackson; Sixth Connecticut, -Colonel Chatfield; Ninth Maine, Colonel Emery, and -Fifty-fourth Massachusetts [negro troops], Colonel Shaw. -The Second brigade, under Colonel Putnam, consisted of -the Seventh New Hampshire, Lieutenant-Colonel Abbott; -One Hundredth New York, Colonel Dandy; Sixty-second -Ohio, Colonel Pond; Sixty-seventh Ohio, Colonel Voris. -The Third brigade was commanded by Brigadier-General -Stevenson, and consisted of four excellent regiments.</p></blockquote> - -<p>General Strong's brigade was to lead, with the Massachusetts -regiment in front; Colonel Putnam's promptly -to support General Strong, "if it became necessary," -and Stevenson's was held in reserve. The hour of twilight -was selected "to prevent accurate firing by the -enemy". The bayonet alone was to be used by the -assailants. "The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts, a colored -regiment of excellent character, well officered, with full -ranks, that had conducted itself commendably a few days -previously on James island, was placed in front." Then, -says Seymour, "the First brigade launched forward. -It had not moved far, before the fort, liberated somewhat -from the presence of our fire, opened with rapid discharges -of grape and canister, and its parapet was lit by -a living line of musketry. More than half the distance -was well passed when, present myself with the column, -I saw that to overcome such resistance, overpowering -force must be employed."</p> - -<p>Seymour, now wounded, ordered up Putnam, as Strong's -brigade "as a mass had already retired, although detached -portions, principally from the Forty-eighth New -York and Sixth Connecticut, with the colors of those -regiments, still clung to the fort." Putnam at first -declined to obey General Seymour, alleging that he had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> -Gillmore's order to remain where he was. Meanwhile, -portions of the Sixth Connecticut and Forty-eighth New -York were vainly endeavoring to scale the parapet or -were bravely dying on its crest. Some had gained the -crest and the interior of the southeast salient, where the -defense was assigned to the Thirty-first North Carolina. -This regiment, which had an honorable record, and was -yet to distinguish itself on many a field, was seized with -panic in the bomb-proof at the first alarm and could not -be got to the parapet. The whole bastion was undefended -by infantry at the crisis of the attack.</p> - -<p>Finally, Putnam came on and met the grape and canister -and musketry of the fort, which broke his column to -pieces. He gallantly led the mass of survivors against -the left bastion, and mounting the parapet, entered the -bastion enclosure with a hundred or more of his men. -Here they maintained themselves for an hour until finally -overcome, Colonel Putnam being killed, and the whole -Federal attacking force on the outside of the bastion -retreating along the beach. On leaving the field, impressed -with the force and character of the defense, General -Seymour had twice ordered the brigade under General -Stevenson to follow Putnam, but the order was not -obeyed, and that brigade took no part in the action. In -the above account of the attack we have followed the -report of General Seymour.</p> - -<p>General Taliaferro says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>As the enemy advanced, they were met by a shower -of grape and canister from our guns, and a terrible fire of -musketry from the Charleston battalion and the Fifty-first -North Carolina. These two commands gallantly maintained -their position and drove the enemy back quickly -from their front, with immense slaughter. In the meantime, -the advance, pushing forward, entered the ditch and -ascended the work at the extreme left salient of the land -face, and occupied it. I at once ordered Lieutenant-Colonel -Gaillard to keep up a severe enfilading fire to his -left, and directed the field pieces on the left of the fort -outside the sally-port to direct their fire to the right, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> -as to sweep the ditch and exterior slope of that part of -the work thus occupied, thus preventing the escape or -reinforcement of the enemy at that point. The main -body of the enemy, after a vain attempt to pass over our -field of fire, retreated under the fire of our artillery and -the shells of Fort Sumter.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Calling for volunteers to dislodge the force in the salient, -Maj. J. R. McDonald, Fifty-first North Carolina, -and Captain Ryan, Charleston battalion, promptly -responded, with their men. Ryan was selected and -ordered to charge the salient. Instantly leading his men -forward, he was killed in front of them, and this caused -his command to hesitate and lose the opportunity. Fighting -bravely, the Connecticut men and those of Putnam's -brigade clung to the parapet and the interior of the salient, -and suffered from the fire of the Fifty-first North -Carolina whenever they exposed themselves above the -work, or made any advance toward the interior of the -fort. It was now past 10 o'clock, and General Hagood -reached the fort with the Thirty-second Georgia. This -regiment was sent along the parapet on the left and took -position on the bomb-proof, and so completely commanded -the force in the salient, that on demand they surrendered.</p> - -<p>Thus the second assault on Wagner terminated after a -bloody and heroic struggle. It cost the Confederates -a small loss in numbers, but a rich sacrifice in the character -of the men who lost their lives in its splendid defense. -Lieutenant-Colonel Simkins, standing on the -ramparts and cheering his artillery, fell in the heat of -the battle, "a noble type, living and dying, of the gentleman -and the brave soldier." Capt. William H. Ryan, -devoted to his adopted country, honored and prized by his -comrades, the gallant chief of the Irish volunteers, was -killed leading them against the force who occupied the -salient. Capt. William T. Tatom, an educated soldier, -cool, true and brave, fell by the side of his guns. Maj. -David Ramsay, worthy to stand by the side of the heroic -commander of the Charleston battalion, type of the cul<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>tured -citizen, worthy of the blood of Henry Laurens, -scholar, soldier and hero, yielded his life at Battery -Wagner, an offering of his love for South Carolina, -though he had opposed her secession from the Union he -cherished. The commanding general lost his gallant -aide, Capt. P. H. Waring, who was killed by the side of -his chief. Two others of his staff, Capt. W. E. Stoney, -adjutant-general, and Capt. H. D. D. Twiggs, were -severely wounded. The total loss in the fort was 181; -5 officers and 31 soldiers killed; 17 officers and 116 soldiers -wounded; 1 officer and 4 soldiers captured. The -Federal loss reported was 1,515; 28 officers and 218 soldiers -killed; 75 officers and 805 soldiers wounded; 8 officers -and 381 soldiers captured. Among the slain were -Brigadier-General Strong and Colonels Putnam, Chatfield -and Shaw. Each of these officers displayed the highest -gallantry, and died on the rampart or in the immediate -front of the attack.</p> - -<p>Major Gilchrist, describing the scene of conflict the -morning after the battle, thus speaks of the heroic dead: -"In the salient and on the ramparts they lay heaped -and pent, in some places three deep. Among them Colonel -Putnam, with the back part of his head blown off; -still the remarkable beauty of his face and form evoked -from his victorious foes a sigh of pity. On the crest, -with but few of his "sable troop" beside the flag he had -vainly planted, was the corpse of the youthful Colonel -Shaw." The wounded, Confederate and Federal alike, -were sent to the hospitals in Charleston, and received -every attention from the medical corps. The Federal -dead were buried on the field "to be unearthed again by -the advancing sap and Federal shells."</p> - -<p>We extract from the reports and accounts the following -incidents: By the explosion of a 15-inch shell and the -falling of tons of sand, General Taliaferro was so completely -buried that it was necessary to dig him out with -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>spades. During the heaviest period of the bombardment, -about 2 p. m., the flag halyards were cut and the -flag fell into the fort. Instantly Major Ramsay, Lieutenant -Readick, Sixty-third Georgia (artillery), Sergeant -Shelton and Private Flinn, Charleston battalion, sprang -upon the parapet, raised and refastened the flag. Seeing -the flag fall, Capt. R. H. Barnwell, of the engineers, -seized a battle-flag and planted it on the ramparts. -Again the flag was shot away, and Private Gilliland, -Charleston battalion, immediately raised and restored it -to its place. Lieut. J. H. Powe, of the First South Carolina -artillery, so distinguished himself at his gun as to -be specially and conspicuously mentioned, with Lieutenant -Waties and Captains Adams, Buckner, Dixon and -De Pass, for unsurpassed conduct. Lieut.-Col. D. B. -Harris, chief engineer of the department, came down to -the fort in the midst of the terrific cannonade. His cool -and gallant bearing and well-known ability and judgment -inspired confidence and contributed to the morale of the -garrison. The signal made by General Gillmore to -Admiral Dahlgren, fixing twilight as the time of assault, -was read by the Confederate signal corps and duly transmitted -to General Beauregard.</p> - -<p>Maj. Lewis Butler, Sixty-seventh Ohio, in Colonel -Putnam's column, was by the side of that officer when -he was killed. He bore testimony to the care of the Federal -wounded, saying that General Beauregard's order directed -"that special care be taken of the wounded captured -at Wagner, as men who were brave enough to go in there -deserved the respect of the enemy;" and that "the -effects, money and papers, belonging to members of the -Sixty-seventh Ohio who died in Charleston hospital, were -sent through the lines by flag of truce."</p> - -<p>About the 11th of August, during a heavy fire on Wagner, -a 15-inch shell burst in one of the gun chambers, doing -much damage, and mortally wounding and killing several -at the gun. Among the former was First Sergt.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> -T. H. Tynes, Company A, Lucas' battalion of artillery. -Capt. John H. Gary, seeing his gallant sergeant fall, -went at once to him, and was overcome by the sight of -his terrible wound. "I am dying, Captain, but I am -glad it is me, and not you." Devoted to his sergeant, -Gary burst into tears, when Tynes gasped, almost with -his last breath, "I can be spared; but our country can't -spare you, Captain." His noble-hearted captain fell at -the same gun the next day. Gary was an accomplished -young officer, of the highest promise, beloved and honored -by his command, and distinguished for his personal -gallantry.</p> - -<p>Speaking of Wagner and its remarkable strength, -Major Johnson, than whom no more competent judge -could testify as to the qualities of a defensive work, pays -this tribute:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Not only had the massive earthwork proved the thoroughness -of its plan and construction by its wonderful -endurance, but the batteries had been so well protected -on the faces of the work as to admit of their being put -into immediate condition and readiness for action. This -was due to the thoughtful and energetic measures adopted -during the day, such as stopping the embrasures with -sand-bags, and even covering many of the lighter guns on -the land side so as to prevent them from injury until -they were needed. Most of all, the care taken to preserve -the magazine from danger was now to be proved and -rewarded.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Brigadier-General Davis, at that time colonel of the -One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania, and in Gillmore's -command, says of Wagner in "Annals of the -War," Philadelphia Times, 1879: "This was one of the -strongest earthworks ever built, and gave evidence of the -highest order of engineering ability."</p> - -<p>After the signal defeat of this last attempt, July 18th, -to carry Battery Wagner by storm, General Gillmore -proceeded to lay siege to the fort, and approached by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> -regular sap.<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> The limits of this history will not permit -a detailed account of this most interesting period of the -history of Battery Wagner and Fort Sumter. In Major -Johnson's book the full record will be found, and in the -reports and correspondence published by act of Congress, -the history and progress of the siege are related in every -particular.</p> - -<p>The following incidents embracing a period of fifty days -are given from the records: On July 20th the fort was -subjected to a combined attack by the batteries on land -and water, and on the 23d, the second parallel was opened -within 870 yards of the fort. Another attack from the -fleet and the batteries followed on the 24th, and for five -hours the fort was assaulted by the bombardment. During -this period Wagner, Gregg and the batteries from -James island fired incessantly on the enemy's working -parties. Daily for the remainder of the month of July, -the fleet assaulted the fort, and the land batteries fired -throughout the night. On August 10th the third parallel -was established, 540 yards distant. During this night -Wagner, Sumter and the James island batteries drove off -the enemy's working parties. The heavy guns of the -enemy being advanced, he opened breaching batteries on -the gorge wall of Sumter, firing over Wagner, and the -fleet engaged Fort Sumter.</p> - -<p>Covering the period August 16th to 26th, Major Johnson -makes the notes following:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>August 16th. Engineers' working force, 350 to 450, -having been engaged day and night for six weeks, has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> -converted the two faces of Sumter nearest to Morris island -into a compact redan of sand, encased with brick, having -a height of 40 feet and general thickness of 25 feet, with -portions of the gorge 35 to 40 feet thick. Upward of -twenty guns have been removed from the armament -since July, leaving but thirty-eight for the present service -of the fort.</p> - -<p>August 17th. First day of the great bombardment of -Fort Sumter; 948 shot from eleven guns on Morris island -and from the fleet. Wagner and Gregg under fire from -the land batteries and fourteen vessels. Wagner fought -the fleet with three guns for more than an hour. Capt. -J. M. Wampler, of the engineers, was killed at Wagner.</p> - -<p>August 18th. Fourteen guns from Morris island firing -on Sumter; three ironclads, five gunboats, and siege -batteries on Wagner.</p> - -<p>August 19th. The Ironsides fires on Wagner all day -and fifteen guns from breaching batteries on Sumter. -Working parties stopped by Wagner's picket fire from the -ridge in front.</p> - -<p>August 20th. Eighteen guns fire on Sumter, one -being a 300-pounder Parrott rifle; range from 3,447 to -4,290 yards. Twenty-five thousand pounds of powder -removed from the fort. Wagner shelled all day by fleet, -Ironsides and four gunboats. Marsh battery (between -Morris and James islands), designed to fire upon Charleston -at 7,000 yards, completed by the enemy.</p> - -<p>August 21st. More powder (9,700 pounds) removed -from Sumter. General Gillmore demands the surrender -of Fort Sumter with the immediate evacuation of Morris -island. Assault made on "the ridge" in front of Wagner -and repulsed. General Gillmore on Morris island, in his -demand for Sumter and the evacuation of the island, -gave General Beauregard four hours to answer, failing in -that time to receive his reply he threatened to fire upon -the city, and did so, its sleeping inhabitants having no -notice whatever. This act of uncivilized warfare was -properly rebuked by General Beauregard, and due time -was allowed for the removal of women and children, and -the hospitals, with their sick and wounded.</p> - -<p>August 22d. Sixth day for Sumter. Only four guns -left in serviceable condition. Main flagstaff falling, colors -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>were flown from the crest of the gorge. A night -attack by five monitors, firing about fifty shells in the -direction of the western magazines, was serious. The -fort replied with two guns, firing six shots, the last fired -from its walls. The monitors drew a heavy fire on themselves -from Fort Moultrie. The rear-admiral, desiring -to "force the obstructions," prepared three or four times -to do so, but never reached them. Casualties, 5 wounded.</p> - -<p>August 23d. Seventh day. Sumter soon reduced to -one gun (Keokuk's) in good condition, and two guns -partly serviceable. Work pressed to secure magazine -from danger of another attack by monitors firing in -reverse. Flagstaff twice shot away; more powder -shipped; casualties, 6 wounded. The fort is breached -and demolished by seven days' firing (total, 5,009 rounds) -at the close of the first period of the great bombardment.</p> - -<p>August 24th. Council of defense held by the chief -engineers and colonel commanding. The second period -opens with only one-fourth of the daily rate of firing -hitherto received. General Gillmore urges upon the rear-admiral -the scheme of cutting off communications from -Morris island by picket-boats off Cummings point. Second -failure to carry "the ridge" in front of Wagner (25th).</p> - -<p>August 27th to 29th. Capture of "the ridge" and pickets -of Morris island by Union charge (26th). Three -days of nearly suspended firing on Sumter.</p> - -<p>August 30th. Heavy shelling of Fort Sumter from -the breaching batteries; casualties, 5; damages caused -by the 10-inch rifle (300-pounder) very severe. Recovery -of guns by night from the ruins, and shipment to city by -gang under Asst. Eng. J. Fraser Mathewes. This night, -transport steamer Sumter with troops, fired upon by mistake -and sunk by Fort Moultrie.</p> - -<p>August 31st. Fort Sumter received only fifty-six shots. -Fort Moultrie engaged with four monitors for four hours, -suffering no damage. Maj.-Gen. J. F. Gilmer announced -as second in command at Charleston.</p> - -<p>September 1st. Mortar firing on Wagner disabled four -guns. Fort Sumter suffers again from the heavy Parrotts, -382 shots, and in the night from the ironclad squadron, -245 shots, crumbling the walls and threatening the -magazine as before; casualties, 4; the fort had not a gun -to reply. This attack of the ironclads ends the second -period of the first great bombardment. The work of -saving guns from the ruins and removing them to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> -inner harbor began on the night of August 27th, and proceeded -regularly from this date forward.</p> - -<p>September 2d. Desultory fire on Fort Sumter. The -sap approaches within 80 yards of Wagner.</p> - -<p>September 3d and 4th. Wagner under fire and returning -it, assisted by Gregg and the James island guns. On -the night of the 4th, Major Elliott relieved Colonel Rhett -in command of Fort Sumter. Failure, same night, of -the plan to assault Cummings point (Battery Gregg).</p> - -<p>September 5th. Slow fire from batteries and New -Ironsides on Wagner. The assault on Battery Gregg, -Cummings point, made and repulsed on the night of 5th.</p> - -<p>September 6th. Head of sap opposite the ditch (east) -of Wagner.</p></blockquote> - -<p>This was the last day of Wagner's defense, and the -fifty-eighth day of the attack by land and sea. The sap -had progressed on the sea face so far as to enable a large -force to move on that flank and gain the rear of the fort, -while the whole front was covered by the last parallel -within 50 yards of the fort. The fire of the fleet and -mortar fire from the trenches, with incessant fire along the -parapet by the land batteries, made it fatal work for most -of the fort's sharpshooters, and the gun detachments.</p> - -<p>The garrison of the fort at this memorable period was -as follows: Col. Lawrence M. Keitt, commanding; -Maj. H. Bryan, adjutant-general; Capt. Thomas M. -Huguenin, First South Carolina infantry (artillery), -chief of artillery; Capt. F. D. Lee and Lieut. R. M. -Stiles, engineers; Lieut. Edmund Mazyck, ordnance -officer. The artillery: Captain Kanapaux's company, -Lafayette South Carolina artillery; Company A, First -South Carolina infantry (artillery), Lieut. J. L. Wardlaw; -Company A, Second South Carolina artillery, Capt. -W. M. Hunter; Company E, Palmetto battalion artillery, -Capt. J. D. Johnson. The infantry: Twenty-fifth South -Carolina, Lieut.-Col. John G. Pressley; Twenty-seventh -Georgia, Maj. James Gardner; Twenty-eighth Georgia, -Capt. W. P. Crawford. The total for duty was less than -900 men and officers, infantry and artillery.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p> - -<p>During the day of the 6th, about 100 casualties were -reported by Colonel Keitt. On this day Colonel Keitt, -after consulting his engineers, reported to General Ripley -the situation at the fort as desperate and recommended -its evacuation, and added: "If our sacrifice be of benefit, -I am ready. Let it be said so, and I will storm the -enemy's works at once.... Before day dawns we should -assault him if we remain here. Answer positively and -at once." This dispatch was sent at 3:15 p. m., and at -5 o'clock General Ripley signaled Colonel Keitt to -prepare to leave the fort at night. The evacuation was -successfully accomplished, the rear guard leaving Cummings -point at 1:30 a. m. on the 7th. The infantry having -left the fort by midnight, its command was turned -over to the rear guard, under Captain Huguenin, 25 men, -Company A, First South Carolina infantry (artillery), -10 men, Twenty-fifth South Carolina, under Lieuts. F. B. -Brown, R. M. Taft and James A. Ross. Capt. C. C. -Pinckney, ordnance officer of the First district, Lieut. -Edmund Mazyck, ordnance officer of Wagner, were also -present and assisting Captain Huguenin.</p> - -<p>At 12:30 the rear guard was withdrawn from the parapet -and marched out of the fort for Cummings point. -Huguenin, Pinckney, Mazyck, Ross and Ordnance Sergeant -Leathe alone remained to lay the slow match -which had been carefully prepared. Captain Huguenin -reports: "In five minutes the train was fixed." Captain -Pinckney reports regarding the spiking of the guns: -"The vents of most of the pieces were greatly enlarged. -In most cases the spikes dropped in loosely, and we were -obliged to use two or three of them. We could have -remedied this by driving them in and hammering the -edges over the orifice, but absolute quiet was obviously -necessary." The 10-inch columbiad was prepared for -bursting. Ross took the lanyard and Huguenin gave the -order: "The last gun from Battery Wagner, fire!" -The primer failed! Another failed! A cartridge from a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> -Whitworth rifle was opened and the vent primed, but from -some unknown cause the piece could not be fired. The -fire from the parapet having ceased, and the enemy -being just under the fort, Captain Huguenin lit the slow -match to the magazine. The fuse burned brightly and -the officers left the fort. But no explosion followed! -The fort was under the fire of mortars, and doubtless a -bursting shell cut, or put out the fuse; and the disabled -fortress remained for the enemy's inspection.</p> - -<p>At Battery Gregg, Capt. H. R. Lesesne successfully -spiked his two 10-inch guns, spiked and threw overboard -the other pieces, and fired the magazine. The -transportation for the garrisons of Wagner and Gregg was -skillfully collected at Cummings point and managed with -perfect order by Lieut.-Col. O. M. Dantzler, Twentieth -South Carolina.</p> - -<p>The Confederate ironclads Palmetto State and Chicora -sent their boats to assist in taking off the command of -Colonel Keitt. The enemy's guard-boats from the rear -of Morris island were very active and attacked the transport -furiously, at long range. Overtaking two small -boats, carrying some forty-odd men, under Lieutenant -Hasker of the Confederate navy, they took both boats, -and thus the Federal navy secured the only prisoners -taken during the evacuation.</p> - -<p>Referring to Major Johnson's journal of August 21st, -25th and 26th, and September 5th, mention is there made -of attacks on "the ridge" in front of Wagner, and on Battery -Gregg. These events will now be noticed more in -detail. On the 21st, a force of the enemy charged the -ridge and were repulsed, but established their line -behind sand hillocks within 20 yards of the picket line. -Lieutenant-Colonel Dantzler, with the Twentieth South -Carolina, reinforced the pickets, crossed the ridge, and -drove back the force in the hillocks, re-establishing the -vidette stations and inflicting severe punishment on the -intruders. General Hagood, commanding at the time at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> -Battery Wagner, reported the gallant and zealous service -of Colonel Dantzler, and the splendid conduct of his -command on this occasion.</p> - -<p>On the 25th, the attack on the ridge was repeated with -more determination and was repulsed with heavy loss to -the assailants, and 25 casualties on the part of the defense. -The fire of Wagner's picket line from the ridge -had been so faithful and so effective that Gillmore's chief -engineer reported that the sap could not advance unless -it was silenced. "The engineer officers of the sap -express the earnest wish that the enemy be driven out of -the ridge with the bayonet."</p> - -<p>On the 26th, General Gillmore "ordered General Terry -to take and hold the ridge, and placed the resources of -the command at his disposal for that purpose." On the -evening of the 26th a Federal brigade charged and carried -the coveted prize, capturing 67 prisoners, the larger -part of the force holding the ridge. The engineer in -charge of the sap remarked upon the position: "Rude -rifle-pits in the excellent natural cover afforded by the -ridge, were found, and sand-bags of a superior quality -had been freely used for loopholes and traverses."</p> - -<p>On September 5th, the signals between General Gillmore -and Admiral Dahlgren apprised General Ripley of -an intended boat attack by way of Vincent's creek on -Battery Gregg, to be made that night. Gregg was accordingly -ready for it. It came about 1:30 o'clock on -the morning of the 6th, and is reported by Captain -Lesesne as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I ordered the guns trained on the most probable point -of attack, double loaded with canister, one 10-inch gun -bearing on the beach in front and one on the extreme -point in rear. Two 12-pounder howitzers were placed -on the beach to the right of the work (under Lieut. E. W. -Macbeth, First regular infantry) from the right of Battery -Gregg to the beach. The artillery was supported by -Major Gardner, commanding the Twenty-seventh Georgia. -The enemy advanced from the point in about twenty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> -boats; when within 100 yards of the beach I opened -upon them with the 10-inch gun, followed by the howitzers. -The infantry commenced firing shortly afterward. -The enemy returned the fire with their boat howitzers -and musketry. A few succeeded in landing but quickly -returned to their boats. After the fire had been kept up -for about fifteen minutes the whole force retreated. Our -casualties were 1 man mortally and 5 slightly wounded.</p></blockquote> - -<p>General Gillmore signaled to Admiral Dahlgren, who -had furnished the boats and crews, that he found Gregg -prepared for the attack and had failed.</p> - -<p>During the siege of Wagner, General Gillmore had -established a picket post at the mouth of Vincent's -creek, on the James island side. Lieut.-Com. A. F. -Warley, of the Chicora, with a launch and crew, and -Capt. M. H. Sellers, with a detachment of the Twenty-fifth -South Carolina in boats, the whole under the guidance -of J. Fraser Mathewes, attacked and captured this -picket on the 4th of August, Captain Sellers losing one -of his gallant followers. The night following, Lieut. -Philip Porcher, on the unarmed steamer Juno, with a -crew armed with rifles, was out along Morris island -reconnoitering the fleet. Encountering an armed launch -of the frigate Wabash, Porcher ran her down, attacked -her crew with his rifles and received her surrender, with -most of the crew. The launch was turned over to Commodore -Tucker for his use in the harbor.</p> - -<p>The account of the defense of Battery Wagner may -well be concluded with the following extract from Major -Johnson's work:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The hardships of defense in Wagner were certainly -greater while they lasted than those endured in Sumter.... After -the 17th of August, when the breaching batteries -of Morris island were opened on Sumter and its -demolition assured, the holding longer of the northern -end of the island might appear to have been unnecessary. -General Gillmore says truly: "Neither Fort Wagner nor -Battery Gregg possessed any special importance as a -defense against the passage of the ironclad fleet. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> -were simply outposts of Fort Sumter. Fort Wagner in -particular was specially designed to prevent the erection -of breaching batteries against that fort. It was valueless -to the enemy if it failed to accomplish that end, for -the fleet in entering was not obliged to go within effective -range of its guns." Why, then, was it held? The answer -is, General Beauregard estimated it, if no longer an outpost -of Fort Sumter, as indeed an outpost of the city of -Charleston. He held it long enough to enable him to -gain three weeks in perfecting the defenses of James -island and the inner harbor.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The following dispatches between General Gillmore -and Admiral Dahlgren, sent during the period July 22d -to September 2d, and read by the Confederate signal -corps, will show from the enemy's point of view how the -conduct of Wagner was regarded, and how her fire damaged -her adversaries:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>July 22d. Dahlgren: We agree that a third assault -of Fort Wagner cannot be made at the present time. I -have made two that were unsuccessful and do not feel -authorized to risk a third just now.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 16th. Dahlgren: I shall open on Fort Sumter -at daylight. Can you commence on Wagner as early as -that?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 16th. Gillmore: The monitors will commence -to move at six and will open soon after. If it is an -object to you, I will open fire earlier, but the tide is very -bad before 6 o'clock for the monitors.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 16th. Dahlgren: If I find the fire from Wagner -too hot, I will stop firing from my advanced batteries until -you get the monitors into action against Wagner.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 17th. Dahlgren: What do you think of the -morning's work?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 17th. Gillmore: Sumter seems greatly damaged. -What do you think?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 17th. Dahlgren: I am satisfied with the firing -thus far. The gorge wall is covered with shot holes.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 19th. Dahlgren: I am now pushing my approaches -to Fort Wagner, and need cover against sorties. -I think I can destroy the traverse and dismount the heavy -gun on the sea front of Wagner with the assistance of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> -powerful fire from the New Ironsides. If that big gun -were out of the way, could a couple of monitors be within -400 or 500 yards of Wagner all the time, night and day? -A deserter says there are at least twenty Quaker guns on -the parapet of Sumter.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 19th. Gillmore: I am going in with the monitors -to feel of Sumter. If the enemy's fire is heavy, -please get your batteries in action.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 21st. Dahlgren: The enemy's sharpshooters -are annoying our advanced batteries seriously. Can you -have it stopped?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 21st. Gillmore: I will try to do so.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 21st. Dahlgren: The fire of Fort Wagner is -very galling. Cannot your monitors keep it down?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 21st. Dahlgren: My approaches are suspended -on account of the sharpshooters on Fort Wagner. Can -you keep down that fire?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 21st. Gillmore: I am going in with the ironclads -to Sumter, and shall open about 11:30 o'clock. -Please give the necessary directions in order that I may -not be fired into.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Gillmore: I have just returned from -above. The Passaic, which was some distance in advance, -got ashore. It took so much time to get her off, -that when I was informed of the fact I would have had -but little time to make the attack before daylight, so it -was unavoidably postponed for to-night.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Dahlgren: I received your dispatch stating -that your attack is postponed until to-night. I think -with our batteries in operation against Sumter she cannot -fire a gun at you even in the daytime, if she has any -to fire, which I doubt.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Gillmore: It is not of Sumter that I am -apprehensive, but of Moultrie and adjacent forts; but -most all of Sumter's have been sent to Moultrie, which -makes no difference in the fire. This I am inclined to -endure rather than have a monitor ashore to defend or -destroy, which would change the whole course of operations.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Gillmore: Wagner is firing rapidly. I -fear she will dismount some of our guns.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Turner</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Dahlgren: Wagner is firing very rapidly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> -There is great danger of dismounting our guns. What -can you do to stop it?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Gillmore: I will send up some monitors -at once.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Turner: Can you not keep down Wagner's -fire with mortars, 30-pounders, Parrotts and sharpshooters?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Gillmore: Is the fire of the ironclads -effectual in silencing the sharpshooters at Fort Wagner?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Dahlgren: Between the gunboats and -our batteries, Wagner's fire has been considerably kept -under.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Dahlgren: Are you going to attack to-night?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 22d. Gillmore: Yes, if the weather will permit.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 23d. Dahlgren: What did you ascertain as to -the condition of Sumter?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 23d. Gillmore: It was so foggy that but little -could be ascertained. We received a very heavy fire from -Moultrie. The admiral is now asleep.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">O. C. Badger</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 23d. Badger: Did you receive any fire from -Fort Sumter?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 23d. Gillmore: She fired two or three times -only, when we first opened.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Badger</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 26th. Gillmore: Would it be convenient for -you to open a heavy fire on Sumter, sustaining it until -nightfall?</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 26th. Dahlgren: I can open a pretty strong -fire on Sumter, if you deem it necessary. One of my -8-inch guns is burst, and others are nearly expended. -Do you think Sumter has any serviceable guns? My calcium -lights can operate to-night on Sumter and the harbor, -unless you wish otherwise, and we can arrange for -investing Morris island.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 26th. Gillmore: I am going to operate on the -obstructions and a portion of my men will be without -cover. I do not fear heavy guns from Sumter, but wish -to keep down the fire of small guns. Your fire will help -me very much. I am sorry that your guns are giving -out.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 26th. Dahlgren: I shall be able, I think, to -light up the waters between Fort Sumter and Cummings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> -point, so that no small boats can approach the latter -without being seen by your picket boats.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 26th. Turner: Open all the guns in the left -batteries on Sumter and keep them going through the -day.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 26th. Gillmore: To-night I shall need all the -darkness I can get. If you light up you will ruin me. -What I did want was the active fire of your batteries this -afternoon on Sumter.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 27th. Dahlgren: Can I take from your vessel -another 8-inch gun and a 100-pounder? I have burst -three 8-inch guns in all. We took 68 prisoners, including -2 officers, and gained 100 yards toward Wagner yesterday.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 27th. Gillmore: You can take the guns with -pleasure. My attempt to pass the forts last night was -frustrated by the bad weather, but chiefly by the setting -in of a strong flood tide.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 27th. Dahlgren: Can you spare me some 200-pounder -shells? My supply is very low. A constant fire -on Sumter is more than my guns can stand very long. -I have lost three 200-pounders.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 29th. Gillmore: Much obliged. All your fire -on Sumter materially lessened the great risk I incur.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>August 29th. Gillmore: I will let you have either -guns or projectiles, as many as you wish, if you will -inform me how much you require.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>September 1st. Gillmore: We have dismounted two -guns on Sumter and injured one this a. m. But two -remain. We are firing with great accuracy.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Lookout</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>September 1st. Gillmore: I am glad the batteries are -doing good execution. I hope you will give me the full -benefit of your fire, as I intend to be in action to-night, -if nothing prevents. I would advise great care in handling -the hand grenades, as one of my men was killed -and two wounded by a very ordinary accident.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>September 2d. Gillmore: I think your fire on Sumter -may be omitted to-day. Have just returned from above -and am trying to get a little rest. I do not know what -damage our fire did Sumter. My chief of staff wounded; -his leg broken.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Dahlgren</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p> - -<p>September 2d Adams: I wish to know if Sumter -fired at the monitors last night while they were in action. -Do not disturb the admiral if he is asleep, but please get -me the information, as it will determine whether I continue -firing on Sumter to-day.</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Gillmore</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>September 2d. Gillmore: Not to my knowledge.</p></blockquote> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> In his final report he said: "The formidable strength -of Fort Wagner induced a modification of the plan of operations, -or rather a change in the order previously determined upon. The -demolition of Fort Sumter was the object in view as preliminary to -the entrance of the ironclads.... To save valuable time, it was -determined to attempt the demolition of Sumter from ground already in -our possession, so that the ironclads could enter upon the execution of -their part of the programme, ... and arrangements were at once -commenced, and the necessary orders given to place the breaching -guns in position. Arrangements were also made to press the siege -of Fort Wagner by regular approaches."</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN—GALLANT SERVICE OF -PERRIN'S AND KERSHAW'S BRIGADES—HAMPTON'S -CAVALRY AT BRANDY STATION.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">The</span> spring had gone and summer had opened in -Virginia, when, seeing no indications of aggressive -movement on the part of the Federal army lying -opposite him on the Rappahannock, General Lee determined -to draw it from his Fredericksburg base and compel -it to follow his movements or attack him in position. -General Lee's plan involved the movement of his army -by its left to Orange and Culpeper, the crossing of the -Blue ridge into the Shenandoah valley, the crossing of -the Potomac, and the march of his whole force directly -on Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>The army of Northern Virginia was now organized in -three corps, commanded by Lieutenant-Generals Longstreet, -Ewell and A. P. Hill. Longstreet's division commanders -were McLaws, Pickett and Hood; Ewell's, -Early, Rodes and Johnson; A. P. Hill's, Anderson, -Heth and Pender. Still in the division of the gallant -McLaws, under Longstreet, associated with Barksdale's -Mississippians and Semmes' and Wofford's Georgians, -was the South Carolina brigade of Gen. J. B. Kershaw. -Also in the First corps were the batteries of Capt. Hugh -R. Garden (Palmetto) and Captain Bachman's German -artillery, with Hood's division, and the Brooks (Rhett's) -battery, Lieut. S. C. Gilbert, in Alexander's battalion of -Walton's reserve artillery. Gen. Micah Jenkins' South -Carolina brigade, of Pickett's division, Longstreet's -corps, was detached for special duty on the Blackwater, -in southeast Virginia, under Maj.-Gen. D. H. Hill. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> -the Third army corps (A. P. Hill's), South Carolina was -represented by McGowan's brigade, Hill's light division—North -Carolinians, South Carolinians and Georgians—now -being commanded by Pender, and the South Carolina -brigade by Col. Abner Perrin. Maj. C. W. McCreary -commanded the First regiment, Capt. W. M. Hadden -the First rifles, Capt. J. L. Miller the Twelfth, Lieut.-Col. -B. T. Brockman the Thirteenth, and Lieut.-Col. -J. N. Brown the Fourteenth. With the Third corps also -was the Pee Dee artillery, Lieut. W. E. Zimmerman. -In the cavalry corps of Maj.-Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, Brig.-Gen. -Wade Hampton commanded his brigade, including -the First and Second South Carolina cavalry, and Capt. -J. F. Hart's South Carolina battery was part of the horse -artillery under Major Beckham.</p> - -<p>Thus it will be seen that there were two infantry brigades, -five batteries, and two cavalry regiments of South -Carolina troops in the army of General Lee on this march -into Pennsylvania. Evans' and Gist's brigades were in -Mississippi with General Johnston, and Manigault's -brigade was with General Bragg's army at Chattanooga. -Attached to those commands or serving in the West, were -the batteries of Captains Ferguson, Culpeper, Waties and -Macbeth. Most of the South Carolina troops of all arms -were engaged in the defense of Charleston and the coast -of the State, then being attacked by a powerful fleet and -a Federal army.</p> - -<p>On June 7th the corps of Longstreet and Ewell, with -the main body of the cavalry under Stuart, were encamped -around Culpeper Court House; Hill's corps -being in position at Fredericksburg in front of General -Hooker. The latter, vaguely aware of a campaign at -hand, sent his cavalry, under General Pleasanton, up the -Rappahannock to gain information. Pleasanton crossed -his cavalry, supported by infantry and artillery, at Kelly's -and Beverly fords, and advanced upon Brandy Station, -one column approaching that railroad station from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> -northeast (Beverly ford), the other from the southeast -(Kelly's ford). The road from Beverly ford, before -reaching the station, passes over a high ridge on which -is the hamlet of Fleetwood. On the morning of June -9th, Jones' cavalry brigade was covering Beverly ford, -and Robertson's, Kelly's ford. The Federal columns -drove off the pickets at the two fords and marched -directly to the attack. Before Robertson's brigade had -assembled, General Stuart sent the First South Carolina, -Col. John L. Black, down the Kelly's Ford road to check -the advance until Robertson could take position. This -duty was well done by the First, until relieved by Robertson, -when the regiment went into battle on the Beverly -road with Hampton. As soon as the firing in front was -heard, General Hampton mounted his brigade and moved -from his camp rapidly through the station and over the -Fleetwood ridge to support Jones on the Beverly Ford road, -leaving the Second South Carolina, Col. M. C. Butler, to -guard the station. Throwing his brigade immediately -into action on the right of General Jones, and in support, -the division, after severe fighting, drove the column of -attack back. At this juncture the Federal force which -moved up the Kelly's Ford road had reached the railroad -and was taking possession of the Fleetwood ridge in rear -of the engagement on the Beverly Ford road. General -Stuart promptly ordered his brigades to concentrate upon -this, the main attacking force, and the battle followed -for the possession of the ridge. The brigades of Hampton, -Jones and W. H. F. Lee by repeated charges, front -and flank, swept the hill, captured the artillery which -had been placed on its summit, and drove the enemy in -full retreat for the river. His strong infantry and artillery -support checked the pursuit and covered his crossing. -The First South Carolina lost 3 killed and 9 wounded, -among the latter the gallant Captains Robin Ap C. Jones -and J. R. P. Fox.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the Second South Carolina had been fight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>ing, -single-handed, an unequal battle on the road running -from the station to Stevensburg, 5 or 6 miles south, and -beyond that place on the road leading to Kelly's ford. -A column of cavalry, with artillery, had advanced from -Kelly's toward Stevensburg with the evident intention -of moving up from that place to the support of the -attack at Fleetwood, and if it had reached the field of -battle in the rear of Stuart, might have turned the day in -Pleasanton's favor. But, being advised of this menacing -movement, General Stuart sent Colonel Butler's regiment, -220 strong, down the Stevensburg road to meet -and check it. Leading the advance of Butler's regiment, -Lieut.-Col. Frank Hampton met and drove back the Federal -advance beyond Stevensburg. Then Butler formed -his command across and to the left of the road at Doggett's -house, about 1½ miles beyond Stevensburg, -and stood ready to dispute the advance of the main -body of the enemy. Lieutenant-Colonel Hampton was -charged with the defense of the road, with a few sharpshooters -and one company, Capt. T. H. Clark's. Here -he held the right for a half hour, while Butler and Major -Lipscomb resisted the attack in the center and on the -left, the line of defense being nearly a mile in length.</p> - -<p>Massing his squadrons, the enemy charged the right, -and to break the force of the onset, Lieutenant-Colonel -Hampton, with 36 men, dashed forward at the head of -his column. He fell mortally wounded, and the onrushing -squadrons scattered his little band. Butler retired -his center and left up the Brandy Station road and took -post on an eminence at Beckham's house, where his command -was reinforced by a squadron from the Fourth -Virginia, sent by General Stuart and led by Capt. W. D. -Farley of his staff. While holding this position a shell -from one of the enemy's batteries passed through Colonel -Butler's horse, shattered his leg below the knee, and -mortally wounded the gallant Farley. The artillery fire -was sweeping the road and the hill, and the Federal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> -squadrons were forming to charge, when the men offered -to bear Farley off. Smiling, with grateful thanks, he -told them to stand to their rifles, and to carry Butler out -of the fire. Then, with expressions of resignation to his -fate and devotion to his country, he expired on the field. -Major Lipscomb took command and drew off slowly -toward Brandy Station. But the battle had been won for -the Confederates at Fleetwood, and Lipscomb soon had -opportunity to advance and drive the Federals before him -in the general retreat, until he posted his pickets at the -river. In this famous cavalry battle Stuart captured 375 -prisoners, 3 pieces of artillery and several colors.</p> - -<p>A few days later, being satisfied that General Lee was -beyond his right flank in force, Hooker began moving -his army to keep between Lee and Washington. Meanwhile -Ewell marched upon Milroy at Winchester in the -Valley, attacked and captured 4,000 prisoners and 28 -pieces of artillery, and cleared the Valley for Lee's -advance.</p> - -<p>General Lee now ordered up A. P. Hill's corps to join -in the march for the Potomac. Kershaw's brigade, with -McLaws, marched to Sperryville on the 16th, thence to -Ashby's gap, where Rice's battalion rejoined the command, -crossed the Shenandoah at Berry's ford on the -20th, recrossed and formed line of battle to meet a threatened -attack on the 21st, and then continuing, crossed the -Potomac on the 26th and encamped near Williamsport. -Reaching Chambersburg, Pa., on the 28th of June, they -remained there until the 30th, then marching to Fayetteville. -McGowan's brigade, with A. P. Hill, also occupied -a position near Fayetteville on the 29th. Stuart's -cavalry, moving on Longstreet's right flank, left General -Hampton on the Rappahannock to watch the enemy. On -the 17th, Fitzhugh Lee's brigade made a splendid fight at -Aldie, but Pleasanton occupied that place with a large -force, and Stuart called Hampton and his other scattered -commands together at Middleburg. Here he was at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>tacked -by cavalry, infantry and artillery on the 21st. -Hampton and Jones received the attack gallantly, but -were compelled to retire. Here, said General Stuart in -his report, "one of the pieces of Captain Hart's battery -of horse artillery had the axle broken by one of the -enemy's shot, and the piece had to be abandoned, which -is the first piece of my horse artillery that has ever -fallen into the enemy's hands. Its full value was paid -in the slaughter it made in the enemy's ranks, and it -was well sold." The fight was renewed at Upperville, -before Ashby's gap, and there, said Stuart, "General -Hampton's brigade participated largely and in a brilliant -manner." On the night of the 24th, Stuart's brigades rendezvoused -secretly near Salem Depot, and started toward -Washington, encountering Hancock's corps marching -north, at Gum Spring. When Hancock had passed they -moved to Fairfax Station, where Hampton's advance -had a brisk fight on the 27th. Stuart was now between -the Federal army and Washington, and Hampton, in -advance, crossed the Potomac near Dranesville, and on -the 28th started northward. At Rockville a Federal -army train, about 8 miles long, was captured, and the -subsequent movements of the cavalry were embarrassed -by the attempt to convoy the train to Lee's army.</p> - -<p>Ewell, meanwhile, taking a more easterly route than -Longstreet and Hill, on the 27th camped at Carlisle, -Early's division of his corps marching to York, and menacing -the Pennsylvania capital. General Hooker did not -cross the Potomac until the 25th and 26th, and on the 28th -General Meade was placed in command of the Federal -army.</p> - -<p>On the 28th, General Lee learned from a scout that the -Federal army was marching to Frederick and was in part -located at the base of South mountain, and he changed -his design of marching up the valley to Harrisburg and -ordered Hill eastward toward Gettysburg. Heth took -the lead, and the South Carolinians, with Pender, reached<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> -Cashtown, 8 miles from Gettysburg, on the last day of -June.</p> - -<p>On that day both Meade and Lee were marching unconsciously -to the point at which they were to fight the great -and decisive battle of the year, if not of the war. It is -interesting to note that the Southern general was concentrating -from the north and the Northern general from -the south. Ewell's corps was approaching the battlefield -from Carlisle and York, and Hill's from Chambersburg. -Before the close of the day Hill learned that Pettigrew's -North Carolinians, of Heth's division, in advance near -Gettysburg, had met a strong cavalry force, before which -they withdrew without battle.</p> - -<p>Early on the morning of July 1st, General Hill pushed -Heth's division forward, followed closely by Pender's. -With Heth was the Pee Dee artillery, in Pegram's -battalion; with Pender, the battalion of McIntosh. About -10 a. m. Heth met Buford's Federal cavalry and drove it -back across Willoughby run, where the cavalry was -promptly supported by the First corps of Meade's army, -three divisions, under General Reynolds. General Hill -deployed Heth's division on the right and left of the road, -Pender's in support, and the battle became severe.</p> - -<p>Pushing his battle forward, Hill was checked at the -wooded ridge known as Seminary hill, where the First -corps with artillery was strongly posted. Putting his -artillery in position Heth gallantly charged the heights -with his four brigades, and made so strong a battle that -General Howard, with part of the Eleventh corps, reinforced -the line of the First. At this juncture Ewell's two -divisions came in on Hill's left, and the latter ordered -Pender forward to relieve Heth. Ewell's line was at -right angles to that of Hill's, and both lines now swept -onward with irresistible force. Pender's advance was -with Thomas' Georgians on the left of the road, and -Lane, Scales and Perrin (McGowan's brigade) on the -right. The combined assault of Pender and Ewell's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> -divisions swept the hill and routed the two Federal corps, -driving them through the streets, capturing 5,000 prisoners, -exclusive of the wounded, several colors and 3 pieces -of artillery.</p> - -<p>Reporting the advance of Pender, General Hill said: -"The rout of the enemy was complete, Perrin's brigade -taking position after position of the enemy and driving -him through the town of Gettysburg." This special -mention by the corps commander of McGowan's veterans, -under Perrin, was well deserved. Never was a brigade -better handled in battle, and never did regiments -respond more steadily to every order for advance in -direct charge, or change of front under fire. The Fourteenth, -under Lieut.-Col. J. N. Brown and Maj. Edward -Croft, and the First, under Maj. C. W. McCreary, on -the right of the brigade; and the Twelfth, under Col. -J. L. Miller, and the Thirteenth, under Lieut.-Col. B. T. -Brockman, on the left, stormed the stone fences on either -side of the Lutheran college on Seminary hill and routed -their foe from this strong position, capturing hundreds of -prisoners, 2 field pieces and a number of caissons, and -following the routed columns through the town of Gettysburg. -The colors of the First South Carolina were -the first Confederate standard raised in the town as Hill's -troops were entering it. Late in the afternoon, when -Perrin drew up his brigade for rest on the south of the -town, a battery which had been driven before Perrin -took position on Cemetery hill and fired the first shot -from that memorable eminence at the South Carolina -brigade. Colonel Perrin reported this fact, and stated -that he had watched the battery on its retreat as it was -pursued through the town, and saw it take position on -the hill. But the loss of the brigade did not fall short of -500. Every one of the color sergeants taken into the -fight was killed in front of his regiment.</p> - -<p>Perrin was in position in front of Cemetery hill on the -2d, the Federal sharpshooters in his front on the Emmits<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>burg -road. In the afternoon he was ordered by General -Pender to push his skirmishers to the road. Capt. William -T. Haskell, of the First regiment, commanding a -select battalion of sharpshooters, was intrusted with this -duty, and Major McCreary led the First regiment, now -only about 100 strong, in Haskell's support. The gallant -Haskell threw his sharpshooters against the Federal skirmishers, -captured the road and drove his opponents up -the slope and under their guns. While putting his men -in favorable positions on the road, Haskell received a -mortal wound and expired on the field. His fall was -felt to be a serious loss to the whole brigade. South -Carolina gave no better, purer, nobler man as a sacrifice -to the cause of Southern independence at Gettysburg.</p> - -<p>Perrin held the skirmish line Haskell had won, and on -the 3d threw forward the Fourteenth to maintain it -against a strong attack. His sharpshooters from the -road commanded the cannoneers on the hill, and a desperate -effort was made to drive them off the road. In -the fight of the Fourteenth regiment to sustain the sharpshooters, -Lieutenant-Colonel Brown and Major Croft were -severely wounded. The skirmish line was held until the -massing of artillery and infantry on the crest made it no -longer tenable.</p> - -<p>The total loss in McGowan's brigade at Gettysburg -was 100 killed and 477 wounded. Including the loss on -the retreat, the total was 654. Orr's Rifles, left to guard -the trains, did not participate in the battle of the 1st, or -the affairs of the 2d and 3d, and lost but few men. The -heaviest casualties fell on the Fourteenth, two-thirds of -its men being killed or wounded in the three days' -engagements. Colonel Perrin mentioned particularly -the conduct of the following officers: Major Croft, of the -Fourteenth; Maj. I. F. Hunt, of the Thirteenth; Maj. -E. F. Bookter, of the Twelfth; Capts. W. P. Shooter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> -T. P. Alston and A. P. Butler, of the First; Capts. James -Boatwright and E. Cowan, of the Fourteenth, and Capt. -Frank Clyburn, of the Twelfth.</p> - -<p>Among the gallant dead were Lieut. A. W. Poag, of -the Twelfth; Capt. W. P. Conner and Lieuts. W. C. McNinch -and D. M. Leitzsey, of the Thirteenth; and Lieutenant -Crooker, of the Fourteenth. Lieut. J. F. J. Caldwell, -of the First, whose graphic and instructive history -of the brigade has aided the writer materially, was -among a host of wounded line officers.</p> - -<p>The break of day on the 2d revealed the army of General -Meade in line of battle on the heights south of Gettysburg, -running north and south with the Emmitsburg -road in his front. General Lee thus described his position: -"The enemy occupied a strong position, with his -right upon two commanding elevations adjacent to each -other, one southeast (Culp's hill), and the other (Cemetery -hill) immediately south of the town which lay at its -base. His line extended thence upon the high ground -along the Emmitsburg road, with a steep ridge in rear, -which was also occupied. This ridge was difficult of -ascent, particularly the two hills above mentioned as -forming its northern extremity, and a third at the other -end (Little Round Top) on which the enemy's left rested. -Numerous stone and rail fences along the slope served to -afford protection to his troops and impede our advance. -In his front the ground was undulating and generally open -for about three-quarters of a mile."</p> - -<p>Immediately south of the Federal left, as described by -General Lee, was a still higher hill, known as Round -Top, which commanded the whole left of the Federal -position, and was not occupied early on the morning of -the 2d. To attack a superior force in a position so -strong presented a difficult problem for solution, and gave -the Confederate general serious pause. He had Ewell's -corps on his left, confronting Culp's and Cemetery hills, -and facing southwest and south; and Hill's corps on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> -right facing east. McLaws' and Hood's divisions of -Longstreet's corps camped within 4 miles of the battlefield -on the night of the 1st, left camp at sunrise on the -2d, and marched to the right of Hill's corps. The Third -division of Longstreet's corps (Pickett's) was left to -guard the trains at Chambersburg, and did not reach the -vicinity of Gettysburg until the afternoon of the 2d. -General Longstreet received his definite orders for position -and attack about 11 o'clock, and by 3:30 p. m. McLaws -was in position opposite the enemy's advanced -position at the peach orchard, with Hood on his right -facing the Round Tops. General Lee's order of attack -directed that his right (Hood and McLaws), strongly supported -by artillery, should envelop and drive in the Federal -left; that simultaneously with this attack against the -Federal left, the Confederate left should storm Culp's -and Cemetery hills; and the Confederate center at the -same time should so threaten the Federal center as to -prevent reinforcements to either Federal wing. General -Lee's plan of battle contemplated prompt movement, -and concert of action along his entire line. If these conditions, -essential to the success of the plan, had been -given in its execution, the writer believes that the battle -of Gettysburg would have been won by General Lee on -July 2d by a victory as complete as Chancellorsville. -They were not given and the plan failed.</p> - -<p>The actual fighting of the separate assaults was gallant -and heroic, and the resistance both steady and aggressive; -the Federal position along his main line being -unmoved by the assaults. On the Confederate right two -divisions of Longstreet's corps made the advance at 4 p. -m. (Hood's and McLaws'), supported by four of the five -brigades of Anderson's division from the center. Hood -on the extreme right, next McLaws, and then Anderson, -were fighting forward and struggling to storm the last<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> -position of the Federal army on the heights, but these -divisions were fighting it out without the simultaneous -battle which Lee had ordered on the left.</p> - -<p>They had carried the stone walls and numerous hills -and woods, the peach orchard, the great wheat-field and -rocky bluffs in their front, and were on the slopes of the -Round Tops and the heights north of them, but still the -battle had not opened on the left. There was not a man -to reinforce Longstreet's line, and the enemy in his front -was reinforced by both infantry and artillery. Hours -passed (General Lee said two, General Longstreet four -and Gen. Edward Johnson said it was dark) before General -Ewell's left division moved to the attack on Culp's -hill, which, after some time, perhaps another hour, was -followed by the attack on the north face of Cemetery -hill. Edward Johnson's division made the attack on -Culp's hill and Early's division on Cemetery hill. The -Third division of Ewell's corps (Rodes') did not attack at -all. Anderson's (of Hill's corps) was the only one of the -three center divisions that attacked from the center.</p> - -<p>It is evident from these statements, which are made -from a careful study of the official reports, that the prime -conditions of success, concert of action and simultaneous -movement, were not given the plan of the commanding -general. Edward Johnson's three brigades did not begin -the actual attack on Culp's hill until dusk, according to -his own and General Ewell's statements. General Early, -with two of his four brigades, Hays' and Hoke's, attacked -Cemetery hill still later. These two brigades carried the -height and actually took the enemy's batteries, but were -unable without support to hold what they had gained. -It is in the report of Rodes, who did not advance at all, -on account of darkness, that particular mention is made -of his having observed the enemy on Cemetery hill, during -the afternoon, withdrawing artillery and infantry to -reinforce against the attack then in progress on the Confederate -right. The troops of the Federal army in posi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>tion -at Culp's and Cemetery hills were those beaten and -routed on the 1st, and considering the success gained by -the brigades of Hays and Avery, there can be no reasonable -doubt that with the immediate support of Rodes, -the attack being made at the earlier hour ordered, Cemetery -hill would have fallen, and with its fall the Confederate -left and center would have driven the Federal right -in confusion and Gettysburg would have been added to the -long list of General Lee's great victories. The Comte de -Paris, in his review of Gettysburg, has truly said, that -"the way in which the fights of the 2d of July were -directed does not show the same co-ordination which -insured the success of the Southern arms at Gaines' -Mill and Chancellorsville."</p> - -<p>But it is time that our attention was directed to the -South Carolina brigade, under Kershaw, operating with -McLaws, in Longstreet's attack, and the batteries of -Bachman and Garden, operating with Hood, on the -extreme right of Longstreet's battle.</p> - -<p>Kershaw formed the right of McLaws' division and -Barksdale his left, Semmes behind Kershaw and Wofford -behind Barksdale. In front of Barksdale was the peach -orchard, 500 yards distant and in front of Kershaw and -on a line with the orchard a stone house, stone barn and -stone fence. The peach orchard was on an eminence, -and was held by infantry and a battery. Beyond the -stone house was another eminence, defended by a battery, -and beyond this battery a stony hill, wooded and rough. -This stony hill was in front of Kershaw's center, and -beyond the hill opened the great wheat-field which -spread forward to the slopes of the Federal main position. -Barksdale moved against the orchard and Kershaw against -the stony hill and the battery in front of it. Before moving -General Kershaw had detached the Fifteenth South -Carolina, Colonel De Saussure, to support a battery -between his right and Hood's left.</p> - -<p>Marching forward under the fire of canister from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> -battery in his front, and the infantry fire from the south -side of the peach orchard, the Carolina brigade swept -past the battery and reached the hill, Barksdale clearing -the orchard and its battery on Kershaw's left. Taking -possession of the rocky hill, the enemy at once advanced -upon it over the wheat-field in two lines of battle.</p> - -<p>As the brigade stood on the rocky hill to receive the -advance, the regiments were ranged, from right to left: -The Seventh, Colonel Aiken; Third, Maj. R. C. Maffett; -Second, Colonel Kennedy; Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. -W. G. Rice; Eighth, Colonel Henagan. The Fifteenth, -Colonel DeSaussure, was still in battle in support of artillery -between Kershaw and Hood. Here, at the rocky -hill, was the battle ground of the brigade. The Eighth, -Third battalion and Second held their ground and beat -back the attacks coming again and again against them. -Moving around Kershaw's right, before Semmes could -come to his support, a large force assaulted the Seventh -and pushed back its right. The Third held its ground -until the Seventh was crowded back at right angles, and -then changed its front to support the Seventh. A part -of Semmes' brigade came up, but the enemy were so far -in rear of Kershaw's right as to cut off the support. -Surrounding his right, the attacking force drove back the -Seventh, and the battle on Kershaw's right was with the -Third and Seventh and one of Semmes' regiments at -close quarters among the rocks and trees of the hill-crest -and sides.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the left was holding fast. On came Wofford -toward the conflict, and on the right Semmes' other regiments -and the Fifteenth South Carolina. Sweeping up -to the battle everything gave way before the charge, and -joining Wofford and Semmes, Kershaw's line moved forward, -the advance sweeping the whole wheat-field and -beyond to the foot of the mountain. Night came on, and -the brigades of McLaws were put on the hill along the -positions gained by the battle.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p> - -<p>General Kershaw's losses were severe and grievous. -The brave and able Colonel De Saussure, of the Fifteenth, -and Major McLeod, of the Eighth, gallant in fight and -estimable in life, had both fallen; Colonel De Saussure -killed on the field and Major McLeod mortally wounded. -Among the wounded were Colonel Kennedy of the Second, -Lieut.-Col. Elbert Bland of the Seventh, and Maj. -D. B. Miller of the Third battalion. The writer regrets -that he can find no list of the line officers killed and -wounded in the brigade at Gettysburg. The brigade lost -115 killed, 483 wounded and 32 missing, making a total -of 630. Bachman's and Garden's batteries with Hood's -right, and Rhett's battery, under Lieutenant Gilbert, -were in action during the day, but there are no reports -at hand of their casualties.</p> - -<p>If the problem presented to the mind of General Lee -on the morning of the 2d, as he saw his army, inferior in -numbers and equipment, confronted by the army of General -Meade on the heights of Gettysburg, was one which -gave him the deepest concern, how much more serious -was the situation on the morning of the 3d! General -Longstreet's battle on the right had driven the Federal -left to the crests, and the Confederate infantry and artillery -of that wing were occupying the positions which the -Federal forces had held on the morning of the 2d. But -now the Federal army was intrenched on those heights, -with the Round Tops bristling with artillery and Cemetery -hill and Culp's hill crowned by batteries, seven corps -behind breastworks of stone or earth, and the slopes in -front guarded by advanced lines lying behind fences or -covered in the woods.</p> - -<p>There is no record of a council of war. Longstreet, -second in command, continued to favor a movement -around the Federal left; but General Lee disapproved, -and resolutely determined to attack the Federal citadel, -confident that the men who had swept Hooker's army -from the heights of Chancellorsville, if properly sup<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>ported, -could carry victory to the heights of Gettysburg.</p> - -<p>He selected the Federal left center as the point of attack; -ordered, as on the 2d, concert of action from both -wings of his army, and organized his assaulting column of -15,000 men. Stuart's cavalry had come up on his left and -confronted the main body of Meade's cavalry. The situation -on his extreme right was more serious than the Confederate -general realized. This is evident from the -reports. The Round Tops were unassailable by the -force at Longstreet's command, and a division of cavalry, -Farnsworth's and Merritt's brigades, was in position -on the right rear, confronted by a single regiment, the -First South Carolina cavalry, Bachman's South Carolina -battery, and three regiments of Anderson's Georgia brigade. -Anderson's regiments were at right angles to -Longstreet's line, and Colonel Black's cavalry was on -Anderson's right flank. Black had only about 100 men -in his regiment. In Longstreet's immediate front the -situation was such that there was nothing to do but stand -on the defensive. He was weaker in numbers on the 3d -than he was on the morning of the 2d, and his enemy was -stronger by reinforcements and the occupation of the -greater of the two Round Tops. If, however, the -assaulting column of 15,000 could break the center, the -wings of General Meade's army would be so shaken that -both Longstreet and Ewell could attack with good hope -of success, and Lee was fixed in his purpose.</p> - -<p>The column of attack was made up of the divisions of -Pickett and Pettigrew (Heth's), to be supported by Wilcox -and the brigades of Lane and Scales under Trimble.</p> - -<p>All the available artillery of Hill's and Longstreet's -corps was put in position by Col. E. P. Alexander, and -at 1 o'clock General Longstreet ordered the batteries to -open. For two hours more than 200 cannon were in -action across the plain against Federal and Confederate. -At 3 the assaulting column moved out from cover and -down toward the Emmitsburg road, which ran between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> -the two armies, and at the point of attack was held by -the Federal pickets. The Confederate batteries had -ceased firing and could give no more support, for their -ammunition was nearly exhausted, no supply near at -hand, and it was essential to reserve the supply in the -chests.</p> - -<p>All the reports of the advance concur in the statement -that the troops moved over the field and into the fire of -the enemy's batteries in beautiful order. Coming under -the canister fire of the batteries on the crest, the ranks -began rapidly to thin and officers to fall, but the advance -was steady. General Trimble, riding with his line, then -100 yards in rear of Pettigrew, said: "Notwithstanding -the losses as we advanced, the men marched with the -deliberation and accuracy of men on drill. I observed -the same in Pettigrew's line."</p> - -<p>The enemy's batteries were on the crest. Below them -30 or 40 yards on the slope, and running almost parallel -with the crest, was a stone wall, breast high. Behind -this wall lay the Federal first line. Below this line, some -hundred yards, concealed in the undergrowth, lay his -advance line. Beyond it, at the road, ran his picket line. -Meeting the pickets, they were immediately driven in, -and Garnett and Kemper marched against the advance -line in the undergrowth. The resistance was slight, -prisoners were made, and the attack so vigorous and -dashing that the Federal line was driven in rout. But -the enemy's batteries opened with redoubled activity, and -the fire from the stone wall was galling. A battery on -Little Round Top, enfilading the front of the stone wall, -and another from Cemetery hill, plunged their shell into -the ranks of Kemper and Garnett and raked the advancing -line of Armistead as it moved up in support.</p> - -<p>Garnett led his brigade forward against the stone wall -and got in advance, and arrived within 50 yards, where -the fire was so severe that it checked his onset and he -sent back to hurry up Kemper and Armistead. Both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> -these brigades were struggling through the withering -fire, and in a few moments were abreast with Garnett. -At 25 yards from the wall Garnett was shot from his -horse. Kemper had fallen and Armistead had been -killed, but officers and men rushed for the wall and -planted their standards. The fighting at this line was -desperate, and hand to hand. But the conflict was too -unequal to avail the gallant survivors of Garnett and -Kemper and Armistead. Of the three brigades scarcely -a picket line was left to grapple with the battle array of -their foe. The remnant gave up the fight and left the -field. If Wilcox could have reached the wall with his -gallant Alabamians, the fight might have been prolonged—it -might have been successful. But to reach that stone -wall Wilcox must march through the fire that shot to -pieces the brigades of Kemper, Garnett and Armistead. -General Wilcox says that he reached the foot of the hill; -that he could not see a man whom he was sent to support; -that he was subjected to such an artillery fire from -front and both flanks that he went back in search of a -battery; that he could find none; that returning to his -brigade he regarded further advance useless and ordered -a retreat.</p> - -<p>On the left, Pettigrew and Trimble carried their battle -to the Emmitsburg road and to the advanced line. -Archer's brigade, on Garnett's immediate left, had 13 -color-bearers shot one after another in gallant efforts to -plant the colors of his five regiments on the stone wall. -The direction of the Federal line was oblique to the general -line of advance. Pettigrew's line was exposed longest -to the front and flank fire, and at the Emmitsburg -road he had suffered more severely than Pickett's brigades. -When Pettigrew was yet 150 yards from the -Emmitsburg road, says General Trimble, who was about -that distance in his rear, "They seemed to sink into the -earth from the tempest of fire poured into them." -Although wounded, Pettigrew led his line across the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> -road and against the first line, but his brigades were shattered -too badly to make organized assault further. -Archer's brigade on his right fought at the stone wall, as -did Garnett's and Kemper's and Armistead's, and suffered -a like repulse. Officers and men from the other brigades -reached the wall and fought with desperate courage, and -died beside it, but the division in its organization was -torn asunder and shot to pieces by the time they reached -and attacked the first line. Trimble's brigades were as -helpless for successful assault as Pettigrew; and yet they -moved on until within pistol shot of the main line. As -General Trimble followed his line back to Seminary -ridge, on horseback, under the increased fire of shell, -grape and musketry, he reported his wonder that any one -could escape wounds or death. And, indeed, but few did. -The loss is reported for Garnett, Kemper, Armistead -and Wilcox, but there is no report given of the particular -loss of July 3d in Pettigrew's command, or -Trimble's. The three brigades of Pickett lost their -brigadiers, nearly every field officer, and nearly or quite -3,000 men.</p> - -<p>With the failure of this attack, the great contest at Gettysburg -was decided. While it was in progress General -Stuart, on the rear of General Lee's left, was fighting a -great cavalry battle with the main body of General -Meade's cavalry. Stuart had the brigades of Hampton, -Fitz Lee, Chambliss, W. H. F. Lee and Jenkins. In the -battle much of the fighting was at close quarters and -with pistol and saber as the charging lines came together. -In one of these contacts General Hampton was twice -severely wounded. On the day previous, his having -been the first of General Stuart's brigades to reach the -vicinity of Gettysburg, he was just in time to meet a cavalry -force moving from Hunterstown directly against -General Lee's unprotected left. After a sharp engagement -General Hampton defeated this force, and drove it -beyond reach. The arrival of Stuart on the 2d was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> -source of infinite satisfaction to the Confederate commander; -indeed, if he had not come, the three divisions -of General Pleasanton would have taken complete possession -of General Lee's communications, and the battle of -Gettysburg would have been a still greater disaster to -the Southern army.</p> - -<p>After the defeat of the assaulting column, Meade was -too cautious to risk his lines against the army that had -held the heights of Fredericksburg. He stood resolutely -on the defensive throughout the 4th of July. On that -night General Lee began his masterly retreat to the -Potomac, which he crossed in the face of his enemy on -the morning of the 14th. Ewell's corps forded the river -at Williamsport, Generals Longstreet and Hill crossed -by pontoon at Falling Waters, and by 1 p. m. of the 14th -the Gettysburg campaign was over.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>SOUTH CAROLINIANS AT CHICKAMAUGA—ORGANIZATION -OF THE ARMIES—SOUTH CAROLINIANS ENGAGED—THEIR -HEROIC SERVICE AND SACRIFICES.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">The</span> armies of Generals Bragg and Rosecrans, -which were to fight the battle of Chickamauga on -the 19th and 20th of September, 1863, were widely -separated in the early part of August, Bragg at Chattanooga -and Rosecrans beyond the Cumberland mountains, -with the Tennessee river rolling between them.</p> - -<p>About the middle of August, the Federal general broke -up his encampments and moved his army across the -mountains to the Tennessee. Crittenden's corps threatened -Chattanooga through the gaps in Walden's ridge, -while Thomas' corps and McCook's moved to Stevenson, -Bridgeport and the vicinity. Rosecrans established -his depot at Stevenson and passed his army over the -river on pontoons, rafts and boats, and boldly crossed -Sand mountain to Trenton. He was on the flank of General -Bragg by the 8th of September, and by the 12th had -crossed Lookout mountain.</p> - -<p>Bragg, having left Chattanooga on the 8th, Rosecrans -sent Crittenden's corps to occupy that place and move on -the railroad as far as Ringgold, while Thomas and McCook -took position in McLemore's cove and down as far -as Alpine. Rosecrans' corps was widely separated and -his wings were by road, 50 miles or more apart! Meanwhile -Bragg was on the line of Chickamauga creek, with -his left at Lafayette and his headquarters at Lee & Gordon's -mills. General Gist's South Carolina brigade, with -Ferguson's battery, was guarding his extreme left at -Rome and supporting the cavalry in that quarter. Crit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>tenden's -corps at Ringgold and vicinity was at General -Bragg's mercy. He was only 10 miles from Bragg's -headquarters, with the Chickamauga between himself -and Thomas, and by road at least 20 miles from that -general's support. McCook was fully as far from -Thomas on the other flank. "It was therefore a matter -of life and death (says Rosecrans in his report) to effect -the concentration of the army."</p> - -<p>Crittenden marched across Bragg's right, passed the -Chickamauga and moved down toward Thomas, and McCook -marched up from Alpine toward that general's -position in McLemore's cove. Pigeon mountain range -covered McCook and Thomas; but Crittenden's march -was open to attack. His corps should have been beaten -and driven off toward Chattanooga. General Bragg -clearly saw this and endeavored to strike Crittenden at -the proper moment, giving explicit orders to that effect. -These orders were not executed, the opportunity passed, -and Rosecrans united his corps on the west side of the -Chickamauga, while Bragg confronted him on the east. -The great battles of the 19th and 20th of September -were now imminent. We give the organization of the -two armies as they were engaged in that memorable -conflict, omitting those troops which were not in the -battle; as, for instance, the brigades of Hood's and McLaws' -divisions, and the artillery of those commands. -Longstreet had only three brigades in battle on the 19th -and five on the 20th, the artillery and other commands -of his corps not having arrived. Among his absent -brigades was that of Gen. Micah Jenkins, composed of -South Carolina regiments.</p> - - -<p>BRAGG'S ARMY.</p> - -<p>RIGHT WING, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL POLK COMMANDING.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Hill's corps, Lieut.-Gen. D. H. Hill: Cheatham's division, 5 brigades, -5 batteries; Cleburne's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Breckinridge's -division, 3 brigades, 4 batteries.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p> - -<p>Walker's corps, Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker: Walker's division, -3 brigades, 2 batteries; Liddell's division, 2 brigades, 2 batteries.</p> - -<p>Total of wing, 5 divisions, 16 brigades, 16 batteries.</p></blockquote> - - -<p>LEFT WING, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL LONGSTREET COMMANDING.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Buckner's corps, Major-General Buckner: Stewart's division, -4 brigades, 4 batteries; Preston's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; -Johnson's division, 2 brigades, 2 batteries.</p> - -<p>Longstreet's corps, Major-General Hood: McLaws' division, 2 -brigades; Hood's division, 3 brigades; Hindman's division, 3 brigades, -3 batteries; Reserve artillery, 5 batteries.</p> - -<p>Total of wing, 6 divisions, 17 brigades, 17 batteries.</p> - -<p>Total in both wings, 11 divisions, 33 brigades, 33 batteries.</p> - -<p>Corps of cavalry, Major-General Wheeler, operating on Bragg's -left: Wharton's division, 2 brigades, 1 battery; Martin's division, -2 brigades, 1 battery.</p> - -<p>Corps of cavalry, Major-General Forrest, operating on Bragg's -right: Armstrong's division, 2 brigades, 2 batteries; Pegram's division, -2 brigades, 2 batteries.</p> - -<p>Total of cavalry, 4 divisions, 8 brigades, 6 batteries.</p></blockquote> - - -<p>ROSECRANS' ARMY.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Fourteenth corps, Major-General Thomas commanding: Baird's -division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Negley's division, 3 brigades, -3 batteries; Brannan's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Reynolds' -division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries.</p> - -<p>Twentieth corps, Major-General McCook commanding: Davis' -division, 3 brigades, 5 batteries; Johnson's division, 3 brigades, -3 batteries; Sheridan's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries.</p> - -<p>Twenty-first corps, Major-General Crittenden commanding: -Wood's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Palmer's division, 3 brigades, -4 batteries; Van Cleve's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries.</p> - -<p>Reserve corps, Major-General Granger commanding: One division, -3 brigades, 3 batteries.</p> - -<p>Total, 11 divisions, 33 brigades, 36 batteries.</p> - -<p>Cavalry corps, Brigadier-General Mitchell commanding: 2 divisions, -5 brigades, 2 batteries.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The number of infantry divisions and brigades, as -reported, was the same in both armies. Bragg had -more cavalry in the field than Rosecrans, but in the battle -of Chickamauga, on his immediate flanks, Wheeler -had not more than 2,000 and Forrest about the same number. -It is always difficult to estimate the strength of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> -armies by counting their divisions, brigades or regiments, -for the reason that it is impossible in an active campaign -to keep up the relative proportions of separate corps, -engaged at different times and often with no option as to -whether a fresh or a decimated command shall go into -action. The writer was an officer of General Walker's -division, and knows that at the battle of Chickamauga, -on the 20th, that division of three brigades did not number -3,000 men. General Gist's brigade, to which the -writer was attached, went into action on the 20th, 980 -strong, one of its regiments (Sixteenth South Carolina) -and its light battery being absent at Rome.</p> - -<p>By studying the field returns of both armies, nearest to -the opening battle on the 19th (Rosecrans' of September -10th and Bragg's of August 20th), and making deductions -for commands on stations or on detached duty, and -counting in for Bragg's army the two divisions from -Mississippi (Breckinridge's and Walker's), and Longstreet's -five brigades and Buckner's troops, and estimating -losses for both armies up to the battle of the 19th, it -is believed that Bragg crossed the Chickamauga on the -18th, 19th and 20th with 45,000, exclusive of his cavalry. -By the method of estimating the strength of General -Bragg's army, the writer believes that Rosecrans confronted -Bragg with 53,000, exclusive of his cavalry.</p> - -<p>Before the battle, each general overestimated the -strength of the other and underestimated his own. On -September 12th, General Rosecrans believed that "the -main body of Johnston's army had joined Bragg," and -that he had been heavily reinforced from Virginia. The -truth is, that so far as Bragg's reinforcements affected -the engagements of the armies at Chickamauga, they did -not add a man more than 10,000 to Bragg's strength, if, -indeed, they added so many.</p> - -<p>The two armies facing each other from opposite sides -of the Chickamauga, Bragg gave order for battle. Rosecrans' -left, under Thomas, was at Kelly's house on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> -Chattanooga road, his right stretching beyond and south -of Lee & Gordon's mills. The Chattanooga road spoken -of is the main road from LaFayette to Chattanooga, -crossing the Chickamauga at Lee & Gordon's mills. Kelly's -house was opposite Reed's bridge, and south of it, on -the road, were the houses of Poe, Brotherton, Brock, -Taylor and Vineyard. Nearly a mile north of Kelly's was -McDonald's. From McDonald's to Lee & Gordon's mills -(the road running nearly north and south) was about -4 miles.</p> - -<p>The crossings of the Chickamauga were by fords and -two bridges, Alexander's and Reed's; the former opposite -Vineyard's house, and the latter opposite Kelly's. -Hunt's (or Dalton's) ford came nearest Lee & Gordon's -mills; then Thedford's, then Alexander's bridge, then -Byram's ford, then Reed's bridge, and a mile further -north, Reed's ford. General Bragg's order designated -the ford or bridge at which the different commands were -to cross and directed each to attack in front, beginning -from the Reed bridge crossing and moving against the -Federal left and rear.</p> - -<p>Thomas marched his head of column beyond Kelly's -house, faced the Chickamauga, and sent one of his divisions -(Brannan's) to reconnoiter toward Reed's bridge. -From Kelly's to Reed's bridge was about 2½ miles. At -Jay's mill, near the bridge, Brannan met Forrest, and -the battle of the 19th was opened. Forrest pushed Brannan -back, the latter was reinforced by Baird's division, -and Walker (marching from Alexander's bridge toward -Forrest's battle) sent two of his brigades, Ector's and -Wilson's, to Forrest's support. Brannan and Baird were -driving Forrest back to Jay's mill when Ector and Wilson -came up, and then in turn Baird and Brannan were -driven, artillery and prisoners captured. Thomas now -reinforced his battle by Reynolds, and McCook sent in -Johnson's division. Walker, coming up with Liddell's two -brigades, took command of the battle and attacked vig<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>orously -with Forrest and his four brigades, driving Reynolds, -on the Federal right, in rout; but Palmer's division -sent by Crittenden to reinforce Thomas, met and drove -Walker back. Meanwhile, Baird and Brannan were -checking and holding Forrest.</p> - -<p>General Bragg sent up Cheatham's division on Walker's -left, and Thomas moved Brannan from his left to his -right. Cheatham attacked against the Federal right, -further reinforced by Van Cleve's division, drove forward -for a half mile, was checked, his flanks threatened, and -retired to his first position. The Federal right advanced, -attacked Cheatham and Walker, and were handsomely -repulsed; meanwhile Forrest holding fast the right. -Finally, near night, Cleburne came up in Cheatham's rear -and forming on his right, attacked and drove for a mile -the Federal left, capturing three pieces of artillery, several -stand of colors and 300 or more prisoners. It was -now past night and the battle on the Confederate right -was over. Lieutenant-General Polk arrived on the right -and took command at about 5 p. m. Walker's, Cheatham's, -Cleburne's and Forrest's battle was from Jay's mill -(a half mile from Reed's bridge on to the west) toward -Kelly's house, the line of battle extending for a mile on -either side of the road from Reed's bridge toward Kelly's. -Early in the afternoon, Stewart's division in front of -Vineyard's, and Hood's on his left, vigorously attacked. -Stewart drove in the Federal center and crossed the Chattanooga -road, but was repulsed. The battle of Stewart -and Hood was vigorous and aggressive from the start, -but was not reinforced and was repulsed from the road. -Stewart nor Hood had artillery, and neither could hold -what was gained at and beyond the road.</p> - -<p>Thus ended the battle of the 19th. Rosecrans held the -ridge of the Chattanooga road, formed and strengthened -his line during the night, and Bragg called his corps commanders -and gave his orders for the battle of the 20th -to open at daylight. General Rosecrans remarks of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> -19th, that "at the close of the day we had present but -two brigades that had not been squarely and opportunely -in action, opposed to superior numbers of the -enemy." On his part, the whole of his infantry, two -brigades excepted, had been "opportunely and squarely -in action." On Bragg's part, six divisions of eighteen -brigades, with Forrest's cavalry, had been "squarely in -action."</p> - -<p>There was but little rest or sleep for soldier or officer -on the night of the 19th. Rosecrans was felling trees -along his front, building breastworks of logs and rails, -and massing his army in line from beyond Kelly's to -Vineyard's, a distance of 2 miles. Bragg gave his -right to Lieutenant-General Polk and his left to Lieutenant-General -Longstreet; the latter did not arrive until -11 p. m. on the 19th. Forrest was well out on the right, -in front of McDonald's; Wheeler on the left, at Lee & -Gordon's mills and beyond. Polk's command was arranged -from right to left, as follows: Breckinridge, -Cleburne, with Walker behind the former and Cheatham -in rear and to the left of the latter. On the left, Lieutenant-General -Longstreet's wing was organized from -right to left as follows: Stewart (touching Cleburne), -Johnson, Hood, McLaws, Hindman and Preston. The -line of the Confederate battle for most of its entire length -was in the forest, which made it difficult to handle artillery -until the openings along the road were gained.</p> - -<p>The South Carolina brigades, Kershaw's, Manigault's -and Gist's, were with the divisions of McLaws, Hindman -and Walker. Kershaw reached Alexander's bridge from -Ringgold at midnight and went into camp on the west -bank at 1 a. m. on the 20th. General McLaws not having -arrived, General Kershaw was in command of the -two brigades of the division present, Humphreys' and -his own.</p> - -<p>While Kershaw was marching from Ringgold for -Alexander's bridge, General Gist was marching from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> -Catoosa Station for the same point, having arrived from -Rome with part of the Forty-sixth Georgia, the Twenty-fourth -South Carolina and the Eighth Georgia battalion; -the Sixteenth South Carolina and Ferguson's battery -awaiting transportation at Rome, with the remainder of -the Forty-sixth Georgia.</p> - -<p>General Gist had under his charge an ammunition train -which delayed his march and prevented his leaving -Catoosa before 10 p. m. on the 19th. After an all-night -march Gist crossed Alexander's bridge at sunrise, halted -a mile beyond, and after a brief rest was directed to the -right to join Walker, arriving about 9 o'clock. General -Walker at once assigned Gist to the command of his division -(Ector, Wilson and Gist), and Gist's brigade was -commanded by the senior officer, Col. P. H. Colquitt, -Forty-sixth Georgia. Kershaw marched his own and -Humphreys' brigades to the left and took position in -support of Hood. Manigault's brigade, including the -Tenth and Nineteenth South Carolina, under Colonel -Pressley, was under fire on the 18th, Pressley losing -6 men, crossed at Hunt's ford on the afternoon of the -19th, with its division (Hindman's), and on the 20th was -in line near the extreme left. Culpeper's South Carolina -battery was with McNair's brigade, Johnson's division.</p> - -<p>The province of the writer does not permit him to do -more than first sketch the outline of the battle, and then -more particularly to speak of the action of the South -Carolina commands. The attack began between 9 and -10 a. m. by a vigorous assault of Breckinridge's and -Cleburne's divisions on the extreme left of Rosecrans' -line, in front of Kelly's. This assault was repulsed. -Fighting on the right throughout the morning failed to -carry the Federal left. The battle progressed from right -to left, the Confederate center and particularly the left -being more successful. The Federal center and right -were gradually driven until forced from the road at Poe's, -Brotherton's and Vineyard's. Rosecrans' line was bent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> -first into a curve, and then broken into a right angle, the -angle being about opposite the left of Polk's wing. The -Federal right found a strong rest at Snodgrass hill, where -Thomas, now commanding on the field, concentrated -artillery and all the troops as they were driven from the -line. This position, assaulted again and again, repulsed -the assaults and proved the salvation of Rosecrans' army, -for behind it the Federal divisions retreated on Rossville -and Chattanooga.</p> - -<p>The Federal left held the position at Kelly's until late -in the afternoon, about 5 o'clock, when General Polk -ordered his wing forward. The attack carried the position -for its whole front and Baird's division followed those -on his right in the retreat behind Snodgrass. This last -stronghold was abandoned during the early part of the -night and Bragg's victory was complete.</p> - -<p>When the first attack against the Federal left had -failed, and the divisions of Breckinridge and Cleburne -were withdrawing, General Gist's brigade, under Colquitt, -not 1,000 strong, was hurried in to the support of -Breckinridge's left brigade, that of General Helm. No -opportunity was given for reconnoitering the woods, and -the lull in the firing made it uncertain as to the exact -position of the enemy. Colquitt was ordered to advance -due west and support Breckinridge, on his left, and his -left (Helm) was repulsed and retiring in disorder. Meeting -and passing Helm's men, the little brigade, dressing -on the center (Eighth Georgia battalion), marched on into -the great forest. Colquitt's three companies were on the -right and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina on the left. -It was now about 11 o'clock. The first attack had been -made at about 9:30. General Baird, who received the -attack, fixes the hour at between 8 and 9 a. m. The -well-known order of General Bragg had directed it to be -made at daylight.</p> - -<p>The attack of Breckinridge and Cleburne, which preceded -this advance of Colquitt, struck the Federal left<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> -flank in front of Kelly's house. Baird's division was in -position here, behind breastworks of logs and rails, the -timber freshly cut from the abundant forest. The position -was a quarter of a mile east of the road, in the forest, -with open fields behind it running to the road and -surrounding Kelly's house. The breastworks made a -sharp angle about opposite the right of Polk's brigade -(on the left of Helm) and ran back northwest to the road. -From the angle to the road King's brigade of regulars -was stationed, and on their right Scribner's brigade and -then Starkweather's. General Baird formed his division -in two lines, and reported that King's regulars were even -more concentrated. Three batteries of artillery belonged -to Baird's division, but that general reported that much of -it was disabled on the 19th, and that he defended his line -with but four guns.</p> - -<p>Gist's brigade, not 1,000 strong, plunged into the -woods, without support right or left, to storm the position -from which Cleburne on its left and Helm in its front, -were retiring. The gallant Helm had fallen and his brigade, -supported on its left by Polk, was repulsed, after -three attempts to storm King's regulars. In a few -moments the Twenty-fourth South Carolina passed the -angle in Baird's line unseen in the thick forest, and his -artillery and infantry opened an enfilade from King's -front. Promptly as the fire opened, Col. C. H. Stevens -commanded the Twenty-fourth to change front to the -left, and was instantly wounded and disabled, his horse -being shot. Lieutenant-Colonel Capers executed the -change of front and directed the fire of the Twenty-fourth -in reply. The gallant adjutant of the Twenty-fourth, -Lieut. J. C. Palmer, fell pierced through the head. Then -Maj. J. S. Jones was badly wounded, and in bringing up -his right to form on the Twenty-fourth and Eighth Georgia, -Colquitt fell. The assault was ordered, and while -leading it Lieutenant-Colonel Capers received a serious -wound in the thigh, his horse was disabled, and the little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> -brigade was repulsed. Capt. D. F. Hill took command -of the Twenty-fourth and Lieutenant-Colonel Napier, -Georgia battalion, took command of Gist's brigade.</p> - -<p>In the battle of the afternoon the Twenty-fourth with -the brigade had better luck. Reinforced by the absent -companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia to 1,400 strong, -Napier led the brigade in the glorious battle of the right -wing and had the happiness to follow the broken and -routed columns of Baird, Johnson and Palmer, until -night came to give rest and sleep to men who had enjoyed -none since leaving Rome on the early morning of -the 18th.</p> - -<p>In the struggle before Baird's position, which lasted -not more than forty minutes, the Twenty-fourth South -Carolina lost 169 men and line officers, killed and wounded. -Colonel Colquitt, an accomplished soldier and gallant -leader, fell from his horse mortally wounded in front of the -center of his line. At the moment Colquitt's 980 men were -sent in to support Breckinridge, Lieutenant-General Hill -(who gave the order) did not know that Helm and Polk -were badly repulsed. Learning it, he sent General Gist -forward with Ector and Wilson's brigades to support -Colquitt's attack, but before Gist reached Colquitt, his -attack was over, with the result above described. Indeed, -the history of Colquitt's attack and repulse is the -history of the fight of the right wing throughout the -morning of the 20th. It was not until the afternoon, -when the whole wing went forward, that victory crowned -its battle.</p> - -<p>In the left wing Manigault and Kershaw were in the -thick of the fight. Kershaw commanded the two brigades -of McLaws' division, and after General Hood was wounded, -he took the direction of his three brigades. Kershaw -attacked about 11:30 and Manigault shortly after, the former -in front of the Brock house and the latter just north -of Vineyard's. Both attacks were successful and crossed -the Chattanooga road, swinging with the left wing in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> -grand wheel to the right. In his advance Kershaw -reached the Dyer house, almost in rear of Brotherton's -and half a mile beyond the Chattanooga road. Manigault -reached a point on Kershaw's left and in line with -his advance, the divisions of Preston, Hindman, Kershaw -and Hood driving the Federal right to Snodgrass -and drawing around that point. Here followed the hardest -and most prolonged struggle of the day. The order -of the divisions was somewhat broken up, and brigades -went in wherever they could assist in a charge. About -5 p. m. Gracie and Kelly, from Preston's; McNair, with -Culpeper's battery, from Johnson's; Anderson from -Hindman's, and Law from Hood's, with Kershaw's brigade, -all directed by Kershaw, moved on the front and -east of Snodgrass, while Hindman with Manigault's and -Deas' brigades, Johnson with Gregg's, and Preston -with Trigg's, attacked the west flank. This, says Kershaw, -"was one of the heaviest attacks on a single point -I ever witnessed! The brigades went in in magnificent -order. For an hour and a half the struggle continued -with unabated fury. It terminated at sunset." The -hill was not carried. It was held with splendid courage -and was defended by all the forces of the center and -right which could be rallied, and by Steedman's division -of Granger's reserve corps; the whole put in position by -General Thomas, now in command of the field, General -Rosecrans having given up the battle as lost and gone to -Chattanooga to arrange for the morrow.</p> - -<p>As soon as the Confederate right had driven the Federal -left, Thomas began the retreat of the center behind -his citadel on Snodgrass, and after night withdrew the -divisions of Wood, Brannan and Steedman from the hill, -and the great battle had been fought to its victorious -end.</p> - -<p>The losses had been terrible on both sides. Among -the Carolina commands some of the choicest spirits had -fallen. Kershaw lost 488 killed and wounded; Manigault<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> -539, and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina (Gist's brigade) -169; a total of 1,196. Lieut.-Col. Elbert Bland, -Seventh South Carolina, fell at the head of his regiment, -and a few moments later Maj. John S. Hard, his successor, -was instantly killed. Capt. J. M. Townsend, commanding -the Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. Hoole, Eighth -regiment, and Capt. W. A. Williams, acting major of the -Third, were killed in the gallant performance of duty. -Capt. D. R. Huger of General Manigault's staff fell in -front of Snodgrass hill, and others of that gallant brigade -sealed their devotion to duty with their heart's blood.</p> - -<p>In the report of General Kershaw, the following officers -are mentioned for gallant and noteworthy conduct: -Lieutenant-Colonel Bland and Major Hard of the Seventh; -Captain Townsend of the Third battalion; Col. -James D. Nance of the Third regiment; Lieut.-Col. -Franklin Gaillard of the Second; Col. John W. Henagan -of the Eighth, and Col. Joseph F. Gist of the Fifteenth; -Capts. C. R. Holmes, H. L. Farley, and W. M. Dwight -of the brigade staff, and Couriers M. F. Milam, Company -A, Third battalion, and Rawlins Rivers, Company I, Second -regiment; both killed carrying General Kershaw's -orders on the field.</p> - -<p>General Gist mentioned Maj. B. B. Smith, Capt. M. P. -King, and Lieuts. L. M. Butler and J. C. Habersham, of -his staff, for efficiency and gallant conduct; Col. C. H. -Stevens and Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers, Twenty-fourth, -for the same; and Adjt. J. C. Palmer and Capt. D. F. -Hill, of the Twenty-fourth, "and other brave and true -officers" of the same regiment.</p> - -<p>General Manigault mentioned the following as "distinguished -for conduct on the field:" Col. J. F. Pressley -and Lieut.-Col. Julius T. Porcher of the Tenth; Maj. -J. L. White and Adjutant Ferrell of the Nineteenth; -Capt. C. I. Walker, assistant adjutant-general, and Lieut. -William E. Huger, aide-de-camp. These names are given -from the reports, but how many are left unmentioned!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> -The men and officers of the line who carried their colonels -and lieutenant-colonels and majors and generals forward -to victory are worthy of lasting honor. South Carolina has -recorded their names on her roll of faithful and devoted -soldiers and citizens, and while her archives endure they -may be read by their descendants as the witness she -bears to their courage, their patriotism, and their self-sacrificing -devotion to duty.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>THE SIEGE OF CHARLESTON—CONTINUED BOMBARDMENT -OF FORT SUMTER—DEFENSE MAINTAINED -BY THE OTHER WORKS—THE TORPEDO BOATS-BOMBARDMENT -OF THE CITY—TRANSFER OF -TROOPS TO VIRGINIA—PRISONERS UNDER FIRE-CAMPAIGN -ON THE STONO.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">On</span> August 24, 1863, General Gillmore, in a communication -to the general-in-chief of the United -States armies, said: "I have the honor to report -the practical demolition of Fort Sumter as the result of -our seven days' bombardment of that work. Fort Sumter -is to-day a shapeless and harmless mass of ruins." It -was on this day that the garrison, under Colonel Rhett, was -visited by General Ripley and the chief engineers, Colonels -Gilmer and Harris, and it was determined to hold -to the last extremity the fort which Gillmore had reduced -to "a harmless mass of ruins." The men worked night -after night transferring the contents of the magazines to -safer places, preparing much of the munitions for shipment -to the city, and building new works from the débris. -The east magazines were not damaged.</p> - -<p>Colonel Rhett's journal of the 25th has this entry:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Finished securing west magazine from reverse fire; -began traverses on parade at entrance to passage now -used for hospital sally port. Magazine and telegraph office -repaired and filled up with bags.... Restored traverses -on east barbette. Embrasures on northeast and northwest -faces in process of being bricked up.</p></blockquote> - -<p>After this the fire from the Federal batteries on Sumter -was comparatively light, until the 30th, when 322 shot -and shell struck outside and 168 inside, doing a great deal -of damage. Next day, Fort Moultrie by mistake opened<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> -upon the steamer Sumter, carrying two regiments from -Morris island, disabling the steamer, from which 600 officers -and men belonging to the Twentieth South Carolina -and Twenty-third Georgia were saved by boats from Fort -Sumter and the navy. September 1st was another destructive -day for Sumter, six monitors and the Ironsides -aiding in the fire. On September 4th there was not a -single gun en barbette, and but one smooth-bore 32-pounder -next the sally port on western face that could -be fired. Colonel Rhett reported:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The northeastern and northwestern terre plein have -fallen in. The western wall has a crack in it extending -entirely through from parapet to berme. The greater -portion of the southern wall is down. The upper eastern -magazine is penetrated; the lower eastern magazine wall -is cracked. The eastern wall is very nearly shot away; -a large portion of the wall is down, the ramparts gone, -and nearly every casemate breached, and the remaining -wall very thin.... I consider it impracticable to either -mount or use guns on any part of the parapet, and I -deem the fort in its present condition unserviceable for -offensive purposes.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The work of repair went on, however, and on September -4th the Charleston battalion arrived at the fort, under -command of Major Elliott, and relieved Colonel Rhett, -commanding, and Captain Fleming, Company B, detachment -of First South Carolina artillery and Twenty-seventh -and Twenty-eighth Georgia volunteers, who had -endured the first tremendous bombardment. Colonel -Rhett was put in command of the interior batteries in -and about the city, with Castle Pinckney and Fort -Ripley.</p> - -<p>As soon as the Federals occupied Battery Wagner, it -was opened upon by Batteries Simkins and Fort Moultrie -and the works adjacent. Soon afterward a flag of truce -was sent to Fort Sumter, with a demand for surrender, -which was refused by Elliott, though he was utterly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>unable to maintain an artillery fire. Following this -refusal, the Ironsides and five monitors came up the -channel and opened fire upon Sumter and the Sullivan's -island batteries. At Battery Beauregard, Lieut. E. A. -Erwin, First regulars, was killed.</p> - -<p>On the 8th, the fight with the ironclads was renewed, -and one shell did fatal work in Fort Moultrie, disabling -an 8-inch columbiad, exploding a magazine, and killing -16 and wounding 12 men of Capt. R. Press Smith's -company of the First regulars. Besides these casualties -from the explosion there were others, including Capt. -G. A. Wardlow and Lieut. D. B. De Saussure, wounded.</p> - -<p>About 1 o'clock on the morning of the 9th, an attempt -was made by the Federals to land a force at the foot of -the ruins of Sumter and carry the position by storm. -Major Elliott waited until the thirty or forty barges of -the enemy were within a few yards of the southern and -eastern faces, when he greeted them with a rattling fire -of musketry, while hand-grenades and fragments of the -ruins were thrown over on the advancing foe, completely -demoralizing him. At the same time the gunboat Chicora, -Fort Moultrie, the Sullivan's island batteries and -Fort Johnson, warned by signal, swept the skirts of the -ruins and the water round about with a fire that nothing -could survive. Elliott captured 5 boats, 5 stand of -colors, 12 officers and 109 men. Among the colors captured -was a worn garrison flag, which, it was believed, was -the flag lowered in 1861 by Maj. Robert Anderson, and -hoped to be hoisted again by this storming party.</p> - -<p>On the night of August 20th, Capt. J. Carlin, commanding -a torpedo ram, with a guard on board under -Lieut. E. S. Fickling, made an attempt to explode a -torpedo against the New Ironsides. As he ranged up -alongside, Carlin was hailed, and to the demand for the -name of his craft, he replied, "The steamer Live -Yankee." The ironclad was swinging to the ebb, so -that it was impossible to do the work undertaken, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>Carlin's only hope was of escape. In this he was successful, -although the Ironsides was soon sweeping the -horizon with her guns. On October 5th, another attempt -was made to blow up the Ironsides, by Lieut. W. T. -Glassell, C. S. N., First Assistant Engineer J. H. -Tombs, Walker Cannon, pilot, and James Sullivan, fireman, -on board the propeller David, a small submerged -steamer. The boat approached the ironclad at 9 p. m. -at full speed, and when hailed, Glassell answered with a -shot from a double-barreled gun. The boat struck fairly -under the starboard quarter, and the torpedo was exploded -about 6½ feet below the surface, but it proved to -be of too light a charge (70 pounds) to injure the heavy -plates of the enemy. The David was riddled by the fire -of small-arms from the Ironsides, and almost swamped -by the great column of water thrown up by the explosion. -Although the little craft escaped sinking, the fires -were put out and the iron ballast thrown among the -machinery, so that it would not work when the engine -was reversed. In this critical situation, and believing -the boat to be sinking, Glassell and Sullivan jumped overboard, -and swimming in the direction of the enemy's -vessels were made prisoners. The pilot stuck to the -boat, and Tombs, after being thrown overboard, swam -back to it when he saw that their cries of surrender -were not heeded. The two coolly got up steam under a -continuous fire and managed to make their way back up -the channel, escaping two 11-inch shot sent after them, -passing through the Federal fleet and within three feet -of one of the monitors. Though unsuccessful, this was -justly considered one of the most daring exploits of the -war, and inspired Beauregard to ask for the purchase of -swift torpedo boats from English builders.</p> - -<p>On November 15th, Maj. John Jenkins, Third South -Carolina cavalry, reported that the enemy had reoccupied -Seabrook island (John's island) in large force. On -the following day there was a considerable action between -the Federal monitors and the Sullivan's island batteries,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> -Capt. Jacob Valentine commanding at Fort Moultrie, -Capt. C. H. Rivers at Battery Rutledge, and Maj. W. S. -Basinger at Battery Marion.</p> - -<p>During October the Federals were busy making Batteries -Wagner and Gregg formidable against the Confederate -defenses, without much molestation in their work, -while they maintained the bombardment of the ruins of -Fort Sumter. The reports of Major Elliott show that 625 -shots were fired at Sumter on the 27th, with particular -attention to the gorge wall, and on the 29th, 1,039 shots. -Their effect was to cut away all the arches on the sea -face, and to make that and the gorge easy of access. It -was evident that the enemy was preparing for another -assault from boats. As many shots of all calibers struck -the fort on the next day, and this destructive torrent of -rifled shot and shell and mortar shells, from the batteries -and the monitors, continued for several days. The casualties -in the fort were comparatively few, the main loss -being the burying of twelve members of the Washington -light infantry, Twenty-fifth regiment, and one man of the -Twelfth Georgia battalion. While they were in position -for mounting the parapet in case of assault, a Parrott -shot struck an iron girder of the sea wall, and the roof -fell in, crushing them.</p> - -<p>On November 1st, the southwest angle was the main -object of the bombardment. The flagstaff was twice -shot away, and replaced by brave men of the Georgia -battalion, who were finally compelled to substitute their -own flag for the riddled garrison flag. On the 4th, Major -Elliott remarked, regarding the rifled shells: "The -practice with these projectiles is very beautiful, the adjustment -of the time fuses being so perfect that the occupants -of the gorge wall are secure from the effects of the explosion, -which rarely fails to occur during the passage of -the shell over the parade." On the 6th the flagstaff was -again shot away, and replaced by Sergeant Currie and -Corporal Montgomery of the Twenty-fifth South Caro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>lina. -On the 12th, again, some of the Georgians had -the honor of replacing the flag under fire. Hardly a day -passed without some one being killed and several more -or less seriously wounded. During the week ending -November 16th, over 3,000 shots were fired at Sumter, -and on the night of the 19th a second attempt was made -to land a force from barges and storm the ruins, but -Elliott and his men were on guard, and their musketry -fire prevented the barges from reaching the island. On -the 24th, Capt. F. H. Harleston, having gone down the -slope of the sea face to inspect the obstructions against -storming parties, was mortally wounded by a Parrott -shell.</p> - -<p>On November 28th Elliott reported:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Private James Tupper, shot marker, Charleston battalion, -seeing yesterday morning that the flag had been -shot down, walked along the whole extent of the gorge -wall, on the parapet, and endeavored to raise it. Finding -that the staff was too short, he procured an additional -piece of spar, and with the assistance of C. B. Foster -and Corps. W. C. Buckheister and A. J. Bluett, succeeded -in splicing and planting the staff, under a very heavy fire -directed at them. One shot struck the flag from their -hands. It was a most distinguished display of gallantry.</p></blockquote> - -<p>About this time the continuous pounding of the ruins -by the enemy's projectiles had produced a steep slope on -the exterior of the fort, with very insecure footing, and -Colonel Elliott, after an examination, had no serious -fears of an assault. On the 11th, the most fatal calamity -in the history of the fort occurred—the explosion of the -southwest magazine—a danger of which the heroic -defenders had been in constant dread. The occupants -of the adjoining rooms were killed or badly burned, and -the flames, which instantly caught, spread with fierceness, -filling the casemates with stifling smoke. As soon -as the enemy observed the fire, he opened upon the fort -with rifled shells and mortars. Colonel Elliott was -slightly wounded, Capt. Edward D. Frost and 10 others -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>were killed, and 40 sustained more or less serious injuries. -Capt. John Johnson, Lieut. L. A. Harper and Capt. -M. H. Sellers were distinguished for bravery and coolness -amid the excitement and danger. The fire was not -entirely extinguished until a week later.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig7.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center">MAP<br /> -of<br /> -CHARLESTON<small> AND ITS</small> DEFENSES.<br /> -<br /> -Compiled from Surveys of<br /> -PORTIONS OF S<sup><small>T</small></sup> ANDREW'S<small> AND</small> CHRIST C<sup><small>H</small></sup> PARISHES<br /> -<small>BY</small><br /> -<span class="smcap">Lieut.</span> JOHN JOHNSON, C. S. Eng<sup>rs</sup>.<br /> -THE HARBOR, JAMES I<sup><small>D</small></sup>, FOLLY I<sup><small>D</small></sup>, MORRIS I<sup><small>D</small></sup>, SULLLIVAN'S I<sup><small>D</small></sup>, <small>AND</small> LONG I<sup><small>D</small></sup>,<br /> -<br /> -NOV. 1863. - - -</p> -</div> -<hr /> - -<p>On the last of the year the undaunted Elliott recommended -that he be provided with two iron shields for -casemate batteries, which he said would render his position -one of "comparative invulnerability." His report at -this time showed that since August 12th nearly 27,000 -projectiles had been fired at Sumter, of which 19,808 had -struck. During the same time 38 men had been killed -and 142 wounded.</p> - -<p>On Christmas day an artillery attack was made upon -the United States gunboat Marblehead, lying off Legaréville, -by Col. P. R. Page, but with the assistance of the -Pawnee the vigorous efforts to capture the vessel were -repelled.</p> - -<p>During all this period Forts Moultrie, Johnson, Simkins, -Cheves and other batteries, maintained an effective fire -upon the enemy's works and fleet, and attempts were -otherwise made to destroy the naval force of the Federals, -but without success. On October 11th four floating torpedoes -were set afloat from Fort Sumter with time fuses, -but they exploded at too great a distance from the fleet. -On the 15th the submarine boat was lost in an attempt -to run under the navy receiving ship. As soon as she -sunk, air bubbles were seen to come to the surface, indicating -that the manhole was not properly closed. Capt. -F. L. Hunley and seven men were lost.</p> - -<p>In November, the throwing of shells into the city, -which was commenced August 21st, was resumed with -more frequency. Mr. T. S. Hale, the observer at St. -Michael's steeple, reported his post as the enemy's principal -line of fire, radiating to the northeastward as far as -St. Philip's church. He counted 27 shots on August 21st -and the three days following, and 3 on October 27th, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> -the regular bombardment may be said to have begun on -November 17th, after which to January 5, 1864, 442 shells -fell in the city. The shells first thrown were 200-pound -Parrotts, but later 100-pound projectiles were mainly -used. Only five deaths resulted, two ladies, two civilians, -and one slave. A number of buildings were ruined, and -thousands of persons compelled to leave their homes and -seek refuge in the upper part of the city or in the interior -of the State. The heaviest bombardment in 1863 was on -Christmas day, when 150 shells were fired at the city, -and a considerable fire caused in the vicinity of St. -Michael's church. Several citizens, soldiers and firemen -were wounded.</p> - -<p>In December, 1863, a complete system of interior -defense was perfected at Fort Sumter, by the aid of -which the garrison, in the event of being driven to take -refuge in the casemates and bomb-proof, could protect -itself, while signaling for assistance from the surrounding -Confederate batteries. Through the heroic efforts of its -garrison, under eighteen months of constant fire, the -stronghold was maintained as an effective part of the -city's defenses. Says Major Johnson:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>From having been a desolate ruin, a shapeless pile of -shattered walls and casemates, showing here and there -the guns disabled and half buried in splintered wrecks of -carriages, its mounds of rubbish fairly reeking with the -smoke and smell of powder, Fort Sumter under fire was -transformed within a year into a powerful earthwork, -impregnable to assault, and even supporting the other -works at the entrance of Charleston harbor with six guns -of the heaviest caliber.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The shelling of Charleston continued during January, -1864, on one day 273 shells being thrown, and in the -latter part of the month the fire on Sumter was renewed. -On the 30th the flagstaff was shot down, and replaced by -Private F. Schafer, of Lucas' battalion, who at the close -of his work stood on the traverse amid a cloud of smoke -and dust from bursting shell, waving his hat in triumph.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p> - -<p>Early in February, General Beauregard was advised of -Gillmore's expedition in Florida, threatening the capital -of that State, and he immediately began forwarding -troops to that almost defenseless region. Colquitt's -Georgia brigade was under orders to move, when news -was received of a Federal advance on John's island, -doubtless undertaken to detain troops at Charleston, or -to take advantage of their absence. Gen. Henry A. -Wise, in command of the Sixth district, reported that the -enemy landed in force on Kiowah island, the night of -the 8th, crossed Seabrook island, at the Haulover to -John's island, driving in the pickets of the advanced -post held by Maj. John Jenkins, with part of the Sixth -South Carolina cavalry. Jenkins, though outnumbered, -made a gallant resistance when attacked on the morning -of the 9th, and suffered considerable loss, Capt. M. B. -Humphreys, commanding the cadet cavalry company, -being severely wounded. Said General Wise:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>With about 150 men composed of the Stono scouts, the -Rebel troop, the Cadets and Sullivan's cavalry company, -one section of the Marion artillery, and Captain Jennett's -company of the Fifty-ninth Virginia infantry, he held -the whole force of the enemy in check; fought and fell -back some two or three miles only, and in turn drove -them back nearly the whole distance by such repeated -charges all day that he made them fear he was supported, -and he held his ground manfully until night, when he -was reinforced by Colonel Tabb with a battalion of the -Fifty-ninth Virginia and the Marion artillery.</p></blockquote> - -<p>On the morning of the 10th, Jenkins was reinforced by -Charles' South Carolina battery and a battalion of the -Twenty-sixth Virginia, under Col. P. R. Page, who took -command until General Wise came up and retired the -forces to a more advantageous position, across the -Bohicket road. Part of Colquitt's Georgia brigade soon -arrived, and a strong line was formed. The enemy's -advance was met by the artillery, before whose effective -fire the Federals retreated from the field. General Wise<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> -did not order an advance till next morning, when it was -found that General Schimmelfennig, the Federal commander, -had abandoned his enterprise and left the island -under cover of the gunboats. In these operations about -15 men were killed or wounded in Jenkins' command. -The Federal loss was about the same. Colquitt's brigade -was immediately forwarded to Florida. On the morning -of the 11th, all the harbor batteries bearing on Morris -island opened a vigorous bombardment, as though preceding -an attack by infantry, to make a diversion in -favor of General Wise.</p> - -<p>The night of February 17th was made memorable by -the destruction of the United States sloop-of-war Housatonic. -This was done by the submarine torpedo boat -H. L. Hunley, under command of Lieut. George E. -Dixon, of Alabama. This brave officer and his associates -left Battery Marshall, on Sullivan's island, that -night, for their daring deed, and were never again heard -from. They shared the fate of the vessel they destroyed.</p> - -<p>The usual daily round of artillery firing continued in -the harbor defenses, with little activity on the part of -the enemy, during the following months, when both -North and South were preparing for the great struggle -between the armies in Virginia and Georgia. The guns -of Fort Sumter, at noon of April 13th, fired a defiant -salute in honor of the surrender by Major Anderson, and -provoked a fire in which J. P. Huger, of the signal corps, -was killed. A day or two later Colonel Elliott was relieved -in command by Capt. John C. Mitchel, of the First -artillery. On May 16th, two monitors moved up and -opened fire on Sumter, but were driven off, seriously -injured by the Sullivan's island batteries.</p> - -<p>Sumter's flagstaff was again shot away on June 20th, -the Federal gunners at Cummings point hitting the staff -at the second shot and cutting it in two. Lieut. C. H. -Claibourne, First regulars, assisted by Sergt. N. F. -Devereux and Corp. B. Brannon, mounted the gorge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> -wall and lashed the two pieces of staff together, under a -rapid fire. The flagstaff was again struck on the 25th, -and twice shot away on the 26th, the last time being -replaced by Privates Walter Steele and D. E. Badger. -In return, a skillful gunner at Fort Johnson brought -down the Federal flag at Battery Gregg.</p> - -<p>With the approach of the May campaigns in Virginia -and Georgia, heavy drafts were made upon General -Beauregard's forces. On March 17th, the First and -Second cavalry were ordered to South Carolina, and the -Fourth, Colonel Rutledge; Fifth, Colonel Dunovant; -Sixth, Colonel Aiken; Seventh Georgia, and Millen's -battalion, and the cavalry companies of Captains Tucker, -Wallace, Boykin, Trenholm and Magee were ordered -from General Beauregard's department to Virginia. On -April 14th, General Evans' brigade, under Gen. W. S. -Walker, was ordered to Wilmington, N. C. The Eleventh -and Eighteenth South Carolina, Colquitt's brigade, -and Company A, siege train, were ordered back from -Florida. General Beauregard, on the 20th, was assigned -to command of the department of Southern Virginia and -North Carolina, and Maj.-Gen. Sam Jones succeeded him -at Charleston. A week later Hagood's brigade was ordered -to Virginia. Several Georgia regiments were sent to -General Johnston at Dalton. On May 3d, both Wise's -and Colquitt's brigades were ordered to Richmond. On -the 4th General Jones telegraphed to Johnston, "I am -sending off my last infantry brigade to Virginia." Under -this pressure for troops, General Jones requested the -mayor to organize the fire brigade into companies, -ordered all the detailed men in his staff departments to -be organized, and called on the president of the South -Carolina railroad to muster in his employes for defense -of the city. Commander Tucker co-operated in this -effort by organizing a naval battalion. On the 24th -Colonel Keitt's regiment was started for Richmond. -Federal troops, also, had been sent to Virginia and Gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>eral -Gillmore had been called to that field and replaced -by General Foster.</p> - -<p>While these troops were being ordered from the State, -the "reserves" were called out by the government at -Richmond. In a communication to the secretary of war -on this subject, Governor Bonham pointed out that in -South Carolina, unlike other States, militia officers and -magistrates were not exempt and were already in the -field, and that the taking away of the remaining population -at home, under eighteen years of age and over forty-five, -would cause great suffering next year, and in view -of the loss of upper Georgia, possible starvation.</p> - -<p>At the same time there was much change in district commanders, -one of the most important being the assignment -of General McLaws to the Third district and Georgia.</p> - -<p>On July 31st, the aggregate present in various commands -under General Jones was as follows: First and -Fourth districts, Gen. R. S. Ripley, 3,177; Seventh district, -General Taliaferro, 3,742; Second and Sixth districts, -Gen. B. H. Robertson, 1,280; Third district and -district of Georgia, General McLaws, 3,600.</p> - -<p>The bombardment of Charleston having continued for -ten months, on June 13th General Jones addressed the -following letter to the Federal commander:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Maj.-Gen. J. G. Foster, Commanding United States -Forces on Coast of South Carolina, C. S.</p> - -<p>General: Five generals and 45 field officers of the -United States army, all of them prisoners of war, have -been sent to this city for safekeeping. They have been -turned over to Brigadier-General Ripley, commanding -the First military district of this department, who will -see that they are provided with commodious quarters in -a part of the city occupied by non-combatants, the majority -of whom are women and children. It is proper, -however, that I should inform you that it is a part of the -city which has been for many months exposed day and -night to the fire of your guns.</p> - -<p> -Very respectfully, your obedient servant,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Sam Jones</span>, Major-General Commanding.<br /> -</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span></p> - -<p>General Foster, replying, said in part:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Many months since Major-General Gillmore, United -States army, notified General Beauregard, then commanding -at Charleston, that the city would be bombarded. -This notice was given, that non-combatants might be removed -and thus women and children be spared from harm. -General Beauregard, in a communication to General Gillmore, -dated August 22, 1863, informed him that the non-combatant -population of Charleston would be removed with -all possible celerity.... That city is a depot for military -supplies. It contains not merely arsenals, but also -foundries and factories for the manufacture of munitions -of war. In its shipyards several armed ironclads have -already been completed, while others are still upon the -stocks in course of construction. Its wharves and the -banks of the rivers on both sides are lined with batteries. -To destroy these means of continuing the war is therefore -our object and duty.... I have forwarded your -communication to the President, with the request that -he will place in my custody an equal number of prisoners -of the like grades, to be kept by me in positions exposed -to the fire of your guns as long as you continue the -course stated in your communication.</p></blockquote> - -<p>General Halleck, Federal chief of staff, in a letter to -Foster, June 21st, stated that the secretary of war approved -his suggestion, and had ordered an equal number -of Confederate generals and field officers to be forwarded -to be treated precisely as the Federal prisoners were, -and with proper precautions to prevent escape, "putting -them in irons, if necessary, for that purpose." The first -roll of Confederate prisoners of war made out for this -purpose was from those confined at Fort Delaware, and -included Maj.-Gens. Edward Johnson and Franklin -Gardner, Brig.-Gens. J. J. Archer, G. H. Steuart and -M. Jeff Thompson, and 46 colonels, lieutenant-colonels -and majors.</p> - -<p>General Jones, on July 1st, proposed to General Foster -that they should exchange prisoners, if the respective -governments approved, and enclosed communications -from Brigadier-Generals Wessells, Seymour, Scammon,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> -Heckman and Shaler, the Federal general officers in his -hands, in which they declared that a prompt exchange -of prisoners, if an exchange were to be made, was called -for by every consideration of humanity. They also -asked for the Confederate officers who had arrived at -Hilton Head, "every kindness and courtesy that could be -extended them, in acknowledgment of the fact that we -at this time are as pleasantly and comfortably situated -as is possible for prisoners of war, receiving from the -Confederate authorities every privilege that we could -desire or expect, nor are we unnecessarily exposed to -fire."</p> - -<p>General Foster replied to General Jones that he fully -reciprocated the desire for an exchange, but added: -"Before any steps can be taken to effect it, it will be -necessary to withdraw from exposure to our fire those -officers now confined in Charleston. I have not yet placed -your prisoners in a similar position of exposure." To -this General Jones rejoined that a removal of the prisoners -would be an implied admission that they were -unduly exposed, which they had themselves denied.</p> - -<p>The Confederate prisoners were placed on Morris -island, under the fire of the Confederate batteries, the -number being increased to about 600 officers of all -grades, and were there held, until in October they and -the prisoners at Charleston were removed.</p> - -<p>General Foster, on June 23d, notified the Federal chief -of staff that he would begin important operations soon, -saying: "I propose, first, to destroy the Charleston & -Savannah railroad, and then to make a sudden attack -upon some of the defenses of Charleston or of Savannah. -If I fail in one, I will try the other." On July 1st, he -sailed from Hilton Head with a force of 5,000 infantry, -100 cavalry and two sections of artillery. Two brigades, -under General Hatch, were landed on Seabrook island -with orders to push to the north end, seize the ferry, -cross over and destroy the railroad. Another brigade<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> -was landed at White Point under General Birney, with -orders to torpedo the railroad track and destroy the -South Edisto and Ashepoo bridges and the trestle. At -the same time General Schimmelfennig was to attack on -James island, a boat expedition of 1,000 men was to -assault Forts Johnson and Simkins, and the bombardment -of Fort Sumter was to be renewed with the intention -of leveling its walls preparatory to storming.</p> - -<p>This combined attack was a serious one and taxed the -heroism of the brave defenders of Charleston, but, as in -previous emergencies, they were successful in meeting -the enemy at every point. Birney, Foster said, encountered -a small force of the enemy with a battery, and -though Foster helped him with gunboats on Dawho -creek, he retreated and fell in behind Schimmelfennig on -the Stono. The latter carried a battery on James island, -but was shelled out of it by the batteries from Secessionville -to Fort Pringle. Hatch marched across John's -island but found it too hot to fight the Confederates concentrated -at the ferry. Colonel Hoyt, of the boat expedition, -was compelled to surrender with 5 officers and 132 -men. Such, in effect, was Foster's summing up of results -on July 7th. On the 12th, he added, that having -been successful in one respect, forcing the Confederates -to accumulate a large force to meet him, he had re-embarked -to give his men a few days' rest, after a loss of -54 killed and drowned, 133 wounded and 143 missing. -His rest continued until November.</p> - -<p>Gen. W. B. Taliaferro was in command on the Secessionville -line, which included Forts Johnson, Haskell and -Pringle, and Batteries Simkins, Wampler, Cheves, etc., -whence an active fire had been maintained at the enemy, -varied at times with skirmishing against Federal demonstrations. -On July 2d he observed the advance of the -enemy in force, driving in the cavalry vedettes upon the -infantry pickets stretching from Rivers' causeway to the -Stono. There a stubborn resistance was made by Maj.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> -Edward Manigault, supported by Lieutenant De Lorme's -light artillery and a detachment of the siege train serving -as infantry under Lieutenant Spivey. The gallant -De Lorme, fighting too long against a line of battle, at -the fourth charge of the enemy lost his guns after they -had occasioned great loss in the Federal ranks. The -picket line was withdrawn in range of the batteries, and -the enemy advanced and intrenched, Taliaferro not having -force enough to attack, being compelled to weaken -Fort Johnson to hold his main line. A gunboat came up -the Stono to cover the Federal flank, but was driven -back by Battery Pringle. The enemy made one advance -in force, but met such a warm reception from the artillery -that no further effort was made that day.</p> - -<p>Next morning at daylight the enemy landed from -barges at Shell point and made the attack on Battery -Simkins and Fort Johnson. Both were fiercely assaulted -by the Federals, but, said General Taliaferro, "the gallant -garrison, under the command of Lieut.-Col. Joseph -A. Yates, received them with heroic determination, and -soon staggered and drove them back, when, with a rapid -charge headed by Lieutenants Waties and Reynolds, 140 -prisoners, including 5 commissioned officers, were taken." -The participants in this brilliant affair were the companies -of Lieutenant Waties, Captain Gaillard and Lieutenant -Cooper, of the First artillery, and of Lieutenants -Halsey and Raworth, Second artillery. These officers -and Corporal Crawford were distinguished for gallantry. -Five barges were captured.</p> - -<p>The 3d was opened with an artillery battle along the -line, and the enemy's monitors and gunboats were seen -ascending the Stono. Legaréville and other points on -John's island were occupied, and Taliaferro was led to -believe that the enemy was engaged in a serious movement, -on the same line as that adopted by Sir Henry -Clinton in March, 1780, who occupied John's island, -crossed the Stono at the site of Fort Pemberton, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> -after gaining possession of the Stono, moved from James' -island to the mainland. Nevertheless the Confederate -line put on a bold front and Colonel Harrison, with his -Georgians, advanced and drove back the Federal pickets -to their original line. For several days afterward artillery -firing continued along the lines, and attacks upon -Manigault's picket line. The Federal fleet opened a -terrific fire on Battery Pringle, disabling several of the -guns. To relieve the exhausted garrison at the latter -point, Colonel Rhett was assigned and Major Blanding -with two companies of the First artillery. Battery Tynes -was also under fire, but ably defended by Captain Richardson, -of Lucas' battalion.<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p> - -<p>On the 8th Colonel Harrison, with his brigade, -was sent to the assistance of Gen. B. H. Robertson, -commanding on John's island. The latter had repulsed -several assaults, Major Jenkins commanding -at the front, and after the arrival of the Georgians, -made an attack in turn, on the morning of the 9th, driving -the enemy from his first intrenched line to the second, -beyond Burden's causeway, and occupying the elevated -ground necessary to the Federals to enfilade Taliaferro's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> -line on James island. The entire Confederate loss was -37 killed and 91 wounded.<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p> - -<p>While the battle was in progress on John's island, a -Brooke gun, brought to Battery Pringle, drove the -enemy's wooden boats down stream. An attempt of the -enemy to float fire rafts with the tide against the Stono -bridge was defeated by Lieutenant Smith, with a detachment -of the naval battalion, who brought them to shore, -and a second barge attack on Fort Johnson was repulsed, -the garrison being aided by Le Gardeur's battery and a -company of marines. On the 11th the enemy disappeared.</p> - -<p>In his detailed report, Gen. Sam Jones said: "Officers -captured concur in representing that the expedition -was well and carefully considered and planned, and was -confidently expected to result in the capture of Charleston. -That it failed is due, under Providence, to the gallantry -and good conduct of our officers and men." His -aggregate of losses was 33 killed and 96 wounded.</p> - -<p>The part of this campaign which fell upon Fort Sumter -was a fierce bombardment by day and night, in which -from July 7th to July 31st inclusive, 7,000 shot and shell -took effect. On the 7th the flag was cut down three -times. On the 20th Commandant Mitchel, one of the -most gallant officers of the artillery service, was mortally -wounded while making an observation from the highest -point of the fort. Capt. John Johnson, the faithful engineer-in-chief, -was severely wounded on the 28th. But -in spite of this terrific bombardment, and a new sort of -attack—floating powder boats to explode in its vicinity—Sumter -remained invulnerable. Capt. Thomas A. Hu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>guenin -succeeded Mitchel in command, and remained in -charge until on the night of February 17, 1865, he went -the rounds of the indomitable fortress for the last time, -and abandoned it to the enemy who had never been able -to enter its walls while a Confederate soldier remained -on guard.</p> - -<p>Major Jenkins, on August 20th, found it necessary to -burn the village of Legaréville. The Stono scouts, owners -of property in the place, volunteered to aid in the -work, sixteen of the members applying the torches to -their own dwellings.</p> - -<p>On October 5th, Maj.-Gen. W. J. Hardee took command -of the department, relieving General Jones, whom -he assigned to command of the State, exclusive of General -McLaws' district in the southeast.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> General Taliaferro gave his loss in the campaign at 10 -killed and 25 wounded. He particularly commended the gallantry of the -men on his advanced line under unremitting fire for eight days and -nights from the enemy's monitors, gunboats, mortar boats and land -batteries. These troops were detachments from the First and Second -artillery, Company B, siege train; First cavalry, First infantry -(regulars), Kirk's and Peeples' squadrons of cavalry and Harrison's -and Bonaud's Georgians, the South Carolina officers commanding -being Major Manigault, Major Blanding, Capts. R. P. Smith, Dickson, -Warley, Rivers, Witherspoon, Burnet, Humbert, Stallings, -Kennedy, Porcher Smith and Trezevant. The Stono batteries, -under Majors Lucas and Blanding, were commanded by Captains -Hayne, Richardson, Rhett, King, Lieutenants Ogier (specially -distinguished), Martin, Reveley, Lucas, Ford and Stuart. -Lieutenant-Colonel Brown at Fort Lamar, and the light batteries under -Captain Wheaton, did good service, and Colonels Black, Frederick -and Rhett were faithful and efficient in their duties commanding on -the east and west and in reserve.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> General Robertson specially commended, aside from the -gallant Georgians who led in the charge on the 9th, the Washington, -Marion, and Inglis batteries, under Colonel Kemper, Major Jenkins, -Sergeant Jervais and Privates Miller and Bryan of the Stono scouts; -Private A. J. White, of the Second cavalry, and a portion of the Second -cavalry under Captain Clark, who defended the right of the line on -the first day and lost 13 out of 21 engaged. Captain Dean, of the -same regiment, with 13 men, also participated in this heroic fight.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>SOUTH CAROLINIANS WITH LONGSTREET AND LEE—WAUHATCHIE—MISSIONARY -RIDGE—KNOXVILLE—THE -VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN OF 1864—FROM THE WILDERNESS -TO THE BATTLE OF THE CRATER.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">Following</span> the battle of Chickamauga, Bragg's -army occupied Lookout mountain and Missionary -ridge, beleaguering Rosecrans, whose troops soon -began to suffer for want of food. Longstreet, in command -on the left, had the important duty of holding -the river line of communication, and cutting off Rosecrans' -supplies. Hood's division, at this time, was commanded -by Brig.-Gen. Micah Jenkins, and Col. John -Bratton commanded Jenkins' brigade, which joined Longstreet -after Chickamauga. The First regiment was under -command of Col. F. W. Kilpatrick; the Second Rifles, -of Col. Thomas Thompson; the Fifth, of Col. A. Coward; -the Sixth, of Col. M. W. Gary, and the Palmetto Sharpshooters, -of Col. Joseph Walker.</p> - -<p>In October, 1863, Rosecrans was replaced by Thomas, -Grant became commander-in-chief in the West, and -prompt efforts were made by them to relieve Chattanooga. -On Longstreet's part Law's brigade of Jenkins' -division was moved down the river below Lookout mountain, -and on the 25th the brigade observed a force from -Chattanooga cross the river and seize a strong position, -where it was soon reinforced by Hooker's corps from -Virginia. On the 28th Longstreet arranged for a night -attack upon Geary's division, marching down Lookout -valley toward Brown's ferry, in which Bratton's division<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> -was to assail the enemy's rear.<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> The South Carolinians -made a gallant attack, and, Colonel Bratton reported, -"drove the enemy through their camp, and entirely beyond -their wagon camp." The brigade became seriously -engaged, and apparently had prospects of success, if -supported, but the Federal divisions of Carl Schurz and -O. O. Howard were close at hand, and Bratton was -ordered to withdraw. The loss was heavy, 31 killed, 286 -wounded and 39 missing. Colonel Kilpatrick, distinguished -for gallantry and efficiency, was shot through the -heart early in the engagement. Capt. James L. Coker, -of Bratton's staff, was seriously wounded. In an account -of this combat, Captain Coker has written:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>General Geary's division was attacked by Jenkins' -South Carolina brigade. No other troops fired a shot at -Geary's men that night. When the order to retire was -received, the brigade was withdrawn in good order. -General Howard [marching to the support of Geary] -made such progress that Jenkins' brigade was in danger -of being cut off from the crossing over Lookout creek.</p></blockquote> - -<p>With this understanding it is interesting to read General -Geary's report:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The enemy pressed forward vigorously with a continuous -line of fire.... The guns of Knap's battery ... -were served ... with spherical case with short fuses.... -Charge after charge was made, each with redoubled -effort upon our left, but each time the enemy's lines were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> -hurled back under the unintermitting fire, both from infantry -and artillery, that like a wall of flame opposed them. -Prisoners began to come in, and we discovered that we -were opposing Hood's division of Longstreet's corps.... -After nearly half an hour's desperate fighting ... -the enemy extended his attack without cessation of fire on -the left, to the right of my center, front and left flank.... -The infantry suffered considerably, but dealt destruction -into the rebel ranks as correspondingly overwhelming -as were their numbers to those of our own -Spartan band.... The veteran division of Hood had -sought to annihilate us.... The enemy was driven from -the field, after a most desperate struggle of three hours' -duration.... [Geary reported his total present at about -2,400, loss 216.]</p></blockquote> - -<p>Early in November, Longstreet, with the divisions of -McLaws and Hood (under Jenkins), including the South -Carolina brigades of Jenkins and Kershaw, and Fickling's -battery, was ordered up the Tennessee valley to wrest -Knoxville from Burnside and to divert to that region -some of the heavy reinforcements Grant was massing -against Bragg. The South Carolina brigades participated -in the combats of the advance and the investment of -Knoxville. Jenkins' brigade bore the brunt of the engagement -at Lenoir's Station, November 15th, in which -the gallantry and dash of the skirmishers, said Jenkins, -were never surpassed. Lieutenant-Colonel Logan, Hampton's -legion, and Lieutenant-Colonel Wylie, Fifth South -Carolina, were particularly distinguished. The brigade -lost 18 killed and 106 wounded.</p> - -<p>On November 18th, before Knoxville, General Kershaw's -brigade was ordered to assault the advance line -of the enemy occupying breastworks of rails, upon a hill, -and the Armstrong houses. The charge was brilliant -and successful. Colonel Nance, of the Third, reported it -"was the most desperate encounter in which the regiment -was ever engaged." Among the mortally wounded was -Lieut. D. S. Moffett. Colonel Kennedy, of the Second, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>was wounded. Maj. J. F. Gist, the brave and intrepid -commander of the Fifteenth, was killed by a Federal -sharpshooter, the command devolving on Capt. J. B. -Davis. James' battalion lost 27 killed and wounded. -Part of Kershaw's brigade was in action during the unsuccessful -assault of November 29th, and both brigades, with -occasional fighting and continuous suffering for want of -shoes, clothing and rations, passed the inclement winter -in rugged east Tennessee.</p> - -<p>On November 20th the South Carolina commands with -Bragg on Missionary ridge were the Tenth and Nineteenth, -Maj. James L. White (Manigault's brigade); the -Sixteenth, Colonel McCullough, and Twenty-fourth, Colonel -Stevens (Gist's brigade), and Ferguson's battery. -These troops fell back with the army on November 25th, -and passed the winter of 1863-64 in the vicinity of Dalton.</p> - -<p>While their comrades were thus engaged in the West, -the South Carolinians in the army of Northern Virginia -were undisturbed except by the Bristoe campaign in -October, and the Mine Run campaign in November. -Abner Perrin, promoted to brigadier-general, commanded -McGowan's brigade; Col. D. H. Hamilton, the -First regiment; Col. J. L. Miller, the Twelfth; Col. B. T. -Brockman, the Fourteenth; Col. F. E. Harrison, Orr's -Rifles. This brigade, with Lane's, Scales' and Thomas' -formed the division of Maj.-Gen. C. M. Wilcox, A. P. -Hill's corps. General Hampton, promoted to major-general, -commanded a division of the cavalry corps, and -his old brigade, under Brig.-Gen. M. C. Butler, included -the First and Second South Carolina cavalry, under Colonels -Black and Lipscomb. Hart's battery was still with -the cavalry, the Pee Dee artillery with the Third corps, -Garden's with Maj. J. C. Haskell's battalion of the reserve -artillery. Butler's cavalry brigade, under Col. -P. M. B. Young, early in October was distinguished at -Bethsaida church. "The enemy were drawn up in line to -meet us," General Stuart reported, "but being gallantly -charged in flank and rear by the First South Carolina<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> -cavalry, Lieut.-Col. J. D. Twiggs, broke and fled in confusion." -Pursuing to James City, Kilpatrick's whole -division was encountered. During the skirmishing which -followed, a dash of the enemy at the horse artillery was -gallantly met and repulsed by 150 sharpshooters under -Capt. R. Ap C. Jones, First South Carolina cavalry. -Fighting followed around Brandy Station, and Young's -brigade made a successful stand at Fleetwood hill on the -12th. On the 19th, at Haymarket and Buckland mills, -when Kilpatrick was finally routed with the loss of 250 -prisoners and General Custer's headquarters baggage, the -First South Carolina gallantly led in the impetuous charge -of Stuart's troopers. "The rout at Buckland," said -Stuart, "was the most signal and complete that any cavalry -has suffered during the war."</p> - -<p>When the great Federal army under Grant and Meade -crossed the Rapidan in May, 1864, Longstreet had his -corps again in Virginia, with headquarters at Gordonsville. -Brig.-Gen. J. B. Kershaw was in command of -McLaws' division, and his brigade was led by Col. John -W. Henagan. Lieut.-Col. Franklin Gaillard commanded -the Second, Colonel Nance the Third, Capt. James -Mitchell the Seventh, Lieut.-Col. E. T. Stackhouse the -Eighth, Col. John B. Davis the Fifteenth, Capt. B. M. -Whitener the Third battalion. General Jenkins was in -command of his brigade, in the division now led by Maj.-Gen. -C. W. Field, and the First regiment was commanded -by Col. James R. Hagood, the Second (rifles) by -Col. Robert E. Bowen, the Fifth by Col. A. Coward, the -Sixth by Col. John Bratton, the Palmetto Sharpshooters -by Col. Joseph Walker. General McGowan was again -in command of his brigade, of Wilcox's division, on the -Rapidan. The South Carolina cavalry brigade, under Gen. -M. C. Butler, composed of the Fourth regiment, Col. B. -Huger Rutledge; Fifth, Col. John Dunovant, and Sixth, -Col. Hugh K. Aiken, was assigned to General Hampton's -division. Garden's battery, the Palmetto artillery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> -under Captain Fickling, the Pee Dee under Zimmerman, -and Hart's battery continued in their former assignments.</p> - -<p>On the night of May 5, 1864, General Lee telegraphed -to President Davis:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The enemy crossed the Rapidan yesterday at Ely's and -Germanna fords. Two corps of this army moved to oppose -him—Ewell's by the old turnpike, and Hill's by the plank -road.... A strong attack was made upon Ewell, who -repulsed it.... The enemy subsequently concentrated -upon General Hill, who, with Heth's and Wilcox's divisions, -successfully resisted repeated and desperate assaults.</p></blockquote> - -<p>In this first fight in the Wilderness, May 5th, McGowan's -brigade was hurried into action, the line being -formed of the First regiment, Orr's Rifles, Twelfth, -Thirteenth and Fourteenth, from right to left. In this -order the brigade made a charge in which the enemy -were driven through the thickets, and in the onset, -though suffering heavy losses, it captured a considerable -number of prisoners, including a brigadier-general.</p> - -<p>The attack of the Federals on the 6th fell upon the -right flank and front of McGowan's brigade, forcing it to -double up and fall back on Poague's artillery, where it -was reformed. At this juncture, Kershaw reached the -field, with the head of Longstreet's corps, and Colonel -Henagan formed his brigade in line of battle just in -time to screen the retreating masses of Heth's and Wilcox's -divisions. "Almost immediately," says Kershaw, -"the Federals were upon us." He continues:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Ordering Colonel Henagan forward to meet them with -the right of his command, I threw forward the Second -South Carolina regiment on the left of the road and -deployed and pushed forward Brigadier-General Humphreys -with his brigade, also, on the right of the road. -This formation was made successfully and in good order -under the fire of the enemy, who had so far penetrated -into the interval between Henagan and the road as to -almost enfilade the Second South Carolina, which was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> -holding the left of the road, and some batteries which -were there stationed. Humphreys was pushed forward -as soon as he got into position, and made for a time -steady progress.</p> - -<p>In the meantime General Bryan's brigade coming up, -was ordered into position to Henagan's right. That -officer, in obedience to orders, had pushed forward and -driven the enemy in his front for some distance through -the dense thicket which covered the country to the right -of the plank road; but they being heavily reinforced, -forced him back to the line which Humphreys had by this -time reached. Here the enemy held my three brigades -so obstinately that I placed myself at the head of the -troops and led in person a charge of the whole command, -which drove the enemy to and beyond their original line -and occupied their temporary field works some half mile -or more in advance. The lines being rectified, and Field's -division and Wofford's brigade having arrived, a movement -was organized to attack the enemy in flank from -our right, while we continued to hold the enemy in front, -who was at intervals bearing down upon our lines, but -always without any success. This movement, concealed -from view by the dense wood, was eminently successful, -and the enemy was routed and driven pell-mell as far as -the Brock road, and pursued by General Wofford to some -distance across the plank road, where he halted within a -few hundred yards of the Germanna road. Returning -with General Wofford up the plank road, and learning -the condition of things in front, we met the lieutenant-general -commanding, coming to the front almost within -musket range of the Brock road. Exchanging hasty congratulations -upon the success of the morning, the lieutenant-general -rapidly planned and directed an attack to be -made by Brigadier-General Jenkins and myself upon -the position of the enemy upon the Brock road before he -could recover from his disaster. The order to me was to -break their line and push all to the right of the road -toward Fredericksburg. Jenkins' brigade was put in -motion in the plank road, my division in the woods to -the right. I rode with General Jenkins at the head of his -command, arranging with him the details of our combined -attack. We had not advanced as far as the position -still held by Wofford's brigade when two or three shots -were fired on the left of the road, and some stragglers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> -came running in from that direction, and immediately a -volley was poured into the head of our column from the -woods on our right, occupied by Mahone's brigade. By -this volley General Longstreet was prostrated by a fearful -wound; Brigadier-General Jenkins, Capt. Alfred E. -Doby, my aide-de-camp, and Orderly Marcus Baum were -instantly killed.</p> - -<p>I have not the particulars of casualties at hand, -except those in Kershaw's brigade, which were 57 killed, -239 wounded and 26 missing. Among the losses of that -brigade were two of the most gallant and accomplished -field officers of the command—Col. James D. Nance, -commanding Third South Carolina regiment, and Lieut.-Col. -Franklin Gaillard—both gentlemen of education, -position and usefulness in civil life and highly distinguished -in the field. Captain Doby had served with me -as aide-de-camp from the commencement of the war. -He distinguished himself upon every battlefield.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Colonel Bowen, in describing the service of his regiment -(Jenkins' brigade), says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>General Longstreet did not fall from his horse, but -rode the length of the regiment (Second rifles), when he -began to reel, and Lieutenant-Colonel Donnald and -Sergt. T. J. Bowen caught him and lifted him down -from his horse. Colonel Bowen formed his regiment -across the plank road in order to repel an attack in case -the enemy should return. Just at that time Gen. R. E. -Lee rode up and ordered Colonel Bowen to form the brigade -on the right and left of the Second rifles. Colonel -Coward came up and threw himself, weeping, -over the dead body of the gallant Jenkins. General -Anderson was called to take command of the corps and -Colonel Bratton took command of the brigade. The -sharpshooters and the Second rifles were then ordered to -the front and right, and after a half mile's march found -that the enemy had improved the brief lull in the fight -by throwing up intrenchments, from behind which they -opened a terrific fire. The advance regiments held their -position and suffered a heavy loss, until, as reinforcements -came up, the enemy fell back.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The return of Colonel Hagood, of Jenkins' brigade—10 -killed and 82 wounded out of 261—indicates the losses of -the troops engaged. The 7th passed without a general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> -engagement, but instead the positions of both armies -were changed from day to day, and a part of Kershaw's -command fought with success on the 8th, at one time -using the bayonet. Repeated and heavy assaults were -made on Ewell's corps during the 10th, and on the 11th -the two armies confronted each other at Spottsylvania -Court House, ready for the awful battle of the 12th of -May.</p> - -<p>The great struggle over the possession of the "bloody -angle" began just before dawn by the successful sweep -of the Federal divisions through Gen. Edward Johnson's -line of intrenchments, thus threatening the overthrow of -Lee's army. The particulars of this fearful encounter, -which resulted, after the day's bloody fighting, in the -defeat of Grant's purpose, will not be given here, but the -part taken by McGowan's brigade deserves special mention. -This brigade, stationed far out on the Confederate -right, was summoned to action about sunrise, May 12th, -and after a march of two miles to the left, was -moved at double-quick along Ewell's line. General -Rodes, seeing them approach, asked: "What troops are -these?" and was answered, "McGowan's South Carolina -brigade." "There are no better soldiers in the world," -was his inspiring reply. Almost immediately the South -Carolinians entered the fight, the Twelfth on the right, -and the First, Thirteenth, the Rifles and the Fourteenth -extending to the left consecutively. At double-quick and -with the "rebel yell" they went into the inner line, -where McGowan was wounded by a minie ball, and compelled -to yield the command to Colonel Brockman, who -in turn being quickly disabled by a wound, was succeeded -by Col. J. N. Brown.</p> - -<p>"At that time," says Col. I. F. Hunt, in his account -of the battle, "the position of the Thirteenth regiment -was in an open field, and about fifty yards in rear of a -line of works occupied by Confederate troops (Harris' -Mississippians), a position where we could do no good,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> -while subjected to a terrific fire from the enemy, somewhat -on our right. I saw General Gordon passing, and -obtained permission to move the regiment to the right. -He ordered me to take it to the point where the fighting -was hardest." In moving to the right Colonel Hunt was -informed that all his seniors had been killed or wounded -and he took command of the brigade. He found the -right of the brigade in a short line of reserve works, and -perceiving that his men must either charge or retreat or -die where they stood, he ordered a charge, and drove the -enemy from the salient, or "bloody angle." In occupying -that work the left of the brigade connected with and -possibly lapped other troops, but the right was unprotected, -and as far down the right as Hunt could see, the -Federals held the opposite side of the works, with the -captured Confederate guns turned against him. The -ammunition soon began to give out, and although it appeared -to be certain death to leave the shelter of the -works, Privates William Kelly and Chance Evans of the -First volunteered to, and did bring ammunition from, the -rear in boxes and tent flies during the entire engagement. -At 1 p. m., the enemy about ten paces distant, raised a -white flag, and a general advanced who, when met by -Hunt, demanded a surrender, which was promptly refused. -Soon afterward Col. J. N. Brown took command.</p> - -<p>The fierceness of this close engagement by McGowan's -brigade,<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> in which Harris' Mississippians bore an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> -equally gallant part, on the left, was probably not -exceeded in any war. The firing, when resumed after -the parley above mentioned, continued incessantly all -the remainder of the day and far into the night. Just -before day the brigade was withdrawn without pursuit to -a position near a part of Longstreet's corps, and there -rested with their Confederate comrades ready for the -enemy, who did not choose to advance. In this battle -the brigade lost 86 killed, 241 wounded and 117 missing. -Among the missing, it was afterward learned, were a -large number wounded and left in the trenches and others -that were killed. Among the casualties were Lieut.-Col. -W. P. Shooter, of the First, and Col. B. T. Brockman, -of the Thirteenth, killed; Col. C. W. McCreary, of the -First, and Lieut.-Col. G. McD. Miller, of the Rifles, -wounded.</p> - -<p>On the same day General Bratton's brigade (Jenkins') -was in battle on the Brock road, on the right of Kershaw's -brigade, and the two repulsed a heavy assault. -Bratton reported that his brigade was about 1,250 strong, -and lost not more than 15, but the enemy left 500 dead -in its front. During the night Bratton's brigade covered -the withdrawal of McGowan's brigade from the bloody -angle, and without firing a gun, lost 70 men.</p> - -<p>On the Cold Harbor line, June 1st, when a strong Confederate -movement by the right was ordered, a diary of -the First corps says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Kershaw puts in his own brigade, supported by another. -Keitt's big regiment gives way, and in the effort to rally -it, Keitt is mortally wounded. Pickett is closed into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> -right on Kershaw, and the latter on Hoke. Field closes -in on Pickett. In the afternoon a furious attack is made -on the left of Hoke and the right of Kershaw, enemy -penetrating an interval between them.... Kershaw -brings up the Second and Third South Carolina and regains -Bryan's lost ground, and captures prisoners and a -stand of colors.... [On June 3d] Kershaw's salient is -weak.... The expected battle begins early. Meantime -the enemy is heavily massed in front of Kershaw's -salient. Anderson's, Law's and Gregg's divisions are -there to support Kershaw. Assault after assault is made -and each time repulsed.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The South Carolina cavalry and horse artillery participated -in this memorable campaign under Stuart, until -that famous leader fell at Yellow Tavern, then under -Hampton. In Hampton's successful battle with Sheridan -at Trevilian, Butler's South Carolina brigade opened -the attack and was distinguished throughout. Among -the wounded was Colonel Aiken, of the Sixth cavalry. -Before the battle of Nance's Shop, Hampton was joined -by Brig.-Gen. M. W. Gary, with a brigade including the -Hampton legion cavalry and Seventh South Carolina cavalry. -Gary opened the battle at Nance's shop and contributed -materially to the victory.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile other gallant South Carolinians had been -on duty under General Beauregard, guarding the approaches -to the Confederate capital, and holding back the -advance of the Federal army under Gen. Ben Butler. -These South Carolina commands were Brig.-Gen. Johnson -Hagood's brigade; Evans' brigade, under Col. Stephen -Elliott; the Seventh cavalry, Col. W. P. Shingler, -and Kelly's battery (Chesterfield).</p> - -<p>The Twenty-first and part of the Twenty-fifth arrived -at Port Walthall junction on May 6th, and at once went -out under Colonel Graham to meet the enemy. They -were successful in checking the enemy. The whole brigade, -arriving, was engaged in battle at the junction on -the 7th, repulsing the enemy, and at Swift Creek on the -9th. The brigade loss was 177. The brave Lieutenant-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>Colonel -Dargan fell at the head of his men; Colonel Graham -was wounded in two places; Lieutenant-Colonel -Pressley, and Captain Stoney, of the staff, were seriously, -and Lieutenant-Colonel Blake, Twenty-seventh, and -Captain Sellers, Twenty-fifth, slightly wounded.</p> - -<p>At the battle of Drewry's Bluff, May 16th, according -to General Beauregard's report, "Hagood and Bushrod -Johnson were thrown forward and found a heavy force of -the enemy occupying a salient of the outer line of works.... -Hagood with great vigor and dash drove the enemy -from the outer lines in his front, capturing a number of -prisoners, and in conjunction with Johnson, five pieces -of artillery. He then took position in the works." The -casualties of the brigade were 433 out of 2,235. Captain -Brooks, of the Seventh, received three severe wounds. -Fifty-seven bullet marks were found upon the flag of the -Seventh battalion after the fight, and in one of its companies -19 were killed and 46 wounded. It was by such -heroic fighting that Petersburg and Richmond were held -in May, 1864.</p> - -<p>Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott reported a severe fight on -June 2d, in which the Seventeenth and Twenty-second -South Carolina were engaged, and the latter regiment -lost its colonel, O. M. Dantzler, who fell mortally -wounded while leading a charge.</p> - -<p>Grant having transferred his army south of the James, -Bratton's brigade was sent across to Beauregard's line -near the Howlett house, on June 16th. Taking position -on the right, they saw next morning that the enemy was -still in partial possession of part of Beauregard's line. -"About the middle of the day the division (Field's) made -a sort of spontaneous charge," as Bratton put it, "in -which my skirmish line participated, and recovered the -line." Next morning, relieved by Pickett, Bratton -moved to the Petersburg line beyond the Appomattox, -taking position on the right of where the mine was -sprung later. Here for several days, during the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> -assaults of Grant's army, under incessant fire night and -day, Bratton's men had their severest tour of duty in all -the four years. On June 24th they were relieved by -Elliott's South Carolinians, and took other positions on -the line until transferred north of the James.</p> - -<p>Hagood's brigade served with distinction in the Petersburg -battles of June 16th to 18th, repelling all assaults. -Reaching Petersburg from the Drewry's bluff line on the -night of the 15th, the brigade pushed out at the City -Point road where the Confederates were being driven -from the outer intrenchments. Under a fierce shelling -on the 16th and 17th, many were killed. Captains Hopkins -and Palmer and Adjutant Gelling, of the Twenty-second, -were killed by the shells. Lieutenant Allemand -was mortally wounded. So they fell all through the first -two months in Virginia, till many of the best and bravest -were laid to rest.</p> - -<p>On the 18th Hagood fought to hold and did hold Hare's -hill, the scene of Gordon's desperate sally in February, -1865. Lieutenant Harvey, Seventh battalion, was killed -that day, and Lieutenant Felder, Twenty-fifth, and Major -Rion, Seventh battalion, were wounded. The brigade -lost about 220 in the three days. On the 24th Hagood's -brigade occupied a single line of intrenchments, on the -left of the Confederate line, the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-first -and Eleventh between Appomattox creek and the -City Point road, the Twenty-fifth and Seventh battalion -south of the road, facing the enemy, who was intrenched -in three lines. At dawn the South Carolinians were told -that a general engagement was ordered, which they were -to open, after a heavy cannonading of the enemy by the -batteries north of the Appomattox. The three regiments -north of the road were to charge and wheel to the -south, and supported by other brigades, it was hoped to -roll up the Federal flank and drive them beyond Hare's -hill. Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson, Seventh battalion, -was put in command of 400 picked men for the skirmish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> -line, a detail which left only 550 men of these regiments -in the second line. The attack was made, and the -enemy driven from his rifle-pits and part of the first line -of intrenchments, but the South Carolinians were too -few to go further, and their expected support did not -arrive in time. So the battle failed, but Hagood held -the Federal rifle-pits all day. The loss in the three regiments -and Seventh battalion was very heavy, 25 killed, -73 wounded and 208 whose fate was at the time unknown. -Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson was missing; Captain Axson, -Twenty-seventh, was killed; and Lieutenants Huguenin -and Trim, Twenty-seventh, Chappell, Ford and Vanderford, -Twenty-first, and Smith, Eleventh, wounded; Captains -Mulvaney and Buist (wounded) were captured; -Captain Raysor and Lieutenants Reilly, White and -Clemens, missing.</p> - -<p>On the 29th of July, Bushrod Johnson's division was -arranged in the works with Ransom's North Carolinians -on the left, Elliott's South Carolinians next, then Wise's -Virginians, and Colquitt's Georgians on the right. A -projecting part of the works known as Pegram's salient -was occupied by Pegram's battery, with the Eighteenth -South Carolina on its left and the Twenty-second behind -it and to the right. To the left of the Eighteenth were -the Twenty-sixth and Seventeenth, and to the right of -the Twenty-second was the Twenty-third, all along the -parapet. A second line of intrenchments, behind, Elliott -did not have men enough to occupy. Upon these devoted -South Carolinians in the parapets was to fall a tremendous -blow, which was expected to open a way for Grant's -army into Petersburg.</p> - -<p>About 4:55 on the morning of July 30th, after a moment's -appalling rumbling and trembling, the earth burst -like a volcano beneath them, and great masses were cast -in the air. Mingled in this horrible eruption which followed -the explosion of the Federal mine, were the bodies -of men, who fell nearly all of them lifeless, while scores<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> -of others were buried as the upheaval settled about the -great "crater," nearly 100 by 150 feet, and 30 feet deep. -Five companies of the Twenty-second South Carolina -were blown up with the left of the battery, and four -companies of the Eighteenth were thrown in the air or -buried. The loss of the first regiment was 170; of the -latter, 43 killed, 43 wounded, and 76 missing—buried or -captured. Stunned by the shock of this explosion, both -Federals and Confederates for a little while made no -move, but when the torrents of dust had subsided, the -Federals were seen pouring into the breach, and at the -same time there was another and more deafening outbreak—that -of the Federal artillery, all along the line, -in a torrent of shot and shell and continuous reverberation, -surpassing any previous artillery fire in the war. -But Lee's undaunted veterans held firm.</p> - -<p>First to meet the advancing enemy were the Twenty-third -and Seventeenth South Carolina regiments and the -survivors of the Eighteenth and Twenty-second. The -remainder of the division hurried to the firing line, and -Wright's battery and Major Haskell's mortar batteries -came into action with terrible effect upon the crowded -masses of the Federals. General Elliott fell dangerously -wounded, but his place was taken by Col. F. W. McMaster, -Seventeenth, and Colonel Smith, Twenty-sixth, -formed a line to the left and rear of the crater composed -of his regiment, part of the Seventeenth, and the -Twenty-fourth North Carolina. The Twenty-third, -under Captain White, and the remnant of the Twenty-second, -under Captain Shedd, held the trenches on the -right. "The South Carolina troops on that side," said -General Johnson, "succeeded in placing a barricade on -the side of the hill and planting themselves in it and the -sunken ways running to the rear, maintained their position -within 30 yards of the crater for about five hours, during -which the enemy never drove them a foot to the -right, though they made several assaults and attempted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> -several times to form a line in rear of our works, so as to -move on the flank and rear of this gallant little band. In -the events of the 30th of July there will perhaps be found -nothing more heroic or worthy of higher admiration than -this conduct of the Twenty-second and Twenty-third -South Carolina regiments."</p> - -<p>After Mahone's division came up, Colonel Smith's line -joined in a charge which cleared the enemy from part of -the second line of intrenchments, and the final charge -which resulted in the complete rout of the enemy was -participated in by the Seventeenth under Major Culp, -and Captain Shedd's line, which captured three flags and -many prisoners. "For every buried comrade," General -Johnson said, the South Carolinians "took a two-fold -vengeance on the enemy." In the last charge Sergt. J. -W. Connelly, Twenty-second, captured the colors of the -First Michigan sharpshooters. The loss of Elliott's South -Carolinians on that terrible day was 15 officers killed and -18 wounded; 110 men killed and 204 wounded; 14 officers -and 337 men missing; total, 698. This was the main -part of the Confederate loss. The Federal return of -losses was 4,400.</p> - -<p>Grant's demonstrations north of the James, on the old -Seven Days' battle ground, to draw Lee's forces away -from the vicinity of the mine explosion, had caused -Bratton's brigade to be sent across at Drewry's bluff to -Fussell's mill on the 29th, and thence to New Market -heights. Kershaw had taken position at Chaffin's bluff -several days before, and on the 28th, Conner's (Kershaw's) -and Lane's brigades attempted to dislodge the enemy -from the Long Bridge road, causing a severe fight. -Heth's, Field's and Kershaw's divisions were massed -here; the enemy abandoned the advanced position and -Kershaw recrossed the James on the 30th.</p> - -<p>On July 27th, Hampton was ordered from Drewry's to -intercept Wilson's cavalry expedition, returning from -Staunton river bridge to Grant's army. He attacked at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> -Sappony church, next day, and his thin line held the -enemy in check all night, 200 of the Holcombe legion -infantry, under Crawley, in the center. At dawn, the -whole command, including Butler's brigade, charged, -drove the enemy from two lines, pursued his scattering -forces two miles, and captured over 800 prisoners, while -Fitzhugh Lee was fighting with like success at Reams' -Station. The gallant Lieutenant-Colonel Crawley was -severely wounded. This pursuit, General Hampton -reported, closed the operations begun on June 8th, a -period of twenty-two days, during which his command, -poorly fed and without rest, had marched over 400 miles, -fought six days and one night, captured over 2,000 prisoners, -and many guns and small-arms, and defeated two -formidable Federal expeditions, at a loss of 719 men.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Col. Robert E. Bowen, then senior captain commanding the -Second Rifles, in a description of this battle of Wauhatchie, Will's -Valley, or Lookout Valley, as it is variously called, says that during -an observation of the Federal movements from the summit of Lookout, -General Jenkins asked permission to attack and capture "the supply -train for Rosecrans' army," for which Hooker's troops were mistaken, -and the attack was made with that understanding, Law's brigade -being stationed at the river to prevent reinforcements from -Chattanooga. Captain Bowen commanded the brigade skirmish -line of six companies, which drove in the Federals, until he found -them in heavy force in line of battle, when he notified General Jenkins, -and was ordered to go as far as possible. His men opened fire, -lying down to load, and the brigade advanced to their line, within a -hundred yards of the Federals, and there stopped on account of the -evident strength of the enemy. Captain Bowen was severely -wounded, and Sergt. G. W. Bradley, a noble soldier, was killed.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Colonel Hunt says: "Accident gave the brigade the position -in front of the salient, and it sustained its reputation by charging, -retaking and holding it for seventeen hours. No one can describe -what we endured during that struggle. The trunk of that oak tree -now on exhibition in Washington tells better than words the heroic -endurance of the Confederate soldier, and gives a faint idea of the -storm of minie balls hurled at us. When we took the works, the -bark on it was intact. It stood near the right center of the salient. -A little to the left and in front of it stood a hickory tree about eight -inches in diameter, of which I have never seen any mention. The -hickory was shot down before night and fell across the works, catching -some of the men in its branches. Its body and branches were -chipped into splinters by minie balls.... I saw some very reckless -acts of individuals, for instance Private W. W. Davenport, of the -Thirteenth, and a boy of the Twelfth, whose name I cannot recall, -mounted ammunition boxes, not over ten feet from the hickory, and -fired over the salient while three or four men loaded guns for them -until the minie balls almost stripped the clothing from them. During -the afternoon the enemy's front line would seek protection under -cover of our works and fire by placing the muzzles of their guns -below the top logs of the works, while their second line would fire -over their heads. Frequently our men would seize their muzzles -and direct their fire to the rear."</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN—BATTLES AROUND ATLANTA—JONESBORO—HOOD'S -CAMPAIGN IN NORTH -GEORGIA—THE DEFENSE OF SHIP'S GAP—LAST -CAMPAIGN IN TENNESSEE—BATTLE OF FRANKLIN.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">Simultaneous</span> with the crossing of the Rapidan -river in Virginia by the Federal army of Meade, -Gen. W. T. Sherman, in command of the armies -of the Cumberland, Tennessee and Ohio, under Thomas, -McPherson and Schofield, in all about 100,000 strong, -advanced against the army of Tennessee, then under -Gen. J. E. Johnston, and occupying the valley and -mountain strongholds about Dalton, on the railroad from -Chattanooga to Atlanta. South Carolina was represented -in each of Johnston's two corps, in Hardee's by the Sixteenth -regiment, Col. James McCullough, and Twenty-fourth, -Col. Ellison Capers, in Gist's brigade of W. H. T. -Walker's division, and Ferguson's battery, Lieut. R. T. -Beauregard; and in Hood's corps by the Tenth regiment, -Col. James F. Pressley, and Nineteenth, Lieut.-Col. -Thomas P. Shaw, in Manigault's brigade of Hindman's -division. Upon the junction of Polk's forces, Waties' -battery, with Jackson's cavalry division, increased the -South Carolina contingent. Brig.-Gen. C. H. Stevens -commanded a Georgia brigade of Walker's division.</p> - -<p>The South Carolinians shared fully in the campaign -which followed, in the course of which General Johnston -skillfully withdrew his forces, with inconsiderable loss, -from one position to another, as each became untenable, -also firmly holding the enemy for weeks on the New -Hope church and Kenesaw mountain lines, repulsing -fierce assaults and permitting Sherman to gain no adva<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>ntages -except such as were due to the power of flanking -inevitable to superior numbers.</p> - -<p>The official reports of the campaign are meager, and -afford no particulars of the service of Manigault's brigade. -Colonel Capers, reporting September 10th, for -Gist's brigade, said that on May 6th the brigade marched -out of its winter quarters near Atlanta, and took position -near Mill Creek gap. Captain Wever's company, of the -Twenty-fourth, was the first engaged at this point, but -the brigade was soon transferred to Resaca, to meet the -Federal flanking column under McPherson. Then crossing -the river the two regiments were engaged below Resaca -against the enemy, whose crossing endangered Johnston's -position. Meanwhile the battle of Resaca came on -and Walker's division hurried back across the river, the -Twenty-fourth leading, under fire of the enemy's batteries. -They took position at the center, but Johnston -was compelled to withdraw that night. On the 16th -Hardee's corps was in bivouac on the Rome road, when -the enemy drove in his pickets and the Federal shells -began to fall in his camp. Colonel Capers, with his regiment -and Shaaff's Georgia sharpshooters, was sent to -re-establish the pickets, and his men were successful in a -gallant charge, but lost 9 killed and 30 wounded, among -the latter Capt. T. C. Morgan and Sergt.-Maj. J. B. -Dotterer.</p> - -<p>At Cassville, "the greatest enthusiasm prevailed in our -ranks as the men and officers saw the army formed for -battle;" but the order was countermanded, and May -25th found them in rear of and supporting Stewart's -division at New Hope church. They were not engaged -in the battle, but lost several killed and wounded. After -various changes of position they were formed on June -19th south and west of Kenesaw mountain. The right of -the Twenty-fourth touched French's division, which -occupied the mountain.</p> - -<p>The line, which was strongly intrenched, was soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> -under the fire of the enemy, who established his intrenched -line within 300 yards, and maintained such a -constant fire of small-arms and artillery that the men -had to keep close behind the works. Maj. C. C. O'Neill, -of the Sixteenth, was killed on the picket line, which -gallantly faced the enemy. On the 24th Colonel Capers' -regiment went forward to assist the pickets in covering -the brigade front, facing a Federal line of battle. The -famous assault occurred three days later, and was repulsed -from the line of the North Carolinians by their -steady fire, assisted by the raking artillery fire from General -French's batteries. But the Federals drove in the -picket line and planted themselves within 100 yards, -whence they maintained a galling fire of musketry. -After thirteen days of such fighting at Kenesaw mountain -the brigade was retired, with the army, the Twenty-fourth -having lost 57 men. The experience of all the -South Carolina regiments was similar.</p> - -<p>On July 9th Gist's brigade crossed the Chattahoochee. -"On the 17th," Colonel Capers wrote in his report, "the -commanding general (Johnston) published an address to -the army, and announced that he would attack General -Sherman's army so soon as it should cross the Chattahoochee."</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I had the honor to read the address to the brigade, and -to congratulate the command upon the prospect of successful -battle. The order of battle was received with -enthusiasm and the most confident spirit prevailed. -Next day ... the farewell address of General Johnston -was received and read to the regiment. It is due to truth -to say that the reception of these orders produced the -most despondent feelings in my command. The loss of -the commanding general was felt to be irreparable. Continuing -the march and passing by his headquarters -Walker's division passed at the shoulder, the officers -saluting, and most of the latter and hundreds of the men -taking off their hats. It had been proposed to halt and -cheer, but General Johnston, hearing of our intention, -requested that the troops march by in silence.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the 20th, the Federal army having crossed the river -and become separated in a movement toward the southeast -of Atlanta, General Hood caused an attack upon -Thomas on Peachtree creek by Hardee and Stewart -(Polk's corps), while his corps, under Cheatham, met the -enemy on the east. In this fight Walker's division made -a gallant but unsuccessful assault and suffered considerable -loss. On the 21st the fighting was brisk on the east -of the city, participated in by Manigault's brigade. Next -day Hardee made a circuitous march and fell upon the -enemy's southeastward flank and rear, while Cheatham -and Stewart attacked in front. In this hard-fought battle -of July 22d the Federal right was rolled up and severely -punished, but the Confederate loss was great, including -General Walker, killed.</p> - -<p>Gist's brigade fought in the front line on the Federal -flank, and Manigault's brigade, in another part of the -field, charged forward against the works occupied by the -Federals on the Georgia railroad. Part of the Nineteenth -regiment entered a large white house to fire from -the windows, and seeing the enemy breaking, soon the -men were leaping over the works and capturing prisoners. -Capt. E. W. Horne reported: "Then mingling with -men of other regiments, they passed about 150 yards left -along the works, on the enemy's side of them, to the -brick house, where they captured other prisoners. Maj. -James L. White, who was in command of the regiment, -acted well his part." The brigade was taken back to -the white house, and formed, and then advanced again -under the heavy enfilade fire of the batteries that Sherman -had hurried up to protect his center, and occupied -the trenches left of the brick house, where Major White -was severely wounded. The brigade was soon afterward -withdrawn. The loss of the Nineteenth was 97. The -Tenth advanced on the right of the Nineteenth, the right -of the brigade line, and was conspicuous in the fight. It -was there, where the South Carolinians fought, that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> -Illinois batteries of Captain DeGress were captured, and -the honor of this achievement is claimed by Manigault's -brigade. After this battle Gist's brigade was transferred -to Cheatham's division.</p> - -<p>On July 27th Stephen D. Lee, who went to Virginia in -1861 as a South Carolina artillery officer, took command -of Hood's corps, with the rank of lieutenant-general, -and on the next day he was ordered to attack the Federal -right, being extended southward west of the city. In -this fight Manigault's brigade was again engaged. Capt. -T. W. Getzen was in command of the Twenty-fourth, -and after he and Captain Home were wounded, the gallant -"Adjt. James O. Ferrell reported to General Manigault -that all his captains were now wounded or killed, -and the general ordered the adjutant himself to take -command." The loss of the Twenty-fourth that day was -53. The Tenth was engaged with like gallantry, its -commander, Lieut.-Col. C. Irvin Walker, falling painfully -wounded. Lieuts. G. A. Jennison and W. E. -Huger, of Manigault's staff, were among the wounded. -The brigade made repeated assaults, and left dead and -wounded within a few feet of the Federal intrenchments, -but the Confederate battle was not successful.</p> - -<p>The investment of Atlanta was actively pressed after -the battles of the latter part of July to the 25th of August, -1864. During that period the Federal line was firmly -established on the east, north and west of the city, and -steadily pushed southwestward. On August 25th, Hood's -line, west and south of Atlanta, had extended to cover -East Point, on the Macon railroad, 5 miles distant -from the city.</p> - -<p>Early in August General Hood sent General Wheeler -with half his cavalry force to operate on Sherman's railroad -communications with Chattanooga. Satisfied of his -ability to hold Atlanta and keep open his Macon communications, -he was equally well satisfied that Wheeler's -success would compel Sherman to assault or raise the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> -siege and recross the Chattahoochee. But Sherman had -already determined to raise the siege, to intrench one of -his corps on the Chattahoochee to guard his supplies and -protect that crossing, and to throw the Federal army -first on the West Point and then on the Macon road, south -of Atlanta. After an ineffective cavalry expedition, -Sherman's movement began on the night of the 25th, -and by the morning of the 28th nearly his whole army -was in position on the West Point railroad, tearing up -the track from East Point to Fairburn. Finishing this -work of destruction on the 29th, Howard and Thomas -were ordered to march on the 30th across to the Macon -road and take possession of General Hood's only remaining -railroad communications. Howard's destination was -Jonesboro, 20 miles south of Atlanta.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile General Hood had been uncertain as to the -real character of the Federal general's movements, but -supposed his main force was actually recrossing the Chattahoochee -in retreat. Not until the evening of the 30th -was General Hood convinced that his rear was seriously -attacked. General Hardee was then ordered to march -immediately with his own and Lee's corps, and to attack -and drive across Flint river the force reported to be -marching for Jonesboro. The head of Hardee's corps -reached Jonesboro about sunrise, and the last of Lee's -corps did not arrive before 1 p. m. Howard had crossed -Flint river with one corps in the afternoon of the 30th, -and occupied and fortified a ridge of high ground parallel -with the railroad and between the river and Jonesboro. -He could just as well have occupied the hamlet of Jonesboro -and intrenched himself across the coveted railroad -facing the city of Atlanta, for he had nothing to oppose -his army but a brigade of cavalry. But he was deceived -by reports that Jonesboro was occupied by a large force -of infantry. Before "bedtime" of the 30th, General -Howard had two corps in position, the Fifteenth east and -the Sixteenth west of the river. Early on the morning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> -of the 31st the Seventeenth corps came up, and his army -of the Tennessee was ready for battle.</p> - -<p>As the troops of Hardee and Lee arrived on the 31st, -they were quickly put in line of battle facing west, and -immediately confronting the Fifteenth corps, commanded -by Gen. John A. Logan. Lee's corps occupied the right, -the divisions of Patton Anderson (including Manigault's -brigade) and Stevenson in front, and Clayton's in reserve. -Hardee's corps, commanded by General Cleburne, occupied -the left, the divisions of Bate (under J. C. Brown) -and Cleburne (under Lowrey) in front, and Cheatham's -(under General Maney, and including Gist's brigade) in -reserve. General Hardee ordered the attack to begin on -the extreme left by Lowrey, to be followed up from left -to right, Lowrey and Brown wheeling to their right and -Lee attacking directly in front. Lowrey engaged the -skirmishers in his front at 3 o'clock, and Lee, hearing his -fire, led his corps forward. Lee was repulsed, but Lowrey -on the extreme left was brilliantly successful, driving -the enemy in his front across the river. He established -his line on the east bank of the river, but the attack having -failed on his right, he was recalled to his original -position. Patton Anderson's division was conspicuous in -the attack of Lee's corps. He was severely wounded and -his division suffered heavily. Persuaded of the certain -advance of General Thomas, and interpreting General -Howard's defensive attitude as indicative of his near -approach, Hardee wisely decided not to risk another -assault and also stood on the defensive.</p> - -<p>In the attacks, right and left, the brigades of Manigault -and Gist were each in the line of support to the line -of attack. Gist's brigade (commanded by Lieut.-Col. -James McCullough, General Gist being absent wounded) -was on the extreme left of Cheatham's division, and followed -Lowrey's advance; but was not actively engaged -and suffered only 4 casualties. Manigault had a more -exciting experience. His brigade for this engagement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> -was assigned to Clayton's division, supporting Anderson -and Stevenson. General Clayton describes the attack of -the front line as wanting in dash and persistency. Ordered -up on its first repulse, Manigault on his left, Holtzclaw -next, and Gibson on his right, Clayton led his division -with spirit. Encountering a rail fence, parallel to -his advance, and the enemy's rifle-pits near it, a large -part of the division halted at these obstructions to return -the enemy's fire of musketry and canister which raked -their ranks. To this circumstance the repulse of the -division was due. "Never (says General Clayton) was -a charge begun with such enthusiasm terminated with -accomplishing so little."</p> - -<p>Gibson led the brigade with the Confederate battle-flag -in his grasp, and lost half his men. Manigault on the -left was equally unsuccessful. This was the experience -of each division in the assault with the one exception of -Cleburne's, led by Lowrey. The whole attack was most -unsatisfactory and disappointing. The troops went forward -with spirit, but were soon discouraged and halted -behind any and every obstruction to reply to the enemy's -fire. This was fatal to the attack, though much determination -and courage were shown by fighting from shelter, -or even in the open. The corps of Hardee and Lee were -physically unfit for the heroic exertion demanded of -them on the 31st of August. To expect men who are -worn out physically and wanting food, to carry intrenchments -held by equal numbers, is unreasonable. The -great Jackson failed to push his corps across White Oak -swamp and join the battle at Frayser's farm, and his -friend and biographer explains this unusual want of his -characteristic energy by telling of his absolute physical -exhaustion. However much we may deplore the disappointing -results of the battle of the 31st of August, no -true man, who knew the men who failed there, would -charge their failure to a lack of spirit or courage.</p> - -<p>The situation on the night of the 31st was critical.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> -Thomas' two corps were on the railroad in the rear of -Howard and in supporting distance, and Schofield, with -another corps, having eluded Hood at East Point, was in -supporting distance of Thomas, on the railroad at Rough -and Ready. Thus Sherman had thrown his entire army -(the Twentieth corps excepted) between General Hood -and the two corps at Jonesboro, and was hard at work -breaking up the Macon railroad. Hood was holding on -to Atlanta with Stewart's corps, and the militia of -Georgia, the latter under Gen. G. W. Smith. Hearing -late at night of the 31st, of Howard's success in repelling -Hardee, Sherman at once ordered everything against -Jonesboro, while General Hood directed Hardee to return -Lee's corps to Atlanta, saying: "There are some indications -that the enemy may make an attempt upon Atlanta -to-morrow." The execution of this order exposed Lee -to what seemed almost certain capture, and left Hardee -to defend the supplies and ordnance trains of the army -and the very existence of the army itself, against the -whole of the force of General Sherman. Lee left Hardee -before day on September 1st. That he succeeded in -reaching General Hood, with Thomas and Schofield -directly in his front, is a wonderful comment on the value -of bypaths and a brilliant testimony to Lee's skill in -finding them.</p> - -<p>Hardee made the best possible disposition of his three -divisions of infantry, and his small cavalry force, and -stood behind such a defensive line as he could make. The -troops worked all night of the 31st, the entire corps being -in position from the railroad (a deep cut) on the right, to -a position covered by cavalry on the left, and north of -the hamlet of Jonesboro, Lowrey on the right, Brown in -the center and Carter (Anderson) on the left. Gist's -South Carolina and Georgia brigade was on the extreme -left flank. The whole line was in one rank. From sunrise, -Howard was threatening attack, with three corps in -position, and his artillery commanding every part of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> -Hardee's line. The Confederates took the shelling -patiently and worked hard upon their line of defense, -well aware of the responsibility of their position.</p> - -<p>At the railroad on the right the line was turned back, -almost parallel with the deep railroad cut which passed -through the ridge, north and south, on which Hardee's -line was formed. This turn in the line was made to meet -a fire from the opposite side of the cut, which was densely -wooded, with a growth of small trees. The cut was too -deep to be crossed at that point. About 1 o'clock Gist's -brigade was ordered from the left, and put in position in -one rank in the wood just described, by the lieutenant-general -in person, and charged with the defense of the -right flank. The Second battalion Georgia sharpshooters, -Maj. R. H. Whiteley, and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, -Col. Ellison Capers, occupied the position at the railroad -cut, and Colonel Capers was specially charged with -its defense. On the right of the Twenty-fourth was the -Sixteenth South Carolina and on its right the Forty-sixth -Georgia. The men climbed up the smaller trees, bent -them down, cut across the trunks with their pocket knives, -and made a first-rate abatis of small trees, interlaced, -covering the front for some distance. A barricade of -rails, small trees, and timbers brought up from a settlement -in rear, was quickly made, and these preparations -saved the right when the attack came.</p> - -<p>Early in the afternoon, the Fourteenth corps, of -Thomas' army, came up and took position between the -railroad and Howard's left. Still later, at 4 o'clock, the -Fourth corps came up, and the leading division, Kimball's, -deployed in front of Gist's brigade. At 5 o'clock -Newton's division, of the Fourth corps, got into position -in the woods on Kimball's left, the two divisions far -overlapping Gist's brigade, and extending a quarter of -a mile beyond the right flank of Hardee's position. General -Sherman's plan of attack was to assault with the -Fourteenth and Fourth corps, and send the Seventeenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> -(Blair's) around Hardee's left flank to his rear, on the -railroad, assured by these combinations of his certain -capture. Davis brought his corps (Fourteenth) up in -handsome style, about 4 o'clock, concentrated his assault -on Lowrey, carried the position on the railroad, and captured -most of Govan's brigade, with its brigadier-general -and two 4-gun batteries. The brigade on Govan's -left, Granbury's, threw back its right and defended itself -on that flank and in the front. Lowrey and Hardee were -promptly on the scene. Vaughan's brigade was brought -up from Cheatham's division, and with the Fifth and -Fifteenth Arkansas of Govan's brigade, charged the position -of the enemy in Govan's line, recaptured most of it -and confined the assaulting force to the position immediately -on the railroad, from which they fired directly down -Lowrey's line. Meanwhile the assaults in front were -unsuccessful.</p> - -<p>Simultaneous with the attack of Davis, Kimball's skirmishers -east of the railroad engaged those of Gist's brigade, -and at 5 o'clock an assault was made which fell on -Whiteley's sharpshooters and Capers' regiment. Davis' -troops on the west side of the cut fired into Whiteley's -flank, and he withdrew his battalion from the barricade. -Kimball's troops pushed up and occupied Whiteley's -position, and drove back the three left companies of the -Twenty-fourth South Carolina. On the left of his regiment -Colonel Capers had made a barricade of logs, at -right angles to the line, as a protection against a fire -from the west side of the cut. Assisted by the adjutant-general -of the brigade, Maj. B. B. Smith, and Lieutenant -Holmes, adjutant of the Twenty-fourth, Colonel -Capers rallied his companies, which, led by their commanding -lieutenants, Easterling (Company B), Beckham -(Company G) and Seigler (Company K), charged the -barricade, drove Kimball's men out, and reoccupied their -positions. Turning on the position which the sharpshooters -had vacated, Major Smith and Lieutenants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> -Easterling and Beckham, with Companies B and K, -immediately attacked it, and Major Whiteley bringing up -his battalion in gallant style, the whole left of Gist's brigade -was re-established and the enemy driven to the bottom -of the ridge. In this battle the brave Maj. D. F. -Hill, of the Twenty-fourth, was killed, while directing the -fire of the left of the regiment. It was now growing -dark, and the lieutenant-general in person rode up and -congratulated Colonel Capers on the success of his regiment. -The commander of the Fourth corps, General -Stanley, in his report explained his delayed attack as "in -part owing to the dense undergrowth in front of the -enemy, and further, to the slow progress the skirmishers -made in pushing back those of the enemy. Grose and -Kirby both reported that they could not carry the position -in their front owing to the perfect entanglement -made by cutting down the thick undergrowth in front of -the rail barricade the rebels had hastily thrown up." -This was the entanglement made by Gist's men with -their pocket-knives. General Stanley continues: "Newton's -division had a much longer circuit to make and -when moved forward the right brigade (Wagner's) found -no enemy in front [Wagner was far to the right and on -the rear of Gist's right regiment], but received a fire from -the rear of their right flank." This was from the right -of the Forty-sixth Georgia. That regiment and the Sixteenth -South Carolina kept up a steady fire in their front -and on their flanks, that of the Sixteenth materially -assisting the Twenty-fourth in its contest over the left -barricades.</p> - -<p>Night came on and it was unusually dark, so that the -active fighting ceased. Hardee had stood the shock and -held his position, with the single exception of Govan's -brigade front, and that had been in part gallantly restored -under his eye. About midnight General Hardee had -successfully left his lines, and by daylight of the 2d he -was in line of battle at Lovejoy, 5 miles in the rear of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> -Jonesboro, with all trains packed and his weary and -heroic battalions hard at work on a defensive line.</p> - -<p>It is of this battle on the 1st and of its results, that -General Hood reported to Richmond: "Hardee's corps -was attacked in position at Jonesboro. The result was -the loss of eight guns and some prisoners. Hardee then -retired to Lovejoy's Station, where he was joined by -Stewart's and Lee's corps." No dates were given by -General Hood. Stewart and Lee did not reach Lovejoy's -until the evening of the 3d, and Sherman's advance -was deploying in Hardee's front by sunrise on the 2d. -A battle was successfully fought all that day by the -pickets, and again on the 3d, so that when Stewart and -Lee came up from Atlanta on General Hardee's right -rear, the Federal line of battle had been held at bay and -the Confederate commander had only to strengthen a -well-chosen position by the reinforcement of Lee's and -Stewart's corps. If the attack of August 31st was disappointing, -surely the splendid defense of September 1st, -the successful retreat to Lovejoy's and the defiant resistance -of a single corps on the 2d and 3d, with the safety -of the trains, ought to have cheered the heart of the commanding -general and inspired a gallant soldier's commendation.</p> - -<p>Following these events, Sherman retreated to Atlanta, -Hood concentrated his army at Palmetto, near the Chattahoochee, -Hardee was supplanted by Cheatham in corps -command, and General Gist took command of Cheatham's -division. In Manigault's brigade, of Edward -Johnson's division, the Tenth South Carolina was under -command of Lieut.-Col. C. Irvine Walker, the Nineteenth -of Capt. Thomas W. Getzen. Gist's brigade was commanded -by Col. Ellison Capers, the Sixteenth regiment -by Capt. John W. Boling, and the Twenty-fourth by -Capt. W. C. Griffith.</p> - -<p>On September 29, 1864, Cheatham's corps broke camp -at Palmetto, crossed the Chattahoochee, and marched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> -northward on the west of Atlanta and Sherman's army. -Gist's brigade camped on the road to Lost mountain on -the 4th and 5th of October. After a dreadful night of -storm, they marched through rain and mud on the Dalton -road, and pushed on for the next three days through Van -Wert, Cedartown and Cave Springs to Coosaville on the -Coosa river, on the 9th. Thence marching through the -beautiful valley of the Armuchee and through Sugar -valley, they came before Dalton on the 13th at 1 p. m. -General Hood summoned the fort, which surrendered after -John C. Brown's division (including Gist's brigade) was -ordered to carry it by assault.</p> - -<p>Leaving Dalton on the afternoon of October 14th, -Gist's brigade passed Rocky Face, through Mill Creek -gap, familiar places to the soldiers of that army. After -camping a night at Villanow, they resumed their march, -passing Taylor's ridge through Ship's gap, and camped -in the Chattooga valley. Early next morning, October -16th, Colonel Capers was ordered to march back with his -regiment, and hold Ship's gap until ordered to retire. In -disposing his regiment for the defense of the gap, Colonel -Capers placed Companies A and F, Captains Steinmeyer -and Sherard, under Captain Roddey, acting major, about -a quarter of a mile in advance down the mountain, and -instructed Roddey to deploy his companies, taking -advantage of the woods, and to detain the enemy as long -as he could, falling back on the right and left of the regiment -when pressed too hard. Colonel Capers, from an -open place on the ridge, seeing the enemy's columns and -counting seventeen flags, reported by courier to General -Gist, who sent him a dispatch to hold the gap as long as -he could, but not to lose his regiment. It was then -about 11 o'clock, and Roddey was skirmishing heavily. -Colonel Capers sent his adjutant-general, Holmes, to -Roddey. Just as that officer had returned and was talking -to the colonel, the enemy was heard to raise a shout -from the direction of both flanks of Roddey's force, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> -suddenly the firing ceased. In a few minutes some men of -Companies A and F, who had escaped capture, came in -and reported that the enemy had passed around each -flank of their line, and charging from the rear had cut -off Roddey and most of his command. Soon after this -the Federals came up the mountain, and charged the -Twenty-fourth, which was holding the gap with the right -and left companies deployed to protect the flanks. The -well-directed fire of the gallant Carolinians repulsed the -attack. Learning soon after that a force was moving -around to get in his rear, Colonel Capers conducted his -regiment to the rear by the right flank, each company -firing up to the moment of marching. At the foot of the -ridge they were relieved by cavalry, and the regiment -was conducted to the bivouac of the brigade on the Summerville -road. The Twenty-fourth lost 4 officers and -about 40 men in this spirited skirmish at Ship's gap. -Captains Roddey, Steinmeyer and Sherard and Lieutenant -Gray were captured with about half of the force they -commanded. It could not be ascertained how many of -those cut off were killed or wounded. Only 8 were -wounded in the gap.</p> - -<p>On the next day the march of Cheatham's corps was -continued. On October 18th they crossed the line of -Georgia and Alabama, and on the 21st halted at Gadsden, -where they received their mail and drew blankets, clothing -and shoes, not enough to supply all necessities, but -to relieve the most needy. Twenty men of the Twenty-fourth -were absolutely barefooted when they reached -Gadsden. That evening General Hood communicated -to the army his purpose to cross the Tennessee and march -into that State. The route lay through the beautiful -valley of the Tennessee, desolated by the enemy, and -Hood addressed a field circular to the army, calling attention -of the troops to the ruined homes on every hand and -exhorting officers and men to resolutely vow the redemption -of Tennessee from the grasp of the foe. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> -noted in the report of the colonel: "The circular was -received by the Twenty-fourth with a hearty cheer, -though many of the gallant soldiers who cheered were -absolutely suffering for clothing and shoes."</p> - -<p>The march to the Tennessee, then across that river -and on to Franklin, was through rain and mud and snow, -with sometimes not more than three biscuits a day to the -man. Yet the troops were cheerful and dutiful. Finally, -on the afternoon of November 30th, they came upon the -field at Franklin. Cheatham's corps was deployed on -the left. The divisions were formed in two lines from -right to left as follows: Cleburne's, Brown's and Bate's. -In Brown's division, Gist's and Gordon's brigades occupied -the front and Carter's and Strahl's the rear line. -Stewart's corps was on the right of the pike. At 4 o'clock -p. m. the two corps moved down the hills, Brown's division -marching by the right flank of regiments until they -had descended the slopes, then forming forward into line. -As they advanced, the front line of the enemy was -steadily driven back. Says Colonel Capers in his -report:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Just before the charge was ordered, the brigade passed -over an elevation, from which we beheld the magnificent -spectacle the battlefield presented. Bands were playing, -general and staff officers and gallant couriers were -riding in front of and between the lines, a hundred flags -were waving in the smoke of battle, and bursting shells -were wreathing the air with great circles of smoke, while -20,000 brave men were marching in perfect order against -the foe. The sight inspired every man of the Twenty-fourth -with the sentiment of duty. As we were pressing -back the enemy's advance forces, Lieut.-Col. J. S. Jones -fell mortally wounded in front of the right of the regiment. -General Gist, attended by Capt. H. D. Garden -and Lieut. Frank Trenholm of his staff, rode down our -front, and returning ordered the charge, in concert with -General Gordon. In passing from the left to the right of -the regiment, General Gist waved his hat to us, expressed -his pride and confidence in the Twenty-fourth, and rode -away in the smoke of the battle, never more to be seen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> -by the men he had commanded on so many fields. His -horse was shot, and dismounting he was leading the right -of the brigade when he fell pierced through the heart.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Thus died Gen. S. R. Gist, a gallant son of South Carolina, -who had nobly defended on many a field the cause -for which he now so heroically yielded up his life. But -without a halt, his noble brigade pressed on, driving the -advance force of the enemy pell-mell into a locust abatis, -where many were captured and sent to the rear. Colonel -Capers, of the Twenty-fourth, fell wounded just -before reaching the Union works. Gist's and Gordon's -brigades charged on, reached the ditch of the main -works and then mounted the parapet, on which the -colors of the Twenty-fourth South Carolina were planted, -and there remained.</p> - -<p>Strahl's and Carter's brigades went gallantly to the -assistance of Gist and Gordon. Though this line was -torn to pieces by a terrible enfilade fire, by which Strahl -and his entire staff were killed and Carter mortally -wounded, there was no backward movement of the line. -The gallant fellows pressed on to the ditch. Maj. B. -Burgh Smith, of the brigade staff, who was commanding -the Sixteenth South Carolina, was now the senior officer -of the brigade, every superior officer being either killed -or wounded. About 10:30 p. m. Lieut. James A. Tillman, -of the Twenty-fourth, led his own company (I) and -men from other companies of the regiment in a charge -over the work, and captured the colors of the Ninety-seventh -Ohio volunteer infantry and some 40 prisoners. -The whole of Gist's brigade, Carolinians and Georgians, -held their position against repeated attempts of the Federals -to regain the works, until about midnight when the -enemy retired, leaving the Confederates in possession of -the bloody field of Franklin.<a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> The Tenth and Nine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>teenth -South Carolina, in Manigault's brigade, Edward -Johnson's division, got into the battle late in the evening, -but did their duty well.</p> - -<p>Gen. Stephen D. Lee reported: "Brigadier-General -Manigault, commanding a brigade of Alabamians and -South Carolinians, was severely wounded while gallantly -leading his troops to the fight, and of his two successors -in command, Col. T. P. Shaw [Nineteenth South Carolina] -was killed and Colonel Davis wounded. I have -never seen greater evidence of gallantry than was displayed -by this division under command of that admirable -soldier, Maj.-Gen. Ed. Johnson."</p> - -<p>On no battlefield of the war was South Carolina more -nobly illustrated by her gallant sons. But their valor -was equaled by their endurance of hardships. "Once -during the campaign," says Colonel Capers' report, "the -men received as a ration three ears of corn to each man, -and frequently we had nothing but cornmeal. But I -am happy to report that no man deserted the flag of his -regiment."</p> - -<p>The records are meager as to the battle of Nashville. -In the great disaster that befell the Confederate arms at -that place and the terrible hardships of the retreat, the -South Carolinians bore their full share of peril and suffering, -and maintained the honor of the gallant Palmetto -State.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Colonel Capers, in his report commended Lieutenant Tillman, -who in turn praised the gallantry of Privates J. P. Blackwell, Anderson -Walls and J. E. O. Carpenter. "I would also mention specially -the gallantry of Privates Prewett and Mock, both of whom were -killed on the line of the enemy. Lieut. W. M. Beckham, acting -adjutant; Captain Bowers, Lieuts. Claude F. Beaty, Adrian C. -Appleby, C. D. Easterling, McDaniel, and Andrews were conspicuous -in the field for their gallant conduct. Private Adam -Carpenter bore the flag with courage and faithfulness, and -Color-Corporals Jones and Morgan were both wounded. Lieutenants -Weeks, Tatum and Millen were severely wounded. I would specially -commend the gallantry and devotion of the litter corps under Private -Joseph Breland. They kept up with the regiment and rendered -prompt assistance to the wounded, several of them being themselves -wounded on the field." At the close of the battle the ranking officer -of the brigade was Captain Gillis, of the Forty-sixth Georgia. Of -the general's staff Capt. H. D. Garden alone remained. When the -generals and field officers of Gist's brigade were either killed or -wounded, the company officers led their men in the assault upon the -enemy's works.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>THE CLOSING SCENES IN VIRGINIA—SIEGE OF RICHMOND -AND PETERSBURG—FALL OF FORT FISHER—SOUTH -CAROLINA COMMANDS AT APPOMATTOX.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap2"><span class="smcap">Here</span> may be resumed the narrative of the services -of South Carolinians in the army of Northern -Virginia, as recorded in the fragmentary reports -and itineraries which are preserved.</p> - -<p>The returns of August, 1864, show the following South -Carolina commands on duty in Virginia:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Elliott's brigade of Bushrod Johnson's division, Col. Fitz William -McMaster commanding the brigade: Seventeenth regiment, Maj. -John R. Culp; Eighteenth, Capt. R. H. Glenn; Twenty-second, -Lieut. T. N. Able; Twenty-third, Capt. H. H. Lesesne; Twenty-sixth, -Lieut.-Col. J. H. Hudson.</p> - -<p>Hagood's brigade of R. F. Hoke's division, Brig.-Gen. Johnson -Hagood commanding the brigade: Eleventh regiment, Maj. John -J. Gooding; Twenty-first, Lieut. N. A. Easterling; Twenty-fifth, -Capt. William B. Gordon; Twenty-seventh, Lieut.-Col. Julius A. -Blake; Seventh battalion, Maj. James H. Rion.</p> - -<p>Bratton's brigade of Field's division, First army corps, Brig.-Gen. -John Bratton commanding the brigade: First regiment, Col. James -R. Hagood; Second rifles, Col. Robert E. Bowen; Fifth regiment, -Col. A. Coward; Sixth regiment, Col. John M. Steedman; Palmetto -sharpshooters, Col. Joseph Walker.</p> - -<p>Kershaw's old brigade of Kershaw's division, First army corps: -Second regiment, Col. J. D. Kennedy; Third, Col. William D. -Rutherford; Seventh, Capt. Elijah J. Goggans; Eighth, Col. J. W. -Henagan; Fifteenth, Col. John B. Davis; Twentieth, Col. Stephen -M. Boykin; Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. William G. Rice.</p> - -<p>McGowan's brigade (Brig.-Gen. Samuel McGowan commanding) -of Wilcox's division, Third army corps: First regiment, Lieut.-Col. -Andrew P. Butler; Twelfth, Capt. Robert M. Kerr; Thirteenth, -Capt. David R. Duncan; Fourteenth, Lieut.-Col. Edward Croft; -Orr's rifles, Maj. James T. Robertson.</p> - -<p>Cavalry brigade of Brig.-Gen. John Dunovant, of Maj.-Gen. M. -C. Butler's division, cavalry corps, army of Northern Virginia, Maj.-Gen. -Wade Hampton commanding: Third regiment, Col. Charles -J. Colcock; Fourth, Col. B. Huger Rutledge; Fifth, Lieut.-Col. -Robert J. Jeffords; Sixth, Col. Hugh K. Aiken.</p> - -<p>Capt. Hugh R. Garden's battery was with Maj. J. C. Haskell's -battalion; Capt. W. W. Fickling's with Maj. Frank Huger's bat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>talion -of the First corps; the Pee Dee artillery, Capt. E. B. Brunson, -with Pegram's battalion, Third corps; Capt. J. F. Hart's battery -with Hampton's corps.</p> - -<p>The Holcombe legion, Capt A. B. Woodruff, brigade of Gen. -H. A. Wise, was under General Beauregard's immediate command, -department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia, as were also -Elliott's and Hagood's brigades.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Bratton's brigade, which was left in a previous chapter -at New Market heights, north of the James river, was -unmolested until the middle of August, when Grant -ordered an advance in that quarter simultaneous with his -attempt to gain the Weldon railroad. On the 14th Bratton's -pickets were driven in, and Captain Beaty, of the -Sharpshooters, one of the most efficient officers of the -regiment, fell mortally wounded. Following this, the -movements of the enemy up the Darbytown and Charles -City roads necessitated a sliding of the whole division to -the left. Next morning the situation was more serious. -The enemy took a part of the line about Fussell's mill, -and the Fifth regiment and Second rifles were sent down -to recover that position, a work in which they most effectively -assisted.<a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> Meanwhile Bratton's thin line repulsed -assaults near the Libby house. In the afternoon Bratton -took command of the whole line from his left to Chaffin's -farm, and by the second day had recovered all that had -been lost. General Lee's report of August 21st reads:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The enemy abandoned last evening his position north -of James river and returned to the south side.</p> - -<p>This morning General Hill attacked his position on the -Weldon railroad, and drove him from his advanced lines -to his main intrenchments, from which he was not dislodged. -Over 300 prisoners, exclusive of wounded, were -captured. Our loss was principally in Hagood's brigade, -which mounted enemy's intrenchments. Supports failing, -many were captured.</p></blockquote> - -<p>General Hagood reported that he took into this Weldon -railroad fight, line officers (number not given) and 681<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> -men, and only 18 officers and 274 men came out unhurt. -General Hagood was personally distinguished in rescuing -the colors of the Twenty-seventh at the enemy's works. -In his report he testified to the splendid gallantry with -which his devoted men carried out the part of the attack -assigned to them. On the 25th A. P. Hill attacked the -Federals again at Reams' Station and won a splendid -victory. McGowan's brigade was present, and Pegram's -artillery took a prominent part. Dunovant's cavalry brigade -was held in reserve by General Hampton, protecting -the rear and flank of Hill's corps. General Butler -handled his division skillfully in the fight.</p> - -<p>On the morning of September 14th General Hampton -moved upon his famous expedition to capture a herd of -cattle which the Federal army was grazing near Coggins' -point, on the James river. He took with him the division -of W. H. F. Lee, Rosser's and Dearing's brigades, -and 100 men from Young's and Dunovant's brigades, -under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Miller, Sixth -South Carolina. Moving down Rowanty creek to Wilkinson's -bridge the first day, General Hampton next found -it necessary to pass to the rear of Grant's army and force -his lines at some point. He selected Sycamore church, -Prince George county, as his point of attack, and before -night of the next day had his men on the Blackwater at -Cook's bridge, where he believed the enemy would not -be looking for him, the bridge having been destroyed. -After constructing a new bridge, he crossed at midnight, -and his force advanced in three columns, one under Lee, -another under Dearing, while Hampton himself, with the -commands of Rosser and Miller, moved directly on Sycamore -church. Each column was successful in its attack -early in the morning, though stubbornly resisted, and -Rosser pushed on and secured the cattle, 2,486 in number, -and everything was withdrawn before 8 o'clock. -Though heavily attacked on his return, Hampton saved -the captured property, repulsed all assaults, captured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> -304 prisoners, and returned after an absence of three -days, with the slight loss of 10 killed and 47 wounded. -Among those complimented for their services were Sergeant -Shadbourne, Jeff Davis legion, who furnished the -information about the cattle, and guided General Rosser; -Sergeant Hogan, in charge of Butler's scouts, and Sergeant -McCalla, First South Carolina, the only scout who -was killed.</p> - -<p>Of the operations of all the South Carolina commands -during this and later periods of the siege, little detail is to -be found in the Official Records. The report of General -Bratton is alone preserved, giving a consecutive account. -His brigade, after the August fighting north of the James, -was on duty on the Petersburg lines until September -29th, when it was again ordered to the New Market road. -In that vicinity renewed Federal activity had resulted in -the capture of Battery Harrison, and Bratton's South -Carolinians, after a rest at Fort Gilmer, were ordered to -support Anderson's brigade in an assault to recover the -Confederate work. It was necessary for the brigade to -file out at double-quick, and without moderating the step -to move by the right flank in line against the enemy. -"My orders were obeyed," Bratton reported, "and my -dead, close under the enemy's works, attest their honest -efforts to achieve the object for which they were given." -The right regiment, Walker's, streaming along at a run, -was halted a moment and put in on the left against a -little redan, which it carried; but the main assault had -failed. Another assault was made by General Hoke, but -without effect. Bratton took into action that day (September -30th), 1,165 muskets and 129 officers, and his loss -in killed and wounded was 377. Hagood's regiment -mourned the loss of the gallant Captains Grimes and -Kirk and Ensign Bellinger. Part of the Second Rifles, -says Colonel Bowen, reached Fort Harrison, but could do -nothing, and it was far more hazardous to leave the fort, -once in it, than to enter.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the 7th of October the brigade moved down the -Darbytown road and struck the enemy's outposts, which -Colonel Coward drove in to the Federal works. Then, -in conjunction with Anderson's brigade, Bratton drove -the enemy from the works, capturing one piece of artillery, -other guns falling an easy prey to Gary's cavalry -brigade (Hampton legion, Seventh South Carolina and -Twenty-fourth Virginia), which, before the arrival of -reinforcements, had been doing heroic duty holding back -the advancing Federals. Bratton then joined the division -line, and advancing found the enemy near the New -Market road in heavy force and behind log breastworks. -He came under a terrific fire against which he could make -no headway, and was compelled to fall back with a loss -of 190 killed and wounded, nearly half in Walker's regiment. -General Bratton was wounded; Captain Quattlebaum, -of the Sharpshooters, a most faithful officer, was -killed; Lieut. W. T. Norris, Fifth, was wounded and -captured; Lieutenant Lewis, Sharpshooters, lost a leg and -was captured; Captain Sorrel, adjutant-general, was -badly injured by the fall of his horse. General Bratton -was disabled for several weeks, during which Colonel -Walker was in command of the brigade. In this engagement, -Haskell's battalion took a conspicuous part. Major -Haskell narrowly escaped death, and Lieutenant McQueen, -of Garden's battery, was severely wounded.</p> - -<p>The last service of Bratton's brigade in 1864 was a hurried -expedition by rail to Gordonsville, December 23d, to -the assistance of General Lomax, confronting Sheridan, -from which it returned without loss. At the beginning of -1865 General Bratton reported that he entered the campaign -with a total of 2,016, had lost 176 killed, 1,094 -wounded and 94 missing, total, 1,364, and had present at -the date of his report, a total of 1,820. He particularly -commended Colonels Hagood and Howard and their regiments, -and the valuable services of Adjt.-Gen. J. B. Lyle.</p> - -<p>Elliott's brigade remained on the Petersburg lines with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> -Johnson's division through the fall and winter, and the -reports of General Johnson show that they had almost -daily losses in killed and wounded. On the night of -October 27th, the enemy carried a part of the picket line -of the Holcombe legion, and Gen. W. H. Wallace, then -in command of Elliott's brigade, immediately sent forward -a force of 200 men from the legion and Eighteenth -regiment, under Captain Brown, who retook the line, -with 14 prisoners. On the night of November 5th, 200 -men of the legion, under Captain Woodruff, attacked the -Federal line in front of the Crater, and 60 men attempted -to intrench the position gained, but they were all compelled -to retire, with a loss to the brigade of 95 men.</p> - -<p>In the latter part of September, General Heth and -Hampton's cavalry administered a severe check to the -enemy at Hatcher's run, and on the Vaughan and Squirrel -Level roads. In the latter fight, General Dunovant was -killed at the head of the South Carolina cavalry. The -continued activity of the enemy on the Hatcher's Run -line resulted in the battle of Burgess' Mill, October 27th, -fought by Mahone and Hampton. In a gallant charge -by Butler's division, Lieut. Thomas Preston Hampton, -aide-de-camp, fell mortally wounded, and Lieut. Wade -Hampton, of the general's staff, was severely wounded. -Lieutenant-Colonel Jeffords was killed at the head of -his regiment, the Fifth South Carolina, and Maj. T. G. -Barker, division adjutant-general, was dangerously -wounded. The gallant Captain Hart lost a leg while -fighting his guns close up to the enemy.</p> - -<p>Kershaw's brigade, under Gen. James Conner, and -later under Colonel Kennedy, served gallantly under -Early in the Shenandoah valley. At the battle of Cedar -Creek, October 19th, a day of victory and disaster, the -brigade suffered a loss of 205. Maj. James M. Goggin, -subsequently commanding, reported the gallant service of -Lieut. Y. J. Pope and Cadet E. P. Harllee, both wounded; -of De Saussure Burrows, killed; of Couriers Crumley<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> -and Templeton, of the brave Capt. B. M. Whitener, who -fell in command of the battalion of sharpshooters; of Maj. -B. R. Clyburn, who lost a leg, and of Major Todd, commanding -Third regiment, severely wounded. Among -the captured were Colonel Boykin and Lieutenant-Colonel -McMichael, of the Twentieth.</p> - -<p>In the latter part of December, Hoke's division was -ordered to Wilmington, N. C, to meet the expedition -against Fort Fisher. Hagood's brigade, then containing -720 effective men, took part in the operations which -resulted in the withdrawal of the Federal forces under -B. F. Butler. Besides the brigade, the Second cavalry -was present.</p> - -<p>In mid-January the attack on Fort Fisher was resumed, -with a tremendous bombardment during the 13th and -14th, and an infantry assault on the 15th. Col. R. F. -Graham, commanding Hagood's brigade, at Fort Anderson, -was ordered to support the garrison, and on the -afternoon of the 15th, the Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth -regiments, under Captains DuBose and Carson, were -landed, but the enemy's fire was too severe to land any -more. The Twenty-first at once moved up to Fort -Fisher, and the other regiment reached there later in the -day, but the brave Confederate garrison was compelled -to abandon the fort and surrender. The remainder of the -brigade did not again join the army of Northern Virginia, -but closed its record in the campaign in the Carolinas. -Early in January, Conner's brigade, Kershaw's old command, -was sent to General Hardee at Charleston. Butler's -cavalry brigade accompanied General Hampton when he -took command of cavalry in the Carolinas.</p> - -<p>The South Carolina commands which participated in -the final struggle to hold the defensive lines of Richmond -and Petersburg in 1865, were as follows, as compiled -from the reports and parole lists of Appomattox:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Brig.-Gen. John Bratton's brigade of Field's division, -First corps: First, Fifth, Sixth regiments and Second<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> -rifles, Colonels Hagood, Coward, Steedman and Bowen, -and the Palmetto sharpshooters, Capt. A. H. Foster.</p> - -<p>Brig.-Gen. Samuel McGowan's brigade, Wilcox's division, -Third corps: First regiment (provisional army), -Lieut.-Col. A. P. Butler; Twelfth, Capt. J. C. Bell; -Thirteenth, Col. I. F. Hunt; Fourteenth, Lieut.-Col. -Edward Croft; Orr's rifles, Lieut.-Col. J. T. Robertson.</p> - -<p>Brig.-Gen. William H. Wallace's brigade, of Johnson's -division, Lieut.-Gen. R. H. Anderson's corps: Seventeenth, -Capt. E. A. Crawford; Eighteenth, Lieut.-Col. -W. B. Allison; Twenty-second, Col. William G. Burt; -Twenty-third, Lieut.-Col. John M. Kinloch; Twenty-sixth, -Maj. Ceth S. Land; Holcombe legion.</p> - -<p>In the cavalry under Fitzhugh Lee, were the Seventh -regiment, Col. A. C. Haskell, and the Hampton legion, -Lieut.-Col. R. B. Arnold, of Brig.-Gen. M. W. Gary's -brigade, the last troops to leave the capital of the Confederacy.</p> - -<p>With the artillery were the South Carolina batteries of -Capt. H. R. Garden, Lieut. E. L. Purse (Fickling's), -and Capt. T. E. Gregg.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Wallace's brigade suffered severely at the battle of -Five Forks, only a remnant marching thence to Appomattox -Court House.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Of this movement Col. R. E. Bowen writes: "The regiment -marched fully one mile under a continuous fire of shell, grape, canister -and minie balls, without losing a single man—one of the most -remarkable events of the war."</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>BATTLE OF HONEY HILL—SHERMAN'S ADVANCE INTO -SOUTH CAROLINA—ORGANIZATION OF THE CONFEDERATE -FORCES—BURNING OF COLUMBIA—BATTLES -OF AVERASBORO AND BENTONVILLE—CONCLUSION.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">After</span> thoroughly destroying Atlanta, save its -mere dwelling-houses, as is stated in his official -report, Gen. W. T. Sherman began his march -through Georgia on November 15, 1864, and on December -10th drove in the picket lines of the Confederate -forces at Savannah under command of Lieutenant-General -Hardee. During Sherman's advance, his feints at -Columbia, Ga., made it uncertain for a time whether he -did not intend to enter South Carolina at that point.</p> - -<p>On November 28th, before the arrival of Sherman at -Savannah, Maj.-Gen. John G. Foster, commanding the -Federal department of the South, left Hilton Head with -all his available troops, "amounting to 5,000 infantry, -cavalry and artillery, with 500 sailors and marines," and -went by boat to Boyd's Neck, on the south side of Broad -river. After landing, Brig.-Gen. J. P. Hatch was put in -command, with orders to push forward and cut the -Charleston & Savannah railroad.</p> - -<p>This formidable attempt seemed to promise success to -the Federals, as Colonel Colcock, in command of the district, -and Major Jenkins, commanding in the immediate -vicinity of the Federal movement, had no forces adequate -to an effective resistance, but fortunately, Gen. G. W. -Smith's division of Georgia State troops had just arrived -at Savannah, and was promptly sent to the scene by General -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>Hardee. The troops were put in position about -10 a. m. on the 30th on a line near the north bank of a -small stream about three miles south of Grahamville station, -occupying some light intrenchments that had been -made upon ground called Honey hill, ten or twelve -feet above the water level. On the right there was a -dense forest, on the left an open pine wood, with an open -space in front. The road on which the Federals approached -was bordered closely by dense forests. Colonel -Colcock was put in command of the line of battle, and -Major Jenkins of the cavalry, while Captain DeSaussure, -adjutant-general of the district, remained with General -Smith. "Within five or ten minutes after these dispositions -had been made," said General Smith, "the battle -began by an advance piece of our artillery firing upon -the enemy. Their line of battle was soon formed, and -from that time until near dark made continuous efforts -to carry our position. We had actually engaged five -pieces of artillery, and it is due to the South Carolina -artillerists that I should say I have never seen pieces -more skillfully employed and gallantly served upon a -difficult field of battle." In an hour the enemy had so -extended and developed their attack that Smith was -compelled to put in his last Georgia regiment, making his -force engaged about 1,400 muskets. The valor with -which they fought may be inferred from the report of -General Foster, who said:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The enemy's infantry, rather over 4,000 and nearly -equal to our own in number, was posted behind intrenchments -in the woods on each side of the road. This position -was immediately attacked with vigor and determination, -but ... we were unable to drive the enemy. -After an obstinate fight of several hours, General Hatch, -finding that the enemy's line could be neither successfully -assaulted nor outflanked, retired after dark to a -strong position about 2½ miles from Boyd's Neck. -Our loss was 88 killed, 623 wounded and 43 missing.</p></blockquote> - -<p>"Our loss in every arm of the service," General Smith -reported, "was 8 men killed and 42 wounded. The enemy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> -left over 200 of their dead upon the field, and their whole -loss in killed and wounded is believed to be upward of -1,000." About 4:30 p. m., General Robertson arrived with -reinforcements from Charleston, and by the next morning -General Chestnut was up with 350 South Carolina reserves, -and General Baker with a North Carolina brigade.</p> - -<p>Of his subsequent operations, General Foster reported:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>From November 30th to December 5th, while keeping -the greater part of the force at Boyd's Neck, I made at -different points, with the assistance of the navy, several -demonstrations, in one of which the Twenty-fifth Ohio -marched six miles into the interior toward Pocotaligo -and captured two pieces of artillery at Church bridge. -On the night of December 5th, I embarked a force under -command of Brigadier-General Potter ... which landed -at Gregory's plantation, on the right bank of Tulifinny -creek ... pushed forward immediately, and about a -mile and a half out met the enemy, whom he forced -rapidly back to the spot where the road up the peninsula -between the Coosawhatchie and Tulifinny meets the road -running across from river to river. Here the enemy -made a stand and attacked our left vigorously, but our -men repulsed them, and got possession of the crossing, -which we now hold. Our loss was 5 killed and 50 -wounded.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Maj.-Gen. Samuel Jones, who had been ordered to -establish his headquarters at Pocotaligo, reached there -on the evening of the 5th, and found the Confederate -forces available were the Fifth and Forty-seventh Georgia, -part of the Thirty-second Georgia, artillery, part of -the Third South Carolina cavalry, Kirk's squadron, some -Georgia and South Carolina reserves and South Carolina -militia. They were posted to protect the railroad from -Pocotaligo to the Savannah river and up that river to Sister's -ferry, the forces at and near Grahamville under the -command of Brigadier-General Chestnut, and those at -and near Coosawhatchie under Brigadier-General Gartrell. -The latter met the advance under General Potter, -on the 6th, sending forward a small battalion of the Fifth -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span>Georgia, which was soon pressed back. It was reinforced -by a section of artillery and the Georgia reserves, but -the entire line soon gave way and fell back across the -Coosawhatchie river. The battalion of South Carolina -cadets was led forward by Maj. John Jenkins to the -Tulifinny bridge, but arrived too late to be of service. -General Jones then concentrated on the railroad near the -Tulifinny trestle all the troops he could collect, Georgia -commands, a company of the First artillery, the cadets, -and Bachman's battery, and at dawn on the 7th Colonel -Edwards, of Georgia, commanding, made an attack upon -the enemy in conjunction with a demonstration by -Gartrell, but without success, losing 4 killed and 31 -wounded. This attack was participated in by Captain -King's company, First regulars, the cadets under Maj. -J. B. White, and 130 militia.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig9.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center">SKETCH<br /> -<small>SHOWING</small><br /> -POSITION<br /> -<small>OF</small><br /> -BOYD'S NECK, HONEY HILL,<br /> -<small>AND</small><br /> -DEVAUX'S NECK, S.C., -</p> -</div> - -<p>Gen. B. H. Robertson was put in command of the -troops in this region on the 8th. On the 9th he was attacked -by a Federal brigade under command of Col. -Stewart L. Woodford, of New York, and several determined -efforts were made to carry his line, but all were -handsomely repulsed. General Robertson reported:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Foiled in his undertaking, the enemy moved to his left -in the direction of Coosawhatchie. The engagement was -renewed most vigorously on our right at 3 p. m., and -after an obstinate resistance by the enemy, lasting some -two hours, he was driven 800 yards from his original -line.... The German artillery, Captain Bachman, -rendered very efficient service on the left, as was proved -by the number of dead found in their front. Major -Jenkins, commanding the cadets, was particularly conspicuous -during the morning fight.</p></blockquote> - -<p>General Robertson lost 8 killed and 44 wounded. -Colonel Woodford gave the loss of his regiment alone at -8 killed and 51 wounded. Some skirmishes followed, but -the Georgians and South Carolinians remained in firm -possession of the railroad.</p> - -<p>On December 21st, Sherman, planning an assault<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> -upon Savannah, learned that General Hardee had successfully -eluded him, evacuated the Georgia seaport, -crossed the river, and moved into South Carolina.</p> - -<p>On the 25th of December, Gov. A. G. Magrath addressed -a letter to President Davis which may be taken -as presenting accurately the situation in the State at that -date. Some extracts are therefore presented:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The fall of Savannah has, of course, very much affected -the people of this State. The question which naturally -presents itself is, why the force which penetrated Georgia -cannot penetrate South Carolina. And at this moment -it is not an unwillingness to oppose the enemy, but a -chilling apprehension of the futility of doing so, that -affects the people.... As rapidly as it can be done, I -am reorganizing the militia.... If you will send us aid, -although for the moment it falls short of effectual aid, if -it foreshadow other aid to come, that spirit can be vitalized -which ... supplies the place of numbers. Of any force -which you may send, I am very anxious that the brigade -of General Conner should be a part of it, and sent as soon -as possible.</p></blockquote> - -<p>To this President Davis replied:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I have long realized the importance of such action as -you suggest, but necessities elsewhere have prevented -action in accordance with our wish. I have held several -conferences with General Lee on the subject, and will -have another, showing him your letter and telegram.</p></blockquote> - -<p>To the governor's petition was added that of W. F. De -Saussure, Andrew Crawford, W. H. Scarborough, Daniel -Ravenel and many other citizens, declaring: "It is -absolutely necessary to have at least one well-organized -corps besides Hardee's on the coast, about which the -half-trained citizens may rally. Otherwise, however -brave and determined, their efforts will amount to nothing." -On the latter, President Davis indorsed: "The -question presented is one which General Lee can best -judge." The indorsement of General Lee was:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I have sent all the troops from this army that can be -spared. The army of Tennessee is ordered to South<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> -Carolina, and a part of it arrived. If the citizens of -Georgia and South Carolina will fill up its ranks, it will -be able to protect the country.</p></blockquote> - -<p>General Hardee, then at Charleston, on the 27th, was -advised to make "silently and cautiously all necessary -preparations for the evacuation of Charleston, should it -become necessary." General McLaws was instructed to -assume command of all troops between the Savannah river -and Pocotaligo, including the cavalry command of General -Wheeler at Hardeeville, and the forces at Honey -hill and on the Tulifinny and Coosawhatchie and vicinity, -then under General Taliaferro.</p> - -<p>Beauregard was at his request relieved of the general -command of the department on the last day of 1864. His -presence was required at Montgomery and with the army -of Tennessee. He instructed General Hardee that while -the fall of Charleston would be a terrible blow to the -Confederacy, the loss of its garrison would be still more -fatal, and that preparations should be made for evacuation -as well as for defense.</p> - -<p>On January 19th, General Butler's cavalry division was -ordered to South Carolina, and Gen. D. H. Hill was put -in command at Augusta, Ga. The greatly depleted corps -of S. D. Lee, Stewart and Cheatham, army of Tennessee, -were on their way to reinforce General Hardee. These -troops were reported destitute of clothing, but their indomitable -spirit remained, and the people of the Carolinas -were cheered by their approach. On the 28th, Gen. -Wade Hampton reported for duty in defense of his State, -soon after was given command of Butler's and Young's -(Iverson's) cavalry divisions, and later of all the cavalry -in the Carolinas. Conner's brigade, from the army of -Northern Virginia, arrived in this month, and on the -31st, General Hardee's army was organized as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>McLaws' division, composed of Conner's brigade, Colonel Kennedy; -the Georgia brigade (reserves) of Col. John C. Fiser; the -Georgia brigade of Col. G. P. Harrison, including a detachment of -the First South Carolina cavalry; Col. W. M. Hardy's North Caro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>lina -brigade; another brigade of Georgia reserves, and six batteries -of artillery.</p> - -<p>Taliaferro's division, composed of Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott's -brigade—parts of First and Second artillery, serving as infantry, -under Lieut.-Col. J. A. Yates; First cavalry, State cadets, and a -company of the siege train, under Lieut.-Col. W. A. Walker. Rhett's -brigade—First artillery, Maj. Ormsby Blanding; Third artillery, Col. -William Butler; First militia, Col. J. Griffin; Nineteenth cavalry, -Capt. M. J. Kirk; Young's cavalry; artillery, Capt. E. L. Parker, and -part of Thirty-second Georgia. Not brigaded: Lusk's company First -cavalry, six companies Second artillery, Fifteenth artillery battalion, -Maj. J. J. Lucas; South Carolina siege train, Col. Edward B. White; -Eighteenth militia, Col. John E. Carew; Gist Guards artillery, Lieut. -T. G. Boag; company Palmetto battalion; Tupper's militia artillery, -and several companies of Georgia artillery.</p> - -<p>Maj.-Gen. Ambrose R. Wright's division, composed of Mercer's -brigade—Capt. A. P. Brown's company First cavalry; First, -Second, Sixth and Seventh reserves, Brig.-Gen. A. G. Blanchard; -batteries of Capts. M. Rickenbaker, Charles Daniell, W. L. -DePass, W. K. Bachman; Capt. J. D. Kay's reserve cavalry, -and several Georgia commands. Robertson's brigade—Second, -Third and Fourth militia, Col. A. D. Goodwyn; batteries of Capts. -H. M. Stuart, F. C. Schulz, F. W. Wagener, J. R. Mathewes, C. E. -Kanapaux, G. H. Walter; Stono scouts, Capt. J. B. L. Walpole; -Wilkins' cavalry company reserves.</p> - -<p>Wheeler's cavalry corps included the brigades of Anderson, Hagan -and Crews, in Allen's division; of Dibrell, Ashby and -Harrison, in Humes' division; and of Ferguson, Lewis and Hannon, -in Iverson's division.</p> - -<p>Brig.-Gen. J. H. Trapier's brigade, detached, was composed of -Ward's battalion reserves, Capt. L. A. Grice; Capt. J. J. Steele's -cavalry company, and the artillery companies of Capts. F. Melchers -and Mayham Ward.</p> - -<p>Brig.-Gen. J. K. Jackson's brigade, also detached, included the -First foreign battalion, Lieut.-Col. J. G. Tucker; Fourteenth militia, -Col. D. R. Barton; Capt. A. J. Frederick's company militia; Capt. -W. E. Charles' battery.</p> - -<p>The post at Columbia was commanded by Lieut.-Col. R. S. Means, -including a post guard under Capt. R. D. Senn, and provost guard -under Capt. D. H. Hamilton for the care of prisoners of war.</p></blockquote> - -<p>On February 2d, a conference was held at Green's Cut -station, Ga., at which Generals Beauregard, Hardee, -D. H. Hill and G. W. Smith were present. It was estimated -that the forces available to meet Sherman, Lee's -corps of the army of Tennessee having arrived, and -Cheatham's and Stewart's being on the way, had the following -effective strength: Hardee's command, regular -infantry, 8,000; militia and reserves, 3,000; light artillery, -2,000; Butler's cavalry division, 1,500; total, 14,500. -Militia and reserves under Generals Smith and Browne,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> -1,450. Wheeler's cavalry, 6,700. Army of Tennessee: -Lee's corps, 4,000; Cheatham's corps, 3,000; Stewart's -corps, 3,000; artillery, 800; total, 10,800. Grand total, -33,450. On account of the absence of most of the army -of Tennessee, it was deemed inadvisable to give battle -at the important point of Branchville; but it was determined -to hold the Combahee as long as possible, while -Hardee should fall back on Charleston, and Wheeler on -Columbia. Lee's corps was ordered to Branchville, -where Conner's brigade was already stationed.</p> - -<p>General Sherman, meanwhile, was preparing to march -northward through the Carolinas, with Savannah as his -base. His army was organized in two wings, the right, -under Gen. O. O. Howard, composed of the corps of -John A. Logan and Frank P. Blair; the left, under Gen. -H. W. Slocum, of the corps of Jeff C. Davis and A. S. -Williams. The average strength of each corps was 13,000 -men, and the cavalry, under Gen. Judson Kilpatrick, -was about 4,000 in number. This, with the artillery, -made up an aggregate effective strength, officers and -men, of 60,000.</p> - -<p>General Howard was ordered to embark his wing, -transport it to Beaufort, and by the 15th of January, to -make a lodgment on the Charleston & Savannah railroad -at or near Pocotaligo, while the other wing and -cavalry were ordered to rendezvous near Robertsville -and Coosawhatchie. Howard performed his part of the -program, but on account of the loss of a pontoon bridge, -Slocum was compelled to cross at Sister's ferry, and the -river, even there, was so overflowed as to be three miles -wide, and he did not get entirely across until February. -In the meantime, to make Sherman's advance easier, -Grant had sent a division to garrison Savannah, Schofield's -corps to operate from New Bern, N. C., and a -tremendous fleet of warships, assisted by a land force, -was about to reduce Fort Fisher, the main defense of -Wilmington.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p> - -<p>On January 2, 1865, a Federal brigade made the first -crossing of the river near Savannah and moved toward -Grahamville. On the 14th, General McLaws, confronting -the advance of Howard, from Beaufort, reported: "I -am endeavoring to evacuate my position. Enemy are -immediately in my front.... They are now checked at -Old Pocotaligo." McLaws withdrew behind the Salkehatchie, -and the railroad from there southward was at last -gained by the Federals. But the Combahee was an -impassable barrier to Howard, and he was compelled to -move up its southwest bank to find a crossing place.</p> - -<p>General Wheeler was watching the enemy from Hardeeville, -gradually falling back to Robertsville and Lawtonville, -while part of his force observed the Federal -movements on the Georgia side. On the 28th he reported -the enemy crossing and advancing toward Robertsville. -After a brisk skirmish near Loper's cross -roads, he fell back toward Rivers' and Buford's bridges -on the Big Salkehatchie, early in February.</p> - -<p>Sherman declares that his "real march" began on the -1st of February. "All the roads northward had been -held for weeks by Wheeler's cavalry, who had felled -trees, burned bridges and made obstructions to impede -our progress." On the 2d, Logan's corps was at Loper's, -and Blair's at Rivers' bridge. Williams' corps was -ordered to Buford's bridge, Kilpatrick to Blackville, and -Howard to cross the Salkehatchie and move for Midway -on the South Carolina railroad. "The enemy held the -line of the Salkehatchie in force, having infantry and -artillery intrenched at Rivers' and Buford's bridges." -The former was carried February 3d by two divisions of -Blair's corps, who waded the swamp and turned McLaws' -position, compelling him to retire toward Branchville, -behind the Edisto. McLaws reported, "It was with -difficulty that my command could be withdrawn, as I -was completely flanked on both sides. The fighting at -Rivers' bridge was quite sharp and lasted several hours."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> -Wheeler, following McLaws' retreat, burned the bridges -over the Little Salkehatchie. Gen. C. L. Stevenson, -commanding S. D. Lee's corps, took position to hold the -South Edisto to Binnaker's bridge.</p> - -<p>Sherman pushed his army rapidly toward Midway and -Graham's Station on the South Carolina railroad, which -was destroyed, while Blair threatened Branchville, and -Kilpatrick, Augusta. The latter was met by Wheeler's -cavalry in battle at Blackville, Williston and Aiken, -the Confederate leader winning a substantial victory -before the latter place, and stopping Kilpatrick's advance.</p> - -<p>On February 8th there was a brisk engagement at the -bridge of the Edisto west of Branchville. Stovall, stationed -at Binnaker's bridge, was reinforced by Clayton, -and the position ordered to be held as long as possible. -But on the 10th, Stevenson reported from Orangeburg: -"The enemy has driven the troops from Binnaker's and -they are retiring on this point."</p> - -<p>On the 11th, McLaws' skirmishers, on the south side -of the North Fork, before Orangeburg, made a gallant -resistance, and Sherman's advance was checked by a -battery commanding the bridge, which was partially -burned, until a flanking force crossed the river below the -town. Orangeburg was then abandoned and the work of -destroying the railroad there was begun. Then, while -Blair marched up the railroad toward the Congaree, -destroying the track, Sherman turned toward Columbia.</p> - -<p>General Hampton was put in command at the State -capital and arrangements were made for the transfer of -prisoners of war from that city and Florence to Salisbury, -N. C. General Hardee was ordered by General -Beauregard to evacuate Charleston, and join in a general -concentration of forces at Chesterville, whither the military -stores at Columbia were hastily forwarded. President -Davis, writing to Beauregard regarding the evacuation -of Charleston, said: "Such full preparation had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> -been made that I had hoped for other and better results, -and the disappointment to me is extremely bitter."</p> - -<p>The military situation on the 16th, as Beauregard described -it, was: "Our forces, about 20,000 effective -infantry and artillery, more or less demoralized, occupy -a circumference of about 240 miles from Charleston to -Augusta. The enemy, well organized and disciplined, and -flushed with success, numbering nearly double our forces, -is concentrated upon one point (Columbia) of that circumference." -On the same day he resumed command -of all troops in South Carolina. General Hardee was -seriously ill, and General McLaws took command at -Charleston in his stead and completed the evacuation by -the morning of Saturday, the 18th of February, when the -city was surrendered at 9 a. m. by Mayor Charles Macbeth.</p> - -<p>Generals Cheatham and Stewart had by this time -brought what remained of their corps, pitifully few in -numbers, to Augusta, in the vicinity of which General -Wheeler had his cavalry, and General Hampton urged -the most rapid movement possible of these forces to unite -with the troops at Columbia for the defense of the State -capital, and the line of the Congaree; but the rapid -movements of Sherman made this impossible.</p> - -<p>On the 15th, Logan's corps, advancing on Columbia, -was checked by a brave band of Confederates manning -a tźte-de-pont and fort at Little Congaree bridge, and it -was night before the head of the Federal column reached -the Congaree in front of Columbia, and went into camp, -shelled by a battery on the other side. That night the -bridge was burned to check the Federal crossing, and -next morning part of De Gress' Federal battery began -firing upon the town. Slocum's corps was ordered to -move toward Winnsboro and Howard to occupy Columbia, -which one of his brigades did, by crossing the Saluda -and Broad rivers. General Hampton evacuated Columbia -on the 17th, and his forces took up their march northward -intending to concentrate at Chesterville, or if not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> -possible there, at Charlotte, N. C., and at the same time -Cheatham's corps began its march in the same direction, -from Columbia.</p> - -<p>A pontoon was built, on which Sherman crossed into -Columbia on the 17th, and was met by the mayor, who -surrendered the city and asked for its protection from -pillage. The day, Sherman says, was clear, but a "perfect -tempest of wind was raging." His orders to Howard -were, he says, to burn all arsenals and public property -not needed for army use, as well as all railroads and -depots, but to spare dwellings and schools and charitable -institutions; and he declares that before a single building -was fired by his order, the city was in flames spread by -cotton burning on the streets before he occupied the -city; that the whole of Woods' division was brought in to -fight the fire; that he was up nearly all night, and saw -Generals Howard, Logan, Woods and others laboring to -save houses and protect families. "Our officers and men -on duty worked well to extinguish the flames; but others -not on duty, including the officers who had long been -imprisoned there, may have assisted in spreading the fire -after it had once begun."</p> - -<p>General Hampton denies that any cotton was fired by -his orders, also that any cotton was burning when the -Federals entered the city. Abundant testimony has been -given by the people of Columbia, both white and black, -to the effect that the city was burned by the Federal -soldiers. This is virtually admitted by General Slocum -when he says: "I believe the immediate cause of the -disaster was a free use of whisky (which was supplied -to the soldiers by citizens with great liberality). A -drunken soldier, with a musket in one hand and a match -in the other, is not a pleasant visitor to have about the -house on a dark, windy night." Sherman, in his Memoirs, -says: "The army, having totally ruined Columbia, -moved on toward Winnsboro." There can be no doubt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> -that Federal soldiers burned Columbia and were never -punished for it.</p> - -<p>This, however, was but one instance of the general -devastation accompanying Sherman's march. The words -of a Federal soldier<a name="FNanchor_M_13" id="FNanchor_M_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_13" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> may be quoted as suggestive of the -ruin wrought by the invading army:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>It was sad to see the wanton destruction of property -which ... was the work of "bummers" who were -marauding through the country committing every sort -of outrage. There was no restraint except with the column -or the regular foraging parties. We had no communications -and could have no safeguards. The country -was necessarily left to take care of itself, and became a -"howling waste." The "coffee-coolers" of the army of -the Potomac were archangels compared to our "bummers," -who often fell to the tender mercies of Wheeler's -cavalry, and were never heard of again, meeting a fate -richly deserved.</p></blockquote> - - - -<p>General Beauregard at this time reported to General -Lee that Sherman was advancing on Winnsboro, and would -thence probably move on Greensboro, Danville and -Petersburg, and that he did not believe it possible for -the troops from Charleston or those of Cheatham to make -a junction with him short of Greensboro. On the 19th, -Gen. R. E. Lee wrote to the war department:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I do not see how Sherman can make the march anticipated -by Beauregard [to Greensboro], but he seems to -have everything his own way, which is calculated to -cause apprehension.... General Beauregard has a difficult -task to perform under present circumstances, and -one of his best officers (General Hardee) is incapacitated -by sickness. Should his strength give way, there is no one -on duty in the department that could replace him, nor -have I any one to send there. Gen. J. E. Johnston is the -only officer who has the confidence of the army and people, -and if he was ordered to report to me I would place -him there on duty. It is necessary to bring out all our -strength, and, I fear, to unite our armies, as separately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> -they do not seem able to make headway against the -enemy. Everything should be destroyed that cannot be -removed out of the reach of Generals Sherman and Schofield. -Provisions must be accumulated in Virginia, and -every man in all the States must be brought out. I fear it -may be necessary to abandon all our cities, and preparation -should be made for this contingency.</p></blockquote> - -<p>On February 22d, General Johnston was assigned to -command of the departments of Tennessee and Georgia, -and South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.</p> - -<p>On the 21 st, Sherman's advance was at Winnsboro, and -Rocky Mount was occupied on the 23d. Kilpatrick's -cavalry was ordered to Lancaster. For several days -after this Sherman was delayed by high water in the -rivers. Howard's wing, having crossed the Catawba -before the rains set in, advanced on Cheraw, where Hardee -was stationed with a force of about 12,000, and a -cavalry command was sent to burn and destroy at Camden. -Another body of cavalry attempting to cut the railroad -from Charleston to Florence was met and routed by -a part of Butler's command, at Mount Elon. General -Butler met Howard's advance at Chesterfield, and skirmished -to impede its march, but Cheraw was entered by -the enemy March 2d, and much property destroyed. An -expedition of Federals was sent toward Florence, but -was defeated in its attempt to reach that place.</p> - -<p>Continuing his march northward, Sherman's left wing -reached Fayetteville, N. C., on the 11th of March. General -Hampton, with his cavalry, had maintained active -skirmishing to cover the retreat of Hardee's troops, and -on the morning of March 10th, finding Kilpatrick's cavalry -in a scattered condition, he ordered Wheeler's and -Butler's cavalry to attack. They charged the camps, -took Kilpatrick's headquarters, artillery and wagons, -destroying the latter, and captured 350 prisoners, but -the enemy reforming in a marsh, finally compelled the -Confederates to withdraw.</p> - -<p>Sherman spent three days at Fayetteville, destroying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> -the arsenal and machinery. He then began to fear serious -trouble from the concentration of the Confederate -forces in his front under General Johnston, and began a -movement toward Goldsboro, where he ordered Schofield -to join him. His march began March 15th, his advance -being steadily resisted by Hampton, and on the 16th he -encountered General Hardee near Averasboro, in the -narrow, swampy neck between Cape Fear and South -rivers, determined to check the Federal advance to gain -time for the concentration of Johnston's army.</p> - -<p>At 7 a. m. on the 16th, Hardee's line was attacked, 5 -miles south of Averasboro, and Colonel Rhett's brigade -forced back, rallying on Elliott's. Forming a second line, -supported by McLaws' division and later by Wheeler's -cavalry, the fighting was continued, although the enemy's -great superiority in numbers enabled him to flank the -second line and compel Hardee to occupy a third. He -maintained his position during the day and retreated -upon Smithfield, where Johnston's headquarters was then -located. He reported his loss as 400 or 500. Colonel -Rhett was captured, in a skirmish preceding the battle, -and Colonel Butler commanded his brigade. Casualties -were reported in fourteen brigades of the Federal army, -aggregating 95 killed, 533 wounded and 54 missing.<a name="FNanchor_N_14" id="FNanchor_N_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_14" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p> - -<p>General Taliaferro, in his report of the battle of Averasboro, -says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Our skirmish line, under the command of Captain -Huguenin, First South Carolina infantry, received their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> -advance very handsomely, and only fell back when forced -by greatly superior numbers. On the right of the line -and well advanced to the front, the houses at Smith's -place were occupied by two companies of the First South -Carolina artillery.... The fighting was heavy during the -entire morning. Men and officers displayed signal gallantry. -Our loss on this [Elliott's] line was considerable, -including some of our best officers, among whom were -Lieutenant-Colonel De Treville, First South Carolina -infantry, and Captain Lesesne, First South Carolina -artillery. Our light artillery, which consisted of two 12-pounder -howitzers of LeGardeur's (New Orleans) battery -and one 12-pounder Napoleon of Stuart's (South Carolina) -battery, was well served, and operated with good -results upon the enemy's infantry and opposing battery. -The ground was so soft with the heavy rains that the -pieces could with difficulty be maneuvered, and when this -line was abandoned, it was impossible to withdraw two -of the guns, as every horse of Stuart's but one, and nine -of LeGardeur's were killed, and nearly all the cannoneers -of both guns were either killed or wounded. Spare -horses had been ordered up, but did not arrive in time. -All the ammunition, however, to the last shot of all the -guns had been expended upon the enemy.<a name="FNanchor_O_15" id="FNanchor_O_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_15" class="fnanchor">[O]</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>On being informed that the Fourteenth and Twentieth -Federal corps, which had been engaged with Hardee at -Averasboro, were moving by the Goldsboro road, at some -distance from Sherman's other wing, Johnston immediately -concentrated his troops available at Bentonville, -and attacked Slocum at 3 p. m., at first meeting with -brilliant success. A mile in the rear the Federals rallied. -"We were able to press all back slowly until 6," said -Johnston, "when receiving fresh troops apparently, they -attempted the offensive, which we resisted without difficulty -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>till dark." On the 20th, Hoke's division was -attacked, but repulsed every assault. Next day there -was heavy skirmishing, and Stewart's and Taliaferro's -skirmishers were thrown forward, who found that Sherman, -having united his two wings, was intrenching. On -the evening of the 21st, General Hardee, assisted by -Hampton and Wheeler, defeated an attempt of Blair's -corps to move upon Bentonville. Then, learning that -Schofield had reached Goldsboro, and Sherman was moving -toward Cox's bridge, Johnston withdrew to the neighborhood -of Smithfield, and thence through Raleigh -toward Greensboro.</p> - -<p>The first attack upon the enemy preliminary to the -battle of Bentonville was made by General Hampton, on -the morning of the 18th, in defense of the position he -had selected for the battle which had been planned. On -the 19th, before the arrival of Hardee to take position -between Hoke and Stewart, Hampton held the gap in -the line with two South Carolina batteries of horse artillery, -Hart's, under Capt. E. L. Halsey, and Capt W. E. -Earle's.</p> - -<p>Maj.-Gen. D. H. Hill, commanding Lee's corps, which -included the South Carolinians of Manigault's brigade, -reported the entire success of his command in the first -attack, and added: "Lieutenant-Colonel Carter [commanding -Manigault's brigade] was in actual negotiation -with a Yankee general for the surrender of his command." -Unfortunately, at this juncture the enemy -pressed upon the flank and rear of his advance, and many -men were cut off. "Captain Wood, adjutant-general of -Manigault's brigade, brought out 10 men and 8 prisoners, -after a tiresome march all night around the Yankee -forces."</p> - -<p>Gen. John D. Kennedy commanded Kershaw's old -brigade, and he and his veterans did gallant service.<a name="FNanchor_P_16" id="FNanchor_P_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_16" class="fnanchor">[P]</a></p> - -<p>During the operations just narrated, Hagood's brigade<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> -had been engaged, under Hoke and Bragg, in the defense -of Wilmington, N. C., and of Kinston, maintaining in -every combat its old-time reputation for valor. In the -operations about Kinston, Lee's corps, under D. H. Hill, -also took part, and in the actions of March 8th, 9th and -10th, the South Carolinians of Manigault's brigade were -engaged.</p> - -<p>Having fought to the extremity for a great Right, the -army under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was surrendered -April 26, 1865, upon the terms agreed upon between Lee -and Grant at Appomattox. The South Carolina soldiery -of all arms, and its men of the navy in all waters, had -valorously sustained the honor of their State, making in -long and arduous service a reputation for fortitude, courage, -humanity, and devotion to the Confederacy, only -equaled by the fame similarly earned by their comrades -from other States. Accepting honorable parole in good -faith, these chivalrous men retired from the theater of -war to act well their parts in civil life, trusting their -country's future to the honest hope that the operations -in the minds and actions of their countrymen of the -essential principles of free government under constitutional -regulations, would yet accomplish in peace the -great ends for which they had so terribly suffered in war.</p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig11.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center">SOUTH CAROLINA.<br /> -1861-65<br /> -<span class="smcap">From official war records atlas</span><br /> -Principal Engagements ★ - - - - - - -</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_M_13" id="Footnote_M_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_13"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> Capt. Daniel Oakey, Second Massachusetts volunteers, in -"Battles and Leaders."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_N_14" id="Footnote_N_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_14"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> A Federal line officer, writing of this fight years -afterward, said: "It was a wretched place for a fight. At some points we -had to support our wounded until they could be carried off, to prevent -their falling into the swamp water, in which we stood ankle deep. No -ordinary troops were in our front. They would not give way until -a division of Davis' corps was thrown upon their right while we -pressed them closely. As we passed over their dead and wounded, -I came upon the body of a very young officer, whose handsome, -refined face attracted my attention. While the line of battle swept -past me I knelt at his side for a moment. His buttons bore the arms -of South Carolina. Evidently we were fighting the Charleston -chivalry."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_O_15" id="Footnote_O_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_15"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> Among South Carolinians specially mentioned by General -Taliaferro were Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott and Colonel Butler, -commanding brigades; Colonel Brown, Major Warley and Captain Humbert, -Second South Carolina artillery; Captain Mathewes and Lieutenant -Boag, Manigault's battalion; Lieutenant-Colonel Yates, Major -Blanding (severely wounded) and Captain King, First South Carolina -artillery; Captain Huguenin, First South Carolina infantry, -and Major Lucas.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_P_16" id="Footnote_P_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_16"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> General Kennedy complimented Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace, -commanding the Second regiment, for skill and gallantry, and -mentioned particularly, "Capt. C. R. Holmes, assistant adjutant-general, -Lieutenant Harllee, acting assistant inspector-general, Lieutenant Sill, acting on staff, and C. Kennison, acting aide-de-camp; -also the good conduct and coolness in bearing dispatches of Sergeant -Blake and Corporal Pinckney of the Second South Carolina." -Lieutenant-Colonel Roy, in the advance, was for a time on the left -of the brigade, gallantly inspiriting the men.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="BIOGRAPHICAL" id="BIOGRAPHICAL"></a>BIOGRAPHICAL.</h2> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span></p> - - - -<blockquote> - -<p>MAJOR-GENERALS AND BRIGADIER-GENERALS, PROVISIONAL -ARMY OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES, -ACCREDITED TO SOUTH CAROLINA.</p></blockquote> - - -<p>Brigadier-General Barnard E. Bee was born at Charleston, -S. C., in 1823, the son of Col. Barnard E. Bee, who -removed to Texas in 1835, and grandson of Thomas Bee, -the first Federal judge of the State of South Carolina. -He was appointed as a cadet-at-large to the United States -military academy, and was graduated in 1845, with promotion -to brevet second lieutenant, Third infantry. -Immediately afterward he served in the military occupation -of Texas, and during the war with Mexico participated -in the battles of 1846 at Palo Alto and Resaca de -la Palma, after which he was on recruiting service with -promotion to second lieutenant. In 1847 he took part in -the siege of Vera Cruz, and while storming the enemy's -intrenched heights at Cerro Gordo, was wounded and -earned the brevet of first lieutenant. His gallant record -was continued in the conflicts at Contreras, Churubusco, -Chapultepec and the City of Mexico, winning for him -the rank of brevet captain and a sword of honor from -South Carolina, his native State. After the close of this -war he served as adjutant of the Third infantry at various -army posts on the frontier, until the spring of 1855, -with promotion to first lieutenant in 1851, and to captain -of the Tenth infantry in 1855. For a short time he was -detached at the cavalry school at Carlisle; then was on -frontier duty in Minnesota; marched with Albert Sidney -Johnston to Utah in 1857, and in that territory served as -lieutenant-colonel of the volunteer battalion until the -close of 1858. He was on duty at Fort Laramie, Dak., -when he resigned in March, 1861, to enter the Confederate -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>service. First commissioned major of infantry, -C. S. A., he was promoted to brigadier-general, provisional -army, in June, and given command of the Third brigade -of the army of the Shenandoah, under Brig.-Gen. Joseph -E. Johnston, whose other brigade commanders were -Colonels Jackson, Bartow and Elzey. Bee's command -was composed of the Second and Eleventh Mississippi, -Sixth North Carolina and Fourth Alabama regiments, -and Imboden's battery. After participating in the maneuvers -in the valley against Patterson, his brigade was -the first to reinforce Beauregard at Manassas Junction, -arriving there on July 20th. He selected the position -for the artillery on the morning of the 21st near the -Henry house, almost simultaneously with the placing of -Rickett's battery on the opposite hill, and ordered the -opening of the artillery fire which checked the Federal -advance and made the subsequent victory possible. He -was the ranking officer on this part of the field during the -early hours of battle, and supported Evans with his own -and Bartow's brigades, while Jackson followed and took -position on the line he had selected. Forced back by -Federal reinforcements, he rallied his troops, and during -the confusion shouted the historic words: "Look at Jackson's -brigade. It stands there like a stonewall." His -gallant men soon reformed and drove the Federals from -the Henry house plateau which they had gained, and soon -afterward were in turn driven back by the enemy. In -the second charge of the Confederates which swept the -Federals from the disputed position, captured the Rickett -and Griffin batteries, and won the day, General Bee fell -mortally wounded near the Henry house, close to the spot -where he gave his first orders for battle. He died the -following morning, July 22, 1861, in the little cabin on -the field where he had made his headquarters. The -death of General Bee, in this first great battle of the -war, caused universal mourning in the South. He was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> -an officer of tried courage and capacity, and had the -promise of a glorious career in the great struggle into -which he had entered with such generous enthusiasm.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Milledge Luke Bonham was born -near Red Bank, Edgefield district, December 22, 1813, -the son of Capt. James Bonham, who came from Virginia -to South Carolina about the close of the last century, and -married Sophie, daughter of Jacob Smith, niece of Capt. -James Butler, head of an illustrious South Carolina family. -The grandfather of General Bonham was Maj. Absalom -Bonham, a native of Maryland and a soldier of the -revolutionary war. General Bonham, after graduation -at the South Carolina college, had his first military -experience as a volunteer in the company of Capt. James -Jones, in the Seminole war, and was promoted to brigade -major, a position corresponding to adjutant-general of -brigade. Subsequently, while beginning his career as a -lawyer and legislator, he continued his association with -the militia and attained the rank of major-general. When -war began with Mexico he went to the front as lieutenant-colonel -of the Twelfth United States infantry, and -served with distinction, earning promotion to colonel, -and remained in Mexico a year after the close of the war, -as military governor of one of the provinces. Then -returning home he resumed the practice of law, was -elected solicitor of the southern circuit, and in 1856, upon -the death of Preston S. Brooks, was chosen as the successor -of that gentleman in Congress. Upon the secession -of the State he promptly resigned and was appointed -commander-in-chief of the South Carolina army, with the -rank of major-general. In this capacity, and waiving all -questions of rank and precedence, at the request of Governor -Pickens, he served upon the coast in hearty co-operation -with General Beauregard, sent there by the provisional -government of the Confederate States. At a -later date he was commissioned brigadier-general in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> -provisional army, and he took to Richmond the first -troops, not Virginian, that arrived for the defense of the -capital. His regiments were commanded by Colonels -Kershaw, Williams, Cash and Bacon, and were conspicuous -in the operations before Washington and in the first -battle of Manassas. Afterward, in consequence of a disagreement -with the war department, he resigned and was -elected to the Confederate Congress. In December, -1862, he was elected governor of the State, an office which -he filled with credit. In January, 1865, he was appointed -to command of a brigade of cavalry, in the organization -of which he was engaged at the close of military operations. -His subsequent career was marked by the same -ardent patriotism. As a delegate to President Grant -from the taxpayers' convention, and a supporter of the -revolution of 1876, he rendered the State valuable service. -He was the first railroad commissioner of South -Carolina, in 1878, and subsequently chairman of the commission -until his death, August 27, 1890. As a soldier -he is described as "one of the finest looking officers in -the entire army. His tall, graceful figure, commanding -appearance, noble bearing and soldierly mien, all excited -the admiration and confidence of his troops. He wore a -broad-brimmed hat with a waving plume, and sat his -horse with the knightly grace of Charles the Bold or -Henry of Navarre. His soldiers were proud of him, and -loved to do him homage. While he was a good disciplinarian, -so far as the volunteer service required, he did -not treat his officers with any air of superiority."</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General John Bratton was born at Winnsboro, -S. C., March 7, 1831, the son of Dr. William Bratton by -his second wife, Isabella Means. He is a descendant of -Col. William Bratton, of Virginia, who removed to York -county, S. C., and was a conspicuous figure in the war of -the revolution. John Bratton was graduated at the South -Carolina college in 1850, and a few years later embarked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> -in the practice of medicine at his native town, having -completed a professional course at the Charleston college. -In 1861 he enlisted in the first call for ten regiments -of troops, as a private, and being promoted captain, -served in that capacity during the bombardment of Fort -Sumter, and until the State troops were called upon to -enlist in the Confederate service. His company declining -to respond, he again enlisted as a private, and with twenty-three -men of his old command helped to fill up a company -for the Sixth regiment. This was soon ordered to Virginia, -where he went as second lieutenant of Company C. -Except for the engagement at Dranesville, the year for -which the regiment enlisted was uneventful, but toward -the close he attracted the favorable attention of General -Johnston by advocating the enlistment of his regiment as -a whole for the war, and though this proposition failed, -he was enabled to re-enlist the first company of one -year's men of Johnston's army. It followed that a battalion -of six companies of the Sixth was re-enlisted, and -he was soon elected to the command, and promoted colonel -when the regiment was filled up. He commanded -his regiment with gallantry in Jenkins' brigade, Longstreet's -corps, at Williamsburg, Seven Pines, the Seven -Days' battles, and the succeeding campaigns of the -army of Northern Virginia, and in the Chickamauga and -Knoxville campaigns, where he was in command of the -brigade while Jenkins had charge of Hood's division. -After the death of Jenkins at the battle of the Wilderness, -he was at once promoted brigadier-general on the urgent -request of General Lee, and he continued to lead this -famous brigade to the end. At Appomattox, so well -had his gallant men held together, he had the largest -brigade in the army, a little over 1,500 men, and in fact -it was larger than some of the divisions. His brigade -alone made an orderly march to Danville and secured -railroad transportation for a part of their homeward journey. -When General Bratton reached home he gave his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> -attention to planting, and in 1866 was elected to the legislature. -In 1876 he was the chairman of the South -Carolina delegation to the national Democratic convention, -in 1880 was chairman of the State committee of his -party, and in 1881 was elected comptroller of the State -to fill an unexpired term. He was a stalwart lieutenant -of Gen. Wade Hampton in the famous campaign of -1876, was elected to Congress in 1884, and was his party's -candidate for governor in 1890. Having been for many -years identified with the agricultural interests of the -State, he was selected as the one man likely to unify his -party. With the single purpose of mitigating the evils -attending division among the whites, he sacrificed himself -on the shrine of duty, as he saw it, and though -defeated, again won the admiration of all classes. Until -his death at Winnsboro, January 12, 1898, he held firmly -the unalloyed love and respect of the people.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Major-General Matthew Calbraith Butler was born near -Greenville, S. C., March 6, 1836. His father was Dr. -William Butler, an assistant surgeon in the United States -navy, and a congressman in 1841; his mother, Jane T., -daughter of Captain Perry, U. S. N., of Newport, R. I., -and sister of Commodore Oliver H. Perry and Matthew -Calbraith Perry. Judge A. P. Butler, United States -senator, and Gov. Pierce M. Butler, colonel of the Palmetto -regiment and killed at Churubusco, were his -uncles; his grandfather, Gen. William Butler, was a gallant -officer of the revolutionary army, and his great-grandfather, -Capt. James Butler, a native of Loudoun -county, Va., was the founder of the family in North -Carolina. In childhood he accompanied his father to -Arkansas, but after the latter's death returned to South -Carolina in 1851, and made his home with Senator A. P. -Butler near Edgefield. He was educated at the South -Carolina college, and then reading law was admitted to -practice in 1857. In the following year he was married<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> -to Maria, daughter of Gov. F. W. Pickens. He was -elected to the legislature in 1860, but before the conclusion -of his term, entered the military service of his State -as captain of a company of cavalry in Hampton's legion. -This command took a distinguished part in the first battle -of Manassas, and Captain Butler was promoted major to -date from July 21st, the beginning of his famous career -in the cavalry of the army of Northern Virginia. He -commanded the cavalry of the legion under Stuart in the -withdrawal of the troops from Yorktown, and was warmly -commended for gallantry at Williamsburg. In August, -1862, he was promoted to colonel of the Second regiment, -South Carolina cavalry, Hampton's brigade, and in this -rank he participated in the Second Manassas and Maryland -campaigns, winning favorable mention for gallant -leadership in the affair at Monocacy bridge, and in Stuart's -Chambersburg raid. He commanded the main part -of his brigade in the Dumfries expedition of December, -1862, and in June, 1863, he was one of the most conspicuous -leaders in the famous cavalry battle of Brandy Station. -Here he was severely wounded by a shell, losing -his right foot, and promotion to brigadier-general followed -in September. Returning to service before his -wound healed he was sent home to recover. He succeeded -General Hampton in brigade command, and took -part in the fall campaigns of the army in 1863, and -throughout the famous struggle of 1864, at the Wilderness, -Spottsylvania, and before Richmond in opposition -to Sheridan, he was one of the heroic figures of this last -great campaign of the Confederate armies. The reports -of Sheridan himself attest the splendid fighting of Butler -and his brigade at Hawe's Shop and Cold Harbor. At -Trevilian Station he was in command of Hampton's -division, and repulsed seven distinct and determined -assaults by the largely superior forces under Sheridan, -his command occupying the most important point of the -Confederate line and fighting as infantry. In September<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> -he was promoted major-general, and in the spring of -1865 he was detached with a small division for the campaign -against Sherman in the Carolinas. He commanded -the rear guard of Hardee's army at the evacuation of -Columbia and Cheraw, and at the last had division command -of cavalry, his forces and Gen. Joe Wheeler's forming -the command of Lieut.-Gen. Wade Hampton. The -close of the war left him in financial ruin, but he bravely -met the exigencies of the occasion, and in a short time -attained national repute for the firmness and boldness -with which he handled the political questions which concerned -the essentials of the reorganized social life. While -he powerfully advocated obedience to the reconstruction -measures as the law, law being preferable to chaos, he -receded at no time from a persistent opposition to infringements -on good government, and was largely -instrumental in securing the election of Gov. Wade -Hampton. In 1876 he was elected to the United States -Senate, where his admission was met by a storm of partisan -protest which is memorable in the history of the -nation, but his career of eighteen years in that exalted -body vindicated the good judgment and patriotism of the -State which deputed him as its representative. In the -stormy days of sectional debate in Congress he was one -of the foremost champions of the South, but at a later -period he was enabled to make a splendid record in constructive -statesmanship by his staunch advocacy of a -strong navy, of civil service reform, and other measures -now settled in national policy. After the expiration of -his service in the Senate, March, 1895, he engaged in the -practice of law at Washington, D. C. In 1898 he was -appointed a major-general in the volunteer army of the -United States, for the war with Spain, and after peace -was secured he served as a member of the commission for -the removal of the Spanish forces from Cuba.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig5.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center">M. C. BUTLER</p> -</div> - - -<p>Brigadier-General Ellison Capers, a descendant of an -English family which settled in South Carolina among -the earliest colonists, was born in Charleston, October 14, -1837. His father, grandfather and several generations -of the name, belonged to the parishes of St. Thomas and -St. Denis, in Charleston county, in the territory originally -called Berkeley county. His mother was of Irish extraction, -her father, William McGill, having settled in Kershaw -county, upon coming from Ireland. William -Capers, the grandfather of Ellison, was a soldier of the -revolution, a lieutenant in the Second South Carolina -regiment, and after the fall of Charleston in 1780, one of -Marion's captains in his famous partisan brigade, in -which his only brother, G. Sinclair Capers, held the same -rank. Several thrilling incidents in the career of these -two gallant partisan captains are related by Judge -James, of South Carolina, in his life of Marion. They -were both planters. William Capers, father of Ellison, -was born on his father's plantation, "Bull Head," in St. -Thomas parish, about 20 miles north of Charleston, January -25, 1790. He was graduated at the South Carolina -college in Columbia, entered the Methodist ministry in -1808, and devoted his life and brilliant talents to his -sacred calling. He was elected and consecrated a bishop -in the Methodist Episcopal church South, in 1845, and -died at his home in Anderson, S. C., January 29, 1855. -Ellison Capers, the fourth son of his marriage with Susan -McGill, was graduated at the South Carolina military -academy in November, 1857. The next year he was a -resident graduate and assistant professor of mathematics -and belles lettres in his alma mater. In 1859 he married -Charlotte Rebecca, fourth daughter of John Gendron and -Catherine Cotourier Palmer, of Cherry Grove plantation, -St. John's, Berkeley, S. C. In the fall of this year he -was appointed assistant professor of mathematics in the -South Carolina military academy at Charleston with the -rank of second lieutenant. The active state of affairs in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> -Charleston during the summer and fall of 1860 roused -the military spirit of the people, and the First regiment -of Rifles was organized in Charleston, of which Lieutenant -Capers was unanimously elected major. He served -with this regiment at Castle Pinckney, and on Morris, -Sullivan's, James and John's islands. His regiment also -constituted a part of the army under Beauregard during -the attack on Fort Sumter. He continued to serve in the -vicinity of Charleston until November, when he resigned -the rank of lieutenant-colonel to which he had been promoted, -in order that he might enter the Confederate -service. Satisfied that a terrible struggle was before his -people, he resigned his professorship at the military -academy and united with Col. Clement H. Stevens, of -Charleston, in enlisting a regiment for the war. The -regiment was mustered into the Confederate service as -the Twenty-fourth South Carolina volunteer infantry, -April 1, 1862, with Clement H. Stevens as colonel, Ellison -Capers, lieutenant-colonel, and H. J. Hammond, -major; on the 4th of April was ordered to Coles' island, -and on the 25th of May was transferred to James island. -On June 3d, Companies A, B, D and E, and the Charleston -battalion, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel -Capers, opened the James Island campaign. In this -engagement Colonel Capers led the attack, and for his -courageous and skillful management of this affair he was -commended in general orders. At the battle of Secessionville, -the Twenty-fourth was again engaged, and Colonel -Capers was praised in orders. He was next detailed -to command a battery of siege guns at Clark's house. -Except a short service at Pocotaligo the regiment was on -James island until December 15, 1862, when it was -ordered to North Carolina to the relief of Wilmington, -and stationed at the railroad crossing of Northeast river -on Island Ford road. On February 13th it was returned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span> -to South Carolina and placed on duty in the Third military -district (W. S. Walker's). Lieutenant-Colonel -Capers, with part of his regiment and other commands, -was detached to command the district between Combahee -and Ashepoo rivers. Charleston being threatened with -attack, the regiment was ordered back to Secessionville, -April 5, 1863. On May 6th it left South Carolina for -Jackson, Miss., being assigned to Gist's brigade, and eight -days later, while commanding the regiment in the battle -at Jackson, Lieutenant-Colonel Capers was wounded. -About the last of August, Gist's brigade was sent to General -Bragg. It participated in the battles of Chickamauga -and Missionary Ridge, and in the former Capers -was again wounded. During the winter at Dalton in -January, 1864, Colonel Stevens was promoted to brigadier-general -and placed in charge of the brigade formerly -commanded by Gen. Claudius C. Wilson. It was while -leading this brigade that General Stevens received his -mortal wound at Peachtree creek, July 20, 1864. Lieutenant-Colonel -Capers was promoted to the colonelcy of -the Twenty-fourth, which he led through the Atlanta and -Tennessee campaigns until the battle of Franklin, where -he was wounded and Gist was killed. On March 1, 1865, on -the recommendations of Generals Johnston, Hardee and -Cheatham, he was commissioned brigadier-general and -assigned to the command of Gist's brigade. After the war -General Capers was elected secretary of state of South -Carolina, December, 1866. In 1867 he entered the ministry -of the Protestant Episcopal church. He was for twenty -years rector at Greenville, S. C., for one year at Selma, -Ala., and for six years at Trinity, Columbia. In 1889 the -degree of D. D. was conferred on him by the university -of South Carolina. On May 4, 1893, he was elected bishop -by the convention of South Carolina on the first ballot, -and on July 20, 1893, was consecrated in this sacred -office.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General James Chestnut, a gallant South -Carolinian, distinguished as a general officer, also served -as aide-de-camp on the staff of President Davis, in which -connection his biography is given in the first volume of -this work.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General James Conner was born at Charleston, -the son of Henry W. Conner, of that city. After -his graduation at the South Carolina college in 1849, -he read law under James L. Petigru, and was admitted -to practice in 1852. In 1856 his ability as a lawyer was -recognized by appointment as United States district -attorney, an office which he resigned in 1860 on account -of the prospect of secession by his State. He was associated -with Judge Magrath and Hon. W. F. Colcock on a -committee which visited the legislature and urged the -calling of a convention, and after the passage of the -ordinance he devoted himself to preparation for the field. -Though appointed Confederate States attorney for the -district, he refused to leave the military service and -deputed his official duties. He entered the Confederate -service as captain of the Montgomery Guards, and in -May, 1861, was chosen captain of Company A, Washington -light infantry, Hampton's legion. He was promoted -major to date from the first battle of Manassas, and in -June, 1862, became colonel of the Twenty-second North -Carolina regiment. Being disabled for duty, he was -detailed as one of the judges of the military court of the -Second corps, with the rank of colonel of cavalry. On -June 1, 1864, he was promoted brigadier-general, and was -assigned to command of McGowan's and Lane's brigades. -Subsequently, as acting major-general, he commanded a -division consisting of the brigades of McGowan, Lane -and Bushrod Johnson. On the return of General McGowan -to duty, General Conner was assigned permanently -to the command of Kershaw's old brigade. In -1865 he was promoted to major-general, and the commis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span>sion -was made out, and forwarded, but failed to reach -him in the confusion of the final days of the Confederacy. -He was at the bombardment of Fort Sumter, 1861, -and participated in the battles of First Manassas, Yorktown, -New Stone Point, West Point, Seven Pines, -Mechanicsville, Chancellorsville, Riddle's Shop, Darby's -Farm, Fussell's Mill, Petersburg, Jerusalem Plank Road, -Reams' Station, Winchester, Port Republic and Cedar -Creek. He was severely wounded in the leg at Mechanicsville, -and again in the same leg near Fisher's Hill, October, -1864, compelling the amputation of the limb. At -First Manassas the command of the legion was given -him as senior captain, by Colonel Hampton, when the -latter was wounded, and Captain Conner gallantly led in -the charge upon Rickett's battery. As commander of -Kershaw's South Carolinians he was greatly beloved by -his men. After his return to Charleston he resumed the -practice of law, in which he gained distinction. For -many years he was assistant counsel and then solicitor of -the South Carolina railroad, and for the bank of Charleston, -and for some time was receiver of the Greenville & -Columbia railroad. In 1876 he was chairman of the -Democratic executive committee of the State, and was -nominated and elected attorney-general of the State, on -the ticket headed by General Hampton. During the -exciting period of this campaign he was in command of -the rifle-clubs which were depended upon for the preservation -of order, and his calmness and self-control were of -great value to the State. His performance of the duties -of attorney-general elicited the warm official commendation -of Governor Hampton, and thanks were tendered -him by the legislature in the name of the people of the -State.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Thomas Fenwick Drayton was born -in South Carolina about 1807, of an ancestral line distinguished -in the history of the State. His grandfather,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span> -William Drayton, born in South Carolina in 1733, was -educated in law at the Temple, London; was appointed -chief justice of the province of East Florida in 1768, and -after the revolution was judge of admiralty, associate justice -of the supreme court, and first United States district -judge. His father, William Drayton, born in 1776, a -lawyer, entered the United States service as lieutenant-colonel -in 1812; was promoted colonel, and later inspector-general; -was associated with Generals Scott and Macomb -in the preparation of a system of infantry tactics; -resigned in 1815, afterward served in Congress 1825-33, -and was a warm friend and supporter of President Jackson. -General Drayton was graduated at the United -States military academy in 1828, in the class of Jefferson -Davis, and was in the service as second lieutenant of -Sixth infantry until his resignation in 1836. Subsequently -he was occupied as a civil engineer at Charleston, -Louisville and Cincinnati for two years, then becoming -a planter in St. Luke's parish. He served as captain of -South Carolina militia five years, was a member of the -board of ordnance of the State, a State senator 1853-61, -and president of the Charleston & Savannah railroad -1853-56. September 25, 1861, he was commissioned brigadier-general, -provisional army of the Confederate States, -and was assigned to the command of the Third military -district of the State. He was in command of the Confederate -forces during the bombardment and capture of -Forts Walker and Beauregard, at Port Royal entrance, in -November, 1861, on which occasion his brother, Capt. -Percival Drayton, commanded the steamer Pocahontas, -one of the Federal vessels under Admiral DuPont. He -was in charge of the Fifth military district, under Gen. -R. E. Lee, and the Sixth and Fourth districts under -Pemberton, in the same region, with headquarters at -Hardeeville. During the Second Manassas and Maryland -campaigns he commanded a brigade composed of -the Fifteenth South Carolina, and two Georgia regi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>ments, -which, with Toombs' Georgia brigade, constituted -the division of D. R. Jones, Longstreet's corps, and participated -in the battles of Thoroughfare Gap and Second -Manassas, South Mountain and Sharpsburg. In August, -1863, he was ordered to report to Gen. T. H. Holmes, at -Little Rock, Ark., and was there assigned to command -of a brigade of Sterling Price's division, consisting of -Missouri and Arkansas troops. From the beginning of -1864 he was in command of this division in Arkansas, -until Gen. Kirby Smith relieved Holmes, when he was -transferred to the command of the West sub-district of -Mexico. He was also in command of the Texas cavalry -division composed of the brigades of Slaughter and H. E. -McCullough. In the spring of 1865 he was a member of -the board of inquiry demanded by General Price after -his Missouri expedition. After the close of hostilities, -General Drayton farmed in Dooly county, Ga., until 1872, -afterward was an insurance agent, and in 1878 removed to -Charlotte, N. C., as president of the South Carolina immigration -society. He died at Florence, February 18, 1891.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General John Dunovant held the rank of -major of infantry in the State army during the initial -operations of the war of the Confederacy, and during -the bombardment of Fort Sumter was present at Fort -Moultrie, doing all that was in his power. Subsequently -he became colonel of the First regiment of infantry, and -was stationed for some time on Sullivan's island and at -Fort Moultrie. Later in 1862 he was given command of -the Fifth regiment, South Carolina cavalry, in which -capacity he served in the State, until ordered to Virginia -in March, 1864. There he and his regiment were under -the brigade command of Gen. M. C. Butler, in Wade -Hampton's division of Stuart's cavalry. The regiment -under his leadership did admirable service, General -Ransom reported, at the battle of Drewry's Bluff, May -16th, and subsequently in the encounters with Sheridan's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span> -cavalry, he shared the services of Butler's brigade at -Cold Harbor, Trevilian's and other important conflicts. -On August 2, 1864, President Davis suggested to General -Lee, Dunovant's promotion to temporary rank as brigadier-general, -and it was soon afterward ordered. In -this capacity he had brigade command under General -Hampton until, in the fighting north of the James river, -following the capture of Fort Harrison, he was killed October -1, 1864. On receipt of news of the death of the gallant -soldier, General Lee replied to General Hampton: "I -grieve with you at the loss of General Dunovant and Dr. -Fontaine, two officers whom it will be difficult to replace."</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Stephen Elliott, Jr., was born at -Beaufort, S. C., in 1832, son of Stephen Elliott, first -bishop of the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Georgia -and provisional bishop of Florida; and grandson of -Stephen Elliott, a distinguished naturalist. He passed -his youth on the plantation, devoted to manly sports. At -the beginning of the formation of the Confederate States, -he organized and equipped a light battery, known as the -Beaufort artillery, of which he was commissioned captain. -He was present at the bombardment of Fort Sumter, -aiming several shots from the siege guns, and during -his subsequent service in the State he became famous -for daring and skillful fighting. On guard in 1861 in the -vicinity of Port Royal harbor, he put twenty of his boys -on the tug Lady Davis, and ran out to sea to find a -prize. With indomitable pluck, accompanied by good -fortune, he captured a sailing vessel, of 1,200 tons, and -brought her in to Beaufort. Subsequently he was ordered -to Bay Point, the other side of Port Royal entrance being -held by the German volunteers under Captain Wagener. -There he fought a Federal fleet for two hours, until his -guns were dismounted. After the Federals occupied the -coast islands, he engaged in numerous daring raids. During -one night he burned fourteen plantation settlements;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span> -again he surprised a picket post successfully, and in August, -1862, he commanded an expedition against a Federal -force on Pinckney island, which was very successful and -gained for him the unstinted commendation of his superiors. -His activity also turned to the direction of inventing -floating torpedoes, with which he blew up a tender in -St. Helena bay. He was promoted to chief of artillery -of the Third military district, including Beaufort, near -where, in April, 1863, he captured the Federal steamer -George Washington. Promotion followed to major -and then to lieutenant-colonel. Twice he met the enemy -in open field at Pocotaligo, where his guns put the invaders -to flight. In command of the Charleston battalion -he occupied Fort Sumter, September 5, 1863, and held -the ruins of the famous citadel against the enemy until -May, 1864. Then as colonel of Holcombe's legion he -was ordered to Petersburg, Va., and was soon promoted -to brigadier-general and assigned to the command of -N. G. Evans' old brigade, which included the legion. -He served actively in the defense of Petersburg, his brigade, -a part of Bushrod Johnson's division, holding that -important part of the line selected by the Federals as the -point to be mined, and carried by an assaulting party. -Two of his regiments, the Eighteenth and Twenty-second, -occupied the works blown up on the morning of July 30th, -and the immense displacement of earth which formed the -crater maimed and buried many of the command. But, -undismayed, General Elliott and his brigade received the -onslaught made through the breach of the Confederate -intrenchments. In the words of the division commander, -"Brigadier-General Elliott, the gallant commander of the -brigade which occupied the salient, was making prompt -disposition of his forces to assault the enemy and reoccupy -the remaining portion of the trenches when he was -dangerously wounded." Entirely disabled for further -service he returned to his home at Beaufort, and died -from the effects of his wound, March 21, 1866.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Nathan George Evans was born in -Marion county, S. C., February 6, 1824, the third son of -Thomas Evans, who married Jane Beverly Daniel, of -Virginia. He was graduated at Randolph-Macon college -before he was eighteen, and at the United States military -academy, which he entered by appointment of John C. -Calhoun, in 1848. With a lieutenancy in the Second -Dragoons, he was first on duty at Fort Leavenworth, -Kan., whence he marched to the Rocky mountains in -1849. In 1850 to 1853 he served in New Mexico, and -began a famous career as an Indian fighter, which was -continued in Texas and Indian Territory after his promotion -to captain in 1856, in various combats with the -hostile Comanches. At the battle of Wachita Village, -October 1, 1858, his command defeated a large body of -the Comanches, and he killed two of their noted chieftains -in a hand-to-hand fight. For this he was voted a handsome -sword by the legislature of South Carolina. In 1860 -he was married to a sister of Gen. M. W. Gary, of Abbeville -county. He resigned from the old army in February, -1861, being then stationed in Texas, and taking farewell -of his colonel, Robert E. Lee, proceeded to Montgomery, -and was commissioned major of cavalry, C. S. A. -Being assigned to duty as adjutant-general of the South -Carolina army, he was present at the bombardment of -Fort Sumter and was soon afterward promoted colonel. -Joining the army under General Beauregard at Manassas -Junction, Va., he had a command on the field during the -first encounter at Blackburn's ford, and again in the -great battle of July 21, 1861. At the opening of the latter -engagement, his forces, consisting of the Fourth South -Carolina regiment, a battalion of Louisiana volunteers, -Terry's squadron of cavalry, and a section of Latham's -battery, were stationed at the stone bridge, where he -held the enemy in check in front, until he perceived in -operation the flank movement which was the Federal -plan of battle. Instantly without waiting for orders he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span> -threw his little command in a new line, facing the enemy, -and alone held him in check until reinforced by General -Bee. With great intrepidity he and his men held their -ground against great odds until the Confederate army -could adapt itself to this unexpected attack. As remarked -by a Northern historian: "Evans' action was probably -one of the best pieces of soldiership on either side during -the campaign, but it seems to have received no special -commendation from his superiors." General Beauregard -commended his "dauntless conduct and imperturbable -coolness," but it was not until after the fight at Leesburg -that he was promoted. This latter engagement, known -also as Ball's Bluff, was fought in October, near the -Potomac river, by his brigade, mainly Mississippians, and -a splendid victory was gained over largely superior numbers, -with great loss to the enemy. His promotion to -brigadier-general was made to date from this memorable -affair, and South Carolina again, through her general -assembly, gave him a vote of thanks and presented him -with a gold medal. In 1862 he commanded a brigade -consisting of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-second -and Twenty-third regiments, and Holcombe's legion, -South Carolina troops, and was mentioned by General -Longstreet among the officers most prominently distinguished -in the battles of Second Manassas and Sharpsburg. -In the latter fight he commanded his division. -Thereafter his service was mainly rendered in South -Carolina. In 1863 he moved to the support of Johnston -against Grant. After the fall of Richmond he accompanied -President Davis as far as Cokesbury, S. C. A -year later he engaged in business at Charleston, but was -mainly occupied as a teacher at Midway, Ala., until his -death at that place, November 30, 1868. Gen. Fitzhugh -Lee has written of him: "'Shanks' Evans, as he was -called, was a graduate of the military academy, a native -South Carolinian, served in the celebrated old Second -Dragoons, and was a good type of the rip-roaring, scorn-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span>all-care -element, which so largely abounded in that regiment. -Evans had the honor of opening the fight (First -Manassas), we might say fired the first gun of the war."</p> -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig4.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center">Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">John Dunovant.</span> Brig.-Gen.<span class="smcap"> James Chestnut.</span><br /> -<br /> -Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Barnard E. Bee.</span> Maj.-Gen.<span class="smcap"> M. C. Butler.</span> Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">John Bratton.</span><br /> -<br /> -Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">M. L. Bonham.</span> Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">N. G. Evans.</span> Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Stephen Elliott, Jr.</span><br /> -<br /> -Maj.-Gen.<span class="smcap"> M. W. Gary.</span> Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Thos. F. Drayton. -</span> -</p> -</div> -<hr /> - -<p>Brigadier-General Samuel W. Ferguson was born and -reared at Charleston, and was graduated at the United -States military academy in 1857. As a lieutenant of -dragoons he participated in the Utah expedition under -Albert Sidney Johnston, and in 1859-60 was on duty -at Fort Walla Walla, Washington. When informed -of the result of the presidential election of 1860, he -resigned his commission and returned to Charleston, and -on March 1, 1861, entered the service of his native State -with the rank of captain. Being appointed aide-de-camp -to General Beauregard, he received the formal surrender -of Major Anderson, raised the first Confederate flag and -posted the first guards at Fort Sumter. He was then -sent to deliver to the Congress at Montgomery the flag -used at Fort Moultrie, the first standard of the Confederacy -struck by a hostile shot. He remained on Beauregard's -staff and took an active part in the battle of Shiloh, -on the second day being assigned to command a brigade -of the Second corps. At the battle of Farmington -he was also on duty with General Beauregard. At the -same time he held the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the -Twenty-eighth Mississippi regiment cavalry, and subsequently, -stationed at Vicksburg, he had command of cavalry -and outlying pickets until detailed for special duty -along the Yazoo delta, opposing with cavalry and artillery -the advance of the Federal transports. During -Grant's preliminary movements against Vicksburg he -thwarted the attempt of Sherman and Porter to reach the -city in the rear by way of Deer creek. In 1863 he was -promoted to brigadier-general. He was active in command -of cavalry in harassing Sherman's movement to -Chattanooga, and during the Georgia campaign of 1864 -his brigade of Alabamians and Mississippians, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> -Armstrong's and Ross' brigades, formed the cavalry of -the army of Mississippi, under command of Gen. W. H. -Jackson, operating on the left wing of Johnston's army. -He defeated Wilder's "lightning brigade," and displayed -gallantry on every field. When Sherman began his -march to Savannah, he harassed the Federal flank until -within a few miles of Savannah, when he left his horses -on the South Carolina side of the river, after swimming -it, and entering Savannah with his men as infantry, covered -the rear of Hardee's army at the evacuation. He -subsequently operated in southern Georgia until ordered -to Danville, Va., but on reaching Greensboro was -ordered back, escorting President Davis from Charlotte -to Abbeville, and as far as Washington, Ga., where his -command was disbanded. He then made his home in -Mississippi, and practiced law at Greenville. In 1876 he -was made president of the board of Mississippi levee -commission for several counties, and in 1883 became a -member of the United States river commission. In 1894 -he returned to his native city of Charleston, and devoted -himself to the profession of civil engineering. In 1898 -he offered his services for the war with Spain.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Martin Witherspoon Gary was born -in 1831 at Cokesbury, Abbeville county, the third son of -Dr. Thomas Reeder Gary. He was educated at the -South Carolina college and Harvard college, graduating -at the latter institution in 1854. Then studying law he -was admitted to the bar in 1855, and soon acquired distinction -in both law and politics. As a member of the -South Carolina legislature in 1860 and 1861, he advocated -secession, and when the ordinance was enacted, at once -went into the military service as captain of the Watson -Guards, which became Company B of the Hampton -legion. At First Manassas the command of the legion -devolved upon him after Colonel Hampton was wounded, -Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson killed and Captain Conner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> -disabled. At the reorganization in 1862 he was elected -lieutenant-colonel of the infantry of the legion, a battalion -of eight companies, and after it was filled to a regiment, -he was promoted colonel. He participated in the -battles around Richmond, at Second Manassas, Boonsboro -and Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, and with Longstreet -at Suffolk, Chickamauga, Bean's Station, Campbell's -Station and Knoxville. His command was subsequently -mounted as cavalry, and served on the north -side of the James before Richmond. After the fight -at Riddle's Shop, in June, 1864, he was promoted -brigadier-general, his cavalry brigade including the -Hampton legion, Seventh South Carolina, Seventh -Georgia and Twenty-fourth Virginia regiments, and -Harkerson's artillery. He led the brigade in all the -heavy fighting north of the James during the siege, and -was the last to leave Richmond. Capt. Clement Sulivane, -left behind to destroy the bridge after Gary had -crossed, relates that at daylight April 3d, when the Union -troops were in sight advancing, and a mob was ravaging -the storehouses, "a long line of cavalry in gray turned -into Fourteenth street, and sword in hand galloped -straight down to the river; Gary had come. The mob -scattered right and left before the armed horsemen, who -reined up at the canal. Presently a single company of -cavalry appeared in sight, and rode at headlong speed to -the bridge. 'My rear guard!' exclaimed Gary. Touching -his hat to me, he called out, 'All over, good-bye!' and -trotted over the bridge." Joining Lee's rear guard he -was one of the heroes of Fitzhugh Lee's command, -engaged in incessant fighting until Appomattox Court -House was reached. There he did not surrender, but cut -his way through the Federal lines, and rode to Greensboro, -where he took command of about 200 men of his -brigade on their way to Virginia, and escorted the President -and his cabinet to Cokesbury, S. C. The cabinet -held one of their last meetings in his mother's house at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> -that place. Then resuming the practice of law, he continued -in that profession until his death at Edgefield, -April 9, 1881. He was a noted figure in the exciting -political campaign of 1876, and for four years thereafter -held a seat in the State senate.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General States R. Gist was a descendant of -that gallant Marylander, Gen. Mordecai Gist, who distinguished -himself at the battle of Camden in 1780, and -at the Combahee in 1782, and subsequently resided at -Charleston, at his death leaving two sons who bore the -names of Independent and States. At the organization of -the army of South Carolina early in 1861, States R. Gist -was assigned to the position of adjutant and inspector -general, in which capacity he rendered valuable service -in the preparation for the occupation of Charleston harbor -and the reduction of Fort Sumter. He went to Virginia -as a volunteer aide to General Bee, and at the critical -moment in the first battle of Manassas, when Gen. -J. E. Johnston rode to the front with the colors of the -Fourth Alabama at his side, Beauregard relates that -"noticing Col. S. R. Gist, an aide to General Bee, a -young man whom I had known as adjutant-general of -South Carolina, and whom I greatly esteemed, I presented -him as an able and brave commander to the -stricken regiment, who cheered their new leader, and -maintained under him to the end of the day, their previous -gallant behavior." Subsequently he resumed his -duties as adjutant-general, organizing South Carolina -troops for the war, until in March, 1862, he was commissioned -brigadier-general in the Confederate service, and -ordered to report to General Pemberton, then in command -of the department. He was after this on duty on -the South Carolina coast, in command east of James -island in June, on that island from July; temporarily in -command of the first district, and in December, 1862, in -command of the troops ordered to the relief of Wilming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span>ton, -until May, 1863, when he was ordered to take command -of a brigade and go to the assistance of General -Pemberton in Mississippi. Reaching Jackson his command -formed part of the troops under J. E. Johnston, -took part in the engagement of May 14th at Jackson, -marched to the Big Black river just before the surrender -of Vicksburg, and then returning to Jackson was -besieged by Sherman. His brigade comprised the Forty-sixth -Georgia, Fourteenth Mississippi and Twenty-fourth -South Carolina, the Sixteenth South Carolina soon afterward -being substituted for the Mississippi regiment, and -was assigned to the division of Gen. W. H. T. Walker. -He fought gallantly at Chickamauga, commanding during -part of the battle Ector's and Wilson's brigades, his -own brigade being led by Colonel Colquitt, and on Sunday -commanding Walker's division. At an important -stage of the fight Gen. D. H. Hill called for Gist's brigade -for dangerous duty, in the performance of which it -suffered severely. He continued in conspicuous and -valuable service; during the battle of Missionary Ridge -commanded Walker's division, and throughout the -Atlanta campaign of 1864 was identified with that division. -After the fall of General Walker he was transferred -to Cheatham's division, which he commanded for some -time during the fall campaign of that year. At the terribly -destructive battle of Franklin, Tenn., he was one -of the noblest of the brave men whose lives were sacrificed. -Attended by Capt. H. D. Garden and Lieut. -Frank Trenholm, of his staff, he rode down the front, -and after ordering the charge and waving his hat to the -Twenty-fourth, rode away in the smoke of battle, -never more to be seen by the men he had commanded on -so many fields. His horse was shot, and he was leading -the right of the brigade on foot when he fell, pierced -through the heart.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Maxcy Gregg was born in Columbia, -S. C, the son of Col. James Gregg, a distinguished lawyer -of that city, and was educated at the South Carolina -college, where he graduated with the first honors of his -class. He then entered upon the practice of law as a -partner of his father. In 1846 he had his first military -experience as major of a regiment of the second levy of -volunteers sent to Mexico, but did not arrive at the scene -of conflict in time to share in any of the famous battles. -He was a member of the convention of 1860 which determined -upon the secession of the State, and then became -colonel of the First North Carolina regiment, enlisted for -six months' service, with which he was on duty on Sullivan's -and Morris islands during the reduction of Fort -Sumter, and afterward in Virginia. Previous to the battle -of Manassas he was stationed at Centreville, and then -near Fairfax Court House, and commanded the infantry -in the action at Vienna. At the expiration of the term of -enlistment he reorganized his regiment in South Carolina, -and returning to Virginia was stationed at Suffolk. -In December, 1861, he was promoted to brigadier-general -and ordered to South Carolina, where he took command -of a brigade composed of the First, Twelfth, Thirteenth -and Fourteenth regiments. With this brigade he was -attached to the famous light division of A. P. Hill for -the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond. He led the -advance of the division at Cold Harbor, crossing the -creek under fire made what Hill pronounced "the handsomest -charge in line I have seen during the war," and -during the remainder of the battle displayed undaunted -bravery. At Frayser's Farm he charged and captured a -Federal battery. At the battle of August 29th, on the -plains of Manassas, he with his comrades of the division, -fought "with a heroic courage and obstinacy almost -beyond parallel," repelling six determined assaults of the -enemy, who sought to overwhelm Jackson's corps before -Longstreet could arrive. Hill reported: "The reply of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> -the gallant Gregg to a message of mine is worthy of -note: 'Tell General Hill that my ammunition is exhausted, -but that I will hold my position with the bayonet.'" In -the battle of the 30th and at Ox Hill on September 1st, -he was again distinguished. He participated in the capture -of Harper's Ferry, at Sharpsburg shared with distinguished -gallantry in the heroic work of the Light -division, which reached the field in time to save the Confederate -right, and was wounded in the fight; and at -Shepherdstown, after the crossing of the Potomac by the -army, commanded the line of three brigades which drove -back and terribly punished the enemy's forces, which had -the temerity to pursue the lion-hearted veterans of Lee's -army. His part in the battle of Fredericksburg we may -best describe in the words of the immortal Lee. After -describing the momentary success of the Federals on the -right, he wrote: "In the meantime a large force had penetrated -the wood so far as Hill's reserve, and encountered -Gregg's brigade. The attack was so sudden and unexpected -that Orr's Rifles, mistaking the enemy for our own -troops retiring, were thrown into confusion. While in -the act of rallying them, that brave soldier and true -patriot, Brig.-Gen. Maxcy Gregg, fell mortally wounded." -Again, "In Brigadier-Generals Gregg and Cobb the Confederacy -has lost two of its noblest citizens and the army -two of its bravest and most distinguished officers. The -country consents to the loss of such as these, and the -gallant soldiers who fell with them, only to secure the -inestimable blessing they died to obtain."</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Johnson Hagood was born in Barnwell -county, February 21, 1829. His ancestors were of -English extraction, and the family in America was first -established in Virginia, removing thence to South Carolina -before the revolution. He was graduated at the Citadel -military academy in 1847, and then studying law was -admitted to the bar in 1850. Throughout his subsequent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span> -career he maintained an association with the State military -forces, holding the rank of brigadier-general when -South Carolina seceded. He was then elected colonel of -the First regiment, and after participating in the reduction -of Fort Sumter was ordered to Virginia, where he -was present at the first battle of Manassas. Returning -to South Carolina with his regiment he was engaged in -the operations about Charleston and the battle of Secessionville, -June, 1862, after which he was promoted brigadier-general. -Until May, 1864, he served on the coast -of the State, in defense of Charleston during Gillmore's -siege, and was distinguished for gallantry in the defense -of Fort Wagner and the operations on James island. On -May 6, 1864, part of his brigade arrived at Petersburg -and immediately went into battle at Walthall Junction -with the advancing forces of Butler, and a few hours -later General Hagood arrived with reinforcements. With -three regiments, the Twenty-first, Twenty-fifth and -Twenty-seventh South Carolina, he repulsed Butler's -advance, "at least two brigades," on the 7th; and on the -9th, the remainder of his brigade having come up, the -Eleventh regiment and Seventh battalion, he was again -engaged. As General Beauregard has written: "General -Hagood and his command became the heroes of the -day, and were justly looked upon as the saviors of Petersburg -on that occasion." At the battle of Drewry's Bluff, -May 16th, Hagood, with great vigor and dash, drove the -enemy from the outer lines in his front, capturing a -number of prisoners and three 20-pound Parrotts and two -fine Napoleons. These Parrott guns were afterward used -in shelling Butler's transports, causing him to set about -the famous Dutch Gap canal. In June Hagood and his -gallant men fought at Cold Harbor, and soon afterward -were sent to meet Grant before Petersburg, the brigade -being the first of Hoke's division to reach the field, June -16th, at the critical moment and save Petersburg for the -second time. During the siege which followed his bri<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span>gade -served in the trenches at one period sixty-seven -days without relief, and was reduced in numbers from -2,300 to 700 present for duty. In August, 1864, during -the fighting on the Weldon railroad, 200 of his men, he -accompanying them, charged into the enemy's works at -a re-entering angle, and found themselves under a severe -cross-fire, and about to be surrounded. A Federal officer -rode up, seized the colors of the Eleventh and called upon -them to surrender, when General Hagood, on foot, his -horse having been killed, demanded the return of the -colors, and ordered the officer back to his lines. This -being refused, he shot the Federal officer from his horse, -the colors were regained by Orderly Stoney, and the -intrepid general mounted his antagonist's horse and -brought off his men. General Beauregard warmly commended -this act of gallantry of a "brave and meritorious -officer," and recommended him for promotion. When -Wilmington was threatened in December, Hagood was -sent to the relief of Fort Fisher. Subsequently he participated -in the North Carolina campaign, including the -battles of Kinston and Bentonville, and was surrendered -with Johnston's army, the brigade then containing less -than 500 officers and men. During the exciting period -of reconstruction he took a conspicuous part in the movement -which finally brought about the election of General -Hampton in 1876, and he was elected on the same ticket -as comptroller-general, having previously rendered services -of great value in investigating the financial condition -of the State and the State bank. He and Gen. James -Conner were the advisers and executive officers of General -Hampton during the perilous period preceding the -recognition by President Hayes of the Hampton government. -In 1878 he was re-elected comptroller, and in 1880 -he was honored with the highest office in the gift of the -commonwealth. His admirable reorganization of the -finances of the State was fitly complemented by his honest, -business-like and common-sense administration as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> -governor. By his marriage to Eloise, daughter of Senator -A. P. Butler, he had one son, Butler Hagood. The -death of General Hagood occurred at Barnwell, January -4, 1898.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Major-General Benjamin Huger was born at Charleston -in 1806, son of Francis Kinlock Huger, whose wife -was a daughter of Gen. Thomas Pinckney. His father, -who was aide-de-camp to General Wilkinson in 1800, -and adjutant-general in the war of 1812, suffered imprisonment -in Austria for assisting in the liberation of -Lafayette from the fortress of Olmutz; his grandfather, -Benjamin Huger, was a famous revolutionary patriot, -killed before Charleston during the British occupation; -and his great-great-grandfather was Daniel Huger, who -fled from France before the revocation of the edict of -Nantes and died in South Carolina in 1711. General -Huger was graduated at West Point in 1825, with a lieutenancy -in the Third artillery. He served on topographical -duty until 1828, then visited Europe on leave of -absence; after being on ordnance duty a year was promoted -captain of ordnance in 1832, a department of the -service in which he had a distinguished career. He was -in command of Fortress Monroe arsenal twelve years, -was member of the ordnance board seven years, and one -year was on official duty in Europe. He went into the -war with Mexico as chief of ordnance on the staff of General -Scott, and received in quick succession the brevets -of major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel, for gallant and -meritorious conduct at Vera Cruz, Molino del Rey and -Chapultepec. In 1852 he was presented a sword by -South Carolina in recognition of the honor his career had -cast upon his native State. After this war he was a -member of the board which prepared a system of artillery -instruction for the army, and was in command of the -armories at Harper's Ferry, Charleston and Pikesville, -Md., with promotion to major of ordnance, until his resig<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span>nation -from the old army to follow his State in her effort -for independence. He was commissioned colonel of -artillery in the regular army of the Confederate States, -in June, brigadier-general in the provisional service, and -in October, 1861, major-general. In May, 1861, he was -assigned to command of the department of Southern -Virginia and North Carolina, with headquarters at Norfolk, -and after the evacuation of Norfolk and Portsmouth -in the spring of 1862, he commanded a division of the -army under General Johnston and General Lee, during -the campaigns which included the battles of Seven Pines -and the series of important actions ending at Malvern -hill. Subsequently he was assigned as inspector of artillery -and ordnance in the armies of the Confederate -States, and in 1863 was appointed chief of ordnance of -the Trans-Mississippi department. After the conclusion -of hostilities he was engaged for several years in farming -in Fauquier county, Va. His death occurred at his -native city of Charleston, December 7, 1877. His son, -Frank Huger, a graduate of the United States military -academy, 1860, entered the Confederate service as captain -of the Norfolk light artillery and had a conspicuous -career with the army of Northern Virginia, rising to the -rank of lieutenant-colonel and the command of a battalion -of artillery of the First corps.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Micah Jenkins was born on Edisto -island in 1839. After his graduation at the South Carolina -military academy, at the head of his class, he with -the co-operation of his classmate, Asbury Coward, -founded the King's Mountain military school in 1855. -His military genius was valuable in the first organization -of troops in 1861, and he was elected colonel of the Fifth -regiment, with which he went to Virginia, in the brigade -of Gen. D. R. Jones. In the latter part of 1861 -he was in command of that brigade, and had grown -greatly in favor with his division commander, General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span> -Longstreet. Longstreet proposed to begin the reorganization, -a matter approached with much misgiving, in -this brigade, and he declared that he hoped to hold every -man in it if Jenkins could be promoted brigadier-general. -"Besides being much liked by his men, Colonel -Jenkins is one of the finest officers of this army," Longstreet -wrote. Beauregard also added his approval to this -recommendation. Still in the rank of colonel, Palmetto -sharpshooters, he commanded R. H. Anderson's brigade -in the battles of Williamsburg and Seven Pines, and was -warmly commended by Longstreet and D. H. Hill and -by J. E. B. Stuart, whom he supported at Fort Magruder. -He was again distinguished at Gaines' Mill, and at Frayser's -Farm, having been ordered to silence a battery, -Longstreet supposing he would use his sharpshooters -alone, he threw forward his brigade and captured the -guns, bringing on the battle. July 22, 1862, he was promoted -brigadier-general, and continuing in command of -the same brigade, participated in the battles of August 29th -and 30th, Second Manassas, and was severely wounded. -He was on duty again at the battle of Fredericksburg -and during the Suffolk campaign, his division now being -commanded by General Pickett, and was on the Blackwater -under Gen. D. H. Hill, during the Gettysburg -campaign. When Longstreet was sent to the assistance -of Bragg at Chattanooga, Jenkins' brigade was transferred -to Hood's division, and reached the field of Chickamauga -after the battle. During the investment of Chattanooga -he commanded the attack upon the Federal -reinforcements arriving under Hooker, and then accompanied -Longstreet in the Knoxville campaign, commanding -Hood's division. He took a conspicuous part in the -operations in east Tennessee, and then, early in 1864, -returned to Northern Virginia. Field was now in charge -of the division, and Jenkins led his famous old brigade to -battle on May 6th, the second day of the Wilderness fighting, -when the splendid veterans of the First corps arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span> -in time to check the current of threatened disaster. As -he rode by the side of Longstreet, he said to his chief, "I -am happy. I have felt despair for the cause for some -months, but now I am relieved, and feel assured that we -will put the enemy across the Rapidan before night." -Immediately afterward, by the mistaken fire of another -body of Confederates, he and Longstreet were both -wounded, Jenkins mortally. General Longstreet has -written of him: "He was one of the most estimable characters -of the army. His taste and talent were for military -service. He was intelligent, quick, untiring, attentive, -zealous in discharge of duty, truly faithful to -official obligations, abreast with the foremost in battle, -and withal a humble, noble Christian. In a moment of -highest earthly hope, he was transported to serenest -heavenly joy; to that life beyond that knows no bugle -call, beat of drum or clash of steel. May his beautiful -spirit, through the mercy of God, rest in peace! Amen!"</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Major-General David Rump Jones was born in Orangeburg -county, S. C., in 1825. His family removed to -Georgia in his childhood, and from that State he was -appointed to the United States military academy, where -he was graduated in 1846 in the class with Stonewall -Jackson, McClellan and other famous commanders. As -a lieutenant of the Second infantry he served in the war -with Mexico, participating in the siege of Vera Cruz, the -battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino -del Rey, and the capture of the city of Mexico, particularly -being distinguished and earning promotion on the fields -of Contreras and Churubusco. He subsequently served -as adjutant of his regiment, made the voyage to California -in 1848-49, and with promotion to first lieutenant was on -duty there until the fall of 1851, after which he acted as -instructor in infantry tactics at West Point. With the -brevet rank of captain of staff he served from the spring -of 1853, successively as adjutant-general of the Western<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span> -department and the Pacific department, as acting judge-advocate -of the Pacific department, and as assistant adjutant-general -of the department of the West, until his -resignation, February 15, 1861. He was commissioned -major in the Confederate States army, and assigned to -duty as chief-of-staff of General Beauregard, in which -capacity he visited Fort Sumter on April 13th and offered -the terms of surrender, which were accepted. On June -17, 1861, he was promoted brigadier-general. With the -army under Beauregard at Manassas, Va., he had command -of a brigade composed of Jenkins' Fifth South -Carolina and Burt's Eighteenth and Featherston's Seventeenth -Mississippi. In the original Confederate plan of -battle, July 21st, he was to have taken a prominent part in -the fight, but the actual events of the day confined him -to demonstrations against the Federal flank. Soon afterward -his brigade was composed of the Fourth, Fifth, -Sixth and Ninth South Carolina regiments, until February, -1862, when he was assigned to command of Gen. -Sam Jones' Georgia brigade. He was in charge of General -Magruder's first division, including the Georgia brigade -of Robert Toombs and his own under George T. -Anderson, during the retreat from Yorktown, and the -battles of Gaines' Mill, Savage Station and Malvern Hill, -and other engagements of the Seven Days before Richmond. -In the Second Manassas campaign he commanded -a division of Longstreet's corps, Drayton's brigade having -been added to the two previously mentioned. He drove -the enemy through Thoroughfare Gap, held the extreme -right next day, confronting Fitz John Porter, and in the -battle of the 30th actively engaged the Federal left. In -the Maryland campaign his division, increased by the -addition of Kemper's and Garnett's Virginia brigades -and Jenkins' South Carolina brigade, had a conspicuous -part, winning renown first by the heroic defense of the -passes of South mountain, and at Sharpsburg fighting -desperately against the advance of Burnside across the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span> -Antietam on the Confederate right. After this battle he -was promoted major-general. His coolness and excellent -judgment as a commanding officer would have doubtless -brought still higher honors, but at this time an affection -of the heart to which he had long been subject was -greatly aggravated, and after a lingering illness he died -at Richmond, January 19, 1863.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General John D. Kennedy was born at Camden, -January 5, 1840, son of a native of Scotland, who -settled in Kershaw county about 1830, and married a -granddaughter of Abraham Belton, a pioneer of Camden -and a soldier of the revolution. He was a student at the -South Carolina college, read law, and was admitted to -practice in January, 1861, but at once gave himself to the -military service of his State. In April, 1861, he became -captain of Company E, Second South Carolina infantry, -under Col. J. B. Kershaw. With this command he was -in the first battle of Manassas, and was struck by a Federal -ball. Upon the promotion of Kershaw to brigadier-general -he became colonel of the Second regiment, and in -that rank participated in the skirmish on the Nine-mile -road near Richmond, in June, 1862, and the battle of -Savage Station, after which he was disabled for some -time by fever. During the investment of Harper's Ferry -he was with Kershaw's brigade in the capture of Maryland -heights, and at Sharpsburg his regiment was the -first of the brigade to come to the relief of Jackson. He -drove the enemy from his front, but fell painfully -wounded in the first charge. At Fredericksburg he was -sent with his own and the Eighth regiment to the support -of General Cobb at Marye's hill, the focus of the hottest -fighting of that memorable battle, and aided materially -in the defeat of the Federal attacks; and at Chancellorsville -he was identified with the gallant action of his brigade. -During 1864 when not disabled he was either in -command of his regiment or of Kershaw's old brigade,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span> -in the Richmond and Shenandoah Valley campaigns, and -in December he was promoted to the temporary rank of -brigadier-general. With his brigade in McLaws' division -of Hardee's corps he took part in the final campaign -in North Carolina against Sherman, including the battle -of Bentonville, and surrendered with the army at Greensboro. -He was six times wounded during his service, and -was hit fifteen times by spent balls. After the close of -hostilities he was mainly engaged in planting until 1877, -when he resumed the profession of law. He was elected -to Congress in 1865, but declined to take the "ironclad" -oath demanded and did not take his seat. In 1878-79 he -represented his county in the legislature, was elected in -1880 and served as lieutenant-governor of the State to -1882, and in the latter year was a prominent candidate -for the nomination of governor. In 1884 he was presidential -elector-at-large on the Democratic ticket, and in -1886 was appointed consul-general at Shanghai, China, -by President Cleveland. Returning from that post in -1889, he continued the practice of law at Camden until -his death in April, 1896.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig6.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center">Maj.-Gen. <span class="smcap">J. B. Kershaw</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Roswell S. Ripley</span>.<br /> -<br /> -Maj.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Benjamin Huger</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">A. M. Manigault</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Abner Perrin</span>.<br /> -<br /> -Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Ellison Capers</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">C. H. Stevens</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">J. B. Villepigue</span>.<br /> -<br /> -Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">W. H. Wallace</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Samuel McGowan</span>. -</p> -</div> - -<p>Major-General Joseph Brevard Kershaw was born at -Camden, S. C., January 5, 1822, son of John Kershaw, -member of Congress in 1812-14, whose wife was Harriet, -daughter of Isaac Du Bose, an aide-de-camp of General -Marion. His line of the Kershaw family in South Carolina -was founded by Joseph Kershaw, a native of Yorkshire, -who immigrated in 1750, and served as a colonel in -the war of the revolution. General Kershaw was educated -for the legal profession and began practice in 1844 -at Camden. He was a member of the governor's staff -in 1843, and served one year in the Mexican war as first -lieutenant of Company C, Palmetto regiment. From -1852 to 1856 he was a representative in the legislature, -and in 1860 participated in the convention which enacted -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span>the ordinance of secession. In February, 1861, he was -commissioned colonel of the Second South Carolina regiment, -with which he served at Sullivan's island, and in -April went to Virginia. He commanded his regiment, in -the brigade of General Bonham, at the Blackburn's Ford -engagement and the battle of First Manassas, and in -February, 1862, was promoted brigadier-general, to succeed -General Bonham. In this rank he participated in -the Yorktown campaign, and in McLaws' division fought -through the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond, -commanded the troops which captured Maryland heights, -and had a gallant part in the fighting at Sharpsburg. At -Fredericksburg his brigade was sent into the fight at -Marye's hill, where Kershaw was in command after -General Cobb was wounded; at Chancellorsville he was an -active participant, and at Gettysburg he and his brigade -were conspicuous in the defeat of Sickles at the peach -orchard. Reaching the field of Chickamauga in time -for the fighting of September 20th, he was in the grand -line of veterans with which Longstreet overwhelmed the -Federals, commanding McLaws' division, and in the last -grand assault on George H. Thomas also commanding -McNair's, Grade's, Kelly's and Anderson's brigades. -He drove the enemy into their lines at Chattanooga, and -subsequently participated in the Knoxville campaign, at -Bean's Station and other engagements commanding the -division. In the same command he went into the Wilderness -campaign of May, 1864, checked the Federal success -on May 6th with his veterans, sweeping the enemy from -his front and capturing his works. He was riding with -Longstreet and Jenkins when these two generals were -wounded, and fortunately escaped injury. It was his -division which reached Spottsylvania Court House in -time to support Stuart's cavalry and thwart the flank -movement of Grant, and by an attack on Sheridan opened -the bloody struggle at Cold Harbor, where the heaviest -Federal loss was before Kershaw's position. He was -promoted major-general, and after participating in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> -Petersburg battles was ordered to the support of Early -in the Shenandoah valley. In September he was ordered -back to Richmond, and while on the way Early was -defeated at Winchester. Then returning to the valley -he opened the attack at Cedar Creek, with great success. -After this, until the fall of Richmond, he served before -that city, north of the James. His last battle was Sailor's -Creek, where he was captured with General Ewell -and the greater part of the remnant of his command. As -a prisoner of war he was held at Fort Warren, Boston, -until August 12, 1865. On his return to South Carolina -he again took up the practice of law, and in the same year -was elected to the State senate and made president of -that body. In 1874 he was the Democratic candidate for -Congress in his district, and three years later was elected -to the position of judge of the Fifth circuit. He served -upon the bench until 1893, when he resigned on account -of failing health and resumed practice as an attorney at -Camden. In February, 1894, he was commissioned postmaster -at that city, but he died on the 12th of April following. -His wife, Lucretia Douglas, to whom he was -married in 1844, four daughters and a son survive him. -The latter is rector of St. Michael's church, Charleston.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Thomas M. Logan was born at -Charleston, November 3, 1840, the son of Judge George -William and Eliza Staun (Yonge) Logan. His family is -of ancient Scottish descent. He was graduated at the -head of his class at the North Carolina college in 1860, -and was among the early volunteers in 1861 as a private -in the Washington light infantry, with which he served -during the investment of Fort Sumter. Then aiding in -the organization of Company A, Hampton legion, he was -elected first lieutenant and accompanied the legion to -Virginia, where he participated in the first battle of -Manassas, and was soon afterward elected captain. -Though wounded at Gaines' Mill he continued on duty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> -at Second Manassas, and for conspicuous gallantry at -Sharpsburg was promoted major. His command was -subsequently transferred to Jenkins' brigade, and he was -promoted lieutenant-colonel. During the Suffolk and -Blackwater campaigns under Gen. D. H. Hill he was -distinguished for the successful management of a reconnoissance -in force fifteen miles in advance of the Confederate -lines; and in command of the sharpshooters of Longstreet's -corps in the Chattanooga and Knoxville campaigns, -he gained new laurels as a daring and active -leader. He commanded the advance guard which Longstreet -organized to push Burnside back toward Knoxville -in an attempt to prevent his intrenching, and kept up a -running skirmish with the Federals for several days. On -May 19, 1864, he was promoted colonel of Hampton's -legion, served temporarily on the staff of General Beauregard -during the battle of Drewry's Bluff, and was severely -wounded in the fight at Riddle's shop. Promoted brigadier-general -at the age of twenty-four years, he was -assigned to the command of the old cavalry brigade of -Gen. M. C. Butler, with which he served in the North -Carolina campaign and at the battle of Bentonville, and -made the last charge of this last campaign at the head of -Keitt's battalion. After the close of hostilities General -Logan began the study of law at Richmond, Va., in -which State he has since resided and practiced that profession -for several years. He then became interested in -railroad management, and soon became prominent in the -organization of the Richmond & Danville system, of -which he was elected vice-president.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Samuel McGowan was born of -Scotch-Irish parentage in Laurens county, October 19, -1819, and was graduated at the South Carolina college in -1841. He embarked in the practice of law at Abbeville, -but answered the call of his country in 1846 and started -for the Mexican war as a private in the Palmetto regi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span>ment. -He was soon appointed to the general quartermaster's -staff, with the rank of captain, in which capacity -he served during the war, first on the staff of General -Quitman and afterward with Generals Worth and Twiggs. -As volunteer aide to General Quitman at the storming -of Chapultepec and the capture of Garita de Belen he -was distinguished for gallantry. On his return to South -Carolina he continued with much success the practice of -his profession, and sat twelve years in the lower house of -the State legislature; but also retained his connection -with military matters, becoming major-general in the -State militia. Upon the secession of South Carolina he -was commissioned brigadier-general in the State army and -assigned to command of one of the four brigades first -formed, and in that capacity assisted General Beauregard -during the reduction of Fort Sumter. Upon the transfer -of the troops to the Confederate service he joined General -Bonham in Virginia, and served as a volunteer aide at -the battles of Blackburn Ford and First Manassas. Then -returning to South Carolina he was elected lieutenant-colonel -of the Fourteenth regiment, and in the spring of -1862, while in service on the coast, was promoted colonel. -Soon afterward, with Gregg's brigade, he began a distinguished -career in the army of Northern Virginia. He -was wounded at Cold Harbor, where he led his regiment -in several daring charges; retrieved the ground lost -by another brigade at Frayser's Farm, and continued on -duty in spite of his injury until after Malvern Hill. For -his gallantry in these battles he was recommended by -General Gregg for promotion. After fighting at Cedar -Run he was wounded at Second Manassas, and for some -time disabled, but he rejoined his regiment after the -battle of Sharpsburg and commanded it at Fredericksburg. -There General Gregg was killed, and in January, -1863, Colonel McGowan was promoted brigadier-general -and became Gregg's successor in command of the gallant -brigade. In this capacity he served until the end of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> -war, receiving several wounds, the most severe of which -befell him at Chancellorsville and during the fight at the -bloody angle at Spottsylvania Court House. After the -surrender at Appomattox he returned to his home and -resumed the profession from which he had been twice -diverted by war. He was elected to Congress in 1865, -but was not permitted to take his seat; made a thorough -canvass of the State as an elector-at-large on the Democratic -presidential ticket in 1876; in 1878 was elected to -the legislature, and in 1879 was elected associate justice -of the supreme court. In the latter office he won lasting -honor and distinction as he had upon the field of battle. -His death occurred in December, 1893.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Arthur Middleton Manigault was -born at Charleston in 1824. He was a great-grandson of -Gabriel Manigault, a native of Charleston, and a famous -merchant who was treasurer of the province in 1738; after -the declaration of independence advanced $220,000 from -his private fortune for war purposes, and in 1779, with -his grandson Joseph, served as a private soldier in the -defense of Charleston. General Manigault entered business -life at Charleston in youth. In 1846 he went to the -Mexican war as first lieutenant of a company of the Palmetto -regiment, and served in the army of General Scott -from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. Returning to -Charleston he was in the commission business until 1856, -and then was engaged in rice planting until the beginning -of the Confederate war, when he raised a company -of volunteers. He served as inspector-general on the staff -of General Beauregard during the period including the -reduction of Fort Sumter, after which he was elected -colonel of the Tenth South Carolina regiment. Under -Gen. R. E. Lee he commanded the First military district -of South Carolina, with headquarters at Georgetown. -After the battle of Shiloh he and his regiment were -transferred to the army in Mississippi under General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> -Bragg, forming part of the brigade composed of the -Tenth and Nineteenth South Carolina and three Alabama -regiments, commanded by General Withers until the -latter was given division command, afterward by Patton -Anderson and later by Colonel Manigault. He was in -brigade command from the summer of 1862, and participated -in the occupation of Corinth during the siege, and -the operations of the army in Tennessee and Kentucky. -In April, 1863, he was promoted to brigadier-general. -At the battle of Stone's River his brigade under his gallant -leadership was distinguished in the assaults upon the -Federal line, and at Chickamauga again was conspicuous -in the attacks upon the position held by George H. -Thomas. In both these battles the brigade suffered -severely in the loss of officers and men, but the remnant -fought through the Atlanta campaign of 1864 among the -bravest of the heroes of that memorable struggle, from -Dalton to Ezra church. He subsequently participated in -the operations under General Hood, until he fell severely -wounded in the disastrous battle of Franklin, Tenn. -After the conclusion of hostilities he engaged in rice -planting in South Carolina. In 1880 he was elected -adjutant-general of the State, was continued in this office, -and was about to be re-elected when he died from the -effects of his wound received at Franklin, August 16, -1886.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Abner M. Perrin was born in Edgefield -district, in 1827. He entered the Confederate States -service as captain of a company of the Fourteenth -regiment, South Carolina infantry, Col. James Jones, -and was present at the engagement at Port Royal -Ferry, January 1, 1862. His regiment was ordered to -Virginia in the spring of 1862, and attached to the -South Carolina brigade of Gen. Maxcy Gregg, the -regiment then being commanded by Col. Samuel McGowan. -Captain Perrin shared the services of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span> -Fourteenth in the battles before Richmond, at Cedar -run, Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg and -Fredericksburg, and then being promoted colonel, commanded -the regiment at Chancellorsville, where, after the -wounding of General McGowan and Colonel Edwards, -he had command of the remnant of the brigade in the -Sunday battle. He continued in charge of this brigade, -consisting of the First, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth -South Carolina regiments and First Rifles, Pender's division, -A. P. Hill's corps, during the Gettysburg campaign. -On the afternoon of July 1, 1863, said A. P. Hill, Perrin's -brigade took position after position of the enemy, driving -him through the town of Gettysburg. He maintained -an advanced position throughout the next two days, keeping -up a continual heavy skirmish and repelling several -assaults on the third. On the retreat he repulsed an -attack of cavalry near Falling Waters. He was promoted -to brigadier-general in September, 1863. Previous -to the campaign of May, 1864, in Virginia, General McGowan -returned to the command of the South Carolina -brigade, and General Perrin was transferred to the Alabama -brigade lately commanded by General Wilcox, -Anderson's division. He passed through the fiery ordeal -in the Wilderness, but at Spottsylvania, in the words of -the telegram of General Lee to President Davis, "the -brave General Perrin was killed." It was just after -Hancock had swept over the "bloody angle," early on -May 12th, capturing the larger part of Johnson's division, -and A. P. Hill was called on for reinforcements, that -Perrin came up leading his brigade through a terribly -destructive fire, and fell dead from his horse just as he -reached the works.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General John Smith Preston was born at Salt -Works, near Abingdon, Va., on April 20, 1809, of Irish -descent, his ancestors having emigrated from Donegal, -Ireland, in the early part of the seventeenth century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span> -He was educated at Hampden-Sidney college and graduated -at that institution in 1824. He then studied law at -the university of Virginia and Harvard college. In 1830 -he married Caroline, daughter of Gen. Wade Hampton, -and settled at Abingdon, Va., where he began the practice -of his profession, but later removed to Columbia, -S. C. He was engaged for several years in sugar planting -in Louisiana, also devoted a great deal of his time to literary -pursuits, and the collection of paintings and statuary. -His interest in art led him to assist many struggling -young men of genius, notably Hiram Powers, who in -appreciation, gave him the replica of the "Greek Slave." -General Preston was a distinguished orator, and made -many brilliant addresses, among them the speech of welcome -to the Palmetto regiment on its return from the -Mexican war in 1848. He was an ardent secessionist, -and in May, 1860, was chairman of the South Carolina -delegation to the Democratic convention that met at -Charleston. After the election of President Lincoln, he -was a commissioner to Virginia, and in February, 1861, -made an eloquent plea in favor of the withdrawal of that -State from the Union. He entered the Confederate -army, and served on the staff of General Beauregard -during 1861 and 1862, receiving special commendation for -efficiency in the first battle of Bull Run. He was promoted, -June 10, 1864, brigadier-general in the provisional -army of the Confederate States, and placed in charge of -the bureau of conscription, in which office he rendered -valuable service. He went to England shortly after the -war, and remained several years. After his return he delivered -an address at a commencement of the university of -Virginia, which, as a fervent assertion of the right of -secession, incurred the severe criticism of the Northern -press. His last appearance as an orator was on the -occasion of unveiling the Confederate monument at -Columbia.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig8.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center">Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">John S. Preston</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Maxcy Gregg</span>.<br /> -<br /> -Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">T. M. Logan</span>. Maj.-Gen. <span class="smcap">David R. Jones</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Micah Jenkins</span>.<br /> -<br /> -Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">Johnson Hagood</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">S. W. Ferguson</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">James Conner</span>.<br /> -<br /> -Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">John D. Kennedy</span>. Brig.-Gen. <span class="smcap">S. R. Gist</span>. -</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span></p> - -<p>Brigadier-General Roswell Sabine Ripley was born at -Worthington, Ohio, March 14, 1823. He was graduated at -the United States military academy, number seven in the -class of 1843, of which Gen. U. S. Grant was twenty-first. -With promotion to brevet second lieutenant, Third artillery, -he served until 1846 on garrison duty, and for a few -months as assistant professor of mathematics at West -Point. In 1846, being commissioned second lieutenant, -he was on the coast survey until ordered to Mexico, where -he fought at Monterey in September. Then being promoted -first lieutenant, Second artillery, he took part in -the siege of Vera Cruz, and at the battle of Cerro Gordo -won the brevet of captain. At Contreras, Churubusco -Molino del Rey, Chapultepec and the capture of the -Mexican capital he won new honors and came out of the -war with the brevet rank of major. After service as -aide-de-camp to General Pillow to July, 1848, he prepared -and published a history of the war in 1849, and -subsequently was engaged in the Indian hostilities in -Florida and in garrison duty until March, 1853, when he -resigned and engaged in business at Charleston, the -home of his wife. At the organization of the South -Carolina army he received the rank of lieutenant-colonel, -commanding the First artillery battalion, and at the -bombardment of Fort Sumter was highly commended by -the generals commanding for his services in charge of -the batteries on Sullivan's island. In August following -he was commissioned brigadier-general in the provisional -army of the Confederate States, and was put in command -of the department of South Carolina, and when that was -merged in a larger department under Gen. R. E. Lee, -he was given charge of the Second military district of the -State. Joining the army of Northern Virginia in June, -1862, he commanded a brigade of D. H. Hill's division, -composed of Georgia and North Carolina regiments, in -the battles of Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, -South Mountain and Sharpsburg. In the latter engage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span>ment -he was shot in the throat, but returned to the fight -after his wound was dressed. About a month later he -took command of the First military district of South -Carolina, including Charleston and its defenses, and was -in immediate command during the memorable attacks of -the Federal fleets and army in 1863 and 1864. In January, -1865, he was ordered to report to General Hood, -and at the last was assigned to command of a division of -Cheatham's corps of the army in North Carolina. Then -going abroad he resided in Paris several years, and upon -his return resumed his business operations at Charleston. -He died at New York, March 26, 1887.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General Clement Hoffman Stevens was born -in Norwich, Conn., August 14, 1821, the son of Lieut. -Clement W. Stevens, United States navy, and Sarah J. -Fayssoux, daughter of Dr. Peter Fayssoux, surgeon-general -of the army in South Carolina during the war of the -revolution. Not long after his birth the father left the -navy and the family settled in Florida, but removed to -Pendleton, S. C., at the outbreak of Indian troubles in -1836. In youth he served for several years as private -secretary to his kinsmen, Commodore William B. Shubrick -and Capt. Edward Shubrick. In 1842 he abandoned -this service at sea, and became an official of the -Planters and Mechanics bank at Charleston, of which he -was cashier at the period of secession. In January, 1861, -he presented to Gen. David F. Jamison, secretary of war -for the State, a design he had prepared for an ironclad -battery, and it being approved, he immediately began -the erection of an armored battery of two guns on Cummings -point, known as the Stevens' iron battery. It -was built of heavy yellow pine timber with great solidity, -and the face, inclined at an angle of forty degrees, was -covered with bars of railroad iron. In this protected -battery, which was of service in the bombardment of Fort -Sumter, was the germ of the armored ship Virginia,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span> -and her class. The floating battery designed by Lieut. -J. R. Hamilton, in use at the same time, approached still -more closely the plan of the famous ironclad of Hampton -Roads. General Stevens' mechanical ingenuity was -later shown in the invention of portable ovens, by the use -of which his regiment was supplied with excellent bread. -Stevens next served as volunteer aide to his cousin, -Gen. Barnard E. Bee, at the battle of First Manassas, -and was severely wounded. Returning home, as soon as -he had recovered from his wound he took charge of a -militia regiment at Charleston, but soon joined in the -organization of the Twenty-fourth regiment, of which he -was elected colonel. In the winter of 1861-62 he was for -some time on duty as aide to General Ripley. In the -fight at Secessionville he commanded the Confederate -forces on the field. In December, 1862, he was assigned -to command one of the brigades to be sent under General -Gist for the support of Wilmington, and in May, 1863, -he and his regiment were ordered to Mississippi under -the brigade command of Gist. With the forces collected -under Gen. J. E. Johnston he participated in the summer -campaign of that year for the relief of Vicksburg, and -the defense of Jackson against Sherman, and subsequently -joined the army at Chattanooga. At the battle -of Chickamauga he was actively engaged until two horses -were killed under him and he was wounded. Gist -alluded to him as the "iron-nerved," and General Walker -reported "that the gallant Stevens, who was severely -wounded, from what I know of his capacity as an officer, -from his gallantry on the field, and from his devotion to -the cause, would grace any position that might be conferred." -January 20, 1864, he was promoted to brigadier-general, -and was assigned to the command of a Georgia -brigade, formerly known as Wilson's, of Walker's division, -which he led with distinction throughout the Atlanta -campaign, until he was killed in the battle of July 20, -1864, near the city of Atlanta.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General James H. Trapier, a native of South -Carolina, was graduated in the United States military -academy, third in the class of 1838, of which General -Beauregard was second and William J. Hardee, Edward -Johnson and Carter L. Stevenson were other famous -members. As a lieutenant of engineers in the United -States service he assisted in the construction of defenses -at Charleston harbor and Fort Pulaski, and was promoted -first lieutenant in 1839. Subsequently he was constructing -engineer of repairs at Forts Macon and Caswell, -and Forts Ontario, Niagara and Porter, New York; -served in the war with Mexico in 1847, and was assistant -engineer connected with the fortification of New York -harbor until his resignation in 1848. Returning to South -Carolina he was engaged as a planter at Georgetown until -the organization of the Confederacy, serving also as chief -of ordnance of the State in 1851-52, and as aide-de-camp, -with the rank of colonel, on the staff of Governor Means. -With the rank of captain of engineers he rendered valuable -service in the construction of the Confederate batteries -for the attack on Fort Sumter, and was engineer-in-chief -on Morris island. Soon afterward he was -promoted major of engineers, and in October was promoted -brigadier-general and assigned to command of the -department of Eastern and Middle Florida, with especial -care of Cumberland sound. Asking to be relieved in -March, 1862, he was ordered to report to General Johnston -in Alabama. He commanded the First division of -General Polk's corps at Corinth and in the battle of Farmington, -May 9, 1862, and in November following was -assigned to command of the Fourth district of South -Carolina, with headquarters at Georgetown. In the -spring of 1863 he was in command on Sullivan's island -during the attack by the Federal fleet, April 7th, and not -long afterward resumed his duties at Georgetown. Surviving -the war he died at Mansfield, S. C, January 2, -1866, at the age of fifty-one years.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General John Bordenave Villepigue was born -at Camden, S. C, July 2, 1830, of French descent. He -was graduated at the United States military academy in -1854, with a brevet lieutenancy in the dragoons; a year -later was promoted to second lieutenant, and in 1857 to -first lieutenant. His military service of about seven -years in the old army was rendered in the Second dragoons, -mainly on the frontier in Kansas and Nebraska, -participating in the Sioux expedition of 1855 and the -march to Fort Lookout, Dakota, in 1856. He took part -in the Utah campaign of 1857-58, and then after a period -spent at the Carlisle cavalry school, was on duty in Utah -until he resigned, March 31, 1861, to enter the service of -the Southern Confederacy. He received the commission -of captain of artillery from the government at Montgomery, -and soon afterward was promoted colonel in the provisional -army, and assigned to the Thirty-sixth Georgia -regiment. In command of Georgia and Mississippi soldiers -he first attracted attention by his heroic defense of -Fort McRee, Pensacola harbor, during the bombardment -of November 22, 1861. General Bragg reported at that -time that for the number and caliber of guns brought -into action it would rank with the heaviest bombardment -of the world. The buildings of the fort were several -times on fire, and Villepigue was seriously wounded, but -his coolness inspired his volunteers to fight with the -tenacity of veterans. Said Bragg: "An educated soldier, -possessing in an eminent degree the love and confidence -of his officers and men, he had been specially -selected for this important and perilous post. The result -fully vindicates the fortunate choice, and presents for -our admiration, blended in perfect harmony, the modest -but heroic soldier with the humble but confiding Christian." -Villepigue was appointed chief of engineers and -artillery on the staff of General Bragg, was for a time in -command at Pensacola, then was at Mobile, and joining -Bragg was promoted brigadier-general early in 1862. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span> -was assigned to command at Fort Pillow on the Mississippi, -General Beauregard sending him there as "the -most energetic young officer" at his command. Week -after week he held the open batteries, and kept back the -enemy's superior land and naval forces until ordered to -retire, when he blew up his fortifications and brought off -his command in safety, June 4th. He was given command -of a brigade of the army in Mississippi, under General -Van Dorn, and at the battle of Corinth in October -was distinguished both in the attack and in the protection -of the rear during the retreat. Soon after this -arduous and dispiriting campaign the young soldier was -prostrated by a severe illness, which resulted in his -death at Port Hudson, November 9, 1862.</p> - -<div class="center">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Brigadier-General William Henry Wallace was born in -Laurens county, March 24, 1827, son of Daniel Wallace, -for several terms a member of the legislature, a major-general -of militia, and from 1849 to 1853 representative -in Congress. His grandfather was Jonathan Wallace, a -native of Virginia who removed to South Carolina before -the war of the revolution, in which he was a patriot soldier. -General Wallace was graduated at the South Carolina -college in December, 1849, and in the following -spring was married to Sarah, daughter of Robert Dunlap, -of Newberry. She was the niece of James Dunlap, -appointed governor of Florida by Andrew Jackson, and -granddaughter of William Dunlap, a revolutionary soldier -who was the grandson of John Hunter, a native of -Ireland who was United States senator from South Carolina -in 1801. General Wallace was occupied as planter in -Union county until 1857, when he became the proprietor -of the Union Times newspaper, and in 1859 began the -practice of law at Union. In 1860 as a member of the -legislature he supported the call for a convention, and at -the expiration of his term he enlisted as a private in Com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span>pany -A, Eighteenth South Carolina volunteers. A few -days later he was appointed adjutant of the regiment by -Col. James M. Gadberry, who was killed at Second Manassas. -Before going into the field the regiment was -reorganized, and Wallace was elected lieutenant-colonel -in May, 1861. The regiment was ordered into Virginia -in time to engage the enemy near Malvern Hill in -August, after which it fought at the battle of Second -Manassas, losing about half its number in battle, including -the gallant Colonel Gadberry. Wallace was at once -promoted colonel, and he led his regiment, in the brigade -of Gen. N. G. Evans, through the battles of South -Mountain and Sharpsburg with the army of Northern -Virginia. Subsequently he was on duty in defense of -Charleston. In the spring of 1864 the brigade under -Gen. Stephen Elliott was ordered to Petersburg, where -Colonel Wallace participated in the defense of the lines -and all the operations of Bushrod Johnson's division. -His brigade suffered most heavily at the battle of the -Crater, four companies of his regiment being blown up -or destroyed by falling earth at the explosion of the -mine, July 30, 1864. In September he was promoted -brigadier-general, and up to the eve of the surrender he -commanded the brigade, fighting gallantly at Gravelly -run and Namozine church on the retreat. At Appomattox -Court House, on the night of April 8th, he was assigned -by General Gordon to the command of Johnson's division, -in which capacity he reported to Gen. Clement A. -Evans and participated in the last action of the army on -the morning of April 9th. After his parole he devoted -himself to the practice of the law, the care of his plantation -and the restoration of good government in the State. -He was one of the few Democrats elected to the legislature -in 1872, and was re-elected in 1874 and 1876. In -1877 he was chosen judge of the Seventh circuit, a position -in which he continued to serve with honor and ability -until 1893, when he retired from public life. -</p> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Confederate Military History - Volume -5 (of 12), by Ellison Capers - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY *** - -***** This file should be named 50737-h.htm or 50737-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/7/3/50737/ - -Produced by Alan and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> |