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diff --git a/old/50737-0.txt b/old/50737-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1a6fd42..0000000 --- a/old/50737-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14263 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Confederate Military History - Volume 5 (of -12), by Ellison Capers - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Confederate Military History - Volume 5 (of 12) - A Library of Confederate States History - -Author: Ellison Capers - -Editor: Clement Anselm Evans - -Release Date: December 21, 2015 [EBook #50737] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY *** - - - - -Produced by Alan and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - CONFEDERATE - MILITARY HISTORY - - - [Illustration] - - - A LIBRARY OF CONFEDERATE - STATES HISTORY, IN TWELVE - VOLUMES, WRITTEN BY - DISTINGUISHED MEN OF THE SOUTH, - AND EDITED BY GEN. CLEMENT - A. EVANS OF GEORGIA..... - - - [Illustration] - - - VOL. V. - - - [Illustration] - - - Atlanta, Ga. - Confederate Publishing Company - 1899 - - [Illustration] - - COPYRIGHT, 1899, - BY CONFEDERATE PUBLISHING COMPANY. - - [Illustration] - - TABLE OF CONTENTS. - - PAGE. - - CHAPTER I. Spirit of Secession--The State Militia--Charleston - and the Forts--The Violated Agreement--Major Anderson - Occupies Fort Sumter--South Carolina Occupies Pinckney - and Moultrie--The Star of the West--Fort Sumter - Surrendered--Carolinians in Virginia--Battle of Manassas 4 - - CHAPTER II. Affairs on the Coast--Loss of Port Royal Harbor--Gen. - R. E. Lee in Command of the Department--Landing - of Federals at Port Royal Ferry--Gallant Fight on - Edisto Island--General Pemberton Succeeds Lee - in Command--Defensive Line, April, 1862 29 - - CHAPTER III. South Carolinians in Virginia--Battle of - Williamsburg--Eltham's Landing--Seven Pines and Fair - Oaks--Nine-Mile Road--Gaines' Mill--Savage Station--Frayser's - Farm--Malvern Hill 43 - - CHAPTER IV. The Coast of South Carolina, Summer of 1862--Operations - under General Pemberton--Engagement at - Old Pocotaligo--Campaign on James Island--Battle of - Secessionville 76 - - CHAPTER V. General Beauregard in Command--The Defenses - of Charleston--Disposition of Troops--Battle of - Pocotaligo--Repulse of Enemy at Coosawhatchie Bridge--Operations - in North Carolina--Battle of Kinston--Defense - of Goldsboro 94 - - CHAPTER VI. South Carolinians in the West--Manigault's - and Lythgoe's Regiments at Corinth--The Kentucky Campaign--Battle - of Murfreesboro 111 - - CHAPTER VII. With Lee in Northern Virginia, 1862--The - Maneuvers on the Rappahannock--Second Manassas Campaign--Battle - of Ox Hill 120 - - CHAPTER VIII. The Maryland Campaign--The South - Mountain Battles--Capture of Harper's Ferry--Battles of - Sharpsburg and Shepherdstown 140 - - CHAPTER IX. Hampton's Cavalry in the Maryland Raid--The - Battle of Fredericksburg--Death of Gregg--South Carolinians - at Marye's Hill--Cavalry Operations 165 - - CHAPTER X. Operations in South Carolina, Spring of 1863--Capture - of the Isaac Smith--Ingraham's Defeat of the - Blockading Squadron--Naval Attack on Fort Sumter--Hunter's - Raids 188 - - CHAPTER XI. South Carolina Troops in Mississippi--Engagement - near Jackson--The Vicksburg Campaign--Siege of - Jackson 203 - - CHAPTER XII. South Carolinians in the Chancellorsville - Campaign--Service of Kershaw's and McGowan's Brigades--A - Great Confederate Victory 213 - - CHAPTER XIII. Operations in South Carolina--Opening of - Gillmore's Campaign against Fort Sumter--The Surprise of - Morris Island--First Assault on Battery Wagner--Demonstrations - on James Island and Against the Railroad--Action - near Grimball's Landing 223 - - CHAPTER XIV. Second Assault on Battery Wagner--Siege - of Wagner and Bombardment of Fort Sumter--Evacuation - of Morris Island 235 - - CHAPTER XV. The Gettysburg Campaign--Gallant Service - of Perrin's and Kershaw's Brigades--Hampton's Cavalry - at Brandy Station 257 - - CHAPTER XVI. South Carolinians at Chickamauga--Organization - of the Armies--South Carolinians Engaged--Their - Heroic Service and Sacrifices 277 - - CHAPTER XVII. The Siege of Charleston--Continued Bombardment - of Fort Sumter--Defense Maintained by the Other - Works--The Torpedo Boats--Bombardment of the City--Transfer - of Troops to Virginia--Prisoners under Fire--Campaign - on the Stono 291 - - CHAPTER XVIII. South Carolinians with Longstreet and - Lee--Wauhatchie--Missionary Ridge--Knoxville--The Virginia - Campaign of 1864--From the Wilderness to the Battle - of the Crater 310 - - CHAPTER XIX. The Atlanta Campaign--Battles around - Atlanta--Jonesboro--Hood's Campaign in North Georgia--The - Defense of Ship's Gap--Last Campaign in Tennessee--Battle - of Franklin 328 - - CHAPTER XX. The Closing Scenes in Virginia--Siege of - Richmond and Petersburg--Fall of Fort Fisher--South Carolina - Commands at Appomattox 346 - - CHAPTER XXI. Battle of Honey Hill--Sherman's Advance - into South Carolina--Organization of the Confederate - Forces--Burning of Columbia--Battles of Averasboro and - Bentonville--Conclusion 354 - - BIOGRAPHICAL 373 - - - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. - - FACING PAGE. - - BEE, BARNARD E. 392 - - BONHAM, M. L. 392 - - BRATTON, JOHN 392 - - BUTLER, M. C. 380, 392 - - CAPERS, ELLISON 1, 409 - - CHARLESTON, DEFENSES (Map) Between pages 296 and 297 - - CHESTNUT, JAMES 392 - - CONNOR, JAMES 416 - - DRAYTON, THOS. F. 392 - - DUNOVANT, JOHN 392 - - ELLIOTT, STEPHEN, JR. 392 - - EVANS, N. G. 392 - - FERGUSON, S. W. 416 - - GARY, M. W. 392 - - GIST, S. R. 416 - - GREGG, MAXCY 416 - - HAGOOD, JOHNSON 416 - - HONEY HILL, BATTLE (Map) 356 - - HUGER, BENJAMIN 409 - - JENKINS, MICAH 416 - - JONES, DAVID R. 416 - - KENNEDY, JOHN D. 416 - - KERSHAW, J. B. 409 - - LOGAN, J. M. 416 - - MCGOWAN, SAMUEL 409 - - MANIGAULT, A. M. 409 - - PERRIN, ABNER 409 - - PRESTON, JOHN S. 416 - - RIPLEY, ROSWELL S. 409 - - SOUTH CAROLINA (Map) Between pages 372 and 373 - - STEVENS, C. H. 409 - - VILLEPIGUE, J. B. 409 - - WALLACE, W. H. 409 - - -[Illustration: ELLISON CAPERS] - - SOUTH CAROLINA - - BY - - BRIG.-GEN. ELLISON CAPERS. - - - - - INTRODUCTORY. - - -The writer of the following sketch does not attempt, in the space -assigned him, to give a complete history of the various commands of -Carolinians, who for four years did gallant and noble service in the -armies of the Confederacy. - -A faithful record of their names alone would fill the pages of a -volume, and to write a history of their marches and battles, their -wounds and suffering, their willing sacrifices, and their patient -endurance, would demand more accurate knowledge, more time and more -ability than the author of this sketch can command. - -He trusts that in the brief history which follows he has been able to -show that South Carolina did her duty to herself and to the Southern -Confederacy, and did it nobly. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - - SPIRIT OF SECESSION--THE STATE MILITIA--CHARLESTON AND THE FORTS--THE - VIOLATED AGREEMENT--MAJOR ANDERSON OCCUPIES FORT SUMTER--SOUTH - CAROLINA OCCUPIES PINCKNEY AND MOULTRIE--THE STAR OF THE WEST--FORT - SUMTER SURRENDERED--CAROLINIANS IN VIRGINIA--BATTLE OF MANASSAS. - - -From the time that the election of the President was declared, early -in November, 1860, the military spirit of the people of South Carolina -was thoroughly awake. Secession from the Union was in the air, and when -it came, on the 20th of December following, it was received as the -ultimate decision of duty and the call of the State to arms. The one -sentiment, everywhere expressed by the vast majority of the people, -was the sentiment of independence; and the universal resolve was the -determination to maintain the secession of the State at any and every -cost. - -The militia of the State was, at the time, her only arm of defense, and -every part of it was put under orders. - -Of the State militia, the largest organized body was the Fourth brigade -of Charleston, commanded by Brig.-Gen. James Simons. This body of -troops was well organized, well drilled and armed, and was constantly -under the orders of the governor and in active service from the 27th -of December, 1860, to the last of April, 1861. Some of the commands -continued in service until the Confederate regiments, battalions -and batteries were organized and finally absorbed all the effective -material of the brigade. - -This efficient brigade was composed of the following commands: - -First regiment of rifles: Col. J. J. Pettigrew, Lieut.-Col. John L. -Branch, Maj. Ellison Capers, Adjt. Theodore G. Barker, Quartermaster -Allen Hanckel, Commissary L. G. Young, Surg. George Trescot, Asst. -Surg. Thomas L. Ozier, Jr. Companies: Washington Light Infantry, Capt. -C. H. Simonton; Moultrie Guards, Capt. Barnwell W. Palmer; German -Riflemen, Capt. Jacob Small; Palmetto Riflemen, Capt. Alex. Melchers; -Meagher Guards, Capt. Edward McCrady, Jr.; Carolina Light Infantry, -Capt. Gillard Pinckney; Zouave Cadets, Capt. C. E. Chichester. - -Seventeenth regiment: Col. John Cunningham, Lieut.-Col. William P. -Shingler, Maj. J. J. Lucas, Adjt. F. A. Mitchel. Companies: Charleston -Riflemen, Capt. Joseph Johnson, Jr.; Irish Volunteers, Capt. Edward -McGrath; Cadet Riflemen, Capt. W. S. Elliott; Montgomery Guards, -Capt. James Conner; Union Light Infantry, Capt. David Ramsay; German -Fusiliers, Capt. Samuel Lord, Jr.; Palmetto Guards, Capt. Thomas W. -Middleton; Sumter Guards, Capt. Henry C. King; Emmet Volunteers, Capt. -P. Grace; Calhoun Guards, Capt. John Fraser. - -First regiment of artillery: Col. E. H. Locke, Lieut.-Col. W. G. De -Saussure, Maj. John A. Wagener, Adjt. James Simmons, Jr. - -Light batteries: Marion Artillery, Capt. J. G. King; Washington -Artillery, Capt. George H. Walter; Lafayette Artillery, Capt. J. J. -Pope; German Artillery (A), Capt. C. Nohrden; German Artillery (B), -Capt. H. Harms. - -Cavalry: Charleston Light Dragoons, Capt. B. H. Rutledge; German -Hussars, Capt. Theodore Cordes; Rutledge Mounted Riflemen, Capt. C. K. -Huger. - -Volunteer corps in the fire department: Vigilant Rifles, Capt. S. V. -Tupper; Phœnix Rifles, Capt. Peter C. Gaillard; Ætna Rifles, Capt. E. -F. Sweegan; Marion Rifles, Capt. C. B. Sigwald. - -Charleston, the metropolis and seaport, for a time absorbed the -interest of the whole State, for it was everywhere felt that the issue -of secession, so far as war with the government of the United States -was concerned, must be determined in her harbor. The three forts which -had been erected by the government for the defense of the harbor, -Moultrie, Castle Pinckney and Sumter, were built upon land ceded by the -State for that purpose, and with the arsenal and grounds in Charleston, -constituted the property of the United States. - -The secession of South Carolina having dissolved her connection with -the government of the United States, the question of the possession -of the forts in the harbor and of the military post at the arsenal -became at once a question of vital interest to the State. Able -commissioners, Robert W. Barnwell, James H. Adams and James L. Orr, -were elected and sent by the convention of the State to treat with -the government at Washington for an amicable settlement of this -important question, and other questions growing out of the new relation -which South Carolina bore to the Union. Pending the action of the -commissioners in Washington, an unfortunate move was made by Maj. -Robert Anderson, of the United States army, who commanded the only -body of troops stationed in the harbor, which ultimately compelled the -return of the commissioners and led to the most serious complications. -An understanding had been established between the authorities in -Washington and the members of Congress from South Carolina, that the -forts would not be attacked, or seized as an act of war, until proper -negotiations for their cession to the State had been made and had -failed; provided that they were not reinforced, and their military -status should remain as it was at the time of this understanding, viz., -on December 9, 1860. - -Fort Sumter, in the very mouth of the harbor, was in an unfinished -state and without a garrison. On the night of the 26th of December, -1860, Maj. Robert Anderson dismantled Fort Moultrie and removed his -command by boats over to Fort Sumter. The following account of the -effect of this removal of Major Anderson upon the people, and the -action of the government, is taken from Brevet Major-General Crawford's -"Genesis of the Civil War." General Crawford was at the time on the -medical staff and one of Anderson's officers. His book is a clear and -admirable narrative of the events of those most eventful days, and -is written in the spirit of the utmost candor and fairness. In the -conclusion of the chapter describing the removal, he says: - - The fact of the evacuation of Fort Moultrie by Major Anderson was soon - communicated to the authorities and people of Charleston, creating - intense excitement. Crowds collected in streets and open places of the - city, and loud and violent were the expressions of feeling against - Major Anderson and his action.... [The governor of the State was ready - to act in accordance with the feeling displayed.] On the morning of - the 27th, he dispatched his aide-de-camp, Col. Johnston Pettigrew, of - the First South Carolina Rifles, to Major Anderson. He was accompanied - by Maj. Ellison Capers, of his regiment. Arriving at Fort Sumter, - Colonel Pettigrew sent a card inscribed, "Colonel Pettigrew, First - Regiment Rifles, S.C.M., Aide-de-Camp to the Governor, Commissioner to - Major Anderson. Ellison Capers, Major First Regiment Rifles, S.C.M." - ... Colonel Pettigrew and his companion were ushered into the room. - The feeling was reserved and formal, when, after declining seats, - Colonel Pettigrew immediately opened his mission: "Major Anderson," - said he, "can I communicate with you now, sir, before these officers, - on the subject for which I am here?" "Certainly, sir," replied Major - Anderson, "these are all my officers; I have no secrets from them, - sir." - - The commissioner then informed Major Anderson that he was directed to - say to him that the governor was much surprised that he had reinforced - "this work." Major Anderson promptly responded that there had been no - reinforcement of the work; that he had removed his command from Fort - Moultrie to Fort Sumter, as he had a right to do, being in command - of all the forts in the harbor. To this Colonel Pettigrew replied - that when the present governor (Pickens) came into office, he found - an understanding existing between the previous governor (Gist) and - the President of the United States, by which all property within the - limits of the State was to remain as it was; that no reinforcements - were to be sent here, particularly to this post; that there was to be - no attempt made against the public property by the State, and that the - status in the harbor should remain unchanged. He was directed also - to say to Major Anderson that it had been hoped by the governor that - a peaceful solution of the difficulties could have been reached, and - a resort to arms and bloodshed might have been avoided; but that the - governor thought the action of Major Anderson had greatly complicated - matters, and that he did not now see how bloodshed could be avoided; - that he had desired and intended that the whole matter might be fought - out politically and without the arbitration of the sword, but that now - it was uncertain, if not impossible. - - To this Major Anderson replied, that as far as any understanding - between the President and the governor was concerned, he had not - been informed; that he knew nothing of it; that he could get no - information or positive orders from Washington, and that his position - was threatened every night by the troops of the State. He was then - asked by Major Capers, who accompanied Colonel Pettigrew, "How?" when - he replied, "By sending out steamers armed and conveying troops on - board;" that these steamers passed the fort going north, and that he - feared a landing on the island and the occupation of the sand-hills - just north of the fort; that 100 riflemen on these hills, which - commanded his fort, would make it impossible for his men to serve - their guns; and that any man with a military head must see this. "To - prevent this," said he earnestly, "I removed on my own responsibility, - my sole object being to prevent bloodshed." Major Capers replied that - the steamer was sent out for patrol purposes, and as much to prevent - disorder among his own people as to ascertain whether any irregular - attempt was being made to reinforce the fort, and that the idea of - attacking him was never entertained by the little squad who patrolled - the harbor. - - Major Anderson replied to this that he was wholly in the dark as - to the intentions of the State troops, but that he had reason to - believe that they meant to land and attack him from the north; that - the desire of the governor to have the matter settled peacefully and - without bloodshed was precisely his object in removing his command - from Moultrie to Sumter; that he did it upon his own responsibility - alone, because he considered that the safety of his command required - it, as he had a right to do. "In this controversy," said he, "between - the North and the South, my sympathies are entirely with the South. - These gentlemen," said he (turning to the officers of the post who - stood about him), "know it perfectly well." Colonel Pettigrew replied, - "Well, sir, however that may be, the governor of the State directs - me to say to you courteously but peremptorily, to return to Fort - Moultrie." "Make my compliments to the governor (said Anderson) and - say to him that I decline to accede to his request; I cannot and will - not go back." "Then, sir," said Pettigrew, "my business is done," when - both officers, without further ceremony or leavetaking, left the fort. - -Colonel Pettigrew and Major Capers returned to the city and made their -report to the governor and council who were in session in the council -chamber of the city hall. That afternoon Major Anderson raised the -flag of his country over Sumter, and went vigorously to work mounting -his guns and putting the fort in military order. The same afternoon -the governor issued orders to Colonel Pettigrew, First regiment of -rifles, and to Col. W. G. De Saussure, First regiment artillery, -commanding them to take immediate possession of Castle Pinckney and -Fort Moultrie. Neither fort was garrisoned, and the officers in -charge, after making a verbal protest, left and went to Fort Sumter, -and the Palmetto flag was raised over Moultrie and Pinckney. In the -same manner the arsenal in Charleston was taken possession of by a -detachment of the Seventeenth regiment, South Carolina militia, Col. -John Cunningham, and Fort Johnson on James island, by Capt. Joseph -Johnson, commanding the Charleston Riflemen. The governor also ordered -a battery to be built for two 24-pounders on Morris island, bearing on -Ship channel, and his order was speedily put into execution by Maj. P. -F. Stevens, superintendent of the South Carolina military academy, with -a detachment of the cadets, supported by the Vigilant Rifles, Captain -Tupper. This battery was destined soon to fire the first gun of the -war. In taking possession of the forts and the arsenal, every courtesy -was shown the officers in charge, Captain Humphreys, commanding the -arsenal, saluting his flag before surrendering the property. - -By the possession of Forts Moultrie and Pinckney and the arsenal in -Charleston, their military stores fell into the hands of the State -of South Carolina, and by the governor's orders a careful inventory -was made at once of all the property and duly reported to him. At -Moultrie there were sixteen 24-pounders, nineteen 32-pounders, ten -8-inch columbiads, one 10-inch seacoast mortar, four 6-pounders, -two 12-pounders and four 24-pounder howitzers and a large supply of -ammunition. At Castle Pinckney the armament was nearly complete and -the magazine well filled with powder. At the arsenal there was a -large supply of military stores, heavy ordnance and small-arms. These -exciting events were followed by the attempt of the government to -succor Major Anderson with supplies and reinforce his garrison. - -The supplies and troops were sent in a large merchant steamer, the Star -of the West. She crossed the bar early on the morning of January 9, -1861, and steamed up Ship channel, which runs for miles parallel with -Morris island, and within range of guns of large caliber. Her course -lay right under the 24-pounder battery commanded by Major Stevens -and manned by the cadets. This battery was supported by the Zouave -Cadets, Captain Chichester; the German Riflemen, Captain Small, and the -Vigilant Rifles, Captain Tupper. When within range a shot was fired -across her bow, and not heeding it, the battery fired directly upon -her. Fort Moultrie also fired a few shots, and the Star of the West -rapidly changed her course and, turning round, steamed out of the range -of the guns, having received but little material damage by the fire. - -Major Anderson acted with great forbearance and judgment, and did not -open his batteries. He declared his purpose to be patriotic, and so -it undoubtedly was. He wrote to the governor that, influenced by the -hope that the firing on the Star of the West was not supported by the -authority of the State, he had refrained from opening fire upon the -batteries, and declared that unless it was promptly disclaimed he would -regard it as an act of war, and after waiting a reasonable time he -would fire upon all vessels coming within range of his guns. - -The governor promptly replied, justifying the action of the batteries -in firing upon the vessel, and giving his reasons in full. He pointed -out to Major Anderson that his removal to Fort Sumter and the -circumstances attending it, and his attitude since were a menace to -the State of a purpose of coercion; that the bringing into the harbor -of more troops and supplies of war was in open defiance of the State, -and an assertion of a purpose to reduce her to abject submission to -the government she had discarded; that the vessel had been fairly -warned not to continue her course, and that his threat to fire upon the -vessels in the harbor was in keeping with the evident purpose of the -government of the United States to dispute the right of South Carolina -to dissolve connection with the Union. This right was not to be debated -or questioned, urged the governor, and the coming of the Star of the -West, sent by the order of the President, after being duly informed -by commissioners sent to him by the convention of the people of the -State to fully inform him of the act of the State in seceding from the -Union, and of her claim of rights and privileges in the premises, could -have no other meaning than that of open and hostile disregard for the -asserted independence of South Carolina. To defend that independence -and to resent and resist any and every act of coercion are "too -plainly a duty," said Governor Pickens, "to allow it to be discussed." - -To the governor's letter Major Anderson replied, that he would refer -the whole matter to the government at Washington, and defer his -purpose to fire upon vessels in the harbor until he could receive his -instructions in reply. Thus a truce was secured, and meanwhile active -preparations for war were made daily by Major Anderson in Fort Sumter -and by Governor Pickens on the islands surrounding it. War seemed -inevitable, and the whole State, as one man, was firmly resolved to -meet it. - -The legislature had passed a bill on December 17th providing for the -organization of ten regiments for the defense of the State, and the -convention had ordered the formation of a regiment for six months' -service, to be embodied at once, the governor to appoint the field -officers. This last was "Gregg's First regiment," which was organized -in January, 1861, and on duty on Sullivan's and Morris islands by -the 1st of February following. The governor appointed Maxcy Gregg, -of Columbia, colonel; Col. A. H. Gladden, who had been an officer of -the Palmetto regiment in the Mexican war, lieutenant-colonel; and D. -H. Hamilton, the late marshal of the United States court in South -Carolina, major. On March 6, 1861, the adjutant-general of the State -reported to Gen. M. L. Bonham, whom the governor had commissioned -major-general, to command the division formed under the act of -December 17, 1860, that he had received into the service of the State -104 companies, under the said act of the legislature, aggregating an -effective force of 8,836 men and officers; that these companies had -been formed into ten regiments and the regiments into four brigades. - -These regiments were mustered for twelve months' service, were numbered -respectively from 1 to 10, inclusive, and commanded by Cols. Johnson -Hagood, J. B. Kershaw, J. H. Williams, J. B. E. Sloan, M. Jenkins, J. -H. Rion, T. G. Bacon, E. B. Cash, J. D. Blanding, and A. M. Manigault. - -The brigadier-generals appointed by the governor under the act above -referred to, were R. G. M. Dunovant and P. H. Nelson. By an act of -the legislature, January 28, 1861, the governor was authorized to -raise a battalion of artillery and a regiment of infantry, both to be -formed and enlisted in the service of the State as regulars, and to -form the basis of the regular army of South Carolina. The governor -appointed, under the act, R. S. Ripley, lieutenant-colonel in command -of the artillery battalion, and Richard Anderson, colonel of the -infantry regiment. The artillery battalion was afterward increased to a -regiment, and the regiment of infantry converted, practically, into a -regiment of artillery. Both regiments served in the forts and batteries -of the harbor throughout the war, with the greatest distinction, as -will afterward appear. These troops, with the Fourth brigade, South -Carolina militia, were under the orders of the government and were -practically investing Fort Sumter. - -The States of Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana and -Texas, having left the Union during the month of January, and the -Confederate government having been organized early in February, -at Montgomery, President Davis, on the 1st of March, ordered -Brigadier-General Beauregard to Charleston to report for duty to -Governor Pickens. Thenceforward this distinguished soldier became the -presiding genius of military operations in and around Charleston. - -Repeated demands having been made upon Major Anderson, and upon the -President, for the relinquishment of Fort Sumter, and these demands -having been refused and the government at Washington having concluded -to supply and reinforce the fort by force of arms, it was determined -to summon Major Anderson to evacuate the fort, for the last time. -Accordingly, on April 11th, General Beauregard sent him the following -communication: - - Headquarters Provisional Army, C. S. A. - Charleston, April 11, 1861. - - Sir: The government of the Confederate States has hitherto foreborne - from any hostile demonstrations against Fort Sumter, in hope that - the government of the United States, with a view to the amicable - adjustment of all questions between the two governments, and to avert - the calamities of war, would voluntarily evacuate it. - - There was reason at one time to believe that such would be the course - pursued by the government of the United States, and under that - impression my government has refrained from making any demand for the - surrender of the fort. But the Confederate States can no longer delay - assuming actual possession of a fortification commanding the entrance - of one of their harbors and necessary to its defense and security. - - I am ordered by the government of the Confederate States to demand - the evacuation of Fort Sumter. My aides, Colonel Chestnut and Captain - Lee, are authorized to make such demand of you. All proper facilities - will be afforded for the removal of yourself and command, together - with company arms and property, and all private property, to any post - in the United States which you may select. The flag which you have - upheld so long and with so much fortitude, under the most trying - circumstances, may be saluted by you on taking it down. Colonel - Chestnut and Captain Lee will, for a reasonable time, await your - answer. - - I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, - - G. T. BEAUREGARD, Brigadier-General Commanding. - - -Major Anderson replied as follows: - - Fort Sumter, S. C., April 11, 1861. - - General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your - communication demanding the evacuation of this fort, and to say, - in reply thereto, that it is a demand with which I regret that my - sense of honor, and of my obligations to my government, prevent my - compliance. Thanking you for the fair, manly and courteous terms - proposed, and for the high compliment paid me, - - I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant, - - ROBERT ANDERSON, - Major, First Artillery, Commanding. - - -Major Anderson, while conversing with the messengers of General -Beauregard, having remarked that he would soon be starved into a -surrender of the fort, or words to that effect, General Beauregard was -induced to address him a second letter, in which he proposed that the -major should fix a time at which he would agree to evacuate, and agree -also not to use his guns against the Confederate forces unless they -fired upon him, and so doing, he, General Beauregard, would abstain -from hostilities. To this second letter Major Anderson replied, naming -noon on the 15th, provided that no hostile act was committed by the -Confederate forces, or any part of them, and provided, further, that -he should not, meanwhile, receive from the government at Washington -controlling instructions or additional supplies. - -The fleet which was to reinforce and supply him was then collecting -outside the bar, and General Beauregard at once notified him, at 3:20 -a. m. on the morning of the 12th of April, that he would open fire on -the fort in one hour from that time. - -The shell which opened the momentous bombardment of Fort Sumter was -fired from a mortar, located at Fort Johnson on James island, at 4:30 -on the morning of the 12th. - -For over three months the troops stationed on the islands surrounding -Fort Sumter had been constantly employed building batteries, mounting -guns, and making every preparation for the defense of the harbor, -and, if necessary, for an attack on the fort if the government -at Washington persisted in its refusal to order its evacuation. -Lieut.-Col. R. S. Ripley, an able and energetic soldier, commanded -the artillery on Sullivan's island, with his headquarters at Fort -Moultrie, Brigadier-General Dunovant commanding the island. Under -Ripley's direction, six 10-inch mortars and twenty guns bore on Sumter. -The guns were 24, 32 and 42 pounders, 8-inch columbiads and one 9-inch -Dahlgren. The supports to the batteries were the First regiment of -rifles, Colonel Pettigrew; the regiment of infantry, South Carolina -regulars, Col. Richard Anderson; the Charleston Light Dragoons, Capt. -B. H. Rutledge, and the German Flying Artillery, the latter attached -to Col. Pettigrew's command, stationed at the east end of the island. -These commands, with Ripley's battalion of South Carolina regular -artillery and Capt. Robert Martin's mortar battery on Mount Pleasant, -made up the force under General Dunovant. - -On Morris island, Gen. James Simons was commanding, with Lieut.-Col. W. -G. De Saussure for his artillery chief, and Maj. W. H. C. Whiting for -chief of staff. The infantry supports on the island were the regiments -of Cols. John Cunningham, Seventeenth South Carolina militia, and -Maxcy Gregg, Johnson Hagood and J. B. Kershaw, of the South Carolina -volunteers. The artillery was in position bearing on Ship channel, -and at Cummings point, bearing on Sumter. The fleet making no attempt -to come in, the channel batteries took no part in the bombardment of -Sumter. - -On Cummings point, six 10-inch mortars and six guns were placed. -To the command and direction of these guns, Maj. P. F. Stevens was -specially assigned. One of the batteries on the point was of unique -structure, hitherto unknown in war. Three 8-inch columbiads were put -in battery under a roofing of heavy timbers, laid at an angle of -forty degrees, and covered with railroad T iron. Portholes were cut -and these protected by heavy iron shutters, raised and lowered from -the inside of the battery. This battery was devised and built by Col. -Clement H. Stevens, of Charleston, afterward a brigadier-general and -mortally wounded in front of Atlanta, July 20, 1864, leading his -brigade. "Stevens' iron battery," as it was called, was "the first -ironclad fortification ever erected," and initiated the present system -of armor-plated vessels. The three mortars in battery at Fort Johnson -were commanded by Capt. G. S. James. The batteries above referred -to, including Fort Moultrie, contained fifteen 10-inch mortars and -twenty-six guns of heavy caliber. - -For thirty-four hours they assaulted Sumter with an unceasing -bombardment, before its gallant defenders consented to give it up, and -not then until the condition of the fort made it impossible to continue -the defense. Fort Moultrie alone fired 2,490 shot and shell. Gen. S. W. -Crawford, in his accurate and admirable book, previously quoted, thus -describes the condition of Sumter when Anderson agreed to its surrender: - - It was a scene of ruin and destruction. The quarters and barracks - were in ruins. The main gates and the planking of the windows on the - gorge were gone; the magazines closed and surrounded by smouldering - flames and burning ashes; the provisions exhausted; much of the - engineering work destroyed; and with only four barrels of powder - available. The command had yielded to the inevitable. The effect of - the direct shot had been to indent the walls, where the marks could - be counted by hundreds, while the shells, well directed, had crushed - the quarters, and, in connection with hot shot, setting them on fire, - had destroyed the barracks and quarters down to the gun casemates, - while the enfilading fire had prevented the service of the barbette - guns, some of them comprising the most important battery in the work. - The breaching fire from the columbiads and the rifle gun at Cummings - point upon the right gorge angle, had progressed sensibly and must - have eventually succeeded if continued, but as yet no guns had been - disabled or injured at that point. The effect of the fire upon the - parapet was pronounced. The gorge, the right face and flank as well - as the left face, were all taken in reverse, and a destructive fire - maintained until the end, while the gun carriages on the barbette of - the gorge were destroyed in the fire of the blazing quarters. - -The spirit and language of General Beauregard in communicating with -Major Anderson, and the replies of the latter, were alike honorable to -those distinguished soldiers. The writer, who was on duty on Sullivan's -island, as major of Pettigrew's regiment of rifles, recalls vividly -the sense of admiration felt for Major Anderson and his faithful little -command throughout the attack, and at the surrender of the fort. "While -the barracks in Fort Sumter were in a blaze," wrote General Beauregard -to the secretary of war at Montgomery, "and the interior of the work -appeared untenable from the heat and from the fire of our batteries -(at about which period I sent three of my aides to offer assistance), -whenever the guns of Fort Sumter would fire upon Moultrie, the men -occupying the Cummings point batteries (Palmetto Guard, Captain -Cuthbert) at each shot would cheer Anderson for his gallantry, although -themselves still firing upon him; and when on the 15th instant he left -the harbor on the steamer Isabel, the soldiers of the batteries lined -the beach, silent and uncovered, while Anderson and his command passed -before them." - -Thus closed the memorable and momentous attack upon Fort Sumter by the -forces of South Carolina, and thus began the war which lasted until -April, 1865, when the Southern Confederacy, as completely ruined and -exhausted by fire and sword as Fort Sumter in April, 1861, gave up the -hopeless contest and reluctantly accepted the inevitable. - -The following is believed to be a correct list of the officers who -commanded batteries, or directed, particularly, the firing of the guns, -with the commands serving the same: - -On Cummings point: (1) Iron battery--three 8-inch columbiads, manned -by detachments of Palmetto Guard, Capt. George B. Cuthbert directing, -assisted by Lieut. G. L. Buist. (2) Point battery--mortars, by Lieut. -N. Armstrong, assisted by Lieut. R. Holmes; 42-pounders, Lieut. T. -S. Brownfield; rifle gun, directed by Capt. J. P. Thomas, who, with -Lieutenant Armstrong, was an officer of the South Carolina military -academy. Iron battery and Point battery both manned by Palmetto Guard. -(3) Trapier battery--three 10-inch mortars, by Capt. J. Gadsden King -and Lieuts. W. D. H. Kirkwood and Edward L. Parker; Corp. McMillan -King, Jr., and Privates J. S. and Robert Murdock, pointing the mortars; -a detachment of Marion artillery manning the battery, assisted by a -detachment of the Sumter Guards, Capt. John Russell. - -On Sullivan's island: (1) Fort Moultrie--Capt. W. R. Calhoun, -Lieutenants Wagner, Rhett, Preston, Sitgreaves, Mitchell, Parker, Blake -(acting engineer). (2) mortars--Capt. William Butler and Lieutenants -Huguenin, Mowry, Blocker, Billings and Rice. (3) Mortars--Lieutenants -Flemming and Blanding. (4) Enfilade--Captain Hallonquist and -Lieutenants Valentine and Burnet. (5) Floating battery--Lieutenants -Yates and Frank Harleston. (6) Dahlgren battery--Captain Hamilton. - -On Mount Pleasant: (1) Mortars--Captain Martin and Lieuts. F. H. -Robertson and G. W. Reynolds. - -On Fort Johnson: (1) Mortars--Capt. G. S. James and Lieut. W. H. Gibbes. - -Immediately upon the fall of Sumter the most active and constant -efforts were made by Governor Pickens and General Beauregard to repair -and arm the fort, to strengthen the batteries defending the harbor, and -to defend the city from an attack by the Stono river and James island. -General Beauregard inspected the coast, and works of defense were begun -on James island and at Port Royal harbor. - -But South Carolina was now to enjoy freedom from attack, by land or -sea, until early in November, and while her soldiers and her people -were making ready her defense, and her sons were flocking to her -standard in larger numbers than she could organize and arm, she was -called upon to go to the help of Virginia. William H. Trescot, of South -Carolina, in his beautiful memorial of Brig.-Gen. Johnston Pettigrew, -has described the spirit with which "the youth and manhood of the -South" responded to the call to arms, in language so true, so just and -so eloquent, that the author of this sketch inserts it here. Writing -more than five years after the close of the great struggle, Mr. Trescot -said: - - We who are the vanquished in this battle must of necessity leave to - a calmer and wiser posterity to judge of the intrinsic worth of that - struggle, as it bears upon the principles of constitutional liberty, - and as it must affect the future history of the American people; but - there is one duty not only possible but imperative, a duty which we - owe alike to the living and the dead, and that is the preservation in - perpetual and tender remembrance of the lives of those who, to use - a phrase scarcely too sacred for so unselfish a sacrifice, died in - the hope that we might live. Especially is this our duty, because in - the South a choice between the parties and principles at issue was - scarcely possible. From causes which it is exceedingly interesting to - trace, but which I cannot now develop the feeling of State loyalty - had acquired throughout the South an almost fanatic intensity; - particularly in the old colonial States did this devotion to the State - assume that blended character of affection and duty which gives in - the old world such a chivalrous coloring to loyalty to the crown.... - When, therefore, by the formal and constitutional act of the States, - secession from the Federal government was declared in 1860 and 1861, - it is almost impossible for any one not familiar with the habits and - thoughts of the South, to understand how completely the question of - duty was settled for Southern men. Shrewd, practical men who had no - faith in the result, old and eminent men who had grown gray in service - under the national flag, had their doubts and their misgivings; but - there was no hesitation as to what they were to do. Especially to that - great body of men, just coming into manhood, who were preparing to - take their places as the thinkers and actors of the next generation, - was this call of the State an imperative summons. - - The fathers and mothers who had reared them; the society whose - traditions gave both refinement and assurance to their young ambition; - the colleges in which the creed of Mr. Calhoun was the text-book - of their studies; the friends with whom they planned their future; - the very land they loved, dear to them as thoughtless boys, dearer - to them as thoughtful men, were all impersonate, living, speaking, - commanding in the State of which they were children. Never in the - history of the world has there been a nobler response to a more - thoroughly recognized duty; nowhere anything more truly glorious than - this outburst of the youth and manhood of the South. - - And now that the end has come and we have seen it, it seems to me that - to a man of humanity, I care not in what section his sympathies may - have been matured, there never has been a sadder or sublimer spectacle - than these earnest and devoted men, their young and vigorous columns - marching through Richmond to the Potomac, like the combatants of - ancient Rome, beneath the imperial throne in the amphitheater, and - exclaiming with uplifted arms, "_morituri te salutant_." - -President Lincoln had issued his proclamation calling for 75,000 -volunteers to coerce the South; Virginia had withdrawn from the Union, -and before the end of April had called Lee, J. E. Johnston and Jackson -into her service; the seat of the Confederate government had been -transferred from Montgomery, Ala., to Richmond; and early in May, -General Beauregard was relieved from duty in South Carolina and ordered -to the command of the Alexandria line, with headquarters at Manassas -Junction. He had been preceded by General Bonham, then a Confederate -brigadier, with the regiments of Colonels Gregg, Kershaw, Bacon, Cash, -Jenkins and Sloan--First, Second, Seventh, Eighth, Fifth and Fourth -South Carolina volunteers. - -Before General Beauregard's arrival in Virginia, General Bonham with -his Carolina troops had been placed in command of the Alexandria line, -the regiments being at Fairfax Court House, and other points of this -line, fronting Washington and Alexandria. - -These South Carolina regiments were reinforced during the month of July -by the Third, Colonel Williams; the Sixth, Colonel Rion, and the Ninth, -Colonel Blanding. The infantry of the Hampton legion, under Col. Wade -Hampton, reached the battlefield of Manassas on the morning of July -21st, but in time to take a full share in that decisive contest. - -On the 20th of June, General Beauregard, commanding the "army of the -Potomac," headquarters at Manassas Junction, organized his army into -six brigades, the First commanded by Bonham, composed of the regiments -of Gregg, Kershaw, Bacon and Cash. Sloan's regiment was assigned to the -Sixth brigade, Early's; and Jenkins' regiment to the Third, Gen. D. -R. Jones. Col. N. G. Evans, an officer of the old United States army, -having arrived at Manassas, was assigned to command of a temporary -brigade--Sloan's Fourth South Carolina, Wheat's Louisiana battalion, -two companies Virginia cavalry, and four 6-pounder guns. - -On the 11th of July, General Beauregard wrote to the President that -the enemy was concentrating in his front at Falls church, with a force -of not less than 35,000 men, and that to oppose him he had only about -half that number. On the 17th, Bonham's brigade, stationed at Fairfax, -met the first aggressive movement of General McDowell's army, and was -attacked early in the morning. By General Beauregard's orders Bonham -retired through Centreville, and took the position assigned him behind -Mitchell's ford, on Bull run. The Confederate army was in position -behind Bull run, extending from Union Mills ford on the right to the -stone bridge on the left, a distance of 5 miles. - -The brigades were stationed, from right to left, as follows: Ewell, -D. R. Jones, Longstreet, Bonham, Cocke, and Evans on the extreme -left. Early was in reserve, in rear of the right. To each brigade a -section or a battery of artillery was attached, except in the case of -Bonham who had two batteries and six companies of cavalry attached -to his command. Seven other cavalry companies were distributed among -the other brigades. Bonham's position was behind Mitchell's ford, -with his four regiments of Carolinians; Jenkins' Fifth regiment was -with General Jones' brigade, behind McLean's ford, and Sloan's Fourth -regiment was with Evans' brigade on the left, at the stone bridge. With -this disposition of his little army, General Beauregard awaited the -development of the enemy's movement against him. - -At noon on the 18th, Bonham at Mitchell's ford and Longstreet at -Blackburn's ford, were attacked with infantry and artillery, and both -attacks were repulsed. General McDowell was engaged on the 19th and -20th in reconnoitering the Confederate position, and made no decided -indication of his ultimate purpose. The delay was golden for the -Confederates. Important reinforcements arrived on the 20th and on the -morning of the 21st, which were chiefly to fight and win the battle, -while the main body of Beauregard's army held the line of Bull run. -General Holmes, from the lower Potomac, came with over 1,200 infantry, -six guns and a fine company of cavalry; Colonel Hampton, with the -infantry of his legion, 600 strong, and the Thirteenth Mississippi; -Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, from the Shenandoah, with Jackson's, Bee's and -Bartow's brigades, 300 of Stuart's cavalry and two batteries, Imboden's -and Pendleton's. - -The reinforcements were put in line in rear of the troops already in -position, Bee and Bartow behind Longstreet, covering McLean's and -Blackburn's fords, with Barksdale's Thirteenth Mississippi; Jackson in -rear of Bonham, covering Mitchell's ford; and Cocke's brigade, covering -the fords further to the left, was strengthened and supported by a -regiment of infantry and six guns, and Hampton was stationed at the -Lewis house. Walton's and Pendleton's batteries were placed in reserve -in rear of Bonham and Bee. Thus strengthened, the army of General -Beauregard numbered about 30,000 effectives, with fifty-five guns. - -General Beauregard had planned an attack on McDowell's left, which was -to be executed on the 21st; but before he put his right brigades in -motion, McDowell had crossed two of his divisions at Sudley's ford, -two miles to the left of Evans, who was posted at the stone bridge, -and while threatening Evans and Cocke in front, was marching rapidly -down the rear of Beauregard's left. Satisfied of this movement, Evans -left four companies of the Fourth South Carolina to defend the bridge, -and taking the six remaining companies of the Fourth, with Wheat's -Louisiana battalion and two guns of Latham's battery, moved rapidly to -his rear and left and formed his little brigade at right angles to the -line on Bull run and just north of the turnpike road. In this position -he was at once assailed by the advance of the enemy, but held his -ground for an hour, when Bee, who had been moved up to stone bridge, -came to his assistance. Evans, with his Carolinians and Louisianians; -Bee, with his Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee regiments, and -Bartow with his Georgia and Kentucky battalions, and the batteries -of Latham and Imboden, with heroic fortitude sustained the assault -for another hour, before falling back south of the turnpike. It was -then evident that the battle was not to be fought in front of Bull -run, but behind it, and in rear of General Beauregard's extreme left. -Both generals, whose headquarters had been at the Lewis house, three -miles away, hurried to the point of attack and arrived, as General -Johnston reported, "not a moment too soon." Fifteen thousand splendidly -equipped troops of McDowell's army, with numerous batteries, many of -the guns rifled, were driving back the little brigade of Evans and the -regiments of the gallant Bee and Bartow, and the moment was critical. -The presence and example of the commanding generals, the firm conduct -of the officers, and the hurrying forward of Hampton with his legion, -and Jackson with his brigade, re-established the battle on the line of -the Henry house, a half mile south of the turnpike and two miles in the -rear of the stone bridge. Beauregard took immediate command on the -field of battle, and Johnston assumed the general direction from the -Lewis house, whose commanding elevation gave him a view of the whole -field of operations. "The aspect of affairs (he says in his report) -was critical, but I had full confidence in the skill and indomitable -courage of General Beauregard, the high soldierly qualities of Generals -Bee and Jackson and Colonel Evans, and the devoted patriotism of the -troops." - -At this first stage of the battle, from 8:30 to 11 a. m., the troops -from South Carolina actively engaged were the Fourth regiment, Colonel -Sloan, and the legion of Hampton. Two companies of the Fourth, thrown -out as skirmishers in front of the stone bridge, fired the first gun of -the battle early in the morning, and the regiment bore a glorious part -in the battle which Evans fought for the first hour, and in the contest -of the second hour maintained by Bee, Bartow and Evans. The Fourth lost -11 killed and 79 wounded. - -Hampton arrived at the Lewis house in the morning, and being connected -with no particular brigade, was ordered to march to the stone bridge. -On his march, hearing of the attack on the rear, and the roar of the -battle being distinctly heard, he changed the direction of his march -toward the firing. Arriving at the Robinson house, he took position in -defense of a battery and attacked the enemy in his front. Advancing -to the turnpike under fire, Lieut.-Col. B. J. Johnson, of the legion, -fell, "as, with the utmost coolness and gallantry, he was placing our -men in position," says his commander. Soon enveloped by the enemy in -this direction, the legion fell back with the commands of Bee and Evans -to the first position it occupied, and, as before reported, formed an -important element in re-establishing the battle under the immediate -direction of Generals Beauregard and Johnston. - -The troops ordered by the commanding generals to prolong the line of -battle, formed at 11 o'clock, took position on the right and left as -they successively arrived, those on the left assaulting at once, and -vigorously, the exposed right flank of the enemy, and at each assault -checking, or repulsing, his advance. No attempt will be made by the -author to follow the movements of all of these gallant troops who thus -stemmed the sweeping advance of strong Federal brigades, and the fire -of McDowell's numerous batteries. He is confined, particularly, to the -South Carolina commands. - -The line of battle as now re-established, south of the Warrenton -turnpike, ran at a right angle with the Bull run line, and was composed -of the shattered commands of Bee, Bartow and Evans on the right, with -Hampton's legion infantry; Jackson in the center, and Gartrell's, -Smith's, Faulkner's and Fisher's regiments, with two companies of -Stuart's cavalry, on the left. The artillery was massed near the Henry -house. With this line the assaults of Heintzelman's division and the -brigades of Sherman and Keyes, with their batteries, numbering some -18,000 strong, were resisted with heroic firmness. - -By 2 o'clock, Kershaw's Second and Cash's Eighth South Carolina, -General Holmes' brigade of two regiments, Early's brigade, and Walker's -and Latham's batteries, arrived from the Bull run line and reinforced -the left. The enemy now held the great plateau from which he had driven -our forces, and was being vigorously assailed on his left by Kershaw -and Cash, with Kemper's battery, and by Early and Stuart. General -Beauregard ordered the advance of his center and right, the latter -further strengthened by Cocke's brigade, taken by General Johnston's -order from its position at the stone bridge. - -This charge swept the great plateau, which was then again in possession -of the Confederates. Hampton fell, wounded in this charge, and -Capt. James Conner took command of the legion. Bee, the heroic and -accomplished soldier, fell at the head of the troops, and Gen. S. R. -Gist, adjutant-general of South Carolina, was wounded leading the -Fourth Alabama. Reinforced, the Federal troops again advanced to -possess the plateau, but Kirby Smith's arrival on the extreme left, -and his prompt attack, with Kershaw's command and Stuart's cavalry, -defeated the right of McDowell's advance and threw it into confusion, -and the charge of Beauregard's center and right completed the victory -of Manassas. - -In the operations of this memorable day, no troops displayed more -heroic courage and fortitude than the troops from South Carolina, who -had the fortune to bear a part in this the first great shock of arms -between the contending sections. These troops were the Second regiment, -Col. J. B. Kershaw; the Fourth, Col. J. B. E. Sloan; the Eighth, Col. -E. B. Cash; the Legion infantry, Col. Wade Hampton, and the Fifth, Col. -Micah Jenkins. The latter regiment was not engaged in the great battle, -but, under orders, crossed Bull run and attacked the strong force in -front of McLean's ford. The regiment was wholly unsupported and was -forced to withdraw, Colonel Jenkins rightly deeming an assault, under -the circumstances, needless. - -The following enumeration of losses is taken from the several reports -of commanders as published in the War Records, Vol. II, p. 570: -Kershaw's regiment, 5 killed, 43 wounded; Sloan's regiment, 11 killed, -79 wounded; Jenkins' regiment, 3 killed, 23 wounded; Cash's regiment, 5 -killed, 23 wounded; Hampton's legion, 19 killed, 102 wounded; total, 43 -killed, 270 wounded. - -Gen. Barnard Elliott Bee, who fell, leading in the final and triumphant -charge of the Confederates, was a South Carolinian. Col. C. H. Stevens, -a volunteer on his staff, his near kinsman, and the distinguished -author of the iron battery at Sumter, was severely wounded. Lieut.-Col. -B. J. Johnson, who fell in the first position taken by the Hampton -legion, was a distinguished and patriotic son of the State, and Lieut. -O. R. Horton, of the Fourth, who was killed in front of his company, -had been prominent in the battle of the early morning. At Manassas, -South Carolina was well represented by her faithful sons, who willingly -offered their lives in defense of her principles and her honor. The -blood she shed on that ever-memorable field was but the token of the -great offering with which it was yet to be stained by the sacrifices of -more than a thousand of her noblest sons. - -The battle of Manassas fought and won, and trophies of the Confederate -victory gathered from the plateau of the great strife, and from the -line of the Union army's retreat, the South Carolina troops with -General Beauregard's command were put into two brigades, Bonham's, the -First, and D. R. Jones', the Third. The Second, Third, Seventh and -Eighth regiments made up General Bonham's brigade; the Fourth, Fifth, -Sixth and Ninth, General Jones' brigade. Gregg's First regiment was -at Norfolk, and Hampton's legion was not brigaded. Headquarters were -established at Fairfax Court House, and the Confederate line ran from -Springfield on the Orange & Alexandria railroad to Little Falls above -Georgetown. No event of great importance occurred in which the troops -of South Carolina took part, in Virginia, during the remainder of the -summer. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - - AFFAIRS ON THE COAST--LOSS OF PORT ROYAL HARBOR--GEN. R. E. LEE - IN COMMAND OF THE DEPARTMENT--LANDING OF FEDERALS AT PORT ROYAL - FERRY--GALLANT FIGHT ON EDISTO ISLAND--GENERAL PEMBERTON SUCCEEDS LEE - IN COMMAND--DEFENSIVE LINE, APRIL, 1862. - - -Throughout the summer of 1861, in Charleston and along the coast -of South Carolina, all was activity in the work of preparation and -defense. On August 21st, Brig.-Gen. R. S. Ripley, whose promotion -to that rank had been applauded by the soldiers and citizens of the -State, was assigned to the "department of South Carolina and the coast -defenses of that State." On assuming command, General Ripley found the -governor and people fully alive to the seriousness of the situation, -and everything being done which the limited resources of the State -permitted, to erect fortifications and batteries on the coast, and to -arm and equip troops for State and Confederate service. - -Governor Pickens wrote to the secretary of war at Richmond about the -time of the Federal expedition to North Carolina, and the capture of -the batteries at Hatteras inlet, urgently requesting that Gregg's First -regiment might be sent him from Virginia, as he expected an attack -to be made at some point on the coast. In this letter he begged that -40,000 pounds of cannon powder be forwarded from Norfolk at once. The -governor had bought in December, 1860, and January, 1861, 300,000 -pounds from Hazard's mills in Connecticut, for the use of the State, -but he had loaned 25,000 pounds to the governor of North Carolina, -5,000 pounds to the governor of Florida, and a large amount to the -governor of Tennessee. Of what remained he needed 40,000 pounds to -supply "about 100 guns on the coast below Charleston." The governor -estimated the troops in the forts and on the islands around Charleston -at 1,800 men, all well drilled, and a reserve force in the city of -3,000. These forces, with Manigault's, Heyward's, Dunovant's and Orr's -regiments, he estimated at about 9,500 effective. - -On October 1st, General Ripley reported his Confederate force, not -including the battalion of regular artillery and the regiment of -regular infantry, at 7,713 effectives, stationed as follows: Orr's -First rifles, on Sullivan's island, 1,521; Hagood's First, Cole's -island and stone forts, 1,115; Dunovant's Twelfth, north and south -Edisto, 367; Manigault's Tenth, Georgetown and defenses, 538; Jones' -Fourteenth, camp near Aiken, 739; Heyward's Eleventh, Beaufort and -defenses, 758; cavalry, camp near Columbia, 173; cavalry, camp near -Aiken, 62; arsenal, Charleston (artillery), 68; Edwards' Thirteenth, De -Saussure's Fifteenth, and remainder of Dunovant's Twelfth, 2,372. - -On the first day of November, the governor received the following -dispatch from the acting secretary of war: "I have just received -information which I consider entirely reliable, that the enemy's -expedition is intended for Port Royal." Governor Pickens answered: -"Please telegraph General Anderson at Wilmington, and General Lawton -at Savannah, to send what forces they can spare, as the difficulty -with us is as to arms." Ripley replied, "Will act at once. A fine, -strong, southeast gale blowing, which will keep him off for a day or -so." The fleet sailed from Hampton Roads on the 29th of October, and -on the 4th of November the leading vessels that had withstood the gale -appeared off Port Royal harbor. The storm had wrecked several of the -transports, and the whole fleet suffered and was delayed until the -7th, before Admiral DuPont was ready to move in to the attack of the -forts defending this great harbor. - -Port Royal harbor was defended by two forts, Walker and Beauregard, the -former on Hilton Head island, and the latter on Bay point opposite. The -distance across the harbor, from fort to fort, is nearly 3 miles, the -harbor ample and deep, and the water on the bar allowing the largest -vessels to enter without risk. A fleet of 100 sail could maneuver -between Forts Walker and Beauregard and keep out of range of all but -their heaviest guns. To defend such a point required guns of the -longest range and the heaviest weight of metal. - -In planning the defense of Port Royal, General Beauregard designed that -batteries of 10-inch columbiads and rifled guns should be placed on the -water fronts of both forts, and so directed; but the guns were not to -be had, and the engineers, Maj. Francis D. Lee and Capt. J. W. Gregory, -were obliged to mount the batteries of the forts with such guns as -the Confederate government and the governor of South Carolina could -command. The forts were admirably planned and built, the planters in -the vicinity of the forts supplying all the labor necessary, so that by -September 1, 1861, they were ready for the guns. - -Fort Walker mounted twenty guns and Fort Beauregard nineteen, but -of this armament Walker could use but thirteen, and Beauregard but -seven against a fleet attacking from the front. The rest of the guns -were placed for defense against attack by land, or were too light to -be of any use. The twenty guns of Walker and Beauregard that were -used in the battle with the fleet, were wholly insufficient, both in -weight of metal and number. The heaviest of the guns in Walker were -two columbiads, 10-inch and 8-inch, and a 9-inch rifled Dahlgren. The -rest of the thirteen were 42, 32 and 24 pounders. Of the seven guns in -Beauregard, one was a 10-inch columbiad, and one a 24-pounder, rifled. -The rest were 42 and 32 pounders; one of the latter fired hot shot. - -Col. William C. Heyward, Eleventh South Carolina volunteers, commanded -at Fort Walker, and Col. R. G. M. Dunovant, of the Twelfth, commanded -at Fort Beauregard. The guns at Walker were manned by Companies A and -B, of the German Flying Artillery, Capts. D. Werner and H. Harms; -Company C, Eleventh volunteers, Capt. Josiah Bedon, and detachments -from the Eleventh under Capt. D. S. Canaday. Maj. Arthur M. Huger, -of the Charleston artillery battalion, was in command of the front -batteries, and of the whole fort after Col. John A. Wagener was -disabled. The guns in Fort Beauregard were manned by the Beaufort -artillery; Company A, Eleventh volunteers, Capt. Stephen Elliott, and -Company D, Eleventh volunteers, Capt. J. J. Harrison; Captain Elliott -directing the firing. The infantry support at Walker was composed of -three companies of the Eleventh and four companies of the Twelfth, and -a company of mounted men under Capt. I. H. Screven. The fighting force -of Fort Walker then, on the morning of the 7th of November, preparing -to cope with the great fleet about to attack, was represented by -thirteen guns, manned and supported by 622 men. The infantry support at -Fort Beauregard was composed of six companies of the Twelfth, the whole -force at Beauregard, under Colonel Dunovant, amounting to 640 men and -seven guns. - -Brig.-Gen. Thomas F. Drayton, with headquarters at Beaufort, commanded -the defenses at Port Royal harbor and vicinity. He removed his -headquarters to Hilton Head on the 5th, and pushed forward every -preparation in his power for the impending battle. The remote position -of Fort Beauregard and the interposition of the fleet, lying just out -of range, made it impossible to reinforce that point. An attempt made -early on the morning of the 7th, supported by the gallant Commodore -Tattnall, was prevented by the actual intervention of the leading -battleships of the enemy. Fort Walker, however, received just before -the engagement, a reinforcement of the Fifteenth volunteers, Colonel -DeSaussure, 650 strong; Captain Read's battery of two 12-pounder -howitzers, 50 men and 450 Georgia infantry, under Capt. T. J. Berry. - -The morning of the 7th of November was a still, clear, beautiful -morning, "not a ripple," wrote General Drayton, "upon the broad expanse -of water to disturb the accuracy of fire from the broad decks of that -magnificent armada, about advancing in battle array." The attack came -about 9 o'clock, nineteen of the battleships moving up and following -each other in close order, firing upon Fort Beauregard as they passed, -then turning to the left and south, passing in range of Walker, and -pouring broadside after broadside into that fort. Captain Elliott -reports: "This circuit was performed three times, after which they -remained out of reach of any except our heaviest guns." From this -position the heavy metal and long range guns of nineteen batteries -poured forth a ceaseless bombardment of both Beauregard and Walker, but -paying most attention to the latter. - -Both forts replied with determination, the gunners standing faithfully -to their guns, but the vastly superior weight of metal and the number -of the Federal batteries, and the distance of their positions from -the forts (never less than 2,500 yards from Beauregard and 2,000 from -Walker), made the contest hopeless for the Confederates almost from the -first shot. Shortly after the engagement began, several of the largest -vessels took flanking positions out of reach of the 32-pounder guns in -Walker, and raked the parapet of that fort. "So soon as these positions -had been established," reported Major Huger, "the fort was fought -simply as a point of honor, for from that moment we were defeated." -This flank fire, with the incessant direct discharge of the fleet's -heavy batteries, dismounted or disabled most of Fort Walker's guns. -The 10-inch columbiad was disabled early in the action; the shells for -the rifled guns were too large to be used, and the ammunition for all -but the 32-pounders exhausted, when, after four hours of hard fighting, -Colonel Heyward ordered that two guns should be served slowly, while -the sick and wounded were removed from the fort; that accomplished, the -fort to be abandoned. Thus terminated the fight at Fort Walker. - -At Fort Beauregard, the battle went more fortunately for the -Confederates. A caisson was exploded by the fire of the fleet, and the -rifled 24-pounder burst, and several men and officers were wounded -by these events, but none of the guns were dismounted, and Captain -Elliott only ceased firing when Walker was abandoned. In his report, he -says: "Our fire was directed almost exclusively at the larger vessels. -They were seen to be struck repeatedly, but the distance, never less -than 2,500 yards, prevented our ascertaining the extent of injury." -General Drayton successfully conducted his retreat from Hilton Head, -and Colonel Dunovant from Bay point, all the troops being safely -concentrated on the main behind Beaufort. - -The taking of Port Royal harbor on the 7th of November, 1861, gave -the navy of the United States a safe and ample anchorage, while the -numerous and rich islands surrounding it afforded absolutely safe -and comfortable camping grounds for the army of Gen. T. W. Sherman, -who was specially in charge of this expedition. The effect of this -Union victory was to give the fleet and army of the United States a -permanent and abundant base of operations against the whole coast of -South Carolina, and against either Charleston or Savannah, as the -Federal authorities might elect; but its worst result was the immediate -abandonment of the whole sea-island country around Beaufort, the -houses and estates of the planters being left to pillage and ruin, and -thousands of negro slaves falling into the hands of the enemy. General -Sherman wrote to his government, from Hilton Head, that the effect of -his victory was startling. Every white inhabitant had left the islands -of Hilton Head, St. Helena, Ladies, and Port Royal, and the beautiful -estates of the planters were at the mercy of hordes of negroes. - -The loss of the forts had demonstrated the power of the Federal fleet, -and the impossibility of defending the island coast with the guns which -the State and the Confederacy could furnish. The 32 and 42 pounders -were no match for the 11-inch batteries of the fleet, and gunboats -of light draught, carrying such heavy guns, could enter the numerous -rivers and creeks and cut off forts or batteries at exposed points, -while larger vessels attacked them, as at Port Royal, in front. It was -evident that the rich islands of the coast were at the mercy of the -Federal fleet, whose numerous gunboats and armed steamers, unopposed by -forts or batteries, could cover the landing of troops at any point or -on any island selected. - -On the capture of Port Royal, it was uncertain, of course, what General -Sherman's plans would be, or what force he had with which to move on -the railroad between Charleston and Savannah. The fleet was ample -for all aggressive purposes along the coast, but it was not known at -the time that the army numbered less than 15,000 men, all told. But -it was well known how easily a landing could be effected within a -few miles of the railroad bridges crossing the three upper branches -of the Broad river, the Coosawhatchie, Tulifinny and Pocotaligo, and -the rivers nearer to Charleston, the Combahee, Ashepoo and Edisto. -Bluffton, easily reached by gunboats, afforded a good landing and base -for operations against the railroad at Hardeeville, only 4 miles from -the Savannah river, and 15 from the city of Savannah. On this account, -General Ripley, assisted by the planters, caused the upper branches of -the Broad, and the other rivers toward Charleston to be obstructed, and -meanwhile stationed the troops at his command at points covering the -landings. - -General Drayton, with a part of Martin's regiment of cavalry, under -Lieutenant-Colonel Colcock, and Heyward's and De Saussure's regiments, -was watching Bluffton and the roads to Hendersonville. Clingman's and -Radcliffe's North Carolina regiments, with artillery under Col. A. J. -Gonzales, Captain Trezevant's company of cavalry, and the Charleston -Light Dragoons and the Rutledge Riflemen, were stationed in front of -Grahamville, to watch the landings from the Broad. Colonel Edwards' -regiment and Moore's light battery were at Coosawhatchie, Colonel -Dunovant's at Pocotaligo, and Colonel Jones', with Tripp's company of -cavalry, in front of the important landing at Port Royal ferry. Colonel -Martin, with part of his regiment of cavalry, was in observation at -the landings on Combahee, Ashepoo and Edisto rivers. The idea of this -disposition, made by Ripley immediately upon the fall of Forts Walker -and Beauregard, was to guard the railroad bridges, and keep the troops -in hand to be moved for concentration in case any definite point was -attacked. - -On the 8th of November, the day after Port Royal was taken, Gen. Robert -E. Lee took command of the department of South Carolina and Georgia, by -order of the President of the Confederacy. It was evident to him that -the mouths of the rivers and the sea islands, except those immediately -surrounding the harbor of Charleston, could not be defended with the -guns and troops at his command, and, disappointing and distressing as -such a view was to the governor and especially to the island planters, -whose homes and estates must be abandoned and ruined, General Lee -prepared for the inevitable. He wrote to General Ripley, in Charleston, -to review the whole subject and suggest what changes should be made. -"I am in favor," he wrote, "of abandoning all exposed points as far as -possible within reach of the enemy's fleet of gunboats, and of taking -interior positions, where all can meet on more equal terms. All our -resources should be applied to those positions." Subsequently the -government at Richmond ordered General Lee, by telegraph, to withdraw -all his forces from the islands to the mainland. When the order -was carried out, it was done at a terrible sacrifice, to which the -planters and citizens yielded in patient and noble submission, turning -their backs upon their homes and their property with self-sacrificing -devotion to the cause of Southern independence. Never were men and -women subjected to a greater test of the depth and strength of their -sentiments, or put to a severer trial of their patriotism, than were -the planters and their families, who abandoned their houses and estates -along the coast of South Carolina, and retired as refugees into the -interior, all the men who were able entering the army. - -At the time of the fall of Forts Walker and Beauregard, Charleston -harbor was defended by Forts Moultrie and Sumter, Castle Pinckney and -Fort Johnson, and by batteries on Sullivan's and Morris islands. All -these were to be strengthened, and the harbor made secure against -any attack in front. To prevent the occupation of James island, the -mouth of Stono river was defended by forts built on Cole's and Battery -islands, and a line of defensive works built across the island. No -attempt had been made to erect forts or batteries in defense of the -inlets of Worth or South Edisto, but the harbor of Georgetown was -protected by works unfinished on Cat and South islands, for twenty -guns, the heaviest of which were 32-pounders. - -When General Lee took command, November 8th, he established his -headquarters at Coosawhatchie, and divided the line of defense into -five military districts, from east to west, as follows: The First, -from the North Carolina line to the South Santee, under Col. A. M. -Manigault, Tenth volunteers, with headquarters at Georgetown; the -Second, from the South Santee to the Stono, under Gen. R. S. Ripley, -with headquarters at Charleston; the Third, from the Stono to the -Ashepoo, under Gen. N. G. Evans, with headquarters at Adams' run; -the Fourth, from Ashepoo to Port Royal entrance, under Gen. J. C. -Pemberton, with headquarters at Coosawhatchie; the Fifth, the remainder -of the line to the Savannah river, under Gen. T. F. Drayton, with -headquarters at Hardeeville. - -On the 27th of December, General Lee wrote to Governor Pickens that his -movable force for the defense of the State, not including the garrisons -of the forts at Georgetown and those of Moultrie, Sumter, Johnson, -Castle Pinckney and the works for the defense of the approaches through -Stono, Wappoo, etc., which could not be removed from their posts, -amounted to 10,036 Confederate troops--the Fourth brigade, South -Carolina militia, 1,531 strong; Colonel Martin's mounted regiment, 567 -strong; two regiments from North Carolina, Clingman's and Radcliffe's; -two regiments from Tennessee, the Eighth and Sixteenth, and Colonel -Starke's Virginia regiment; the Tennesseeans and Virginians making a -brigade under Brigadier-General Donelson. The above, with four field -batteries, made up the force scattered from Charleston to the Savannah -river, and stationed along the line, on the mainland, in front of the -headquarters above named. - -Nothing of great importance occurred for the remainder of the year -1861 along the coast of South Carolina, except the sinking of a -"stone fleet" of some twenty vessels across the main ship channel on -December 20th, in Charleston harbor. This was done by the order of the -United States government to assist the blockade of the port, and was -pronounced by General Lee as an "achievement unworthy of any nation." - -On January 1, 1862, at Port Royal ferry, was demonstrated the ease -with which a large force could be placed on the mainland under the -protection of the fleet batteries. Brig.-Gen. Isaac Stevens landed a -brigade of 3,000 men for the purpose of capturing a supposed battery -of heavy guns, which, it was believed, the Confederates had built at -the head of the causeway leading to Port Royal ferry. Landing from -Chisolm's island, some distance east of the small earthwork, Col. -James Jones, Fourteenth volunteers, had promptly withdrawn the guns in -the earthwork, except a 12-pounder, which was overturned in a ditch. -Believing the movement to be an attack in force upon the railroad, -Colonel Jones disposed his regiment and a part of the Twelfth, under -Lieut.-Col. Dixon Barnes, with a section of Leake's battery, and 42 -mounted men, under Major Oswald, for resisting the attack, forming his -line about a mile from the ferry. But there was no engagement. The -deserted earthwork was easily captured, and the 12-pounder gun righted -on its carriage and hauled off, under the constant bombardment of -the vessels in the Coosaw river. The opposing troops caught glimpses -of each other, and fired accordingly, but not much harm was done on -either side. Colonel Jones lost Lieut. J. A. Powers and 6 men killed -and 20 wounded by the fire of the gunboats, and Colonel Barnes, 1 man -killed and 4 wounded; 32 casualties. The Federal general reported 2 men -killed, 12 wounded and 1 captured. During the winter and early spring -the fleet was busy exploring the rivers, sounding the channels, and -landing reconnoitering parties on the various islands. - -Edisto island was garrisoned early in February, and the commander, Col. -Henry Moore, Forty-seventh New York, wrote to the adjutant-general in -Washington, on the 15th, that he was within 25 miles of Charleston; -considered Edisto island "the great key" to that city, and with a -reinforcement of 10,000 men could "in less than three days be in -Charleston." - -It will be noted in this connection that early in March, General Lee -was called to Richmond and placed in command of the armies of the -Confederacy, and General Pemberton, promoted to major-general, was -assigned to the department of South Carolina and Georgia. Major-General -Hunter, of the Federal army, had assumed command instead of General -Sherman, the last of March, and reported to his government, "about -17,000 troops scattered along the coast from St. Augustine, Fla., to -North Edisto inlet." Of these troops, 12,230 were on the South Carolina -coast--4,500 on Hilton Head island; 3,600 at Beaufort; 1,400 on Edisto, -and the rest at other points. The force on Edisto was advanced to the -northern part of the island, with a strong guard on Little Edisto, -which touches the mainland and is cut off from the large island by -Watts' cut and a creek running across its northern neck. Communication -with the large island from Little Edisto is by a bridge and causeway, -about the middle of the creek's course. - -This being the situation, General Evans, commanding the Third district, -with headquarters at Adams' run, determined to capture the guard on -Little Edisto and make an armed reconnoissance on the main island. The -project was intrusted to Col. P. F. Stevens, commanding the Holcombe -legion, and was quite successfully executed. On the morning of March -29th, before day, Colonel Stevens, with his legion, Nelson's battalion, -and a company of cavalry, attacked and dispersed the picket at Watts -cut, crossed and landed on the main island west of the bridge, which -communicated with Little Edisto. Moving south into the island, he -detached Maj. F. G. Palmer, with seven companies, 260 men, to attack -the picket at the bridge, cross over to Little Edisto, burn the bridge -behind him, and capture the force thus cut off on Little Edisto, which -was believed to be at least two companies. Palmer carried the bridge -by a charge, and crossing over, left two of his staff, Rev. John D. -McCullough, chaplain of the legion, and Mr. Irwin, with Lieutenant -Bishop's company of the legion, to burn the bridge, and pushed on after -the retreating force. Day had broken, but a heavy fog obscured every -object, and the attack on the Federals was made at great disadvantage. -Palmer captured a lieutenant and 20 men and non-commissioned officers, -the remainder of the force escaping in the fog. Colonel Stevens marched -within sound of the long roll beating in the camps in the interior, -and taking a few prisoners, returned to the mainland by Watts' cut, -and Palmer crossed his command and prisoners over at the north end -of Little Edisto in a small boat, which could only carry five men at -a time, flats which were on the way to him having failed to arrive. -Several of the Federal soldiers were killed and wounded in this affair, -the Confederates having two slightly wounded. But for the dense fog the -entire force on Little Edisto would have been captured. - -General Pemberton, on assuming command, executed General Lee's purpose -and ordered the removal of the guns from Fort Palmetto on Cole's -island, at the mouth of the Stono, and from the works at the mouth of -Georgetown harbor. Georgetown was then at the mercy of the fleet, but -there was no help for it, for Port Royal had shown that the guns which -the Confederates could command were practically inefficient against -the batteries of the fleet. For the rear defense of Charleston, James -island must be the battleground, and the forces on the mainland, along -the line of the Charleston & Savannah railroad, must depend upon -rapid concentration to resist an advance from any one of the numerous -landings in front of that line. The regiment of regular South Carolina -infantry, and the regiment of regular artillery, splendidly drilled as -gunners, and officered by accomplished soldiers, garrisoned the harbor -defenses, and Ripley's energy and high capacity were constantly exerted -to secure a perfect defense of the city of Charleston. - -The troops on James island and on the line of railroad, as reported -April 30, 1862, present for duty, numbered 22,275, rank and file, -stationed as follows: In the First district, Col. R. F. Graham, 1,254; -Second district, Brigadier-General Ripley, 8,672; Third district, -Brigadier-General Evans, 5,400; Fourth district, Col. P. H. Colquitt, -1,582; Fifth district, Col. P. H. Colquitt, 2,222; Sixth district, -Brigadier-General Drayton, 3,145; total, 22,275. - -The above statement includes infantry, artillery and cavalry. They were -all South Carolina troops except Phillips' Georgia legion (infantry), -Thornton's Virginia battery, and a company of Georgia cavalry, under -Capt. T. H. Johnson. Manigault's Tenth volunteers and Moragné's -Nineteenth, with the two Tennessee regiments under Brigadier-General -Donelson, had been sent to Corinth to reinforce Beauregard in the west, -and Dunovant's Twelfth, Edwards' Thirteenth, McGowan's Fourteenth (Col. -James Jones having resigned), and Orr's rifles had gone to the aid of -General Johnston in Virginia. Such was the situation in South Carolina -at the close of April, 1862. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - - SOUTH CAROLINIANS IN VIRGINIA--BATTLE OF WILLIAMSBURG--ELTHAM'S - LANDING--SEVEN PINES AND FAIR OAKS--NINE-MILE ROAD--GAINES' - MILL--SAVAGE STATION--FRAYSER'S FARM--MALVERN HILL. - - -In Virginia, Gen. George B. McClellan had been placed in command of the -great army which he had fully organized, and his headquarters had been -established at Fort Monroe early in April, preparatory to his advance -upon Richmond by way of the James river and the peninsula. Gen. Joseph -E. Johnston commanded the Confederate army for the defense of Richmond, -with headquarters at Yorktown, April 17th. Holding Yorktown and the -line which ran across the peninsula to the Warwick, until the 4th of -May, Johnston retired from Williamsburg. His army, about 53,000 strong, -was opposed by McClellan's splendidly equipped and organized army, -estimated by General Johnston at 133,000. It was Johnston's intention -to fall back slowly on the defenses of Richmond, and then, being joined -by the division of Huger from Norfolk, and other reinforcements which -he expected the Confederate government would order to his army, to give -McClellan battle in front of those defenses on more equal terms. - -Johnston's army at that time was composed of the divisions of Magruder -(commanded by D. R. Jones), Longstreet, D. H. Hill and G. W. Smith. -Magruder and Smith had passed beyond Williamsburg on the march to -Richmond, and Hill, encumbered with the trains and baggage, was -also moving beyond that point, on the afternoon of the 4th, when -Longstreet's rear guard was attacked, in front of Williamsburg, by the -Federal advance. This attack was met and checked by two brigades under -Brigadier-General McLaws (Semmes' and Kershaw's), with Manly's battery. -In this brief history, the writer is confined, by the plan of the work, -to the part taken in each action by the troops of South Carolina. The -grateful task of speaking of troops from other States is resigned with -the understanding that ample justice will be done them by writers who -have been selected to record the history of their courage, skill and -devotion as soldiers of the Confederacy. - -In this affair of the afternoon of the 4th of May, Kershaw's brigade, -the Second, Third, Seventh and Eighth South Carolina, bore a part, -and though but little blood was spilled, the gallant conduct of the -brigade received the notice and commendation of General McLaws, who, in -reporting the action, said: "I call attention to the promptness with -which General Kershaw placed his men in the various positions assigned -him, and the readiness with which he seized on the advantage offered -by the ground as he advanced to the front.... His command obeyed -his orders with an alacrity and skill creditable to the gallant and -obedient soldiers composing it." The result of the combat was, that -McLaws checked the Federal advance, captured several prisoners, one -piece of artillery, three caissons, and disabled a battery, and lost -not exceeding 15 men killed, wounded and missing. A part of Stuart's -cavalry was also engaged, and that officer complimented the conduct -of the Hampton legion cavalry in high terms, for "a brilliant dash -upon the enemy's cavalry in front of Fort Magruder.... Disinterested -officers, spectators, speak in the most glowing terms of that portion -of my brigade." - -It was evident to General Johnston that the safety of his trains -required that a more decided opposition be offered to the Federal -advance, and Longstreet's division was put in position to meet it on -the following morning. The battle which followed, accordingly, on the -5th, fulfilled the general's expectations, and was a bloody engagement, -continuing at intervals from early morning until near dark, the two -divisions (Longstreet's under Anderson and D. H. Hill's) repelling -the assaults of thirty-three regiments of infantry, six batteries of -artillery, and three regiments of cavalry. - -The battle in front of Williamsburg was fought in terrible weather, -the whole country flooded by the rains, the roads almost impassable -for artillery, and the troops "wading in mud and slush," as General -Hill expressed it. On the morning of the 5th, Longstreet held the forts -and line in front of Williamsburg. Anderson's South Carolina brigade, -commanded by Col. Micah Jenkins, was stationed in Fort Magruder, and in -the redoubts and breastworks to the right and left of the fort. This -brigade was composed of the Palmetto sharpshooters, Lieut.-Col. Joseph -Walker; Fourth battalion, Maj. C. S. Mattison; Fifth, Col. John R. -Giles, and Sixth, Col. John Bratton, Lieut.-Col. J. M. Steedman. - -The position at Fort Magruder was the center of Longstreet's line -and was the point at which the battle opened at 6 o'clock in the -morning. Major Mattison, commanding the pickets in front of Fort -Magruder, was sharply engaged, and being reinforced by a battalion of -the sharpshooters, had quite a picket battle before retiring to the -fort. The attack on Fort Magruder and on the redoubts and breastworks -to the right and left of it, was at once opened with artillery and -infantry, and the superiority of the Federal artillery and small-arms -put Jenkins' command at great disadvantage. But the artillery in -the fort and the redoubts was so well directed, the gallant gunners -stood so heroically to their guns, and were so firmly supported by -the Carolina infantry, that the Federal columns could not assault the -line, and were driven back and compelled by noon to change the point -of attack further to the Confederate left. Meanwhile, Longstreet was -assailing the Federal left, and gaining ground with the remainder of -his division, supported by reinforcements from Hill's, called back from -their march beyond Williamsburg. In the afternoon, General Hill brought -his whole division on the field, and reinforcing the center, commanded -by Anderson, and leading the left in person, a final advance was made -which ended the fighting by sunset, the Confederates occupying the -field, the Federals being repulsed from right to left. - -In the defense of the center and left, Anderson's brigade, under -Jenkins, bore a conspicuous part. In Fort Magruder, the Richmond -howitzers and the Fayette artillery lost so many men by the fire of -the enemy, that details were made by Colonel Jenkins from the infantry -to relieve the men at the guns. By concentrating the artillery fire -on particular batteries in succession, and by volley firing at the -gunners, Jenkins compelled his assailants to shift their positions, -while the regiments of Bratton, Giles, Walker and Mattison poured their -well-directed fire into the threatening columns of Federal infantry. - -At an important period of the battle on the right, when the Federal -left had been driven back and was exposed to the full fire of Fort -Magruder, every gun was turned upon it. In the afternoon, and just -before D. H. Hill's attack on his right, the Federal commander had -gained a position almost turning the Confederate left. At this critical -juncture, the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth South Carolina regiments, -with the Fourteenth Alabama, Major Royston, splendidly supported by -Dearing's and Stribling's batteries, and three guns under Lieutenant -Fortier, met the movement with firmness, and, aided by the fire from -Fort Magruder, checked and repulsed the Federal right, and held the -Confederate left intact. - -General McClellan claimed a great victory at Williamsburg, basing his -claim upon the occupation of the town the next day, the capture of -300 prisoners and 1,000 wounded, and five guns. But the fact is, that -the battle was fought by General Johnston with two divisions of his -army, for no other purpose than to secure his trains and make good his -retreat upon Richmond, and this he accomplished. The divisions that -fought the battle slept on the field, and left their positions without -molestation on the morning of the 6th. Johnston marched only 12 miles -on the 6th, and was not pursued. Four hundred wounded were left at -Williamsburg because he had no ambulances, and the wagons were out of -reach on the march toward Richmond. Four hundred prisoners, several -stand of colors, and cannon were taken, and the Confederate loss, 1,560 -killed and wounded, was only two-thirds that of the Federals.[A] With -these facts before us, Williamsburg cannot be considered a victory for -General McClellan. - -[Footnote A: The loss of Jenkins' brigade was 10 killed and 75 wounded -(including Lieut. W. J. Campbell, mortally).] - -Regarding the morale of the Confederate army at this period, -a distinguished commander of one of its divisions wrote: "Our -revolutionary sires did not suffer more at Valley Forge than did our -army at Yorktown, and in the retreat from it. Notwithstanding the -rain, cold, mud, hunger, watching and fatigue, I never heard a murmur, -nor witnessed a single act of insubordination. The want of discipline -manifested itself only in straggling, which is the curse of our army." - -The security of General Johnston's march toward Richmond was seriously -threatened on the second day after the battle at Williamsburg, May 7th. -The menace came from the direction of Eltham's landing, at the head -of the York, where General McClellan was disembarking several of the -divisions of his army. Franklin's division had landed, and was in line -of battle well in front and covering the disembarkation of the other -divisions. In this position, Franklin's advance was within 3 miles of -Johnston's line of march, and his trains and artillery were in danger. -Gen. G. W. Smith's division, under Whiting, was halted at Barhamsville -(West Point) until the rest of the army had passed, and had been kept -fully apprised of the Federal position between Barhamsville and the -river. To keep the enemy back until the army had passed this point, -General Smith ordered Whiting's division to move out toward the river -and attack and drive back the Federal line. The attack was made by -Hood's Texas brigade and two commands of Hampton's brigade, with S. D. -Lee's artillery. The troops engaged on the Federal side composed the -division of Franklin. - -It was a spirited affair, the Hampton legion infantry, commanded by -Lieut.-Col. J. B. Griffin and Maj. James Conner, and the Nineteenth -Georgia, Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson, vying with Hood's gallant Texans -in the steady advance. The Federals were driven back to the river line -and held their position firmly, and the guns of the fleet being opened -on the Confederates, Hood and Hampton withdrew their supports and -resumed the march that night toward New Kent Court House. Hood lost 8 -killed and 28 wounded, and Hampton, 12 wounded. Forty-six prisoners -were taken. The reported loss of General Franklin was, killed 48, -wounded 110, captured 28; total 186. - -After the affair, General Franklin reported it a success for his -division, and concluded by congratulating himself that he had -maintained his position. Hampton, in his report, complimented the -officers and men of the legion, and of the Nineteenth Georgia, and -mentioned particularly Lieutenant-Colonel Griffin, commanding his -infantry battalion, Major Conner, in command of skirmishers, and -Maj. Stephen D. Lee, commanding his artillery. In this affair the -Confederates had five regiments and a battery actually engaged, and -a brigade in support (but not engaged) on each flank. The return of -casualties by the Federal record shows losses in six regiments, and a -battery. The affair occurred for the most part in the woods east and -west of the road leading from Barhamsville to Eltham's landing, and -within range of the guns of the vessels in York river. - -Arriving before the defenses of Richmond, General Johnston encamped -his army north and east of the city, with grand guards well out on the -roads leading from Richmond to the crossing of the Chickahominy, and in -the direction of the landings on the James. His cavalry, under Stuart, -was immediately in observation of the troops of Franklin at Eltham, -and of General McClellan's main advance from Williamsburg. The Federal -army moved up the peninsula by the roads leading to White House, on the -Pamunkey, and thence, on the north side of the Chickahominy, as far -as Mechanicsville. All the bridges, including the York river railroad -bridge crossing the Chickahominy, had been destroyed, and Johnston's -army was south of that stream. By the 20th of May, McClellan had -seized the crossings of the Chickahominy from Bottom's bridge up to -Meadow bridge, the latter point being immediately north of Richmond, -and within 5 miles of the defenses of the city. His left, at Bottom's -bridge, was about 12 miles in a direct line from the city's limits. The -general direction of the Chickahominy is from northwest to southeast, -between these points. By the 26th of May, the Third and Fourth corps -of the Federal army, under Generals Heintzelman and Keyes, had crossed -at Bottom's bridge, and by the 30th, the latter corps had intrenched -itself on the Richmond side of Seven Pines and Fair Oaks station, with -its right refused toward the Chickahominy swamp. The other corps of the -Federal army were north of the Chickahominy, opposite bridges which had -been constructed for their convenience in crossing. Heintzelman's corps -was in the vicinity of Bottom's bridge. There had been incessant rains, -and the whole country was flooded with water and the roads almost -impassable for artillery. - -On the 30th of May, General Johnston determined to attack Keyes -on the 31st at Seven Pines, and crush his corps before it could be -reinforced from the north of the Chickahominy or to any extent by -Heintzelman from Bottom's bridge. To understand his plan of attack, -it will be necessary to explain the situation more minutely. Seven -Pines and Fair Oaks are about a mile apart, and distant from Richmond -about 7½ and 7 miles. Fair Oaks is on the railroad, and Seven Pines -on the Williamsburg road. Two roads which figure in this account, and -the railroad, run east from Richmond practically parallel for 5 miles, -the Nine-mile road to the north, below it the railroad, and further -south the Williamsburg road. At Old Tavern, 5 miles from Richmond, the -Nine-mile road turns southeast, crosses the railroad at Fair Oaks, -and joins the Williamsburg road at Seven Pines. About 2 miles from -Richmond, on the Williamsburg road, the Charles City road turns off -to the southeast. White Oak swamp lies between Seven Pines and the -Charles City road. To strike the corps at Seven Pines, the direct road -would be the Williamsburg road, with the Charles City road running to -the Federal left. To strike him at Fair Oaks, the direct road would be -the railroad, with the Nine-mile road coming to the same point (Fair -Oaks) from Old Tavern, and affording good points from which to turn the -Federal right. - -Johnston's plan of attack was admirably considered. D. H. Hill's -division was to attack at Seven Pines by the Williamsburg road; -Brig.-Gen. Benjamin Huger's division was to attack the left flank by -the Charles City road; Longstreet's division was to attack at Fair -Oaks by the Nine-mile road, and W. H. C. Whiting's division was to -support the whole by guarding the Confederate left and watching against -reinforcements coming from the north side of the Chickahominy. The -plan was perfect, but it was not executed, except in one particular; -the attack assigned to D. H. Hill was a splendid achievement, and won -the main success of the day, May 31st. In securing that success, the -brigade of R. H. Anderson bore a most conspicuous part, and to describe -its operations is now the writer's duty. - -The battle, which had been ordered to begin at an early hour in the -morning, was not opened until Hill led his splendid division to the -attack at 1 p. m. The four brigades of the division, Rodes and Rains -on the south of the road, and Garland and G. B. Anderson on the north -side, with Bondurant's and Carter's batteries, had beaten Casey's -Federal divisions with its supports, driven them back on the Federal -second line, at Seven Pines, captured eight guns, and was now attacking -the Federal line intrenched right and left across the Williamsburg -road, at Seven Pines, running toward Fair Oaks. Pressing his attack -on this position in front, and on the Federal left, Hill sent back -for another brigade to co-operate in the attack, by moving along the -railroad on his left and striking at the Federal right and rear. "In -a few moments," says General Hill, "the magnificent brigade of R. H. -Anderson came to my support," and being ordered by Hill immediately -on his extreme left, it began its effective operations. General Hill -ordered Colonel Jenkins, with the Palmetto sharpshooters and the Sixth -South Carolina, Colonel Bratton, to march through the woods beyond his -extreme left to the railroad, move down it toward the Federal right -flank at Seven Pines, and strike at the rear of that position, while -the rest of Anderson's brigade attacked on the immediate left of Hill, -between Casey's captured line and the railroad, Anderson directing -his own and Jenkins' movements. The sequel will show how remarkably -well these battlefield orders were carried out. Jenkins, with his -own and Bratton's regiment, and the Twenty-seventh Georgia, from one -of Hill's left brigades, formed line of attack in the woods, facing -northeast, and gallantly moved against a portion of General Couch's -division posted there. General Anderson, with the Fourth and Fifth -South Carolina, under Major Mattison and Colonel Giles, on the right of -Jenkins and on the immediate left of Hill's attacking troops, formed -his line in the same wood facing with Jenkins' line, but some distance -from it, and, supported by artillery fire from Hill's line, attacked -in his front a portion of General Naglee's troops. Both attacks were -successful and Couch's and Naglee's troops were beaten. Reaching the -railroad, Jenkins halted and dressed his line, the Twenty-seventh -Georgia being now recalled. Meeting General Anderson at the railroad, -Colonel Jenkins was directed by him to move on. The sharpshooters and -the Sixth marched ahead, fighting, and penetrated the Federal line, -cutting off a part of those troops from Seven Pines. Changing front -forward on his right, Colonel Jenkins, with his two regiments, now -facing southwest, attacked the right of the position at Seven Pines -on Hill's extreme left. "At this point," he reports, "the enemy, -heavily reinforced, made a desperate stand and the fighting was within -75 yards." Pushing on, the Federals slowly gave ground, and the two -regiments kept in close support and perfect order. Fighting forward and -to his right, Jenkins reached the Williamsburg road, the Federal forces -in his front falling back and taking position in the woods south of -it, while the two South Carolina regiments formed in line in the road, -facing south. The little brigade was now in a most critical position, -in advance of Hill's line, with the foe in front, and troops coming up -the Williamsburg road to attack his left. - -Colonel Jenkins determined, as he says in his report, "to break the -enemy in front before I could be reached by this new advance [coming up -the Williamsburg road on his left], and then by a change of front to -meet them." This was handsomely done, and sending two companies of the -Sharpshooters, Kilpatrick's and Martin's, under Maj. William Anderson, -to attack and check the Federal advance, the two regiments were formed -across the road, facing south, while Jenkins' adjutant, Captain -Seabrook, hurried back for reinforcements. General Anderson, who had -led the Fourth and Fifth forward on Hill's left in the general attack, -sent the Fifth to Jenkins, under Lieut.-Col. A. Jackson, the gallant -Colonel Giles having been killed; and the Twenty-seventh Georgia was -also sent forward to him by General Hill. Before his reinforcements -reached him, the Federal advance was so near that their commands and -cheers could be heard, and the two regiments had been advanced to -within 100 yards of them. The Twenty-seventh Georgia was the first to -come up, and being placed on the right, the Sharpshooters in the center -and the Sixth (Lieutenant-Colonel Steedman commanding, Colonel Bratton -being wounded) on the left, Jenkins boldly advanced to meet his foe. -"The two commands neared each other, to 30 or 40 yards," says Colonel -Jenkins, describing this struggle. "Losing heavily, I pressed on, and -the enemy sullenly and slowly gave way, leaving the ground carpeted -with dead and dying." By this time the Fifth South Carolina volunteers -came up at the double-quick. The Twenty-seventh Georgia (which had been -repulsed) rallied and came forward on the right. Jackson came up on the -right of the Georgians, "sweeping before him the rallied fragments who -had collected and resumed fire from the woods to the right, and thus, -at 7:40 p. m., we closed our busy day." A day of splendid achievement! - -In his fighting and maneuvering, Colonel Jenkins had advanced on the -arc of a circle for more than 2 miles, fighting first northeast, then -east, then southeast, then due south, and lastly east. "We passed," he -said, "through two abatis of fallen timber, over four camps, and over -artillery twice, driving the enemy from three pieces. We never fought -twice in the same place, nor five minutes in one place, and, steadily -on the advance, were under fire from 3 p. m. to 7:40 p. m." Gen. G. -W. Smith, in his exhaustive and able book on the battles of Seven -Pines and Fair Oaks, makes the following comment on this remarkable -achievement: "It is believed that the annals of war show few, if any, -instances of more persistent, skillful and effective 'battlefield -fighting,' than was done by the South Carolina regiments, under Colonel -Jenkins, on the afternoon of May 31st." The losses were heavy, as might -be expected, but unhappily there is no official report of them. Colonel -Bratton, after the war, reported to General Smith that the Sixth lost -269 killed and wounded, out of 521 taken into the action. The loss of -the Sharpshooters must have been fully as large. Speaking generally of -his losses, Colonel Jenkins says: "In my two color companies, out of 80 -men who entered, 40 were killed and wounded, and out of 11 in the color -guard, 10 were shot down. My colors, pierced by nine balls, passed -through four hands without touching the ground." Capt. J. Q. Carpenter, -commanding the color company, lost 16 out of 28, "and ever in their -front, the fatal ball pierced his heart, when he turned to his company -and said, 'Boys, I am killed, but you press on.'" - -While the battle of Seven Pines was in progress, General McClellan at -2 p. m. had ordered General Sumner's corps to cross the Chickahominy -and go to the assistance of the Federal forces now being driven by -Hill's division and R. H. Anderson's brigade. In the first advance -of Jenkins, it will be recalled that he cut through General Couch's -forces, dividing them and leaving a part in rear of his left flank. -This force was composed of four regiments and a battery of artillery, -which retreated beyond (north of) Fair Oaks, and with the brigade of -Abercrombie, stationed at Fair Oaks, took up a defensive line at the -Adams house, facing Fair Oaks. This line was commanded by General Couch -in person. In this position, Couch was on the left flank and rear of -Hill's battle and in place to be reinforced by Sumner, who came to his -support in time to save him from destruction by the attack of that -portion of General Johnston's army, under General Johnston's immediate -direction, whose headquarters were at Old Tavern, about 2 miles from -Fair Oaks. Anxious for the safety of the Confederate left, and fearing -that it might be attacked by forces from the north of the Chickahominy, -General Johnston had ordered the brigades of Whiting, Hood, Pettigrew, -Hatton and Hampton, under Whiting, at about 4 p. m., to march by Fair -Oaks to attack the Federal right and rear. The head of these troops -(Whiting's brigade), reaching Fair Oaks, were fired upon by Couch's -battery at the Adams house, and by his advanced pickets. A halt was -made to take the battery, and to drive the Federal infantry out of -reach of the road, when followed the battle of Fair Oaks, the effort of -which was to keep Sumner and Couch from the field at Seven Pines, and -leave Hill's division and Anderson's brigade masters of the battle in -that quarter. But this was the main effect of the Confederate attack -at Fair Oaks, for the battery was not taken, and Couch, reinforced by -at least a strong division from Sumner's advance, with artillery, held -his position against the assaults of Whiting, Pettigrew, Hatton and -Hampton. The latter commanded the only South Carolinians who were in -the engagement at Fair Oaks, the infantry of his legion. - -There is no report from General Hampton, but the reports of Generals -Johnston and G. W. Smith define his position in the affair on the left -of the Confederate attack. General Smith says, that as the musketry -fire of Whiting, Pettigrew and Hampton rapidly increased, opening the -attack on Couch, he rode into the woods where the troops were engaged, -and learned from Col. S. D. Lee, of the artillery, that "General -Hampton had driven the enemy some distance through the woods, but that -they were being rapidly reinforced [by Sumner], held a strong position, -and extended beyond Hampton's left. The firing indicated that Whiting -and Pettigrew were being fully occupied by the enemy in their immediate -front." Hatton coming up, he was put in immediately between Hampton and -Pettigrew, and Gen. G. W. Smith ordered the line forward to carry the -Federal position. The woods were dense, the undergrowth thick, and the -smoke so great that officers leading their troops could not see "more -than a limited number of their men at any one time." General Smith -continues: "Various attempts were made to charge the enemy, but without -that concert of action necessary to success.... On no part of the line -where I was, did the enemy at any time leave their cover or advance one -single foot. Our troops held their position close to the enemy's line -until it was too dark to distinguish friend from foe." The attack had -been in progress for nearly two hours when darkness put an end to it. -The gallant Hatton was killed, and that noble and accomplished soldier, -Pettigrew, had fallen, badly wounded, so near the Federal line that -he was made prisoner. Brig.-Gen. Wade Hampton was seriously wounded, -but kept his horse, had the ball extracted by Surg. E. S. Gaillard on -the field, and refused to leave his troops. In this affair, Whiting's -brigade (commanded by Col. E. M. Law) lost in killed, wounded and -missing, 356; Pettigrew's, 341; Hampton's, 329; and Hatton's, 244; -total, 1,270. The Hampton legion infantry, General Smith reported, -suffered a greater loss by far in proportion to its numbers than any -other regiment of the division, being 21 killed and 120 wounded out of -350. These numbers were furnished by Surg. John T. Darby, acting chief -surgeon of Whiting's division. - -Near the close of the action, General Johnston was unhorsed and -seriously wounded by a fragment of shell, and the command of the -Confederate army devolved upon Maj.-Gen. G. W. Smith, next in rank, who -was succeeded by Gen. R. E. Lee on the following day. - -On June 18th a reconnoissance was made on the Nine-mile road by Gen. -J. B. Kershaw, with two regiments of his South Carolina brigade, the -Second, Col. J. D. Kennedy, and the Third, Col. J. D. Nance. With the -Second on the left and the Third on the right of the road, the front -covered by four companies deployed as skirmishers, under Captain -Cuthbert, and two companies under Maj. W. D. Rutherford, Kershaw -advanced. The skirmishers were soon engaged, and those of the Federal -force were driven back on the supports. The two regiments advanced to -within 70 yards of the Federal line, developed his position, forces, -etc., and then Kershaw withdrew to camp. In this affair, Kershaw lost -1 killed and 11 wounded, among the latter Capt. G. B. Cuthbert, of the -Second, and Capt. F. N. Walker, of the Third. Private W. H. Thompson, -Company E, was killed, and "the gallant Sergt. H. D. Hanahan," of the -Second, lost a leg. - -The situation of the Federal army at this time (toward the close of -June) determined General Lee to take the aggressive. The center and -left of General McClellan were south of the Chickahominy, strongly -intrenched and covered by the cutting of trees in the dense forests. -The extreme left rested on White Oak swamp, and the right of the center -on the Chickahominy at New bridge. The Federal right, under Fitz John -Porter, was well and strongly posted behind Beaver Dam creek, north -of the Chickahominy, with a grand guard at Mechanicsville in front, -and outposts still beyond, guarding the crossing. General Lee's -determination was to attack this right and separated wing with three of -his divisions, calling Jackson's corps to co-operate. Jackson's march, -from his victorious campaign in the valley, was so directed that he -was expected to be at Ashland, 15 miles north of Richmond, on the 24th -of June. From Ashland a march of 15 miles, toward Cold Harbor, would -place his corps on the right flank and rear of the Federal position at -Beaver Dam, while A. P. Hill, D. H. Hill and Longstreet, with their -divisions, crossing the river at Mechanicsville, should carry that -place and the strong position at Beaver Dam. - -The morning of the 26th (Thursday) was fixed by Lee for this concerted -movement against McClellan's right wing. But Jackson did not reach -Ashland until the night of the 25th, his march having been delayed -by obstructions put in his way by the Federal outposts, many bridges -being burned over streams crossing his march. It was after sunrise on -the 26th before Jackson left Ashland. He marched past the right flank -of the Federal position, at Beaver Dam, and went into camp 3 miles -in the rear of that flank, at Hundley's corner, in the evening. In -consequence, the bloody battle fought on the 26th, along Beaver Dam, -by the gallant division of A. P. Hill and Ripley's brigade of D. H. -Hill's division, was fought without Jackson's assistance. The Federal -position behind Beaver Dam was heroically assailed; but it was too -strong to be carried by Hill and Ripley, who suffered heavy losses. -With Ripley was Capt. A. Burnet Rhett's South Carolina battery, who -built a bridge, crossed the creek and, pushing up close to the enemy, -were in action until 10 o'clock at night, losing 11 wounded. They were -particularly complimented by A. P. Hill. With A. P. Hill were the South -Carolina batteries of Capts. W. K. Bachman and D. G. McIntosh, the -latter of which (Pee Dee artillery) probably fired the first gun at -Mechanicsville, and fired 160 rounds from each gun before night stopped -the fight. The brigade of General Gregg did not become actively engaged -on the 26th. - -The position of Jackson, on the right and rear, and the divisions of D. -H. Hill and Longstreet in front, all fresh and ready for attack in the -early morning of the 27th, made the position of General Porter behind -Beaver Dam untenable, and he promptly retreated and took up a strong -position 3 miles further down the river. - -On Friday morning (27th), A. P. Hill was ordered forward toward -Gaines' mill, the South Carolinians in advance. Gregg formed a line of -battle with the First volunteers, Col. D. H. Hamilton, and the Twelfth, -Col. Dixon Barnes, with skirmishers thrown out under Captains Cordero -and Miller; and the Thirteenth, Col. O. E. Edwards, and First Rifles, -Col. J. Foster Marshall, and Crenshaw's battery in support. They moved -forward across the creek, and through the discarded accouterments and -burning stores of the enemy, until coming out in an open, Cordero's -company was fired upon by artillery in front and Lieutenant Heise was -wounded. This apparently hostile force, according to the report of -General Gregg, proved to be Stonewall Jackson's command, with which -communication was at once opened. After a conference between Hill -and Jackson, Gregg marched on, and presently was stopped by General -Lee, who gave him further instructions. Longstreet, soon afterward, -informed Gregg that he was moving on a parallel road to the right. -The skirmishers became briskly engaged at Gaines' mill, but Gregg -soon ordered them forward at double-quick, and they gallantly drove -the Federal skirmishers before them. The brigade followed and bridged -Powhite creek. Hill reported of the crossing of the Powhite: "His -whole brigade being over, he made the handsomest charge in line I have -seen during the war." Gregg continued his advance, part of the time at -double-quick and with continual skirmish firing, descended the hollow -beyond Cold Harbor, driving out the enemy, and formed in line of battle -on the hillside beyond. He found the enemy above him and desired to -attack, but being refused, lay in position until 4 p. m., the artillery -firing going on overhead. - -General Lee thus describes Porter's position, at which the battle of -Gaines' Mill, or Cold Harbor, was fought on the afternoon and evening -of the 27th of June: - - He occupied a range of hills resting in the vicinity of the McGehee - house and his left near that of Dr. Gaines, on a wooded bluff, - which rose abruptly from a deep ravine. The ravine was filled with - sharpshooters, to whom its banks gave great protection. A second line - of infantry was stationed on the side of the hill behind a breastwork - of trees above the first; a third occupied the crest, strengthened - with rifle trenches and crowned with artillery. The approach to this - position was over an open plain, about a quarter of a mile wide, - commanded by this triple line of fire and swept by the heavy batteries - south of the Chickahominy. In front of his center and right the ground - was generally open, bounded on the side of our approach by a wood, - with dense and tangled undergrowth and traversed by a sluggish stream - which converted the soil into a deep morass. - -Old Cold Harbor was in front of the Federal right, and Gaines' mill in -front of his right center, the length of his line being about 2 miles -and running in a curve from the "wooded bluff" on his left to a swamp -on his right. The attack on this position was made by two roads running -parallel with the Chickahominy, one going to the Federal left, and the -other by Gaines' mill, opposite his right center. Longstreet attacked -on the former, and A. P. Hill on the latter, D. H. Hill and Jackson -attacking from the direction of the Federal front and right. At 4 p. -m. A. P. Hill ordered his whole division forward, and the desperate -struggle began, in which every inch of ground was to be won by a great -sacrifice of life, and to be disputed with heroic firmness. Gregg, who -was first engaged, fought his way through the tangled wood and the -boggy morass to the foot of the main position, when, confronted by a -determined and unfaltering resistance, and his lines torn by artillery -from the crest in front and by a battery on his right flank, he could -make no further progress. Marshall was ordered to take the battery on -the right, and advanced gallantly, Perrin's, Joseph Norton's, Miller's -and Miles Norton's companies in front, under Lieutenant-Colonel -Ledbetter. The battery was withdrawn, but its support in the woods, -composed of a strong body of troops, among them the New York Zouaves, -held the ground in a fierce combat. The Zouaves attacking on the left -flank, Lieutenant Higgins promptly assembled 30 riflemen, and held -them in check. The attack being pressed anew, the regiment, having -lost 81 killed and 234 wounded out of 537, and being unsupported, was -forced to retire to its former position. But Marshall's gallant charge -and contest had driven off the battery, and Gregg ordered the First, -Twelfth and Thirteenth forward again. The struggle for the crest was -renewed with heroic zeal and courage, and met with splendid firmness, -driving Gregg back a second time. A third advance was ordered, and now -the Fourteenth, Col. Samuel McGowan, being by Gregg's request relieved -from outpost duty, was conducted by his aide, Capt. Harry Hammond, to -his right flank. Passing through Crenshaw's guns, McGowan's men moved -right forward, supported by the other shattered regiments of Gregg's -brigade. "Tired as they were," says Gregg, "by two days and nights of -outpost duty, and by a rapid march under a burning sun, they advanced -with a cheer and at a double-quick. Leading his regiment to the right -of the Thirteenth and across the hollow, Colonel McGowan arrived just -in time to repulse the advance of the enemy and prevent them from -establishing a battery on the brow of the hill." With varying success, -backward and forward, Gregg struggled to gain and pierce the Federal -line, but not until the final and united charge of Lee's whole line -was made at 7 o'clock, and when Hood had gained the "wooded bluff" and -turned the Federal left, did the Confederate commands mount the whole -line of defense and drive its heroic defenders from the field. - -Gregg lost 829 (estimated) killed and wounded. The severest losses in -the brigade fell on the Rifles, the Fourteenth and the Twelfth. The -Rifles lost 319, the Fourteenth, 291, and the Twelfth, 155. At one -time every one of the color-guards of the First volunteers was shot -down around Colonel Hamilton, who took the colors. The color-bearer, -Sergeant Taylor, fell with the colors in his grasp, as he was planting -them forward of the line, and Corporal Hayne, seeing Colonel Hamilton -take the flag, seized it, and gallantly going forward, fell mortally -wounded. Private Spillman, of Company K, then took the flag and -carried it to the final charge in triumph to victory. He was promoted -color-bearer on the field for gallant conduct. Among the lamented -dead of the First was the gallant and accomplished Lieut.-Col. A. M. -Smith, who left a sick bed to take his place in his country's service. -In the Twelfth, Colonel Barnes was wounded, but did not leave the -field. Lieut. J. W. Delaney, commanding Company B, was killed in the -first assault; Captain Vallandingham lost a leg, and Captains Miller, -McMeekin and Bookter were wounded. In the Thirteenth, which was mainly -in support, the loss was not so heavy, 8 killed and 40 wounded. In the -Fourteenth, Colonel McGowan and Maj. W. J. Carter were wounded, as were -also Captains Brown, Taggart and Edward Croft, and Lieutenants Brunson, -O. W. Allen, Stevens, McCarley, Dorrah and Carter; and the gallant -Lieut. O. C. Plunkett, Company H, was killed on the field. The First -Rifles (known as Orr's Rifles) suffered terribly. Its gallant adjutant, -J. B. Sloan, Captains Hawthorne and Hennegan, Lieutenants Brown and -McFall, and Sergeant-Major McGee died heroically leading in Marshall's -charge. In Gregg's battle, a section of Capt. D. G. Mcintosh's battery -was called into action late in the afternoon, too late to take an -active part in the battle, as the enemy's artillery in front had been -silenced, or had retired. He lost 1 man killed and 2 wounded, and 5 -horses killed. - -The other South Carolina troops at the battle of Gaines' Mill were with -Hood and Longstreet. The brigades of Hood and Law composed Whiting's -gallant division, which had marched from Ashland as the advance of -Jackson's corps. They went into battle in the late afternoon, after A. -P. Hill had been fighting for two hours.[B] With Hood was the Hampton -legion infantry, under Lieut.-Col. M. W. Gary, and with Longstreet was -R. H. Anderson's South Carolina brigade. These troops had the honor of -taking part in Longstreet's and Whiting's final charge along the front -and flank of the Federal left, and were among the first to gain the -coveted crest and pierce and turn his flank, capture his artillery and -decide the day. - -[Footnote B: While waiting for Jackson, Lee ordered Longstreet to make -a feint on the right, which became an assault, Whiting coming up in -time to join on Longstreet's left.] - -Hood moved to the final assault with Hampton's legion on his left. -On the left of the legion was Law's splendid brigade. Immediately on -Hood's right was Pickett's brigade, and in support of Pickett the -brigades of Wilcox, Pryor and Featherston. Thus, in the decisive -charge, ordered by General Lee all along the battle line, they were -hurled against and around the "wooded bluff" on the Federal left. In -this grand assault, R. H. Anderson's brigade was divided, part of it -supporting Pickett and part Wilcox. The writer regrets that neither -General Anderson nor any one of his regimental commanders has a report -of the battle on file. The same is true of the Hampton legion, Colonel -Gary. - -General Hood reports that he ordered the legion "to gain the crest of -the hill in the woods and hold it, which they did." General Longstreet, -reporting the action of his brigade, refers specially to the gallantry -of General Anderson and Colonel Jenkins, these officers commanding the -separated parts of the brigade of Anderson. In the official returns, -the loss of Anderson at Gaines' Mill and Glendale (Frayser's Farm) is -given in total at 787. The losses of the Fourth, Fifth and Palmetto -sharpshooters at Gaines' Mill are reported as 173. The losses of the -Second Rifles and Sixth South Carolina at this battle are not given -separately from Glendale. Hood reports the legion's loss at only 20. -Anderson's and Gary's losses at Gaines' Mill could not have been more -than 350, which was less than a half of Gregg's loss. Anderson and Gary -were only engaged in the last attack, and Gregg was fighting from the -opening of the battle to its close, with a short rest in the afternoon. - -Referring to the gallant conduct of officers as well as soldiers, -General Longstreet remarks in his report upon the battle of Gaines' -Mill, that "there was more individual gallantry displayed on this -field than any I have seen." General Whiting, in closing his report, -pays the same tribute to a number of soldiers, and especially remarks -upon the conduct of Maj. John Haskell, of D. R. Jones' staff, who had -volunteered to carry information of the Federal movements to General -Lee, as they were observed from the south side of the Chickahominy, -and acted on General Longstreet's staff, as a volunteer aide. General -Whiting says: - - Though not on my staff, I should not do right were I not to mention - here the chivalrous daring of young Major Haskell, of South Carolina. - His personal bearing in a most deadly fire, his example and directions - contributed not a little to the enthusiasm of the charge of the Third - brigade. I regret to say that the brave young officer received a - terrible wound from a shell (losing his right arm), but walked from - the field as heroically as he had gone into the fire. - -The South Carolina batteries were more fortunate in their losses than -the infantry commands. Rhett, whose horse was shot under him, lost -2 wounded at Gaines' Mill; Bachman's battery (German Artillery) and -McIntosh's, only a few men each. The nature upon the ground was not -favorable to the Confederate artillery, and the batteries engaged under -great disadvantage. - -Under cover of night, following the 27th, General Porter made good his -retreat by the bridges he had built across the Chickahominy, passing in -rear of McClellan's fortified line on the south side, and destroying -his bridges behind him. His defense was beyond criticism. Reinforced -from the south side by Slocum's division, he saved the army of -McClellan by inflicting a heavy blow on the victorious columns of Lee, -and by his able retreat at night. The timely arrival of two brigades, -coming up just as Porter's line was carried, covered his retreat -and successfully checked the disordered pursuit of the victorious -Confederates. - -General McClellan does not estimate his loss in this battle separately -from those which immediately followed, but acknowledges the loss of -twenty-two pieces of artillery. Over 5,000 prisoners were taken by the -Confederates, and thousands of arms gathered from the fields and the -short line of Porter's retreat to the river. - -McClellan's rear guard, Sumner's corps, and Smith's division of -Franklin's corps, made a stand on the 29th at Savage Station, covering -the crossing of White Oak swamp against Magruder's corps. The South -Carolina troops with Magruder were the brigade of General Kershaw and -Capt. James F. Hart's Washington artillery. Hart's battery was with D. -R. Jones' division. The Second, Col. John D. Kennedy; Third, Col. James -D. Nance; Seventh, Col. D. Wyatt Aiken, and the Eighth, Col. John W. -Henagan, with Kemper's battery, composed Kershaw's brigade of McLaws' -division. - -Early in the morning of the 29th (Sunday), Kershaw was ordered to -advance on the Nine-mile road and develop the Federal position. -Kennedy, covered by a line of skirmishers under Maj. F. Gaillard, made -the advance and found the enemy beyond Fair Oaks, at Allen's farm. The -skirmishing became general and the enemy opened an artillery fire. -Having been repeatedly cautioned to avoid a collision with General -Jackson's forces, Kershaw restrained the fire of his men, and sent a -battle-flag to be waved on the railroad. He was then ordered back till -Magruder's other troops should take position. - -At 3 p. m. Kershaw advanced along the railroad toward Savage Station. -The enemy had retreated, and when found again were in position on the -Williamsburg road, occupying the rifle-pits and intrenchments made, -doubtless, in McClellan's advance prior to the battle of Seven Pines. -The Second and Third were thrown forward toward the left and formed to -charge the position, while Kemper's battery opened a rapid fire that -drove back the enemy without the aid of the infantry,[C] and Kershaw -moved on to fight his battle at Savage's farm. - -[Footnote C: Called by Sumner the battle of Allen's Farm.] - -His line ran from the railroad to near the Williamsburg road. The -battle began in earnest at 5:30 p. m. by the opening of Sumner's -artillery on Kershaw's skirmishers under Gaillard and Rutherford, -and lasted into the night. Kemper took position in the Williamsburg -road, the Eighth on his right, in support, and the Second, Third, and -Seventh on his left. Kershaw ordered his left regiments to charge, and -they dashed into the wood, driving through to the open beyond. In this -charge a heavy loss was inflicted upon the opposing force, which was -thrown into much disorder, and many prisoners taken. But Kershaw could -not maintain his position. Kemper and the Eighth were attacked and his -right flank turned. To meet this emergency, he ordered his line back to -the original position from which he had charged the wood, and at the -critical moment Semmes' brigade attacked the force that had turned his -right. Semmes, supported by Kemper's fire and the Eighth, drove back -the flanking column, and Kershaw repelled the assault on his front. -Night had come and Kershaw's battle was over. Major-General McLaws -says: "The South Carolina brigade carried into action 1,496 men and -lost in killed 47, wounded 234, missing 9; total 290." Semmes had only -two regiments engaged and lost 64, and the loss in other commands of -Magruder's force was only 36 in killed and wounded, which shows that -Magruder's battle to beat McClellan's rear was fought by the brigades -of Kershaw and Semmes, and only two regiments of the latter at that. -The brunt fell on the gallant command of Kershaw and his splendid -battery. Hart's battery, which operated with Jones' division on -Kershaw's left, lost 5 men wounded, 2 mortally. Hart engaged the enemy -from D. R. Jones' right, "compelling the retreat out of view of the -enemy's infantry." - -Jones put his division in admirable position on Kershaw's left for -attack, but he reports: "Scarcely had this disposition been made -when I received orders from General Magruder to fall back to the -railroad bridge with my whole command to support the right of his -line." This unfortunate order was inspired by Magruder's overrating -the movement which turned Kershaw's right, and which Semmes checked, -at little cost. But for Jones' withdrawal at the moment he was about -to attack, Savage Station might have been a harder blow to General -McClellan. McLaws compliments his brigade commanders in high terms. -Of Kershaw he says: "I beg leave to call attention to the gallantry, -cool, yet daring courage and skill in the management of his gallant -command exhibited by Brigadier-General Kershaw." Kershaw praises -the gallantry, self-possession and efficiency of his regimental -commanders, and the conduct of the men and officers. Lieut.-Col. -B. C. Garlington, of the Third, was killed, sword in hand, at the -head of his regiment. Lieut.-Col. A. D. Goodwyn, of the Second, and -Lieut.-Col. Elbert Bland, of the Seventh, were severely wounded and -honorably mentioned by Kershaw. Gaillard was distinguished in command -of the skirmishers. Kemper added to the laurels he won at Vienna, -Bull Run and Manassas. Captain Holmes and Lieutenants Doby and W. M. -Dwight, of the staff, were active and gallant in dispatching the orders -of their chief. The Second lost Captain Bartlett, "one of the most -gallant and conscientious officers belonging to it;" and Lieutenant -Perry, Company H, was severely wounded. The Third, besides its gallant -lieutenant-colonel, lost Capt. S. M. Lanford and Lieut. J. T. Ray. -Colonel Nance mentioned especially Capt. D. M. H. Langston and Maj. W. -D. Rutherford. The Seventh did not suffer as severely as the Third, -losing 82 killed and wounded. The Eighth, which was mainly in support -of Kemper's battery, lost but 2 killed and 8 wounded. - -It appears from General Sumner's report, that three corps, his own, -Franklin's and Heintzelman's, were under his command and put in line -of battle at Savage Station. Heintzelman (15,000) was ordered to hold -the Williamsburg road, but before the attack by Kershaw, General -Heintzelman left the field, and crossed White Oak swamp. Sumner speaks -of the assault by Kershaw and Semmes as being met by Burns' brigade, -"supported and reinforced by two lines in reserve, and finally by the -Sixty-ninth New York (Irish) regiment." He also speaks of Brooks' -brigade "holding a wood on the left," "doing excellent service," and -though wounded, "keeping his command until the close of the battle." -He says the action was "continued with great obstinacy until some time -after dark, when we drove the enemy from the field." It is evident that -Kershaw attacked Generals Burns and Brooks, the Sixty-ninth New York, -and "two lines in reserve." The reader may determine whether Kershaw -and Semmes were "driven from the field" of Savage Station. - -Sumner, having successfully guarded the passage of White Oak swamp by -his unequal battle with Kershaw's and Semmes' brigades and Kemper's -battery, followed Heintzelman's retreat at night, and crossing White -Oak marched to Glendale, near the junction of the Charles City and Long -Bridge roads. The passage across White Oak was skillfully broken up -and the roads approaching it obstructed. Franklin, with two divisions -and a brigade, stood on the south side, with batteries well posted, to -dispute the crossing. This he did throughout the whole of the 30th, -keeping Jackson's corps on the north side and effectually preventing -his taking any part in the battle of that day. While Jackson was -thundering at Franklin with his artillery, and Franklin was preventing -his passage of White Oak, McClellan was posting the divisions of -Hooker, McCall, Sedgwick, Kearny and Slocum in line of battle across -the Long Bridge road, confronting the expected advance of Lee down the -Charles City and Darbytown roads. - -The troops of Lee that had won the bloody battle of the 27th, north -of the Chickahominy, did not cross that river in pursuit of McClellan -until the morning of the 29th, at which time General Lee became assured -that his able antagonist was retreating upon the James. His orders, as -in the case of the first assault on the 26th, were faultless. Jackson -was to cross at Grapevine bridge and press the rear of the retreat; -Magruder was to attack the flank on the Williamsburg road; Huger to -move down the Charles City road, and Longstreet and A. P. Hill down the -Darbytown to the Long Bridge road; and Holmes to cross from the south -side of the James and march down the New Market road. A glance at a -good map will show that this plan was perfect in its conception. But -McClellan was fully equal to this great emergency, and put White Oak -swamp on his right, guarded by Franklin, and his five divisions in his -center to meet the advance upon him down the Charles City and Darbytown -roads, and selected a veritable Gibraltar for his left, crowned by -artillery and defended by a fleet of gunboats and Porter's and Keyes' -corps. - -In carrying out Lee's plan, everything miscarried but the movements -of Longstreet and A. P. Hill. We have seen how Kershaw and Semmes and -Kemper alone carried out Magruder's flank attack on the Williamsburg -road. On the 30th he was ordered to the Darbytown road and reached -it in time to come into effective battle on Longstreet's right, but -Holmes, moving on Malvern hill, saw that he had not force sufficient -to attack, sent for aid, and Magruder was sent to him. Neither of -these divisions was engaged on the 30th. Huger reported his march -obstructed by trees thrown across the road, had an affair with -outposts in his front, and was so badly balked in his march that he -did not reach the field of battle on the 30th. Jackson, whom Franklin -stopped at White Oak, served no other purpose on the 30th than to keep -Franklin's division and his artillery too busily engaged to join the -five divisions at Frayser's farm. All this reflects the highest credit -upon the military genius of McClellan, who directed the details of his -masterly retreat. - -Longstreet, in advance, came up with the Federal battle line, as above -described, on the morning of the 30th. A. P. Hill was closed up on his -march. Finding the enemy drawn up across his road, in front of the -point where the Charles City road falls into it (Long Bridge road), -he put his division in line of battle, with A. P. Hill in reserve, -and waited anxiously to hear from Huger on his left, and Magruder and -Holmes on his right. He felt sure that Jackson, crossing White Oak, -would be in time to fall on the Federal right and rear. General Lee -and the President were both at his headquarters when a Federal battery -opened in his immediate front. A shell from this battery exploded so -near the group as to wound one of the couriers and kill several horses. -At this moment (4 p. m.) artillery fire was heard back on the Charles -City road, and Longstreet, taking it for the signal of Huger that he -was near at hand, ordered one of his batteries to reply, and the battle -of Frayser's Farm was opened. The artillery on the Charles City road -was Huger's affair with one of Franklin's outposts. R. H. Anderson, the -senior brigadier, was assigned by Longstreet to the immediate direction -of his front, and Colonel Jenkins commanded the South Carolina brigade, -the first engaged in battle. He was ordered to silence the battery -in front with his sharpshooters, but he preferred to capture it, and -led his brigade forward, charged, drove back McCall's division, and -seized Randol's battery. Longstreet's whole division now engaged, the -troops in his front being those of McCall's and Kearny's divisions. The -battle was forward for a time and McCall and Kearny gave ground, but -Slocum reinforced Kearny against the Confederate left, and Sedgwick -and Hooker against the right, so that Longstreet's right was pushed -back and his left checked and pressed. He was compelled to assume the -defensive, and ordered up A. P. Hill to his immediate support. Gregg's -South Carolina brigade was thrown into the battle on the extreme left. -Hill restored the battle to its first aggressive stage, and McCall's -division was forced to retire, and that general fell into Longstreet's -hands. Longstreet and Hill, with their twelve brigades, drove one of -the Federal divisions from the field, and successfully resisted the -attacks of the other four, gaining ground forward and holding in the -end of the struggle all that they gained. Gregg, on the left, and -Jenkins, in the center, bore their full share of the great contest, the -latter capturing the battery of Randol, which, being retaken, was again -captured by Hill's advance. - -The battle lasted well into the night, the Federal divisions leaving -the field under the cover of darkness, followed by Franklin from White -Oak, to take their places in McClellan's last line on the James river. -There is no report from either R. H. Anderson, Gregg or Jenkins. -Longstreet specially mentions Anderson, Jenkins and Captain Kilpatrick -of the Palmetto sharpshooters in his report, for distinguished conduct. -A. P. Hill reports that Gregg was sent by General Longstreet's request -to support the brigades of Pryor and Featherston, and pushed their -battle forward. Featherston being wounded and for a time in the -enemy's hands, his brigade was driven back and scattered, "when," says -Hill, "Colonel McGowan, with the Fourteenth South Carolina, retrieved -our ground." Special mention is made by General Hill in his report -of Colonels McGowan, Edwards and Hamilton, and Lieutenant-Colonel -Simpson, of the Fourteenth. Gregg lost 12 killed and 105 wounded, the -heaviest loss falling on the Fourteenth. Jenkins lost over 450, 234 -of these from the Sharpshooters, the remainder being nearly equally -divided among the other regiments. Longstreet and Hill took fourteen -pieces of artillery, thousands of arms, several stand of colors and -hundreds of prisoners. The battle that General Lee had planned to be -fought by all the divisions of his army was actually fought by two. - -The Federal commanders greatly exaggerate the Confederate strength -in the battle. Before Gaines' Mill, A. P. Hill had 14,000 troops. -He could not have had more than 10,000 in his division at Frayser's -Farm. Nor could Longstreet's division have been larger. Kershaw -carried only 1,496 into the battle of Savage Station, and his was one -of Longstreet's best brigades. In McClellan's five divisions there -were fifteen brigades, which, at 1,500 each, would make his force at -Frayser's Farm greater than Longstreet's and Hill's by at least 2,500. -It must be remembered, too, that A. P. Hill was not put into the fight -until very late, when Longstreet had been engaged alone with the five -divisions. It was a stubborn battle, and well contested on both sides, -but the advantage was clearly with the Confederates. - -In the battle of Malvern Hill, which followed the day after Frayser's -Farm, but one of Lee's South Carolina brigades was seriously engaged, -that of Kershaw. McClellan rapidly and skillfully concentrated his army -on the night of the 30th of June and the morning of July 1st. He thus -describes his position and concentration: "The left and center of our -lines rested on Malvern hill, while the right curved backward through a -wooded country toward a point below Haxall's, on James river. Malvern -hill is an elevated plateau about a mile and a half by three-fourths of -a mile in area, well cleared of timber, with several converging roads -running over it." In front of this position there was a good range for -artillery, and on its left (west) the plateau falls off abruptly into -a ravine. Expecting attack from the front and left of his position, -McClellan made those points strongest and massed his artillery there, -sixty pieces of artillery and ten siege guns being "so disposed on the -high ground that a concentrated fire could be brought to bear on any -point in his front or left." Commodore Rodgers placed his flotilla to -command both flanks. The general line faced north and was nearly at -right angles to the line of McClellan's retreat from Frayser's farm and -distant about 3½ miles from that battlefield. - -Before this unassailable position General Lee brought up his whole -army. He resolved to attack with Magruder, Holmes and Huger, holding -A. P. Hill and Longstreet in reserve. To Magruder was assigned the -attack on Porter's position--the strongest on Malvern hill--supported -by Holmes, whose small division was in line on Magruder's right, facing -east. The attack was planned by Lee to be general along his whole -line; Holmes, then Magruder, then Huger, then Jackson. In spite of -McClellan's artillery, if this attack could have been made by noon, and -made by the whole line in a grand charge for the batteries, the Federal -army, already so terribly shaken, would have been unable to resist it, -and Lee's antagonist would have been literally driven to his gunboats. -Instead of all this, no attack was made until late in the evening. -Holmes did not attack at all, deeming it "perfect madness;" Magruder -and Huger, from the difficulty of communication with their commands, -and the wooded character of the country, put in their brigades one -after another, to charge across the open and up Malvern hill against -nearly one hundred guns, supported by the Federal army, in full view, -with the field and the woods swept by the gunboat batteries. Jackson -sent D. H. Hill and Whiting forward, in order, and supported them with -brigades from his own and Ewell's division, and they met a bloody -repulse; but they did not make the attack until after Magruder's and -Huger's brigades had been successively repulsed, some of them from the -very crown of the hill. - -It was 6 o'clock before Kershaw was ordered forward. His description -of his advance will indicate what doubtless happened to other gallant -brigades. Being in McLaws' line, on the farm adjoining Crew's farm, -he was ordered by one of Magruder's staff to "advance and attack the -enemy's battery." Having no other instructions, in total ignorance -of the country, or the position of the foe, Kershaw marched half a -mile forward in a wood, nearing the sound of battle and moving really -immediately against Porter's front, his artillery sweeping the open -and the woods through which Kershaw was marching. Reaching at last -the open, passing "three lines of troops" who had preceded him in -the attack, he moved up a ravine to the slopes of Malvern hill. The -artillery and infantry fire in front and flank was thinning his ranks, -when his friends in rear (Twenty-sixth Georgia) by mistake opened -fire upon him. At this crisis he ordered the whole brigade to retire -and reform further to the right. While reforming on the Second South -Carolina, General Ewell called him to support immediately a brigade he -was about to lead against "the enemy's battery," and was so urgent, -that without waiting for the rest of his brigade, he led the Second in -support of Ewell's gallant and useless charge, and with this affair, -night having fully come, Kershaw's brigade had done the part assigned -to it at Malvern hill. The long march to this point, after the battle -of Savage Station, with its losses, had reduced the strength of the -brigade. Kershaw took into the advance on Malvern hill 956 men and -lost 164. The attack on Malvern hill failed of its purpose, but one -thing it did accomplish; the repeated assaults were so gallant and -determined, and pressed so near the enemy's guns, and inflicted so -great a loss upon him, and so many brigades rested at night so close -up to his defense, that he lost confidence in his ability to continue -his successful defense on Malvern hill, and gave up the position during -the night, leaving his dead unburied, his wounded in Confederate hands, -and property and stores of great value on the field. His retreat was to -a strong camp at Harrison's landing, immediately under the protection -of Commodore Rodgers' flotilla. - -With Malvern Hill, Lee's battles with McClellan in front of Richmond -practically ended. McClellan reported his total losses, from June 26th -to July 1st, inclusive, at 15,249. Lee, for the same time, reported his -total loss at 18,351. In McClellan's report he acknowledges the capture -of 5,958 of his army, under the head of missing; but clearly he is -wide of the mark according to the actual count in Richmond. As General -Lee reported: "More than 10,000 prisoners, including officers of rank, -52 pieces of artillery, and upward of 35,000 stand of small-arms were -captured. The stores and supplies of every description which fell into -our hands were great in amount and value, but small in comparison with -those destroyed by the enemy." - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - - THE COAST OF SOUTH CAROLINA, SUMMER OF 1862--OPERATIONS UNDER - GENERAL PEMBERTON--ENGAGEMENT AT OLD POCOTALIGO--CAMPAIGN ON JAMES - ISLAND--BATTLE OF SECESSIONVILLE. - - -At the close of the spring of 1862, the Federal army in South Carolina, -under General Hunter, had not made lodgment on the mainland. The -enemy's gunboats, commanding the waters surrounding the islands, made -ineffectual attacks on several of the batteries on shore. - -On May 29th, a small force under Colonel Christ, of the Fiftieth -Pennsylvania regiment, a company of cavalry and one company of the -Eighth Michigan regiment, crossing at Port Royal ferry, made an attack -at Old Pocotaligo with a view of reaching and cutting the Charleston & -Savannah railroad. This force was met by the Rutledge mounted riflemen, -Capt. W. L. Trenholm, and two companies, A and D, of the First -battalion of South Carolina cavalry, the whole under Maj. J. H. Morgan. -A spirited engagement followed along the banks of Screven's canal, but -the Confederates, numbering only seventy-six men, were forced back to a -point three-quarters of a mile beyond Old Pocotaligo, where they took -up a strong position. - -Col. W. S. Walker, commanding the Third military district, having -arrived on the field, directed this movement and awaited the second -attack. The first attack had been made at 10:30 a. m., and the -Confederates were not dislodged until 1 o'clock. At 4 o'clock Captain -Elliott brought up three pieces of his Beaufort battery, and Captains -Izard and Wyman, with their companies (I and F) of the Eleventh -South Carolina, also reinforced Walker. Later Col. J. H. Means, with -his regiment, 400 strong, came up to Colonel Walker's aid. But his -dispositions were not to be tried by the Federals. Colonel Christ, -though he had now with him a reinforcement of Connecticut artillery, -determined not to attack, and being covered by the woods in his -retreat, was far on his way to Garden's corners before Walker got -information of it and began the pursuit. He succeeded in crossing Port -Royal ferry at night in flats which were in readiness, before he could -be engaged by the Confederates. - -Elliott put his guns in position at the ferry next morning and battered -the ferry-house which sheltered the Federal picket, and destroyed the -flats. In this affair Christ reported a loss of 2 killed and 9 wounded, -and Walker, 2 killed, 6 wounded and 1 missing. The Federal commander -estimated the Confederate force at from 600 to 800, but in the actual -engagement along Screven's canal, Walker had only 76 men, rank and -file; 110 men, armed for the most part only with sabers, being held -a mile in rear with the horses, under orders to charge in case of a -disaster in front. - -Colonel Walker, in his official report, mentions in special praise the -conduct of Capt. W. L. Trenholm and his riflemen; Lieut. R. M. Skinner -and his small command of the First battalion cavalry; Captain Elliott, -of the Beaufort artillery; Capt. W. W. Elliott, acting ordnance -officer; Lieut. L. J. Walker, of the Rutledge riflemen; Lieut. E. H. -Barnwell, acting assistant adjutant-general; Corp. W. H. Jeffers, and -Privates J. D. Taylor and W. K. Steadman of the riflemen. - -This attempt, like all others, failed to reach the railroad, and served -only to inspire Walker and other commanders along its line to increased -watchfulness. Thus closed the spring campaign on the coast of South -Carolina. - -An event occurred in Charleston harbor on the morning of May 13th -which, no doubt, determined the movement of a large force against the -Confederate position on James island. This was the abduction of the -steamer Planter by a portion of the crew, who took the steamer out -of the harbor and turned her over to the Federal fleet. The Planter -was a swift, light-draught vessel, employed in transporting ordnance -and stores to the forts and batteries of the harbor and the vicinity. -She had a white captain, mate and engineer, and a crew of eight -intelligent negroes. The day before her abduction she had been loaded -at Southern wharf with heavy ordnance for the Middle Ground battery in -the harbor, consisting of a banded rifle 42, an 8-inch columbiad, an -8-inch howitzer, and a 32-pounder. She carried for her own defense a -32-pounder and a 24-pounder howitzer. The captain, mate and engineer, -contrary to written orders, were in the city, when four of the crew, -under the leadership of one of their number, Jacob Small, fired up -and boldly ran out of the harbor before daylight, the Planter being -taken for a guard boat by the forts and allowed to pass. The crew were -well-informed men and thoroughly acquainted with the situation around -Charleston, and especially with the recent removal of the guns from the -Georgetown defenses and from Cole's island, at the mouth of Stono river. - -All this information was, of course, carried to the Federal commanders. -Great excitement followed in the city, and all the troops and posts -were ordered to be ready for attack, especially by way of the land. The -abandonment of Fort Palmetto at the mouth of the Stono left the way -open to the Federal fleet to enter that river, and to General Hunter -to land a large force on James island. Following the plan which he had -adopted after the fall of Port Royal harbor, General Pemberton gave up -the defense of the sea islands and the harbor of Georgetown, and made -the Charleston & Savannah railroad his main line south of Charleston, -drawing in the defenses on James island to a line running across the -island from Secessionville on its left to Fort Pemberton, on the Stono, -on its right. - -This policy was unpopular with the governor, the military generally -and the people, and made General Pemberton, an honest and patriotic -soldier, both unpopular and mistrusted. The idea was abroad that he did -not mean to defend the city to the last; that he was not confident of -success, and that he was not equal to the emergency. These sentiments -were freely communicated to General Lee and to President Davis by -the governor and by prominent citizens of the State. General Ripley, -who commanded the harbor defenses and the forces on James island, -regarded the abandonment of Fort Palmetto as a fatal mistake, and at -his request, he was ordered to join General Lee in front of Richmond. -General Ripley had shown great energy and unusual ability as an -artillery officer, and possessed the full confidence of the military -and the people. He had made the Palmetto a strong battery and had -put in command an accomplished officer, Maj. J. J. Lucas, with his -artillery battalion supported by infantry. Cole's island, on which Fort -Palmetto was situated, was surrounded by creeks and marshes, and the -causeway in its rear ran along the river to Battery island, and thence -by causeway to James island. Battery island was immediately on the -river and was also strongly fortified. General Pemberton was satisfied -that the Federal boats could run by both forts, and with their superior -guns command the approach from James island so effectually as to make -it impossible to send relief to either point. In this view of the -situation he was fortified by the judgment of General Lee. Possessing -the courage of his military convictions, the heavy guns from both -positions were removed early in May, and by General Ripley's order were -put in position at Elliott's cut and on the lines east of James Island -creek. Cole's island was occupied by a battalion of the Twenty-fourth -South Carolina volunteer infantry, in observation, under Lieut.-Col. -Ellison Capers, with instructions to prevent barges or small boats -entering the Stono, or landing detachments on either Cole's or Battery -island. - -How far Major-General Pemberton communicated his views respecting the -immediate defense of Charleston to his subordinates or to Governor -Pickens, is not known, but to General Lee he wrote, on May 21st, after -the gunboats had entered the Stono and anchored off Battery island, -that he favored the abandonment of Forts Sumter and Moultrie and the -defense of Charleston from the city itself. This remarkable judgment -was expressed to General Lee in an official letter dated at Charleston, -May 21, 1862, addressed to Col. A. L. Long, military secretary. The -following are extracts: - - I don't suppose there is any immediate intention of attacking - Charleston.... Our land defenses on James island, however, are very - strong. The battery constructed at Elliott's cut, on Stono river - (not yet entirely completed), mounts only eight guns. I desire to - make it twenty, but under present arrangements cannot effect it. - [This battery, gradually strengthened, became a splendid fort, and - as its history will show, did gallant service against repeated - attacks. It was named Fort Pemberton, in honor of the major-general - commanding.] I do not regard Charleston as strong. What under the old - system of warfare was our strength, is now our great weakness. The - many approaches by water and the recent proof of the practicability - of their gunboats passing our batteries [Port Royal] have made the - defense of this city a very difficult problem to solve. To obstruct - 2,000 yards of channel (and this with relation to the forts, Sumter - and Moultrie, is decided upon as the most feasible) looks almost like - an impossibility. Every effort, however, is being made to accomplish - it. I am decidedly of the opinion that the most effectual defense of - the city of Charleston can and should be made from and around the - city itself. I believe that when the enemy is prepared to assault the - forts at the entrance of the harbor, he will do so with such force and - with such appliances as will reduce it to a question of time only. - Our great reliance being in these works, when they fall our means of - defense will be inadequate to hold the city; but with the guns now - within their walls, I am satisfied that however great might be the - injury to the city itself from bombardment, his fleet could be kept - from polluting its streets. This has been for some time my opinion, - and I am glad to find many gentlemen of eminence and intelligence who - entirely concur with me.... The forts should not only be dismounted, - but destroyed. They will be of no use after the termination of this - war in their present condition, for I take it, impregnable ironclad - batteries must take the place of stone and mortar. I propose this - subject for the serious consideration of the department. - -These views of General Pemberton were certainly known to the "eminent -gentlemen" who agreed in them, but they were not shared by Governor -Pickens and his able council, nor by the military, nor by the citizens -generally. Forts Sumter and Moultrie, garrisoned by well drilled and -disciplined soldiers, commanded by accomplished and gallant officers, -were the pride and hope of old Charleston, as they stood on either side -of her great sea gate equipped and eager for her defense. Their history -was destined to prove how well this confidence was placed. - -Members of the governor's council addressed a communication to General -Pemberton, which expressed the apprehensions as well as the fixed -purpose of the State authorities. The members of the council proposed -to the general specific interrogatories, to which they asked, in -the most respectful terms, his immediate reply. He was asked: (1) -If in the event of his determining, for military considerations, to -retire the Confederate troops from Charleston, would he consider it -an interference with his authority for the governor and council to -undertake its defense? (2) Would he be willing to advise the governor -and council in such an emergency? (3) Would he be willing to give any -assistance in his power? - -General Pemberton replied promptly, assuring the gentlemen who had -addressed him the interrogations of his appreciation of the situation -and of his hearty willingness to promote in any way the defense of the -city, and asking that any plans for defensive works undertaken by the -governor and council be submitted to him. Meanwhile he was doing all -in his power to strengthen the defenses on James island and to hold -his forces well in hand to be concentrated at the point of attack. -General Pemberton had under his command for the defense of Charleston -and on the line of the Charleston & Savannah railroad, about 20,000 -effectives, and in the department of Georgia about 10,000 from which he -could draw reinforcements in the event of an attack on Charleston. - -General Hunter, commanding the Federal forces in South Carolina, -reported an aggregate of 16,989 effectives, stationed along the coast -from Tybee, Ga., to Edisto island. These troops were commanded by -Brigadier-Generals Benham, Viele, Stevens, Wright and Gilmore, and were -mainly concentrated on Daufuskie island, at Hilton Head and Beaufort, -and on Edisto island. The Federal force was greatly overestimated -by the Confederates, and it was believed that an army of at least -25,000 or 30,000 could be thrown upon James or John's island in an -advance upon Charleston from that direction, while a powerful fleet of -armored vessels might be expected to attack by the harbor. The Federal -commander, with a similar overestimate of the Confederate forces, -wrote to Washington in the latter part of April, 1862, rating General -Pemberton's forces as follows: At Savannah, 30,000; at Charleston, -25,000; at Augusta, 10,000; a total of 65,000! He was doubtless better -informed by the intelligent crew of the Planter, and then determined -upon the occupation of James island. - -The Planter was stolen by her negro crew on the 13th of May, and two -gunboats entered the Stono on the 20th following. The channel was open, -the guns were all gone from the forts on Cole's and Battery islands, -and the gunboats threw their 11-inch shells with perfect impunity -on the right and left as they ran up the river. They anchored beyond -Battery island, which would have effectually cut off the retreat of -the battalion under Colonel Capers, if no other means of escape had -been provided. By the energy and forethought of Col. C. H. Stevens, -commanding the Twenty-fourth volunteers, an interior causeway had -been thrown up, and bridges built, running from Cole's island to -James island, right through the marsh and over the creeks, and by -this causeway Colonel Capers retreated without the loss of a man, -having burned the military barracks at Fort Palmetto and removed the -small supply of stores. It was now evident that the Federals planned -a lodgment on James island, for the number of their boats increased -gradually in the river, and on the 2d of June, General Benham landed a -part of his command at Battery island, under Brig.-Gen. I. I. Stevens. -Here they were secure under the guns of the fleet in the Stono. By June -5th another division under Gen. H. G. Wright, having marched across -Seabrook and John's island from North Edisto, had crossed the Stono -from Legaréville to Grimball's on James island. These two divisions -constituted the force of General Benham, that of Wright covering his -left on the Stono, and that of Stevens his right, immediately in -front of Secessionville. The gunboats in the Stono, firing by signals -from the Federal camps and advance pickets, enfiladed their front and -afforded effective support. - -On the early morning of June 3d, the day after General Stevens had -landed, the first affair of the James island campaign took place. The -One Hundredth Pennsylvania regiment had been advanced as far as the -causeway crossing the marsh at Rivers' place, where the Charleston -Riflemen and the Beauregard light infantry, Lieutenant Lynch and -Captain White commanding, were on outpost duty. On the causeway -in their front, three seacoast 24-pounder howitzers, of Captain -Chichester's battery, were bogged so badly in an attempt to take them -across, the evening before, that they had been left in this position, -and were now covered by the rifles of the Pennsylvanians. - -Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers, with four companies of the Twenty-fourth -volunteers, was sent before day, on the 3d, to extricate the guns. He -found Captain White and Lieutenant Lynch holding the Federal regiment -in check, and, ordering them to join his command, at once made his -dispositions for attack. A sharp conflict in the pines beyond the -causeway drove the enemy back to the cover of a ditch and bank beyond, -and this position being assaulted and carried, the Federals fell back -across an old field and took shelter in a row of negro houses at -Legaré's place. At this point of the engagement, Lieut.-Col. P. C. -Gaillard, commanding the Charleston battalion, came up to the support -of Colonel Capers. The following is his report to Colonel Capers of the -affair which followed his arrival: - - Learning on Tuesday morning, the 3d instant, that you were engaged - with the enemy at Legaré's, and that they were in larger force than - yourself, I assembled the five companies of my battalion (one, the - Charleston Riflemen, being already with you) to reinforce you.... Soon - after joining, you called upon me for three companies to join in a - charge upon the buildings occupied by the enemy. The Irish Volunteers, - Sumter Guards and Calhoun Guards were designated for that duty, and - well did they respond.... I joined in the charge also, but seeing you - up with them, I fell back (by your order) to take charge of the line - in rear. - -The three companies named above, with the Evans Guard of the -Twenty-fourth volunteers, the Charleston Riflemen and Beauregard -light infantry, were led in the charge on the houses by their gallant -officers, Captain Gooding, Lieutenant Lynch, Captain Ryan, Captain -White, Lieut. Ward Hopkins and Captain Miles, and stormed and silenced -the Federals at the houses. Some of them surrendered, but most -retreated to their supports in the direction of Battery island. The -gunboats, in full view in the Stono, opened a fire on the Confederates, -and the enemy's supports, Twenty-eighth Massachusetts and Eighth -Michigan, coming rapidly up, a retreat was ordered, and with a Federal -captain and 20 other prisoners, Colonel Capers fell back to the -position held by Colonel Gaillard. The enemy did not advance further -than Legaré's, and the affair was over. The adjutant of the Charleston -battalion, Lieut. Henry Walker, was wounded at the houses and fell into -the enemy's hands. In this affair 9 men of the Twenty-fourth and 8 of -the Charleston battalion were wounded. - -The engagement just described, and a reconnoissance in front of -Grimball's on the 10th of June, gallantly made by the Forty-seventh -Georgia regiment, fully developed the positions and force of the -Federal army on James island. General Pemberton was active and -efficient in strengthening the lines of defense and in concentrating -troops on the island. By June 15th a force fully equal to that of -the Federal army was encamped behind the batteries, and on the lines -of defense from Fort Pemberton on the Stono, at Elliott's, cut, to -Secessionville on the extreme east, under Brig.-Gens. N. G. Evans, W. -D. Smith and S. R. Gist, the former in chief command. Col. Johnson -Hagood, First volunteers, commanded the advance guard, composed of -his own regiment, the Twenty-fourth, Col. C. H. Stevens; the Eutaw -battalion, Lieut.-Col. C. H. Simonton, and the Fourth Louisiana -battalion, Lieut.-Col. J. McEnery. This force was encamped outside -the line of defense, and was charged with guarding the front of the -Confederate line, except the immediate front of Secessionville, which -was protected by its own outposts. - -Secessionville is situated on a peninsula cut from the east side of the -island by an arm of Lighthouse creek, a bold tidewater stream which -empties into the harbor of Charleston, east of Fort Johnson. At the -point of the peninsula of Secessionville where the battery was erected, -the peninsula is narrowest, probably not more than half regimental -front, and on either side of it run the tidewaters of Lighthouse creek -and Big Folly creek, bordered by impracticable marshes. The banks of -the peninsula in front and in rear of the battery were fringed by a -thick growth of myrtle bushes. Col. T. G. Lamar was in command of the -fort at Secessionville (afterward called Fort Lamar, in his honor) and -its infantry supports. The garrison consisted of Companies I and B of -Lamar's regiment of South Carolina artillery, Capts. G. D. Keitt and -Samuel J. Reid; and the infantry support was composed of two battalions -of infantry, the Charleston battalion, Lieut.-Col. P. C. Gaillard, and -the Pee Dee battalion, Lieut.-Col. A. D. Smith. The battery mounted -an 8-inch columbiad, two 24-pounder rifles, several 18-pounders, and -a mortar. A gunboat battery on the east bank, anchored in Big Folly -creek, and commanded by Capt. F. N. Bonneau, would have been an -effective ally, had not its guns just been moved on shore to be added -to those of the fort. - -In the early morning of June 16th, the Secessionville picket was -on duty at Rivers' place, a mile in front of the fort, and the -Twenty-fourth, with six companies of the First South Carolina and one -of the Forty-seventh Georgia, was covering the front of the east lines, -under command of Col. C. H. Stevens. In the fort a gun detachment was -awake and on the watch, but the remainder of the garrison was fast -asleep. - -At 1 o'clock a. m., Gen. N. G. Evans had started 100 picked men from -Colonel Goodlett's Twenty-second regiment, under Capt. Joshua Jamison, -as a fatigue party, to go over the bridge to Fort Lamar and assist in -mounting Captain Bonneau's guns in the fort. These men reached the fort -about daylight. Just at dawn the Secessionville picket was surprised -and several of them captured. The main picket force ran in and gave -the first notice to Lamar of the enemy's rapid advance on his position. -The garrison was aroused and at the guns and on the flanks just in -time to meet the gallant assault of the Eighth Michigan, Seventh -Connecticut, Seventy-ninth New York, Twenty-eighth Massachusetts, One -Hundredth Pennsylvania and Forty-sixth New York, with Rockwell's and -Strahan's light batteries and a company of engineers. The six regiments -were moved forward in two lines, both under the immediate direction of -Gen. I. I. Stevens, and each commanded by its senior colonel. As they -advanced the peninsula narrowed, and when within short range of the -works, the left regiment of the front line, the Seventh Connecticut, -was crowded into the marsh. Just at this juncture Lamar fired the -8-inch columbiad charged with canister, and in rapid succession the -24's and 18's, and the mortar opened. The whole line wavered and was -broken in some confusion. Urged on by their officers, the Connecticut, -Michigan and New York regiments pressed forward, the latter two in -larger numbers gaining ground. Groups of men and officers of these -two regiments gained the ditch and both flanks of the work, and some -of them mounted the work. They were met by the galling fire of the -infantry of Gaillard and Smith, and were either killed or captured. -Meanwhile the 100 men under Jamison, sent to mount Bonneau's guns, -arrived and promptly took their places on the parapet, adding their -rifles to the fire of the Charleston and Pee Dee battalions. - -A number of the assaulting force, moving along the marsh under cover -of the myrtle bushes, gained a lodgment on the right flank and in rear -of the work, and were doing serious execution by their fire, hid as -they were, and shielded by the bank of the peninsula. But they were -soon dislodged by the rifles of the Fourth Louisiana battalion, sent -by Colonel Hagood to reinforce the garrison as soon as he learned that -the fort was being attacked. The Louisianians coming up at a run were -promptly put into position by their gallant commander, Colonel McEnery, -and drove the Federals from the myrtles into the marsh or out into -the field. Two 24-pounders, in battery on the west flank of the fort -and west of the creek and marsh, had been silent up to this moment. -Colonel Hagood, who had moved promptly down the Battery Island road to -check any advance by that way, and protect the right front of the fort, -noting the silence of the flank battery, dispatched Lieutenant-Colonel -Capers to open the fire of these guns. Finding a small detachment of -Lamar's artillery at the guns, under Lieutenant Kitching, a prompt and -gallant response to the order to open fire was made, and under the -direction of Colonel Capers solid shot and shell were delivered along -the line of the myrtles, and into the regiments vainly endeavoring to -form on the field in front of the work. The sun was now fully up and -Lamar's victory was achieved, though both sides continued to fire until -the Federal regiments had withdrawn from range. - -During the assault upon the fort, a column of forty companies of -infantry, two batteries of artillery and a squadron of cavalry, about -2,500 strong, under Brigadier-General Wright, advanced along the -Battery Island road and up the west side of Lighthouse creek, as a -covering force for the protection of the left and rear of the troops -assaulting Secessionville. This force was made up of the Third New -Hampshire, and companies of the Third Rhode Island, Ninety-seventh -Pennsylvania, Sixth Connecticut, Forty-seventh New York, Forty-fifth -Pennsylvania, and First New York engineers. The advance of Hagood down -the Battery Island road, with a portion of the First and Twenty-fourth -South Carolina and the Eutaw battalion, brought him in contact with -General Wright's advance, which he checked and repelled. The Eutaw -battalion was placed behind an obstruction of felled timber on the -east of the road, and four companies of the Twenty-fourth still -further to the left and immediately in front of the enemy's advance. -One piece of Boyce's battery, under Lieutenant Jeter, was put in -position immediately on the right of the Twenty-fourth and the four -companies of the First south of the road. Jeter opened fire on the -enemy, in full view at Hill's place, and immediately Wright's artillery -replied, shelling the whole front of Hagood's force and throwing solid -shot at Jeter's gun. The Third Rhode Island advanced to charge the -position, but was handsomely repulsed by Colonels Stevens and Simonton -and the effective fire of Jeter. By this time the contest in front -of Secessionville having been determined, General Wright retired his -troops to their intrenched positions, and the battle of Secessionville -was ended. - -After the first repulse, the fort was again in danger from the fire -of infantry and artillery in its rear and right flank by a portion -of Wright's column, which had marched up the west bank of Lighthouse -creek and were in position south and east of Hill's negro houses. It -was this force that McEnery attacked as he came up, firing at short -range across the creek. They were ultimately driven off by the fire of -the 24-pounders in front of Clark's house, above alluded to, and by -Hagood's troops. The latter were well posted, and when assaulted easily -repulsed the attack. Lieutenant Jeter with his guns did good service in -this affair; indeed, the position of General Wright's column at Hill's -houses, though for a short time it took the work at Secessionville in -flank and rear, was between the infantry fire of McEnery at the fort -and Hagood's force and the 24-pounder battery at Clark's house. If -Colonel Hagood had had his whole advance guard under his command, with -Boyce's entire battery, he could have moved immediately against General -Wright's column, striking him in flank and rear. On the contrary, if -Wright had known that Hagood had with him only the total strength of a -good regiment, with one piece of artillery, he would doubtless have -attacked with his entire force instead of with a portion of the Rhode -Island regiment only. - -The force assaulting the fort numbered, of all arms, 3,562. It was -defended by two companies of artillery, three battalions of infantry, -and 100 picked men under Captain Jamison, a total of less than 1,000 -men. Wright's column could not have been less than 2,500 to 3,000 of -all arms. Hagood's force did not exceed 700 men, with one piece of -artillery. The Confederate troops actually engaged did not exceed 1,800. - -General Stevens reported a loss of 529 men and officers in his -assaulting column; General Wright, 129; making an aggregate of 658. -Colonel Hagood took 12 prisoners and counted 12 dead in front of -Colonel Stevens' four companies, and 8 in front of the Eutaw battalion. -More than the number reported by General Stevens were buried on the -field, and while that general reports 1 officer and 30 men made -prisoners, by actual count the Confederates took 65 wounded and 42 -unwounded prisoners. The total Federal loss could not have been less -than 750 to 800. - -The Confederates lost in killed, wounded and missing, 204 officers and -men, as follows: Forty-seventh Georgia, 1 killed; Fourth Louisiana, -6 killed, 22 wounded; Lamar's artillery, 15 killed, 39 wounded, 1 -missing; Charleston battalion, 10 killed, 40 wounded, 2 missing; Pee -Dee battalion, 3 killed, 23 wounded, 3 missing; First volunteers, 1 -wounded; Twenty-second volunteers, 10 killed, 8 wounded; Twenty-fourth -volunteers, 3 killed, 7 wounded, 2 missing; Eutaw battalion, 4 killed, -14 wounded; total, 5 officers and 47 men killed, 12 officers and 132 -men wounded, 8 missing; aggregate 204. - -Among the gallant dead were Capt. Henry C. King and Lieut. John J. -Edwards, of the Charleston battalion; Capt. Samuel J. Reed, of Lamar's -artillery; Lieut. Richard W. Greer, of the Eutaw battalion, and -Lieut. B. A. Graham, of the Forty-seventh Georgia. Colonel Lamar and -Lieutenant-Colonel Gaillard were both wounded severely. Also among the -wounded were Captain Walker, of the Fourth Louisiana; Capts. J. A. -Blake, F. T. Miles and R. P. Smith, and Lieuts. J. W. Axson, George -Brown, John Burke and F. R. Lynch of the Charleston battalion; Lieut. -J. G. Beatty of the Pee Dee battalion; Lieut. F. W. Andrews of the -Twenty-fourth, and Lieut. Samuel J. Berger of the Eutaw battalion. - -It was a gallant assault on the part of the Federals and came near -being a complete surprise. But for the heroic conduct of the garrison -in standing to their guns, and the persistent and gallant support of -the Charleston and Pee Dee battalions and Jamison's men, who fought on -the parapet and on the flanks, the Michigan and New York regiments and -the Seventh Connecticut would have swarmed over the work at the first -assault, closely followed by their supports. - -The news of the victory at Secessionville was heralded to every quarter -of the State and the Confederacy, and filled the hearts of soldiers and -people with joy and thanksgiving. General Pemberton congratulated the -troops engaged in orders, and especially acknowledged the heroism and -ability of Lamar and his garrison. In published orders, the following -officers and soldiers were specially mentioned for good conduct: Col. -T. G. Lamar, Lieut.-Cols. P. C. Gaillard, A. D. Smith, John McEnery -and Ellison Capers; Majs. David Ramsay and J. H. Hudson; Capts. Samuel -J. Reed, Henry C. King, F. T. Miles, G. D. Keitt, W. W. McCreery, F. -N. Bonneau, R. E. Elliott, S. J. Corrie, H. W. Carr, Joshua Jamison, -Samuel S. Tompkins and W. H. Ryan; Asst. Surg. James Evans; Lieutenants -Hall and Matthews, C. S. N.; Adjt. E. J. Frederick; Lieuts. W. H. -Rodgers, J. B. Kitching, J. B. Humbert, W. S. Barton, J. W. Moseley, -T. P. Oliver, John A. Bellinger, W. M. Johnson, J. W. Lancaster, L. -S. Hill, H. H. Sally, J. B. Cobb, William Beckham, George Brown, A. A. -Allemand, James Campbell and R. A. Blum; Sergt. W. H. Hendricks, and -Privates Joseph Tennent, J. Campbell Martin, and T. Grange Simons, Jr. - -Maj. David Ramsay, who succeeded to the command of the Charleston -battalion on the wounding of Lieutenant-Colonel Gaillard, closes his -brief report with this appropriate and just tribute, applicable to -each of the commands engaged in the battle of Secessionville. "I have -mentioned those especially noticeable, but can only repeat that I -refrain from enumerating others because it would be to furnish a roll -of those engaged." - -Signally repulsed at Secessionville, and convinced of the strength of -the line of defense across the island, the Federal commander-in-chief -abandoned the campaign, evacuated James island the last of June, and -aggregated the main portion of his troops at Hilton Head, Beaufort and -North Edisto. There were left only the gunboats in the lower Stono, -and the blockading fleet off the bar to menace Charleston. The troops -which had reinforced the command of General Gist on James island were -returned to their former stations on the coast and at Savannah, and the -heroes of Secessionville were toasted on every hand. - -During the remainder of the summer, several affairs occurred along the -coast which illustrated the watchfulness and gallantry of the South -Carolina soldiers. An expedition to Fenwick's island was organized and -successfully conducted by Maj. R. J. Jeffords, commanding the Sixth -battalion South Carolina cavalry, and the enemy's positions in the -surrounding waters and on the adjacent islands fully reported to Col. -W. S. Walker, commanding the Third district. On the 14th of August, the -Federal gunboats, having entered Winyaw bay, steamed up Black river -as far as Mrs. Sparkman's plantation, 20 miles above Georgetown. Maj. -W. P. Emanuel, commanding in that quarter, with a section of Wood's -battery and all his troops south of the river, marched at once to Mrs. -Sparkman's and boldly attacked the boats with rifles and battery. The -enemy's force that had landed was compelled to re-embark, and the boats -soon steamed down the river, shelling the banks on their way. Major -Emanuel threw his mounted infantry forward at every available bluff, -and gave the boats a spirited fight on their return to Georgetown. A -picket force on Pinckney island was surprised and captured at dawn -of the 21st of August, by Captains Elliott and Mickler. This was an -incursion far into the enemy's lines, and at the risk of being cut off -by his gunboats, which were in the immediate vicinity. The lieutenant -commanding the Federal picket was killed, with 14 of his men, and 36 -were captured, 4 of whom were wounded. The expedition left Bear island -in nine boats, 120 strong, detachments from the Eleventh volunteers, -Captains Mickler, Leadbetter and Wescoat commanding, and from the -Beaufort artillery, Lieutenant Stuart commanding, the whole directed by -Capts. Stephen Elliott and John H. Mickler. The affair was well planned -and gallantly executed, with the loss of only 8 men wounded on the part -of the Confederates. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - - GENERAL BEAUREGARD IN COMMAND--THE DEFENSES OF CHARLESTON--DISPOSITION - OF TROOPS--BATTLE OF POCOTALIGO--REPULSE OF ENEMY AT COOSAWHATCHIE - BRIDGE--OPERATIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA--BATTLE OF KINSTON--DEFENSE OF - GOLDSBORO. - - -On the 29th of August, General Beauregard, who had been in command of -the army in Mississippi, was ordered to take charge in South Carolina. -General Pemberton was directed to report for duty at Richmond. His -policy of abandoning the attempt to defend the mouth of Broad river -and the harbor of Georgetown, and especially his removal of the guns -from the mouth of the Stono, had made him unpopular; but his energy, -ability and patriotism commanded the respect of the military, and the -government at Richmond reposed in him the highest confidence. Upon -taking the command at Charleston in September, General Beauregard -made a careful inspection of the department, and writing to Richmond, -expressed his admiration for the amount and character of defensive -work which General Pemberton had done, especially in the defense of -Charleston. - -Having requested General Pemberton to give his views upon the -situation, and particularly as to the forces, guns, etc., necessary to -the proper defense of the cities of Charleston and Savannah and their -dependencies, General Beauregard received the following reply from -Pemberton, dated September 24, 1862: - - I have the honor to state in answer to your inquiry, that in my - opinion this department can be successfully defended against any - reasonable force which it is probable the enemy may bring against it - [by the following forces], to wit: - - James island: 10,000 infantry, 1,000 heavy artillery, 500 cavalry, 6 - field batteries. Morris island: 1,000 infantry, 250 heavy artillery, - 50 cavalry. Sullivan's island: 1,500 infantry, 800 heavy artillery, - 50 cavalry, 1 field battery. Christ Church: 1,000 infantry, 100 heavy - artillery, 200 cavalry, 1 field battery. St. Andrew's: 2,000 infantry - (movable column), 200 heavy artillery, 200 cavalry, 2 field batteries. - Second military district: 5,000 infantry, 800 cavalry, 200 heavy - artillery, 2 field batteries. Third military district: 5,000 troops - of all arms. Savannah: 10,000 infantry, 1,200 heavy artillery, 2,000 - cavalry, 8 field batteries. Fort Sumter: 500 heavy artillery, 100 - riflemen. Georgetown (merely for preventing marauding, the defense of - Winyaw bay requiring obstructions and a numerous heavy artillery, both - of which are entirely out of the question): 7 companies of cavalry, 3 - batteries of artillery, 3 companies of infantry. The above estimate - is based upon the supposition that attacks may be made simultaneously - upon different points. - -Upon this communication, General Beauregard endorsed: "Approved as the -minimum force required, as above stated, to guard with security the -department of South Carolina and Georgia." - -General Beauregard was warmly received by the governor and council of -South Carolina, by the military and by the citizens. Governor Pickens -addressed him the following letter a few days after his taking command: - - Dear General: I enclose the within to you, being a letter from myself - to General Lee, dated May 23d, and one from him in reply, dated May - 29th, containing an order to General Pemberton relating to the defense - of Charleston. It strikes me that the defense of Charleston is now of - the last importance to the Confederacy, and in my very full interview - yesterday, I took the liberty of urging that Fort Sumter was the key - to the harbor and in fact was almost absolutely essential to enable - the South to hold communication with the foreign world.... I am - rejoiced to see you here again, as there is no general who could have - been selected to whom South Carolina would look with more confidence - for her defense than yourself. Our whole coast involves the most - complicated difficulties in defense, and all the highest range of - science in war is required to make that defense successful. Feeling - the greatest confidence in your abilities, and well knowing that - this position is well suited to your peculiar talents and scientific - knowledge, it affords me the greatest pleasure to co-operate with you - in anything that you may suggest, and to offer you all the resources - of the State that I may be able to command. - -After an inspection of the harbor defenses, and the lines and work on -James island, General Beauregard reported the result of his examination -in the following letter, of date October 3, 1862, addressed to -Adjutant-General Cooper at Richmond: - - Accompanied by Major-General Pemberton, Brigadier-General Jordan, - my chief of staff, Colonel Gonzales, chief of artillery, and - Lieut.-Col. George Lay, on a tour of inspection, under orders of the - war department, on September 16th I proceeded to inspect the harbor - defenses, beginning with four new sand batteries, in barbette, near - the west end of Sullivan's island, bearing on and commanding the - floating boom under construction across the channel thence to Fort - Sumter. Those batteries are not finished, but two guns, 10-inch - columbiads, were in position, one only being ready for service and - the magazines not yet built. The boom is composed of railroad iron, - strongly linked together with heavy iron links and bands, protected - and buoyed by spars of timber of the same length with the bars of - iron, and banded closely together with iron. The bars are suspended - four feet under water, and the whole structure is anchored every - sixth section with an anchor. About one-fourth of this boom is - laid. I am informed that it has been tested by running against it a - heavily-loaded vessel towed by a steamboat. This test it resisted, - parting the towline, a 10-inch hawser. It was also proposed to lay - another line about 100 yards in rear of that now under construction, - if sufficient time is allowed and enough chains and anchors can be - procured. In addition, a rope obstruction has been prepared to place - in advance of the wooden and iron boom for the purpose of entangling - the enemy's propellers while under fire of our heavy guns in the - adjacent forts and batteries. - - It is proper for me to notice that since my inspection the plan of the - boom was found to be defective, at least in one particular; the great - length of it made it unable to bear the pressure of the tide, and the - boom parted in several places. This, it is hoped by the projector, may - be remedied by breaking the continuous character of the barrier and - laying it in sections, and on that plan it is now being carried on.... - - The armament of the four new sand batteries is to consist, as - planned, of seven 10 and one 8 inch columbiad, and two 42-pounder - rifle guns. Fort Sumter has thirty-eight heavy guns above the caliber - of 32-pounders, and Fort Moultrie nine, bearing at once on the - obstructions. There will be also two strong ironclad gunboats, each - armed with four guns, to give important, indeed vital, assistance. - These, I am advised, will be completed before the 15th instant, and - could even now yield some aid in an emergency. I regard them as - absolutely indispensable to the successful defense of the harbor. The - Neck battery on Morris island [afterward Battery Wagner] was next - visited, which was found incomplete, wanting at least two weeks' work - to finish it according to plan, and needing a closed gorge to secure - against surprise. It was erected to defend that approach to Fort - Sumter. In addition, a few rifled guns ought to be placed to bear on - the main channel. - - Subsequently I visited a small work, Fort Ripley, now under - construction in cribs in the bay, about midway between Fort Johnson - and Castle Pinckney. It is nearly ready for its armament of five heavy - guns in barbette, but must be protected outside to the high-water mark - by rubbish before it can be relied on. A series of similar smaller - works erected in the shallow water nearer to the mouth of the harbor - would materially add to the strength of our defenses. I did not visit - Castle Pinckney, the armament of which is nine 24-pounders and one - 24-pounder rifled gun. I am well acquainted with this work, and regard - it as nearly worthless at this juncture. - - On the 17th of September, accompanied by Major-General Pemberton, - I inspected the defensive lines on James island from the Wappoo to - Mellichamp's, a distance of about 3 miles. These lines consist of a - system of forts, redoubts, redans, _cremailleres_, not very properly - arranged and located, with the exception of Fort Pemberton, on the - Stono and some of the redoubts; and in my opinion a simpler system, - one requiring a smaller force to hold and defend, might have been - originally devised with advantage. However, this line ought to serve - our purpose with a proper force of about 3 men for every 2 yards of - development. Each redoubt and redan has at least one heavy gun in - position. That part of the lines between Dill's creek and the Wappoo - will be completed in two weeks. Fort Pemberton is a strong work, and - has an armament of twenty guns of various calibers. There are two - batteries on the Ashley river and the entrances of Dill's and Wappoo - creeks, but for want of guns the works are without armaments, except - the battery at Lawton's, which has four 32-pounders in position, - which, however, are of little use against any probable attack. - - On the 18th, accompanied as on the previous days, I inspected Forts - Sumter and Moultrie, which were found in fine order and condition, - considering the repairs in progress at the latter work. The armament - of Moultrie consists of thirty-eight guns of various calibers, - from 24-pounders to 8-inch columbiads, with a garrison of some 300 - effective men. The armament of Sumter consists of seventy-nine guns - of all calibers, from 32-pounders to 10-inch columbiads, and seven - 10-inch mortars. It has a garrison of about 350 effective men. The - barracks are being cut down to protect them from the fire of the - enemy.... Battery Beauregard, across Sullivan's island, in advance of - Fort Moultrie, to defend the approach from the east, is armed with - five guns. The work at the eastern extremity of the island, placed to - defend the interior approach by water to the rear and west of Long - island, is a redoubt armed with eight guns (two 32-pounders and six - small guns). I am informed by General Pemberton that all these works - are sufficiently garrisoned. - - My conclusions are as follows: That when the works contemplated - and in progress for the defense of the harbor, especially when the - obstructions and ironclad gunboats shall have been completed and are - properly armed with guns of the heaviest caliber, the enemy's fleet - will find it extremely difficult to penetrate sufficiently within - the harbor to injure or reduce the city; but until these works are - finished, armed as indicated, and properly garrisoned, the city cannot - be regarded as protected. - - Accompanied as on previous days, on the 19th of September I examined - the works at Secessionville, which are irregular and of poor - construction. A force of some 200 men was still at work increasing and - strengthening them. The position is naturally strong, being surrounded - by two marshes and a wide creek, except on one side [the front], - where there is a very narrow strip of level ground, along which the - abolitionists made their attack, which was a surprise, when they were - defeated by one-fifth of their numbers. I do not see the necessity or - advantage of holding in force this advanced position. A strong picket - would be sufficient. The armament of this work consists of two 8-inch - naval guns, one 18-pounder howitzer, six 32-pounders, one 32-pounder - and two 24-pounder rifled guns, and two 10-inch mortars. All of which - is respectfully submitted, etc. - -This communication gives a clear view of the character of the defenses -of Charleston in October, 1862, and shows also the activity and -engineering skill of General Pemberton, under whose direction the -works, for the most part, were prosecuted after the abandonment of -Cole's island early in May. The position for the fort at Secessionville -was originally selected by Col. Lewis M. Hatch of Charleston, whose -practical knowledge of the waters and islands surrounding Charleston -and patriotic zeal in planning for their defense made his services most -valuable, especially at the beginning of the defensive work, when so -very few military men in Charleston had made a study of the approaches -by land and water to the city. The victory of the 16th of June bore -ample testimony to the value of the exact spot on which Fort Lamar -stood. - -In July, Col. Johnson Hagood was promoted to brigadier-general, and -the First regiment came under the command of Col. Thomas Glover. -Early in August, Generals Drayton and Evans were sent from South -Carolina to reinforce General Lee, in Virginia. These generals took -with them the First regiment, Colonel Glover; the Fifteenth, Col. W. -D. De Saussure; the Seventeenth, Col. (Governor) J. H. Means; the -Eighteenth, Col. J. M. Gadberry; the Twenty-second, Col. Joseph Abney; -the Twenty-third, Col. H. L. Benbow; Holcombe legion, Col. P. F. -Stevens; Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. G. S. James, and Capt. R. Boyce's -battery, all South Carolina organizations. Upon taking command, General -Beauregard assigned Gen. S. R. Gist to command the First district, -with headquarters at Charleston. This district embraced the coast from -the North Carolina line to Rantowles creek, and included the islands -touching the harbor. Col. R. F. Graham commanded on Morris island, Col. -L. M. Keitt on Sullivan's island, Col. C. H. Stevens on James island, -and Major Emanuel at Georgetown. Lieut.-Col. William Butler, First -regular infantry, commanded at Fort Moultrie, and Maj. Alfred Rhett, -of the First regular artillery, at Fort Sumter. Fort Pemberton on the -Stono was commanded by Maj. J. J. Lucas, and the post of Secessionville -by Lieutenant-Colonel Capers. General Gist had under his command 133 -companies of all arms. In this enumeration by companies were included -the following South Carolina regiments: First regular artillery, First -regular infantry, First volunteer artillery, Twentieth, Twenty-first, -Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth volunteers, ten companies each. - -Brigadier-General Hagood, in charge of the Second military district, -with headquarters at Adams' run, had in his command one regiment (the -Sixteenth), Smith's and Nelson's battalions of infantry, two companies -of cavalry, the Stono scouts, and two batteries (the Washington and -Morrison artillery)--twenty-nine companies of all arms, all South -Carolinians. - -Col. W. S. Walker, commanding the Third military district, with -headquarters at McPhersonville, had under his orders an aggregate of -forty companies of all arms, as follows: Eleventh volunteers, First and -Second battalions of sharpshooters, Third regiment of cavalry, First, -Second and Sixth battalions of cavalry, Rutledge mounted riflemen, -Charleston dragoons, Kirk's partisan rangers, Elliott's Beaufort -artillery, Kavanaugh's Lafayette battery, all South Carolina commands, -and Nelson's Virginia battery. The whole Confederate force in South -Carolina upon General Beauregard's assuming command, September 24, -1862, amounted to 202 companies of all arms, and aggregated 12,544 -officers and soldiers present for duty. - -On October 22d, the battle of Old Pocotaligo was fought by Col. W. -S. Walker, with a small force of infantry, dismounted cavalry, and -sections from two batteries of artillery, amounting in all to 675 -men and officers. On the same day the railroad and turnpike bridges -crossing the Coosawhatchie were successfully defended by the Lafayette -artillery, Lieut. L. F. Le Bleux commanding; a section of Elliott's -Beaufort battery, Lieut. H. M. Stuart commanding, and Capt. B. F. -Wyman's company of the Eleventh South Carolina infantry. These -engagements will be described separately. - -A Federal force of 4,448 of all arms, under the command of -Brigadier-General Brannan, sailed from Hilton Head on the evening of -October 21st in transports supported by gunboats, destined for Mackay's -point, on Broad river, with orders from the Federal commanding general -"to destroy the railroad and railroad bridges on the Charleston and -Savannah line." Landing his forces at Mackay's point during the night -of the 21st and on the early morning of the 22d, General Brannan -marched with all of his troops except the Forty-eighth New York and -two companies of engineers, immediately up the road leading to Old -Pocotaligo. The force detached was sent by boat up the Broad, and -thence up the Coosawhatchie to destroy the railroad bridge over the -latter river, where the main column, in case of victory at Pocotaligo, -should unite with it in tearing up the railroad on either hand, -including the bridge over the Pocotaligo and Tulifinny rivers. - -If General Brannan had succeeded, he would have cut very effectually -the communication between Savannah and Charleston, captured the -military stores at Coosawhatchie and Pocotaligo, and inflicted -a serious blow to General Beauregard's line of defense. But his -expedition signally failed, and he was defeated with brilliant success -by Colonel Walker's troops at Old Pocotaligo and at Coosawhatchie -bridge. Learning of his landing at Mackay's point and of his advance, -Colonel Walker ordered by wire the artillery and infantry named above -to repair to the bridge, and himself marched down the Mackay's point -road, with all the force he could command, to meet General Brannan. -Meanwhile, Col. C. J. Colcock, at Grahamville, commanding the Third -South Carolina cavalry, dispatched Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson with -five companies of his regiment, and Major Abney, with two companies of -his battalion of sharpshooters, to march rapidly to Coosawhatchie and -intercept the force which he had learned was moving up the river. These -dispositions were effective, as the result showed. - -Walker's force consisted of Nelson's Virginia battery, two sections -of Elliott's battery, and the following commands: Maj. J. H. Morgan's -battalion of cavalry, the Charleston light dragoons, Captain Kirk's -partisan rangers, Captain Allston's company of sharpshooters, Capt. -D. B. Heyward's company of cavalry, and Capt. A. C. Izard's company -of the Eleventh South Carolina, Lieut. W. L. Campbell commanding. -The aggregate of these troops was 475, one-fourth of whom were -horse-holders and not in the engagement now to be described. Walker -took position near Dr. Hutson's residence, on a salt marsh, crossed by -a causeway and skirted by woods on both sides. A section of Elliott's -guns, Allston's sharpshooters, and two companies of cavalry, under -Maj. J. H. Morgan, had gone in advance of Walker's position and were -skirmishing with the head of Brannan's advance and holding him in -check. In this affair Major Morgan was severely wounded, but his -command held the advance of the Federal troops sufficiently long to -allow Walker to post his gallant little force at Hutson's. Elliott's -guns were posted in and near the road, and Nelson's in the field in -rear of the skirmishers, and screened by woods in front. The rest of -the command was put in line to the right and left of the road, covered -by the trees which fringed the marsh. - -General Brannan, encouraged by his success in driving in Major Morgan, -pushed up with his infantry and attacked at once. Walker replied with -the guns of Elliott and Nelson (Lieutenant Massie commanding) and with -his rifle fire. The marsh was impracticable, but Brannan pushed his -troops to its edge and opened an infantry fire from a force so much -superior to Walker's as to inflict serious damage to his batteries by -killing horses and wounding the gunners. The Federal artillery fired so -incessantly that their ammunition fell short and their fire slackened. - -Meanwhile Elliott and Massie raked the woods opposite with shell and -canister. General Brannan reports that this fire twice drove his -infantry out of the woods "with great slaughter;" "the overwhelming -fire of the enemy tore through the woods like hail." But the position -was not strong enough to be held against so superior a force, and as -the Federal regiments pushed out into the edge of the marsh, enveloping -both flanks of the Confederate position, and delivering a damaging -fire from their superior rifles, Walker ordered a retreat upon Old -Pocotaligo, some 2½ miles in his rear. - -This was well executed and without confusion, Capt. J. B. Allston's -sharpshooters and part of Company I, Eleventh volunteers, covering -the movement. On the retreat, Capt. W. L. Trenholm, with his splendid -company, the Rutledge mounted riflemen, joined Walker from outpost -duty, and took command of all the cavalry. - -Arriving at Old Pocotaligo, Walker took position in the old houses and -behind the scattered trees of the hamlet, the Pocotaligo creek with -its impracticable marsh being in his front, and the ground higher and -better adapted for defense than the position at Dr. Hutson's. - -Capt. John H. Screven, just as the enemy appeared, opened fire, and -after the last man of the rear guard had crossed, took a party of men -and effectually tore up the long bridge on the causeway, and the fight -began in earnest. Brannan brought up all his troops and artillery and -poured in a galling fire, to which Walker's men replied from trees and -houses and every bush on the edge of the marsh. Two of Elliott's guns -and all of Morris' but one were disabled by the loss of the gunners, -killed or wounded, and after the battle had been in progress some two -hours, Walker had only three guns left. One of these he withdrew from -the position commanding the causeway and put it in position under -Sergeant Fuller, about 300 yards to his right, where it opened on the -Federal left. Nelson's battalion (Seventh), 200 strong, under Capt. W. -H. Sligh, came up at this juncture on Walker's right, and swelled his -gallant little band to about 800 men. Half of Sligh's command, under -Capt. J. H. Brooks, took position beyond Fuller's place, and opened -fire from the woods fringing the Pocotaligo 700 or 800 yards beyond -the hamlet of Pocotaligo. This fire created the impression of a strong -reinforcement on Walker's right, and threatened the Federal left, which -was in full view "in air." - -General Brannan had sufficient force to hold Walker at Old Pocotaligo, -and move at least 2,500 men around his right flank, crossing the -Pocotaligo a mile or so above, where it becomes very narrow. But he -cautiously held on to his position and kept up his fire on Walker's -force, relieving his regiments as they became slack of ammunition. He -could not get to Walker without forcing the causeway and relaying the -bridge, and this he could not do as the fire of the artillery and every -musket would be turned on the least advance. The creek was deep and the -banks boggy and made an impassable ditch in Walker's front. Finally -the Federal artillery ceased firing, and the entire force opened on -Walker's left an incessant discharge from their rifles. Captain Sligh -and the Charleston light dragoons on Walker's left replied with so -much spirit and effect that Brannan gave up the fight, and at 6 p. m. -withdrew from range and began his retreat to his boats at Mackay's -point. - -The bridge being destroyed and Walker's men thoroughly exhausted, it -was some time before Colonel Walker could organize and direct the -pursuit. Lieut. L. J. Walker, commanding the Rutledge mounted riflemen -and Kirk's rangers, passing around the head of the Pocotaligo, pushed -on down the Mackay's point road in the rear of Brannan's force; but -the bridges were torn up and Walker could not reach the flying foe -until the night made it impracticable to proceed. Brannan reached his -gunboats in safety and re-embarked for his base at Hilton Head. - -The force which attacked the bridge over the Coosawhatchie was met -by Le Bleux's and Stuart's artillery and the fire of Captain Wyman's -company, and was promptly repelled. A detachment, however, while the -main force attacked the bridge, marched to the railroad, cut down a -telegraph pole, cut the wire, and tore up two or three rails. A train -carrying a portion of the Eleventh regiment and one company of Abney's -battalion, under the command of Maj. J. J. Harrison, unhappily ran up -just in time to receive a volley from the party on the railroad, by -which the engineer was killed and Major Harrison lost his life. - -Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson, with his cavalry, arriving at this -juncture, the Federal force retreated and joined the force retiring -from the bridge. The destruction of several bridges over marshes and -creeks, which are numerous in the tidewater section, so impeded Colonel -Johnson that he dismounted his men, and thus moved three companies -in line to within 130 yards of the boats and fired on the troops as -they embarked. The gunboats returned the fire, and a gallant soldier, -Private Thomas B. Fripp, was killed, and Lieut. T. G. Buckner and Corp. -Thomas Farr wounded. When the train was fired upon and the engineer -killed, the conductor, Mr. Buckhalter, with coolness and courage, ran -his train on in the face of the ambuscading party. Thus ended the -expedition to destroy the railroad and bridges on the Charleston line. - -Walker lost 21 killed, 124 wounded, 18 missing; total, 163. Brannan's -loss reported was 43 killed, 294 wounded, 3 missing; total, 340. -Colonel Walker closed his report of the battle of Pocotaligo by -commending in highest terms the conduct of the whole command, -mentioning particularly Capt. H. J. Hartstene, naval aid; Capt. W. -W. Elliott, ordnance officer; Capts. John H. Screven and George P. -Elliott; Corp. D. L. Walker, and Privates Fripp and Martin and E. B. -Bell, all of whom served on his staff. R. M. Fuller and the Messrs. -Cuthbert, father and son, serving on the staff, rendered efficient -service to the colonel commanding. The battle over, and the enemy safe -on his gunboats, ample reinforcements arrived from Hagood and Gist, and -from Savannah, but too late to do more than congratulate Colonel Walker -and his heroic and victorious troops. - -With the battle of Pocotaligo and the repulse of the New York regiment -at Coosawhatchie bridge, the aggressive movements of the land forces of -the enemy on the coast of South Carolina closed for the year 1862. - -The Federal position at New Bern, N. C., protected by the heavy -batteries of the fleet and held by a strong force under Major-General -Foster, in 1862, afforded a safe and easy base of operations against -the railroad line connecting Wilmington with Petersburg and Richmond. -Goldsboro, on this railroad, was connected directly with New Bern by -a railroad which ran through Kinston, the latter place being about -halfway between New Bern and Goldsboro. - -At Kinston, Gen. N. G. Evans was in command, with his South Carolina -brigade and some North Carolina troops, including Lieutenant-Colonel -Pool's heavy battery on the river. The Neuse, open to gunboats, runs -by both Goldsboro and Kinston, crossing the railroad line within four -miles of the former place. General Foster planned an attack, first on -Kinston and then on the railroad at the bridge near Goldsboro. For this -purpose he marched from New Bern on December 11, 1862, with 10,000 -infantry, eight light batteries, forty guns, and a regiment of cavalry -640 strong. Foster's force was composed of twelve Massachusetts, one -Connecticut, one New Jersey, four New York, two Pennsylvania, and one -Rhode Island regiments, light batteries from Rhode Island and New York, -and cavalry from New York. - -Evans' brigade was composed of the Holcombe legion, Col. P. F. Stevens; -the Seventeenth South Carolina, Col. F. W. McMaster; the Twenty-second -South Carolina, Col. S. D. Goodlett; the Twenty-third South Carolina, -Col. H. L. Benbow, and Boyce's light battery. With this brigade and -Radcliffe's regiment, Mallett's battalion and Bunting's and Starr's -light batteries, North Carolina troops, he fought the battle of -Kinston. Lieutenant-Colonel Pool, commanding the work on the river -just below Kinston, successfully repelled the attack of the gunboats. -Taking post on Southwest creek, about 4 miles due west of Kinston, -Evans was attacked by Foster on the morning of the 13th. The Federal -general marched up the west bank of the Neuse. With his overwhelming -force, he turned both flanks of General Evans and compelled his retreat -to a position about a mile from the town, covering the bridge over -the Neuse. Foster moved on this position at once and attacked again -with his infantry and artillery. The conduct of Evans' little command -was heroic, and their firmness enabled him to hold Foster in check -throughout the day. - -Early the next morning the battle was renewed, General Evans taking -the offensive; but the superior force of the Federal army enveloped -the small command of General Evans, and after three hours of gallant -battle, he ordered a retreat across the river and through the town. -At the bridge Evans lost between 400 and 500 of his command, taken -prisoners, but succeeded in taking over his artillery and most of -his troops. He took up a strong position, toward Goldsboro, about 2 -miles from Kinston, and was awaiting General Foster's advance when he -received a summons from that general to surrender! This he promptly -declined and prepared for battle, but night coming on, Foster gave up -the further pursuit of General Evans on the east bank of the Neuse, and -crossed to the west side of the river, encamping in that position for -the night. On the 15th he resumed his march up the west bank toward -the railroad bridge near Goldsboro, and followed with his attack upon -the bridge and its destruction on the 17th. In this affair an attack -was also made upon the county bridge crossing the Neuse, which was -successfully defended by General Clingman and his gallant command of -North Carolinians, strongly supported by Evans. - -On the 18th of December, General Foster began his movement back to his -base at New Bern. Almost without cavalry, the Confederate forces, now -under the chief command of Maj.-Gen. G. W. Smith, could not follow him -effectively, and he reached New Bern after suffering a total loss of -591, killed, wounded and captured. There is no record of the losses -of the South Carolina brigade at Kinston, or at the railroad bridge -in front of Goldsboro. General Clingman reported a loss of 20 killed, -107 wounded, and 18 missing; total, 145. Evans lost over 400 taken -prisoners at the bridge at Kinston, and must have met heavier losses -than Clingman in his battles on the 13th and 14th. His total loss could -not have been less than 600 in killed, wounded and captured, out of a -total in front of Kinston of 2,014. General Foster's rapid retreat -from the railroad can only be accounted for upon the supposition that -he exaggerated the forces sent from Wilmington, Petersburg and Richmond -to reinforce Goldsboro. The aggregate of all arms at Goldsboro on the -18th could not have reached 7,000 effectives, and General Foster's -army, after its losses on the 13th, 14th and 17th, was fully 10,500 of -all arms. - -General Evans in his official report mentioned especially the gallant -conduct of Adjt. W. P. Du Bose and Capt. M. G. Zeigler, of the Holcombe -legion; Capt. S. A. Durham, Twenty-third South Carolina; his personal -staff, and Lieutenant-Colonels Mallett and Pool, and Colonels Radcliffe -and Baker of the North Carolina troops. - -The expedition of General Foster with so large a force, and the -reported presence of a large fleet of transports, carrying an army -under General Banks, in the waters of Beaufort, made General Whiting, -commanding at Wilmington, apprehensive of an attack on that city. -Pending the movement of Foster, General Whiting telegraphed to General -Beauregard urgently to send troops to his assistance, as Wilmington was -protected only by its forts and a small garrison. General Beauregard -promptly sent a division of two brigades under Brig.-Gen. S. R. Gist. -The first brigade was made up of troops from the First and Second -military districts of South Carolina, under command of Col. C. H. -Stevens, Twenty-fourth regiment, and the second from the military -district of Georgia, commanded by the senior colonel. Three South -Carolina light batteries accompanied the division, W. C. Preston's, -Waities' and Culpeper's. The South Carolina infantry included the -Sixteenth, Colonel McCullough; the Twenty-fourth, Lieutenant-Colonel -Capers; Twenty-fifth, Colonel Simonton, and Nelson's battalion. By -December 17th, the day of the attack in front of Goldsboro, General -Gist's division had arrived in Wilmington, and went into camp. The -Twenty-fourth, with Preston's battery, was stationed at the railroad -crossing of the Northeast river, 9 miles east of Wilmington, and -fortified the position and the roads approaching it. - -The month of December passed, and the expected attack upon Wilmington -was not made. The expedition under General Banks did not move inland -and the fleet did not appear off Cape Fear. General Whiting wrote -General Beauregard that a storm at sea, which had lost the fleet three -of its monitors, had saved Wilmington from the threatened attack. -About January 1, 1863, the division under Gist was returned to General -Beauregard, except Harrison's Georgia regiment, Nelson's battalion, -the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, and the three batteries, Preston's, -Waities' and Culpeper's. These, with Clingman's brigade, sent from -Goldsboro, and three North Carolina light batteries, made up the whole -of General Whiting's disposable force for the defense of Wilmington, -after Gist's division was returned to Beauregard. - -Returning these troops, Whiting wrote to General Beauregard: "I -send you this note by your able Brigadier-General Gist, of South -Carolina.... I beg you will receive my true and real thanks for the -promptness with which you sent your magnificent troops to my assistance -at a time when it was thought they were needed." He made a special -request that he might have General Gist's personal services, and -accordingly that general was ordered to return and report to General -Whiting for special duty, for which favor Whiting expressed his thanks, -referring to Gist as always "cool, sensible and brave," characteristics -which that officer manifested throughout his career. - -During January, 1863, the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, with Preston's -battery, under Col. C. H. Stevens, occupied the vicinity of Island -creek, on the Holly Shelter road, as an outpost in advance of the -Northeast bridge, fortifying the position and obstructing the roads. -The expected attack not being made, the South Carolina troops were -returned, to resume their positions on the coast of their own State -early in February. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - - SOUTH CAROLINIANS IN THE WEST--MANIGAULT'S AND LYTHGOE'S REGIMENTS AT - CORINTH--THE KENTUCKY CAMPAIGN--BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO. - - -In April, 1862, following the battle of Shiloh, in response to the -urgent call of General Beauregard, at Corinth, Miss., for troops to -reinforce the army he then commanded, the Tenth South Carolina, Col. -A. M. Manigault, and the Nineteenth, Col. A. J. Lythgoe, were ordered -from the coast of South Carolina to report to that general. Arrived -at Corinth, the two regiments were brigaded with the Twenty-fourth, -Twenty-eighth and Thirty-fourth Alabama regiments, under the command of -Brigadier-General Trapier, in the division of Major-General Withers. -From December, 1862, the brigade was commanded by Colonel Manigault, -and known as "Manigault's brigade." Lieut.-Col. James F. Pressley took -command of the Tenth. - -Covering the front of Beauregard's army, on May 2d, Manigault's brigade -was brought into prominent notice by the firm stand it made against the -enemy's advance. The supports on its right and left having retired, -Colonel Manigault held his position and repelled the attack. No report -of the details of this affair is at hand. It reflected much credit on -the brigade, and gave the South Carolina regiments their first battle -before Corinth. At Corinth and at Tupelo, the army suffered from -exposure and bad water, and 17,000 sick were sent to the rear, and in -these hardships the South Carolina regiments had their full share. The -faithful chaplain of the Tenth, Rev. W. T. Capers, and many of the -officers and men of both regiments were ill, and many died. - -In July the army was moved to a healthier camp, and early in August -it was concentrated near Chattanooga for an aggressive campaign in -Tennessee and Kentucky. General Bragg was now in command, General -Beauregard having been called to Charleston. - -Bragg crossed the Tennessee, moved over the Cumberland mountains and -entered Kentucky. When the army moved against Munfordville, Manigault -was in advance and met and drove in the pickets. The garrison -capitulated September 18th, and Bragg moved on toward Frankfort. Buell, -who had left Tennessee and marched to Louisville, where he reorganized -his army, struck at Bragg's exposed rear, attacking Polk at Perryville. -Polk held his own with greatly inferior numbers, repulsed Buell, -captured much artillery and many prisoners, but lost in killed and -wounded over 3,000 of his little army. General Bragg retired toward -the mountains, and crossing into east Tennessee, occupied Knoxville, -Buell moving to Nashville. During the rapid retreat on Knoxville, the -army suffered greatly from want of proper food, rapid marches and the -exposure of the men in bivouac. After resting his army at Knoxville, -General Bragg recrossed the mountains and ultimately took post at -Murfreesboro, where he was attacked by Rosecrans (who had displaced -General Buell), and the battle of Stone's River, or Murfreesboro, -followed on December 31st. - -Manigault's brigade bore a conspicuous part at Murfreesboro, and its -operations in connection with that battle will now be described. -General Bragg's line of battle was formed in front of Murfreesboro, -running a little east of north and west of south. Stone's river ran -southeast, in his front, cut off his right, and bending south ran along -his rear. As the divisions stood from right to left they were placed -in the following order: Breckinridge east of the river, then Withers, -Cheatham, McCown and Cleburne, the formation in two lines, the cavalry -well out on the flanks. Near the river, on the west side of it, the -Nashville railroad and the turnpike, running near each other, passed -through Bragg's line nearly at right angles. The Wilkinson pike passed -through the line on the left of Withers, running northwest. - -Lieutenant-General Polk commanded the right wing, and -Lieutenant-General Hardee the left; Breckinridge, Withers and Cheatham -made the right, and McCown and Cleburne, with Wharton's cavalry, the -left. - -Rosecrans stood before Bragg with three army corps, commanded by -Major-Generals McCook, Thomas and Crittenden, all west of the river. -Crittenden faced Breckinridge with three divisions; Thomas, with five -divisions, faced Withers and Cheatham; McCook, with three divisions, -faced Cleburne and McCown. Wharton, with his splendid brigade of -cavalry, stood forward of Hardee's left, ready to make his brilliant -attack on Rosecrans' right and rear. - -The signal for battle was given, and at 7 o'clock on the morning of -December 31st, Hardee ordered Wharton with his troopers to find the -rear of McCook's right flank and fall upon his supports, and directed -his infantry and artillery forward. McCown, supported by Cleburne, -advanced and engaged in severe battle, taking the enemy by surprise -and forcing him back toward the Wilkinson pike. Bragg's plan was to -drive back the right wing of Rosecrans, and when beaten to attack his -center and right simultaneously. Hardee's battle pushed McCook beyond -the Wilkinson pike, when Withers moved out against Thomas, supported -by Cheatham. Bragg's battle was a grand right wheel, pivoting on the -river, the wheel obliquing toward the wheeling flank, and the pivot -gaining forward. By 10 o'clock, both of Hardee's divisions were in -full battle, as were those of Withers and Cheatham, and later on -Breckinridge sent over four of his brigades to reinforce the battle of -the pivot. - -When evening came the full right wheel had been completed and the army -stood against its enemy in a line at an exact right angle to its first -position. The pivot had gained forward a half mile, but Rosecrans -had held fast with his left on the river. In the wheeling fight, on -Hardee's right, and in the struggle to move the pivot forward as it -turned, Withers' division made its battle. That general reported the -operations of his division with great accuracy and distinctness, and we -shall follow his report for an account of Manigault's brigade. - -As Withers placed his brigades from right to left, Chalmers' brigade -was on the right touching the river, and formed the pivot of the great -wheel; then came Patton Anderson's brigade, then Manigault's, and -lastly Deas'. Manigault moved out in due time, and his left swinging -around met the enemy on a wooded ridge, and stormed and carried it. In -his wheel through an open field, and before the brigade could touch -Anderson's, on its right, it was taken in flank by artillery and the -fire of the force it had driven. Here fell the gallant Col. A. J. -Lythgoe, of the Nineteenth South Carolina, at the head of his regiment. -His major-general well said of him: "He dies well who dies nobly." The -flank fire on Manigault broke his line and repelled his advance in -some confusion. Rallying, the brigade continued its battle, now with -more success charging and gaining ground. But it had gone beyond its -right and left supports, and was again fired upon by artillery on the -right flank; the brigade on his immediate left was repulsed and again -Manigault had to retire. Maney's brigade, from Cheatham's division, was -ordered to support Manigault's left, and again he advanced and with -Maney's gallant aid the brigade swung forward and round in victorious -advance. - -This third advance brought the two South Carolina regiments directly -on the battery that had done their brigade so much harm, and the -Tenth and Nineteenth were ordered to charge and take it. The Tenth, -led by Lieut.-Col. J. F. Pressley, and the Nineteenth, by Lieut.-Col. -T. P. Shaw, moved as one man to take the guns. A Federal brigade in -support delivered its volleys so rapidly as to check the assault, -when Anderson, who was on Manigault's right, moved up his brigade -and attacked the supporting brigade, while the Tenth and Nineteenth -dashed forward and took the guns. General Bragg allowed these regiments -to have the battery, and they sent it to South Carolina to have the -names of the gallant men who fell in its capture inscribed upon the -pieces. General Withers closed this part of his report with high -praise of Manigault's brigade. The brigade, says the major-general, -had been subjected to a most trying ordeal, and had lost heavily. The -calm determination and persistent energy and gallantry which rendered -Colonel Manigault proof against discouragements, had a marked influence -on and was admirably responded to by his command. - -Lieutenant-General Polk, in his report, thus refers to the brigade: - - The brigade of Colonel Manigault, which was immediately on the right - of that of Colonel Coltart [Deas'], followed the movement of the - latter according to instructions; but as Coltart failed in the first - onset to drive Sheridan's right, Manigault, after dashing forward - and pressing the enemy back on his second line, was brought under a - heavy fire of artillery from two batteries on his right, supported by - infantry, and was compelled to fall back.... But the gallant South - Carolinian returned to the charge a second, and a third time, and - being aided by the brigade of General Maney, of the second line, - which came to his relief with its Napoleon guns and a deadly fire of - musketry, the enemy gave way and joined his comrades on his right - in precipitate retreat across the Wilkinson pike. This movement - dislodged and drove the residue of Sheridan's division, and completed - the forcing of the whole of McCook's corps out of line of battle, and - placed it in full retreat. - -With these operations, thus described, the honorable part borne by the -South Carolina regiments in the battle was practically ended. Manigault -was in line with Hardee and touching the troops on the pivot, and night -ended the great contest. - -The brigade of Colonel Manigault lost a total of 517. The Tenth -South Carolina had 109 killed and wounded and 2 taken prisoners; -the Nineteenth had 80 killed and wounded, among the killed its -gallant colonel. Maj. John A. Crowder and Lieut. J. T. Norris, of -the Nineteenth, faithful and true men and officers, were among those -mortally wounded. It is to be regretted that Colonel Manigault's -report of Murfreesboro is not at the writer's command, and there is no -official report from either regiment of record. - -On the roll of those "conspicuous for courage and good conduct on the -field of battle" at Murfreesboro, published by order of the Confederate -Congress, are the following: - - Tenth South Carolina: First Lieut. C. C. White, Sergts. C. W. - Cockfield (killed) and S. B. Rhuarck; Privates A. J. McCants, J. S. - Beaty, W. D. Hewitt, G. S. Flowers, G. W. Curry, J. Cannon, N. Gray, - W. H. Posten, J. W. H. Bunch (killed) and J. A. Boatwright. - - Nineteenth South Carolina: Col. A. J. Lythgoe, Maj. John A. Crowder; - Sergts. W. H. Burkhalter and Martin Youce; Privates Benjamin W. - Boothe, Samuel S. Horn, W. A. Black, S. D. McCoy, Samuel Bloodsworth, - Seth A. Jordan, James McClain and James Jones. - -It is a grateful task to copy, in this connection, a paragraph from the -report of Lieutenant-General Polk, in which he perpetuates an act of -self-sacrificing heroism which is worthy of lasting remembrance, and -gives an example of patient courage and devotion which the writer has -never known surpassed by any of his Confederate comrades. It occurred -just before the last charge of Manigault and Maney. Says General Polk: - - I think it proper to bring to the notice of the general commanding an - instance of self-sacrificing devotion to the safety of their immediate - commands, and to our cause, which for heroic courage and magnanimity - is without a parallel. A battery was pouring a murderous fire into - the brigade of General Maney from a point which made it doubtful - whether it was ours or the enemy's. Two unsuccessful efforts had been - made by staff officers (one of whom was killed in the attempt) to - determine its character. The doubt caused the brigade to hesitate in - returning the fire of the battery, when Sergeant Oakley, color-bearer - of the Fourth Tennessee, and Sergt. C. M. Hooks, color-bearer of the - Ninth Tennessee, gallantly advanced eight or ten paces to the front, - displaying their colors and holding themselves and the flag of their - country erect, remained ten minutes in a place so conspicuous as to be - plainly seen, and fully to test from whom their brigade was suffering - so severely. The murderous fire was increased and intensified, and - demonstrated that the battery and its support were not friends, but - enemies. The sergeants then returned deliberately to their proper - places in line, unhurt, and the enemy's battery was silenced and his - column put to flight. - -With this act of devotion we leave the battle of Murfreesboro, making -the following general remarks about it: - -General Bragg's army, infantry and artillery, numbered 33,475. His -cavalry, under Wharton, Wheeler and Pegram, aggregated 4,237, making -his army, of all arms, 37,712. Wheeler's brigade reported on December -31st, 1,169, and was not in the battle, but was operating on Rosecrans' -immediate communications. Pegram and Buford, with five regiments, -1,118 strong, were on the extreme right and scarcely engaged. Hanson's -brigade, of Breckinridge's division, 1,893 strong, was east of the -river. Deducting Wheeler's and Hanson's brigades from Bragg's total, -that general fought in actual battle against Rosecrans' columns a force -of 34,650, of all arms. These figures are taken from the field returns -of the army, as they are given from the originals in the War Records of -the Union and Confederate armies. - -It is interesting to note General Rosecrans' estimates of General -Bragg's forces and losses. He reported to Washington that he had -encountered superior numbers, and gave Bragg's strength, 46,200 -infantry, 1,200 sharpshooters, 1,840 artillery, and 13,250 cavalry, -"making a total of 62,490." In like manner the Union general estimated -the Confederate loss at 14,560. In this estimate he missed it by -over 4,000! General Bragg lost 10,266 of all arms, killed, wounded -and captured. General Rosecrans took the actual loss in General -Breckinridge's division and multiplied by seven, instead of five, the -number of divisions. The Federal loss in killed and wounded as reported -by General Rosecrans was 8,778. He estimated his loss in prisoners at -2,800. The inspector-general of Bragg's army reported to his chief over -6,000 prisoners! General Hardee reported 1,900 captured by Wharton's -cavalry alone! - -The writer, from his experience in the field, knows it to be very -difficult to report accurately, after a great battle, the losses in -killed, wounded and prisoners, but he has often been impressed with -the exaggeration of generals, Federal and Confederate, in giving -estimates of the numbers opposing them, and the losses they inflict -upon their adversaries. Here we have Rosecrans reporting Bragg's army -opposed to him at 62,490, and General Bragg reporting Rosecrans' army -at from 60,000 to 70,000; Rosecrans estimating Bragg's loss at 14,560, -and Bragg reporting an estimated loss for Rosecrans at 25,273. By the -official statements of both generals, as shown in the army returns, -now published by the government in its invaluable War Records of both -armies, Rosecrans engaged Bragg's 34,650 of all arms, with a force -of 43,400 of all arms. "On the whole," said General Rosecrans in his -report, written six weeks after the battle, "we fought superior numbers -on unknown ground, inflicted much more injury than we suffered, were -always superior on equal ground with equal numbers, and failed of a -most crushing victory on Wednesday [December 31st] by the extension and -direction of our right wing." The facts are that Bragg was victorious -everywhere on the field, except on his extreme right, and after the -withdrawal of Rosecrans' left on the river, at night, the whole -battlefield was Bragg's, with all its spoils. He captured 31 pieces of -artillery; over 6,000 prisoners, two brigadier-generals among them; -several stand of colors, 200 wagons with their contents, destroying -over 800 others, loaded with ammunition and army stores, all of which -he secured and appropriated. - -Both armies were non-aggressive on January 1st; on the 2d, Rosecrans -crossed a force in front of Breckinridge, bringing on a bloody -engagement in the afternoon with that division. On the 3d and 4th, no -movement of importance was made, and Bragg, learning of reinforcements -coming to his adversary, whose strength he estimated at 70,000, with -the river in the rear rapidly rising from constant rains, and his -army without tents and baggage and much worn by constant watching -and battle, determined upon retreat, and fell back ultimately to -Tullahoma, without firing a gun in his retirement. Here, as afterward -at Chickamauga, General Bragg failed to take advantage of his success, -and General Rosecrans claimed a great victory. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - - WITH LEE IN NORTHERN VIRGINIA, 1862--THE MANEUVERS ON THE - RAPPAHANNOCK--SECOND MANASSAS CAMPAIGN--BATTLE OF OX HILL. - - -We left the South Carolinians of the army of Northern Virginia in front -of McClellan at Malvern hill, whence the Federal army retreated and -took shelter under the guns of the fleet at Harrison's landing. The -latter, naturally a strong defensive position, the genius and skill of -McClellan and his able engineers made a fortified camp, protected by -impracticable swamps and water-courses, and the batteries of the fleet -on its flanks. Here the army of McClellan was safe from attack and too -much shattered to take the immediate offensive. Meanwhile the corps of -McDowell, Banks and Sigel, which had been operating against Jackson in -the valley, and in immediate defense of Washington, had been united -under Gen. John Pope, and called the "army of Virginia." This army of -Pope was to be reinforced by General McClellan and march on Richmond -from the north. - -Early in July, Pope was on the Rappahannock, with his outposts on the -Rapidan. His army was over 45,000 strong, and the only obstacle to his -advance was the cavalry under General Stuart. General Lee determined -to check Pope's further advance, until he could be satisfied of -McClellan's movements, and accordingly ordered Jackson to Gordonsville, -and early in August reinforced him with A. P. Hill's division. With -characteristic energy Jackson crossed the Rapidan, and on August 9th, -in the battle of Cedar Run, gave Pope's advance on Richmond a telling -blow. Gen. Maxcy Gregg's brigade of South Carolinians was in A. P. -Hill's division, with McIntosh's battery, but was not engaged in the -battle. Greatly to the disappointment of the Carolinians, they were -left behind to guard the passages of the Rapidan. - -General Burnside, with a strong force, was at Fredericksburg, and -McClellan (August 13th) was still in his fortified camp on the James, -30 miles from the city of Richmond. The battle on Cedar run had -checked Pope, but he stood over 40,000 strong, in front of Jackson's -corps, and was receiving reinforcements from Burnside. On the 14th of -August, McClellan began the movement of his army by water to Aquia -creek on the Potomac. Anticipating this, on the 13th, General Lee -ordered Longstreet, with twelve brigades and their artillery, to move -by railroad to Gordonsville, and on the 15th took command in person -on the Rapidan. With Longstreet were Rhett's, Bachman's and Garden's -South Carolina batteries; Anderson's old brigade, under Brig.-Gen. -Micah Jenkins, with Corse's and Hunton's Virginia brigades, forming -the division of General Kemper; and the South Carolina brigade of -Brig.-Gen. N. G. Evans, which had joined the army in time to be -slightly engaged at Malvern hill. This, an independent brigade, -included the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-second and Twenty-third -regiments, the Holcombe legion and the Macbeth artillery, Captain -Boyce. Kershaw's brigade in McLaws' division was left in front of -Richmond; Hampton's brigade of cavalry, including the legion and Hart's -battery, was in McClellan's front. - -General Lee planned an attack on Pope immediately before his arrival on -the Rapidan. R. H. Anderson's division was ordered up from Richmond, -and the plan of campaign was to be carried out on the 18th by crossing -the Rapidan and turning Pope's left. But a letter from General Lee -detailing the movements of the cavalry fell into Pope's hands by the -capture of Stuart's adjutant-general, and Pope, thus apprised of the -plans of his adversary, on the 17th fell back behind the Rappahannock -to a much stronger position. The lost dispatch had broken up the plans -for the expected battle, and Lee put his two corps in position on the -south bank of the Rappahannock, Longstreet on the right and Jackson on -the left. - -Now, sure that he could with safety collect all his army on the -Rappahannock, General Lee wrote the President for the divisions of -D. H. Hill and McLaws, and General Hampton's cavalry. On the 19th, -the President, fearing that Richmond would be endangered, telegraphed -General Lee that until movements of the enemy were more developed he -would retain those commands before the capital. Finally, on the 24th, -Lee wrote Mr. Davis that he had intercepted a letter from General -Pope to General Halleck (commander-in-chief of the United States -armies), dated August 20th, stating his whole force for duty at -45,000, independent of Burnside, and revealing his plan to hold Lee in -check until McClellan could come up from the lower Rappahannock. Thus -General Lee was put in possession of General Pope's plans and formed -his own accordingly. He wrote the President that he wished his whole -army immediately, and all available troops, and added: "Hampton's -cavalry I particularly require." Richmond, he wrote, must rely upon -her defenses and field batteries. On the 26th, McLaws and D. H. Hill -and Hampton were ordered to Lee, and Mr. Davis wrote him: "Confidence -in you overcomes the view that otherwise would be taken of the exposed -condition of Richmond, and the troops retained for the defense of the -capital are surrendered to you on a renewed request." Neither of these -commands was able to reach Lee, however, until immediately after the -conflicts on the Rappahannock and the great struggle at Manassas. The -fords on the Rappahannock were too full for the crossing of the army, -and too strongly defended by Pope's artillery. - -Several affairs occurred during the five days Lee was detained on the -right bank. In one of these Gregg's brigade was moved up to support a -battery, and subjected to a severe shelling from a high hill on the -left bank, losing several men killed and wounded. On August 23d a more -serious affair occurred, in which the brigade of General Evans and -Boyce's battery were engaged. The enemy had fortified a hill near the -railroad bridge at Rappahannock Station, and on the right bank. Evans, -supported by several batteries, was ordered to attack. The brigade -moved up promptly against the fortified position, under a sharp counter -fire, but before they reached charging distance the enemy retired, -leaving his intrenching tools and other property, but taking guns and -troops securely over the railroad bridge, which he fired and destroyed. -Evans ordered Boyce to occupy the steep hill with his battery, and that -gallant officer at once moved up but was immediately subjected to the -fire of four batteries from commanding heights on the north bank. He -was compelled immediately to withdraw, losing 8 killed and 14 wounded, -and 7 horses killed. Lieut. William Monro of the battery was severely -wounded. The brigade lost in this affair 27 killed and 84 wounded, a -total of 111. - -Without waiting for the arrival of the reinforcements from Richmond, -General Lee began his movement around the right of General Pope on the -25th of August. Jackson was to move up the right bank of the river -beyond the extreme right of Pope, cross beyond Waterloo and move on -his railroad communications. Longstreet, after demonstrating in Pope's -front, was to follow Jackson. The genius of Lee, Jackson and Longstreet -was to determine the precise field and the essential conditions of the -battle. - -Jackson marched early on the 25th, crossed the upper branches of the -Rappahannock, and camped at Salem, on the Manassas Gap railroad. On -the 26th he turned due east, passed the Bull Run mountains through -Thoroughfare gap, and by sunset was at Bristoe Station in Pope's -immediate rear, and on his main railroad communication with Washington. -The capture of Bristoe and Manassas Junction, with vast stores, -followed. - -Gregg's brigade, which had been under fire at Rappahannock bridge on -the 21st, and further up the river on the Rappahannock hills on the -24th, crossed on the 25th at Henson's mill, and made a forced march of -24 miles that day up the Salem valley, and continued the march on the -26th "without wagons or baggage of any kind, turning to the right at -Salem, through Thoroughfare gap, and sleeping at night in rear of our -artillery in the road near Bristoe Station." General McGowan, whose -report is quoted, continues: - - The next morning we reached Manassas Junction, where the enemy, - attempting to recapture it, were scattered with considerable loss. In - the afternoon of that day the brigade returned from pursuit, to the - junction, where three days' rations were issued from the vast supply - of captured stores, and the men for a few hours rested and regaled - themselves upon delicacies unknown to our commissariat, which they - were in good condition to enjoy, having eaten nothing for several days - except roasting ears taken from the fields near the road, and what was - given by the generous citizens of the Salem valley to the soldiers as - they hurried along in their rapid march. - - At dark on the evening of August 27th (Wednesday), the brigade, in - conjunction with that of General Thomas, was thrown out on the south - side of Manassas Junction as the rear guard, and formed in line of - battle facing the enemy, who had during the evening been fighting - General Ewell near Bristoe Station. Standing under arms here we had - a fine view of the magnificent conflagration caused by the burning - of the sutler's and commissary stores, together with about 100 cars - freighted with every article necessary for the outfit of a great army, - all of which was set on fire about midnight and consumed. - - About 2 o'clock in the morning of Thursday, the 28th, we silently - retired from our picket lines in front of the enemy, and by the - light of the smoldering ruins followed the division across Bull run - at Blackburn's ford to Centreville. Here we rested a short time, and - thence turned back toward Bull run, and moving by the Warrenton pike - crossed the run again near the stone bridge. At this critical moment - the enemy, falling back from the Rappahannock, caused doubtless by our - flank movement, were coming down the turnpike from Warrenton, meeting - us. We turned to the right, leaving the turnpike, and after going up - the run a short distance, changed front and were drawn up in battle - array along the line of the unfinished Independent railroad track, - facing the turnpike along which the enemy was moving. - -As Gregg's brigade took this position, brisk firing was heard upon -the right, where the divisions of Taliaferro and Ewell were thrown -by Jackson against the column of Pope's army coming up the Warrenton -pike, expecting to find Jackson at Centreville. A severe engagement -followed, the battle of Groveton, in which Ewell and Taliaferro were -both wounded. About dark Gregg's brigade was hurried to the scene of -action, but the firing soon after ceased. - -Jackson resumed his place behind the railroad and lay the night of the -28th in perfect silence, doubtless to create the impression that he -had retreated. Capt. J. F. J. Caldwell, of the First South Carolina, -Gregg's brigade, who has written an admirable history of his brigade, -and was himself a gallant participant in all of its hardships and -glories, thus describes the night of the 28th of August: - - We were placed in columns of regiments and lay during the night in the - open field. The night before a battle is never a pleasant one, but - this was peculiarly trying. Strict silence was enjoined on every man. - We had three divisions, which, in all, would not sum up 20,000 men. - Before us was Pope with at least the bulk of the Federal army, which, - of course, was magnified by many thousands; behind us was no base, no - subsistence, no reinforcement! Longstreet with three divisions was - beyond Pope, and must be some time in reaching us. God, Jackson and - our own hearts were our dependence. - -But Longstreet was not "beyond Pope," for he had that day forced the -passage of Thoroughfare gap, after a sharp conflict in which Drayton's -brigade (which included the Fifteenth South Carolina) took part, and -that night his command camped in the gap and west of the mountain. - -Daybreak of August 29th, upon the great battle plains of Manassas, -found Jackson in his well-chosen position behind the railroad cut, -Longstreet descending the east slope of the gap he had won, and the -forces of General Pope forming for battle in Jackson's front. The -plan of the Federal commander was to attack and crush Jackson before -Longstreet could reach him. The battle opened by an artillery attack in -force on Jackson's right, which was promptly met. This failing to move -Jackson, an equally galling fire of artillery was delivered against his -left, and this also was replied to effectively. At 2 p. m. the infantry -battle opened against A. P. Hill on Jackson's left, and raged until -9 o'clock at night. Hill repulsed six separate assaults, the forces -against him being the commands, in whole or in part, of the Federal -generals Hooker, Kearney, Sigel and Stearns. - -Gregg's brigade,[D] after sleeping on their arms on Ewell's -battlefield, had returned to their first position on the left at -early dawn of the 29th, and were put in line on the extreme left of -the army, near Catharpin run, occupying a small, rocky, wooded knoll, -having a railroad excavation bending around the east and north fronts, -and a cleared field on the northwest. This position was slightly in -advance of the general line, and besides being on the extreme left, -was considered important because of its command of the Sudley Ford -road. The brigade line made an obtuse angle toward the enemy, one side -nearly parallel to the railroad cut and the other along the fence of -the cleared field on the northwest, and enclosed the knoll, which -they were ordered to hold at all hazards. On this spot, barely large -enough to hold the brigade, they stood and fought from 8 o'clock in the -morning until dark. - -[Footnote D: For the part borne by Gregg's brigade on the 29th, I shall -follow the official reports and Mr. Caldwell's history.] - -The regiments of the brigade were posted from right to left in the -following order: The Thirteenth, Col. O. E. Edwards; the First, Maj. -Edward McCrady; the Twelfth, Col. Dixon Barnes; the Fourteenth, Col. -Samuel McGowan; Orr's Rifles, Col. J. Foster Marshall, in reserve. - -Early in the morning, the enemy's advance being reported, General Gregg -sent forward McCrady to skirmish with it. The enemy lay in force in -a wooded hollow in front, and McCrady's advance drew the fire of his -line, front and flank. A sharp musketry contest followed and Gregg sent -up the Twelfth on McCrady's left. The two regiments charged and gained -ground forward, but on the right the enemy held his ground and fired on -McCrady's flank. Barnes had passed on beyond, and McCrady's position -was critical. Edwards, with the Thirteenth, came to his support, but -met such resistance that he had to fight independently. Meanwhile -Marshall, with the Rifles, had gone to Barnes' support, and those two -regiments were driving victoriously forward. McCrady, fighting front -and flank, was stubbornly holding his ground, and Edwards was stemming -the tide against his regiment. At this juncture Gregg recalled the four -regiments to the railroad position, as his orders were to act on the -defensive and not to bring on a general engagement. Time was everything -to Jackson, who knew his enemy was in his front with superior numbers, -and he did not risk a battle until Longstreet was reported to be on his -right. - -The affair of the four regiments had checked the arrangements for -assault in Gregg's front, and he was in solid line awaiting the next -move. It soon came. Pressing on through the thick growth of bushes -along Gregg's front, the attack drove in his skirmishers, and the -infantry of the enemy poured in volley after volley as they advanced -to the railroad. It was a close fight of infantry, across the cut, and -ended in a repulse of the attack. Reinforced, he came for a second -battle with Gregg, and was repulsed. A third and a fourth assault -were met, and a third and fourth battle fought with the same result. -Gregg's brigade had now nearly exhausted its ammunition, and most of -the field officers were killed or wounded, with many most active and -gallant subordinates. Now came the critical hour of Jackson's battle. -Coming up the railroad cut from the left and right, and screened by its -high banks and the thick brush on both sides of it, the enemy massed -on Gregg's right, opposite a thick wood. In this wood were Edwards -and McCrady, forming the right of Gregg, McCrady supporting Edwards. -Beyond Gregg's right was the left of Thomas' Georgia brigade, quite an -interval being between the two brigades. - -The fifth grand assault fell on Thomas' and Gregg's right, and easily -filled the wooded interval between them, flanking both Thomas and -Gregg. The moment was most critical. Edwards and McCrady changed front -to face the woods filled with Federal troops, and fought desperately. -Barnes came up to their help, while Marshall's Rifles heroically held -Gregg's left. But the right was about to be overpowered and crushed, -when Gregg sent in McGowan, his only reserve. The Fourteenth rushed -upon the crowded ranks of intruders in the wood, delivered their -volleys at close range, and shouting, charged the mass. At the instant -Thomas attacked from his side with the Forty-ninth Georgia, and the -victory was gallantly won. The whole assaulting force was driven by -Gregg's and Thomas' forces back across the railroad, and into the woods -beyond. - -Almost exhausted by such terrible work, the cartridge boxes reduced -to two or three rounds, Gregg held his railroad line with a fixed -determination never to yield. In this resolve he was supported by -every officer and man of his brigade. When General Hill sent to ask if -he could hold out, says McGowan, "he replied modestly he thought he -could, adding, as if casually, that his ammunition was about expended, -but he still had the bayonet." And on the bayonet the brigade was now -to rely, as the most desperate assault from fresh forces in its front -was about to come. The rush and noise of the advance were heard, the -volleys of musketry swept over and through the thinned ranks of Gregg, -and in another moment the charging lines of the enemy were mounting the -banks of the railroad cut and rushing upon him. Meeting this heaviest -assault of the day, and fighting, first with their last cartridges, -and then with the bayonet, the men of the brigade gave slowly back. -They were not driven far from their battle line, when Gregg's call for -help was answered by General Hill. Branch and Field were sent in, and -with portions of their brigades met and turned the tide of assault. -Gregg's men were rallied by their commanders, and the Virginians, North -Carolinians and South Carolinians drove back the great assault across -and beyond the railroad, and again Gregg's line was formed. But the -brigade, after fighting for several hours, was worn out and its last -round of ammunition expended. - -The gallant and heroic Marshall fell in this last conflict, as well -as his able lieutenant-colonel, D. A. Ledbetter. Colonels McGowan and -Barnes, Lieutenant-Colonel Farrow, and Majors Brockman and McCorkle -were wounded and borne from the field. Captains and lieutenants and -their brave men lay dead in every part of the field. - -It was evident that another grand assault must be met. "Casting about -for help," says General Hill, "fortunately it was here reported to -me that the brigades of Generals Lawton and Early were near by, and -sending to them, they promptly moved to my front at the most opportune -moment." Gregg was relieved, and Lawton and Early, now, late in the -afternoon, advanced beyond the railroad, met the last assault of the -day, and drove the Federals in confusion to the rear. Night had come, -and with it rest for Gregg's heroic brigade. Jackson held his field, -and the effort to crush him before Longstreet came up had disastrously -failed. - -The losses in Gregg's brigade were as follows: Orr's Rifles, 19 killed, -97 wounded, total 116; First, 24 killed, 119 wounded, total 143; -Twelfth, 24 killed, 121 wounded, total 145; Thirteenth, 26 killed, -118 wounded, total 144; Fourteenth, 8 killed, 57 wounded, total 65; -aggregate for the brigade, 613. - -On this bloody day McIntosh did not have an opportunity to use his -guns. At Manassas Junction on the 27th, he had done effective work and -aided in silencing the enemy's battery and driving off his infantry. -The brigade was not in action on the next day, the 30th, but took -position under fire. While forming his command, Major McCrady received -a severe wound in the head, after passing through the storm of battle -on the 29th unhurt. McIntosh's battery, posted on Gregg's left, on the -30th, did splendid service in shelling the enemy's masses in front, -and in breaking his advances against Gregg's position. The following -officers are mentioned among the killed and wounded in the reports of -McGowan and McCrady, the former reporting for the brigade: - - Killed: Orr's Rifles--Col. J. Foster Marshall, Lieut.-Col. D. A. - Ledbetter, Capt. M. M. Norton and Lieut. W. C. Davis. First--Capt. - C. D. Barksdale, Lieuts. John Monro and John C. McLemore, Sergeants - Lowrimore, Darby and Smith. Twelfth--Lieuts. J. A. May and J. R. - Hunnicutt. Thirteenth--Capt. A. K. Smith and Adjt. W. D. Goggans. - - Wounded: Orr's Rifles--Lieut. J. S. Cothran. First--Major McCrady, - Capts. T. P. Alston and M. P. Parker, Lieuts. T. H. Lyles, G. R. - Congdon, John H. King, Z. B. Smith and Thomas McCrady. Twelfth--Maj. - W. H. McCorkle, Capts. E. F. Bookter and L. M. Grist; Lieuts. W. S. - Dunlop, M. K. Sharp, J. H. Bigham, M. V. Darwin, L. A. Garvin, T. A. - White, H. P. Thode, J. M. Hencken and J. C. Rollings. Thirteenth--Col. - O. E. Edwards, Lieut.-Col. T. S. Farrow, Maj. B. T. Brockman, Capts. - R. L. Bowden, P. A. Eichelberger, G. W. Meetze; Lieuts. J. D. - Copeland, R. M. Crocker, S. J. Greer, W. T. Thom and J. B. Fellers. - Fourteenth--Col. Samuel McGowan, Capts. C. M. Stuckey and J. N. Brown; - Lieuts. W. J. Robertson, W. J. Carter and J. H. Allen. A total of 12 - commissioned officers killed and 37 wounded in the brigade. - -Major McCrady mentions in his report for distinguished conduct on -the field, Color-bearer Spellman and Sergeant Matthews, Sergeants -Lorrimore, Smith, Darby, Kelley, Gore and Miller, Color Corporal -Owens, Corporals Wigg and Larkin, Privates Ruff, Holloran and Carroll, -Sergeant Ragan, Corporal Brereton, Privates Lyles and Duff. Capts. -W. T. Haskell, M. P. Parker, W. P. Shooter, Barksdale and T. P. -Alston, and Lieuts. James Armstrong, John C. McLemore, Thomas McCrady, -Hewetson, Brailsford, McIntire, Congdon, John Monro, Wiborn, Seabrook -and Hamilton were distinguished on the field. - -The great issue of battle between Pope and Lee was to be determined -on the 30th. Longstreet was in battle array on Jackson's right, with -a front of seven brigades: First Hood, with his brigades, supported -by Evans; then Kemper, with two brigades in his front line, Jenkins -and Hunter, supported by Corse; then D. R. Jones, with three brigades -in echelon, on the extreme right, reaching the Manassas Gap railroad. -Wilcox, with three brigades, in column, was in close supporting -distance, behind Hood and Evans. R. H. Anderson with three brigades was -on the march for the field, moving from the direction of Warrenton. The -brigades of Evans and Jenkins were composed of South Carolina troops; -the Fifteenth South Carolina was in Drayton's brigade, with D. R. Jones -on the right, and the Hampton legion infantry was in Wofford's brigade, -with Hood on the left. Bachman's and Garden's batteries were in Major -Frobel's battalion, and Rhett's was in S. D. Lee's battalion. - -Pope massed against Jackson, and after assailing him with a heavy fire -of artillery, attacked his whole line with all the aggressive power -he could command. Porter's corps assailed his right and center, and -Heintzelman's and Reno's corps attacked his left and left flank. These -three corps were supported by the divisions of King and Ricketts. - -Jackson stood against this combination with his three divisions, and -made desperate resistance. For three hours, from 1 to 4 p. m., his -battle was purely defensive and held back the surging columns of -attack, but he saw that his limit of resistance had been reached and -sent to General Lee for a division. At that moment General Longstreet, -riding out to a commanding position oh Jackson's right, saw the -whole field of attack and seized the opportunity to enfilade the -line. Chapman's Virginia, Boyce's South Carolina and Reilly's North -Carolina batteries were called up at a run, and fully appreciating the -situation, went into telling action. The assaulting lines were broken -in ten minutes, rallied, returned, and were again broken. Rallying a -third time, they were a third time staggered by the fire of Boyce, -Chapman and Reilly, and Jackson's line was given a breathing spell. -S. D. Lee now put his battalion into action, and his guns swept the -field and "tore the line to pieces," says General Longstreet. Rhett's -South Carolina battery, commanded by Lieut. William Elliott, with Lee's -battalion, shared the honors of this grand assault of artillery in aid -of Jackson's heroic battle. The moment had come for Longstreet to move, -and as the commanding general rode on the field and ordered the grand -assault, he was sending the order to his division commanders to advance. - -It was now late in the afternoon, but before night had settled down on -that great field of strife, Hood and Evans and Kemper and D. R. Jones -and R. H. Anderson had carried the battle beyond the Chinn house and -to the base of the great plateau at the Henry house, which commanded -the enemy's line of retreat over Bull run. But night had come and saved -the plateau to Pope's army and his retreat was secured to him. - -Lee's victory was complete. But it had been won by a mighty sacrifice -of human life. South Carolina had laid down her noble sons in costly -sacrifice. Her brigades and regiments in that great battle had given -their very best. Among the gallant dead, and those who received mortal -wounds, at Manassas, on the two days of heroic strife, were the -following distinguished officers: - -Col. J. F. Marshall and Lieut.-Col. D. A. Ledbetter, of Orr's Rifles; -Col. Thomas J. Glover, of the First South Carolina battalion; Col. John -V. Moore, of the Second Rifles; Col. John H. Means, of the Seventeenth; -Col. J. M. Gadberry, Eighteenth; Lieut.-Col. Francis G. Palmer, of the -Holcombe legion, and many other gallant spirits. Brigadier-General -Jenkins was wounded at the head of his brigade and over 400 of his -officers and men killed and wounded. Col. H. L. Benbow, Twenty-third -South Carolina; Maj. W. J. Crawley, of the Holcombe legion, and other -field, staff and company officers of the South Carolina commands were -wounded on the field. It is greatly to be regretted that there are no -reports from General Jenkins of record, or any one of his regimental -commanders, respecting the operations of the 29th and 30th. - -As Hood's right swept on in its battle, Jenkins and Hunton kept abreast -of it, and Evans, in supporting Hood, came into battle connection with -Jenkins. This was particularly the case when the guns were captured at -the Chinn house. Colonel Corse in his report gives the line of program -which Jenkins observed, as passing beyond the Chinn house and south of -it, while Evans, who supported Hood's two brigades, passed beyond and -north of it. Wofford, who commanded Hood's right brigade, refers to -his advance against a battery at or east of the Chinn house, when the -Holcombe legion (of Evans' brigade) came up to his support and fought -"with much spirit and gallantry." Colonel Gary, the commander of the -Hampton legion infantry, in his report says: "We were then [Wofford's -brigade] hotly engaged around the Chinn house, where the brigade -captured several pieces of artillery. At this place the brigade of -General Evans came up in gallant style and relieved us." Evidently the -Chinn house, which stood about one mile southwest of Groveton, formed -the center of the theater of battle for the brigades of Jenkins and -Evans and the Hampton legion infantry, under Colonel Gary. - -These commands carried their battle for a half mile east of the Chinn -house, when darkness checked and ended their advance. Over the space -indicated the South Carolinians fought with steady courage, attesting -their devotion by the sacrifices of the day. In this advance fell the -noble-hearted Governor Means, at the head of the Seventeenth; the -accomplished and gallant Glover, at the head of Hagood's First; the -brave Gadberry, leading the Eighteenth; the dashing Moore, commanding -the Second rifles; the heroic Palmer, urging the Holcombe legion to the -charge, and Henry Stevens, aide to Col. P. F. Stevens, falling with -five wounds. - -A single shell bursting in front of Company K, Palmetto sharpshooters, -killed five young men--Theodotus L. Capers, James Palmer, Whiteford -Smith, Bearden and McSwain--graduates and undergraduates of college, -the very best Carolina could give for her cause. It is particularly -noted, that these were representative young men, sons of men of -prominence in the church and in the State. Never did one shell destroy -more of the beauty and promise of life, or carry more sorrow to human -hearts. - -The Fifteenth South Carolina operated on the extreme right in support -of cavalry, and is reported as losing 21 in killed and wounded. -General Longstreet complained that Drayton was sent to the right -without his knowledge, and expressed his regret that he could not -command his aid when he needed it to reinforce the battle. - -Major Frobel reported that on Friday morning he took Bachman's -battery, by General Hood's order, to the extreme right on the Orange & -Alexandria railroad, where Stuart's cavalry was operating. Here Bachman -opened on a column marching to the Confederate right. Fifteen rounds -were so well directed that the column halted and then disappeared -toward the left. Later, Bachman and Garden took post on the Warrenton -pike, and for two hours engaged the batteries of the enemy at the -Groveton house, and silenced them. On the 30th, in the afternoon, -following Hood's advance, Bachman and Garden advanced down the -Warrenton pike, Bachman taking position on the right of the road and -Garden on the left, both well out, and opened on the enemy's guns at -the Dogan house. Again the batteries engaged and drove the enemy's guns -away from the house, and prepared the way for Colonel Law's brigade to -carry the position. Bachman had exhausted his ammunition, and Garden -moved on until night stopped his progress. Major Frobel reported that -Bachman and Garden handled their guns with great skill and effect. -Lieutenant Siegling, a gallant officer of Bachman's battery, was struck -from his horse by a fragment of shell, and seeing the exposed position -of his mounted men, as he was falling gave the command, "Cannoneers, -dismount." His wound was through the stomach, and was supposed to be -mortal, but his cheerful resolution and strong physique, with skillful -surgical attention, carried him through the ordeal, and he rejoined his -command. - -The following are the returns of casualties from the several South -Carolina commands engaged at Manassas on the 29th and 30th. Except from -Boyce's battery there are no reports of casualties in the artillery: -Gregg's brigade--Orr's Rifles, 116; First, 143; Twelfth, 145; -Thirteenth, 144; Fourteenth, 65. Jenkins' brigade--First (Hagood's), -124; Second Rifles, 58; Fifth, 39; Sixth, 115; Sharpshooters, 68. -Drayton's brigade, Fifteenth, 21. Wofford's brigade, Hampton's legion, -74. Evans' brigade, Holcombe legion, 155; Seventeenth, 179; Eighteenth, -113; Twenty-second,--; Twenty-third, 149; Boyce's battery, 6. The grand -total is 1,714, and of these, 281 are given as killed on the field. -Many of those reported wounded had received mortal hurt. - -The morning of Sunday, August 31, 1862, dawned upon the plains and -hills and valleys of Manassas to find them covered with the dead, the -dying and the wounded of both armies. The trophies of victory cheered -the awful prospect, but the sight of the great battlefield filled every -manly heart with feelings of reverence for the dead and sympathy for -the wounded, both friend and foe. Ten thousand wounded Union soldiers, -30 pieces of artillery, many stand of colors, and 7,000 prisoners bore -witness to the steady courage and the heroic endurance of Jackson's -three divisions on the 29th, and the gallant charge of Longstreet's -wing on the 30th. Pope retreated after nightfall on the 30th and put -his rear guard in the Confederate defenses at Centreville. - -He reported that he had been driven in perfect order from the field, -by overwhelming numbers; that the fight had been an unequal one; that -Longstreet had crushed his left with great masses of Confederates, -pouring down in a stream of reinforcements from the Bull Run mountains. -" ... At no time could I have hoped to fight a successful battle with -the immensely superior force of the enemy which confronted me, and -which was able at any time to outflank me and bear my small army to the -dust." But the official records show beyond question that on the field -of Manassas he had under his command 10,000 more men than Lee commanded -in his front on the 30th. Jackson's corps numbered scarcely 20,000 men -of all arms. Pope assailed it all day on the 29th, and made desperate -attempts to destroy it on the 30th, and not a man reinforced Jackson on -the 29th or the 30th; and the "superior forces" that assaulted General -Pope's right on the 30th were just the corps of General Jackson after -all its losses and work on the 27th, 28th and 29th of August. - -General Longstreet tells us that on the morning of Sunday, the 31st, -General Lee called General Jackson to his headquarters and gave him -instructions to cross Bull run at Sudley's ford, march by Little -River turnpike, and intercept the enemy's retreat. On receiving these -instructions, says Longstreet, Jackson said, "Good!" and away he went -without another word. He marched on the morning of the 31st, struck -the Little River turnpike at Wykoop's, turned toward Fairfax Court -House, and camped for the night at Pleasant valley. On September 1st -he continued his march, passed Chantilly, and came upon Pope's forces -at Ox hill, just south of the turnpike, and about halfway between -Chantilly and Germantown. General Pope had due notice of the advance on -his right, and early on the 1st formed a determination, as he reports, -to fight a battle between the roads which come together at Fairfax, -on one of which he was stationed, Jackson, followed by Longstreet, -marching on the other. - -Reinforced by Sumner's and Franklin's corps, General Pope arranged for -battle on the 1st of September with a force of 57,000. The corps of -Heintzelman, Reno and McDowell were in position south of the Little -River turnpike, facing almost north. Against these corps General -Jackson attacked on the afternoon of the 1st, the battle being fought -during a storm of rain and wind, which blew directly in the faces of -the Confederates. Jackson put his corps on right into line of battle, -Hill, Lawton and Starke from right to left. Jackson attacked by Hill's -division, and a severe battle followed until night. During the battle -a portion of Ewell's division, commanded by Lawton, supported General -Hill, but the battle was mainly fought by Hill, the brigades of Branch, -Gregg and Pender bearing the brunt of the fight. General Hill says that -the enemy stubbornly contested the ground, but on the fall of the two -prominent commanders on the field, Generals Kearny and Stevens, the -enemy was driven back, but not far, retreating entirely after night. -The battle was aggressive on Jackson's part, and as it progressed -pushed the Federal forces back, but night coming on both sides ceased -from conflict. - -In this battle Gregg's brigade, leading Hill's division, came first -into line by its right, the Thirteenth and Fourteenth in the front -line, Orr's Rifles, the Twelfth and the First supporting. As the battle -progressed, the Rifles and the Twelfth were advanced to the front line -of battle, the First remaining in support, under command of Capt. C. -W. McCreary. Lieut.-Col. W. D. Simpson commanded the Fourteenth, and -Capt. James Perrin the Rifles. The losses in Gregg's brigade at Ox Hill -were reported as follows: Orr's Rifles, 5 killed, 25 wounded, total -30; First South Carolina, 1 killed, 7 wounded, total 8; Twelfth, 1 -killed, 10 wounded, total 11; Thirteenth, 5 killed, 24 wounded, total -29; Fourteenth, 3 killed, 23 wounded, total 26; total, 15 killed, -89 wounded. Lieut. W. C. Leppard, of the Thirteenth, and Adjt. W. -C. Buchanan, of the Twelfth, were killed on the field after being -distinguished in the action. Captain West and Lieutenant Youngblood of -the Fourteenth, and Lieutenant Jenkins of the Rifles, were wounded. - -We call the battle of Ox Hill a battle with Pope's rear guard, for -such it was. Though his army was in position to give battle to General -Lee on the 2d of September, his forces were arranged so as to secure -his retreat, and this he actually made on the night of the 1st and the -morning of the 2d, falling back on the defenses of Washington. General -Pope seems to have regarded his army at Centreville on the morning of -September 1st, though numbering 62,000, including Banks, near at hand, -no match for that of General Lee, which was not a man over 40,000, if -so strong. If he had only known the actual strength of General Lee's -army, the question arises, Would it have made any difference in the -results of the Rappahannock-Manassas campaigns? - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - - THE MARYLAND CAMPAIGN--THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN BATTLES--CAPTURE OF HARPER'S - FERRY--BATTLES OF SHARPSBURG AND SHEPHERDSTOWN. - - -General Lee marched his victorious army from the plains and hills of -Manassas to Leesburg, and crossed into Maryland, fording the Potomac -between September 4th and 7th, and concentrating at the city of -Frederick. His reasons for this move are here given in his own words: - - The armies of Generals McClellan and Pope had now been brought back to - the point from which they set out on the campaign of the spring and - summer. The object of those campaigns had been frustrated, and the - designs of the enemy on the coast of North Carolina and in western - Virginia thwarted by the withdrawal of the main body of his forces - from these regions. Northeastern Virginia was freed from the presence - of Federal soldiers up to the intrenchments of Washington, and soon - after the arrival of the army at Leesburg, information was received - that the troops that had occupied Winchester had retired to Harper's - Ferry and Martinsburg. The war was thus transferred from the interior - to the frontier, and the supplies of rich and productive districts - made accessible to our army. - - To prolong a state of affairs in every way desirable, and not to - permit the season of active operations to pass without endeavoring - to inflict further injury upon the enemy, the best course appeared - to be to transfer the army into Maryland. Although not properly - equipped for invasion, lacking much of the material of war, and - feeble in transportation, the troops poorly provided with clothing, - and thousands of them destitute of shoes, it was yet believed to be - strong enough to detain the enemy upon the northern frontier until the - approach of winter should render his advance into Virginia difficult, - if not impracticable. The condition of Maryland encouraged the belief - that the presence of our army, however inferior to that of the enemy, - would induce the Washington government to retain all its available - force to provide against contingencies which its course toward the - people of that State gave it reason to apprehend. At the same time - it was hoped that military success might afford us an opportunity to - aid the citizens of Maryland in any efforts they might be disposed to - make to recover their liberties. The difficulties that surrounded them - were fully appreciated, and we expected to derive more assistance in - the attainment of our object from the just fears of the Washington - government than from any active demonstration on the part of the - people, unless success should enable us to give them assurance of - continued protection. - -The South Carolina commands with Lee in Maryland, were the brigades -of N. G. Evans, Kershaw and Jenkins under Col. Joseph Walker; the -Fifteenth regiment, Colonel De Saussure, in Drayton's brigade; the -Hampton legion infantry, in Wofford's brigade, and Bachman's, Garden's, -Rhett's and Boyce's batteries--all with Longstreet's corps; in -Jackson's corps, the brigade of Maxcy Gregg and McIntosh's battery; -and with the cavalry under Stuart, the Second cavalry, Col. M. C. -Butler, of Hampton's brigade, and Hart's battery. Thus it will be seen -that four brigades, a regiment and a battalion of infantry, six light -batteries, and one regiment of cavalry represented South Carolina -in the short and bloody campaign through which we are now to trace -their career. We may not do more than make such general allusions to -other commands as will put the positions and movements of the South -Carolinians in their true moral and military aspect. The gallant -comrades of other States, who fought by their side, and on whose heroic -daring and sublime fortitude so much depended--whenever they touched -their Carolina brethren in battle, their touch was an inspiration, and -wherever they fought by their side, their battle was an assurance of -strength. - -When General Lee took post at Frederick, his position warranted the -expectation that the Federal forces in the valley of Virginia and at -Harper's Ferry would retreat upon Washington, and he made dispositions -to intercept them. In this he was disappointed. Martinsburg and -Harper's Ferry were held fast, and Lee resolved to attack those points -at once. He prepared an order detailing his combinations and directing -the march of each corps and division, and the action of his cavalry. -A copy of this, sent Gen. D. H. Hill, fell into General McClellan's -hands, as a former order, issued on the Rapidan, had gone into the -hands of Pope. Thus McClellan was informed that Lee's army would leave -Frederick and cross the mountains at Boonsboro gap; that D. H. Hill's -division was to halt at Boonsboro, while the rest of Longstreet's -corps marched toward Hagerstown; that Jackson would cross the Potomac -and move on Harper's Ferry; that McLaws' division, following Jackson, -would enter Pleasant valley and possess Maryland heights, and that -Walker's division, following McLaws, would cross the Potomac and -possess Loudoun heights. Friday, September 12th, was to be the day when -these combinations should result in the capture of Harper's Ferry. That -accomplished, Jackson, McLaws and Walker were to rejoin the army at -Boonsboro or Hagerstown. - -McClellan, thoroughly appreciating the situation, promptly advanced -against Boonsboro gap. In this forward movement he was delayed -by General Hampton, who skirmished at every available point. As -the advance guard approached Frederick with cavalry, infantry and -artillery, Hampton drew in his outposts and formed his brigade for -attack. The enemy posted a gun, supported by infantry, so as to command -the city, and this gave Hampton his opportunity. As the gun opened he -ordered Butler to charge, with the brigade in support. One brilliant -dash at the gun and its support, and it was in Hampton's possession, -the enemy scattered, many killed and wounded, and Colonel Moore, -Twenty-eighth Ohio, and 10 other prisoners taken. In this affair, -Lieutenant-Colonel Meighan, of the Second South Carolina cavalry, and -Captain Waring, of the Jeff Davis legion, acted with distinguished -gallantry, and the Second, under its gallant colonel, was commended -for its conduct. So successful was the repulse of the advance guard -of the enemy that Hampton withdrew at a walk, and camped for the -night at Middletown, taking with him the prisoners, and leaving -Lieutenant-Colonel Martin, commanding the Jeff Davis legion, to cover -his camp. - -At daylight, Martin was attacked in the gap of Catoctin mountain which -he was holding. Hampton sent up a section of Hart's battery to his -support, and Martin held his position against odds until 2 p. m., -the fire of Hart's guns driving the opposing artillery from several -positions. Then the enemy, reinforced, gained a strong point for -artillery, and Hampton withdrew Martin, and in front of Middletown -formed for battle, which was soon joined. Hart's guns replied -vigorously to those of the Federals, the sharpshooters became warmly -engaged, and soon the whole brigade was in action, the fight being -pressed by infantry on the enemy's side. Notified that Gen. D. H. Hill -had taken position in Boonsboro gap, General Stuart, who had come -forward, ordered Hampton to withdraw to the south, and sent Martin with -Hart's guns through the gap in South mountain to Boonsboro. Hampton -retired to Burkittsville, and on his way encountered a Federal cavalry -command, which he charged with Colonel Young's Georgians, dispersed the -force, with a loss of 30 killed and wounded on the enemy's part, and 4 -killed and 9 wounded in the Cobb legion. - -Hill's division, which had marched into Boonsboro gap, was composed -of the brigades of Ripley, Rodes, Garland, Colquitt and Anderson. -With these commands and Rosser's Fifth Virginia cavalry, Hill stood -against the assaults of McClellan for five hours. Longstreet hurried -back from Hagerstown to his support and arrived between 3 and 4 p. -m. With Longstreet were the South Carolina brigades of Evans and -Jenkins, the Fifteenth South Carolina with Drayton, and the Hampton -legion with Wofford. Evans' brigade, under Col. P. F. Stevens, was -marched to the left of General Hill's battle to support Rodes, who was -nearly overwhelmed. Stevens put in the brigade on the right of Rodes, -and was at once assailed. The Seventeenth, under Col. F. W. McMaster, -held its ground on the right of the brigade, supported by the Holcombe -legion, but the pressure of the attack pressed back the Twenty-second -and Twenty-third until these regiments, rallied by their gallant -commanders, Lieut.-Col. T. C. Watkins and Capt. S. A. Durham and Maj. -M. Hilton, returned to the battle, and supported by the Eighteenth, -Col. W. H. Wallace, held the battle, in line with the Seventeenth and -the legion. But not for long; the enemy crowded up the mountain in such -strength that Rodes and Stevens could not hold their line and were -driven from the crest. - -In this brief struggle, Lieut.-Col. Thomas C. Watkins fell in the -thick of the fight, rallying his regiment. His fall was a loss to his -command and to his country, but he died as he wished to die, fighting -for the independence of the Southern Confederacy. He was succeeded by -Major Hilton, who rallied the regiment and restored its position on the -crest. In the same contest Lieut.-Col. R. S. Means, of the Seventeenth, -was severely wounded. At the moment of his fall the crest was carried, -and Colonel McMaster ordered him borne from the field, but he -generously refused the aid of his comrades, seeing they must inevitably -be captured. - -Colonel Stevens especially commended the conduct of Colonel McMaster, -Major Hilton, Captain Durham and Adjt. W. P. DuBose. The latter -officer was captured after night while endeavoring with a small -force to reconnoiter the enemy's front. The loss in the brigade was -comparatively small: Seventeenth, killed 7, wounded 37, missing 17; -Twenty-second, killed 10, wounded 57, missing 4; Twenty-third, killed -4, wounded 16, missing 4; no reports for the Eighteenth and the legion. - -The rapid march of Longstreet from Hagerstown on the 14th had thinned -the ranks of all his brigades. Men overcome with fatigue fell by the -way in large numbers, and the rush up the mountain in the afternoon -almost depleted some commands. Colonel McMaster, reporting the strength -of the Seventeenth in the battle, said: "In this battle we had engaged -10 officers and 131 men, rank and file, and ambulance corps." General -Longstreet, referring in his recent book to the effect upon the troops -of the march from Hagerstown, and the marches and countermarches on the -mountain, says: - - It was near night when the brigades under Generals Kemper and Garnett - and Colonel Walker (Jenkins') returned from their march down the - mountain and reached the top. They were put in as they arrived, to try - to cover the right of Rodes and Evans, and fill the intervening space - to the turnpike. As they marched, the men dropped along the road as - rapidly as if under severe skirmish. So manifest was it that nature - was exhausted that no one urged them to get up and try to keep their - ranks.... The Union brigades were stronger than the Confederates, mine - having lost more than half this number by the wayside from exhaustion, - under the forced march. - -Col. Joseph Walker, Palmetto sharpshooters, commanding Jenkins' -brigade, reported his force only partially engaged. Much of his time -in the afternoon was consumed by marches and countermarches, in -accordance with orders, which carried his brigade first to the foot of -the mountain on the west side, nearly 2 miles south of the Boonsboro -pike, on which he had arrived from Hagerstown. Then he was sent to take -position at the hotel on top of the mountain and north of the pike. -From that post he was ordered to move across the pike obliquely to -the south, and down the east slope of the mountain, where he made his -partial battle. The First regiment, Lieut.-Col. D. Livingston, the -Sixth, Lieut.-Col. J. M. Steedman, and the Fifth, Capt. T. C. Beckham, -were advanced to a stone fence, where they stood against the fire of -the infantry and artillery in their front, the Sharpshooters, Second -rifles and the Fourth battalion supporting. Walker held this post all -through the evening and night, moving off on the morning of the 15th -and covering the retirement from that part of the field, the Second -rifles marching as rear guard. The losses in Jenkins' brigade were -comparatively light, 3 killed and 29 wounded, total, 32, distributed -as follows: Palmetto sharpshooters, 2 wounded; First, 1 killed, 15 -wounded; Second rifles, 1 wounded; Fifth, 6 wounded; Sixth, 2 killed, 5 -wounded. - -The writer regrets that he can find no record of the service of the -Fifteenth South Carolina, in Drayton's brigade, and the Hampton legion -infantry, in Wofford's. Gen. D. H. Hill, in his report of the action of -his troops, refers to the brigade of Drayton in the following words: - - In answer to a dispatch from General Longstreet, I urged him to - hurry forward troops to my assistance. General Drayton and Col. G. - T. Anderson [the latter commanding a brigade of Georgians] came up, - I think, about 3 o'clock, with 1,900 men.... Anderson, Ripley and - Drayton were called together, and I directed them to follow a path - until they came in contact with Rosser, when they should change their - flank, march in line of battle and sweep the woods before them.... - Anderson soon became partially and Drayton hotly engaged.... Three - brigades moved up in beautiful order against Drayton and the men were - soon beaten. - -This is the only reference to Drayton's brigade in the action at -Boonsboro, by which it appears that the Fifteenth South Carolina, and -Fiftieth and Fifty-first Georgia, the three regiments that composed -it, stood against the attack of three Union brigades until they were -"beaten." - -The battle of Boonsboro Gap was not anticipated by General Lee, and it -came, on the 14th, in the nature of a surprise. Certainly Lee's army -was not prepared for it. All that could be done was done--the brigades -of Hill and Longstreet, with such artillery as could be operated on -the mountain, held back the advancing columns of Hooker and Reno until -night put an end to the conflict. General McClellan reported the battle -on his side as fought by the divisions of Hatch, Ricketts and Meade, -of Hooker's corps; Willcox, Sturgis and Cox, of Reno's corps; and the -brigade of Sedgwick, of Sherman's corps; with artillery and cavalry. -That this force did not drive Hill in rout from the mountain before -Longstreet came up is due to the firmness and heroism of his defense. -That it did not envelop both Longstreet and Hill late in the afternoon, -and force them down upon Boonsboro, is due to the skill of those -generals, and the conduct of their troops and their commanders. - -Having already stated the order for the investment of Harper's -Ferry, we will have now to do with the part taken by Kershaw's and -Gregg's South Carolina brigades in its capture. Kershaw was with -McLaws and Gregg with A. P. Hill. To Kershaw, commanding his own and -Barksdale's brigades, was assigned the task of capturing the south -end of Elk ridge, called Maryland heights, which overlooked Harper's -Ferry. The heights captured, McLaws was to plant his rifled guns -there to co-operate with Walker, on Loudoun heights, and Jackson, on -Bolivar heights. Kershaw marched on the 12th and ascended Elk ridge -by Solomon's gap. The Union pickets offered a feeble resistance at -the gap and retired, Kershaw ascending to the top of the ridge and -marching on its crest toward the point of attack. Capt. G. B. Cuthbert, -Second South Carolina, commanding Kershaw's right flankers, and Major -Bradley, Mississippi regiment, commanding skirmishers in advance, met -and easily drove back the outposts along the ridge. But the road was so -obstructed, and so impracticable, that it was 6 p. m. before General -Kershaw came up on the first line of defense, within one mile of the -south end, or Maryland heights. This was a strong abatis running -across the ridge and flanked by high boulders. Here the enemy was -standing in force. - -Kershaw put his brigade in two lines of attack and held Barksdale in -reserve. Henagan's Eighth South Carolina and Aiken's Seventh made the -first line, Nance's Third, and Kennedy's Second in rear. Before these -dispositions were made night came on, and the troops lay on their -arms within sight of the battlefield. Early on the 13th the South -Carolinians moved to the attack in beautiful order, and came under the -heavy fire of the enemy. The Eighth encountered a ledge of rock which -completely stopped its advance, but the Seventh had a clear field -to the abatis. Aiken led his regiment on with a dash, mounted the -obstruction, poured a volley into the faces of his adversaries, and the -abatis was won, the enemy retreating a quarter of a mile to a still -stronger position across the ridge. Kershaw sent Barksdale to his left -to make a detour on the east slope, and gain the flank of the position. -The Seventh and Eighth again advanced to the abatis and carried it, -but the fire from a log breastwork in rear checked their progress. The -Third, under Nance, reinforced the fire of the Seventh and Eighth, and -these three regiments made the battle, losing severely. - -Meanwhile Barksdale had worked his way around to the rear and right -of the Federals and opened fire. Seeing himself assailed in front -and flank, the enemy retreated down the south end of the mountain -and across the river, by pontoon, into Harper's Ferry. Kershaw and -Barksdale moved to the position captured, overlooking the enemy in his -stronghold. Major McLaws, of the division staff, directed the cutting -of a road by which four rifled guns were brought to the heights, and -by 2 p. m. on the 14th, while the battle at Boonsboro gap was raging, -and the enemy had penetrated Pleasant valley by Crampton's gap and was -marching on McLaws' rear, Captains Read and Carlton opened their guns -on Harper's Ferry and Bolivar heights. - -Kershaw's work was done and well done, and he was ordered into the -valley early on the morning of the 15th. While on the mountain the -brigades suffered from want of water; not a drop could be obtained -except at the foot of the ridge. The march on the crest was over -crags and boulders, and the advance to battle was impeded by fallen -trees and every possible obstruction. General Kershaw reported that -not a man retired from his line who was not wounded, and especially -spoke of the Seventh, Colonel Aiken, as bearing the brunt of the -battle and suffering the heaviest loss. Lieut. Moultrie Dwight, of the -brigade staff, was severely wounded by a fall from a precipice while -communicating a message from Kershaw to Barksdale. Barksdale's loss was -2 killed and 15 wounded. Kershaw lost 33 killed and 163 wounded; total, -196. The Second South Carolina, not being engaged directly, suffered no -casualties. The three regiments engaged numbered 100 officers and 863 -soldiers. The Third had 14 killed, 35 wounded, total 49; the Seventh, -13 killed, 100 wounded, total 113; the Eighth, 6 killed, 28 wounded, -total 34. - -Gregg's South Carolina brigade marched with Jackson's corps from the -vicinity of Boonsboro on the 11th and camped at Williamsport on the -Potomac. On the 12th, crossing the Potomac, Jackson marched upon -Martinsburg, occupied by a Federal force under Brigadier-General -White. Gregg was in front and deployed for battle, but White retired -upon Harper's Ferry. Jackson entered the town and the inhabitants -rejoicingly received him and his troops. His hungry men were feasted, -their general caressed and honored, and the sutler's stores and army -provisions left by the enemy duly appropriated. Marching on for -Harper's Ferry, Jackson was in position before that place, on Bolivar -heights, by noon of the 13th. Next day Gregg was sent to Jackson's -right (with Branch's brigade) to take position on the Shenandoah, move -along its north bank, and be ready on the morning of the 15th to -assault from that point. Early on the 15th all the batteries opened on -the defenses of Harper's Ferry, among them McIntosh's South Carolina -battery. McLaws' rifled guns from Maryland heights, Walker's batteries -from the Loudoun hills, and Jackson's from Bolivar heights poured -their shot and shell into every opposing fort and battery, and the -signal was about to be given to "cease firing" to give chance for the -concerted assault of Jackson's infantry, when the banner of surrender -was raised and Harper's Ferry was captured. The enemy replied from -every one of his batteries with vigor, and kept up his defense until he -saw his doom. Gregg had not lost a man, and remaining with A. P. Hill's -division to secure the spoil of battle, his brigade reaped a harvest -of good things at Harper's Ferry. The situation is thus described by -Captain Caldwell: - - We fared sumptuously. In addition to meat, crackers, sugar, coffee, - shoes, blankets, underclothing, etc., many of us captured horses, of - which the quartermaster, however, duly deprived us. - - Jackson was the great theme of conversation. The Federals seemed - never weary of extolling his genius and inquiring for particulars of - his history. They were extremely anxious to see him. He came up from - the riverside late in the afternoon. The intelligence spread like - electricity. Almost the whole mass of prisoners broke over us, rushed - to the road, threw up their hats, cheered, roared, bellowed, as even - Jackson's own troops had scarcely ever done. We, of course, joined in - with them. The general gave a stiff acknowledgment of the compliment, - pulled down his hat, drove spurs into his horse, and went clattering - down the hill away from the noise. - -The garrison of Harper's Ferry, surrendered, gave Jackson over 11,000 -prisoners, 73 pieces of artillery, 13,000 small-arms, and a large -supply of military stores. - -General McClellan did not push his advantage gained at Boonsboro gap. -It was 8 o'clock on the morning of the 15th before his troops appeared -on the west of the mountain, and General Lee had the columns of D. H. -Hill and Longstreet beyond his reach by that time. Marching all the -night of the 14th, these commands were in front of Sharpsburg early -on the morning of Monday, the 15th. Jackson left Harper's Ferry on -the night following, with McLaws', Walker's and Anderson's divisions, -marched up to Shepherdstown, and crossed the river and reported to -General Lee on the battlefield early on the 16th. He had left A. P. -Hill's division at Harper's Ferry to parole the prisoners, secure the -property captured, and hold the place. As will be seen, McLaws and R. -H. Anderson did not reach the field of battle until it had been raging -for hours, but they came up, as did A. P. Hill, in time to reinforce -Lee at critical moments. - -In writing of Sharpsburg there are particular features of that -battlefield to which reference must frequently be made in order to -comprehend the struggle, and these will first be noted. - -The town of Sharpsburg is about a mile from the southward bend of the -Potomac. A straight line running due east from the Potomac and passing -through Sharpsburg would cross the Antietam river about 1½ miles from -the town. The general direction of the Antietam in front (east) of -Sharpsburg is a little west of south. And this, too, is the general -direction of the Potomac in the vicinity of the battlefield. About 3 -miles below Sharpsburg the Potomac makes a sweeping bend to the east -and the Antietam to the west, the latter entering the former just below -the point where the river turns sharply to the south. Lee's line was in -front of Sharpsburg and behind the Antietam, which was easily forded, -and crossed by good stone bridges in Lee's front and on each flank. - -Two main roads gave direction to the battle, one running north to -Hagerstown, and the other a little north of east to Boonsboro. About -1¼ miles from the town, on the Hagerstown road, was a church known as -the Dunker's chapel, with a heavy wood north, south and west of it. -The hills along the Antietam, on both sides, were high and commanding, -and gave the best positions for artillery. The country between the -Antietam and the Hagerstown road was undulatory, with good elevations -for artillery, and south of Sharpsburg very much the same. The Antietam -makes a very long bend to the west about 1½ miles below the town and -then bends south again. General Lee's right rested on this bend, the -hills being high and steep on the Sharpsburg side. Lee formed two lines -of battle on the hills described, its direction parallel with the -Antietam, bending toward the Potomac on the left. - -On the 15th, Longstreet was posted on the south of the Boonsboro road, -and D. H. Hill north of it. Hood's division prolonged the line on -Hill's left bending west until it touched the Hagerstown road. Jackson, -early on the 16th, was put on Hood's left, with his right on the -Hagerstown road. Stuart with cavalry and horse artillery guarded the -extreme left next the Potomac. Walker, with his two brigades, came up -from Harper's Ferry by afternoon, and was posted on the extreme right -and immediately on the Antietam bluffs. As the divisions slept on arms, -on the night of the 16th, they stood for battle, from right to left, in -the following order: Walker, D. R. Jones, Evans (brigade), D. H. Hill, -Hood, Lawton, J. R. Jones, cavalry. The artillery opened the great -battle at dawn on the 17th, and before the sun had risen Jackson was -hotly engaged with Hooker's corps on the Confederate left. - -Jackson's and Hood's troops held their ground with great courage and -firmness, sometimes advancing in triumph and then repulsed by the front -lines of the enemy. The history of Jackson's battle is a history of -violent and bloody contention, advances and retirements, with ground -lost, gained, relost and regained, until at last the enemy was forced -to the defensive and the Confederate battle held on nearly its chosen -line. The three corps of Hooker, Mansfield and Sumner were engaged in -these battles with Jackson and Hood, while the latter were reinforced -from time to time by three brigades from D. H. Hill, one from D. R. -Jones, and two with Walker. These forces, with Jackson's two small -divisions and Hood's two brigades, had forced the battle beyond the -Hagerstown road, and were on the successful offensive, as against -Hooker's and Mansfield's corps, when Sumner entered the battle. His -advance was against Jackson's right and center, two of his divisions -(Richardson's and French's) operating east of the turnpike and south of -the church, and one (Sedgwick's) moving against the woods just north -of the church. Sumner's line operated at once to check the tide of his -retreating friends, and to stem that on his advancing foes. Fresh, -strong and admirably handled, the divisions of Richardson, French and -Sedgwick moved to renew the waning battle. Richardson, supported by -French, moved against D. H. Hill's left center, and Sedgwick attacked -in front and north of the church. - -Sumner's account of affairs on the battlefield when he reached it shows -the work which had been done by the troops of Jackson, Hood, D. H. Hill -and the brigade from D. R. Jones. He said: "On going upon the field, -I found that General Hooker's corps had been dispersed and routed. -I passed him some distance in the rear, where he had been carried -wounded, but I saw nothing of his corps as I was advancing on the -field. There were some troops lying down on the left which I took to -belong to Mansfield's command. In the meantime, General Mansfield had -been killed, and a portion of his corps thrown into confusion." - -Sedgwick had pushed his battle successfully, and was now south and -west of the church and about to clear the woods, when the head of -McLaws' division arrived from Harper's Ferry, worn down by their -forced march, without food, and many of them footsore. But they were -ready for battle, and appreciated the emergency. Portions of Hooker's -and Mansfield's corps were attacking farther to Jackson's left, and -Sumner's fresh corps was terribly aggressive. General Lee had ordered -Walker from the extreme right, and he arrived in good time to join -with McLaws. These commands, with portions of the troops that had been -fighting all the morning, confronted the new advance, assailed it, beat -it back, broke its order, and gained the position from which Sumner had -advanced. Sedgwick was overwhelmed, but Richardson retired in order. -The attack of Sumner on Lee's left and left center had failed, and -failed by reason of the heroic, aggressive battle of McLaws and Walker, -and the rallied fragments of Jackson's, Hood's, Hill's and Jones' -troops. - -In this great achievement Kershaw's South Carolina brigade, of McLaws' -division, bore a distinguished part. Arriving on the field just as -Jackson's battle had been driven into the woods south of the chapel and -the enemy were in plain view, McLaws advanced Kershaw against him in -direct attack, the Second South Carolina leading. The struggle to be -made was for the possession of the wood west and north of the chapel. -Kershaw threw the Eighth, Seventh and Third forward to Kennedy's -support, and they pressed their battle into the wood and beyond the -chapel, supported right and left by their comrades, and by the fire -of Read's battery. Aiken approached within 30 yards of a Federal -battery, drove its gunners off, and was about to seize the guns when -a flanking battery opened upon him with canister and drove him back. -The enemy reinforced made assault after assault, and were as often -repelled. Kershaw had established his line beyond the church, and here -he held his battle throughout the day. Reporting upon the conduct of -his brigade, he said that the Eighth, under Lieut.-Col. A. J. Hoole, -carried in 45 men, rank and file, and lost 23; the Second, first to -attack and drive the enemy, suffered the loss of Colonel Kennedy from -a severe wound, and its gallant major, Franklin Gaillard, led it on -against a front line, broke it, and pressed it beyond range of fire; -the Third, under Nance, twice changed front under fire, and as often -drove the opposing line; the Seventh, led by Aiken, trailed their -progress to the cannon's mouth with the blood of their bravest, and -out of 268 carried into action, lost 140, Colonel Aiken being among -those most seriously wounded. The death of its gallant Maj. W. C. White -deprived the service of an accomplished officer, a noble gentleman, and -an elevated character. - -Without a supply of rations from Monday to Wednesday; constantly under -arms, marching, or in action during that period, no sleep and but brief -halts for rest, Kershaw's gallant command fought at Sharpsburg as if -they had come to the field from a well-provided camp. - -But Sumner's work was not yet done. Richardson and French, supported -by their famous batteries, many of them rifled guns, returned to the -attack, directing their march directly against D. H. Hill's center -on the Boonsboro road. He had sent Ripley, Garland and Colquitt to -reinforce the struggle on the left, and had with him only two brigades -of his own division (Rodes' and G. B. Anderson's), his batteries, -Evans' brigade under Col. P. F. Stevens, and Boyce's battery. With -these troops Hill met and repelled Richardson's first advance. General -Lee sent up R. H. Anderson's division to his support, and Hill formed -that command behind his front line. By the mistake of a subordinate, -Rodes' brigade was moved from the front line and a broad gap left -in Hill's defense. At once Richardson saw his advantage and pressed -his troops into and beyond the gap. We give, substantially, General -Hill's account. G. B. Anderson held his brigade in position, while -the Federals poured through the gap, making all the defense he could, -until he was wounded, when his brigade broke in panic, but Colonel -Bennett and Major Sillers of North Carolina rallied a portion of the -brigade. There were no troops near, except some rallied fragments of -commands, to hold the center. Hill was now back to the hill which -commanded Sharpsburg and the rear. Affairs looked critical. A battery -in a cornfield was ordered up, and proved to be Boyce's South Carolina -battery, attached to Evans' brigade. It moved out most gallantly, in -full view, and exposed to a terrible direct and reverse fire from -rifled guns beyond the Antietam. A caisson was exploded, but the -battery unlimbered and with grape and canister poured volley after -volley so fast into the advancing troops that they halted, wavered, -and then broke in retreat. With such of his troops as he could call to -his immediate command, Hill charged, was checked, repulsed and charged -again, and at last the center was secure. - -The part borne by Evans' brigade of South Carolinians in this defense -of the center is described by Colonel Stevens, commanding: - - Sickness, fatigue and casualties of battle had reduced the brigade to - a mere skeleton. Placed in position near the town and north of the - Boonsboro road, the brigade acted as support with various batteries, - until the afternoon, when the attack in front pressing, General Evans - ordered it deployed as skirmishers to meet the enemy. In this position - we were forced back, until I again advanced, and with Boyce's battery - broke the line in my front and drove them back. The force in our - front having retired, and Colonel Walker, commanding Jenkins' South - Carolina brigade, on our right, having sent to me for artillery, I - ordered Captain Boyce with his battery to report to him. Night coming - on, the brigade bivouacked on the field.... During the engagement at - Sharpsburg my men behaved well, obeyed orders, and never gave back - except at my command. - -Boyce lost 15 horses. Sergt. Thomas E. Dawkins and Private James Rogers -were killed, Privates B. Miller and E. Shirley mortally wounded, -and Lieut. H. F. Scaife and 15 of the battery more or less severely -wounded. Sergt. B. T. Glenn continued to work his piece long after -receiving a very severe wound.[E] - -[Footnote E: Captain Boyce mentions all his officers, Lieutenants -Jeter, Porter, Scaife and Monro, and Sergeants Glenn, Humphreys, -Bunch, and Young, and Corporals Rutland, Byrd, Watts and Schartle; and -Privates Scaife, Garner, Hodges, Shirley, Simpson, Gondelock, A. Sim, -L. H. Sims, Willard, Peek, Gossett and Franklin, for distinguished -gallantry in the battles from the Rappahannock to Antietam.] - -Colonel McMaster, of the Seventeenth South Carolina, Evans' brigade, -reports that he carried into the battle only 59 officers and men, so -great had been his losses from sickness and wounds and straggling. -Out of these he lost 19 in battle. There are no separate returns of -the losses of Evans' brigade at Boonsboro gap and Sharpsburg, but in -these two they are reported as follows: Holcombe legion, 18 wounded; -Seventeenth, 18 killed, 49 wounded; Eighteenth, 3 killed, 39 wounded; -Twenty-second, 8 killed, 64 wounded; Twenty-third, 14 killed, 66 -wounded; aggregate, 43 killed, 236 wounded. - -While D. H. Hill was defending the center, Longstreet's line was -assailed, on Lee's right. Crossing at the bridge and fords General -Burnside's troops threw their masses against D. R. Jones' division. -Jenkins' brigade under Colonel Walker was on the left of Jones' -division, and the operations are reported by Colonel Walker. During -the 16th the brigade lay in line south of the Boonsboro road exposed -to an incessant fire of artillery from batteries posted east of the -Antietam. In the afternoon of the 17th Walker was moved forward, and -supported a part of the Washington artillery, of New Orleans. These -gallant batteries were constantly engaged, and drew an unceasing fire -upon Walker as well as themselves. The guns withdrew for ammunition -and Walker went forward 400 yards to an apple orchard. The enemy being -near, Walker attacked with the Palmetto sharpshooters and the Second -rifles on the right, the Sixth, Fifth and First continuing the line to -the left. - -The fire of the brigade was so steady and so well delivered, that -when about to advance, the force in its front broke and retired to -the woods on the Antietam. On Walker's right, the attack on Generals -Kemper and Drayton was so heavy that those brigades were giving ground, -and the enemy was pressing up a ravine in their rear and on their -right. Walker changed his front, and attacking the flagging force, in -concert with Drayton and Kemper, drove back the advancing line. In this -repulse the guns of Rhett's battery, under Lieut. William Elliott, did -splendid service, firing at short range on the infantry masses as they -came up from the Antietam against Jones. The losses of the brigade at -Sharpsburg were 26 killed and 184 wounded, the heaviest loss falling -on the Palmetto sharpshooters. Capts. J. E. Lee and N. W. Harbin, of -the sharpshooters, were killed; and Lieut.-Col. D. Livingston, of -the First; Capt. E. B. Cantey, commanding the Sixth; Lieut. J. C. -McFadden, of the Sixth; Lieuts. H. H. Thompson and W. N. Major, of the -sharpshooters, were wounded. To that part of the action of Jenkins' -brigade in which it was turned by Walker to deliver its fire upon the -forces driving back Kemper and Drayton, Gen. D. R. Jones, the division -commander, makes complimentary reference in a paragraph in which he -also refers to the Fifteenth, in Drayton's brigade: "The Fifteenth -South Carolina, Colonel De Saussure, fell back very slowly and in -order, forming the nucleus on which the brigade rallied." In the two -engagements of Boonsboro Gap and Sharpsburg, the Fifteenth lost 110 -killed and wounded. - -The attack upon Jones on the right, coming from a whole corps, and met -by his division alone, numbering less than 2,500, and the artillery -on his line, gave illustration of endurance, courage and resolution -seldom if ever surpassed in the annals of war. General Toombs, with his -artillery and two Georgia regiments, repulsed five separate assaults -by Burnside's forces, and only retired when every cartridge had been -fired and his position had been turned by a passage below him. Just -at the moment when Jones was driven back upon the town and the corps -of General Burnside under General Cox was sweeping up on his front -and right and making for a lodgment on the Shepherdstown road in his -rear, Lee's line of retreat, the division of A. P. Hill, which had been -marching all day, reported on Jones' right and formed forward into -battle. This arrival saved the day. - -Hill placed his batteries rapidly and opened with canister; but before -his infantry could be formed the enemy had charged the guns and -captured McIntosh's battery and flag. Not a moment was to be lost if -Lee's line to Shepherdstown was to be saved, and A. P. Hill and Jones -ordered the charge. "My troops were not in a moment too soon," says -Hill. With a yell of defiance Archer charged [with Toombs] recaptured -McIntosh's battery and drove the enemy pell-mell down the slope; -Gregg and Branch, from Archer's left, poured in a deadly fire as they -steadily moved down the slope, and the whole line of attack broke and -retired to the Antietam. Night settled down upon the battlefield of -Antietam and the bloodiest struggle of the war was over. - -Gregg's casualties were 163 killed and wounded, of which the First lost -4 killed and 30 wounded; Orr's Rifles, 3 killed and 9 wounded; Twelfth, -20 killed and 82 wounded; Thirteenth, 1 killed and 14 wounded. The -Fourteenth was not engaged. - -The brave and accomplished Col. Dixon Barnes, of the Twelfth, fell -mortally wounded. Lieut. Archibald McIntire, of the First, and Capt. -F. A. Irwin and Lieut. J. B. Blackman, of the Twelfth, were killed. -Capt. M. P. Parker, of the First; Capts. J. L. Miller and H. C. Davis -and Lieut. R. M. Carr, of the Twelfth; Lieuts. J. M. Wheeler and W. L. -Litzsey, of the Thirteenth, and Capt. James Perrin, commanding Orr's -Rifles, were wounded. - -Space does not permit a review of this great battle. It was a gigantic -struggle of eighteen hours. General McClellan referred to it as a -mighty contest in which 200,000 men contended for mastery! General -Lee reported it as a protracted and sanguinary conflict in which -every effort of the enemy to dislodge him from his position had been -defeated with severe loss. The battle was not renewed on the 18th. -General McClellan, reporting to his government, said that a sense of -duty to the army and the country forbade a renewal of the fight on the -18th without reinforcements, the probabilities of defeat being too -great. Whatever General McClellan's strength, it is certain General -Lee fought around Sharpsburg with less than 40,000 men of all arms. -When Lee was at Frederickstown, his army numbered, by its returns, in -round numbers, 61,000 of all arms. The battles of Boonsboro, Crampton's -Gap and Harper's Ferry, with the cavalry engagements, followed. These, -of course, reduced the fighting force, but his heaviest losses were -from straggling incident to the rapid marches and the actual suffering -of the troops for the want of sleep and food between Boonsboro and -Sharpsburg. The remarks of Gen. D. H. Hill will apply to most of the -divisions. He says: - - My ranks had diminished by straggling, and on the morning of the 17th - I had but 3,000 infantry.... Our wagons had been sent off across - the river on Sunday, and for three days the men had been sustaining - life on green corn and such cattle as they could kill in the field. - In charging through an apple orchard with the immediate prospect of - death before them, I noticed men eagerly devouring apples.... Had all - our stragglers been up, McClellan's army would have been completely - crushed. - -In leaving the battlefield of Sharpsburg, the writer pauses to pay a -tribute of respect and love to a brave and accomplished soldier, his -preceptor at the South Carolina military academy, and his honored -friend. Col. Charles Courtney Tew, the gallant commander of the Second -North Carolina, in Anderson's brigade of D. H. Hill's division, fell at -the head of his regiment in Hill's defense of the center against the -attack of Richardson in the afternoon. After graduating at the head of -the first class to leave the South Carolina military academy, Colonel -Tew became one of its able and distinguished professors. Removing -to North Carolina, he established a military academy at Hillsboro, -and when the time came for battle he was at the head of the second -regiment raised in the old North State. Modest, resolute, sincere, -devoted to study and to work, he was an accomplished scholar, a true -and noble spirit, and a resolute character. General Hill said of him, -while reporting his ability and gallantry, and lamenting his loss: -"He had no superior as a soldier in the field." Knowing him well, we -can understand how his efficiency at the head of a regiment and his -fine attainments as a soldier, would make such an impression upon his -major-general. How many such men did the South yield up in willing and -costly sacrifice on the altar of Southern independence! - -The last guns of the Maryland campaign of 1862 were fired at -Shepherdstown and by the cavalry in front of Williamsport, on the 20th -of September. In both these actions South Carolina troops took part, -under Generals Gregg and Hampton. General Lee's army was behind the -Opequon on the 19th; that of McClellan was threatening the passages -of the Potomac. The cavalry under Stuart, with Hampton's brigade in -advance, had moved up the right bank of the Potomac and crossed into -Maryland, at Williamsport, to watch and threaten the enemy's right and -rear. Advancing from Williamsport, Hampton met a strong force of all -arms sent to oppose Stuart, successfully skirmished with it all day of -the 20th, and recrossed the river into Virginia without loss at night. - -On the evening of the 19th, General Porter with the Federal Fifth corps -was at the Shepherdstown ford, with his artillery on the Maryland -hills and his sharpshooters lining the left flank. Under cover of his -artillery, he successfully crossed a portion of his command, stormed -the position on the Virginia side, drove off the infantry force of 600 -men, and captured four guns of General Pendleton's artillery. Early on -the 20th, A. P. Hill was sent with his division to drive Porter's force -back and hold the crossing. In executing this command General Hill -fought the battle of Shepherdstown. - -General Porter in his report represents the attack of General Hill to -have been made upon two of his brigades, and a part of a third, who, by -his order, recrossed the river, under the cover of his batteries, with -little injury, except to the One Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania -regiment. He gives as the reason for his retrograde movement that the -enemy (Hill) was reported as advancing in force. Reading the Federal -general's report, one not conversant with the facts would naturally -suppose that Hill's division met the Pennsylvania regiment alone in -actual battle, and as Porter says that this regiment became "confused" -early in the action, and their arms were ineffective, it would appear -that Hill had little to do. - -General Hill, after stating that the brigades on the Virginia side -were making preparations to hold their position, thus describes the -situation: "I formed my division in two lines--in the first, Pender, -Gregg and Thomas, under Gregg; in the second, Lane, Archer and -Brockenbrough, under Archer. The enemy had lined the opposite hills -with some 70 pieces of artillery, and the infantry who had crossed -lined the crest of the high banks on the Virginia shore.... The advance -was made in the face of the most tremendous fire of artillery I ever -saw." Mr. Caldwell, in his history, says: "We were under the fire -of their batteries the whole time, though they did not open heavily -upon us until we cleared the cornfield; then their fire was terrific! -Shot, shell and canister swept the whole surface of the earth. Yet -the advance was beautifully executed. It excelled even the marching -of the enemy at Sharpsburg.... The roar of the pieces and the howl -and explosion of shells were awful. Sometimes a shell burst in the -ranks, tearing and mangling all around it. In Pender's brigade I saw a -man lifted in the air. But all in vain. The ranks closed up, and the -advance continued without a falter." Alluding to this heroic advance, -General Hill says: "Too much praise cannot be awarded to my regiments -for their steady, unwavering step." - -Describing the fighting with the infantry, General Hill said that -his left brigade was so hotly engaged with the enemy's infantry that -Pender called on Archer for help, and the latter moved his own brigade -to Pender's, thus putting four brigades on the front line. The One -Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania, confused as it was, with damaged -arms, could hardly have done so much against a line of battle that had -marched to the attack through such an artillery fire as both sides -report was poured upon it. At close quarters with General Porter's -troops, Hill ordered the final charge, and the brigades of the Fifth -corps were driven into and across the river, hundreds being drowned, -over 200 prisoners taken, and the dead and wounded left on the field of -battle. - -In this battle the heaviest loss fell on Hill's left flank. The -greatest loss of the South Carolina brigade was in the Fourteenth -regiment, which had 10 killed, among them the gallant Capt. James H. -Dunlap, and 45 wounded, most of them by the artillery fire. In the -other regiments of Gregg's brigade, 8 were wounded, including Lieut. D. -H. Hamilton, adjutant of the First. - -After this engagement General Lee camped his army behind the Opequon, -and the weary soldiers enjoyed a rest. Regiments and brigades were -assigned new commanders to take the places of those who had fallen on -the field. Men who had greatly distinguished themselves for personal -gallantry in the ranks, were either elected to office by their fellow -soldiers, or promoted upon special recommendation of their superiors. - -The description which Mr. Caldwell gives of the condition of -the troops at this time is so graphic, and the writer, from his -observations and experiences, knows it to be so true to the facts, that -he quotes it here entire, as applicable to all the commands of Lee's -army, after their marches and battles and toil and suffering in the -memorable months of August and September, 1862: - - It is difficult to describe the condition of the troops at this time, - so great and various was their wretchedness. They were sunburnt, - gaunt, ragged, scarcely at all shod--specters and caricatures of their - former selves. Since the beginning of August they had been almost - constantly on the march, had been scorched by the sultriest sun of the - year, had been drenched with the rain and the heavy dews peculiar to - this latitude, had lost much night rest, had worn out their clothing - and shoes, and received nothing but what they could pick up on the - battlefield. They had thrown away their knapsacks and blankets, in - order to travel light; had fed on half-cooked dough, often raw bacon - as well as raw beef; had devoured green corn and green apples, and - contracted diarrhea and dysentery of the most malignant type. They now - stood, an emaciated, limping, ragged mass, whom no stranger to their - gallant exploits could have believed capable of anything the least - worthy. Orders were published for instant and thorough ablution, and - the men were marched by squads and companies to the Opequon. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - - HAMPTON'S CAVALRY IN THE MARYLAND RAID--THE BATTLE OF - FREDERICKSBURG--DEATH OF GREGG--SOUTH CAROLINIANS AT MARYE'S - HILL--CAVALRY OPERATIONS. - - -EARLY in October, General Lee, from his camp at Winchester, in the -Virginia valley, directed J. E. B. Stuart to take a picked force of -1,500 cavalry, cross the Potomac above Williamsport, penetrate the -rear of General McClellan's army, damage his railroad communications, -and gain such information of his positions, strength, etc., as -this opportunity would afford. He was to return by such route as -circumstances would determine. In this expedition, Hampton's brigade -was in advance, and crossed at McCoy's ford by the dawn of day on -October 10th. A section of Hart's South Carolina battery, and 175 -picked men of the Second South Carolina cavalry, under Colonel Butler, -were with Hampton. Lieutenant Phillips, Tenth Virginia, with 25 -dismounted men, at the appointed moment waded the river and surprised -the enemy's pickets above the ford, while Butler dashed across with -his troopers and routed the guard, and in five minutes the ford was -secured. Hampton's brigade leading, rode on rapidly, passing through -the narrow strip of Maryland into Pennsylvania, and arrived before -Chambersburg at night. Placing Hart's guns in position, the town -surrendered upon demand (made through Lieut. T. C. Lee, Second South -Carolina), and General Hampton moved his little brigade into it at 10 -o'clock at night and established a rigid provost guard, with Capt. -J. P. Macfie, Second cavalry, in command. The night was spent in -Chambersburg, and on the morning of the 11th, Hampton was ordered to -destroy the depot and such storehouses as contained munitions of war. -This was promptly done, and as rear guard General Hampton took up his -march behind Stuart's column. The march was continued through the day -and night of the 11th, and the early morning of the 12th found the rear -guard at Barnesville, on the Potomac, with the enemy's advance pressing. - -Hampton sent part of his command and one of Hart's guns down the -Poolesville road on his left, and with the other and the Second -South Carolina and Phillips' legion, he defended the crossing of the -wagons, led horses and the two other brigades of Stuart. This being -successfully accomplished, he crossed most of his brigade under cover -of one of Hart's pieces, then sent the gun over, and brought his last -regiment to the Virginia shore, without losing a man or a horse. The -brigade brought over 260 horses captured on the raid. General Hampton -mentioned in terms of praise the conduct of his whole brigade, and -especially commended the service rendered by Captain Macfie, Second -South Carolina; Capt. W. H. H. Cowles, First North Carolina; Capt. T. -G. Barker, adjutant-general of the brigade, and Lieutenants Hamilton -and Phillips. - -Early in November, the Federal army, under McClellan, was concentrated -about Warrenton, Va., and General Lee had thrown Longstreet in its -front, at Culpeper Court House. McClellan's plan was to move directly -upon Culpeper and Gordonsville. President Lincoln thought his movements -too slow and cautious, losing much time after the battle of Sharpsburg, -and had written him to this effect under date of October 13th. In this -letter Mr. Lincoln revealed the insight of an experienced soldier and -admirable common sense, incidentally paying the Confederate army and -its chief so many tributes that we quote the paragraphs: "Are you not -overcautious [he asked McClellan], when you assume that you cannot do -what the enemy is constantly doing? Should you not claim to be at least -his equal in prowess and act upon the claim?" McClellan had called -for the rebuilding of the road from Harper's Ferry to Winchester, in -order to supply his army if he moved against Lee, then at Winchester. -Mr. Lincoln reminded him that Lee was subsisting his army without a -railroad, hauling his supplies twice the distance from Harper's Ferry -to Winchester. The President rallied his general for not operating on -Lee's communications and for being so anxious about his own, and said: -"Change positions with the enemy, and think you not he would break your -communication with Richmond in the next twenty-four hours?... You are -now nearer Richmond than the enemy is, by the route that you can and -he must take. Why can you not reach there before him, unless you admit -that he is more than your equal on a march? His route is the arc of a -circle, while yours is the chord. The roads are as good on yours as on -his." The President was for aggressive action, and urged his general -to strike at Lee directly, through the gaps in the mountains, on his -communications, in any way, so he fought and beat him. "I would press -closely to him; fight him if a favorable opportunity should present, -and at least try to beat him to Richmond on the inside track. I say -'try;' if we never 'try,' we shall never succeed.... We should not so -operate as merely to drive him away. As we must beat him somewhere, or -fail finally, we can do it, if at all, easier near to us than far away. -If we cannot beat the enemy where he now is [at or about Winchester], -we never can, he again being within the intrenchments of Richmond." - -This letter, written on the 13th of October, did not have the effect -of either breaking up General Lee's wagon communications, or beating -him in direct battle. The first week of November found the Federal army -cautiously concentrating about Warrenton, and on the 5th of November, -President Lincoln issued an order relieving McClellan from command and -giving the army to General Burnside. The new commander took charge on -the 9th, and on the 15th began his march on the "chord," while Lee took -the "arc." Burnside's plan was to "beat" Lee to Fredericksburg, cross -the river on pontoons and seize the heights, and "move upon Richmond -from that point." - -The advance of Burnside's army reached Falmouth on the 17th. Colonel -Ball, with a regiment of Virginia cavalry, a regiment of infantry and -two batteries of artillery, prevented a crossing and held the city of -Fredericksburg. - -On the 22d, at 8 p. m., General Lee informed President Davis by -telegram from Fredericksburg, that General Burnside's whole army was on -the left bank of the river opposite Fredericksburg; that he was on the -heights with four divisions of Longstreet's corps, Pendleton's reserve -artillery, and two brigades of Stuart; that the Fifth division of -Longstreet would be up on the 23d, and that he would resist an attempt -to cross the river. - -On the 23d, Lee ordered Jackson, in the Valley, to move east of the -mountains and put his corps in position at Warrenton, or Culpeper, -on the flank of Burnside, where he would be in calling distance when -needed. On the 25th he again wrote Jackson, that as far as he could -judge, Burnside was repairing the railroad to the Potomac, getting up -supplies, and making ready for a move on Richmond. "To delay him," -said General Lee, "and throw him into the winter, I have determined to -resist him from the beginning. From the circumstances which surround -you, if you see that no good can be obtained from a flank movement -on Culpeper or Warrenton, you can march directly to this point." -Accordingly, on December 1st, Jackson was in position on Longstreet's -right, and General Lee's army was united. - -General Burnside's army was arranged in three grand divisions--right, -center and left--commanded by Generals Sumner, Hooker and Franklin. -In each grand division there were six divisions, with cavalry and -numerous batteries attached. According to General Burnside's report, -he had in battle line in Lee's front, December 13th, an army 113,000 -strong. There were four brigades of cavalry on his immediate flanks, -and twenty-three batteries with Franklin's wing and nineteen with -Sumner's and Hooker's. In the battle, as reported by the chief of -artillery, all of Franklin's batteries were engaged on the field (116 -guns), and only seven batteries of Sumner's and Hooker's. To cover the -crossing of the river on the 12th, General Hunt reported 147 guns in -battery along the Stafford hills. - -Confronting this magnificent array of guns and infantry, Lee's army -was drawn up on the hills behind Fredericksburg, "with a view to -resist the enemy's advance after crossing," as General Lee expressed -it. Longstreet's corps, five divisions, was the left, and Jackson's, -four divisions, the right wing of Lee's army. From Longstreet's left, -resting on the river at Taylor hill, to Jackson's right on the wooded -height at Hamilton, the divisions stood as follows: Anderson's, -McLaws', Pickett's and Hood's, of Longstreet's wing; and A. P. Hill's, -of Jackson's wing. Ransom's division was in support of the guns on -Marye's and Willis' hills. Behind A. P. Hill were the divisions of -Early, Taliaferro and D. H. Hill in columns of division. A. P. Hill's -division was in two lines, the brigades of Archer, Lane and Pender in -front, and Gregg and Thomas behind them. There was a gap between Archer -and Lane, and Gregg was some distance behind this gap. The woods hid -the front line of A. P. Hill from its supports. Jackson had fourteen -guns on his right and twenty-one on his left, posted in good positions -to sweep his front and flank. Walton's and Alexander's battalions of -artillery occupied the Marye's height and the hills to right and left, -on which were also posted the batteries of the divisions of Anderson, -Ransom and McLaws. - -In this disposition of the troops the South Carolina commands were -posted as follows: Gregg's brigade on the right, as has been noted; -McIntosh's battery, with Lieut.-Col. R. L. Walker's guns, on the -extreme right of A. P. Hill; Jenkins' brigade with Pickett's division; -Bachman's and Garden's batteries on Hood's line; Rhett's battery in -Alexander's battalion; Kershaw's brigade in McLaws' line, with the left -of the brigade resting on Hazel run. The brigade of Gen. N. G. Evans, -with Boyce's battery, had been ordered to South Carolina early in -November. - -The part which fell to the South Carolina commands in the battle of -Fredericksburg will now be related. That allotted to Gregg's brigade -is sad to relate, for it involved the death of the gallant commander. -The first attack of the day was made on Walker's guns and A. P. Hill's -division, on the extreme right. The enemy's batteries, from the plain -and from the Stafford hills, had been raking Hill's front for hours. -Stuart had held the Federal infantry advance in check, with Pelham's -enfilade fire, as long as he could maintain his exposed position in -front of Jackson's right, and had been forced to retire. At noon, the -division of General Meade, supported on its right by that of General -Gibbon and on its left by that of General Doubleday, advanced to the -assault of the position at Hamilton's, held by A. P. Hill. Meade -received the fire of McIntosh's and Pegram's, Crenshaw's and Latham's -guns, which checked, then broke, and finally drove back his advance. -Promptly reforming, Meade and Gibbon marched steadily on through the -artillery fire, and rushed against Hill. Archer and Lane and Pender met -the assault, and the battle was sternly contested. Meade and Gibbon -pressed their attack and entered the woods in the unfortunate interval -between Archer and Lane. Lane and Archer were flanked right and left. -Lane gave away slowly, and Archer's left was overwhelmed. - -Thomas came to Lane's help in answer to his call, and they held Gibbon -back, but Meade pressed on through the woods and took Gregg by -surprise. Gregg was fully persuaded that the time had not come for his -advance, and being without orders from Hill, unaware of the interval -between Archer and Lane, unable to see in the thick woods, and not -believing the enemy near him, he had resisted the request of his men -to fire for fear of damaging Lane and Archer. Suddenly Meade's troops -came in sight of Orr's rifles on his right and opened a fire upon them -before they could return it. This threw the rifles into confusion, and -but for the firmness of the First regiment, immediately on the left, -and the conduct of the left company of the rifles, under Lieut. J. D. -Charles, the whole brigade would have been routed, for General Gregg, -who had promptly ridden to his right, was immediately shot from his -horse, and at the critical moment the brigade was without its head. - -Col. D. H. Hamilton, of the First, senior officer, quickly grasping -the situation, changed his front on his tenth company, to the rear, -and opened on the mass of the enemy at close quarters, the left -company of the rifles, under Lieutenant Charles, taking post on his -right. Holding his position, Hamilton was immediately supported by -the other regiments of the brigade, the Twelfth coming up on his left -and the Thirteenth and Fourteenth, under McGowan, on his right, and -they stood firmly against Meade's attack, delivering their fire at -close quarters, without giving a foot. Driven from their guns, Orr's -rifles were helpless, but every man who survived hailed the moment of -his ability to regain his place in the front. Some of them, seizing -their guns from the stacks, fought in the ranks of the First regiment. -Sergeant Pratt, of Company B, rallied a number of the men, and took his -place on the right of Lieutenant Charles' company. The Fifth Alabama -battalion, the Twenty-second Virginia battalion, and the Forty-seventh -Virginia regiment, from Archer's and Brockenbrough's brigades, came up -to Hamilton's assistance, and together the Carolinians, Alabamians and -Virginians charged and drove back the bold assault of Meade. Jackson -sent Early forward, and a sweeping charge of his division drove Meade -and Gibbon back and beyond the railroad. The attack on Gregg was wholly -unexpected by that brave and gallant soldier, who had exerted himself -to keep his brigade quiet, particularly cautioning them that their -friends were in front. - -The casualties of the brigade were reported as follows: Orr's Rifles, -21 killed, 149 wounded; First South Carolina, 15 killed, 58 wounded; -Twelfth South Carolina, 1 killed, 7 wounded; Thirteenth South Carolina, -3 killed, 52 wounded; Fourteenth South Carolina, 28 wounded; aggregate, -336. The main loss was sustained by Orr's rifles, who were attacked -lying down behind their stacks, and 170 of them killed and wounded and -their general slain, before they could grasp their arms in defense. In -the First regiment Capt. T. H. Lyles was killed. Capt. T. P. Alston, -Lieutenant Armstrong, Lieut. Thomas McCrady, and Lieut. W. J. Delph -were wounded. Captain Alston returned to the field, after his wound -was dressed, despite the remonstrances of the surgeon. Adjt.-Gen. A. -C. Haskell, severely wounded, refused to leave the field until he sank -fainting from loss of blood. - -General Gregg was shot through the spine, and died the day after the -battle. Seeing he must die, he sent his respects to the governor of -his State, and assured him that he "gave his life cheerfully for South -Carolina." General Hill said of him, in his official report, "A more -chivalrous gentleman and gallant soldier never adorned the service -which he so loved." General Jackson, in his report, deplored the loss -of "a brave and accomplished officer, full of heroic sentiment and -chivalrous honor." General Lee wrote to Governor Pickens to claim a -share in South Carolina's sorrow, and to express his appreciation of -her loss and the loss to his army. "He has always been at the post of -duty and of danger," said General Lee. "His services in this army have -been of inestimable value, and his loss is deeply lamented. In its -greatest triumphs and bloodiest battles he has borne a distinguished -part.... The death of such a man is a costly sacrifice, for it is to -men of his high integrity and commanding intellect that the country -must look to give character to her councils, that she may be respected -and honored by all nations." Mr. Caldwell, the brigade historian, pays -his general a worthy tribute, and speaks of his high character, his -heroic courage, his careful, unswerving, unselfish equity. He was a Ney -on the battlefield and a Rhadamanthus in giving judgment. - -The distinguished part borne by Kershaw's brigade at Fredericksburg -will now be referred to. As already stated, Kershaw was in McLaws' -line, to the right of Marye's hill. His brigade included, besides the -Second, Third, Seventh and Eighth, the Fifteenth, transferred from -Drayton's brigade, and the Third battalion, known as James' battalion. -These transfers were made by General Lee on November 26th, and the -policy adopted, as far as possible, of brigading troops of the same -State together. - -On the morning of the 11th, being called on to reinforce General -Barksdale's pickets on the river, at Deep run, General Kershaw sent -the Fifteenth, Colonel De Saussure, upon this duty. During the night, -so bitterly cold was the weather, one of De Saussure's men was -frozen to death, and others so badly as to be temporarily disabled -for service. Under such circumstances of suffering the fortitude and -courage required of the soldier on picket are as great and as noble -as when displayed in charging the batteries of the enemy. The brigade -was at work on the line strengthening the position, until the hour of -its battle. At 10 o'clock on the 13th, while Meade and Gibbon were -assaulting A. P. Hill, and Sumner and Hooker were throwing their -divisions against Marye's hill, Kershaw was ordered to reinforce -the position held by General Cobb at the foot of the hill. The -Second regiment, Col. A. D. Kennedy, and the Eighth, Capt. E. T. -Stackhouse, were sent forward. Before these regiments could reach their -destination, Kershaw was directed by General McLaws to go with his -whole brigade and take personal command, as the gallant and noble Cobb -had been mortally wounded, and General Cooke, who supported him from -the crest in rear, was also wounded. - -Riding rapidly forward, General Kershaw reached the point with the -Second and Eighth just in time to meet and assist in repulsing a fresh -assault. Kershaw describes the position at the stone wall so clearly -that we quote his report: - - Marye's hill, covered with our batteries--then occupied by the - Washington artillery, Colonel Walton commanding--falls off abruptly - toward Fredericksburg to a stone wall, which forms a terrace on the - side of the hill and the outer margin of the Telegraph road, which - winds along the foot of the hill. The road is about 25 feet wide, and - is faced by a stone wall about 4 feet wide on the city side. The road - having been cut out of the side of the hill, in many places this wall - is not visible above the surface of the ground. The ground falls off - rapidly to almost a level surface, which extends about 150 yards, - then, with another abrupt fall of a few feet, to another plain which - extends some 200 yards, and then falls off abruptly to a wide ravine, - which extends along the whole front of the city and discharges into - Hazel run. - -The brigade of General Cobb had held the position behind the stone wall -against the attack of the Federal Second corps, the three divisions of -that corps, French's, Hancock's and Howard's, assaulting successively -in the order named. In making his heroic defense, Cobb was supported -by the artillery fire from the hill in his rear, and the infantry fire -from the crest, delivered by the brigade of General Cooke. When Kershaw -arrived, the attack of the Ninth corps was pending, and Sturgis' -division of that corps was moving forward. Throwing his two regiments -behind the wall, in the sunken road, the line of Confederates, four -deep, delivered their fire with such deadly effect that the column -of Sturgis was checked, broken and driven in confusion back on its -supports. Meanwhile the remaining regiments of Kershaw's brigade were -reporting for position as they successively came up. Col. James Nance, -with the Third, formed to the left of the Marye house with his right -at the house, and the Seventh, Lieut.-Col. Elbert Bland, formed on the -right of the house with his left in front of the house and touching the -Fifteenth North Carolina, of Cooke's brigade. Bland's position was not -so exposed as that of Nance, as he was partially protected by an abrupt -rise along his front. Nance was in the open and terribly exposed. -The Fifteenth, Colonel De Saussure, was placed in rear of Walton's -battalion as a support. - -These regiments took their position under the enemy's artillery and -infantry fire. De Saussure being under the crest, could not reply, but -Nance and Bland, firing over the troops at the stone wall, delivered -their volleys into Getty's column of attack as it advanced boldly -against Kershaw to make the fifth division assault of the day. Getty -made a gallant charge, but all in vain. Walton's guns, the fire from -the North Carolinians and the volleys of Nance and Bland, all pouring -down on him from the hills, and the steady stream from the Georgians -of Cobb and the Carolinians of Kershaw at the stone wall, broke up his -front and his march, and he, too, went to the rear in confusion. - -Three divisions of the Second and two of the Ninth corps had now been -beaten in detail in the attempt to carry the Confederate position. -General Sumner's right grand division had been repulsed by three -brigades and the artillery. General Burnside, bitterly disappointed -that Franklin, with 60,000 troops, had not crushed Jackson and turned -Lee's right, and unwilling to accept General Hooker's assurance that -it was a "hopeless" task to attack the stone wall again, determined -that it must be done, and ordered Hooker forward with his Fifth corps. -Calling all his batteries at his command into service, and ordering -General Butterfield to form Humphreys' and Sykes' divisions of the -Fifth corps for attack, Hooker directed all his guns to open their -fire, with the intention of breaking all "barriers" and clearing the -way for "Butterfield's attacking column to carry the crest." - -Seeing these preparations in progress in his front, Kershaw ordered -down the Third, Seventh and Fifteenth regiments to take position in the -road and behind the stone wall. General Kershaw described the artillery -fire of Hooker's batteries as terrific. It was continued until near -sunset, when Humphreys and Sykes advanced to carry the position with -the bayonet. General Hooker says the attack was made with a spirit of -determination "seldom, if ever, equaled in war." He assigns as the -reason for its "almost immediate repulse," that the enemy had the -advantage of an "impregnable position." - -General Kershaw reports that the attack was gallant and impetuous, -and assailed his whole front, lasting from 5 to 6 p. m., but that -the columns were shattered and beaten by the time they came within a -hundred paces of the position. Some of the assailants came as near as -thirty paces, but were shot down, or, being unsupported, retreated with -the mass. With this last assault the battle was practically ended, and -the Confederate victory won. General Lee reports that not more than -20,000 of his army were engaged during the day. - -At the last assault of General Hooker's, Kershaw had behind the stone -wall and in the sunken road, his own and Cobb's brigades, and a brigade -from General Ransom's division. It is not clear from the reports -whether this last-mentioned brigade was not General Cooke's. If so, it -is certain that Cooke's brigade fought from the hill, and the brigade -from Ransom's division, to which Kershaw refers as being engaged in -defense of the position, was not behind the wall. If this was the case, -then only Cobb's and Kershaw's brigades defended the wall against the -successive attacks of eight divisions and their batteries! - -The loss of General Kershaw's brigade was 373 killed and wounded, -distributed as follows: Second South Carolina, 6 killed, 56 wounded; -Third, 25 killed, 138 wounded; Seventh, 4 killed, 57 wounded; Eighth, 2 -killed, 29 wounded; Fifteenth, 1 killed, 52 wounded; Third battalion, 1 -killed, 1 wounded. The heaviest loss fell on Colonel Nance's regiment. -Taking his position on the crest of the hill to the left of the Marye -house, just as an assault was being made, and being in the open and -in full view of the assaulting column and its supports, the Third was -subjected to a terrible infantry fire, as well as the fire of the -batteries. Seeing the importance of delivering a steady fire on the -advancing column of attack, Colonel Nance held his men in position and -delivered his fire until the attack was repulsed. Meanwhile he fell -wounded, and Lieut.-Col. D. W. Rutherford, Maj. Robert C. Maffett, -Capt. W. W. Hance and Capt. John C. Summer, who in succession took -command, were all shot down. Colonel Nance lay on the field, and -continued to direct his men, and when carried off, ordered up a fresh -supply of ammunition and directed them to move more under cover. -Captain Hance lost a leg, and Capts. J. C. Summer and L. P. Foster and -Lieuts. James Hollingsworth and James C. Hill, all officers of high -character and gallant men, were killed on the field. Capt. R. P. Todd, -the senior captain of the regiment, was among those first wounded. The -three field officers and the three senior captains were wounded or -killed, leaving the fourth captain, John K. G. Nance, in command. - -In the Second, Maj. Franklin Gaillard was twice wounded. Lieuts. R. -E. Elliott and R. Fishburne, Jr., of Captain Cuthbert's company, were -wounded. Captain Cuthbert was detailed to skirmish with the enemy's -advance in front of McLaws' division early in the morning, and -remained on that duty all day. The Third battalion was also detailed -for special duty at Howison's mill, on Hazel run, and was not with the -brigade in the engagement. In the Seventh, Capts. Benjamin Roper and T. -A. Hudgens and Lieut. J. C. Lovelace were wounded. In the Eighth most -of the casualties were met while the regiment was taking position and -exposed to the enemy's view. In the Fifteenth, Lieuts. B. P. Barron and -J. A. Derrick were wounded. - -Of the general staff, Adjt.-Gen. C. R. Holmes, Lieut. A. E. Doby, -Lieut. J. A. Myers and Lieut. W. M. Dwight were specially mentioned. -Doby's gallant and efficient conduct in directing the posting of -troops under fire is particularly referred to by the regimental -commanders. Dwight, not yet recovered from his injuries on Maryland -heights, was again at his post, and was wounded by a fragment of -shell. The Georgians and Carolinians who defended the stone wall -against the assaults of eight divisions, with their powerful artillery, -throughout the memorable battle of Fredericksburg, made it a veritable -Thermopylæ, and won from their gallant assailants the declaration that -their defense made the position "impregnable," and to attack it was -a "hopeless" task. The name and death of Gen. Thomas R. R. Cobb will -forever be associated with this heroic defense, and the honor and glory -of sustaining the position which he held against such odds, will be the -lasting possession of Kershaw and his brigade. - -Jenkins' brigade, though under artillery fire and suffering the loss -of 8 men, was but slightly engaged; Bachman's and Garden's batteries -did effective service against the flank of the Federal attack on -the extreme right. The rifle battery of Captain Rhett, attached to -Alexander's battalion, was posted on an eminence south of the plank -road. From this position Rhett's guns commanded the Stafford hills, a -mile and a half away, and the approach to the stone wall. On the 12th, -Rhett opened on the bridge parties and enfiladed two of the streets of -the city. The rifles of the enemy replied vigorously, but the battery -was so well protected that no harm was done. On the 13th, the battery -shared in the honors of that eventful day, and is associated with other -batteries of Alexander's battalion and the batteries of Colonel Walton -in the immortal defense of Marye's heights. - -General Hampton's cavalry brigade, after November 10th, included two -South Carolina regiments, the First, Col. J. L. Black, and Second, -Col. M. C. Butler. While General Lee was concentrating his army at -Fredericksburg, before the battle, Longstreet being already in position -and Jackson halted at Orange Court House, General Hampton crossed -the Rappahannock and made a brilliant dash into the enemy's lines, -capturing an outpost on his immediate right flank. On the morning of -November 27th, with 50 men from the First North Carolina, 50 from -the Cobb legion, 40 from the Jeff Davis legion, 34 from the Phillips -legion, and 34 from the Second South Carolina, a force of 208 men, -Hampton crossed the river at Kelly's mill and moved northeast to -Morrisville. Learning of an outpost stationed at a church 8 miles east -of Falmouth, immediately on Burnside's right flank, and on the road -from Morrisville to Fredericksburg, General Hampton at once determined -upon its capture. The pickets of this outpost were advanced toward -Morrisville as far as Deep run, a tributary of the Rappahannock, and on -the roads leading toward Warrenton. Moving from Morrisville in an arc -through the country, so as to avoid the picket on the Morrisville road -and to get between those on the other roads and the post at the church, -Hampton lay concealed the night of the 27th, within two miles of the -church. - -At 4 a. m. of the 28th, he left the Morrisville road, passed through -the woods in a circuit and came into the marsh road a half mile from -the church. The attack was ordered, and Maj. J. H. Whittaker, leading -the detachments of the First North Carolina and the Jeff Davis legion, -dashed into camp, and Hampton coming up with the rest of his command, -the surprise was complete, and the whole Federal squadron captured. -The Cobb legion, sent up the White Ridge road, took the pickets in -rear, and surprised and captured them. Taking his prisoners, except -those too badly wounded to be moved, General Hampton went up the road -toward Morrisville, and swept the picket at Deep run, thus completing -the capture of two squadrons of the enemy's cavalry. The achievement -was completed by 8 o'clock. This was a brilliant morning's work. With a -small force, numbering 208 men, General Hampton had eluded the outpost -pickets on two roads, surprised and captured the outpost, and then, in -turn, swept in his pickets! With 2 captains, 3 lieutenants, 2 stand of -colors, 87 privates, 100 horses and as many carbines as the fruit of -his brilliant dash at the enemy, and without the loss of a man, General -Hampton moved on to Morrisville and to the Rappahannock, and was in -camp again by night of the 28th. To General Stuart he reported in high -terms of praise the conduct of his men and their officers, mentioning -particularly Major Whittaker, Capt. T. G. Barker and Lieut. T. P. -Hampton of his staff. - -On December 10th, General Hampton again left his camp at Culpeper Court -House and rode out to capture Dumfries and operate on the Telegraph -road up to the Occoquan. This would bring him on the line between -Alexandria and Fredericksburg. His detachments were from the First -South Carolina, Lieut.-Col. J. D. Twiggs; Second South Carolina, Col. -M. C. Butler; First North Carolina, Lieut.-Col. James B. Gordon; Jeff -Davis legion, Lieutenant-Colonel Martin, and the Cobb legion, Capt. -Jerry Rich, a force of 520 men. Butler commanded the First North -Carolina, Second South Carolina, and Cobb legion; Martin the First -South Carolina and Davis legion. On the night of the 11th, the command -bivouacked within 16 miles of Dumfries, and by daylight on the 12th, -Hampton had his troops on the main approaches immediately at the -town. The surprise was complete, and Butler, dashing in, received the -surrender after firing a few shots. Fifty-odd prisoners, 24 sutler's -wagons and the telegraph operator with his battery, were the only -fruits of this dash. The command was disappointed at not finding the -large garrison they confidently expected, but Hampton proposed to sweep -up the Telegraph road toward the Occoquan. - -In this move, however, he was disappointed. General Sigel's corps -was marching to Dumfries by the only road open to General Hampton's -retreat, and he was compelled to retrace his march in order to save his -wagons and prisoners. Marching in retreat on the 12th for 40 miles, -he camped near Morrisville, and on the morning of the 13th, while the -battle of Fredericksburg was in progress, recrossed the Rappahannock at -Kelly's again, without losing a man. - -Resting for three days, General Hampton left camp on the 17th for a -third expedition against the enemy's communications, this time aiming -to sweep up the Telegraph road and attack the garrison at Occoquan. -His force, numbering 465 men, was made up of detachments from his -regiments, as in the other expeditions; 100 from the First South -Carolina, Col. J. L. Black; 75 from the First North Carolina, Capts. -J. C. Blain and N. M. Addington; 75 from the Second South Carolina, -Capt. T. H. Clark; 80 from the Phillips legion, Maj. W. B. C. Puckett; -75 from the Cobb legion, Maj. William C. Delony, and 60 from the Davis -legion, Lieutenant-Colonel Martin. - -Crossing the river at the railroad on the 17th, the brigade marched to -the wood road and bivouacked at Cole's store at night. Moving rapidly -down this road before day, Hampton by dawn was at Kanky's store, on -the Neabsco creek, 8 miles from Occoquan. At Kanky's a small post was -surprised and captured, with eight wagons. Sweeping up the Telegraph -road Major Deloney in advance, every picket was successively surprised -and captured. Hampton moved on the town of Occoquan in three columns, -commanded by himself, Deloney and Martin. The latter dashed into the -town from the south side, and found a wagon train of Sigel's corps in -the act of crossing the river, by ferry-boat. Dismounting his men, he -deployed them on the south bank as sharpshooters, and compelled the -wagon guard on the opposite bank to surrender. General Hampton entered -the town from the north side, and Deloney came up the Telegraph road -with his prisoners and two captured wagons, loaded with army stores. -A force of 2,500 cavalry, marching from Alexandria, appeared at this -juncture at Selectman's ford, 1½ miles south of Occoquan, and were -about to cross, but General Hampton sent Captain Clark with part of his -own and part of the Phillips legion to hold the ford, while he secured -the wagon train. - -Clark successfully disputed the crossing, and the enemy sent part of -his force to recapture the wagons on the north side. In this they were -defeated and driven off, and returned to the ford. Hampton sent word -to Captain Clark to resist the crossing for an hour, and he would save -the train. But the single boat was his only means of crossing the -river, and the banks were high and the passage difficult. After twenty -wagons, loaded with army stores, had been ferried over, General Hampton -sent them off under Colonel Black, with the prisoners, and commenced -his return march, Captain Clark covering his rear. The enemy's cavalry -crossed, but Clark gallantly dashed at the head of their column and -drove them back and across the river. Resuming the retreat, Clark -skirmished with the advance of the enemy for two miles, when he gave up -the pursuit. Marching by Greenwood church and Cole's store, the brigade -camped on Cedar run on the night of the 18th, and on the 19th the -march was promptly resumed, the wagons and prisoners securely crossed -over the Rappahannock, and General Hampton was "safely home without the -loss of a man." - -He brought in 157 prisoners, 20 loaded wagons, 30 stand of infantry -arms, and 1 stand of colors. Again he reported to General Stuart the -gallant bearing and spirit of his command, staff, field, line, rank -and file. The wonderful escape from casualties on this expedition is -hard to be accounted for, especially in the operations of Captain -Clark while disputing the passage of Selectman's ford and charging -the enemy's head of column. It seems ungracious to say that the only -explanation is that the enemy were badly demoralized and fired wildly, -for they fired abundantly. At the town and on the Telegraph road, there -was no decided resistance offered. The surprise was complete, and the -show of force and dash compelled almost immediate surrender. - -These brilliant achievements of General Hampton's command were -followed by a fourth expedition, led by General Stuart, with "select -detachments" from the brigades of Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee and W. H. F. -Lee. Hampton's command was composed of 175 of the First North Carolina, -under Maj. J. H. Whittaker; 150 of the First South Carolina, Capt. -W. A. Walker; 150 of the Second South Carolina, Col. M. C. Butler; -180 of the Cobb legion, Maj. William G. Delony; 130 of the Phillips -legion, Lieut.-Col. W. W. Rich, and 85 of the Jeff Davis legion, -Lieutenant-Colonel Martin; a force 870 strong. A section of artillery, -under Lieut. F. M. Bamberg, was also with Hampton. General Stuart's -purpose was to operate mainly on the Telegraph road, assured of finding -it at this time well filled with trains moving to General Burnside's -army. Gen. W. H. F. Lee was ordered to move on Dumfries, General -Hampton on Occoquan, and Gen. Fitzhugh Lee on the Telegraph road -between these points, the brigades being in supporting distance. - -Gen. W. H. F. Lee found the force at Dumfries too strong for successful -attack. He captured all the pickets he encountered, about 50, and -drove in the outposts, but the infantry and artillery defending the -town were too well posted for his small cavalry brigade. Fitzhugh Lee -was more fortunate. Encountering two regiments of cavalry drawn up in -line of battle, he charged and routed them, following them for 8 miles -and taking over 100 prisoners; captured 8 loaded wagons, and their -guard, on the Telegraph road; crossed the Occoquan at Selectman's ford, -attacked and routed a body of cavalry posted there, and took their -camp and burned the railroad bridge over the Accotink, on the Orange & -Alexandria railroad. - -Hampton crossed the Rappahannock with the division, and pushed on -to Cole's store with his brigade, capturing the pickets beyond that -point. Butler, with most of the brigade, moved directly on the -town of Occoquan; Hampton, with Martin's and Delony's detachments, -supporting him. Colonel Butler drove in the pickets, charged into the -place and routed several hundred cavalry, taking 19 prisoners and 8 -loaded wagons, with the loss of 1 man wounded, the first casualty in -Hampton's command on his repeated expeditions. Camping for the night -at Cole's store, General Hampton returned toward Occoquan on the 28th. -At Greenwood church, General Stuart sent Butler, with his detachments, -to attack the enemy's force north of that point, at Bacon Race church, -and ordered Hampton, with the other detachments, to follow Fitzhugh Lee -across the Occoquan at Selectman's ford. Crossing in Lee's rear, he -turned up the river, met and routed a small force of the enemy, and was -joined by Butler at night, when the darkness stopped his pursuit of the -enemy. - -Colonel Butler, before joining Hampton north of the Occoquan, had -extricated his command on the Bacon Race road in the most skillful -manner. Meeting a force of the enemy within a mile of the church, -Butler's advance, under Lieut. W. H. Perry, charged and drove it back -on its supports. Coming up with his main force, Colonel Butler charged -the squadron in his front, and drove them in precipitous retreat. -Following up their retreat, he came upon General Geary's division of -cavalry, with artillery, on the march from Fairfax to Dumfries. Geary -was in position to meet him, and at once opened with canister. Taking -in the seriousness of his situation, he promptly retired a short -distance, and by the time the enemy had formed column for advance, he -wheeled about and presented a bold front, compelling a halt and the -forming of a new line of battle by this movement. This gave time for -retreat, but a strong force of Geary's division was on the road in his -rear. Before either force of the enemy could attack him, Colonel Butler -moved off on his flank, and by making a circuit of four miles, rejoined -his friends and saved his command, with the loss of several horses and -two of his men wounded. Colonel Butler had understood that his attack -at the church was to be supported by General Hampton, and pushed his -little force against Geary with the expectation of this co-operation. -Finding himself in front of a division and under its artillery fire, -he made the best of the situation, and extricated his command with -admirable tact and the coolest judgment. - -Hampton recrossed the Rappahannock on the 29th, with his captured -wagons and 33 prisoners. General Stuart reported over 200 prisoners -captured by his brigade, a large number of horses, mules, wagons, -saddles, sabers, and other valuable property. He was disappointed in -his expectation of finding loaded trains on the Telegraph road, and -ascribed his ill luck to the numerous "descents upon that road by -General Hampton and detachments from his command." - -These brilliant achievements of the cavalry were acknowledged and -published in orders to the army by General Lee, as follows: - - -General Orders, No. 29. - -Headquarters Army of Northern Virginia, - - February 28, 1863. - - The general commanding announces to the army the series of successes - of the cavalry of Northern Virginia during the winter months, in spite - of the obstacles of almost impassable roads, limited forage, swollen - streams and inclement weather. - - I. About the 1st of December [November 27th] General Hampton, with a - detachment of his brigade, crossed the upper Rappahannock, surprised - two squadrons of Federal cavalry, captured several commissioned - officers and about 100 men, with their horses, arms, colors and - accouterments, without loss on his part.... - - III. On the 10th of December, General Hampton crossed the Rappahannock - with a detachment of his brigade, cut the enemy's communications at - Dumfries, entered the town a few hours before Sigel's corps, then - advancing to Fredericksburg, captured 20 wagons with a guard of - about 90 men, and returned safely to his camp. On the 17th of the - same month, he again crossed the river with a small force, proceeded - to Occoquan, surprised the pickets between that place and Dumfries, - captured 50 wagons, bringing many of them across the Occoquan in - a ferry-boat, and beating back a brigade of cavalry sent to their - rescue. He reached the Rappahannock with 30 wagons and 130 prisoners. - - IV. On the 25th of December, General Stuart, with detachments of - Hampton's, Fitz Lee's and William H. F. Lee's brigades, under the - command of these officers respectively, made a forced reconnoissance - in rear of the enemy's lines, attacked him at Dumfries, capturing men - and wagons near that place, advanced toward Alexandria, drove his - cavalry with considerable loss across the Occoquan, captured his camp - on that stream, burned the Accotink bridge, on the Orange & Alexandria - railroad, then, passing north of Fairfax Court House, returned to - Culpeper with more than 200 prisoners and 25 wagons, with a loss on - his part of 6 men wounded and Captain Bullock, a most gallant officer, - killed.... - - IX.... A detachment of 17 men of Hampton's brigade, under the brave - Sergeant Michael, attacked and routed a body of Federals near Wolf Run - shoals, killing and wounding several and bringing off 15 prisoners, - with the loss on our part of Sergeant Sparks, of the Second South - Carolina regiment, who, a few days before, with 2 of his comrades, - attacked, in Brentsville, 6 of the enemy sent to take him, killed 3 - and captured the rest. - - In announcing these achievements, the commanding general takes - special pleasure in adverting to the promptness of the officers in - striking a successful blow whenever the opportunity offered, and the - endurance and gallantry with which the men have always supported their - commanders. These deeds give assurance of vigilance, activity and - fortitude, and of the performance of still more brilliant actions in - the coming campaign. - - R. E. LEE, General. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - - OPERATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA, SPRING OF 1863--CAPTURE OF THE ISAAC - SMITH--INGRAHAM'S DEFEAT OF THE BLOCKADING SQUADRON--NAVAL ATTACK ON - FORT SUMTER--HUNTER'S RAIDS. - - -The operations of the Federal naval and land forces on the coast of -South Carolina at the beginning of the year 1863, pointed to an attack -upon either Charleston or Savannah. General Beauregard, commanding the -department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, with the active -co-operation of the Confederate government and the governors of the -States, was making every preparation for the defense of both cities. - -In South Carolina, on January 1, 1863, Gen. Joseph H. Trapier commanded -from the North Carolina line to the South Santee; Gen. R. S. Ripley -from the South Santee to the Stono and Rantowles creek; Gen. Johnson -Hagood from Rantowles to the Ashepoo, and Gen. W. S. Walker from the -Ashepoo to the Savannah. These officers had under their command a -force of 14,500 of all arms, present for duty; more than half this -force being stationed in the forts and on the immediate approaches -to Charleston. The district, commanded by General Ripley, embraced -the harbor defenses, Christ Church and St. Andrew's parishes, and the -islands surrounding the harbor. Each island constituted a separate -subdivision of the district, the parish of St. Andrew's being attached -to James island. - -Col. L. M. Keitt, Twentieth South Carolina, commanded on Sullivan's -island; Col. William Butler, Fort Moultrie and the batteries outside. -On Morris island Col. R. F. Graham, of the Twenty-first, was in -charge. Gen. States R. Gist, on his return from Wilmington, commanded -on James island and in St. Andrew's. Fort Sumter, garrisoned by the -First artillery, was in charge of Col. Alfred Rhett, and Forts Ripley -and Castle Pinckney were commanded by Capt. H. S. Farley. - -The following South Carolina troops were at this time on duty in the -State: - - Infantry: First regiment regulars, Col. William Butler, Fort Moultrie; - Third volunteers, Col. C. J. Colcock, Third district; Eleventh, - Colonel Heyward, Third district; Sixteenth, Col. James McCullough, - Second district; Twentieth, Col. L. M. Keitt, Sullivan's island; - Twenty-first, Col. R. F. Graham, Morris island; Twenty-fourth, Col. - C. H. Stevens, Third district; Twenty-fifth, Col. C. H. Simonton, - James island; Twenty-sixth, Col. A. D. Smith, Second district; - Charleston battalion, Lieut.-Col. P. C. Gaillard, city; Seventh - battalion, Lieut.-Col. P. H. Nelson, Second district; First battalion - sharpshooters, Maj. Joseph Abney, Third district. - - Artillery: First regiment regulars, Col. Alfred Rhett, Fort Sumter - and batteries; Second regiment volunteers, Colonel Lamar, James - island; Lucas' battalion, Maj. J. J. Lucas, James island; Palmetto - battalion, Maj. E. B. White, James island; siege train, Maj. Charles - Alston, city. Batteries: German, Company A, Capt. D. Werner, - Sullivan's island; German, Company B, Capt. F. Melchers, James island; - Ferguson's, Capt. T. B. Ferguson, Christ Church; Santee, Capt. C. - Gaillard, Christ Church; Gist Guards, Capt. C. E. Chichester, Morris - island; Mathewes', Capt P. N. Bonneau, Morris island; Ward's, Capt. - J. Ward, Georgetown; Parker's, Capt. E. L. Parker, Second district; - Washington, Capt. G. H. Walter, Second district; Horse artillery, - Capt. W. L. Trenholm, Third district; Beaufort, Capt. S. Elliott, - Third district; Lafayette, Capt. J. T. Kanapaux, Third district; - Palmetto, Capt. W. E. Earle, Third district. - - Cavalry: Ferguson's regiment, Colonel Ferguson; Third regiment, Col. - C. J. Colcock; Sixth regiment, Colonel Aiken; Rutledge cavalry, Col. - B. H. Rutledge; Company, Capt. J. H. Tucker; Stono scouts, Capt. J. B. - L. Walpole; rangers, Capt. M. J. Kirk. - -In aggregate the South Carolina commands were nine regiments and -three battalions of infantry; two regiments and three battalions of -heavy artillery; thirteen light batteries; four regiments and three -independent companies of cavalry. Besides the South Carolina commands, -General Beauregard had under his command in the State the North -Carolina brigades of Generals Clingman and Cooke, and several regiments -and batteries from Georgia. His total effective force of all arms, in -February, was about 15,500 for the defense of the State, with 10,000 -near Savannah and on the coast of Georgia. - -It will be recalled that when General Beauregard assumed command in -South Carolina, October 1, 1862, General Pemberton, at his request, -estimated the troops necessary for the defense of the State against -a probable force which might be sent to attack Charleston, at 30,000 -infantry, cavalry and heavy artillery, and fifteen light batteries, an -estimate which General Beauregard approved as the minimum required. -It was with great concern, therefore, that he contemplated the attack -which was evidently pending in January, 1863, when his total of all -arms in South Carolina was but a little over 15,000, with about 10,000 -in Georgia. But with the war raging in Virginia and in the West, and -a Federal army threatening North Carolina, the military resources of -the Confederate government were taxed to the utmost. South Carolina -had put all her fighting material in the field, and thousands of her -noblest sons had fallen in Virginia, in Tennessee, and on her own soil. -Meanwhile every preparation was being made to defend Charleston and the -line of railroad connecting it with Savannah. January closed with two -brilliant incidents in the history of this defense. - -The Federal gunboats had control of the Stono river up to the range -of Fort Pemberton. This strong work, mounting fifteen heavy guns, -commanded the Stono and flanked the defensive line on James island to -the west. John's island, on the west side of the Stono, was occupied -only by a cavalry picket, and gunboats ran up and down the river -with impunity. It was arranged by Generals Beauregard and Ripley to -surprise and capture one or more of them. These arrangements were most -successfully carried out on the 30th of January. Maj. J. J. Lucas, -commanding at Fort Pemberton, sent Capt. John H. Gary with three -rifled 24-pounders to put them in battery, and under cover, at Thomas -Grimball's place on James island. This was done in the night, and the -guns carefully secreted from the enemy's view. They were commanded by -Lieuts. W. G. Ogier, E. B. Colhoun and Capt. T. B. Hayne respectively, -officers of Companies A, B and C, of Lucas' command. In the same way, -lower down the Stono, at Battery island, Maj. J. W. Brown, Second -artillery, concealed two rifled 24-pounders in the woods, at night, -built platforms for them in the old battery, and kept in hiding for -the event. Brown's guns were commanded by Lieuts. John A. Bellinger, -Company B, and F. Lake, Company K. Fifty men of the Eighth Georgia -battalion, under Lieuts. R. Hays and George Johnson, were detailed -as sharpshooters. Lieut.-Col. Joseph A. Yates, First regulars, made -a secret disposition of a larger force, on John's island, between -the guns of Gary and Brown. He took two companies of Major Alston's -siege train, A and B, commanded by Capt. B. C. Webb and Lieut. S. W. -Willson, Jr.; Company F, Palmetto battalion, Capt. F. C. Schulz; a -light battery, commanded by Capt. F. H. Harleston; one Parrott gun, in -charge of Lieut. T. E. Gregg; Capt. John C. Mitchel's company, I, First -artillery, and Companies H and I of the Twentieth infantry, Capt. S. -M. Roof and Lieut. M. Gunter. Yates masked his guns at Grimball's and -Legaré's points, on John's island, and awaited his opportunity. - -The gunboat Isaac Smith, carrying a 30-pounder Parrott in her bow, and -eight 8-inch columbiads, steamed up the river on the afternoon of the -30th, passed Brown at Battery island and Yates on John's island, and -dropped anchor opposite Gary's position, within 500 yards. Waiting a -few moments for her to become settled in her anchorage, Gary unmasked -his guns and opened fire. The Smith promptly replied with shot, shell -and canister, but suffering from Gary's fire, she slipped her anchor -and retreated down the river, followed by the shots of Gary's rifled -guns and replying vigorously. But as she began her retreat, she was -met by the batteries of Yates, which opened immediately. Reaching -Legaré's point, she was too badly crippled in her machinery to proceed, -and dropped anchor and surrendered. She lost 8 killed, 44 wounded, -and surrendered 10 officers and 95 men. Private McQueen, of Alston's -command, was mortally wounded, the only casualty on the Confederate -side. The Isaac Smith was towed up under the guns of Pemberton, and -subsequently did service in the harbor. In this affair the Stono -scouts, Captain Walpole, rendered Colonel Yates valuable service. - -Brown, at Battery island, was only to fire in case the batteries above -him had failed to arrest the boat, and was silent until one of her -friends attempted to go to her rescue. When within range, Brown opened -with his rifles, and after a sharp conflict drove her down the river. -Next morning a larger boat steamed up and engaged Brown's battery, but -she would not stand long and expose her sides to rifles, and doing -Brown no harm, after being hit several times she dropped down out of -range. The guns were all removed on the night of the 31st, having done -their work well. - -Flag Officer D. N. Ingraham, commanding the Confederate naval forces -in Charleston harbor, with the Confederate ironclad gunboats Palmetto -State and Chicora, made a brilliant attack on the blockading squadron -on the early morning of January 31st. The Palmetto State was commanded -by Lieut.-Com. John Rutledge, and the Chicora by Capt. J. R. Tucker. -The Palmetto State carried Commodore Ingraham's flag. Waiting for a -full tide in order to cross the bar with safety, the two steamers took -position near the bar before day and passed over at 4:30 a. m., the -Palmetto State leading. The plan of attack was to engage the enemy at -close quarters and sink his vessels by ramming. - -Rutledge encountered the United States steamer Mercedita immediately -after crossing, took her by surprise, rammed and sunk her. The Chicora -encountered a schooner-rigged propeller, engaged and set her on fire. -A large side-wheel steamer was next met and engaged at close quarters, -and ran out of sight, it being yet before day. The Keystone State -was then met by Tucker and with her consort, a propeller, quickly -engaged. The larger vessel struck, being on fire, but after Captain -Tucker ceased his fire, she ran off. Meanwhile, Rutledge was vainly -endeavoring to bring others to close quarters. The ironclads were -slow, and except when taking the enemy by surprise they were at a -disadvantage. Seeing the whole squadron in full retreat to the south -and east, the flag officer chased them out of sight, and anchored his -vessels outside at 8 o'clock. - -Temporarily the blockade of the port was raised, but the fleet soon -returned, much strengthened, and the gallant gunboats waited another -chance. - -The Federal land and naval forces had held possession of Port Royal -harbor, and the islands surrounding it, since November, 1861. It was -now April, 1863. During that period their only achievement had been -the capture of Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah river. -Repeated attempts had been made to destroy the bridges and break the -railroad communication between Savannah and Charleston, all of which -had been signally repulsed. Battles had been fought at Pocotaligo, -Coosawhatchie, and at numerous points along the line of the railroad, -and repeated skirmishes with raiding parties of the enemy had always -resulted in "driving him back to his gunboats." The enemy advanced in -force against Charleston, by way of James island, in June, 1862, but -the Confederate victory at Secessionville, on the 16th of that month, -compelled his retreat and return to his base at Port Royal. Charleston -or Savannah being his objective, he had been threatening both cities -for a period of seventeen months, without accomplishing anything -more than the practical ruin of the sea-island planters and their -property, the capture of Fort Pulaski, and the possession of the waters -surrounding the islands. - -The beginning of April, 1863, found the Federals concentrating in the -Stono and North Edisto, for another attempt to take Charleston, in -which the land attack was to be for the possession of Morris island, -by way of Folly island, the objective being Fort Sumter; and the naval -attack, by the ironclad fleet, was to be on that fort, Fort Moultrie, -and the batteries defending the outer harbor. - -On April 7th, General Beauregard commanded a force of 22,648 -effectives, of all arms, for the defense of Charleston and the coast -of South Carolina. In the forts and batteries, and on the islands -surrounding the harbor, the effective force amounted to 12,856. The -remainder of the troops were disposed along the main line of defense -between Rantowles creek and the Savannah river, guarding the water -approaches from Beaufort and the Edistos, while a small force of -cavalry and light artillery operated in Christ Church, and beyond the -Santees. On the 4th of April, seven monitors had been collected in -North Edisto and twenty transports were in the Stono, landing troops on -Cole's and Folly islands. On the 6th, the steam frigate Ironsides and -eight monitors were off the bar, and on the morning of the 7th, having -crossed, were lying off the south end of Morris island. The Federal -land forces were commanded by Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, and the fleet by -Rear-Admiral S. F. Du Pont. - -No attempt by General Hunter's forces was made, or appeared to be -in preparation, to attack either Morris island from Folly island, -or James island from Cole's island. On James island General Gist -commanded a force fully adequate to hold the enemy's advance until he -was reinforced; but on Morris island Colonel Graham was not strong -enough to resist a division attacking from Folly island under the fire -of gunboats, which lay off the north end of the latter island. If the -Federal general had known his opportunity, he might have possessed -himself of the south end of Morris island, and overwhelmed the gallant -little force standing in his path. Graham's command on Morris island -was his regiment, the Twenty-first South Carolina, Chichester's and -Mathewes' companies of artillery at Battery Wagner, under Lieut.-Col. -C. K. Hughes, and a detachment from the First South Carolina artillery -at Cummings point, under Lieutenant Lesesne. Morris island was at -the mercy of the Federal general, but happily he did not possess the -military insight and the aggressive capacity to perceive and use his -advantage. He remained inactive and secure in his island isolation, -while Du Pont went into battle with the forts and batteries. After the -defeat of the admiral, he wrote to that officer from the transport -Ben DeFord, that he had been "a mere spectator," and that he "could -do nothing but pray for him," which he assured him he had done "most -heartily." - -Du Pont moved to the attack at 2 p. m., on April 7th, in single file, -steaming up Ship channel, the monitor Weehawken leading, and the -flagship Ironsides in the center of the column. The plan of attack -contemplated the destruction of Fort Sumter, whose high walls and broad -sides were a noble target for the admiral's 15 and 11-inch turreted -guns. - -If there had been no Fort Moultrie, or Batteries Bee and Beauregard on -Sullivan's island, and no Wagner or Cummings point battery, the noble -walls of Sumter might have crumbled beneath the powerful impact of -tons of iron; but the writer believes that the barbette and casemate -batteries of the east and northeast faces of Sumter, directed, as they -were, by skilled and heroic officers, and manned by gallant soldiers, -would have been equal to the disabling of the fleet before its powerful -guns could have effected a serious breach. - -The action began at 3 p. m., by a shot from Fort Moultrie, directed -at the Weehawken. Fort Sumter and Batteries Bee, Beauregard, Wagner -and Cummings Point opened their fire, and the action at once became -general. All the batteries had been instructed to concentrate on the -leading assailants, and following these directions, the concentration -of fire soon disabled the Weehawken, and she steamed out of range, -giving place to the next monitor, which steamed into action on the -curve of an ellipse. The Ironsides came into action first against -Moultrie, and then Sumter, approaching within 1,600 or 1,700 yards, but -the fire of the forts and the batteries directed upon her drove her -beyond range. The Keokuk, a double-turreted monitor, gallantly steamed -under the walls of Sumter, within 900 yards of her batteries, and -opened with her 11-inch guns. Sumter, Moultrie, Bee and Cummings Point -concentrated their fire upon her, and for forty minutes she fought -heroically for the breach in Sumter. The 10-inch shot and 7-inch bolts -penetrated her armor, her hull and turrets were pierced, her boats -shot away, the plating at her bow was ripped up for six feet in length -and two and a half in width, and she was barely able to retreat to an -anchorage off Morris island, where she sank. The battle was continued -for two hours and twenty-five minutes, when Admiral Du Pont signaled -his vessels to retreat. He had made a gallant fight, but his ironclads -could not stand the fire of Ripley's guns, and his defeat was decisive. -"I attempted to take the bull by the horns," he wrote General Hunter, -the day after the battle, "but he was too much for us. These monitors -are miserable failures where forts are concerned; the longest was one -hour and the others forty-five minutes under fire, and five of the -eight were wholly or partially disabled." - -By the 12th of April the surviving monitors had been taken to Port -Royal or sent north for repairs, and the Ironsides, much damaged, was -being repaired at her moorings on the blockading line outside the bar. -There is no report at hand of the casualties in the fleet. - -In the forts and batteries the casualties were very few. At Fort Sumter -five men were wounded by splinters from a traverse. Their names are not -reported. At Fort Moultrie the flagstaff was shot away, and falling, -mortally wounded Private Lusty, Company F. Private Joseph Harrison, -Company G, lost a finger, but after having his wound dressed, returned -to his gun. Both these gallant men were of Colonel Butler's regiment. -At Battery Wagner there were 8 casualties, 3 killed and 5 wounded, by -the explosion of an ammunition chest. Sergt. G. W. Langley and Privates -Amos Fitzgerald and Jerry Dyer were killed, and Lieut. G. E. Steedman, -Corp. Matthew Martin and Privates Samuel Red, Marion Quillan and Thomas -Prince were wounded. Total casualties, 4 killed and 11 wounded. Fort -Sumter suffered some damage, but none of a serious nature. The other -forts were entirely unhurt. At Sumter an 8-inch columbiad burst, a -42-pounder rifled gun was dismounted by recoil, and a 10-inch gun was -dismounted by having part of its carriage shot away. The walls of the -fort were not materially damaged. Fifty-five shot struck the east and -northeast faces, damaging several of the embrasures to the casemates, -cracking the parapet wall in places, and dislodging the masonry -surrounding the spot struck. Three shot, striking very near each -other, on the east face and near the parapet, made a crater 10 feet -high, 8 feet wide, and 2 feet deep. In other places the penetrations -were 2, 3 and in two instances as much as 5 feet, with craters from 2 -to 6 feet in height, and from 1 to 5 feet in width. This damage was -speedily repaired, and the fort stood as strong as ever for battle in -forty-eight hours after the action. - -The brilliant victory of the forts over the much-dreaded ironclad fleet -was celebrated on every hand, and the gallant commanders of batteries, -their officers, and their men, were the boast and the toast of the -day. The legislature being in session at the time, passed, amid much -enthusiasm, a joint resolution of thanks to the officers and men for -the gallant defense of Charleston "against the onset of the foe," -and hailed their achievement as the bright harbinger of a still more -glorious victory. - -The forts and batteries engaged were garrisoned and commanded by the -following troops and officers: - -Fort Moultrie was garrisoned by a detachment of the First South -Carolina regular infantry, drilled as artillery, and commanded by Col. -William Butler, Maj. T. M. Baker second in command. The guns engaged -were manned by Company A, Capt. T. A. Huguenin; Company E, Capt. R. -Press. Smith; Company F, Capt. B. S. Burnet; Company G, First Lieut. E. -A. Erwin, and the mortars, Company K, Capt. C. H. Rivers. Staff: Capt. -W. H. Wigg, Lieut. Mitchell King, Capt. G. A. Wardlaw, Lieut. Thomas -Williams. - -Battery Bee was garrisoned by another detachment of the First South -Carolina, and commanded by Lieut.-Col. J. C. Simkins. The guns were -fought by Company C, Capt. Robert De Treville; Company H, Capt. Warren -Adams, and Company I, Capt. W. T. Tatom. - -Battery Beauregard was commanded by Capt. J. A. Sitgreaves, with -Company K, First artillery, Lieut. W. E. Erwin commanding, and Company -B, First infantry, Capt. J. H. Warley commanding. The commanders on -Morris island have already been referred to. - -Fort Sumter was garrisoned by seven companies of the First South -Carolina regular artillery, Col. Alfred Rhett, Lieut.-Col. Joseph -A. Yates, Maj. Ormsby Blanding. Colonel Rhett commanded the fort, -Lieutenant-Colonel Yates the barbette guns, and Major Blanding the -casemate batteries. Lieutenant Clarkson's detachment of Company -B, Charleston battalion, was posted in second tier of casement as -sharpshooters. Companies B and D, Capts. D. G. Fleming and F. H. -Harleston, fought the guns on the east and northeast parapet batteries. -The other companies were stationed as follows: Company F, Capt. J. G. -King, northwest parapet; Company I, Capt. J. C. Mitchel, west parapet; -Company E, Capt. J. R. Macbeth, mortar battery and east casemate -battery; Company G, Capt. W. H. Peronneau, northeast casemate battery; -detachments of Companies C and E, Capt. C. W. Parker, northwest -casemate battery. Lieut. W. H. Grimball, with regimental band, battery -in second tier of casemates. Staff: Lieut. S. C. Boyleston, adjutant; -Capt. T. M. Barker, quartermaster; Capt. S. P. Ravenel, chief of staff; -Lieut. J. B. Heyward, ordnance officer; Rev. N. Aldrich, chaplain; -Lieut. Edward J. White, engineer officer. Signal corps: T. P. Lowndes, -Arthur Grimball, Joseph Seabrook. - -The following extracts from the reports are of interest: - - The nearest the enemy ventured at any time to Fort Moultrie was - estimated at 1,000 yards; to Battery Bee, 1,600 yards; to Battery - Beauregard, 1,400 yards. (Gen. J. H. Trapier's report.) - - The enemy's fire was mostly ricochet and not very accurate; most of - their shots passed over the fort and several to the right and left. - The greater portion of their shots were from 1,300 to 1,400 yards - distant, which appeared to be the extent of their effective range. - Some shots from a greater distance did not reach the fort at all. - (Col. A. Rhett's report.) - - The advance vessels took their positions alternately, ranging - from 1,800 to 2,000 yards from this battery.... Two hundred and - eighty-three solid shots were fired from this battery.... Of this - number, many were distinctly seen to strike the vessels aimed - at, and it is believed, doing serious damage in many instances. - (Lieutenant-Colonel Simkins' report.) - - I am satisfied that the Ironsides was struck several times by shot - from this battery, and I think one or two others were also struck, - with what effect it is impossible to say, except from reports - since the engagement, which lead us to believe that the enemy were - considerably damaged. (Captain Sitgreaves' report.) - - The guns of this battery were of too light a caliber to be of much - service, but those at Cummings point were much heavier, and the firing - was particularly good. (Maj. C. K. Huger's report.) - - Our batteries were admirably served by our skilled artillerists. Much - of the rapidity and accuracy with which the heavy guns were fired - was due to the use of Colonel Yates' traverser, with the merits of - which the general commanding has been fully impressed. Our batteries - discharged 2,200 shot of all sorts, the enemy's fleet about 110, - chiefly 15-inch shell and 11-inch solid shot; not less than 80 of - which were directed at Fort Sumter. The sinking of the Keokuk, and - the discomfiture of the other ironclads have established their - vulnerability to our heavy projectiles at a range, say, of from 900 to - 1,200 yards. (Maj. D. B. Harris, chief engineer.) - -The Weehawken, which led the attack, carried on her bow a huge raft for -finding and exploding torpedoes, popularly called the "devil," which -greatly retarded her advance, and was ultimately shot adrift by the -batteries. Maj. W. H. Echols, of the engineers, in his report says of -this raft: - - The "devil" floated ashore on Morris island; the cables by which - it was attached to the turrets' bow being cut away. It is probable - that the "devil" becoming unmanageable, was the cause of the turret - retiring early from the action, it being a massive structure, - consisting of two layers of white pine timbers 18 inches square, - strongly bolted together; a re-entering angle 20 feet deep to receive - the bow of the vessel; 50 feet long, 27 feet side; a layer of beveled - timbers on the front, forming a bow; seven heavy iron plates, through - which passed chains directly down and over the sides through hawser - plates; to these were attached grappling irons, with double prongs, - suspended underneath at the sides and bow; in the countersinks were - loose iron rollers, apparently to facilitate the drawing of the chains - through the holes over them when the grapplings took hold, to drag up - to the "devil" whatever he may catch with his hooks. - -It was a miserable contrivance and proved of no use to the fleet and -only an object of merriment and curiosity to the garrisons and their -officers. - -Says General Ripley in his report: - - In this the first trial of the Abolition iron fleet against brick - fortifications and their first attempt to enter the harbor of - Charleston, in which they were beaten before their adversaries thought - the action had well commenced, they were opposed by 76 pieces in all, - including mortars.... While service in immediate action is that which - is most conspicuous, after such a result as has been accomplished, - the greatest credit is due to that long, patient and laborious - preparation by which our works and material, never originally intended - to withstand such an attack as has been encountered, have been so - resecured as to enable our gallant and well-instructed officers - and men to obtain their end with comparatively small loss. In that - preparation the late Lieut.-Col. T. M. Wagner contributed much on both - sides of the channel, and Colonel Rhett, Lieutenant-Colonel Yates, - Major Blanding and other officers of Fort Sumter have been more or - less engaged since the fort fell into our hands, two years ago. - -On the morning of April 9th the United States steamer Washington was -attacked in the Coosaw river by light batteries under Capt. Stephen -Elliott, crippled and set on fire by shells, and totally destroyed. On -the night of the 10th, Lieutenant-Colonel Dargan, of the Twenty-first, -made a night attack upon the picket at the north end of Folly island, -crossing from Morris island a small detachment in boats. The attack was -a surprise, and completely stampeded the enemy's picket force, which -fled to the south of the island. Colonel Dargan returned, after fully -locating the enemy's camp, bringing off a single prisoner, and leaving -one of the enemy's pickets severely wounded. - -General Hunter addressed his energies to making raids up the river, -destroying the property of the planters and carrying off their negroes, -keeping his negro troops, employed in this business, always under -the protection of the gunboats. One of these gunboat raiding parties -steamed up the Combahee on the 2d of June, burned four fine residences, -with all their valuable contents, and six mills, and carried off about -700 negroes. Later in the month a greater part of the town of Bluffton, -on May river, was burned by a gunboat raid, and the utmost vigilance -was required by troops stationed on the rivers to protect the property -of citizens from wanton destruction. In reporting the raid up the -Combahee to the secretary of war, General Hunter, after expressing -pleasure at the success which Colonel Montgomery had achieved, -continues: - - This expedition is but the initial experiment of a system of - incursions which will penetrate up all the inlets, creeks and rivers - of this department, and to be used in which I am now having several of - our light draught transport steamers supplied with bulwarks of boiler - iron, etc.... Colonel Montgomery with his forces will repeat his - incursions as rapidly as possible in different directions, injuring - the enemy all he can and carrying away their slaves, thus rapidly - filling up the South Carolina regiments in the departments, of which - there are now four. The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts regiment (colored), - Colonel Shaw commanding, arrived to-day in good condition, and appears - to be an excellent regiment, over 900 strong. They will soon have - abundant and very important employment, as will all other regiments, - white or colored, that may be sent to reinforce this department. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - - SOUTH CAROLINA TROOPS IN MISSISSIPPI--ENGAGEMENT NEAR JACKSON--THE - VICKSBURG CAMPAIGN--SIEGE OF JACKSON. - - -On May 2d the secretary of war telegraphed General Beauregard as -follows: "Advices show the enemy abandoning their attack on the eastern -coasts and concentrating great forces on the Mississippi. Send with -utmost dispatch 8,000 or 10,000 men to General Pemberton's relief." -General Beauregard replied that he had returned to North Carolina -Cooke's and Clingman's brigades, but would send at once 5,000 men and -two light batteries to General Pemberton's relief. He added that he -would then have left only 10,000 infantry available for the defense of -South Carolina and Georgia, and if he sent more troops to Pemberton, -he would lose command of the Savannah railroad. This satisfied the -secretary, and on the 4th he telegraphed General Beauregard to hurry -the 5,000 troops on as soon as possible. - -Accordingly, orders were issued, assigning Brig.-Gens. S. R. Gist -and W. H. T. Walker to the command of brigades, with a light battery -attached to each, and directing them to report to General Pemberton. -These two brigades were composed of Georgia and South Carolina troops, -the Fourth Louisiana battalion being attached to Walker's brigade. - -By General Beauregard's order of May 4, 1863, the command of -Carolinians and Georgians known in the Western army as Gist's brigade -was duly formed. The following was its composition: Sixteenth South -Carolina, Col. James McCullough; Twenty-fourth South Carolina, Col. C. -H. Stevens; Eighth Georgia battalion, Capt. Z. L. Watters; Forty-sixth -Georgia, Col. P. H. Colquitt; Ferguson's battery, Capt. T. B. Ferguson. - -On the 5th, General Beauregard telegraphed General Pemberton that he -would send two brigades of his best troops, and requested that they -be kept together under General Gist. On the 6th, the first of Gist's -troops, five companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia, under Col. P. H. -Colquitt, and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, under Lieut.-Col. -Ellison Capers (Col. C. H. Stevens remaining to bring on the stores of -the regiment), left Charleston for Jackson, Miss., by way of Atlanta, -Montgomery, Selma and Meridian. Delayed on the way, these commands -reached Jackson on the evening of May 13th, and went into bivouac near -the depot, with orders to be ready to march out on the Clinton road -at dawn next day. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston reached Jackson by the same -train. - -The situation was most critical in Mississippi. General Grant's army -was thrown between Jackson and Vicksburg, holding the railroad at -Clinton, where McPherson's corps was encamped. Sherman's corps was -between Jackson and Raymond, McClernand's in supporting distance. -General Pemberton, with 17,000 men, was at Edwards depot and marching -to give battle. General Johnston did not have exceeding 6,000 men in -and about Jackson. The three corps of General Grant numbered about -45,000 effectives. - -It was easy to beat Johnston at Jackson before Pemberton could possibly -come to his aid, as the latter had only reached Edwards on the 13th, -and formed for defensive battle at that point. Clinton was 8 miles from -Jackson, and Edwards was distant 25 miles, so that Grant was between -Pemberton and Johnston, 25 miles from the former and 8 miles from -the latter. This was the situation on the night of the 13th of May. -McPherson advanced upon Jackson early on the 14th, on the Clinton road, -and Sherman at the same time, on the Raymond and Mississippi Springs -road, both corps converging on Jackson, while Pemberton was in line of -battle at Edwards, and General Grant's cavalry was demonstrating in his -front to keep up a show of attack. To check McPherson and Sherman while -valuable stores were being removed from Jackson toward Canton, General -Johnston sent the troops he could command out on the roads leading to -Clinton and Raymond. - -The Twenty-fourth South Carolina, Lieutenant-Colonel Capers, five -companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia, Capt. T. B. Hancock, of Gist's -brigade, with the Fourteenth Mississippi and Capt. J. A. Hoskins' -battery of four pieces, were ordered out at daylight on the 14th, under -Colonel Colquitt, to take position on the Clinton road, at a point -to be designated by Brig.-Gen. John Gregg. General Gregg selected a -good position on a ridge about 3 miles from Jackson, assisted Colquitt -in arranging his defense, and left him with orders to hold the enemy -until ordered to retire through Jackson. The Georgians (five companies) -and the Mississippi battalion were posted on the right of the road, -and the Twenty-fourth and Hoskins' battery on the left. The position -was at Wright's farm, the command being on the right and left of his -house. The Twenty-fourth was advanced some distance to take advantage -of a garden fence, and the artillery placed in battery on the crown -of the hill, one gun behind the Twenty-fourth, in support, and three -at the main road. This little brigade, which did not number over 900 -men and officers, was attacked at 9 a. m. by the Seventh division of -the Seventeenth army corps, composed of three brigades with four light -batteries, and held its position until 2 p. m. before it was forced to -retire. - -The enemy's official reports give his losses as follows: Second brigade -215, Third brigade 37, Fourth brigade 13; total in division, 265, -exclusive of artillery. In defending this position Colquitt's little -brigade of two battalions, one regiment and four guns lost 198 men and -officers, killed, wounded and captured. The heaviest loss was in the -Twenty-fourth South Carolina, which held its position longest and lost -105 men and officers. Lieutenant-Colonel Capers was wounded, and Lieut. -A. F. Cunningham, of Company F, was killed. On the enemy's part their -main loss was in the center brigade, which made the direct attack in -front. - -The fighting in the final assault, which carried the position and -forced a retreat on Jackson, is described as follows by the commander -of the Tenth Missouri, which, with the Seventeenth Iowa, Eightieth -Ohio, Thirty-sixth Illinois, and Company E, of the Twenty-fourth -Missouri, made up the Second brigade: - - Colonel Holmes, commanding the brigade, now ordered bayonets fixed - and a charge made upon the enemy. The troops moved forward at - double-quick, cheering wildly, driving in first the skirmishers, and - then the main line, passing over about 500 yards under a terrific fire - of shell, canister and musketry to the house of O. P. Wright, in and - behind which, and the hedges, fences and trees surrounding it, the - rebels were hidden and protected. Here ensued an almost hand-to-hand - conflict, with the Twenty-fourth regiment South Carolina volunteers. - The Tenth Missouri suffered severely from the stream of fire which - issued from behind every object which could furnish protection to - the enemy. We succeeded finally in dislodging them and driving them - some 200 yards to the left [enemy's left] and toward the main road to - Jackson. Reforming our line, a section of the Sixth Wisconsin battery - was rapidly brought upon the field.... - -But the Twenty-fourth, now under Major Appleby, had followed the -remainder of the brigade in retreat, and joined General Johnston's -little army moving out from Jackson on the Canton road. In the fight -above described, the attack on the Georgia and Mississippi battalions -was made principally by the Iowa and Ohio regiments, and was well -sustained by the Georgians and Mississippians. The conduct of Captain -Hoskins' battery was beyond praise. But for the service of his four -guns, the position could not have been held two hours against the -attack of the Federal division. Writing to General Beauregard from -Canton, on the 25th of May, General Gist said: - - None of the troops from your department reached Jackson in time - for the affair at Raymond, and only two regiments of Gen. W. H. T. - Walker's brigade, Martin's battery, Twenty-fourth South Carolina, five - companies of the Forty-sixth Georgia, and Eighth Georgia battalion - arrived in time to participate in the skirmish and evacuation of the - city. I got within 6 miles, and was ordered back by General Johnston - with remainder of Walker's and my own brigade.... The only troops of - my brigade engaged at Jackson were those mentioned above, and all - officers join in awarding them highest praise for soldierly conduct - and gallantry. The Twenty-fourth regiment South Carolina volunteers, - Lieutenant-Colonel Capers commanding, particularly distinguished - themselves. [War Records, Vol. XXIV, Pt. III, p. 919.] - -General Walker's troops were not engaged in the battle at Wright's -house. The Eighth Georgia battalion of Gist's brigade arrived in -Jackson by train on the morning of the 14th, too late to take part with -the Twenty-fourth South Carolina and the Forty-sixth Georgia. - -Looking back upon the event and reflecting on the performance of the -little brigade at Wright's house, it seems almost ludicrous to read in -the report of Major-General McPherson, commanding the Seventeenth army -corps, an account of the formidable disposition he made to attack it. -Erroneously stating that he found the enemy "posted in strong force -under Gen. W. H. T. Walker," he continues: - - The position of the enemy was carefully reconnoitered, and Lieut. - J. W. McMurray's battery, Parrott guns, brought up to reply to - their artillery, which had already opened on our lines. While the - dispositions for the attack were being made, a very heavy shower set - in which delayed the attack an hour and a half, the rain coming down - in such torrents that there was great danger of the ammunition being - spoiled if the men opened their cartridge boxes. The time, however, - was well employed in putting the men in position, and bringing up - Logan's division as a reserve. The enemy occupied a semi-circular - ridge, stretching across the main road, his right holding a piece of - woods, and his center and left commanding rolling ground in his front, - over which it would be necessary to pass to attack him. Two [only one, - Hoskins'] batteries were in position, one covering the road and the - other near his left, having a good range across the open field. The - disposition of my troops was as follows: Boomer's brigade on the left - of the road in the timber; Holmes' brigade on his right, in the open - fields; Sanborn's brigade on the right of Holmes, with skirmishers - well out on his flank; John E. Smith's brigade, Logan's division, in - the woods in rear of Boomer, about 400 yards, in column of regiments - as a reserve; Stevenson's brigade across a ravine on Boomer's left, - with directions to advance and gain a road which entered the city from - the northwest; Dennis' brigade remained a short distance in the rear - to guard the trains. - -Six brigades arrayed in battle by the accomplished General McPherson, -against two battalions, one regiment, and a battery of four guns! - -General Johnston's forces, about 6,000 strong, encamped the night of -the 14th, 5 miles from Jackson on the Canton road. As many of the -stores as could be run out of the city by railroads to Canton and -Brandon, and by wagons, were safely removed, and General Grant's army -was free to turn upon General Pemberton. - -The situation in Mississippi was so serious that additional troops -were ordered from South Carolina, and on May 15th the secretary of war -directed General Beauregard to send Evans' brigade with all dispatch -to General Johnston. The governor of South Carolina, the mayor of -Charleston and General Beauregard all remonstrated with the President -against stripping the coast of the State almost bare of infantry, -but the President was firm in the belief that the enemy had but a -small force in South Carolina; that his troops had gone to Virginia, -North Carolina and to the southwest, and that 10,000 of all arms were -sufficient for the defense of Charleston and the coast. Accordingly -Evans' brigade--Seventeenth, Col. F. W. McMaster; Eighteenth, Col. W. -H. Wallace; Twenty-second, Lieut.-Col. J. O'Connell; Twenty-third, -Col. H. L. Benbow; Twenty-sixth, Col. A. D. Smith; Holcombe legion, -Lieut.-Col. W. J. Crawley--went to Mississippi, and was assigned to the -division of Major-General French, in Johnston's little army. - -On the 20th of May, General Gist, with the balance of his brigade, -joined General Johnston at Canton, and was assigned to Walker's -division. Meanwhile the disastrous battles of Baker's Creek and the -Big Black had been fought and lost by General Pemberton, and Grant -was investing Vicksburg, with his army greatly increased. By the 4th -of June, General Johnston had collected at Jackson, Canton and Yazoo -City, and on the Big Black, a force of 24,000 infantry and artillery, -and 2,800 cavalry under Gen. W. H. Jackson. This force was almost -without transportation, and was deficient in ammunition for all arms. -The Big Black river, impassable except by bridges, interposed between -General Johnston's army and Grant's, and was guarded at every pass by -intrenched forces from the army investing Vicksburg. - -Johnston decided that an attack on Grant under these circumstances -was impracticable, though urged by the secretary of war to make it. -Pemberton had 18,000 or 20,000 effective troops in the defenses of -Vicksburg, and on the 4th of June, General Johnston wrote him: "All -we can attempt to do is to save you and your garrison." He urged a -simultaneous attack at the same point with a view of extricating -Pemberton, and proposed that it be made north of the railroad. But -General Pemberton deemed himself too weak to attack his foe, strongly -intrenched, and General Johnston held the same view on his part, so -that the siege of Vicksburg progressed, Grant being secured in his -intrenchments by his overwhelming numbers and powerful artillery from -Pemberton in front, and by the fortified crossings of the Big Black -from Johnston in rear. - -Finally, on June 29th, General Johnston put his army in motion for the -Big Black, the force effective for service being reported, June 25th, -at 28,569, of all arms. General Johnston puts it, on the 29th, at a -little over 20,000 infantry and artillery, and 2,000 cavalry, supplied -with transportation, full equipment of ammunition, and a serviceable -floating bridge. "This expedition," General Johnston wrote in his -Narrative, "was not undertaken in the wild spirit that dictated the -dispatches from the war department." On the 21st of June, the secretary -of war had urged Johnston to attack General Grant for the relief of -Pemberton, and had said: "The eyes and hopes of the whole Confederacy -are upon you, with the full confidence to fail nobly daring, than, -through prudence even, to be that you will act, and with the sentiment -that it is better inactive." - -Johnston moved to the Big Black, not indulging the sentiment of -Mr. Seddon, that it was better to dare an attack and fail, than to -remain only in observation of the siege. His purpose was to make a -reconnoissance along the Big Black to find a point of attack, his -hope being to extricate General Pemberton's army and not to raise the -siege. These reconnoissances on the 1st, 2d and 3d of July satisfied -him that an attack north of the railroad was impracticable, and before -he had made his proposed examinations south of the railroad, Vicksburg -capitulated. Learning this, General Johnston fell back to the fortified -line around Jackson, where he was invested by three corps of Grant's -army, under Sherman, which, by the 10th, were intrenched in front of -Johnston's semi-circular line. Daily skirmishes took place, and the -city of Jackson was well pelted with shot and shell until the night -of the 16th, when Johnston crossed Pearl river, saving his stores and -public property, and carrying off his entire force, artillery and wagon -trains. Ultimately the army was encamped at and near Morton, Miss., on -the 20th of July. The enemy did not follow except in small force, and -after burning the town of Brandon, destroying the railroad bridges, -and setting fire to the city of Jackson, which he utterly destroyed, on -the 23d of July the ruined city was left to its distressed inhabitants, -and Sherman's army returned to Vicksburg. - -In the campaign above described, from May 20th to July 20th, Gist's -brigade formed part of Walker's division, Evans' brigade of French's. -The marches and countermarches to which they were subjected in the -heat of summer, the men for the most of the time badly supplied with -shoes and actually, at times, suffering for water fit to drink, fully -tested the spirit and discipline of the brigade. In the short siege -of Jackson, July 10th to 16th inclusive, Walker's division occupied a -position on the left center of the line of defense, with its right on -the Clinton road, the brigades posted as follows: Ector's, Gregg's, -Gist's and Wilson's. Several casualties occurred in General Gist's -brigade on the picket line, and in the trenches, but no return of them -is available. - -In the retreat from the Big Black, French's division reached Jackson -in advance July 7th, and at daylight on the 9th, the troops were put -in position in the trenches, Evans' brigade on the right resting on -the Clinton road, with the batteries of J. F. Culpeper and B. A. -Jeter on its front. On the 11th an effort was made to force in Evans' -skirmishers, and handsomely repulsed by the Holcombe legion. The next -attack was on Breckinridge, at the left of French, and the 13th was -devoted to heavy cannonading. John Waties' battery was put in position -at French's left. There was heavy firing all the morning of the 14th, -with brisk skirmishing. Evans' line advanced, drove back the enemy, -burned several small houses which sheltered the Federal sharpshooters, -and then fell back to their line. Gist's brigade remained encamped near -Morton until the latter part of August, when, in response to General -Bragg's request for troops, Walker's and Breckinridge's divisions were -ordered to report to him near Chattanooga. - -Capt. James Gist, special aide to General Gist, and Dr. Thomas L. -Ogier, division surgeon, both died of fever at Morton, lamented by -their comrades. Captain Gist and Doctor Ogier were both identified with -the brigade of General Gist from its earliest history, and were greatly -loved and respected as efficient and faithful officers. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - - SOUTH CAROLINIANS IN THE CHANCELLORSVILLE CAMPAIGN--SERVICE OF - KERSHAW'S AND McGOWAN'S BRIGADES--A GREAT CONFEDERATE VICTORY. - - -After the defeat of General Burnside's attempt to drive the Confederate -army from its position in rear of Fredericksburg, both armies went -into winter quarters, and remained inactive until about the middle of -April, 1863. In January, General Burnside was removed from command, -and Gen. Joseph Hooker, who had commanded the center grand division of -Burnside's army, was placed in command of the army of the Potomac, and -charged with the task of capturing Richmond. Upon assuming command, -General Hooker published his general orders, No. 1, in which he -contrasted the merits of his army with those of General Lee's in the -following sentences: "In equipment, intelligence and valor the enemy -is our inferior. Let us never hesitate to give him battle, wherever -we can find him." It is hardly possible that such language could have -disparaged the character of General Lee's army in the estimation of the -Federal soldiers who had so often felt the force of its "equipment, -intelligence and valor." - -President Lincoln was not willing to give General Hooker so great a -trust without warning and serious admonition, which he embodied in the -following letter, under date of January 26, 1863: - - General: I have placed you at the head of the army of the Potomac. - Of course, I have done this upon what appears to me to be sufficient - reasons. And yet I think it best for you to know that there are some - things in regard to which I am not quite satisfied with you. I - believe you to be a brave and skillful soldier, which, of course, I - like. I also believe you do not mix politics with your profession, - in which you are right. You have confidence in yourself, which is a - valuable if not an indispensable quality. You are ambitious, which - within reasonable bounds does good rather than harm. But I think that - during General Burnside's command of the army you have taken counsel - of your ambition and thwarted him as much as you could, in which you - did a great wrong both to the country and to a most meritorious and - honorable brother officer. I have heard in such way as to believe it, - of your recently saying that both the army and the government needed - a dictator. Of course it was not for this, but in spite of it, that I - have given you the command. Only those generals who gain success can - set up as dictators. What I now ask of you is military success, and - I will risk the dictatorship. The government will support you to the - utmost of its ability, which is neither more nor less than it has done - and will do for all commanders. I much fear the spirit you have aided - to infuse into the army of criticising their commander and withholding - confidence from him will now turn upon you. I shall assist you as far - as I can to put it down. Neither you, nor Napoleon, if he were alive - again, could get any good out of an army while such a spirit prevails - in it. And now beware of rashness--beware of rashness; but with energy - and sleepless vigilance go forward and gain us victories. - - Yours very truly, - A. Lincoln. - -How far the anxious President's candid letter influenced the -generalship of the new commander may be seen by what follows in -description of his unhappy experiences in "finding the enemy" and -testing his "inferior equipment, intelligence and valor." - -On April 30, 1863, the Federal army under Hooker had 133,708 men -"actually available for the line of battle," organized in seven corps; -the First under Reynolds, the Second under Couch, the Third under -Sickles, the Fifth under Meade, the Sixth under Sedgwick, the Eleventh -under Howard, the Twelfth under Slocum. The artillery included 370 -guns, of all calibers. The cavalry force outnumbered General Lee's -three to one. - -General Lee's army was numerically not as strong as at the battle of -Fredericksburg, Longstreet having been sent south of the James with -the divisions of Hood and Pickett, and Hampton's cavalry brigade -having been sent into the interior to recruit its horses. Lee's -army confronting Hooker numbered of all arms, on the 1st of April, -53,303, with 170 pieces of artillery. McLaws and Anderson commanded -the divisions of Longstreet's corps present, and Early, A. P. Hill, -Rodes and Colston commanded Jackson's divisions; W. H. F. Lee and -Fitzhugh Lee commanded the two brigades of cavalry under Stuart, and -General Pendleton the artillery battalions of Alexander, Crutchfield, -R. L. Walker, Brown, Carter, Andrews and McIntosh. McGowan's brigade, -on April 29th, occupied the same position it held in the battle of -December 13th. - -By the 29th of April, three of Hooker's corps, the Fifth, Eleventh and -Twelfth, had marched up the Rappahannock, crossed at Kelly's ford, and -were marching for Germanna and Ely's fords on the Rapidan, on Lee's -left flank. The Second corps crossed at the United States ford on the -30th, and at night Hooker was at Chancellorsville with four corps of -his army, covering all approaches to that position. On the same day -he ordered up the Third from in front of Fredericksburg, and by noon -on May 1st he was in position around Chancellorsville with five army -corps. General Sedgwick, with the remaining two corps, the First and -Sixth, had crossed below Fredericksburg, and was demonstrating as if -for attack. General Hooker was so much elated by the success of this -concentration, that he published a field order congratulating his army -on its "brilliant achievements," and declared that General Lee must -"ingloriously fly" before such a combination, else "certain destruction -awaits him, should he give us battle on our own ground." _Nous verrons_. - -On the 29th of April, General Lee had decided that Hooker's main -attack was to be expected from the troops marching on Chancellorsville, -and that the operations in his front at Fredericksburg were only -demonstrations in force to deceive him. He made his dispositions at -once, and leaving Early and Barksdale and the reserve artillery for the -defense of the position at Fredericksburg, with the main army marched -to meet Hooker at Chancellorsville. The divisions of Anderson and -McLaws were advanced on the main approaches, the plank road and old -turnpike, and became engaged with Hooker's advance on both roads, early -on the 1st of May, about 4 miles from General Hooker's headquarters. -Jackson, with his three divisions, was in supporting distance, and -in immediate charge of the advance. Pressing forward, on both roads, -the Federals were driven back upon the line immediately around -Chancellorsville, in which they were strongly protected by natural and -prepared defenses. - -On the evening and night of the 1st, General Lee put his troops in -position across the plank road and fronting General Hooker's line. -Lee's right extended as far as the mine road, and his left was in front -of and beyond the Catherine furnace. General Hooker's line extended -as far as the river on his left, and on his right along the road to -Germanna's ferry (the old turnpike) for a distance of 3 miles. This -line was covered from end to end by a vast forest, which hid its -extent from observation, and was protected by abatis of fallen timber, -rifle-pits, breastworks of logs, earthworks, etc. The forest also hid -General Lee's line, and by the activity of the cavalry on his flanks, -General Hooker was led to magnify both its strength and its length. - -Hooker was so strong in front that General Lee determined to attack -beyond his fortified line. On the night of the 1st he held a long -conference with General Jackson, as a result of which General Jackson -was ordered to lead his three divisions early in the morning to the -extreme right and rear of General Hooker's line, and assault with -vigor. Lee was to stand in Hooker's front with McLaws' and Anderson's -divisions, and Early was to keep back Sedgwick. Jackson marched with -26,000 men, and left Lee in front of Hooker with 14,000. The wilderness -was his defense. It hid his weakness and screened Jackson's march. - -Kershaw's brigade, with McLaws--the Fifteenth, Lieut.-Col. Joseph F. -Gist; Seventh, Col. Elbert Bland; Third, Maj. R. C. Maffett; Second, -Col. J. D. Kennedy; James' battalion, Lieut.-Col. W. G. Rice, and -Eighth, Col. John W. Henagan--was in the second line of battle at -Zoar church on May 1st, and next day formed in the front line before -Chancellorsville, with thirteen companies thrown forward in the -dense woods, under Maj. D. B. Miller, James' battalion, engaged in -continually pressing the enemy. - -Jackson's three divisions were commanded by Gens. A. P. Hill, R. E. -Rodes and R. E. Colston. His South Carolina brigade, in Hill's light -division, was now commanded by Brig.-Gen. Samuel McGowan, who was -colonel of the Fourteenth South Carolina under the lamented Gregg, and -when that gallant and accomplished soldier fell at Fredericksburg, -was promoted to take command of the brigade, thenceforth known in the -army of Northern Virginia as McGowan's brigade. McGowan's brigade, -after being engaged in skirmishing, and under artillery fire on the -1st, moved out with Hill's division early on the 2d. As soon as the -First regiment left the cover of the woods, said Col. D. H. Hamilton, -it was subjected to the "most trying ordeal to which any troops could -be subjected. As soon as we reached the open ground, we were exposed -in open and full view to the batteries of the enemy, and under a -deliberate and annoying fire, we passed those batteries in review. -My regiment stood the ordeal well. Projecting hills soon screened us -from further annoyance, and our march was rapidly and successfully -continued until we reached a position beyond Chancellorsville, in rear -of the enemy's line of works." - -By 4 p. m. on the 2d, General Jackson was on the Germanna Ford road, -and in rear of the right flank of General Hooker. The forest enveloping -him covered his deployments, and his three divisions were put in line -of battle, one behind the other, and marched up the road, and actually -began the attack from the rear and flank before General Hooker's troops -knew that they were being approached by a Confederate force. The -Eleventh corps, General Howard, held the Federal right. Jackson's front -line was led by Rodes, and so impetuous was the attack, and so complete -the surprise, that the divisions of Howard were at once thrown into -confusion and soon into rout. Rodes pressed on up the road and through -the forest, followed by Colston and then by Hill, the great Jackson -directing the advance. It was known that the enemy had a fortified -line at the Talley house, and a second at Melzi Chancellor's house. -Jackson's order was to carry the position at Talley's, and to move -right on against the second at Chancellor's. Both were carried, and the -entire right of Hooker's line defeated and driven back to the heights -of Chancellorsville. Now, late in the day, General Jackson ordered A. -P. Hill's division to relieve the divisions of Rodes and Colston at the -Chancellor house. It was at this juncture, while Hill's division was -taking position, that General Jackson, he and his staff being mistaken -in the darkness for Federal cavalry, was fired upon and mortally -wounded. Gen. A. P. Hill was soon afterward wounded, and the command of -Jackson's corps devolved upon General Rodes for a time. General Stuart -was then summoned, and the night of the 2d was spent by that active -soldier in arranging for the morning's attack. - -At sunset, McGowan's brigade had reached that part of the field that -had been cleared of the enemy by Rodes' division, leaving roads -and fields strewn with the Federal dead. Colonel Hamilton's report -continues: - - Passing beyond, we were drawn up in line, by order of General McGowan, - on the plank road, the Fourteenth regiment being deployed, and - covering our front as skirmishers. Here we were subjected to a heavy - fire of shells, which was annoying, but did not do us much damage. - About 11 o'clock orders were given to advance, and the attempt was - made, but either in consequence of the impossibility of advancing - through the pine thickets, or a change of orders, the order was - countermanded. At midnight the brigade was marched to a position in - front of the enemy's breastworks, with Brigadier-General Lane on our - left and Brigadier-General Archer on our right. - -At dawn on the 3d, Stuart's line was arranged for a renewal of -battle, and by sunrise he moved forward, Archer's brigade, on the -extreme right, being charged with the duty of uniting with General -Anderson's left, and so reuniting Lee's separated wings. The battle of -Chancellorsville was won by 10 a. m., by the united assaults of the two -wings coming together at the center, where the victorious advance of -Stuart and Anderson and McLaws swept back the heroic resistance which -Hooker's broken forces made around the heights, and drove them from the -entire field of battle. - -In this, the final and crowning assault of that great battle, the two -South Carolina brigades, under McGowan and Kershaw, bore an honorable -and memorable part. Kershaw on the right with McLaws, and McGowan on -the left with Stuart, were in the front lines of advance, and carried -their troops to the extreme limit of the great victory. The sacrifice -which Carolina offered at Chancellorsville was costly, indeed. Over -550 of her sons were killed and wounded in the battle of the 3d, and -that at Salem church on the 4th, in which last engagement General Lee -defeated Sedgwick and drove him over the Rappahannock, turning upon his -advance toward Chancellorsville with the divisions of Anderson, McLaws -and Early. - -Of the part taken by McGowan's brigade, General Heth, commanding Hill's -division, said: - - I ordered Generals McGowan and Archer to move forward.... The - light division forming the front line, opened the battle of - Chancellorsville.... Lane's brigade, supported by part of Heth's - brigade, and McGowan's brigade advanced and charged the enemy behind - his breastworks and supported by twenty-nine pieces of artillery. I - cannot conceive of any body of men ever being subjected to a more - galling fire than this force. The brigades, notwithstanding, drove the - enemy from his works and held them for some time. - -Passing beyond the breastworks, the brigade soon became very hotly -engaged, but on account of the oblique movement of Archer's brigade on -their right, that flank was exposed and they were compelled to hold -the line of works they had taken. Here, in the midst of a desperate -fight, General McGowan and his able and gallant adjutant-general, -Capt. A. C. Haskell, were severely wounded. Col. O. E. Edwards, of -the Thirteenth, assumed brigade command, but this heroic soldier, -exposing himself with characteristic intrepidity, was soon mortally -wounded. Col. D. H. Hamilton, of the First, then took charge of the -brigade. Here, also, the brigade suffered an irreparable loss in the -fall of the accomplished Col. James M. Perrin, of the First rifles, -who was mortally wounded at the breastworks. Among the gallant dead of -McGowan's brigade were Lieuts. E. C. DuBose and C. P. Seabrook, of the -First; Lieut. H. L. Fuller, of the Thirteenth, and Lieut. J. H. Fricks -of the First rifles. Sergt. L. A. Wardlaw, Color-bearer G. S. Bell and -Private T. R. Puckett, of the Rifles, were wounded bearing the colors. -Maj. G. McD. Miller, of the Rifles, was severely wounded. The total -loss of the brigade was 46 killed and 402 wounded. Col. Abner Perrin -commanded the Fourteenth, and was in command of part of the brigade in -the last charge. The Twelfth was not engaged. - -The advance of Kershaw's brigade, early on the 3d, suffered the loss -of its gallant leader, Capt. G. B. Cuthbert, Second regiment, who fell -with two wounds that caused his death. About 9 o'clock, General Kershaw -reported, "the whole line advanced to the attack of Chancellorsville, -and by 11 o'clock our troops were in possession of the position, the -skirmishers only having been engaged. Moving over to the turnpike road -to form a new front, under orders from the major-general commanding, -I was directed by Gen. R. E. Lee to move with General Mahone toward -Fredericksburg, to check the advance of a column of the enemy reported -coming up from that point, along the plank road." This movement brought -Kershaw's brigade into the battle of Salem Church, in which the Third -regiment and part of James' battalion were engaged, on the right of -Wilcox's brigade. Late in the evening of the 4th, the brigade took part -in the engagement at Banks' ford, driving the enemy across the river. -They spent all the night beating the thickets for Federals, finding -only straggling prisoners; bivouacked at 4 a. m., arose at sunrise, and -gathered over 800 stand of arms. About noon they marched to a point -near the United States ford, and relieved Heth's brigade, and on the -6th, after the heavy rain had ceased, advanced and found there were no -Federals on the south side of the Rappahannock. - -Colonel Henagan's regiment was with General Jackson from the 2d. The -loss of Kershaw's brigade was not great, 11 killed and 89 wounded; but -the death of Captain Cuthbert and Capt. C. W. Boyd, of the Fifteenth, -who fell together before Chancellorsville, _par nobile fratrum_, -was deeply mourned. They were young men of the brightest promise, -of commanding talents, high social position, and most attractive -personality. - -General Hooker's loss at Chancellorsville was greater than Lee's. -The former lost in both wings, according to his statement before the -committee on the conduct of the war, 17,197; by the returns in the War -Records, 1,575 killed, 9,559 wounded, 5,711 prisoners or missing. -General Lee's loss was 1,581 killed, 8,700 wounded. Both generals lost -artillery, Lee eight pieces and Hooker thirteen, with 1,500 rounds of -ammunition. General Lee gathered from the field, besides tents and army -stores of various kinds, 19,500 rifles and muskets, and over 300,000 -rounds of infantry ammunition. - -After the battle, in his general orders of congratulation, General Lee -recommended that the troops "unite on Sunday next, in ascribing to the -Lord of Hosts the glory due unto His name," and quoted the following -letter from President Davis: - - General Lee: I have received your dispatch, and reverently unite with - you in giving praise to God for the success with which He has crowned - our arms. In the name of the people I offer my thanks to you and the - troops under your command for this addition to the unprecedented - series of great victories, which your army has achieved. The universal - rejoicing produced by this happy result, will be mingled with general - regret for the good and brave who are numbered among the killed and - wounded. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - - OPERATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA--OPENING OF GILLMORE'S CAMPAIGN - AGAINST FORT SUMTER--THE SURPRISE OF MORRIS ISLAND--FIRST ASSAULT - ON BATTERY WAGNER--DEMONSTRATIONS ON JAMES ISLAND AND AGAINST THE - RAILROAD--ACTION NEAR GRIMBALL'S LANDING. - - -The attempt of Admiral Du Pont and Major-General Hunter to reduce and -capture the outer defenses of Charleston on April 7, 1863, having been -signally repulsed, and the ironclad squadron badly crippled, both of -those officers were relieved, and the energies and resources of the -Federal government concentrated upon the capture of Morris island. -Brig.-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore took command in place of General Hunter, and -Rear-Admiral J. A. Dahlgren supplanted Du Pont. General Gillmore had -confidently expressed his ability to reduce Fort Sumter from Morris -island, and was an officer of recognized energy and skill. After the -defeat of April 7th, it was well known in Washington that Admiral Du -Pont had lost faith in the fighting qualities of his iron fleet, and -General Hunter, in communicating with the government at Washington, -had several times complained of "the inactivity of the admiral." -The failure of the general himself to do more than organize raiding -parties, which pillaged plantations, burned planters' residences, mills -and barns, and were invariably driven back to the ubiquitous gunboat -protection, must have impressed his superiors unfavorably. General -Hunter complained of his removal from command as a reflection upon his -military conduct, but Mr. Lincoln assured him that he was held in high -esteem, that no reflection upon him was meant, and that other and -controlling reasons had determined the appointment of Gillmore. - -On quitting the Stono, after the repulse of the ironclads on April 7th, -General Hunter had left a brigade, under Brigadier-General Vogdes, on -Folly island, with light artillery and some cavalry. This brigade had -orders to conceal its encampments among the sand-hills, and in the -dense woods and behind the growth of the island, and so effectually -carried out the directions, that the force on Folly island baffled the -attempts made to locate it or determine its strength. The island was -unassailable by the Confederate forces on James island, and there were -no troops in the department to spare for an attack from Morris island, -across Lighthouse inlet. General Vogdes was known to be on Folly island -with some force, but what he was doing, or what he was there to do, was -a matter of frequent discussion, and was certainly never determined -until Gillmore developed his force on Stono inlet, when Morris island, -Battery Wagner and Fort Sumter were seen to be his objectives. - -The department commanded by General Beauregard had been stripped almost -bare to reinforce other points. Against this depletion of his infantry, -General Beauregard, the governor of the State, the mayor of Charleston, -and numerous prominent citizens had remonstrated, but the reply of the -secretary of war was both inevitable and unanswerable: "It cannot be -helped, however much it is deplored." - -Gillmore's force of all arms amounted to 10,950, supplied with field -batteries and siege guns of the highest capacity, supported in the -Stono and on its left flank by a flotilla of gunboats, and on the right -by the admiral's armored fleet. For the immediate defense of the city, -General Beauregard had in position, on the islands and in the forts and -batteries, a total of 5,841 men: On Morris island 927, on James island -2,906, on Sullivan's island 1,158, and in the city 850. - -Morris island, the selected point of real attack, lies along the main -ship channel, about 3½ miles in length, north and south, its north end, -Cummings point, being three-quarters of a mile south by east from Fort -Sumter. At Cummings point, Battery Gregg, named in honor of Brig.-Gen. -Maxcy Gregg, mounted guns of the heaviest caliber which the department -could command. This battery was an important outpost of Fort Sumter, -and one of the strong defenses of the harbor. Three-quarters of a -mile south of Battery Gregg stood, square across a narrow neck of the -island, Battery Wagner, named in honor of Lieut.-Col. Thomas M. Wagner. -Wagner touched the beach on its sea flank, and Vincent's creek on its -west flank, covering the whole island width of about 280 yards. It is -noteworthy that the Star of the West battery, which fired the first -gun of the war, was located, in January, 1851, just in advance of the -ground on which Wagner stood. - -At the time of which we write (July, 1863), Battery Wagner mounted -two heavy guns on the sea face, and some twelve or more, of lighter -caliber, on the south and west faces. It was a strong earthwork, -constructed of compact sand, upon which the heaviest projectiles -produced little effect, with well-built traverses protecting the -guns from the sea fire, high merlons, thoroughly protected magazine -and bomb-proof, with a strong parapet on the north or gorge face, -for the protection of the opening. The salients on the east and west -were flanked by infantry and howitzer fire. The barbette guns of -Sumter, distant a mile and a half from Wagner, commanded its immediate -approaches from the south, while from the parapet of Sumter, with a -good glass, Morris island for its entire length was in plain view for -observation. - -Late in May, General Ripley, commanding the defenses of Charleston, -became dissatisfied with the progress of constructing batteries on the -extreme south end of Morris island, designed to prevent an attack by -boats from Folly island. The enemy's strength on the latter island -was unknown, boats and barges were at Vogdes' command, and if two or -three thousand troops were to make a determined attack, Ripley felt -unprepared to meet it. These representations were made by him to -General Beauregard on the 24th of May, and the work on the south end -was pushed slowly forward by an inadequate force. Meanwhile General -Gillmore had come into command, and by the middle of June was preparing -his plans for attack at the south end of Morris island. - -When the attack came, on the early morning of July 10th, it was a -surprise and overwhelming. Gillmore had put forty-seven guns and -mortars in battery, facing the nine separate 1-gun batteries of the -Confederates, within three-eighths of a mile of the rifle-pits, and -without their knowledge. Observant officers and men were satisfied -that batteries were being constructed on Folly island, but so well -was the work screened, that not until the brushwood was cut away, the -embrasures opened out, and the fire opened, did the little force on the -south end of Morris island, or the general commanding the district, -or General Beauregard, realize the true character of the attack that -had been so secretly prepared. "With lookout stations on the ruins of -the old lighthouse on Morris island; on the mast-head of a wrecked -blockade-runner, off Lighthouse inlet, and at Secessionville on James -island, there was yet no discovery of these Federal works. So far from -it, that General Ripley (district commander) reports, that 'up to the -8th or 9th of July the enemy, so far as ascertained, had constructed no -works on Folly island, except to shelter his pickets from our shells.'" -(Johnson's "Defense of Charleston.") On this subject Major Gilchrist -says, in his pamphlet on the defense of Morris island, himself a -participant in that defense: - - It has always been a vexed question on whom should rest the blame for - the neglect of this strategic point. There were mutual recriminations - and much bad blood between those who were thought to be responsible - for the success of the Federals on July 10th, which involved the - destruction of Fort Sumter and the long and bloody siege of Wagner. - But the truth is, General Beauregard did not believe an attack would - be made by this route, and was firmly persuaded that the enemy would - again essay an advance by way of James island. He therefore withdrew - the negro laborers from Morris island to strengthen the fortifications - elsewhere, leaving the Gist Guard and Mathewes' artillery to finish - half-completed Fort Wagner. And when General Ripley, on his own - responsibility, and by his own engineer, commenced to fortify the - neighborhood of Lighthouse inlet, he commanded the work to stop. - Later, when it was discovered that General Vogdes was doing some - work--its extent unknown--on Folly island, General Ripley again, with - the tardy consent of General Beauregard, sent two companies of the - First South Carolina artillery, Capt. John C. Mitchel commanding, who, - with the assistance of the Twenty-first South Carolina, Col. R. F. - Graham, built among the sand-hills of the south end of Morris island - nine independent 1-gun batteries, which were eventually to meet the - concentrated fire of forty-seven guns in the masked batteries on Folly - island, and 8, 11 and 15-inch guns in the monitors. - -The writer of the pamphlet quoted cannot have been aware of the fact, -that as early as March 10th General Beauregard had ordered the south -end of Morris island fortified, that the work was promptly begun, and -that when General Ripley complained, May 24th, of its slow progress, -Capt. Langdon Cheves, of the engineers, was prosecuting it with an -inadequate force, and no wood material furnished, necessary for -magazine and bomb-proof. As a precautionary measure the works were -ordered by General Beauregard, and more appreciated as being necessary -by General Ripley, but neither of these generals expected them to be -attacked except by boat howitzers and rifle guns of light batteries -covering an attack by infantry landing from small boats. In such an -attack the batteries on the south end, supported by 1,000 men, could -have successfully repelled the enemy. If an attack at that point should -come, it was looked for only in that shape. - -On July 4th, from his headquarters at Hilton Head, General Gillmore -issued his order for the disposition of two divisions designed to -attack Morris island. The First was commanded by Brigadier-General -Terry, its brigades by Brigadier-General Stevenson and Colonel -Davis; the Second by Brigadier-General Seymour, its brigades by -Brigadier-Generals Vogdes and Strong. The brigade of Vogdes was already -on Folly island, and had been since April 7th; Strong landed on the 6th -of July, and Stevenson subsequently. - -On the 9th, General Beauregard telegraphed Mr. Davis of the presence in -Stono and off the bar of thirty-eight vessels and five monitors, and -at noon of the same day to Governor Bonham, and to Richmond, that "an -attack on Sumter along Folly and Morris islands is evidently imminent." -General Mercer, at Savannah, and General Whiting, at Wilmington, were -asked for support, and Generals Hagood and Walker were ordered to hold -all available troops in the Second and Third districts in readiness to -march or take the cars for Charleston at a moment's warning. - -The batteries on Folly island were then under cover and still unknown. -The only certain indication of the impending attack was reported by -Capt. C. T. Haskell early on the morning of the 9th. That gallant -and energetic officer had made a reconnoissance to the west of Folly -island, by boat, and had plainly discovered the flotilla of barges and -small boats in Folly Island creek, "moored and ready for crossing." -This reconnoissance by Captain Haskell, and the landing of Strong's -brigade on Folly island, persuaded General Beauregard to look for the -attack on the south end of Morris island. How was he prepared to meet -it? Eleven guns were in position, in unconnected, detached batteries, -three 8-inch navy shell guns, two 8-inch howitzers, one 24 and one 30 -pounder rifled Parrott, one 12-pounder Whitworth, and three 10-inch -mortars. Rifle-pits were dug in front, covering Oyster point. The guns -were manned by 200 artillerists from the First regulars, under Capts. -John C. Mitchel and J. R. Macbeth, and Lieut. H. W. Frost. The infantry -supports were 400 men of the Twenty-first, under Maj. G. W. McIver, and -one company of the First South Carolina infantry, commanded by Capt. -Charles T. Haskell. The whole force amounted to 650 men! - -Against this defense General Gillmore was to make his attack with -forty-seven guns from his masked batteries, the guns of four of the -monitors, and a brigade of infantry 3,000 strong, composed of four -regiments and two battalions of four companies each. Just at daylight -on the morning of the 10th, the guns on Folly island were unmasked and -opened their fire on the Confederate detached batteries. The surprise -was complete. The gallant men and officers on duty were expecting an -attack, but such a volume and weight of metal was overwhelming. But -Mitchel and Macbeth ordered their guns opened in reply, and McIver and -Haskell manned the rifle-pits. - -After the unequal combat of artillery had lasted about two hours, -General Strong advanced from the northwest end of the island against -McIver and Haskell. The few guns left mounted were turned upon the -flotilla of boats, sinking a barge and killing and wounding many in the -boats, but the advance was unchecked, and the brigade landed, stormed -and carried the pits, and drove off the little force remaining unhurt -by the assault. The gallant Haskell fell, cheering his men, sword in -hand; Macbeth, badly wounded, was taken prisoner; Lieut. John S. Bee -had fallen at his gun, and Lieut. T. H. Dalrymple on the infantry line. -Fighting yet the last guns, the contest was ended by the charge of -the Sixth Connecticut on the rear and sea flank, met by the advance of -General Strong from the west side. The Connecticut regiment had passed -by the entire front and landed under cover of the sand-hills, and took -the batteries in reverse. It was an unequal contest, but continued -for hours. Seeing its hopelessness, Colonel Graham ordered retreat -upon Wagner, covered by Nelson's South Carolina battalion, under Maj. -James H. Rion, which arrived just as the retreat was ordered. Four -monitors followed along, pelting the retreating and almost exhausted -Confederates with their 15-inch shell and showers of grape. Colonel -Graham reported a total loss in killed, wounded and missing, of 295; -183 in the Twenty-first, 12 in Captain Haskell's company, and 100 in -the artillery. - -The south end of Morris island was lost, and General Gillmore -immediately reinforced Strong, and General Seymour took command of -the division on Morris island, now in a position to assault Battery -Wagner. On the 9th, General Terry, with about 4,000 men, had sailed -up the Stono, supported by gunboats, and made such a demonstration of -landing on James island as to keep all the troops there, under Colonel -Simonton, under arms, and to turn others, arriving from Charleston, in -that direction. Reports from James island, coming to the commanding -general on the morning of the 9th, made it doubtful, for a time, where -the most formidable attack was to be made, but the concentration of -force on Morris island, and the action of the squadron, soon settled -all doubts as to General Gillmore's designs. - -Wagner was reinforced as soon as the troops could be sent over, and -during the night of the 10th the garrison was increased to 1,000 -infantry and 200 artillerists. A gallant band of Georgians, under Col. -C. H. Olmstead, came to stand on the ramparts by the side of their -Carolina brethren. There were thus assembled, for the defense of the -fort, the following commands: - -Infantry: Twenty-first South Carolina, Major McIver; Seventh South -Carolina battalion, Maj. J. H. Rion; Company D, First South Carolina -regular infantry, Lieut. J. M. Horlbeck; four companies First Georgia, -Col. C. H. Olmstead; four companies Twelfth Georgia battalion, -Lieut.-Col. H. D. Capers; three companies Eighteenth Georgia battalion, -Maj. W. L. Basinger. Artillery: Detachments of Companies E, I and H, -First South Carolina regular artillery, Capt. John C. Mitchel; Gist -Guard, Capt. C. E. Chichester, and the Mathewes artillery, Capt. J. R. -Mathewes. Lieut.-Col. Joseph Yates commanded the batteries, and Colonel -Graham the fort. Colonel Graham kept his force in the fort under arms -and on watch, all night, while Major Rion covered the front with 150 -skirmishers. The infantry was stationed, in support of the guns, -from right to left, in the following order: Seventh South Carolina -battalion, Twelfth Georgia battalion, Twenty-first South Carolina, -First South Carolina infantry, Eighteenth Georgia battalion, First -Georgia volunteers. - -At dawn on the 11th the assault came and the pickets were driven -in. The attacking column was led by four companies of the Seventh -Connecticut, Lieutenant-Colonel Rodman, followed by the Seventy-sixth -Pennsylvania and the Ninth Maine. The Third and Seventh New Hampshire -formed the reserve. The Connecticut detachment charged gallantly -and followed Rion's pickets so closely that they were nearly at the -left salient of the fort before the fire opened, the light being so -imperfect that it was difficult to distinguish an object 100 yards in -advance. The Georgians on the left opened the fire of the infantry, -and then in rolling succession every gun was fired. The ranks of the -Seventh Connecticut were broken and swept away, and the Seventy-sixth -Pennsylvania was so stunned by the fire as to halt and lie down. -Recovering, they arose and made for the center of the fort, while the -Ninth Maine charged gallantly at the right salient. It was all in -vain. The withering fire of canister and musketry broke up the ranks, -and the whole column retreated in wild confusion. General Strong -blamed the Seventy-sixth for his failure to carry the fort, because -they halted and fell on the ground under "the sudden, tremendous and -simultaneous fire" which they met. But that same fire would have had -an identical effect upon them if they had not lain down, as it had -when they rose and rushed to the charge. No regiment can preserve its -line of assault under the fire of canister from a dozen guns and the -continued discharge of 1,000 rifles. If the two New Hampshire regiments -had followed this first assault, and they, in turn, had been followed -by still a third column of attack, they might have carried the fort; -but to attempt its assault with two regiments and a battalion of four -companies was to presume upon the character of its defenders and the -strength of its defense. - -General Strong reported his loss at 8 officers and 322 non-commissioned -officers and soldiers. Colonel Graham lost 1 officer and 5 soldiers -killed, and 1 officer and 5 soldiers wounded. Capt. C. Werner, of the -First Georgia, was the officer killed, and all the casualties in the -fort were among the Georgia troops. - -Four monitors, lying a mile off, bombarded Wagner on the 10th, and on -the morning of that day, Capt. Langdon Cheves, the engineer of Fort -Wagner, just after receiving the intelligence of the death of his -gallant kinsman, was killed in the fort by a fragment of shell, fired -from one of the monitors, the first shot fired at the fort that day. -Captain Cheves was an accomplished engineer, a devoted patriot and a -gallant soldier. Battery Wagner was built under his direction, and his -name, with those of others hereafter to be mentioned, who gave their -lives in its defense, will be forever commemorated in its history. - -Gillmore's third demonstration, on July 10th, the attempt to cut the -railroad at Jacksonboro, was a failure. It was made by Col. T. W. -Higginson, commanding a regiment of recently enlisted negroes. With -three armed steamers he ascended the South Edisto under the cover of a -dense fog, until arrested at Willtown bluff by the obstructions in the -river. Landing at that point a force of 100 or more Confederates, a -section of artillery, without infantry supports, was surprised in camp -and driven off, 2 men being taken prisoners. Removing the obstructions, -Colonel Higginson steamed up the river with the purpose of burning -the railroad bridge at Jacksonboro. At Dr. Glover's plantation, about -3 miles from the bridge, he encountered a section of Capt. George -Walter's battery, under Lieut. S. G. Horsey, and after an action of -an hour's duration the boats were beaten and turned down stream. Col. -H. K. Aiken, commanding the Second military district, sent a section -of the Marion artillery, Lieut. Robert Murdoch, to the plantation of -Mr. Gibbes, below; and being joined at this point by Lieutenant White, -with the section which had been surprised at Willtown bluff, the two -sections caught the boats on their retreat, and badly crippled them. -One of the vessels was set on fire and burned to the water's edge, and -two of them made their escape out of the Edisto. - -Colonel Higginson reported that the vessel destroyed grounded on the -obstructions, was abandoned and fired by her commander, while Colonel -Aiken reported her set on fire by shells from the section at Gibbes'. -Two brass rifled guns were taken from the wreck and added to Aiken's -artillery on the river. Higginson carried off over 100 negroes, several -bales of cotton, burned the barns of Colonel Morris, and pillaged the -residences in the neighborhood of Willtown bluff. Colonel Aiken had 2 -men wounded and 2 captured. Colonel Higginson reported 3 killed and -several wounded, himself among the latter. This expedition and the -demonstration of General Terry on James island, were made at the same -time as the attack on the south end of Morris island, and were intended -to mask that important movement. - -General Terry was still on James island on the 16th, with his forces -at Battery island and Grimball's on the Stono, and at Legaré's on the -Folly river side of the island. They were attacked at Grimball's and -Legaré's on the 16th by General Hagood, and driven down on Battery -island. They embarked at that point and evacuated the island on the -following night. In this affair General Hagood commanded portions of -Clingman's North Carolina and Colquitt's Georgia brigades, and the -Twenty-fifth South Carolina under Lieut.-Col. J. G. Pressley, Colonel -Simonton riding with General Colquitt to give that general the benefit -of his accurate knowledge of the island. Perkins' (Marion) battery -followed and engaged with Colquitt's column at Legaré's, and the North -Carolinians, under Col. J. D. Radcliffe, with artillery under Colonel -Kemper, attacked the gunboats Marblehead and Pawnee in the Stono above -Grimball's. Colquitt's attack at Legaré's, led by the Twenty-fifth -South Carolina, was followed by the quick retreat of the force before -him, and that at Grimball's retired on Battery island before Colonel -Radcliffe had defeated the gunboats above the point. General Hagood -reports that his troops were under the fire of the gunboats mainly; -that the troops of the enemy were mostly negroes and behaved poorly; -that his loss was 3 killed, 12 wounded and 3 missing, and that of the -enemy, as far as ascertained, 30 killed on the field and 14 taken -prisoners. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - - SECOND ASSAULT ON BATTERY WAGNER--SIEGE OF WAGNER AND BOMBARDMENT OF - FORT SUMTER--EVACUATION OF MORRIS ISLAND. - - -The bloody repulse of the assault on Battery Wagner, July 11th, left -General Gillmore in possession of two-thirds of the island, Colonel -Graham holding the northern end for about a mile, with his outposts -about 200 yards in advance of Wagner on a sand ridge. It was determined -to hold Wagner to the last, and to relieve the garrison frequently -by sending over fresh troops at night. Such reliefs were landed at -Cummings point and marched up to Wagner, always subject to the shells -of the fleet and the fire of Gillmore. - -In what follows in this chapter the writer has taken the facts -stated mainly from the official reports; the admirable pamphlet of -Major Gilchrist, already referred to; and the account given by the -accomplished engineer on duty at Fort Sumter, Maj. John Johnson, in his -valuable book on the "Defense of Charleston Harbor." - -Gen. W. B. Taliaferro, who had commanded a division in Jackson's -corps, army of Northern Virginia, and was now serving under General -Beauregard, was ordered to take command on Morris island on the 13th of -July, and relieved Colonel Graham on the 14th. He reported the enemy -had his pickets three-quarters of a mile in front; was busy erecting -batteries along the hills 1,300 and 2,000 yards distant; that his -riflemen were annoying, and that the fleet had thrown some 300 shell -and shot during the day. On the night of the 14th, General Taliaferro -ordered Major Rion to make a reconnoissance of the position in front, -and gave him command of 150 men for this purpose, detachments -from Colonel Graham's garrison--Seventh South Carolina battalion, -Twenty-first South Carolina, Twelfth and Eighteenth Georgia, and -Fifty-first North Carolina. Major Rion was directed to drive in the -enemy's pickets and feel his way until he encountered a supporting -force. The duty was gallantly and well done. Rion pushed the pickets -back, first upon their reserves and then upon a brigade in position, -and moved on them so rapidly that the fire of the brigade was delivered -into its retreating comrades. Accomplishing the purpose of the -reconnoissance, Rion withdrew to the ridge 200 yards in advance of the -fort. - -Graham's gallant garrison was now relieved and Fort Wagner occupied by -the Charleston battalion, Lieut.-Col. Peter C. Gaillard; Fifty-first -North Carolina, Col. Hector McKethan; Thirty-first North Carolina, -Lieut.-Col. C. W. Knight; the companies of Capts. W. T. Tatom and -Warren Adams, of the First South Carolina infantry (drilled as -artillery); Captains Dixon's and Buckner's companies, Sixty-third -Georgia infantry and heavy artillery; section of howitzers, De -Saussure's artillery, under Capt. W. L. De Pass, and a section of -howitzers under Lieut. L. D. Waties, First South Carolina artillery. -Lieut.-Col. J. C. Simkins was in command of all the batteries, as chief -of artillery. - -The right flank was assigned to Lieutenant-Colonel Gaillard, the center -to Colonel McKethan, and the left to Lieutenant-Colonel Knight. The -mortar battery, which fired at intervals of thirty minutes, was under -charge of Captain Tatom. Outside the fort, two of Colonel Gaillard's -companies, under Capt. Julius Blake, held the sand-hills along the -beach and the face extending from the sally-port to the beach. - -The artillery commands fired on the Federal working parties and the -monitors at intervals. The bombardment was continued by the fleet -throughout the 15th, 16th and 17th, three hundred or more heavy shot -and shell being thrown on each of these days. The casualties in the -fort were not numerous, and the damage done in the day was repaired at -night. Meanwhile the enemy's land batteries were pressed forward, the -nearest being within the fort's range. - -On the morning of the 18th, the batteries in front and the fleet on the -flank opened on Wagner a concentrated fire from guns of the heaviest -caliber. The Ironsides, five monitors and the gunboats Paul Jones, -Ottawa, Seneca, Chippewa and Wissahickon, steamed within close range. -General Gillmore's 10-inch mortars, 10, 20 and 30 pounder Parrott -rifles, thirty-six pieces of powerful artillery, all opened on the -fort, and kept up the bombardment for the whole day and until 7:45 in -the evening. Major Johnson's careful estimate is that the bombardment -was from a total of sixty-four guns and mortars. Wagner, Gregg, Sumter, -Moultrie and batteries on James island replied, but the fire from the -island and from Moultrie was at too great a range to be effective. The -bombardment became heaviest about midday, and for nearly eight hours -one hundred guns, in attack and defense, were filling the air with -clouds of smoke and peals of thunder. Most of the men were kept in the -bomb-proof. The gun detachments filled the embrasures with sand-bags -and covered the light pieces in the same way, keeping close under the -merlons. Gaillard and Ramsay stuck to the parapet on the right, and -the gallant battalion stuck to them. With only the protection of the -parapet and the merlons, "with an heroic intrepidity never surpassed," -says General Taliaferro, "the Charleston battalion maintained their -position without flinching during the entire day." - -As night came on, General Seymour formed his column of three brigades -for the assault. We quote from his report: - - It was suggested to me that the brigade of General Strong would - suffice, but it was finally understood that all the force of - my command should be held ready for the work. The division was - accordingly formed on the beach and moved to the front. It consisted - of three fine brigades: The First, under Brigadier-General Strong, was - composed of the Forty-eighth New York, Colonel Barton; Seventy-sixth - Pennsylvania, Captain Littell; Third New Hampshire, Colonel Jackson; - Sixth Connecticut, Colonel Chatfield; Ninth Maine, Colonel Emery, and - Fifty-fourth Massachusetts [negro troops], Colonel Shaw. The Second - brigade, under Colonel Putnam, consisted of the Seventh New Hampshire, - Lieutenant-Colonel Abbott; One Hundredth New York, Colonel Dandy; - Sixty-second Ohio, Colonel Pond; Sixty-seventh Ohio, Colonel Voris. - The Third brigade was commanded by Brigadier-General Stevenson, and - consisted of four excellent regiments. - -General Strong's brigade was to lead, with the Massachusetts regiment -in front; Colonel Putnam's promptly to support General Strong, "if -it became necessary," and Stevenson's was held in reserve. The hour -of twilight was selected "to prevent accurate firing by the enemy". -The bayonet alone was to be used by the assailants. "The Fifty-fourth -Massachusetts, a colored regiment of excellent character, well -officered, with full ranks, that had conducted itself commendably a -few days previously on James island, was placed in front." Then, says -Seymour, "the First brigade launched forward. It had not moved far, -before the fort, liberated somewhat from the presence of our fire, -opened with rapid discharges of grape and canister, and its parapet was -lit by a living line of musketry. More than half the distance was well -passed when, present myself with the column, I saw that to overcome -such resistance, overpowering force must be employed." - -Seymour, now wounded, ordered up Putnam, as Strong's brigade "as a mass -had already retired, although detached portions, principally from the -Forty-eighth New York and Sixth Connecticut, with the colors of those -regiments, still clung to the fort." Putnam at first declined to obey -General Seymour, alleging that he had Gillmore's order to remain where -he was. Meanwhile, portions of the Sixth Connecticut and Forty-eighth -New York were vainly endeavoring to scale the parapet or were bravely -dying on its crest. Some had gained the crest and the interior of the -southeast salient, where the defense was assigned to the Thirty-first -North Carolina. This regiment, which had an honorable record, and was -yet to distinguish itself on many a field, was seized with panic in the -bomb-proof at the first alarm and could not be got to the parapet. The -whole bastion was undefended by infantry at the crisis of the attack. - -Finally, Putnam came on and met the grape and canister and musketry -of the fort, which broke his column to pieces. He gallantly led the -mass of survivors against the left bastion, and mounting the parapet, -entered the bastion enclosure with a hundred or more of his men. -Here they maintained themselves for an hour until finally overcome, -Colonel Putnam being killed, and the whole Federal attacking force on -the outside of the bastion retreating along the beach. On leaving the -field, impressed with the force and character of the defense, General -Seymour had twice ordered the brigade under General Stevenson to follow -Putnam, but the order was not obeyed, and that brigade took no part in -the action. In the above account of the attack we have followed the -report of General Seymour. - -General Taliaferro says: - - As the enemy advanced, they were met by a shower of grape and canister - from our guns, and a terrible fire of musketry from the Charleston - battalion and the Fifty-first North Carolina. These two commands - gallantly maintained their position and drove the enemy back quickly - from their front, with immense slaughter. In the meantime, the - advance, pushing forward, entered the ditch and ascended the work at - the extreme left salient of the land face, and occupied it. I at once - ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Gaillard to keep up a severe enfilading - fire to his left, and directed the field pieces on the left of the - fort outside the sally-port to direct their fire to the right, so as - to sweep the ditch and exterior slope of that part of the work thus - occupied, thus preventing the escape or reinforcement of the enemy at - that point. The main body of the enemy, after a vain attempt to pass - over our field of fire, retreated under the fire of our artillery and - the shells of Fort Sumter. - -Calling for volunteers to dislodge the force in the salient, Maj. J. -R. McDonald, Fifty-first North Carolina, and Captain Ryan, Charleston -battalion, promptly responded, with their men. Ryan was selected and -ordered to charge the salient. Instantly leading his men forward, he -was killed in front of them, and this caused his command to hesitate -and lose the opportunity. Fighting bravely, the Connecticut men and -those of Putnam's brigade clung to the parapet and the interior of the -salient, and suffered from the fire of the Fifty-first North Carolina -whenever they exposed themselves above the work, or made any advance -toward the interior of the fort. It was now past 10 o'clock, and -General Hagood reached the fort with the Thirty-second Georgia. This -regiment was sent along the parapet on the left and took position on -the bomb-proof, and so completely commanded the force in the salient, -that on demand they surrendered. - -Thus the second assault on Wagner terminated after a bloody and heroic -struggle. It cost the Confederates a small loss in numbers, but a rich -sacrifice in the character of the men who lost their lives in its -splendid defense. Lieutenant-Colonel Simkins, standing on the ramparts -and cheering his artillery, fell in the heat of the battle, "a noble -type, living and dying, of the gentleman and the brave soldier." Capt. -William H. Ryan, devoted to his adopted country, honored and prized by -his comrades, the gallant chief of the Irish volunteers, was killed -leading them against the force who occupied the salient. Capt. William -T. Tatom, an educated soldier, cool, true and brave, fell by the side -of his guns. Maj. David Ramsay, worthy to stand by the side of the -heroic commander of the Charleston battalion, type of the cultured -citizen, worthy of the blood of Henry Laurens, scholar, soldier and -hero, yielded his life at Battery Wagner, an offering of his love for -South Carolina, though he had opposed her secession from the Union -he cherished. The commanding general lost his gallant aide, Capt. P. -H. Waring, who was killed by the side of his chief. Two others of -his staff, Capt. W. E. Stoney, adjutant-general, and Capt. H. D. D. -Twiggs, were severely wounded. The total loss in the fort was 181; 5 -officers and 31 soldiers killed; 17 officers and 116 soldiers wounded; -1 officer and 4 soldiers captured. The Federal loss reported was 1,515; -28 officers and 218 soldiers killed; 75 officers and 805 soldiers -wounded; 8 officers and 381 soldiers captured. Among the slain were -Brigadier-General Strong and Colonels Putnam, Chatfield and Shaw. Each -of these officers displayed the highest gallantry, and died on the -rampart or in the immediate front of the attack. - -Major Gilchrist, describing the scene of conflict the morning after -the battle, thus speaks of the heroic dead: "In the salient and on the -ramparts they lay heaped and pent, in some places three deep. Among -them Colonel Putnam, with the back part of his head blown off; still -the remarkable beauty of his face and form evoked from his victorious -foes a sigh of pity. On the crest, with but few of his "sable troop" -beside the flag he had vainly planted, was the corpse of the youthful -Colonel Shaw." The wounded, Confederate and Federal alike, were sent -to the hospitals in Charleston, and received every attention from -the medical corps. The Federal dead were buried on the field "to be -unearthed again by the advancing sap and Federal shells." - -We extract from the reports and accounts the following incidents: By -the explosion of a 15-inch shell and the falling of tons of sand, -General Taliaferro was so completely buried that it was necessary -to dig him out with spades. During the heaviest period of the -bombardment, about 2 p. m., the flag halyards were cut and the flag -fell into the fort. Instantly Major Ramsay, Lieutenant Readick, -Sixty-third Georgia (artillery), Sergeant Shelton and Private Flinn, -Charleston battalion, sprang upon the parapet, raised and refastened -the flag. Seeing the flag fall, Capt. R. H. Barnwell, of the engineers, -seized a battle-flag and planted it on the ramparts. Again the flag was -shot away, and Private Gilliland, Charleston battalion, immediately -raised and restored it to its place. Lieut. J. H. Powe, of the First -South Carolina artillery, so distinguished himself at his gun as to -be specially and conspicuously mentioned, with Lieutenant Waties and -Captains Adams, Buckner, Dixon and De Pass, for unsurpassed conduct. -Lieut.-Col. D. B. Harris, chief engineer of the department, came down -to the fort in the midst of the terrific cannonade. His cool and -gallant bearing and well-known ability and judgment inspired confidence -and contributed to the morale of the garrison. The signal made by -General Gillmore to Admiral Dahlgren, fixing twilight as the time of -assault, was read by the Confederate signal corps and duly transmitted -to General Beauregard. - -Maj. Lewis Butler, Sixty-seventh Ohio, in Colonel Putnam's column, was -by the side of that officer when he was killed. He bore testimony to -the care of the Federal wounded, saying that General Beauregard's order -directed "that special care be taken of the wounded captured at Wagner, -as men who were brave enough to go in there deserved the respect of the -enemy;" and that "the effects, money and papers, belonging to members -of the Sixty-seventh Ohio who died in Charleston hospital, were sent -through the lines by flag of truce." - -About the 11th of August, during a heavy fire on Wagner, a 15-inch -shell burst in one of the gun chambers, doing much damage, and mortally -wounding and killing several at the gun. Among the former was First -Sergt. T. H. Tynes, Company A, Lucas' battalion of artillery. Capt. -John H. Gary, seeing his gallant sergeant fall, went at once to him, -and was overcome by the sight of his terrible wound. "I am dying, -Captain, but I am glad it is me, and not you." Devoted to his sergeant, -Gary burst into tears, when Tynes gasped, almost with his last breath, -"I can be spared; but our country can't spare you, Captain." His -noble-hearted captain fell at the same gun the next day. Gary was an -accomplished young officer, of the highest promise, beloved and honored -by his command, and distinguished for his personal gallantry. - -Speaking of Wagner and its remarkable strength, Major Johnson, than -whom no more competent judge could testify as to the qualities of a -defensive work, pays this tribute: - - Not only had the massive earthwork proved the thoroughness of its plan - and construction by its wonderful endurance, but the batteries had - been so well protected on the faces of the work as to admit of their - being put into immediate condition and readiness for action. This was - due to the thoughtful and energetic measures adopted during the day, - such as stopping the embrasures with sand-bags, and even covering many - of the lighter guns on the land side so as to prevent them from injury - until they were needed. Most of all, the care taken to preserve the - magazine from danger was now to be proved and rewarded. - -Brigadier-General Davis, at that time colonel of the One Hundred and -Fourth Pennsylvania, and in Gillmore's command, says of Wagner in -"Annals of the War," Philadelphia Times, 1879: "This was one of the -strongest earthworks ever built, and gave evidence of the highest order -of engineering ability." - -After the signal defeat of this last attempt, July 18th, to carry -Battery Wagner by storm, General Gillmore proceeded to lay siege to the -fort, and approached by regular sap.[F] The limits of this history -will not permit a detailed account of this most interesting period of -the history of Battery Wagner and Fort Sumter. In Major Johnson's book -the full record will be found, and in the reports and correspondence -published by act of Congress, the history and progress of the siege are -related in every particular. - -[Footnote F: In his final report he said: "The formidable strength of -Fort Wagner induced a modification of the plan of operations, or rather -a change in the order previously determined upon. The demolition of -Fort Sumter was the object in view as preliminary to the entrance of -the ironclads.... To save valuable time, it was determined to attempt -the demolition of Sumter from ground already in our possession, so -that the ironclads could enter upon the execution of their part of -the programme, ... and arrangements were at once commenced, and the -necessary orders given to place the breaching guns in position. -Arrangements were also made to press the siege of Fort Wagner by -regular approaches."] - -The following incidents embracing a period of fifty days are given from -the records: On July 20th the fort was subjected to a combined attack -by the batteries on land and water, and on the 23d, the second parallel -was opened within 870 yards of the fort. Another attack from the fleet -and the batteries followed on the 24th, and for five hours the fort was -assaulted by the bombardment. During this period Wagner, Gregg and the -batteries from James island fired incessantly on the enemy's working -parties. Daily for the remainder of the month of July, the fleet -assaulted the fort, and the land batteries fired throughout the night. -On August 10th the third parallel was established, 540 yards distant. -During this night Wagner, Sumter and the James island batteries drove -off the enemy's working parties. The heavy guns of the enemy being -advanced, he opened breaching batteries on the gorge wall of Sumter, -firing over Wagner, and the fleet engaged Fort Sumter. - -Covering the period August 16th to 26th, Major Johnson makes the notes -following: - - August 16th. Engineers' working force, 350 to 450, having been engaged - day and night for six weeks, has converted the two faces of Sumter - nearest to Morris island into a compact redan of sand, encased with - brick, having a height of 40 feet and general thickness of 25 feet, - with portions of the gorge 35 to 40 feet thick. Upward of twenty - guns have been removed from the armament since July, leaving but - thirty-eight for the present service of the fort. - - August 17th. First day of the great bombardment of Fort Sumter; 948 - shot from eleven guns on Morris island and from the fleet. Wagner and - Gregg under fire from the land batteries and fourteen vessels. Wagner - fought the fleet with three guns for more than an hour. Capt. J. M. - Wampler, of the engineers, was killed at Wagner. - - August 18th. Fourteen guns from Morris island firing on Sumter; three - ironclads, five gunboats, and siege batteries on Wagner. - - August 19th. The Ironsides fires on Wagner all day and fifteen guns - from breaching batteries on Sumter. Working parties stopped by - Wagner's picket fire from the ridge in front. - - August 20th. Eighteen guns fire on Sumter, one being a 300-pounder - Parrott rifle; range from 3,447 to 4,290 yards. Twenty-five thousand - pounds of powder removed from the fort. Wagner shelled all day by - fleet, Ironsides and four gunboats. Marsh battery (between Morris - and James islands), designed to fire upon Charleston at 7,000 yards, - completed by the enemy. - - August 21st. More powder (9,700 pounds) removed from Sumter. General - Gillmore demands the surrender of Fort Sumter with the immediate - evacuation of Morris island. Assault made on "the ridge" in front of - Wagner and repulsed. General Gillmore on Morris island, in his demand - for Sumter and the evacuation of the island, gave General Beauregard - four hours to answer, failing in that time to receive his reply he - threatened to fire upon the city, and did so, its sleeping inhabitants - having no notice whatever. This act of uncivilized warfare was - properly rebuked by General Beauregard, and due time was allowed for - the removal of women and children, and the hospitals, with their sick - and wounded. - - August 22d. Sixth day for Sumter. Only four guns left in serviceable - condition. Main flagstaff falling, colors were flown from the crest - of the gorge. A night attack by five monitors, firing about fifty - shells in the direction of the western magazines, was serious. The - fort replied with two guns, firing six shots, the last fired from - its walls. The monitors drew a heavy fire on themselves from Fort - Moultrie. The rear-admiral, desiring to "force the obstructions," - prepared three or four times to do so, but never reached them. - Casualties, 5 wounded. - - August 23d. Seventh day. Sumter soon reduced to one gun (Keokuk's) - in good condition, and two guns partly serviceable. Work pressed to - secure magazine from danger of another attack by monitors firing in - reverse. Flagstaff twice shot away; more powder shipped; casualties, - 6 wounded. The fort is breached and demolished by seven days' firing - (total, 5,009 rounds) at the close of the first period of the great - bombardment. - - August 24th. Council of defense held by the chief engineers and - colonel commanding. The second period opens with only one-fourth of - the daily rate of firing hitherto received. General Gillmore urges - upon the rear-admiral the scheme of cutting off communications from - Morris island by picket-boats off Cummings point. Second failure to - carry "the ridge" in front of Wagner (25th). - - August 27th to 29th. Capture of "the ridge" and pickets of Morris - island by Union charge (26th). Three days of nearly suspended firing - on Sumter. - - August 30th. Heavy shelling of Fort Sumter from the breaching - batteries; casualties, 5; damages caused by the 10-inch rifle - (300-pounder) very severe. Recovery of guns by night from the ruins, - and shipment to city by gang under Asst. Eng. J. Fraser Mathewes. This - night, transport steamer Sumter with troops, fired upon by mistake and - sunk by Fort Moultrie. - - August 31st. Fort Sumter received only fifty-six shots. Fort Moultrie - engaged with four monitors for four hours, suffering no damage. - Maj.-Gen. J. F. Gilmer announced as second in command at Charleston. - - September 1st. Mortar firing on Wagner disabled four guns. Fort - Sumter suffers again from the heavy Parrotts, 382 shots, and in the - night from the ironclad squadron, 245 shots, crumbling the walls and - threatening the magazine as before; casualties, 4; the fort had not a - gun to reply. This attack of the ironclads ends the second period of - the first great bombardment. The work of saving guns from the ruins - and removing them to the inner harbor began on the night of August - 27th, and proceeded regularly from this date forward. - - September 2d. Desultory fire on Fort Sumter. The sap approaches within - 80 yards of Wagner. - - September 3d and 4th. Wagner under fire and returning it, assisted - by Gregg and the James island guns. On the night of the 4th, Major - Elliott relieved Colonel Rhett in command of Fort Sumter. Failure, - same night, of the plan to assault Cummings point (Battery Gregg). - - September 5th. Slow fire from batteries and New Ironsides on Wagner. - The assault on Battery Gregg, Cummings point, made and repulsed on the - night of 5th. - - September 6th. Head of sap opposite the ditch (east) of Wagner. - -This was the last day of Wagner's defense, and the fifty-eighth day of -the attack by land and sea. The sap had progressed on the sea face so -far as to enable a large force to move on that flank and gain the rear -of the fort, while the whole front was covered by the last parallel -within 50 yards of the fort. The fire of the fleet and mortar fire -from the trenches, with incessant fire along the parapet by the land -batteries, made it fatal work for most of the fort's sharpshooters, and -the gun detachments. - -The garrison of the fort at this memorable period was as follows: Col. -Lawrence M. Keitt, commanding; Maj. H. Bryan, adjutant-general; Capt. -Thomas M. Huguenin, First South Carolina infantry (artillery), chief of -artillery; Capt. F. D. Lee and Lieut. R. M. Stiles, engineers; Lieut. -Edmund Mazyck, ordnance officer. The artillery: Captain Kanapaux's -company, Lafayette South Carolina artillery; Company A, First South -Carolina infantry (artillery), Lieut. J. L. Wardlaw; Company A, Second -South Carolina artillery, Capt. W. M. Hunter; Company E, Palmetto -battalion artillery, Capt. J. D. Johnson. The infantry: Twenty-fifth -South Carolina, Lieut.-Col. John G. Pressley; Twenty-seventh Georgia, -Maj. James Gardner; Twenty-eighth Georgia, Capt. W. P. Crawford. -The total for duty was less than 900 men and officers, infantry and -artillery. - -During the day of the 6th, about 100 casualties were reported by -Colonel Keitt. On this day Colonel Keitt, after consulting his -engineers, reported to General Ripley the situation at the fort as -desperate and recommended its evacuation, and added: "If our sacrifice -be of benefit, I am ready. Let it be said so, and I will storm the -enemy's works at once.... Before day dawns we should assault him if we -remain here. Answer positively and at once." This dispatch was sent at -3:15 p. m., and at 5 o'clock General Ripley signaled Colonel Keitt to -prepare to leave the fort at night. The evacuation was successfully -accomplished, the rear guard leaving Cummings point at 1:30 a. m. on -the 7th. The infantry having left the fort by midnight, its command was -turned over to the rear guard, under Captain Huguenin, 25 men, Company -A, First South Carolina infantry (artillery), 10 men, Twenty-fifth -South Carolina, under Lieuts. F. B. Brown, R. M. Taft and James A. -Ross. Capt. C. C. Pinckney, ordnance officer of the First district, -Lieut. Edmund Mazyck, ordnance officer of Wagner, were also present and -assisting Captain Huguenin. - -At 12:30 the rear guard was withdrawn from the parapet and marched out -of the fort for Cummings point. Huguenin, Pinckney, Mazyck, Ross and -Ordnance Sergeant Leathe alone remained to lay the slow match which had -been carefully prepared. Captain Huguenin reports: "In five minutes the -train was fixed." Captain Pinckney reports regarding the spiking of the -guns: "The vents of most of the pieces were greatly enlarged. In most -cases the spikes dropped in loosely, and we were obliged to use two -or three of them. We could have remedied this by driving them in and -hammering the edges over the orifice, but absolute quiet was obviously -necessary." The 10-inch columbiad was prepared for bursting. Ross took -the lanyard and Huguenin gave the order: "The last gun from Battery -Wagner, fire!" The primer failed! Another failed! A cartridge from a -Whitworth rifle was opened and the vent primed, but from some unknown -cause the piece could not be fired. The fire from the parapet having -ceased, and the enemy being just under the fort, Captain Huguenin -lit the slow match to the magazine. The fuse burned brightly and the -officers left the fort. But no explosion followed! The fort was under -the fire of mortars, and doubtless a bursting shell cut, or put out the -fuse; and the disabled fortress remained for the enemy's inspection. - -At Battery Gregg, Capt. H. R. Lesesne successfully spiked his two -10-inch guns, spiked and threw overboard the other pieces, and fired -the magazine. The transportation for the garrisons of Wagner and Gregg -was skillfully collected at Cummings point and managed with perfect -order by Lieut.-Col. O. M. Dantzler, Twentieth South Carolina. - -The Confederate ironclads Palmetto State and Chicora sent their boats -to assist in taking off the command of Colonel Keitt. The enemy's -guard-boats from the rear of Morris island were very active and -attacked the transport furiously, at long range. Overtaking two small -boats, carrying some forty-odd men, under Lieutenant Hasker of the -Confederate navy, they took both boats, and thus the Federal navy -secured the only prisoners taken during the evacuation. - -Referring to Major Johnson's journal of August 21st, 25th and 26th, -and September 5th, mention is there made of attacks on "the ridge" in -front of Wagner, and on Battery Gregg. These events will now be noticed -more in detail. On the 21st, a force of the enemy charged the ridge and -were repulsed, but established their line behind sand hillocks within -20 yards of the picket line. Lieutenant-Colonel Dantzler, with the -Twentieth South Carolina, reinforced the pickets, crossed the ridge, -and drove back the force in the hillocks, re-establishing the vidette -stations and inflicting severe punishment on the intruders. General -Hagood, commanding at the time at Battery Wagner, reported the gallant -and zealous service of Colonel Dantzler, and the splendid conduct of -his command on this occasion. - -On the 25th, the attack on the ridge was repeated with more -determination and was repulsed with heavy loss to the assailants, -and 25 casualties on the part of the defense. The fire of Wagner's -picket line from the ridge had been so faithful and so effective that -Gillmore's chief engineer reported that the sap could not advance -unless it was silenced. "The engineer officers of the sap express -the earnest wish that the enemy be driven out of the ridge with the -bayonet." - -On the 26th, General Gillmore "ordered General Terry to take and hold -the ridge, and placed the resources of the command at his disposal for -that purpose." On the evening of the 26th a Federal brigade charged and -carried the coveted prize, capturing 67 prisoners, the larger part of -the force holding the ridge. The engineer in charge of the sap remarked -upon the position: "Rude rifle-pits in the excellent natural cover -afforded by the ridge, were found, and sand-bags of a superior quality -had been freely used for loopholes and traverses." - -On September 5th, the signals between General Gillmore and Admiral -Dahlgren apprised General Ripley of an intended boat attack by way of -Vincent's creek on Battery Gregg, to be made that night. Gregg was -accordingly ready for it. It came about 1:30 o'clock on the morning of -the 6th, and is reported by Captain Lesesne as follows: - - I ordered the guns trained on the most probable point of attack, - double loaded with canister, one 10-inch gun bearing on the beach in - front and one on the extreme point in rear. Two 12-pounder howitzers - were placed on the beach to the right of the work (under Lieut. E. W. - Macbeth, First regular infantry) from the right of Battery Gregg to - the beach. The artillery was supported by Major Gardner, commanding - the Twenty-seventh Georgia. The enemy advanced from the point in - about twenty boats; when within 100 yards of the beach I opened upon - them with the 10-inch gun, followed by the howitzers. The infantry - commenced firing shortly afterward. The enemy returned the fire with - their boat howitzers and musketry. A few succeeded in landing but - quickly returned to their boats. After the fire had been kept up for - about fifteen minutes the whole force retreated. Our casualties were 1 - man mortally and 5 slightly wounded. - -General Gillmore signaled to Admiral Dahlgren, who had furnished the -boats and crews, that he found Gregg prepared for the attack and had -failed. - -During the siege of Wagner, General Gillmore had established a picket -post at the mouth of Vincent's creek, on the James island side. -Lieut.-Com. A. F. Warley, of the Chicora, with a launch and crew, -and Capt. M. H. Sellers, with a detachment of the Twenty-fifth South -Carolina in boats, the whole under the guidance of J. Fraser Mathewes, -attacked and captured this picket on the 4th of August, Captain Sellers -losing one of his gallant followers. The night following, Lieut. Philip -Porcher, on the unarmed steamer Juno, with a crew armed with rifles, -was out along Morris island reconnoitering the fleet. Encountering an -armed launch of the frigate Wabash, Porcher ran her down, attacked -her crew with his rifles and received her surrender, with most of the -crew. The launch was turned over to Commodore Tucker for his use in the -harbor. - -The account of the defense of Battery Wagner may well be concluded with -the following extract from Major Johnson's work: - - The hardships of defense in Wagner were certainly greater while they - lasted than those endured in Sumter.... After the 17th of August, when - the breaching batteries of Morris island were opened on Sumter and - its demolition assured, the holding longer of the northern end of the - island might appear to have been unnecessary. General Gillmore says - truly: "Neither Fort Wagner nor Battery Gregg possessed any special - importance as a defense against the passage of the ironclad fleet. - They were simply outposts of Fort Sumter. Fort Wagner in particular - was specially designed to prevent the erection of breaching batteries - against that fort. It was valueless to the enemy if it failed to - accomplish that end, for the fleet in entering was not obliged to - go within effective range of its guns." Why, then, was it held? The - answer is, General Beauregard estimated it, if no longer an outpost of - Fort Sumter, as indeed an outpost of the city of Charleston. He held - it long enough to enable him to gain three weeks in perfecting the - defenses of James island and the inner harbor. - -The following dispatches between General Gillmore and Admiral Dahlgren, -sent during the period July 22d to September 2d, and read by the -Confederate signal corps, will show from the enemy's point of view -how the conduct of Wagner was regarded, and how her fire damaged her -adversaries: - - July 22d. Dahlgren: We agree that a third assault of Fort Wagner - cannot be made at the present time. I have made two that were - unsuccessful and do not feel authorized to risk a third just now. - - GILLMORE. - - August 16th. Dahlgren: I shall open on Fort Sumter at daylight. Can - you commence on Wagner as early as that? - - GILLMORE. - - August 16th. Gillmore: The monitors will commence to move at six and - will open soon after. If it is an object to you, I will open fire - earlier, but the tide is very bad before 6 o'clock for the monitors. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 16th. Dahlgren: If I find the fire from Wagner too hot, I will - stop firing from my advanced batteries until you get the monitors into - action against Wagner. - - GILLMORE. - - August 17th. Dahlgren: What do you think of the morning's work? - - GILLMORE. - - August 17th. Gillmore: Sumter seems greatly damaged. What do you think? - - DAHLGREN. - - August 17th. Dahlgren: I am satisfied with the firing thus far. The - gorge wall is covered with shot holes. - - GILLMORE. - - August 19th. Dahlgren: I am now pushing my approaches to Fort Wagner, - and need cover against sorties. I think I can destroy the traverse and - dismount the heavy gun on the sea front of Wagner with the assistance - of a powerful fire from the New Ironsides. If that big gun were out - of the way, could a couple of monitors be within 400 or 500 yards of - Wagner all the time, night and day? A deserter says there are at least - twenty Quaker guns on the parapet of Sumter. - - GILLMORE. - - August 19th. Gillmore: I am going in with the monitors to feel of - Sumter. If the enemy's fire is heavy, please get your batteries in - action. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 21st. Dahlgren: The enemy's sharpshooters are annoying our - advanced batteries seriously. Can you have it stopped? - - GILLMORE. - - August 21st. Gillmore: I will try to do so. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 21st. Dahlgren: The fire of Fort Wagner is very galling. Cannot - your monitors keep it down? - - GILLMORE. - - August 21st. Dahlgren: My approaches are suspended on account of the - sharpshooters on Fort Wagner. Can you keep down that fire? - - GILLMORE. - - August 21st. Gillmore: I am going in with the ironclads to Sumter, and - shall open about 11:30 o'clock. Please give the necessary directions - in order that I may not be fired into. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 22d. Gillmore: I have just returned from above. The Passaic, - which was some distance in advance, got ashore. It took so much time - to get her off, that when I was informed of the fact I would have - had but little time to make the attack before daylight, so it was - unavoidably postponed for to-night. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 22d. Dahlgren: I received your dispatch stating that your - attack is postponed until to-night. I think with our batteries in - operation against Sumter she cannot fire a gun at you even in the - daytime, if she has any to fire, which I doubt. - - GILLMORE. - - August 22d. Gillmore: It is not of Sumter that I am apprehensive, but - of Moultrie and adjacent forts; but most all of Sumter's have been - sent to Moultrie, which makes no difference in the fire. This I am - inclined to endure rather than have a monitor ashore to defend or - destroy, which would change the whole course of operations. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 22d. Gillmore: Wagner is firing rapidly. I fear she will - dismount some of our guns. - - TURNER. - - August 22d. Dahlgren: Wagner is firing very rapidly. There is great - danger of dismounting our guns. What can you do to stop it? - - GILLMORE. - - August 22d. Gillmore: I will send up some monitors at once. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 22d. Turner: Can you not keep down Wagner's fire with mortars, - 30-pounders, Parrotts and sharpshooters? - - GILLMORE. - - August 22d. Gillmore: Is the fire of the ironclads effectual in - silencing the sharpshooters at Fort Wagner? - - DAHLGREN. - - August 22d. Dahlgren: Between the gunboats and our batteries, Wagner's - fire has been considerably kept under. - - GILLMORE. - - August 22d. Dahlgren: Are you going to attack to-night? - - GILLMORE. - - August 22d. Gillmore: Yes, if the weather will permit. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 23d. Dahlgren: What did you ascertain as to the condition of - Sumter? - - GILLMORE. - - August 23d. Gillmore: It was so foggy that but little could be - ascertained. We received a very heavy fire from Moultrie. The admiral - is now asleep. - - O. C. BADGER. - - August 23d. Badger: Did you receive any fire from Fort Sumter? - - GILLMORE. - - August 23d. Gillmore: She fired two or three times only, when we first - opened. - - BADGER. - - August 26th. Gillmore: Would it be convenient for you to open a heavy - fire on Sumter, sustaining it until nightfall? - - DAHLGREN. - - August 26th. Dahlgren: I can open a pretty strong fire on Sumter, if - you deem it necessary. One of my 8-inch guns is burst, and others are - nearly expended. Do you think Sumter has any serviceable guns? My - calcium lights can operate to-night on Sumter and the harbor, unless - you wish otherwise, and we can arrange for investing Morris island. - - GILLMORE. - - August 26th. Gillmore: I am going to operate on the obstructions and a - portion of my men will be without cover. I do not fear heavy guns from - Sumter, but wish to keep down the fire of small guns. Your fire will - help me very much. I am sorry that your guns are giving out. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 26th. Dahlgren: I shall be able, I think, to light up the - waters between Fort Sumter and Cummings point, so that no small boats - can approach the latter without being seen by your picket boats. - - GILLMORE. - - August 26th. Turner: Open all the guns in the left batteries on Sumter - and keep them going through the day. - - GILLMORE. - - August 26th. Gillmore: To-night I shall need all the darkness I can - get. If you light up you will ruin me. What I did want was the active - fire of your batteries this afternoon on Sumter. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 27th. Dahlgren: Can I take from your vessel another 8-inch gun - and a 100-pounder? I have burst three 8-inch guns in all. We took 68 - prisoners, including 2 officers, and gained 100 yards toward Wagner - yesterday. - - GILLMORE. - - August 27th. Gillmore: You can take the guns with pleasure. My attempt - to pass the forts last night was frustrated by the bad weather, but - chiefly by the setting in of a strong flood tide. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 27th. Dahlgren: Can you spare me some 200-pounder shells? My - supply is very low. A constant fire on Sumter is more than my guns can - stand very long. I have lost three 200-pounders. - - GILLMORE. - - August 29th. Gillmore: Much obliged. All your fire on Sumter - materially lessened the great risk I incur. - - DAHLGREN. - - August 29th. Gillmore: I will let you have either guns or projectiles, - as many as you wish, if you will inform me how much you require. - - DAHLGREN. - - September 1st. Gillmore: We have dismounted two guns on Sumter and - injured one this a. m. But two remain. We are firing with great - accuracy. - - LOOKOUT. - - September 1st. Gillmore: I am glad the batteries are doing good - execution. I hope you will give me the full benefit of your fire, as I - intend to be in action to-night, if nothing prevents. I would advise - great care in handling the hand grenades, as one of my men was killed - and two wounded by a very ordinary accident. - - DAHLGREN. - - September 2d. Gillmore: I think your fire on Sumter may be omitted - to-day. Have just returned from above and am trying to get a little - rest. I do not know what damage our fire did Sumter. My chief of staff - wounded; his leg broken. - - DAHLGREN. - - September 2d Adams: I wish to know if Sumter fired at the monitors - last night while they were in action. Do not disturb the admiral if - he is asleep, but please get me the information, as it will determine - whether I continue firing on Sumter to-day. - - GILLMORE. - - September 2d. Gillmore: Not to my knowledge. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - - THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN--GALLANT SERVICE OF PERRIN'S AND KERSHAW'S - BRIGADES--HAMPTON'S CAVALRY AT BRANDY STATION. - - -The spring had gone and summer had opened in Virginia, when, seeing -no indications of aggressive movement on the part of the Federal army -lying opposite him on the Rappahannock, General Lee determined to draw -it from his Fredericksburg base and compel it to follow his movements -or attack him in position. General Lee's plan involved the movement of -his army by its left to Orange and Culpeper, the crossing of the Blue -ridge into the Shenandoah valley, the crossing of the Potomac, and -the march of his whole force directly on Harrisburg, the capital of -Pennsylvania. - -The army of Northern Virginia was now organized in three corps, -commanded by Lieutenant-Generals Longstreet, Ewell and A. P. Hill. -Longstreet's division commanders were McLaws, Pickett and Hood; -Ewell's, Early, Rodes and Johnson; A. P. Hill's, Anderson, Heth and -Pender. Still in the division of the gallant McLaws, under Longstreet, -associated with Barksdale's Mississippians and Semmes' and Wofford's -Georgians, was the South Carolina brigade of Gen. J. B. Kershaw. -Also in the First corps were the batteries of Capt. Hugh R. Garden -(Palmetto) and Captain Bachman's German artillery, with Hood's -division, and the Brooks (Rhett's) battery, Lieut. S. C. Gilbert, -in Alexander's battalion of Walton's reserve artillery. Gen. Micah -Jenkins' South Carolina brigade, of Pickett's division, Longstreet's -corps, was detached for special duty on the Blackwater, in southeast -Virginia, under Maj.-Gen. D. H. Hill. In the Third army corps (A. P. -Hill's), South Carolina was represented by McGowan's brigade, Hill's -light division--North Carolinians, South Carolinians and Georgians--now -being commanded by Pender, and the South Carolina brigade by Col. Abner -Perrin. Maj. C. W. McCreary commanded the First regiment, Capt. W. M. -Hadden the First rifles, Capt. J. L. Miller the Twelfth, Lieut.-Col. -B. T. Brockman the Thirteenth, and Lieut.-Col. J. N. Brown the -Fourteenth. With the Third corps also was the Pee Dee artillery, Lieut. -W. E. Zimmerman. In the cavalry corps of Maj.-Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, -Brig.-Gen. Wade Hampton commanded his brigade, including the First and -Second South Carolina cavalry, and Capt. J. F. Hart's South Carolina -battery was part of the horse artillery under Major Beckham. - -Thus it will be seen that there were two infantry brigades, five -batteries, and two cavalry regiments of South Carolina troops in the -army of General Lee on this march into Pennsylvania. Evans' and Gist's -brigades were in Mississippi with General Johnston, and Manigault's -brigade was with General Bragg's army at Chattanooga. Attached to -those commands or serving in the West, were the batteries of Captains -Ferguson, Culpeper, Waties and Macbeth. Most of the South Carolina -troops of all arms were engaged in the defense of Charleston and the -coast of the State, then being attacked by a powerful fleet and a -Federal army. - -On June 7th the corps of Longstreet and Ewell, with the main body -of the cavalry under Stuart, were encamped around Culpeper Court -House; Hill's corps being in position at Fredericksburg in front of -General Hooker. The latter, vaguely aware of a campaign at hand, sent -his cavalry, under General Pleasanton, up the Rappahannock to gain -information. Pleasanton crossed his cavalry, supported by infantry -and artillery, at Kelly's and Beverly fords, and advanced upon Brandy -Station, one column approaching that railroad station from the -northeast (Beverly ford), the other from the southeast (Kelly's ford). -The road from Beverly ford, before reaching the station, passes over a -high ridge on which is the hamlet of Fleetwood. On the morning of June -9th, Jones' cavalry brigade was covering Beverly ford, and Robertson's, -Kelly's ford. The Federal columns drove off the pickets at the two -fords and marched directly to the attack. Before Robertson's brigade -had assembled, General Stuart sent the First South Carolina, Col. -John L. Black, down the Kelly's Ford road to check the advance until -Robertson could take position. This duty was well done by the First, -until relieved by Robertson, when the regiment went into battle on the -Beverly road with Hampton. As soon as the firing in front was heard, -General Hampton mounted his brigade and moved from his camp rapidly -through the station and over the Fleetwood ridge to support Jones on -the Beverly Ford road, leaving the Second South Carolina, Col. M. C. -Butler, to guard the station. Throwing his brigade immediately into -action on the right of General Jones, and in support, the division, -after severe fighting, drove the column of attack back. At this -juncture the Federal force which moved up the Kelly's Ford road had -reached the railroad and was taking possession of the Fleetwood ridge -in rear of the engagement on the Beverly Ford road. General Stuart -promptly ordered his brigades to concentrate upon this, the main -attacking force, and the battle followed for the possession of the -ridge. The brigades of Hampton, Jones and W. H. F. Lee by repeated -charges, front and flank, swept the hill, captured the artillery which -had been placed on its summit, and drove the enemy in full retreat -for the river. His strong infantry and artillery support checked the -pursuit and covered his crossing. The First South Carolina lost 3 -killed and 9 wounded, among the latter the gallant Captains Robin Ap C. -Jones and J. R. P. Fox. - -Meanwhile the Second South Carolina had been fighting, single-handed, -an unequal battle on the road running from the station to Stevensburg, -5 or 6 miles south, and beyond that place on the road leading to -Kelly's ford. A column of cavalry, with artillery, had advanced from -Kelly's toward Stevensburg with the evident intention of moving up from -that place to the support of the attack at Fleetwood, and if it had -reached the field of battle in the rear of Stuart, might have turned -the day in Pleasanton's favor. But, being advised of this menacing -movement, General Stuart sent Colonel Butler's regiment, 220 strong, -down the Stevensburg road to meet and check it. Leading the advance of -Butler's regiment, Lieut.-Col. Frank Hampton met and drove back the -Federal advance beyond Stevensburg. Then Butler formed his command -across and to the left of the road at Doggett's house, about 1½ miles -beyond Stevensburg, and stood ready to dispute the advance of the main -body of the enemy. Lieutenant-Colonel Hampton was charged with the -defense of the road, with a few sharpshooters and one company, Capt. T. -H. Clark's. Here he held the right for a half hour, while Butler and -Major Lipscomb resisted the attack in the center and on the left, the -line of defense being nearly a mile in length. - -Massing his squadrons, the enemy charged the right, and to break the -force of the onset, Lieutenant-Colonel Hampton, with 36 men, dashed -forward at the head of his column. He fell mortally wounded, and the -onrushing squadrons scattered his little band. Butler retired his -center and left up the Brandy Station road and took post on an eminence -at Beckham's house, where his command was reinforced by a squadron from -the Fourth Virginia, sent by General Stuart and led by Capt. W. D. -Farley of his staff. While holding this position a shell from one of -the enemy's batteries passed through Colonel Butler's horse, shattered -his leg below the knee, and mortally wounded the gallant Farley. The -artillery fire was sweeping the road and the hill, and the Federal -squadrons were forming to charge, when the men offered to bear Farley -off. Smiling, with grateful thanks, he told them to stand to their -rifles, and to carry Butler out of the fire. Then, with expressions of -resignation to his fate and devotion to his country, he expired on the -field. Major Lipscomb took command and drew off slowly toward Brandy -Station. But the battle had been won for the Confederates at Fleetwood, -and Lipscomb soon had opportunity to advance and drive the Federals -before him in the general retreat, until he posted his pickets at the -river. In this famous cavalry battle Stuart captured 375 prisoners, 3 -pieces of artillery and several colors. - -A few days later, being satisfied that General Lee was beyond his -right flank in force, Hooker began moving his army to keep between -Lee and Washington. Meanwhile Ewell marched upon Milroy at Winchester -in the Valley, attacked and captured 4,000 prisoners and 28 pieces of -artillery, and cleared the Valley for Lee's advance. - -General Lee now ordered up A. P. Hill's corps to join in the march for -the Potomac. Kershaw's brigade, with McLaws, marched to Sperryville on -the 16th, thence to Ashby's gap, where Rice's battalion rejoined the -command, crossed the Shenandoah at Berry's ford on the 20th, recrossed -and formed line of battle to meet a threatened attack on the 21st, and -then continuing, crossed the Potomac on the 26th and encamped near -Williamsport. Reaching Chambersburg, Pa., on the 28th of June, they -remained there until the 30th, then marching to Fayetteville. McGowan's -brigade, with A. P. Hill, also occupied a position near Fayetteville on -the 29th. Stuart's cavalry, moving on Longstreet's right flank, left -General Hampton on the Rappahannock to watch the enemy. On the 17th, -Fitzhugh Lee's brigade made a splendid fight at Aldie, but Pleasanton -occupied that place with a large force, and Stuart called Hampton -and his other scattered commands together at Middleburg. Here he was -attacked by cavalry, infantry and artillery on the 21st. Hampton and -Jones received the attack gallantly, but were compelled to retire. -Here, said General Stuart in his report, "one of the pieces of Captain -Hart's battery of horse artillery had the axle broken by one of the -enemy's shot, and the piece had to be abandoned, which is the first -piece of my horse artillery that has ever fallen into the enemy's -hands. Its full value was paid in the slaughter it made in the enemy's -ranks, and it was well sold." The fight was renewed at Upperville, -before Ashby's gap, and there, said Stuart, "General Hampton's brigade -participated largely and in a brilliant manner." On the night of the -24th, Stuart's brigades rendezvoused secretly near Salem Depot, and -started toward Washington, encountering Hancock's corps marching -north, at Gum Spring. When Hancock had passed they moved to Fairfax -Station, where Hampton's advance had a brisk fight on the 27th. Stuart -was now between the Federal army and Washington, and Hampton, in -advance, crossed the Potomac near Dranesville, and on the 28th started -northward. At Rockville a Federal army train, about 8 miles long, was -captured, and the subsequent movements of the cavalry were embarrassed -by the attempt to convoy the train to Lee's army. - -Ewell, meanwhile, taking a more easterly route than Longstreet and -Hill, on the 27th camped at Carlisle, Early's division of his corps -marching to York, and menacing the Pennsylvania capital. General Hooker -did not cross the Potomac until the 25th and 26th, and on the 28th -General Meade was placed in command of the Federal army. - -On the 28th, General Lee learned from a scout that the Federal army -was marching to Frederick and was in part located at the base of -South mountain, and he changed his design of marching up the valley -to Harrisburg and ordered Hill eastward toward Gettysburg. Heth took -the lead, and the South Carolinians, with Pender, reached Cashtown, 8 -miles from Gettysburg, on the last day of June. - -On that day both Meade and Lee were marching unconsciously to the point -at which they were to fight the great and decisive battle of the year, -if not of the war. It is interesting to note that the Southern general -was concentrating from the north and the Northern general from the -south. Ewell's corps was approaching the battlefield from Carlisle and -York, and Hill's from Chambersburg. Before the close of the day Hill -learned that Pettigrew's North Carolinians, of Heth's division, in -advance near Gettysburg, had met a strong cavalry force, before which -they withdrew without battle. - -Early on the morning of July 1st, General Hill pushed Heth's division -forward, followed closely by Pender's. With Heth was the Pee Dee -artillery, in Pegram's battalion; with Pender, the battalion of -McIntosh. About 10 a. m. Heth met Buford's Federal cavalry and drove it -back across Willoughby run, where the cavalry was promptly supported -by the First corps of Meade's army, three divisions, under General -Reynolds. General Hill deployed Heth's division on the right and left -of the road, Pender's in support, and the battle became severe. - -Pushing his battle forward, Hill was checked at the wooded ridge known -as Seminary hill, where the First corps with artillery was strongly -posted. Putting his artillery in position Heth gallantly charged the -heights with his four brigades, and made so strong a battle that -General Howard, with part of the Eleventh corps, reinforced the line -of the First. At this juncture Ewell's two divisions came in on -Hill's left, and the latter ordered Pender forward to relieve Heth. -Ewell's line was at right angles to that of Hill's, and both lines -now swept onward with irresistible force. Pender's advance was with -Thomas' Georgians on the left of the road, and Lane, Scales and Perrin -(McGowan's brigade) on the right. The combined assault of Pender and -Ewell's divisions swept the hill and routed the two Federal corps, -driving them through the streets, capturing 5,000 prisoners, exclusive -of the wounded, several colors and 3 pieces of artillery. - -Reporting the advance of Pender, General Hill said: "The rout of the -enemy was complete, Perrin's brigade taking position after position of -the enemy and driving him through the town of Gettysburg." This special -mention by the corps commander of McGowan's veterans, under Perrin, -was well deserved. Never was a brigade better handled in battle, and -never did regiments respond more steadily to every order for advance -in direct charge, or change of front under fire. The Fourteenth, under -Lieut.-Col. J. N. Brown and Maj. Edward Croft, and the First, under -Maj. C. W. McCreary, on the right of the brigade; and the Twelfth, -under Col. J. L. Miller, and the Thirteenth, under Lieut.-Col. B. T. -Brockman, on the left, stormed the stone fences on either side of -the Lutheran college on Seminary hill and routed their foe from this -strong position, capturing hundreds of prisoners, 2 field pieces and -a number of caissons, and following the routed columns through the -town of Gettysburg. The colors of the First South Carolina were the -first Confederate standard raised in the town as Hill's troops were -entering it. Late in the afternoon, when Perrin drew up his brigade for -rest on the south of the town, a battery which had been driven before -Perrin took position on Cemetery hill and fired the first shot from -that memorable eminence at the South Carolina brigade. Colonel Perrin -reported this fact, and stated that he had watched the battery on its -retreat as it was pursued through the town, and saw it take position on -the hill. But the loss of the brigade did not fall short of 500. Every -one of the color sergeants taken into the fight was killed in front of -his regiment. - -Perrin was in position in front of Cemetery hill on the 2d, the Federal -sharpshooters in his front on the Emmitsburg road. In the afternoon -he was ordered by General Pender to push his skirmishers to the -road. Capt. William T. Haskell, of the First regiment, commanding a -select battalion of sharpshooters, was intrusted with this duty, and -Major McCreary led the First regiment, now only about 100 strong, in -Haskell's support. The gallant Haskell threw his sharpshooters against -the Federal skirmishers, captured the road and drove his opponents up -the slope and under their guns. While putting his men in favorable -positions on the road, Haskell received a mortal wound and expired on -the field. His fall was felt to be a serious loss to the whole brigade. -South Carolina gave no better, purer, nobler man as a sacrifice to the -cause of Southern independence at Gettysburg. - -Perrin held the skirmish line Haskell had won, and on the 3d threw -forward the Fourteenth to maintain it against a strong attack. His -sharpshooters from the road commanded the cannoneers on the hill, -and a desperate effort was made to drive them off the road. In the -fight of the Fourteenth regiment to sustain the sharpshooters, -Lieutenant-Colonel Brown and Major Croft were severely wounded. The -skirmish line was held until the massing of artillery and infantry on -the crest made it no longer tenable. - -The total loss in McGowan's brigade at Gettysburg was 100 killed and -477 wounded. Including the loss on the retreat, the total was 654. -Orr's Rifles, left to guard the trains, did not participate in the -battle of the 1st, or the affairs of the 2d and 3d, and lost but few -men. The heaviest casualties fell on the Fourteenth, two-thirds of its -men being killed or wounded in the three days' engagements. Colonel -Perrin mentioned particularly the conduct of the following officers: -Major Croft, of the Fourteenth; Maj. I. F. Hunt, of the Thirteenth; -Maj. E. F. Bookter, of the Twelfth; Capts. W. P. Shooter, T. P. Alston -and A. P. Butler, of the First; Capts. James Boatwright and E. Cowan, -of the Fourteenth, and Capt. Frank Clyburn, of the Twelfth. - -Among the gallant dead were Lieut. A. W. Poag, of the Twelfth; Capt. -W. P. Conner and Lieuts. W. C. McNinch and D. M. Leitzsey, of the -Thirteenth; and Lieutenant Crooker, of the Fourteenth. Lieut. J. F. J. -Caldwell, of the First, whose graphic and instructive history of the -brigade has aided the writer materially, was among a host of wounded -line officers. - -The break of day on the 2d revealed the army of General Meade in line -of battle on the heights south of Gettysburg, running north and south -with the Emmitsburg road in his front. General Lee thus described -his position: "The enemy occupied a strong position, with his right -upon two commanding elevations adjacent to each other, one southeast -(Culp's hill), and the other (Cemetery hill) immediately south of the -town which lay at its base. His line extended thence upon the high -ground along the Emmitsburg road, with a steep ridge in rear, which -was also occupied. This ridge was difficult of ascent, particularly -the two hills above mentioned as forming its northern extremity, and -a third at the other end (Little Round Top) on which the enemy's left -rested. Numerous stone and rail fences along the slope served to afford -protection to his troops and impede our advance. In his front the -ground was undulating and generally open for about three-quarters of a -mile." - -Immediately south of the Federal left, as described by General Lee, was -a still higher hill, known as Round Top, which commanded the whole left -of the Federal position, and was not occupied early on the morning of -the 2d. To attack a superior force in a position so strong presented -a difficult problem for solution, and gave the Confederate general -serious pause. He had Ewell's corps on his left, confronting Culp's and -Cemetery hills, and facing southwest and south; and Hill's corps on -the right facing east. McLaws' and Hood's divisions of Longstreet's -corps camped within 4 miles of the battlefield on the night of the 1st, -left camp at sunrise on the 2d, and marched to the right of Hill's -corps. The Third division of Longstreet's corps (Pickett's) was left -to guard the trains at Chambersburg, and did not reach the vicinity of -Gettysburg until the afternoon of the 2d. General Longstreet received -his definite orders for position and attack about 11 o'clock, and -by 3:30 p. m. McLaws was in position opposite the enemy's advanced -position at the peach orchard, with Hood on his right facing the Round -Tops. General Lee's order of attack directed that his right (Hood and -McLaws), strongly supported by artillery, should envelop and drive in -the Federal left; that simultaneously with this attack against the -Federal left, the Confederate left should storm Culp's and Cemetery -hills; and the Confederate center at the same time should so threaten -the Federal center as to prevent reinforcements to either Federal wing. -General Lee's plan of battle contemplated prompt movement, and concert -of action along his entire line. If these conditions, essential to -the success of the plan, had been given in its execution, the writer -believes that the battle of Gettysburg would have been won by General -Lee on July 2d by a victory as complete as Chancellorsville. They were -not given and the plan failed. - -The actual fighting of the separate assaults was gallant and heroic, -and the resistance both steady and aggressive; the Federal position -along his main line being unmoved by the assaults. On the Confederate -right two divisions of Longstreet's corps made the advance at 4 p. -m. (Hood's and McLaws'), supported by four of the five brigades of -Anderson's division from the center. Hood on the extreme right, next -McLaws, and then Anderson, were fighting forward and struggling to -storm the last position of the Federal army on the heights, but these -divisions were fighting it out without the simultaneous battle which -Lee had ordered on the left. - -They had carried the stone walls and numerous hills and woods, the -peach orchard, the great wheat-field and rocky bluffs in their front, -and were on the slopes of the Round Tops and the heights north of them, -but still the battle had not opened on the left. There was not a man to -reinforce Longstreet's line, and the enemy in his front was reinforced -by both infantry and artillery. Hours passed (General Lee said two, -General Longstreet four and Gen. Edward Johnson said it was dark) -before General Ewell's left division moved to the attack on Culp's -hill, which, after some time, perhaps another hour, was followed by the -attack on the north face of Cemetery hill. Edward Johnson's division -made the attack on Culp's hill and Early's division on Cemetery hill. -The Third division of Ewell's corps (Rodes') did not attack at all. -Anderson's (of Hill's corps) was the only one of the three center -divisions that attacked from the center. - -It is evident from these statements, which are made from a careful -study of the official reports, that the prime conditions of success, -concert of action and simultaneous movement, were not given the plan -of the commanding general. Edward Johnson's three brigades did not -begin the actual attack on Culp's hill until dusk, according to his -own and General Ewell's statements. General Early, with two of his -four brigades, Hays' and Hoke's, attacked Cemetery hill still later. -These two brigades carried the height and actually took the enemy's -batteries, but were unable without support to hold what they had -gained. It is in the report of Rodes, who did not advance at all, on -account of darkness, that particular mention is made of his having -observed the enemy on Cemetery hill, during the afternoon, withdrawing -artillery and infantry to reinforce against the attack then in progress -on the Confederate right. The troops of the Federal army in position -at Culp's and Cemetery hills were those beaten and routed on the 1st, -and considering the success gained by the brigades of Hays and Avery, -there can be no reasonable doubt that with the immediate support of -Rodes, the attack being made at the earlier hour ordered, Cemetery hill -would have fallen, and with its fall the Confederate left and center -would have driven the Federal right in confusion and Gettysburg would -have been added to the long list of General Lee's great victories. The -Comte de Paris, in his review of Gettysburg, has truly said, that "the -way in which the fights of the 2d of July were directed does not show -the same co-ordination which insured the success of the Southern arms -at Gaines' Mill and Chancellorsville." - -But it is time that our attention was directed to the South Carolina -brigade, under Kershaw, operating with McLaws, in Longstreet's attack, -and the batteries of Bachman and Garden, operating with Hood, on the -extreme right of Longstreet's battle. - -Kershaw formed the right of McLaws' division and Barksdale his left, -Semmes behind Kershaw and Wofford behind Barksdale. In front of -Barksdale was the peach orchard, 500 yards distant and in front of -Kershaw and on a line with the orchard a stone house, stone barn and -stone fence. The peach orchard was on an eminence, and was held by -infantry and a battery. Beyond the stone house was another eminence, -defended by a battery, and beyond this battery a stony hill, wooded and -rough. This stony hill was in front of Kershaw's center, and beyond the -hill opened the great wheat-field which spread forward to the slopes -of the Federal main position. Barksdale moved against the orchard and -Kershaw against the stony hill and the battery in front of it. Before -moving General Kershaw had detached the Fifteenth South Carolina, -Colonel De Saussure, to support a battery between his right and Hood's -left. - -Marching forward under the fire of canister from the battery in his -front, and the infantry fire from the south side of the peach orchard, -the Carolina brigade swept past the battery and reached the hill, -Barksdale clearing the orchard and its battery on Kershaw's left. -Taking possession of the rocky hill, the enemy at once advanced upon it -over the wheat-field in two lines of battle. - -As the brigade stood on the rocky hill to receive the advance, the -regiments were ranged, from right to left: The Seventh, Colonel Aiken; -Third, Maj. R. C. Maffett; Second, Colonel Kennedy; Third battalion, -Lieut.-Col. W. G. Rice; Eighth, Colonel Henagan. The Fifteenth, Colonel -DeSaussure, was still in battle in support of artillery between -Kershaw and Hood. Here, at the rocky hill, was the battle ground of -the brigade. The Eighth, Third battalion and Second held their ground -and beat back the attacks coming again and again against them. Moving -around Kershaw's right, before Semmes could come to his support, a -large force assaulted the Seventh and pushed back its right. The Third -held its ground until the Seventh was crowded back at right angles, -and then changed its front to support the Seventh. A part of Semmes' -brigade came up, but the enemy were so far in rear of Kershaw's right -as to cut off the support. Surrounding his right, the attacking force -drove back the Seventh, and the battle on Kershaw's right was with the -Third and Seventh and one of Semmes' regiments at close quarters among -the rocks and trees of the hill-crest and sides. - -Meanwhile the left was holding fast. On came Wofford toward the -conflict, and on the right Semmes' other regiments and the Fifteenth -South Carolina. Sweeping up to the battle everything gave way before -the charge, and joining Wofford and Semmes, Kershaw's line moved -forward, the advance sweeping the whole wheat-field and beyond to the -foot of the mountain. Night came on, and the brigades of McLaws were -put on the hill along the positions gained by the battle. - -General Kershaw's losses were severe and grievous. The brave and able -Colonel De Saussure, of the Fifteenth, and Major McLeod, of the Eighth, -gallant in fight and estimable in life, had both fallen; Colonel De -Saussure killed on the field and Major McLeod mortally wounded. Among -the wounded were Colonel Kennedy of the Second, Lieut.-Col. Elbert -Bland of the Seventh, and Maj. D. B. Miller of the Third battalion. The -writer regrets that he can find no list of the line officers killed and -wounded in the brigade at Gettysburg. The brigade lost 115 killed, 483 -wounded and 32 missing, making a total of 630. Bachman's and Garden's -batteries with Hood's right, and Rhett's battery, under Lieutenant -Gilbert, were in action during the day, but there are no reports at -hand of their casualties. - -If the problem presented to the mind of General Lee on the morning -of the 2d, as he saw his army, inferior in numbers and equipment, -confronted by the army of General Meade on the heights of Gettysburg, -was one which gave him the deepest concern, how much more serious was -the situation on the morning of the 3d! General Longstreet's battle -on the right had driven the Federal left to the crests, and the -Confederate infantry and artillery of that wing were occupying the -positions which the Federal forces had held on the morning of the 2d. -But now the Federal army was intrenched on those heights, with the -Round Tops bristling with artillery and Cemetery hill and Culp's hill -crowned by batteries, seven corps behind breastworks of stone or earth, -and the slopes in front guarded by advanced lines lying behind fences -or covered in the woods. - -There is no record of a council of war. Longstreet, second in command, -continued to favor a movement around the Federal left; but General Lee -disapproved, and resolutely determined to attack the Federal citadel, -confident that the men who had swept Hooker's army from the heights of -Chancellorsville, if properly supported, could carry victory to the -heights of Gettysburg. - -He selected the Federal left center as the point of attack; ordered, -as on the 2d, concert of action from both wings of his army, and -organized his assaulting column of 15,000 men. Stuart's cavalry -had come up on his left and confronted the main body of Meade's -cavalry. The situation on his extreme right was more serious than the -Confederate general realized. This is evident from the reports. The -Round Tops were unassailable by the force at Longstreet's command, and -a division of cavalry, Farnsworth's and Merritt's brigades, was in -position on the right rear, confronted by a single regiment, the First -South Carolina cavalry, Bachman's South Carolina battery, and three -regiments of Anderson's Georgia brigade. Anderson's regiments were at -right angles to Longstreet's line, and Colonel Black's cavalry was on -Anderson's right flank. Black had only about 100 men in his regiment. -In Longstreet's immediate front the situation was such that there was -nothing to do but stand on the defensive. He was weaker in numbers on -the 3d than he was on the morning of the 2d, and his enemy was stronger -by reinforcements and the occupation of the greater of the two Round -Tops. If, however, the assaulting column of 15,000 could break the -center, the wings of General Meade's army would be so shaken that both -Longstreet and Ewell could attack with good hope of success, and Lee -was fixed in his purpose. - -The column of attack was made up of the divisions of Pickett and -Pettigrew (Heth's), to be supported by Wilcox and the brigades of Lane -and Scales under Trimble. - -All the available artillery of Hill's and Longstreet's corps was put in -position by Col. E. P. Alexander, and at 1 o'clock General Longstreet -ordered the batteries to open. For two hours more than 200 cannon were -in action across the plain against Federal and Confederate. At 3 the -assaulting column moved out from cover and down toward the Emmitsburg -road, which ran between the two armies, and at the point of attack -was held by the Federal pickets. The Confederate batteries had ceased -firing and could give no more support, for their ammunition was nearly -exhausted, no supply near at hand, and it was essential to reserve the -supply in the chests. - -All the reports of the advance concur in the statement that the troops -moved over the field and into the fire of the enemy's batteries in -beautiful order. Coming under the canister fire of the batteries on the -crest, the ranks began rapidly to thin and officers to fall, but the -advance was steady. General Trimble, riding with his line, then 100 -yards in rear of Pettigrew, said: "Notwithstanding the losses as we -advanced, the men marched with the deliberation and accuracy of men on -drill. I observed the same in Pettigrew's line." - -The enemy's batteries were on the crest. Below them 30 or 40 yards on -the slope, and running almost parallel with the crest, was a stone -wall, breast high. Behind this wall lay the Federal first line. Below -this line, some hundred yards, concealed in the undergrowth, lay his -advance line. Beyond it, at the road, ran his picket line. Meeting -the pickets, they were immediately driven in, and Garnett and Kemper -marched against the advance line in the undergrowth. The resistance was -slight, prisoners were made, and the attack so vigorous and dashing -that the Federal line was driven in rout. But the enemy's batteries -opened with redoubled activity, and the fire from the stone wall -was galling. A battery on Little Round Top, enfilading the front of -the stone wall, and another from Cemetery hill, plunged their shell -into the ranks of Kemper and Garnett and raked the advancing line of -Armistead as it moved up in support. - -Garnett led his brigade forward against the stone wall and got in -advance, and arrived within 50 yards, where the fire was so severe that -it checked his onset and he sent back to hurry up Kemper and Armistead. -Both these brigades were struggling through the withering fire, and -in a few moments were abreast with Garnett. At 25 yards from the wall -Garnett was shot from his horse. Kemper had fallen and Armistead had -been killed, but officers and men rushed for the wall and planted -their standards. The fighting at this line was desperate, and hand to -hand. But the conflict was too unequal to avail the gallant survivors -of Garnett and Kemper and Armistead. Of the three brigades scarcely a -picket line was left to grapple with the battle array of their foe. -The remnant gave up the fight and left the field. If Wilcox could have -reached the wall with his gallant Alabamians, the fight might have been -prolonged--it might have been successful. But to reach that stone wall -Wilcox must march through the fire that shot to pieces the brigades -of Kemper, Garnett and Armistead. General Wilcox says that he reached -the foot of the hill; that he could not see a man whom he was sent to -support; that he was subjected to such an artillery fire from front and -both flanks that he went back in search of a battery; that he could -find none; that returning to his brigade he regarded further advance -useless and ordered a retreat. - -On the left, Pettigrew and Trimble carried their battle to the -Emmitsburg road and to the advanced line. Archer's brigade, on -Garnett's immediate left, had 13 color-bearers shot one after another -in gallant efforts to plant the colors of his five regiments on the -stone wall. The direction of the Federal line was oblique to the -general line of advance. Pettigrew's line was exposed longest to the -front and flank fire, and at the Emmitsburg road he had suffered more -severely than Pickett's brigades. When Pettigrew was yet 150 yards from -the Emmitsburg road, says General Trimble, who was about that distance -in his rear, "They seemed to sink into the earth from the tempest of -fire poured into them." Although wounded, Pettigrew led his line across -the road and against the first line, but his brigades were shattered -too badly to make organized assault further. Archer's brigade on his -right fought at the stone wall, as did Garnett's and Kemper's and -Armistead's, and suffered a like repulse. Officers and men from the -other brigades reached the wall and fought with desperate courage, and -died beside it, but the division in its organization was torn asunder -and shot to pieces by the time they reached and attacked the first -line. Trimble's brigades were as helpless for successful assault as -Pettigrew; and yet they moved on until within pistol shot of the main -line. As General Trimble followed his line back to Seminary ridge, -on horseback, under the increased fire of shell, grape and musketry, -he reported his wonder that any one could escape wounds or death. -And, indeed, but few did. The loss is reported for Garnett, Kemper, -Armistead and Wilcox, but there is no report given of the particular -loss of July 3d in Pettigrew's command, or Trimble's. The three -brigades of Pickett lost their brigadiers, nearly every field officer, -and nearly or quite 3,000 men. - -With the failure of this attack, the great contest at Gettysburg was -decided. While it was in progress General Stuart, on the rear of -General Lee's left, was fighting a great cavalry battle with the main -body of General Meade's cavalry. Stuart had the brigades of Hampton, -Fitz Lee, Chambliss, W. H. F. Lee and Jenkins. In the battle much -of the fighting was at close quarters and with pistol and saber as -the charging lines came together. In one of these contacts General -Hampton was twice severely wounded. On the day previous, his having -been the first of General Stuart's brigades to reach the vicinity of -Gettysburg, he was just in time to meet a cavalry force moving from -Hunterstown directly against General Lee's unprotected left. After -a sharp engagement General Hampton defeated this force, and drove -it beyond reach. The arrival of Stuart on the 2d was a source of -infinite satisfaction to the Confederate commander; indeed, if he had -not come, the three divisions of General Pleasanton would have taken -complete possession of General Lee's communications, and the battle of -Gettysburg would have been a still greater disaster to the Southern -army. - -After the defeat of the assaulting column, Meade was too cautious -to risk his lines against the army that had held the heights of -Fredericksburg. He stood resolutely on the defensive throughout the -4th of July. On that night General Lee began his masterly retreat to -the Potomac, which he crossed in the face of his enemy on the morning -of the 14th. Ewell's corps forded the river at Williamsport, Generals -Longstreet and Hill crossed by pontoon at Falling Waters, and by 1 p. -m. of the 14th the Gettysburg campaign was over. - - - - -CHAPTER XVI. - - SOUTH CAROLINIANS AT CHICKAMAUGA--ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMIES--SOUTH - CAROLINIANS ENGAGED--THEIR HEROIC SERVICE AND SACRIFICES. - - -The armies of Generals Bragg and Rosecrans, which were to fight the -battle of Chickamauga on the 19th and 20th of September, 1863, were -widely separated in the early part of August, Bragg at Chattanooga and -Rosecrans beyond the Cumberland mountains, with the Tennessee river -rolling between them. - -About the middle of August, the Federal general broke up his -encampments and moved his army across the mountains to the Tennessee. -Crittenden's corps threatened Chattanooga through the gaps in Walden's -ridge, while Thomas' corps and McCook's moved to Stevenson, Bridgeport -and the vicinity. Rosecrans established his depot at Stevenson and -passed his army over the river on pontoons, rafts and boats, and boldly -crossed Sand mountain to Trenton. He was on the flank of General Bragg -by the 8th of September, and by the 12th had crossed Lookout mountain. - -Bragg, having left Chattanooga on the 8th, Rosecrans sent Crittenden's -corps to occupy that place and move on the railroad as far as Ringgold, -while Thomas and McCook took position in McLemore's cove and down as -far as Alpine. Rosecrans' corps was widely separated and his wings -were by road, 50 miles or more apart! Meanwhile Bragg was on the line -of Chickamauga creek, with his left at Lafayette and his headquarters -at Lee & Gordon's mills. General Gist's South Carolina brigade, -with Ferguson's battery, was guarding his extreme left at Rome and -supporting the cavalry in that quarter. Crittenden's corps at Ringgold -and vicinity was at General Bragg's mercy. He was only 10 miles from -Bragg's headquarters, with the Chickamauga between himself and Thomas, -and by road at least 20 miles from that general's support. McCook -was fully as far from Thomas on the other flank. "It was therefore a -matter of life and death (says Rosecrans in his report) to effect the -concentration of the army." - -Crittenden marched across Bragg's right, passed the Chickamauga and -moved down toward Thomas, and McCook marched up from Alpine toward -that general's position in McLemore's cove. Pigeon mountain range -covered McCook and Thomas; but Crittenden's march was open to attack. -His corps should have been beaten and driven off toward Chattanooga. -General Bragg clearly saw this and endeavored to strike Crittenden -at the proper moment, giving explicit orders to that effect. These -orders were not executed, the opportunity passed, and Rosecrans united -his corps on the west side of the Chickamauga, while Bragg confronted -him on the east. The great battles of the 19th and 20th of September -were now imminent. We give the organization of the two armies as they -were engaged in that memorable conflict, omitting those troops which -were not in the battle; as, for instance, the brigades of Hood's and -McLaws' divisions, and the artillery of those commands. Longstreet had -only three brigades in battle on the 19th and five on the 20th, the -artillery and other commands of his corps not having arrived. Among -his absent brigades was that of Gen. Micah Jenkins, composed of South -Carolina regiments. - - -BRAGG'S ARMY. - -RIGHT WING, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL POLK COMMANDING. - - Hill's corps, Lieut.-Gen. D. H. Hill: Cheatham's division, 5 - brigades, 5 batteries; Cleburne's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; - Breckinridge's division, 3 brigades, 4 batteries. - - Walker's corps, Maj.-Gen. W. H. T. Walker: Walker's division, 3 - brigades, 2 batteries; Liddell's division, 2 brigades, 2 batteries. - - Total of wing, 5 divisions, 16 brigades, 16 batteries. - - -LEFT WING, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL LONGSTREET COMMANDING. - - Buckner's corps, Major-General Buckner: Stewart's division, 4 - brigades, 4 batteries; Preston's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; - Johnson's division, 2 brigades, 2 batteries. - - Longstreet's corps, Major-General Hood: McLaws' division, 2 brigades; - Hood's division, 3 brigades; Hindman's division, 3 brigades, 3 - batteries; Reserve artillery, 5 batteries. - - Total of wing, 6 divisions, 17 brigades, 17 batteries. - - Total in both wings, 11 divisions, 33 brigades, 33 batteries. - - Corps of cavalry, Major-General Wheeler, operating on Bragg's left: - Wharton's division, 2 brigades, 1 battery; Martin's division, 2 - brigades, 1 battery. - - Corps of cavalry, Major-General Forrest, operating on Bragg's right: - Armstrong's division, 2 brigades, 2 batteries; Pegram's division, 2 - brigades, 2 batteries. - - Total of cavalry, 4 divisions, 8 brigades, 6 batteries. - - -ROSECRANS' ARMY. - - Fourteenth corps, Major-General Thomas commanding: Baird's division, - 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Negley's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; - Brannan's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Reynolds' division, 3 - brigades, 3 batteries. - - Twentieth corps, Major-General McCook commanding: Davis' division, 3 - brigades, 5 batteries; Johnson's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; - Sheridan's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries. - - Twenty-first corps, Major-General Crittenden commanding: Wood's - division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries; Palmer's division, 3 brigades, 4 - batteries; Van Cleve's division, 3 brigades, 3 batteries. - - Reserve corps, Major-General Granger commanding: One division, 3 - brigades, 3 batteries. - - Total, 11 divisions, 33 brigades, 36 batteries. - - Cavalry corps, Brigadier-General Mitchell commanding: 2 divisions, 5 - brigades, 2 batteries. - -The number of infantry divisions and brigades, as reported, was -the same in both armies. Bragg had more cavalry in the field than -Rosecrans, but in the battle of Chickamauga, on his immediate flanks, -Wheeler had not more than 2,000 and Forrest about the same number. It -is always difficult to estimate the strength of armies by counting -their divisions, brigades or regiments, for the reason that it is -impossible in an active campaign to keep up the relative proportions -of separate corps, engaged at different times and often with no option -as to whether a fresh or a decimated command shall go into action. The -writer was an officer of General Walker's division, and knows that at -the battle of Chickamauga, on the 20th, that division of three brigades -did not number 3,000 men. General Gist's brigade, to which the writer -was attached, went into action on the 20th, 980 strong, one of its -regiments (Sixteenth South Carolina) and its light battery being absent -at Rome. - -By studying the field returns of both armies, nearest to the opening -battle on the 19th (Rosecrans' of September 10th and Bragg's of -August 20th), and making deductions for commands on stations or on -detached duty, and counting in for Bragg's army the two divisions -from Mississippi (Breckinridge's and Walker's), and Longstreet's five -brigades and Buckner's troops, and estimating losses for both armies -up to the battle of the 19th, it is believed that Bragg crossed the -Chickamauga on the 18th, 19th and 20th with 45,000, exclusive of his -cavalry. By the method of estimating the strength of General Bragg's -army, the writer believes that Rosecrans confronted Bragg with 53,000, -exclusive of his cavalry. - -Before the battle, each general overestimated the strength of the -other and underestimated his own. On September 12th, General Rosecrans -believed that "the main body of Johnston's army had joined Bragg," and -that he had been heavily reinforced from Virginia. The truth is, that -so far as Bragg's reinforcements affected the engagements of the armies -at Chickamauga, they did not add a man more than 10,000 to Bragg's -strength, if, indeed, they added so many. - -The two armies facing each other from opposite sides of the -Chickamauga, Bragg gave order for battle. Rosecrans' left, under -Thomas, was at Kelly's house on the Chattanooga road, his right -stretching beyond and south of Lee & Gordon's mills. The Chattanooga -road spoken of is the main road from LaFayette to Chattanooga, crossing -the Chickamauga at Lee & Gordon's mills. Kelly's house was opposite -Reed's bridge, and south of it, on the road, were the houses of Poe, -Brotherton, Brock, Taylor and Vineyard. Nearly a mile north of Kelly's -was McDonald's. From McDonald's to Lee & Gordon's mills (the road -running nearly north and south) was about 4 miles. - -The crossings of the Chickamauga were by fords and two bridges, -Alexander's and Reed's; the former opposite Vineyard's house, and -the latter opposite Kelly's. Hunt's (or Dalton's) ford came nearest -Lee & Gordon's mills; then Thedford's, then Alexander's bridge, then -Byram's ford, then Reed's bridge, and a mile further north, Reed's -ford. General Bragg's order designated the ford or bridge at which the -different commands were to cross and directed each to attack in front, -beginning from the Reed bridge crossing and moving against the Federal -left and rear. - -Thomas marched his head of column beyond Kelly's house, faced the -Chickamauga, and sent one of his divisions (Brannan's) to reconnoiter -toward Reed's bridge. From Kelly's to Reed's bridge was about 2½ miles. -At Jay's mill, near the bridge, Brannan met Forrest, and the battle -of the 19th was opened. Forrest pushed Brannan back, the latter was -reinforced by Baird's division, and Walker (marching from Alexander's -bridge toward Forrest's battle) sent two of his brigades, Ector's and -Wilson's, to Forrest's support. Brannan and Baird were driving Forrest -back to Jay's mill when Ector and Wilson came up, and then in turn -Baird and Brannan were driven, artillery and prisoners captured. Thomas -now reinforced his battle by Reynolds, and McCook sent in Johnson's -division. Walker, coming up with Liddell's two brigades, took command -of the battle and attacked vigorously with Forrest and his four -brigades, driving Reynolds, on the Federal right, in rout; but Palmer's -division sent by Crittenden to reinforce Thomas, met and drove Walker -back. Meanwhile, Baird and Brannan were checking and holding Forrest. - -General Bragg sent up Cheatham's division on Walker's left, and Thomas -moved Brannan from his left to his right. Cheatham attacked against -the Federal right, further reinforced by Van Cleve's division, drove -forward for a half mile, was checked, his flanks threatened, and -retired to his first position. The Federal right advanced, attacked -Cheatham and Walker, and were handsomely repulsed; meanwhile Forrest -holding fast the right. Finally, near night, Cleburne came up in -Cheatham's rear and forming on his right, attacked and drove for a mile -the Federal left, capturing three pieces of artillery, several stand of -colors and 300 or more prisoners. It was now past night and the battle -on the Confederate right was over. Lieutenant-General Polk arrived -on the right and took command at about 5 p. m. Walker's, Cheatham's, -Cleburne's and Forrest's battle was from Jay's mill (a half mile from -Reed's bridge on to the west) toward Kelly's house, the line of battle -extending for a mile on either side of the road from Reed's bridge -toward Kelly's. Early in the afternoon, Stewart's division in front -of Vineyard's, and Hood's on his left, vigorously attacked. Stewart -drove in the Federal center and crossed the Chattanooga road, but was -repulsed. The battle of Stewart and Hood was vigorous and aggressive -from the start, but was not reinforced and was repulsed from the road. -Stewart nor Hood had artillery, and neither could hold what was gained -at and beyond the road. - -Thus ended the battle of the 19th. Rosecrans held the ridge of the -Chattanooga road, formed and strengthened his line during the night, -and Bragg called his corps commanders and gave his orders for the -battle of the 20th to open at daylight. General Rosecrans remarks -of the 19th, that "at the close of the day we had present but two -brigades that had not been squarely and opportunely in action, opposed -to superior numbers of the enemy." On his part, the whole of his -infantry, two brigades excepted, had been "opportunely and squarely -in action." On Bragg's part, six divisions of eighteen brigades, with -Forrest's cavalry, had been "squarely in action." - -There was but little rest or sleep for soldier or officer on the night -of the 19th. Rosecrans was felling trees along his front, building -breastworks of logs and rails, and massing his army in line from beyond -Kelly's to Vineyard's, a distance of 2 miles. Bragg gave his right to -Lieutenant-General Polk and his left to Lieutenant-General Longstreet; -the latter did not arrive until 11 p. m. on the 19th. Forrest was well -out on the right, in front of McDonald's; Wheeler on the left, at Lee -& Gordon's mills and beyond. Polk's command was arranged from right -to left, as follows: Breckinridge, Cleburne, with Walker behind the -former and Cheatham in rear and to the left of the latter. On the left, -Lieutenant-General Longstreet's wing was organized from right to left -as follows: Stewart (touching Cleburne), Johnson, Hood, McLaws, Hindman -and Preston. The line of the Confederate battle for most of its entire -length was in the forest, which made it difficult to handle artillery -until the openings along the road were gained. - -The South Carolina brigades, Kershaw's, Manigault's and Gist's, were -with the divisions of McLaws, Hindman and Walker. Kershaw reached -Alexander's bridge from Ringgold at midnight and went into camp on the -west bank at 1 a. m. on the 20th. General McLaws not having arrived, -General Kershaw was in command of the two brigades of the division -present, Humphreys' and his own. - -While Kershaw was marching from Ringgold for Alexander's bridge, -General Gist was marching from Catoosa Station for the same point, -having arrived from Rome with part of the Forty-sixth Georgia, the -Twenty-fourth South Carolina and the Eighth Georgia battalion; the -Sixteenth South Carolina and Ferguson's battery awaiting transportation -at Rome, with the remainder of the Forty-sixth Georgia. - -General Gist had under his charge an ammunition train which delayed his -march and prevented his leaving Catoosa before 10 p. m. on the 19th. -After an all-night march Gist crossed Alexander's bridge at sunrise, -halted a mile beyond, and after a brief rest was directed to the right -to join Walker, arriving about 9 o'clock. General Walker at once -assigned Gist to the command of his division (Ector, Wilson and Gist), -and Gist's brigade was commanded by the senior officer, Col. P. H. -Colquitt, Forty-sixth Georgia. Kershaw marched his own and Humphreys' -brigades to the left and took position in support of Hood. Manigault's -brigade, including the Tenth and Nineteenth South Carolina, under -Colonel Pressley, was under fire on the 18th, Pressley losing 6 men, -crossed at Hunt's ford on the afternoon of the 19th, with its division -(Hindman's), and on the 20th was in line near the extreme left. -Culpeper's South Carolina battery was with McNair's brigade, Johnson's -division. - -The province of the writer does not permit him to do more than first -sketch the outline of the battle, and then more particularly to speak -of the action of the South Carolina commands. The attack began between -9 and 10 a. m. by a vigorous assault of Breckinridge's and Cleburne's -divisions on the extreme left of Rosecrans' line, in front of Kelly's. -This assault was repulsed. Fighting on the right throughout the -morning failed to carry the Federal left. The battle progressed from -right to left, the Confederate center and particularly the left being -more successful. The Federal center and right were gradually driven -until forced from the road at Poe's, Brotherton's and Vineyard's. -Rosecrans' line was bent first into a curve, and then broken into a -right angle, the angle being about opposite the left of Polk's wing. -The Federal right found a strong rest at Snodgrass hill, where Thomas, -now commanding on the field, concentrated artillery and all the troops -as they were driven from the line. This position, assaulted again and -again, repulsed the assaults and proved the salvation of Rosecrans' -army, for behind it the Federal divisions retreated on Rossville and -Chattanooga. - -The Federal left held the position at Kelly's until late in the -afternoon, about 5 o'clock, when General Polk ordered his wing forward. -The attack carried the position for its whole front and Baird's -division followed those on his right in the retreat behind Snodgrass. -This last stronghold was abandoned during the early part of the night -and Bragg's victory was complete. - -When the first attack against the Federal left had failed, and the -divisions of Breckinridge and Cleburne were withdrawing, General -Gist's brigade, under Colquitt, not 1,000 strong, was hurried in to -the support of Breckinridge's left brigade, that of General Helm. No -opportunity was given for reconnoitering the woods, and the lull in -the firing made it uncertain as to the exact position of the enemy. -Colquitt was ordered to advance due west and support Breckinridge, on -his left, and his left (Helm) was repulsed and retiring in disorder. -Meeting and passing Helm's men, the little brigade, dressing on the -center (Eighth Georgia battalion), marched on into the great forest. -Colquitt's three companies were on the right and the Twenty-fourth -South Carolina on the left. It was now about 11 o'clock. The first -attack had been made at about 9:30. General Baird, who received the -attack, fixes the hour at between 8 and 9 a. m. The well-known order of -General Bragg had directed it to be made at daylight. - -The attack of Breckinridge and Cleburne, which preceded this advance -of Colquitt, struck the Federal left flank in front of Kelly's house. -Baird's division was in position here, behind breastworks of logs and -rails, the timber freshly cut from the abundant forest. The position -was a quarter of a mile east of the road, in the forest, with open -fields behind it running to the road and surrounding Kelly's house. -The breastworks made a sharp angle about opposite the right of Polk's -brigade (on the left of Helm) and ran back northwest to the road. From -the angle to the road King's brigade of regulars was stationed, and on -their right Scribner's brigade and then Starkweather's. General Baird -formed his division in two lines, and reported that King's regulars -were even more concentrated. Three batteries of artillery belonged -to Baird's division, but that general reported that much of it was -disabled on the 19th, and that he defended his line with but four guns. - -Gist's brigade, not 1,000 strong, plunged into the woods, without -support right or left, to storm the position from which Cleburne on -its left and Helm in its front, were retiring. The gallant Helm had -fallen and his brigade, supported on its left by Polk, was repulsed, -after three attempts to storm King's regulars. In a few moments -the Twenty-fourth South Carolina passed the angle in Baird's line -unseen in the thick forest, and his artillery and infantry opened -an enfilade from King's front. Promptly as the fire opened, Col. -C. H. Stevens commanded the Twenty-fourth to change front to the -left, and was instantly wounded and disabled, his horse being shot. -Lieutenant-Colonel Capers executed the change of front and directed -the fire of the Twenty-fourth in reply. The gallant adjutant of the -Twenty-fourth, Lieut. J. C. Palmer, fell pierced through the head. -Then Maj. J. S. Jones was badly wounded, and in bringing up his right -to form on the Twenty-fourth and Eighth Georgia, Colquitt fell. The -assault was ordered, and while leading it Lieutenant-Colonel Capers -received a serious wound in the thigh, his horse was disabled, and the -little brigade was repulsed. Capt. D. F. Hill took command of the -Twenty-fourth and Lieutenant-Colonel Napier, Georgia battalion, took -command of Gist's brigade. - -In the battle of the afternoon the Twenty-fourth with the brigade had -better luck. Reinforced by the absent companies of the Forty-sixth -Georgia to 1,400 strong, Napier led the brigade in the glorious battle -of the right wing and had the happiness to follow the broken and routed -columns of Baird, Johnson and Palmer, until night came to give rest -and sleep to men who had enjoyed none since leaving Rome on the early -morning of the 18th. - -In the struggle before Baird's position, which lasted not more than -forty minutes, the Twenty-fourth South Carolina lost 169 men and line -officers, killed and wounded. Colonel Colquitt, an accomplished soldier -and gallant leader, fell from his horse mortally wounded in front of -the center of his line. At the moment Colquitt's 980 men were sent -in to support Breckinridge, Lieutenant-General Hill (who gave the -order) did not know that Helm and Polk were badly repulsed. Learning -it, he sent General Gist forward with Ector and Wilson's brigades -to support Colquitt's attack, but before Gist reached Colquitt, his -attack was over, with the result above described. Indeed, the history -of Colquitt's attack and repulse is the history of the fight of the -right wing throughout the morning of the 20th. It was not until the -afternoon, when the whole wing went forward, that victory crowned its -battle. - -In the left wing Manigault and Kershaw were in the thick of the fight. -Kershaw commanded the two brigades of McLaws' division, and after -General Hood was wounded, he took the direction of his three brigades. -Kershaw attacked about 11:30 and Manigault shortly after, the former -in front of the Brock house and the latter just north of Vineyard's. -Both attacks were successful and crossed the Chattanooga road, swinging -with the left wing in a grand wheel to the right. In his advance -Kershaw reached the Dyer house, almost in rear of Brotherton's and -half a mile beyond the Chattanooga road. Manigault reached a point on -Kershaw's left and in line with his advance, the divisions of Preston, -Hindman, Kershaw and Hood driving the Federal right to Snodgrass and -drawing around that point. Here followed the hardest and most prolonged -struggle of the day. The order of the divisions was somewhat broken up, -and brigades went in wherever they could assist in a charge. About 5 p. -m. Gracie and Kelly, from Preston's; McNair, with Culpeper's battery, -from Johnson's; Anderson from Hindman's, and Law from Hood's, with -Kershaw's brigade, all directed by Kershaw, moved on the front and -east of Snodgrass, while Hindman with Manigault's and Deas' brigades, -Johnson with Gregg's, and Preston with Trigg's, attacked the west -flank. This, says Kershaw, "was one of the heaviest attacks on a single -point I ever witnessed! The brigades went in in magnificent order. -For an hour and a half the struggle continued with unabated fury. It -terminated at sunset." The hill was not carried. It was held with -splendid courage and was defended by all the forces of the center and -right which could be rallied, and by Steedman's division of Granger's -reserve corps; the whole put in position by General Thomas, now in -command of the field, General Rosecrans having given up the battle as -lost and gone to Chattanooga to arrange for the morrow. - -As soon as the Confederate right had driven the Federal left, Thomas -began the retreat of the center behind his citadel on Snodgrass, and -after night withdrew the divisions of Wood, Brannan and Steedman from -the hill, and the great battle had been fought to its victorious end. - -The losses had been terrible on both sides. Among the Carolina commands -some of the choicest spirits had fallen. Kershaw lost 488 killed and -wounded; Manigault 539, and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina (Gist's -brigade) 169; a total of 1,196. Lieut.-Col. Elbert Bland, Seventh South -Carolina, fell at the head of his regiment, and a few moments later -Maj. John S. Hard, his successor, was instantly killed. Capt. J. M. -Townsend, commanding the Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. Hoole, Eighth -regiment, and Capt. W. A. Williams, acting major of the Third, were -killed in the gallant performance of duty. Capt. D. R. Huger of General -Manigault's staff fell in front of Snodgrass hill, and others of that -gallant brigade sealed their devotion to duty with their heart's blood. - -In the report of General Kershaw, the following officers are mentioned -for gallant and noteworthy conduct: Lieutenant-Colonel Bland and Major -Hard of the Seventh; Captain Townsend of the Third battalion; Col. -James D. Nance of the Third regiment; Lieut.-Col. Franklin Gaillard -of the Second; Col. John W. Henagan of the Eighth, and Col. Joseph F. -Gist of the Fifteenth; Capts. C. R. Holmes, H. L. Farley, and W. M. -Dwight of the brigade staff, and Couriers M. F. Milam, Company A, Third -battalion, and Rawlins Rivers, Company I, Second regiment; both killed -carrying General Kershaw's orders on the field. - -General Gist mentioned Maj. B. B. Smith, Capt. M. P. King, and Lieuts. -L. M. Butler and J. C. Habersham, of his staff, for efficiency and -gallant conduct; Col. C. H. Stevens and Lieut.-Col. Ellison Capers, -Twenty-fourth, for the same; and Adjt. J. C. Palmer and Capt. D. F. -Hill, of the Twenty-fourth, "and other brave and true officers" of the -same regiment. - -General Manigault mentioned the following as "distinguished for -conduct on the field:" Col. J. F. Pressley and Lieut.-Col. Julius -T. Porcher of the Tenth; Maj. J. L. White and Adjutant Ferrell of -the Nineteenth; Capt. C. I. Walker, assistant adjutant-general, and -Lieut. William E. Huger, aide-de-camp. These names are given from the -reports, but how many are left unmentioned! The men and officers of -the line who carried their colonels and lieutenant-colonels and majors -and generals forward to victory are worthy of lasting honor. South -Carolina has recorded their names on her roll of faithful and devoted -soldiers and citizens, and while her archives endure they may be read -by their descendants as the witness she bears to their courage, their -patriotism, and their self-sacrificing devotion to duty. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - - THE SIEGE OF CHARLESTON--CONTINUED BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SUMTER--DEFENSE - MAINTAINED BY THE OTHER WORKS--THE TORPEDO BOATS-BOMBARDMENT OF THE - CITY--TRANSFER OF TROOPS TO VIRGINIA--PRISONERS UNDER FIRE-CAMPAIGN ON - THE STONO. - - -On August 24, 1863, General Gillmore, in a communication to the -general-in-chief of the United States armies, said: "I have the honor -to report the practical demolition of Fort Sumter as the result of -our seven days' bombardment of that work. Fort Sumter is to-day a -shapeless and harmless mass of ruins." It was on this day that the -garrison, under Colonel Rhett, was visited by General Ripley and the -chief engineers, Colonels Gilmer and Harris, and it was determined to -hold to the last extremity the fort which Gillmore had reduced to "a -harmless mass of ruins." The men worked night after night transferring -the contents of the magazines to safer places, preparing much of the -munitions for shipment to the city, and building new works from the -débris. The east magazines were not damaged. - -Colonel Rhett's journal of the 25th has this entry: - - Finished securing west magazine from reverse fire; began traverses - on parade at entrance to passage now used for hospital sally port. - Magazine and telegraph office repaired and filled up with bags.... - Restored traverses on east barbette. Embrasures on northeast and - northwest faces in process of being bricked up. - -After this the fire from the Federal batteries on Sumter was -comparatively light, until the 30th, when 322 shot and shell struck -outside and 168 inside, doing a great deal of damage. Next day, -Fort Moultrie by mistake opened upon the steamer Sumter, carrying -two regiments from Morris island, disabling the steamer, from which -600 officers and men belonging to the Twentieth South Carolina and -Twenty-third Georgia were saved by boats from Fort Sumter and the navy. -September 1st was another destructive day for Sumter, six monitors -and the Ironsides aiding in the fire. On September 4th there was not -a single gun en barbette, and but one smooth-bore 32-pounder next the -sally port on western face that could be fired. Colonel Rhett reported: - - The northeastern and northwestern terre plein have fallen in. The - western wall has a crack in it extending entirely through from - parapet to berme. The greater portion of the southern wall is down. - The upper eastern magazine is penetrated; the lower eastern magazine - wall is cracked. The eastern wall is very nearly shot away; a large - portion of the wall is down, the ramparts gone, and nearly every - casemate breached, and the remaining wall very thin.... I consider it - impracticable to either mount or use guns on any part of the parapet, - and I deem the fort in its present condition unserviceable for - offensive purposes. - -The work of repair went on, however, and on September 4th the -Charleston battalion arrived at the fort, under command of Major -Elliott, and relieved Colonel Rhett, commanding, and Captain -Fleming, Company B, detachment of First South Carolina artillery and -Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Georgia volunteers, who had endured -the first tremendous bombardment. Colonel Rhett was put in command of -the interior batteries in and about the city, with Castle Pinckney and -Fort Ripley. - -As soon as the Federals occupied Battery Wagner, it was opened upon -by Batteries Simkins and Fort Moultrie and the works adjacent. Soon -afterward a flag of truce was sent to Fort Sumter, with a demand for -surrender, which was refused by Elliott, though he was utterly unable -to maintain an artillery fire. Following this refusal, the Ironsides -and five monitors came up the channel and opened fire upon Sumter and -the Sullivan's island batteries. At Battery Beauregard, Lieut. E. A. -Erwin, First regulars, was killed. - -On the 8th, the fight with the ironclads was renewed, and one shell did -fatal work in Fort Moultrie, disabling an 8-inch columbiad, exploding a -magazine, and killing 16 and wounding 12 men of Capt. R. Press Smith's -company of the First regulars. Besides these casualties from the -explosion there were others, including Capt. G. A. Wardlow and Lieut. -D. B. De Saussure, wounded. - -About 1 o'clock on the morning of the 9th, an attempt was made by -the Federals to land a force at the foot of the ruins of Sumter and -carry the position by storm. Major Elliott waited until the thirty or -forty barges of the enemy were within a few yards of the southern and -eastern faces, when he greeted them with a rattling fire of musketry, -while hand-grenades and fragments of the ruins were thrown over on -the advancing foe, completely demoralizing him. At the same time the -gunboat Chicora, Fort Moultrie, the Sullivan's island batteries and -Fort Johnson, warned by signal, swept the skirts of the ruins and the -water round about with a fire that nothing could survive. Elliott -captured 5 boats, 5 stand of colors, 12 officers and 109 men. Among -the colors captured was a worn garrison flag, which, it was believed, -was the flag lowered in 1861 by Maj. Robert Anderson, and hoped to be -hoisted again by this storming party. - -On the night of August 20th, Capt. J. Carlin, commanding a torpedo -ram, with a guard on board under Lieut. E. S. Fickling, made an -attempt to explode a torpedo against the New Ironsides. As he ranged -up alongside, Carlin was hailed, and to the demand for the name of his -craft, he replied, "The steamer Live Yankee." The ironclad was swinging -to the ebb, so that it was impossible to do the work undertaken, and -Carlin's only hope was of escape. In this he was successful, although -the Ironsides was soon sweeping the horizon with her guns. On October -5th, another attempt was made to blow up the Ironsides, by Lieut. W. -T. Glassell, C. S. N., First Assistant Engineer J. H. Tombs, Walker -Cannon, pilot, and James Sullivan, fireman, on board the propeller -David, a small submerged steamer. The boat approached the ironclad at -9 p. m. at full speed, and when hailed, Glassell answered with a shot -from a double-barreled gun. The boat struck fairly under the starboard -quarter, and the torpedo was exploded about 6½ feet below the surface, -but it proved to be of too light a charge (70 pounds) to injure the -heavy plates of the enemy. The David was riddled by the fire of -small-arms from the Ironsides, and almost swamped by the great column -of water thrown up by the explosion. Although the little craft escaped -sinking, the fires were put out and the iron ballast thrown among the -machinery, so that it would not work when the engine was reversed. -In this critical situation, and believing the boat to be sinking, -Glassell and Sullivan jumped overboard, and swimming in the direction -of the enemy's vessels were made prisoners. The pilot stuck to the -boat, and Tombs, after being thrown overboard, swam back to it when he -saw that their cries of surrender were not heeded. The two coolly got -up steam under a continuous fire and managed to make their way back -up the channel, escaping two 11-inch shot sent after them, passing -through the Federal fleet and within three feet of one of the monitors. -Though unsuccessful, this was justly considered one of the most daring -exploits of the war, and inspired Beauregard to ask for the purchase of -swift torpedo boats from English builders. - -On November 15th, Maj. John Jenkins, Third South Carolina cavalry, -reported that the enemy had reoccupied Seabrook island (John's island) -in large force. On the following day there was a considerable action -between the Federal monitors and the Sullivan's island batteries, -Capt. Jacob Valentine commanding at Fort Moultrie, Capt. C. H. Rivers -at Battery Rutledge, and Maj. W. S. Basinger at Battery Marion. - -During October the Federals were busy making Batteries Wagner and Gregg -formidable against the Confederate defenses, without much molestation -in their work, while they maintained the bombardment of the ruins of -Fort Sumter. The reports of Major Elliott show that 625 shots were -fired at Sumter on the 27th, with particular attention to the gorge -wall, and on the 29th, 1,039 shots. Their effect was to cut away all -the arches on the sea face, and to make that and the gorge easy of -access. It was evident that the enemy was preparing for another assault -from boats. As many shots of all calibers struck the fort on the next -day, and this destructive torrent of rifled shot and shell and mortar -shells, from the batteries and the monitors, continued for several -days. The casualties in the fort were comparatively few, the main loss -being the burying of twelve members of the Washington light infantry, -Twenty-fifth regiment, and one man of the Twelfth Georgia battalion. -While they were in position for mounting the parapet in case of -assault, a Parrott shot struck an iron girder of the sea wall, and the -roof fell in, crushing them. - -On November 1st, the southwest angle was the main object of the -bombardment. The flagstaff was twice shot away, and replaced by -brave men of the Georgia battalion, who were finally compelled to -substitute their own flag for the riddled garrison flag. On the 4th, -Major Elliott remarked, regarding the rifled shells: "The practice -with these projectiles is very beautiful, the adjustment of the time -fuses being so perfect that the occupants of the gorge wall are secure -from the effects of the explosion, which rarely fails to occur during -the passage of the shell over the parade." On the 6th the flagstaff -was again shot away, and replaced by Sergeant Currie and Corporal -Montgomery of the Twenty-fifth South Carolina. On the 12th, again, -some of the Georgians had the honor of replacing the flag under fire. -Hardly a day passed without some one being killed and several more -or less seriously wounded. During the week ending November 16th, -over 3,000 shots were fired at Sumter, and on the night of the 19th -a second attempt was made to land a force from barges and storm the -ruins, but Elliott and his men were on guard, and their musketry fire -prevented the barges from reaching the island. On the 24th, Capt. F. -H. Harleston, having gone down the slope of the sea face to inspect -the obstructions against storming parties, was mortally wounded by a -Parrott shell. - -On November 28th Elliott reported: - - Private James Tupper, shot marker, Charleston battalion, seeing - yesterday morning that the flag had been shot down, walked along - the whole extent of the gorge wall, on the parapet, and endeavored - to raise it. Finding that the staff was too short, he procured an - additional piece of spar, and with the assistance of C. B. Foster and - Corps. W. C. Buckheister and A. J. Bluett, succeeded in splicing and - planting the staff, under a very heavy fire directed at them. One shot - struck the flag from their hands. It was a most distinguished display - of gallantry. - -About this time the continuous pounding of the ruins by the enemy's -projectiles had produced a steep slope on the exterior of the fort, -with very insecure footing, and Colonel Elliott, after an examination, -had no serious fears of an assault. On the 11th, the most fatal -calamity in the history of the fort occurred--the explosion of the -southwest magazine--a danger of which the heroic defenders had been -in constant dread. The occupants of the adjoining rooms were killed -or badly burned, and the flames, which instantly caught, spread with -fierceness, filling the casemates with stifling smoke. As soon as the -enemy observed the fire, he opened upon the fort with rifled shells and -mortars. Colonel Elliott was slightly wounded, Capt. Edward D. Frost -and 10 others were killed, and 40 sustained more or less serious -injuries. Capt. John Johnson, Lieut. L. A. Harper and Capt. M. H. -Sellers were distinguished for bravery and coolness amid the excitement -and danger. The fire was not entirely extinguished until a week later. - -[Illustration: - - MAP - of Charleston and its DEFENSES. - - Compiled from Surveys of - PORTIONS OF S^T ANDREW'S and CHRIST C^H PARISHES - - BY - - LIEUT. JOHN JOHNSON, C. S. Eng^rs. - - THE HARBOR, JAMES I^D, FOLLY I^D, MORRIS I^D, - SULLLIVAN'S I^D, AND LONG I^D - - NOV. 1863.] - -[Illustration] - -On the last of the year the undaunted Elliott recommended that he -be provided with two iron shields for casemate batteries, which he -said would render his position one of "comparative invulnerability." -His report at this time showed that since August 12th nearly 27,000 -projectiles had been fired at Sumter, of which 19,808 had struck. -During the same time 38 men had been killed and 142 wounded. - -On Christmas day an artillery attack was made upon the United States -gunboat Marblehead, lying off Legaréville, by Col. P. R. Page, but with -the assistance of the Pawnee the vigorous efforts to capture the vessel -were repelled. - -During all this period Forts Moultrie, Johnson, Simkins, Cheves and -other batteries, maintained an effective fire upon the enemy's works -and fleet, and attempts were otherwise made to destroy the naval force -of the Federals, but without success. On October 11th four floating -torpedoes were set afloat from Fort Sumter with time fuses, but they -exploded at too great a distance from the fleet. On the 15th the -submarine boat was lost in an attempt to run under the navy receiving -ship. As soon as she sunk, air bubbles were seen to come to the -surface, indicating that the manhole was not properly closed. Capt. F. -L. Hunley and seven men were lost. - -In November, the throwing of shells into the city, which was commenced -August 21st, was resumed with more frequency. Mr. T. S. Hale, the -observer at St. Michael's steeple, reported his post as the enemy's -principal line of fire, radiating to the northeastward as far as St. -Philip's church. He counted 27 shots on August 21st and the three -days following, and 3 on October 27th, but the regular bombardment -may be said to have begun on November 17th, after which to January -5, 1864, 442 shells fell in the city. The shells first thrown were -200-pound Parrotts, but later 100-pound projectiles were mainly used. -Only five deaths resulted, two ladies, two civilians, and one slave. -A number of buildings were ruined, and thousands of persons compelled -to leave their homes and seek refuge in the upper part of the city -or in the interior of the State. The heaviest bombardment in 1863 -was on Christmas day, when 150 shells were fired at the city, and a -considerable fire caused in the vicinity of St. Michael's church. -Several citizens, soldiers and firemen were wounded. - -In December, 1863, a complete system of interior defense was perfected -at Fort Sumter, by the aid of which the garrison, in the event of being -driven to take refuge in the casemates and bomb-proof, could protect -itself, while signaling for assistance from the surrounding Confederate -batteries. Through the heroic efforts of its garrison, under eighteen -months of constant fire, the stronghold was maintained as an effective -part of the city's defenses. Says Major Johnson: - - From having been a desolate ruin, a shapeless pile of shattered walls - and casemates, showing here and there the guns disabled and half - buried in splintered wrecks of carriages, its mounds of rubbish fairly - reeking with the smoke and smell of powder, Fort Sumter under fire - was transformed within a year into a powerful earthwork, impregnable - to assault, and even supporting the other works at the entrance of - Charleston harbor with six guns of the heaviest caliber. - -The shelling of Charleston continued during January, 1864, on one day -273 shells being thrown, and in the latter part of the month the fire -on Sumter was renewed. On the 30th the flagstaff was shot down, and -replaced by Private F. Schafer, of Lucas' battalion, who at the close -of his work stood on the traverse amid a cloud of smoke and dust from -bursting shell, waving his hat in triumph. - -Early in February, General Beauregard was advised of Gillmore's -expedition in Florida, threatening the capital of that State, and he -immediately began forwarding troops to that almost defenseless region. -Colquitt's Georgia brigade was under orders to move, when news was -received of a Federal advance on John's island, doubtless undertaken -to detain troops at Charleston, or to take advantage of their absence. -Gen. Henry A. Wise, in command of the Sixth district, reported that -the enemy landed in force on Kiowah island, the night of the 8th, -crossed Seabrook island, at the Haulover to John's island, driving -in the pickets of the advanced post held by Maj. John Jenkins, with -part of the Sixth South Carolina cavalry. Jenkins, though outnumbered, -made a gallant resistance when attacked on the morning of the 9th, and -suffered considerable loss, Capt. M. B. Humphreys, commanding the cadet -cavalry company, being severely wounded. Said General Wise: - - With about 150 men composed of the Stono scouts, the Rebel troop, - the Cadets and Sullivan's cavalry company, one section of the Marion - artillery, and Captain Jennett's company of the Fifty-ninth Virginia - infantry, he held the whole force of the enemy in check; fought and - fell back some two or three miles only, and in turn drove them back - nearly the whole distance by such repeated charges all day that he - made them fear he was supported, and he held his ground manfully until - night, when he was reinforced by Colonel Tabb with a battalion of the - Fifty-ninth Virginia and the Marion artillery. - -On the morning of the 10th, Jenkins was reinforced by Charles' South -Carolina battery and a battalion of the Twenty-sixth Virginia, under -Col. P. R. Page, who took command until General Wise came up and -retired the forces to a more advantageous position, across the Bohicket -road. Part of Colquitt's Georgia brigade soon arrived, and a strong -line was formed. The enemy's advance was met by the artillery, before -whose effective fire the Federals retreated from the field. General -Wise did not order an advance till next morning, when it was found -that General Schimmelfennig, the Federal commander, had abandoned his -enterprise and left the island under cover of the gunboats. In these -operations about 15 men were killed or wounded in Jenkins' command. The -Federal loss was about the same. Colquitt's brigade was immediately -forwarded to Florida. On the morning of the 11th, all the harbor -batteries bearing on Morris island opened a vigorous bombardment, as -though preceding an attack by infantry, to make a diversion in favor of -General Wise. - -The night of February 17th was made memorable by the destruction of the -United States sloop-of-war Housatonic. This was done by the submarine -torpedo boat H. L. Hunley, under command of Lieut. George E. Dixon, of -Alabama. This brave officer and his associates left Battery Marshall, -on Sullivan's island, that night, for their daring deed, and were never -again heard from. They shared the fate of the vessel they destroyed. - -The usual daily round of artillery firing continued in the harbor -defenses, with little activity on the part of the enemy, during the -following months, when both North and South were preparing for the -great struggle between the armies in Virginia and Georgia. The guns of -Fort Sumter, at noon of April 13th, fired a defiant salute in honor -of the surrender by Major Anderson, and provoked a fire in which J. -P. Huger, of the signal corps, was killed. A day or two later Colonel -Elliott was relieved in command by Capt. John C. Mitchel, of the First -artillery. On May 16th, two monitors moved up and opened fire on -Sumter, but were driven off, seriously injured by the Sullivan's island -batteries. - -Sumter's flagstaff was again shot away on June 20th, the Federal -gunners at Cummings point hitting the staff at the second shot and -cutting it in two. Lieut. C. H. Claibourne, First regulars, assisted -by Sergt. N. F. Devereux and Corp. B. Brannon, mounted the gorge wall -and lashed the two pieces of staff together, under a rapid fire. The -flagstaff was again struck on the 25th, and twice shot away on the -26th, the last time being replaced by Privates Walter Steele and D. E. -Badger. In return, a skillful gunner at Fort Johnson brought down the -Federal flag at Battery Gregg. - -With the approach of the May campaigns in Virginia and Georgia, heavy -drafts were made upon General Beauregard's forces. On March 17th, -the First and Second cavalry were ordered to South Carolina, and the -Fourth, Colonel Rutledge; Fifth, Colonel Dunovant; Sixth, Colonel -Aiken; Seventh Georgia, and Millen's battalion, and the cavalry -companies of Captains Tucker, Wallace, Boykin, Trenholm and Magee were -ordered from General Beauregard's department to Virginia. On April -14th, General Evans' brigade, under Gen. W. S. Walker, was ordered -to Wilmington, N. C. The Eleventh and Eighteenth South Carolina, -Colquitt's brigade, and Company A, siege train, were ordered back from -Florida. General Beauregard, on the 20th, was assigned to command of -the department of Southern Virginia and North Carolina, and Maj.-Gen. -Sam Jones succeeded him at Charleston. A week later Hagood's brigade -was ordered to Virginia. Several Georgia regiments were sent to General -Johnston at Dalton. On May 3d, both Wise's and Colquitt's brigades were -ordered to Richmond. On the 4th General Jones telegraphed to Johnston, -"I am sending off my last infantry brigade to Virginia." Under this -pressure for troops, General Jones requested the mayor to organize -the fire brigade into companies, ordered all the detailed men in his -staff departments to be organized, and called on the president of the -South Carolina railroad to muster in his employes for defense of the -city. Commander Tucker co-operated in this effort by organizing a -naval battalion. On the 24th Colonel Keitt's regiment was started for -Richmond. Federal troops, also, had been sent to Virginia and General -Gillmore had been called to that field and replaced by General Foster. - -While these troops were being ordered from the State, the "reserves" -were called out by the government at Richmond. In a communication to -the secretary of war on this subject, Governor Bonham pointed out -that in South Carolina, unlike other States, militia officers and -magistrates were not exempt and were already in the field, and that the -taking away of the remaining population at home, under eighteen years -of age and over forty-five, would cause great suffering next year, and -in view of the loss of upper Georgia, possible starvation. - -At the same time there was much change in district commanders, one of -the most important being the assignment of General McLaws to the Third -district and Georgia. - -On July 31st, the aggregate present in various commands under General -Jones was as follows: First and Fourth districts, Gen. R. S. Ripley, -3,177; Seventh district, General Taliaferro, 3,742; Second and Sixth -districts, Gen. B. H. Robertson, 1,280; Third district and district of -Georgia, General McLaws, 3,600. - -The bombardment of Charleston having continued for ten months, on -June 13th General Jones addressed the following letter to the Federal -commander: - - Maj.-Gen. J. G. Foster, Commanding United States Forces on Coast of - South Carolina, C. S. - - General: Five generals and 45 field officers of the United States - army, all of them prisoners of war, have been sent to this city for - safekeeping. They have been turned over to Brigadier-General Ripley, - commanding the First military district of this department, who will - see that they are provided with commodious quarters in a part of the - city occupied by non-combatants, the majority of whom are women and - children. It is proper, however, that I should inform you that it is a - part of the city which has been for many months exposed day and night - to the fire of your guns. - - Very respectfully, your obedient servant, - SAM JONES, Major-General Commanding. - -General Foster, replying, said in part: - - Many months since Major-General Gillmore, United States army, notified - General Beauregard, then commanding at Charleston, that the city - would be bombarded. This notice was given, that non-combatants might - be removed and thus women and children be spared from harm. General - Beauregard, in a communication to General Gillmore, dated August 22, - 1863, informed him that the non-combatant population of Charleston - would be removed with all possible celerity.... That city is a depot - for military supplies. It contains not merely arsenals, but also - foundries and factories for the manufacture of munitions of war. In - its shipyards several armed ironclads have already been completed, - while others are still upon the stocks in course of construction. - Its wharves and the banks of the rivers on both sides are lined with - batteries. To destroy these means of continuing the war is therefore - our object and duty.... I have forwarded your communication to the - President, with the request that he will place in my custody an equal - number of prisoners of the like grades, to be kept by me in positions - exposed to the fire of your guns as long as you continue the course - stated in your communication. - -General Halleck, Federal chief of staff, in a letter to Foster, June -21st, stated that the secretary of war approved his suggestion, and had -ordered an equal number of Confederate generals and field officers to -be forwarded to be treated precisely as the Federal prisoners were, and -with proper precautions to prevent escape, "putting them in irons, if -necessary, for that purpose." The first roll of Confederate prisoners -of war made out for this purpose was from those confined at Fort -Delaware, and included Maj.-Gens. Edward Johnson and Franklin Gardner, -Brig.-Gens. J. J. Archer, G. H. Steuart and M. Jeff Thompson, and 46 -colonels, lieutenant-colonels and majors. - -General Jones, on July 1st, proposed to General Foster that they -should exchange prisoners, if the respective governments approved, and -enclosed communications from Brigadier-Generals Wessells, Seymour, -Scammon, Heckman and Shaler, the Federal general officers in his -hands, in which they declared that a prompt exchange of prisoners, if -an exchange were to be made, was called for by every consideration -of humanity. They also asked for the Confederate officers who had -arrived at Hilton Head, "every kindness and courtesy that could be -extended them, in acknowledgment of the fact that we at this time are -as pleasantly and comfortably situated as is possible for prisoners of -war, receiving from the Confederate authorities every privilege that we -could desire or expect, nor are we unnecessarily exposed to fire." - -General Foster replied to General Jones that he fully reciprocated the -desire for an exchange, but added: "Before any steps can be taken to -effect it, it will be necessary to withdraw from exposure to our fire -those officers now confined in Charleston. I have not yet placed your -prisoners in a similar position of exposure." To this General Jones -rejoined that a removal of the prisoners would be an implied admission -that they were unduly exposed, which they had themselves denied. - -The Confederate prisoners were placed on Morris island, under the fire -of the Confederate batteries, the number being increased to about 600 -officers of all grades, and were there held, until in October they and -the prisoners at Charleston were removed. - -General Foster, on June 23d, notified the Federal chief of staff that -he would begin important operations soon, saying: "I propose, first, to -destroy the Charleston & Savannah railroad, and then to make a sudden -attack upon some of the defenses of Charleston or of Savannah. If I -fail in one, I will try the other." On July 1st, he sailed from Hilton -Head with a force of 5,000 infantry, 100 cavalry and two sections of -artillery. Two brigades, under General Hatch, were landed on Seabrook -island with orders to push to the north end, seize the ferry, cross -over and destroy the railroad. Another brigade was landed at White -Point under General Birney, with orders to torpedo the railroad track -and destroy the South Edisto and Ashepoo bridges and the trestle. At -the same time General Schimmelfennig was to attack on James island, a -boat expedition of 1,000 men was to assault Forts Johnson and Simkins, -and the bombardment of Fort Sumter was to be renewed with the intention -of leveling its walls preparatory to storming. - -This combined attack was a serious one and taxed the heroism of the -brave defenders of Charleston, but, as in previous emergencies, they -were successful in meeting the enemy at every point. Birney, Foster -said, encountered a small force of the enemy with a battery, and though -Foster helped him with gunboats on Dawho creek, he retreated and fell -in behind Schimmelfennig on the Stono. The latter carried a battery -on James island, but was shelled out of it by the batteries from -Secessionville to Fort Pringle. Hatch marched across John's island but -found it too hot to fight the Confederates concentrated at the ferry. -Colonel Hoyt, of the boat expedition, was compelled to surrender with -5 officers and 132 men. Such, in effect, was Foster's summing up of -results on July 7th. On the 12th, he added, that having been successful -in one respect, forcing the Confederates to accumulate a large force to -meet him, he had re-embarked to give his men a few days' rest, after a -loss of 54 killed and drowned, 133 wounded and 143 missing. His rest -continued until November. - -Gen. W. B. Taliaferro was in command on the Secessionville line, which -included Forts Johnson, Haskell and Pringle, and Batteries Simkins, -Wampler, Cheves, etc., whence an active fire had been maintained at the -enemy, varied at times with skirmishing against Federal demonstrations. -On July 2d he observed the advance of the enemy in force, driving -in the cavalry vedettes upon the infantry pickets stretching from -Rivers' causeway to the Stono. There a stubborn resistance was made -by Maj. Edward Manigault, supported by Lieutenant De Lorme's light -artillery and a detachment of the siege train serving as infantry under -Lieutenant Spivey. The gallant De Lorme, fighting too long against -a line of battle, at the fourth charge of the enemy lost his guns -after they had occasioned great loss in the Federal ranks. The picket -line was withdrawn in range of the batteries, and the enemy advanced -and intrenched, Taliaferro not having force enough to attack, being -compelled to weaken Fort Johnson to hold his main line. A gunboat came -up the Stono to cover the Federal flank, but was driven back by Battery -Pringle. The enemy made one advance in force, but met such a warm -reception from the artillery that no further effort was made that day. - -Next morning at daylight the enemy landed from barges at Shell point -and made the attack on Battery Simkins and Fort Johnson. Both were -fiercely assaulted by the Federals, but, said General Taliaferro, "the -gallant garrison, under the command of Lieut.-Col. Joseph A. Yates, -received them with heroic determination, and soon staggered and drove -them back, when, with a rapid charge headed by Lieutenants Waties -and Reynolds, 140 prisoners, including 5 commissioned officers, were -taken." The participants in this brilliant affair were the companies of -Lieutenant Waties, Captain Gaillard and Lieutenant Cooper, of the First -artillery, and of Lieutenants Halsey and Raworth, Second artillery. -These officers and Corporal Crawford were distinguished for gallantry. -Five barges were captured. - -The 3d was opened with an artillery battle along the line, and -the enemy's monitors and gunboats were seen ascending the Stono. -Legaréville and other points on John's island were occupied, and -Taliaferro was led to believe that the enemy was engaged in a serious -movement, on the same line as that adopted by Sir Henry Clinton in -March, 1780, who occupied John's island, crossed the Stono at the site -of Fort Pemberton, and after gaining possession of the Stono, moved -from James' island to the mainland. Nevertheless the Confederate line -put on a bold front and Colonel Harrison, with his Georgians, advanced -and drove back the Federal pickets to their original line. For several -days afterward artillery firing continued along the lines, and attacks -upon Manigault's picket line. The Federal fleet opened a terrific fire -on Battery Pringle, disabling several of the guns. To relieve the -exhausted garrison at the latter point, Colonel Rhett was assigned and -Major Blanding with two companies of the First artillery. Battery Tynes -was also under fire, but ably defended by Captain Richardson, of Lucas' -battalion.[G] - -[Footnote G: General Taliaferro gave his loss in the campaign at 10 -killed and 25 wounded. He particularly commended the gallantry of the -men on his advanced line under unremitting fire for eight days and -nights from the enemy's monitors, gunboats, mortar boats and land -batteries. These troops were detachments from the First and Second -artillery, Company B, siege train; First cavalry, First infantry -(regulars), Kirk's and Peeples' squadrons of cavalry and Harrison's and -Bonaud's Georgians, the South Carolina officers commanding being Major -Manigault, Major Blanding, Capts. R. P. Smith, Dickson, Warley, Rivers, -Witherspoon, Burnet, Humbert, Stallings, Kennedy, Porcher Smith and -Trezevant. The Stono batteries, under Majors Lucas and Blanding, were -commanded by Captains Hayne, Richardson, Rhett, King, Lieutenants Ogier -(specially distinguished), Martin, Reveley, Lucas, Ford and Stuart. -Lieutenant-Colonel Brown at Fort Lamar, and the light batteries under -Captain Wheaton, did good service, and Colonels Black, Frederick and -Rhett were faithful and efficient in their duties commanding on the -east and west and in reserve.] - -On the 8th Colonel Harrison, with his brigade, was sent to the -assistance of Gen. B. H. Robertson, commanding on John's island. The -latter had repulsed several assaults, Major Jenkins commanding at -the front, and after the arrival of the Georgians, made an attack in -turn, on the morning of the 9th, driving the enemy from his first -intrenched line to the second, beyond Burden's causeway, and occupying -the elevated ground necessary to the Federals to enfilade Taliaferro's -line on James island. The entire Confederate loss was 37 killed and 91 -wounded.[H] - -[Footnote H: General Robertson specially commended, aside from the -gallant Georgians who led in the charge on the 9th, the Washington, -Marion, and Inglis batteries, under Colonel Kemper, Major Jenkins, -Sergeant Jervais and Privates Miller and Bryan of the Stono scouts; -Private A. J. White, of the Second cavalry, and a portion of the Second -cavalry under Captain Clark, who defended the right of the line on the -first day and lost 13 out of 21 engaged. Captain Dean, of the same -regiment, with 13 men, also participated in this heroic fight.] - -While the battle was in progress on John's island, a Brooke gun, -brought to Battery Pringle, drove the enemy's wooden boats down stream. -An attempt of the enemy to float fire rafts with the tide against the -Stono bridge was defeated by Lieutenant Smith, with a detachment of the -naval battalion, who brought them to shore, and a second barge attack -on Fort Johnson was repulsed, the garrison being aided by Le Gardeur's -battery and a company of marines. On the 11th the enemy disappeared. - -In his detailed report, Gen. Sam Jones said: "Officers captured concur -in representing that the expedition was well and carefully considered -and planned, and was confidently expected to result in the capture of -Charleston. That it failed is due, under Providence, to the gallantry -and good conduct of our officers and men." His aggregate of losses was -33 killed and 96 wounded. - -The part of this campaign which fell upon Fort Sumter was a fierce -bombardment by day and night, in which from July 7th to July 31st -inclusive, 7,000 shot and shell took effect. On the 7th the flag was -cut down three times. On the 20th Commandant Mitchel, one of the most -gallant officers of the artillery service, was mortally wounded while -making an observation from the highest point of the fort. Capt. John -Johnson, the faithful engineer-in-chief, was severely wounded on -the 28th. But in spite of this terrific bombardment, and a new sort -of attack--floating powder boats to explode in its vicinity--Sumter -remained invulnerable. Capt. Thomas A. Huguenin succeeded Mitchel in -command, and remained in charge until on the night of February 17, -1865, he went the rounds of the indomitable fortress for the last time, -and abandoned it to the enemy who had never been able to enter its -walls while a Confederate soldier remained on guard. - -Major Jenkins, on August 20th, found it necessary to burn the village -of Legaréville. The Stono scouts, owners of property in the place, -volunteered to aid in the work, sixteen of the members applying the -torches to their own dwellings. - -On October 5th, Maj.-Gen. W. J. Hardee took command of the department, -relieving General Jones, whom he assigned to command of the State, -exclusive of General McLaws' district in the southeast. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - - SOUTH CAROLINIANS WITH LONGSTREET AND LEE--WAUHATCHIE--MISSIONARY - RIDGE--KNOXVILLE--THE VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN OF 1864--FROM THE WILDERNESS - TO THE BATTLE OF THE CRATER. - - -Following the battle of Chickamauga, Bragg's army occupied Lookout -mountain and Missionary ridge, beleaguering Rosecrans, whose troops -soon began to suffer for want of food. Longstreet, in command on -the left, had the important duty of holding the river line of -communication, and cutting off Rosecrans' supplies. Hood's division, -at this time, was commanded by Brig.-Gen. Micah Jenkins, and Col. -John Bratton commanded Jenkins' brigade, which joined Longstreet -after Chickamauga. The First regiment was under command of Col. F. W. -Kilpatrick; the Second Rifles, of Col. Thomas Thompson; the Fifth, -of Col. A. Coward; the Sixth, of Col. M. W. Gary, and the Palmetto -Sharpshooters, of Col. Joseph Walker. - -In October, 1863, Rosecrans was replaced by Thomas, Grant became -commander-in-chief in the West, and prompt efforts were made by them -to relieve Chattanooga. On Longstreet's part Law's brigade of Jenkins' -division was moved down the river below Lookout mountain, and on the -25th the brigade observed a force from Chattanooga cross the river and -seize a strong position, where it was soon reinforced by Hooker's corps -from Virginia. On the 28th Longstreet arranged for a night attack upon -Geary's division, marching down Lookout valley toward Brown's ferry, -in which Bratton's division was to assail the enemy's rear.[I] The -South Carolinians made a gallant attack, and, Colonel Bratton reported, -"drove the enemy through their camp, and entirely beyond their wagon -camp." The brigade became seriously engaged, and apparently had -prospects of success, if supported, but the Federal divisions of Carl -Schurz and O. O. Howard were close at hand, and Bratton was ordered to -withdraw. The loss was heavy, 31 killed, 286 wounded and 39 missing. -Colonel Kilpatrick, distinguished for gallantry and efficiency, was -shot through the heart early in the engagement. Capt. James L. Coker, -of Bratton's staff, was seriously wounded. In an account of this -combat, Captain Coker has written: - - General Geary's division was attacked by Jenkins' South Carolina - brigade. No other troops fired a shot at Geary's men that night. When - the order to retire was received, the brigade was withdrawn in good - order. General Howard [marching to the support of Geary] made such - progress that Jenkins' brigade was in danger of being cut off from the - crossing over Lookout creek. - -With this understanding it is interesting to read General Geary's -report: - - The enemy pressed forward vigorously with a continuous line of - fire.... The guns of Knap's battery ... were served ... with spherical - case with short fuses.... Charge after charge was made, each with - redoubled effort upon our left, but each time the enemy's lines were - hurled back under the unintermitting fire, both from infantry and - artillery, that like a wall of flame opposed them. Prisoners began to - come in, and we discovered that we were opposing Hood's division of - Longstreet's corps.... After nearly half an hour's desperate fighting - ... the enemy extended his attack without cessation of fire on the - left, to the right of my center, front and left flank.... The infantry - suffered considerably, but dealt destruction into the rebel ranks as - correspondingly overwhelming as were their numbers to those of our own - Spartan band.... The veteran division of Hood had sought to annihilate - us.... The enemy was driven from the field, after a most desperate - struggle of three hours' duration.... [Geary reported his total - present at about 2,400, loss 216.] - -[Footnote I: Col. Robert E. Bowen, then senior captain commanding the -Second Rifles, in a description of this battle of Wauhatchie, Will's -Valley, or Lookout Valley, as it is variously called, says that during -an observation of the Federal movements from the summit of Lookout, -General Jenkins asked permission to attack and capture "the supply -train for Rosecrans' army," for which Hooker's troops were mistaken, -and the attack was made with that understanding, Law's brigade being -stationed at the river to prevent reinforcements from Chattanooga. -Captain Bowen commanded the brigade skirmish line of six companies, -which drove in the Federals, until he found them in heavy force in line -of battle, when he notified General Jenkins, and was ordered to go -as far as possible. His men opened fire, lying down to load, and the -brigade advanced to their line, within a hundred yards of the Federals, -and there stopped on account of the evident strength of the enemy. -Captain Bowen was severely wounded, and Sergt. G. W. Bradley, a noble -soldier, was killed.] - -Early in November, Longstreet, with the divisions of McLaws and Hood -(under Jenkins), including the South Carolina brigades of Jenkins and -Kershaw, and Fickling's battery, was ordered up the Tennessee valley -to wrest Knoxville from Burnside and to divert to that region some of -the heavy reinforcements Grant was massing against Bragg. The South -Carolina brigades participated in the combats of the advance and -the investment of Knoxville. Jenkins' brigade bore the brunt of the -engagement at Lenoir's Station, November 15th, in which the gallantry -and dash of the skirmishers, said Jenkins, were never surpassed. -Lieutenant-Colonel Logan, Hampton's legion, and Lieutenant-Colonel -Wylie, Fifth South Carolina, were particularly distinguished. The -brigade lost 18 killed and 106 wounded. - -On November 18th, before Knoxville, General Kershaw's brigade was -ordered to assault the advance line of the enemy occupying breastworks -of rails, upon a hill, and the Armstrong houses. The charge was -brilliant and successful. Colonel Nance, of the Third, reported it "was -the most desperate encounter in which the regiment was ever engaged." -Among the mortally wounded was Lieut. D. S. Moffett. Colonel Kennedy, -of the Second, was wounded. Maj. J. F. Gist, the brave and intrepid -commander of the Fifteenth, was killed by a Federal sharpshooter, -the command devolving on Capt. J. B. Davis. James' battalion lost 27 -killed and wounded. Part of Kershaw's brigade was in action during -the unsuccessful assault of November 29th, and both brigades, with -occasional fighting and continuous suffering for want of shoes, -clothing and rations, passed the inclement winter in rugged east -Tennessee. - -On November 20th the South Carolina commands with Bragg on Missionary -ridge were the Tenth and Nineteenth, Maj. James L. White (Manigault's -brigade); the Sixteenth, Colonel McCullough, and Twenty-fourth, Colonel -Stevens (Gist's brigade), and Ferguson's battery. These troops fell -back with the army on November 25th, and passed the winter of 1863-64 -in the vicinity of Dalton. - -While their comrades were thus engaged in the West, the South -Carolinians in the army of Northern Virginia were undisturbed except -by the Bristoe campaign in October, and the Mine Run campaign in -November. Abner Perrin, promoted to brigadier-general, commanded -McGowan's brigade; Col. D. H. Hamilton, the First regiment; Col. J. L. -Miller, the Twelfth; Col. B. T. Brockman, the Fourteenth; Col. F. E. -Harrison, Orr's Rifles. This brigade, with Lane's, Scales' and Thomas' -formed the division of Maj.-Gen. C. M. Wilcox, A. P. Hill's corps. -General Hampton, promoted to major-general, commanded a division of -the cavalry corps, and his old brigade, under Brig.-Gen. M. C. Butler, -included the First and Second South Carolina cavalry, under Colonels -Black and Lipscomb. Hart's battery was still with the cavalry, the Pee -Dee artillery with the Third corps, Garden's with Maj. J. C. Haskell's -battalion of the reserve artillery. Butler's cavalry brigade, under -Col. P. M. B. Young, early in October was distinguished at Bethsaida -church. "The enemy were drawn up in line to meet us," General Stuart -reported, "but being gallantly charged in flank and rear by the First -South Carolina cavalry, Lieut.-Col. J. D. Twiggs, broke and fled -in confusion." Pursuing to James City, Kilpatrick's whole division -was encountered. During the skirmishing which followed, a dash of -the enemy at the horse artillery was gallantly met and repulsed by -150 sharpshooters under Capt. R. Ap C. Jones, First South Carolina -cavalry. Fighting followed around Brandy Station, and Young's brigade -made a successful stand at Fleetwood hill on the 12th. On the 19th, at -Haymarket and Buckland mills, when Kilpatrick was finally routed with -the loss of 250 prisoners and General Custer's headquarters baggage, -the First South Carolina gallantly led in the impetuous charge of -Stuart's troopers. "The rout at Buckland," said Stuart, "was the most -signal and complete that any cavalry has suffered during the war." - -When the great Federal army under Grant and Meade crossed the Rapidan -in May, 1864, Longstreet had his corps again in Virginia, with -headquarters at Gordonsville. Brig.-Gen. J. B. Kershaw was in command -of McLaws' division, and his brigade was led by Col. John W. Henagan. -Lieut.-Col. Franklin Gaillard commanded the Second, Colonel Nance the -Third, Capt. James Mitchell the Seventh, Lieut.-Col. E. T. Stackhouse -the Eighth, Col. John B. Davis the Fifteenth, Capt. B. M. Whitener the -Third battalion. General Jenkins was in command of his brigade, in the -division now led by Maj.-Gen. C. W. Field, and the First regiment was -commanded by Col. James R. Hagood, the Second (rifles) by Col. Robert -E. Bowen, the Fifth by Col. A. Coward, the Sixth by Col. John Bratton, -the Palmetto Sharpshooters by Col. Joseph Walker. General McGowan -was again in command of his brigade, of Wilcox's division, on the -Rapidan. The South Carolina cavalry brigade, under Gen. M. C. Butler, -composed of the Fourth regiment, Col. B. Huger Rutledge; Fifth, Col. -John Dunovant, and Sixth, Col. Hugh K. Aiken, was assigned to General -Hampton's division. Garden's battery, the Palmetto artillery under -Captain Fickling, the Pee Dee under Zimmerman, and Hart's battery -continued in their former assignments. - -On the night of May 5, 1864, General Lee telegraphed to President Davis: - - The enemy crossed the Rapidan yesterday at Ely's and Germanna fords. - Two corps of this army moved to oppose him--Ewell's by the old - turnpike, and Hill's by the plank road.... A strong attack was made - upon Ewell, who repulsed it.... The enemy subsequently concentrated - upon General Hill, who, with Heth's and Wilcox's divisions, - successfully resisted repeated and desperate assaults. - -In this first fight in the Wilderness, May 5th, McGowan's brigade was -hurried into action, the line being formed of the First regiment, -Orr's Rifles, Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth, from right to left. -In this order the brigade made a charge in which the enemy were -driven through the thickets, and in the onset, though suffering heavy -losses, it captured a considerable number of prisoners, including a -brigadier-general. - -The attack of the Federals on the 6th fell upon the right flank and -front of McGowan's brigade, forcing it to double up and fall back on -Poague's artillery, where it was reformed. At this juncture, Kershaw -reached the field, with the head of Longstreet's corps, and Colonel -Henagan formed his brigade in line of battle just in time to screen -the retreating masses of Heth's and Wilcox's divisions. "Almost -immediately," says Kershaw, "the Federals were upon us." He continues: - - Ordering Colonel Henagan forward to meet them with the right of his - command, I threw forward the Second South Carolina regiment on the - left of the road and deployed and pushed forward Brigadier-General - Humphreys with his brigade, also, on the right of the road. This - formation was made successfully and in good order under the fire of - the enemy, who had so far penetrated into the interval between Henagan - and the road as to almost enfilade the Second South Carolina, which - was holding the left of the road, and some batteries which were - there stationed. Humphreys was pushed forward as soon as he got into - position, and made for a time steady progress. - - In the meantime General Bryan's brigade coming up, was ordered into - position to Henagan's right. That officer, in obedience to orders, had - pushed forward and driven the enemy in his front for some distance - through the dense thicket which covered the country to the right of - the plank road; but they being heavily reinforced, forced him back - to the line which Humphreys had by this time reached. Here the enemy - held my three brigades so obstinately that I placed myself at the - head of the troops and led in person a charge of the whole command, - which drove the enemy to and beyond their original line and occupied - their temporary field works some half mile or more in advance. The - lines being rectified, and Field's division and Wofford's brigade - having arrived, a movement was organized to attack the enemy in flank - from our right, while we continued to hold the enemy in front, who - was at intervals bearing down upon our lines, but always without any - success. This movement, concealed from view by the dense wood, was - eminently successful, and the enemy was routed and driven pell-mell - as far as the Brock road, and pursued by General Wofford to some - distance across the plank road, where he halted within a few hundred - yards of the Germanna road. Returning with General Wofford up the - plank road, and learning the condition of things in front, we met - the lieutenant-general commanding, coming to the front almost within - musket range of the Brock road. Exchanging hasty congratulations upon - the success of the morning, the lieutenant-general rapidly planned - and directed an attack to be made by Brigadier-General Jenkins and - myself upon the position of the enemy upon the Brock road before he - could recover from his disaster. The order to me was to break their - line and push all to the right of the road toward Fredericksburg. - Jenkins' brigade was put in motion in the plank road, my division in - the woods to the right. I rode with General Jenkins at the head of his - command, arranging with him the details of our combined attack. We had - not advanced as far as the position still held by Wofford's brigade - when two or three shots were fired on the left of the road, and some - stragglers came running in from that direction, and immediately a - volley was poured into the head of our column from the woods on our - right, occupied by Mahone's brigade. By this volley General Longstreet - was prostrated by a fearful wound; Brigadier-General Jenkins, Capt. - Alfred E. Doby, my aide-de-camp, and Orderly Marcus Baum were - instantly killed. - - I have not the particulars of casualties at hand, except those in - Kershaw's brigade, which were 57 killed, 239 wounded and 26 missing. - Among the losses of that brigade were two of the most gallant and - accomplished field officers of the command--Col. James D. Nance, - commanding Third South Carolina regiment, and Lieut.-Col. Franklin - Gaillard--both gentlemen of education, position and usefulness in - civil life and highly distinguished in the field. Captain Doby had - served with me as aide-de-camp from the commencement of the war. He - distinguished himself upon every battlefield. - -Colonel Bowen, in describing the service of his regiment (Jenkins' -brigade), says: - - General Longstreet did not fall from his horse, but rode the - length of the regiment (Second rifles), when he began to reel, and - Lieutenant-Colonel Donnald and Sergt. T. J. Bowen caught him and - lifted him down from his horse. Colonel Bowen formed his regiment - across the plank road in order to repel an attack in case the enemy - should return. Just at that time Gen. R. E. Lee rode up and ordered - Colonel Bowen to form the brigade on the right and left of the Second - rifles. Colonel Coward came up and threw himself, weeping, over the - dead body of the gallant Jenkins. General Anderson was called to - take command of the corps and Colonel Bratton took command of the - brigade. The sharpshooters and the Second rifles were then ordered - to the front and right, and after a half mile's march found that - the enemy had improved the brief lull in the fight by throwing up - intrenchments, from behind which they opened a terrific fire. The - advance regiments held their position and suffered a heavy loss, - until, as reinforcements came up, the enemy fell back. - -The return of Colonel Hagood, of Jenkins' brigade--10 killed and 82 -wounded out of 261--indicates the losses of the troops engaged. The 7th -passed without a general engagement, but instead the positions of both -armies were changed from day to day, and a part of Kershaw's command -fought with success on the 8th, at one time using the bayonet. Repeated -and heavy assaults were made on Ewell's corps during the 10th, and on -the 11th the two armies confronted each other at Spottsylvania Court -House, ready for the awful battle of the 12th of May. - -The great struggle over the possession of the "bloody angle" began just -before dawn by the successful sweep of the Federal divisions through -Gen. Edward Johnson's line of intrenchments, thus threatening the -overthrow of Lee's army. The particulars of this fearful encounter, -which resulted, after the day's bloody fighting, in the defeat of -Grant's purpose, will not be given here, but the part taken by -McGowan's brigade deserves special mention. This brigade, stationed far -out on the Confederate right, was summoned to action about sunrise, -May 12th, and after a march of two miles to the left, was moved at -double-quick along Ewell's line. General Rodes, seeing them approach, -asked: "What troops are these?" and was answered, "McGowan's South -Carolina brigade." "There are no better soldiers in the world," was his -inspiring reply. Almost immediately the South Carolinians entered the -fight, the Twelfth on the right, and the First, Thirteenth, the Rifles -and the Fourteenth extending to the left consecutively. At double-quick -and with the "rebel yell" they went into the inner line, where McGowan -was wounded by a minie ball, and compelled to yield the command to -Colonel Brockman, who in turn being quickly disabled by a wound, was -succeeded by Col. J. N. Brown. - -"At that time," says Col. I. F. Hunt, in his account of the battle, -"the position of the Thirteenth regiment was in an open field, and -about fifty yards in rear of a line of works occupied by Confederate -troops (Harris' Mississippians), a position where we could do no good, -while subjected to a terrific fire from the enemy, somewhat on our -right. I saw General Gordon passing, and obtained permission to move -the regiment to the right. He ordered me to take it to the point where -the fighting was hardest." In moving to the right Colonel Hunt was -informed that all his seniors had been killed or wounded and he took -command of the brigade. He found the right of the brigade in a short -line of reserve works, and perceiving that his men must either charge -or retreat or die where they stood, he ordered a charge, and drove the -enemy from the salient, or "bloody angle." In occupying that work the -left of the brigade connected with and possibly lapped other troops, -but the right was unprotected, and as far down the right as Hunt -could see, the Federals held the opposite side of the works, with the -captured Confederate guns turned against him. The ammunition soon began -to give out, and although it appeared to be certain death to leave the -shelter of the works, Privates William Kelly and Chance Evans of the -First volunteered to, and did bring ammunition from, the rear in boxes -and tent flies during the entire engagement. At 1 p. m., the enemy -about ten paces distant, raised a white flag, and a general advanced -who, when met by Hunt, demanded a surrender, which was promptly -refused. Soon afterward Col. J. N. Brown took command. - -The fierceness of this close engagement by McGowan's brigade,[J] -in which Harris' Mississippians bore an equally gallant part, on -the left, was probably not exceeded in any war. The firing, when -resumed after the parley above mentioned, continued incessantly all -the remainder of the day and far into the night. Just before day the -brigade was withdrawn without pursuit to a position near a part of -Longstreet's corps, and there rested with their Confederate comrades -ready for the enemy, who did not choose to advance. In this battle -the brigade lost 86 killed, 241 wounded and 117 missing. Among the -missing, it was afterward learned, were a large number wounded and -left in the trenches and others that were killed. Among the casualties -were Lieut.-Col. W. P. Shooter, of the First, and Col. B. T. Brockman, -of the Thirteenth, killed; Col. C. W. McCreary, of the First, and -Lieut.-Col. G. McD. Miller, of the Rifles, wounded. - -[Footnote J: Colonel Hunt says: "Accident gave the brigade the position -in front of the salient, and it sustained its reputation by charging, -retaking and holding it for seventeen hours. No one can describe what -we endured during that struggle. The trunk of that oak tree now on -exhibition in Washington tells better than words the heroic endurance -of the Confederate soldier, and gives a faint idea of the storm of -minie balls hurled at us. When we took the works, the bark on it was -intact. It stood near the right center of the salient. A little to -the left and in front of it stood a hickory tree about eight inches -in diameter, of which I have never seen any mention. The hickory was -shot down before night and fell across the works, catching some of the -men in its branches. Its body and branches were chipped into splinters -by minie balls.... I saw some very reckless acts of individuals, for -instance Private W. W. Davenport, of the Thirteenth, and a boy of the -Twelfth, whose name I cannot recall, mounted ammunition boxes, not over -ten feet from the hickory, and fired over the salient while three or -four men loaded guns for them until the minie balls almost stripped -the clothing from them. During the afternoon the enemy's front line -would seek protection under cover of our works and fire by placing the -muzzles of their guns below the top logs of the works, while their -second line would fire over their heads. Frequently our men would seize -their muzzles and direct their fire to the rear."] - -On the same day General Bratton's brigade (Jenkins') was in battle on -the Brock road, on the right of Kershaw's brigade, and the two repulsed -a heavy assault. Bratton reported that his brigade was about 1,250 -strong, and lost not more than 15, but the enemy left 500 dead in its -front. During the night Bratton's brigade covered the withdrawal of -McGowan's brigade from the bloody angle, and without firing a gun, lost -70 men. - -On the Cold Harbor line, June 1st, when a strong Confederate movement -by the right was ordered, a diary of the First corps says: - - Kershaw puts in his own brigade, supported by another. Keitt's big - regiment gives way, and in the effort to rally it, Keitt is mortally - wounded. Pickett is closed into the right on Kershaw, and the latter - on Hoke. Field closes in on Pickett. In the afternoon a furious - attack is made on the left of Hoke and the right of Kershaw, enemy - penetrating an interval between them.... Kershaw brings up the Second - and Third South Carolina and regains Bryan's lost ground, and captures - prisoners and a stand of colors.... [On June 3d] Kershaw's salient - is weak.... The expected battle begins early. Meantime the enemy is - heavily massed in front of Kershaw's salient. Anderson's, Law's and - Gregg's divisions are there to support Kershaw. Assault after assault - is made and each time repulsed. - -The South Carolina cavalry and horse artillery participated in this -memorable campaign under Stuart, until that famous leader fell at -Yellow Tavern, then under Hampton. In Hampton's successful battle with -Sheridan at Trevilian, Butler's South Carolina brigade opened the -attack and was distinguished throughout. Among the wounded was Colonel -Aiken, of the Sixth cavalry. Before the battle of Nance's Shop, Hampton -was joined by Brig.-Gen. M. W. Gary, with a brigade including the -Hampton legion cavalry and Seventh South Carolina cavalry. Gary opened -the battle at Nance's shop and contributed materially to the victory. - -Meanwhile other gallant South Carolinians had been on duty under -General Beauregard, guarding the approaches to the Confederate capital, -and holding back the advance of the Federal army under Gen. Ben Butler. -These South Carolina commands were Brig.-Gen. Johnson Hagood's brigade; -Evans' brigade, under Col. Stephen Elliott; the Seventh cavalry, Col. -W. P. Shingler, and Kelly's battery (Chesterfield). - -The Twenty-first and part of the Twenty-fifth arrived at Port Walthall -junction on May 6th, and at once went out under Colonel Graham to -meet the enemy. They were successful in checking the enemy. The whole -brigade, arriving, was engaged in battle at the junction on the 7th, -repulsing the enemy, and at Swift Creek on the 9th. The brigade loss -was 177. The brave Lieutenant-Colonel Dargan fell at the head of his -men; Colonel Graham was wounded in two places; Lieutenant-Colonel -Pressley, and Captain Stoney, of the staff, were seriously, and -Lieutenant-Colonel Blake, Twenty-seventh, and Captain Sellers, -Twenty-fifth, slightly wounded. - -At the battle of Drewry's Bluff, May 16th, according to General -Beauregard's report, "Hagood and Bushrod Johnson were thrown forward -and found a heavy force of the enemy occupying a salient of the outer -line of works.... Hagood with great vigor and dash drove the enemy from -the outer lines in his front, capturing a number of prisoners, and -in conjunction with Johnson, five pieces of artillery. He then took -position in the works." The casualties of the brigade were 433 out of -2,235. Captain Brooks, of the Seventh, received three severe wounds. -Fifty-seven bullet marks were found upon the flag of the Seventh -battalion after the fight, and in one of its companies 19 were killed -and 46 wounded. It was by such heroic fighting that Petersburg and -Richmond were held in May, 1864. - -Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott reported a severe fight on June 2d, in which -the Seventeenth and Twenty-second South Carolina were engaged, and the -latter regiment lost its colonel, O. M. Dantzler, who fell mortally -wounded while leading a charge. - -Grant having transferred his army south of the James, Bratton's brigade -was sent across to Beauregard's line near the Howlett house, on June -16th. Taking position on the right, they saw next morning that the -enemy was still in partial possession of part of Beauregard's line. -"About the middle of the day the division (Field's) made a sort of -spontaneous charge," as Bratton put it, "in which my skirmish line -participated, and recovered the line." Next morning, relieved by -Pickett, Bratton moved to the Petersburg line beyond the Appomattox, -taking position on the right of where the mine was sprung later. Here -for several days, during the first assaults of Grant's army, under -incessant fire night and day, Bratton's men had their severest tour -of duty in all the four years. On June 24th they were relieved by -Elliott's South Carolinians, and took other positions on the line until -transferred north of the James. - -Hagood's brigade served with distinction in the Petersburg battles of -June 16th to 18th, repelling all assaults. Reaching Petersburg from the -Drewry's bluff line on the night of the 15th, the brigade pushed out -at the City Point road where the Confederates were being driven from -the outer intrenchments. Under a fierce shelling on the 16th and 17th, -many were killed. Captains Hopkins and Palmer and Adjutant Gelling, -of the Twenty-second, were killed by the shells. Lieutenant Allemand -was mortally wounded. So they fell all through the first two months in -Virginia, till many of the best and bravest were laid to rest. - -On the 18th Hagood fought to hold and did hold Hare's hill, the scene -of Gordon's desperate sally in February, 1865. Lieutenant Harvey, -Seventh battalion, was killed that day, and Lieutenant Felder, -Twenty-fifth, and Major Rion, Seventh battalion, were wounded. The -brigade lost about 220 in the three days. On the 24th Hagood's brigade -occupied a single line of intrenchments, on the left of the Confederate -line, the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-first and Eleventh between Appomattox -creek and the City Point road, the Twenty-fifth and Seventh battalion -south of the road, facing the enemy, who was intrenched in three lines. -At dawn the South Carolinians were told that a general engagement was -ordered, which they were to open, after a heavy cannonading of the -enemy by the batteries north of the Appomattox. The three regiments -north of the road were to charge and wheel to the south, and supported -by other brigades, it was hoped to roll up the Federal flank and drive -them beyond Hare's hill. Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson, Seventh battalion, -was put in command of 400 picked men for the skirmish line, a detail -which left only 550 men of these regiments in the second line. The -attack was made, and the enemy driven from his rifle-pits and part of -the first line of intrenchments, but the South Carolinians were too -few to go further, and their expected support did not arrive in time. -So the battle failed, but Hagood held the Federal rifle-pits all day. -The loss in the three regiments and Seventh battalion was very heavy, -25 killed, 73 wounded and 208 whose fate was at the time unknown. -Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson was missing; Captain Axson, Twenty-seventh, -was killed; and Lieutenants Huguenin and Trim, Twenty-seventh, -Chappell, Ford and Vanderford, Twenty-first, and Smith, Eleventh, -wounded; Captains Mulvaney and Buist (wounded) were captured; Captain -Raysor and Lieutenants Reilly, White and Clemens, missing. - -On the 29th of July, Bushrod Johnson's division was arranged in the -works with Ransom's North Carolinians on the left, Elliott's South -Carolinians next, then Wise's Virginians, and Colquitt's Georgians on -the right. A projecting part of the works known as Pegram's salient was -occupied by Pegram's battery, with the Eighteenth South Carolina on its -left and the Twenty-second behind it and to the right. To the left of -the Eighteenth were the Twenty-sixth and Seventeenth, and to the right -of the Twenty-second was the Twenty-third, all along the parapet. A -second line of intrenchments, behind, Elliott did not have men enough -to occupy. Upon these devoted South Carolinians in the parapets was to -fall a tremendous blow, which was expected to open a way for Grant's -army into Petersburg. - -About 4:55 on the morning of July 30th, after a moment's appalling -rumbling and trembling, the earth burst like a volcano beneath them, -and great masses were cast in the air. Mingled in this horrible -eruption which followed the explosion of the Federal mine, were the -bodies of men, who fell nearly all of them lifeless, while scores of -others were buried as the upheaval settled about the great "crater," -nearly 100 by 150 feet, and 30 feet deep. Five companies of the -Twenty-second South Carolina were blown up with the left of the -battery, and four companies of the Eighteenth were thrown in the air -or buried. The loss of the first regiment was 170; of the latter, 43 -killed, 43 wounded, and 76 missing--buried or captured. Stunned by the -shock of this explosion, both Federals and Confederates for a little -while made no move, but when the torrents of dust had subsided, the -Federals were seen pouring into the breach, and at the same time there -was another and more deafening outbreak--that of the Federal artillery, -all along the line, in a torrent of shot and shell and continuous -reverberation, surpassing any previous artillery fire in the war. But -Lee's undaunted veterans held firm. - -First to meet the advancing enemy were the Twenty-third and Seventeenth -South Carolina regiments and the survivors of the Eighteenth and -Twenty-second. The remainder of the division hurried to the firing -line, and Wright's battery and Major Haskell's mortar batteries came -into action with terrible effect upon the crowded masses of the -Federals. General Elliott fell dangerously wounded, but his place -was taken by Col. F. W. McMaster, Seventeenth, and Colonel Smith, -Twenty-sixth, formed a line to the left and rear of the crater composed -of his regiment, part of the Seventeenth, and the Twenty-fourth North -Carolina. The Twenty-third, under Captain White, and the remnant of -the Twenty-second, under Captain Shedd, held the trenches on the -right. "The South Carolina troops on that side," said General Johnson, -"succeeded in placing a barricade on the side of the hill and planting -themselves in it and the sunken ways running to the rear, maintained -their position within 30 yards of the crater for about five hours, -during which the enemy never drove them a foot to the right, though -they made several assaults and attempted several times to form a line -in rear of our works, so as to move on the flank and rear of this -gallant little band. In the events of the 30th of July there will -perhaps be found nothing more heroic or worthy of higher admiration -than this conduct of the Twenty-second and Twenty-third South Carolina -regiments." - -After Mahone's division came up, Colonel Smith's line joined in -a charge which cleared the enemy from part of the second line of -intrenchments, and the final charge which resulted in the complete -rout of the enemy was participated in by the Seventeenth under Major -Culp, and Captain Shedd's line, which captured three flags and many -prisoners. "For every buried comrade," General Johnson said, the South -Carolinians "took a two-fold vengeance on the enemy." In the last -charge Sergt. J. W. Connelly, Twenty-second, captured the colors of the -First Michigan sharpshooters. The loss of Elliott's South Carolinians -on that terrible day was 15 officers killed and 18 wounded; 110 men -killed and 204 wounded; 14 officers and 337 men missing; total, 698. -This was the main part of the Confederate loss. The Federal return of -losses was 4,400. - -Grant's demonstrations north of the James, on the old Seven Days' -battle ground, to draw Lee's forces away from the vicinity of the mine -explosion, had caused Bratton's brigade to be sent across at Drewry's -bluff to Fussell's mill on the 29th, and thence to New Market heights. -Kershaw had taken position at Chaffin's bluff several days before, and -on the 28th, Conner's (Kershaw's) and Lane's brigades attempted to -dislodge the enemy from the Long Bridge road, causing a severe fight. -Heth's, Field's and Kershaw's divisions were massed here; the enemy -abandoned the advanced position and Kershaw recrossed the James on the -30th. - -On July 27th, Hampton was ordered from Drewry's to intercept Wilson's -cavalry expedition, returning from Staunton river bridge to Grant's -army. He attacked at Sappony church, next day, and his thin line held -the enemy in check all night, 200 of the Holcombe legion infantry, -under Crawley, in the center. At dawn, the whole command, including -Butler's brigade, charged, drove the enemy from two lines, pursued his -scattering forces two miles, and captured over 800 prisoners, while -Fitzhugh Lee was fighting with like success at Reams' Station. The -gallant Lieutenant-Colonel Crawley was severely wounded. This pursuit, -General Hampton reported, closed the operations begun on June 8th, a -period of twenty-two days, during which his command, poorly fed and -without rest, had marched over 400 miles, fought six days and one -night, captured over 2,000 prisoners, and many guns and small-arms, and -defeated two formidable Federal expeditions, at a loss of 719 men. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX. - - THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN--BATTLES AROUND ATLANTA--JONESBORO--HOOD'S - CAMPAIGN IN NORTH GEORGIA--THE DEFENSE OF SHIP'S GAP--LAST CAMPAIGN IN - TENNESSEE--BATTLE OF FRANKLIN. - - -Simultaneous with the crossing of the Rapidan river in Virginia by the -Federal army of Meade, Gen. W. T. Sherman, in command of the armies -of the Cumberland, Tennessee and Ohio, under Thomas, McPherson and -Schofield, in all about 100,000 strong, advanced against the army of -Tennessee, then under Gen. J. E. Johnston, and occupying the valley and -mountain strongholds about Dalton, on the railroad from Chattanooga -to Atlanta. South Carolina was represented in each of Johnston's two -corps, in Hardee's by the Sixteenth regiment, Col. James McCullough, -and Twenty-fourth, Col. Ellison Capers, in Gist's brigade of W. H. T. -Walker's division, and Ferguson's battery, Lieut. R. T. Beauregard; -and in Hood's corps by the Tenth regiment, Col. James F. Pressley, -and Nineteenth, Lieut.-Col. Thomas P. Shaw, in Manigault's brigade -of Hindman's division. Upon the junction of Polk's forces, Waties' -battery, with Jackson's cavalry division, increased the South Carolina -contingent. Brig.-Gen. C. H. Stevens commanded a Georgia brigade of -Walker's division. - -The South Carolinians shared fully in the campaign which followed, in -the course of which General Johnston skillfully withdrew his forces, -with inconsiderable loss, from one position to another, as each became -untenable, also firmly holding the enemy for weeks on the New Hope -church and Kenesaw mountain lines, repulsing fierce assaults and -permitting Sherman to gain no advantages except such as were due to -the power of flanking inevitable to superior numbers. - -The official reports of the campaign are meager, and afford no -particulars of the service of Manigault's brigade. Colonel Capers, -reporting September 10th, for Gist's brigade, said that on May 6th -the brigade marched out of its winter quarters near Atlanta, and -took position near Mill Creek gap. Captain Wever's company, of the -Twenty-fourth, was the first engaged at this point, but the brigade -was soon transferred to Resaca, to meet the Federal flanking column -under McPherson. Then crossing the river the two regiments were engaged -below Resaca against the enemy, whose crossing endangered Johnston's -position. Meanwhile the battle of Resaca came on and Walker's division -hurried back across the river, the Twenty-fourth leading, under fire of -the enemy's batteries. They took position at the center, but Johnston -was compelled to withdraw that night. On the 16th Hardee's corps was -in bivouac on the Rome road, when the enemy drove in his pickets and -the Federal shells began to fall in his camp. Colonel Capers, with his -regiment and Shaaff's Georgia sharpshooters, was sent to re-establish -the pickets, and his men were successful in a gallant charge, but -lost 9 killed and 30 wounded, among the latter Capt. T. C. Morgan and -Sergt.-Maj. J. B. Dotterer. - -At Cassville, "the greatest enthusiasm prevailed in our ranks as the -men and officers saw the army formed for battle;" but the order was -countermanded, and May 25th found them in rear of and supporting -Stewart's division at New Hope church. They were not engaged in the -battle, but lost several killed and wounded. After various changes -of position they were formed on June 19th south and west of Kenesaw -mountain. The right of the Twenty-fourth touched French's division, -which occupied the mountain. - -The line, which was strongly intrenched, was soon under the fire of -the enemy, who established his intrenched line within 300 yards, and -maintained such a constant fire of small-arms and artillery that the -men had to keep close behind the works. Maj. C. C. O'Neill, of the -Sixteenth, was killed on the picket line, which gallantly faced the -enemy. On the 24th Colonel Capers' regiment went forward to assist the -pickets in covering the brigade front, facing a Federal line of battle. -The famous assault occurred three days later, and was repulsed from the -line of the North Carolinians by their steady fire, assisted by the -raking artillery fire from General French's batteries. But the Federals -drove in the picket line and planted themselves within 100 yards, -whence they maintained a galling fire of musketry. After thirteen days -of such fighting at Kenesaw mountain the brigade was retired, with the -army, the Twenty-fourth having lost 57 men. The experience of all the -South Carolina regiments was similar. - -On July 9th Gist's brigade crossed the Chattahoochee. "On the 17th," -Colonel Capers wrote in his report, "the commanding general (Johnston) -published an address to the army, and announced that he would attack -General Sherman's army so soon as it should cross the Chattahoochee." - - I had the honor to read the address to the brigade, and to - congratulate the command upon the prospect of successful battle. The - order of battle was received with enthusiasm and the most confident - spirit prevailed. Next day ... the farewell address of General - Johnston was received and read to the regiment. It is due to truth to - say that the reception of these orders produced the most despondent - feelings in my command. The loss of the commanding general was felt to - be irreparable. Continuing the march and passing by his headquarters - Walker's division passed at the shoulder, the officers saluting, and - most of the latter and hundreds of the men taking off their hats. It - had been proposed to halt and cheer, but General Johnston, hearing of - our intention, requested that the troops march by in silence. - -On the 20th, the Federal army having crossed the river and become -separated in a movement toward the southeast of Atlanta, General Hood -caused an attack upon Thomas on Peachtree creek by Hardee and Stewart -(Polk's corps), while his corps, under Cheatham, met the enemy on the -east. In this fight Walker's division made a gallant but unsuccessful -assault and suffered considerable loss. On the 21st the fighting was -brisk on the east of the city, participated in by Manigault's brigade. -Next day Hardee made a circuitous march and fell upon the enemy's -southeastward flank and rear, while Cheatham and Stewart attacked in -front. In this hard-fought battle of July 22d the Federal right was -rolled up and severely punished, but the Confederate loss was great, -including General Walker, killed. - -Gist's brigade fought in the front line on the Federal flank, and -Manigault's brigade, in another part of the field, charged forward -against the works occupied by the Federals on the Georgia railroad. -Part of the Nineteenth regiment entered a large white house to fire -from the windows, and seeing the enemy breaking, soon the men were -leaping over the works and capturing prisoners. Capt. E. W. Horne -reported: "Then mingling with men of other regiments, they passed -about 150 yards left along the works, on the enemy's side of them, -to the brick house, where they captured other prisoners. Maj. James -L. White, who was in command of the regiment, acted well his part." -The brigade was taken back to the white house, and formed, and then -advanced again under the heavy enfilade fire of the batteries that -Sherman had hurried up to protect his center, and occupied the trenches -left of the brick house, where Major White was severely wounded. The -brigade was soon afterward withdrawn. The loss of the Nineteenth was -97. The Tenth advanced on the right of the Nineteenth, the right of the -brigade line, and was conspicuous in the fight. It was there, where -the South Carolinians fought, that the Illinois batteries of Captain -DeGress were captured, and the honor of this achievement is claimed by -Manigault's brigade. After this battle Gist's brigade was transferred -to Cheatham's division. - -On July 27th Stephen D. Lee, who went to Virginia in 1861 as a South -Carolina artillery officer, took command of Hood's corps, with the -rank of lieutenant-general, and on the next day he was ordered to -attack the Federal right, being extended southward west of the city. -In this fight Manigault's brigade was again engaged. Capt. T. W. -Getzen was in command of the Twenty-fourth, and after he and Captain -Home were wounded, the gallant "Adjt. James O. Ferrell reported to -General Manigault that all his captains were now wounded or killed, -and the general ordered the adjutant himself to take command." The -loss of the Twenty-fourth that day was 53. The Tenth was engaged -with like gallantry, its commander, Lieut.-Col. C. Irvin Walker, -falling painfully wounded. Lieuts. G. A. Jennison and W. E. Huger, of -Manigault's staff, were among the wounded. The brigade made repeated -assaults, and left dead and wounded within a few feet of the Federal -intrenchments, but the Confederate battle was not successful. - -The investment of Atlanta was actively pressed after the battles of the -latter part of July to the 25th of August, 1864. During that period the -Federal line was firmly established on the east, north and west of the -city, and steadily pushed southwestward. On August 25th, Hood's line, -west and south of Atlanta, had extended to cover East Point, on the -Macon railroad, 5 miles distant from the city. - -Early in August General Hood sent General Wheeler with half his cavalry -force to operate on Sherman's railroad communications with Chattanooga. -Satisfied of his ability to hold Atlanta and keep open his Macon -communications, he was equally well satisfied that Wheeler's success -would compel Sherman to assault or raise the siege and recross the -Chattahoochee. But Sherman had already determined to raise the siege, -to intrench one of his corps on the Chattahoochee to guard his supplies -and protect that crossing, and to throw the Federal army first on the -West Point and then on the Macon road, south of Atlanta. After an -ineffective cavalry expedition, Sherman's movement began on the night -of the 25th, and by the morning of the 28th nearly his whole army was -in position on the West Point railroad, tearing up the track from East -Point to Fairburn. Finishing this work of destruction on the 29th, -Howard and Thomas were ordered to march on the 30th across to the Macon -road and take possession of General Hood's only remaining railroad -communications. Howard's destination was Jonesboro, 20 miles south of -Atlanta. - -Meanwhile General Hood had been uncertain as to the real character -of the Federal general's movements, but supposed his main force was -actually recrossing the Chattahoochee in retreat. Not until the evening -of the 30th was General Hood convinced that his rear was seriously -attacked. General Hardee was then ordered to march immediately with -his own and Lee's corps, and to attack and drive across Flint river -the force reported to be marching for Jonesboro. The head of Hardee's -corps reached Jonesboro about sunrise, and the last of Lee's corps -did not arrive before 1 p. m. Howard had crossed Flint river with one -corps in the afternoon of the 30th, and occupied and fortified a ridge -of high ground parallel with the railroad and between the river and -Jonesboro. He could just as well have occupied the hamlet of Jonesboro -and intrenched himself across the coveted railroad facing the city -of Atlanta, for he had nothing to oppose his army but a brigade of -cavalry. But he was deceived by reports that Jonesboro was occupied by -a large force of infantry. Before "bedtime" of the 30th, General Howard -had two corps in position, the Fifteenth east and the Sixteenth west of -the river. Early on the morning of the 31st the Seventeenth corps came -up, and his army of the Tennessee was ready for battle. - -As the troops of Hardee and Lee arrived on the 31st, they were quickly -put in line of battle facing west, and immediately confronting the -Fifteenth corps, commanded by Gen. John A. Logan. Lee's corps occupied -the right, the divisions of Patton Anderson (including Manigault's -brigade) and Stevenson in front, and Clayton's in reserve. Hardee's -corps, commanded by General Cleburne, occupied the left, the divisions -of Bate (under J. C. Brown) and Cleburne (under Lowrey) in front, and -Cheatham's (under General Maney, and including Gist's brigade) in -reserve. General Hardee ordered the attack to begin on the extreme -left by Lowrey, to be followed up from left to right, Lowrey and Brown -wheeling to their right and Lee attacking directly in front. Lowrey -engaged the skirmishers in his front at 3 o'clock, and Lee, hearing -his fire, led his corps forward. Lee was repulsed, but Lowrey on the -extreme left was brilliantly successful, driving the enemy in his -front across the river. He established his line on the east bank of -the river, but the attack having failed on his right, he was recalled -to his original position. Patton Anderson's division was conspicuous -in the attack of Lee's corps. He was severely wounded and his division -suffered heavily. Persuaded of the certain advance of General Thomas, -and interpreting General Howard's defensive attitude as indicative of -his near approach, Hardee wisely decided not to risk another assault -and also stood on the defensive. - -In the attacks, right and left, the brigades of Manigault and Gist -were each in the line of support to the line of attack. Gist's brigade -(commanded by Lieut.-Col. James McCullough, General Gist being absent -wounded) was on the extreme left of Cheatham's division, and followed -Lowrey's advance; but was not actively engaged and suffered only 4 -casualties. Manigault had a more exciting experience. His brigade -for this engagement was assigned to Clayton's division, supporting -Anderson and Stevenson. General Clayton describes the attack of the -front line as wanting in dash and persistency. Ordered up on its -first repulse, Manigault on his left, Holtzclaw next, and Gibson on -his right, Clayton led his division with spirit. Encountering a rail -fence, parallel to his advance, and the enemy's rifle-pits near it, a -large part of the division halted at these obstructions to return the -enemy's fire of musketry and canister which raked their ranks. To this -circumstance the repulse of the division was due. "Never (says General -Clayton) was a charge begun with such enthusiasm terminated with -accomplishing so little." - -Gibson led the brigade with the Confederate battle-flag in his grasp, -and lost half his men. Manigault on the left was equally unsuccessful. -This was the experience of each division in the assault with the one -exception of Cleburne's, led by Lowrey. The whole attack was most -unsatisfactory and disappointing. The troops went forward with spirit, -but were soon discouraged and halted behind any and every obstruction -to reply to the enemy's fire. This was fatal to the attack, though much -determination and courage were shown by fighting from shelter, or even -in the open. The corps of Hardee and Lee were physically unfit for the -heroic exertion demanded of them on the 31st of August. To expect men -who are worn out physically and wanting food, to carry intrenchments -held by equal numbers, is unreasonable. The great Jackson failed to -push his corps across White Oak swamp and join the battle at Frayser's -farm, and his friend and biographer explains this unusual want of his -characteristic energy by telling of his absolute physical exhaustion. -However much we may deplore the disappointing results of the battle of -the 31st of August, no true man, who knew the men who failed there, -would charge their failure to a lack of spirit or courage. - -The situation on the night of the 31st was critical. Thomas' two corps -were on the railroad in the rear of Howard and in supporting distance, -and Schofield, with another corps, having eluded Hood at East Point, -was in supporting distance of Thomas, on the railroad at Rough and -Ready. Thus Sherman had thrown his entire army (the Twentieth corps -excepted) between General Hood and the two corps at Jonesboro, and was -hard at work breaking up the Macon railroad. Hood was holding on to -Atlanta with Stewart's corps, and the militia of Georgia, the latter -under Gen. G. W. Smith. Hearing late at night of the 31st, of Howard's -success in repelling Hardee, Sherman at once ordered everything against -Jonesboro, while General Hood directed Hardee to return Lee's corps to -Atlanta, saying: "There are some indications that the enemy may make an -attempt upon Atlanta to-morrow." The execution of this order exposed -Lee to what seemed almost certain capture, and left Hardee to defend -the supplies and ordnance trains of the army and the very existence of -the army itself, against the whole of the force of General Sherman. Lee -left Hardee before day on September 1st. That he succeeded in reaching -General Hood, with Thomas and Schofield directly in his front, is a -wonderful comment on the value of bypaths and a brilliant testimony to -Lee's skill in finding them. - -Hardee made the best possible disposition of his three divisions -of infantry, and his small cavalry force, and stood behind such a -defensive line as he could make. The troops worked all night of the -31st, the entire corps being in position from the railroad (a deep -cut) on the right, to a position covered by cavalry on the left, and -north of the hamlet of Jonesboro, Lowrey on the right, Brown in the -center and Carter (Anderson) on the left. Gist's South Carolina and -Georgia brigade was on the extreme left flank. The whole line was in -one rank. From sunrise, Howard was threatening attack, with three corps -in position, and his artillery commanding every part of Hardee's line. -The Confederates took the shelling patiently and worked hard upon their -line of defense, well aware of the responsibility of their position. - -At the railroad on the right the line was turned back, almost parallel -with the deep railroad cut which passed through the ridge, north and -south, on which Hardee's line was formed. This turn in the line was -made to meet a fire from the opposite side of the cut, which was -densely wooded, with a growth of small trees. The cut was too deep to -be crossed at that point. About 1 o'clock Gist's brigade was ordered -from the left, and put in position in one rank in the wood just -described, by the lieutenant-general in person, and charged with the -defense of the right flank. The Second battalion Georgia sharpshooters, -Maj. R. H. Whiteley, and the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, Col. -Ellison Capers, occupied the position at the railroad cut, and Colonel -Capers was specially charged with its defense. On the right of the -Twenty-fourth was the Sixteenth South Carolina and on its right the -Forty-sixth Georgia. The men climbed up the smaller trees, bent them -down, cut across the trunks with their pocket knives, and made a -first-rate abatis of small trees, interlaced, covering the front for -some distance. A barricade of rails, small trees, and timbers brought -up from a settlement in rear, was quickly made, and these preparations -saved the right when the attack came. - -Early in the afternoon, the Fourteenth corps, of Thomas' army, came up -and took position between the railroad and Howard's left. Still later, -at 4 o'clock, the Fourth corps came up, and the leading division, -Kimball's, deployed in front of Gist's brigade. At 5 o'clock Newton's -division, of the Fourth corps, got into position in the woods on -Kimball's left, the two divisions far overlapping Gist's brigade, -and extending a quarter of a mile beyond the right flank of Hardee's -position. General Sherman's plan of attack was to assault with the -Fourteenth and Fourth corps, and send the Seventeenth (Blair's) -around Hardee's left flank to his rear, on the railroad, assured by -these combinations of his certain capture. Davis brought his corps -(Fourteenth) up in handsome style, about 4 o'clock, concentrated his -assault on Lowrey, carried the position on the railroad, and captured -most of Govan's brigade, with its brigadier-general and two 4-gun -batteries. The brigade on Govan's left, Granbury's, threw back its -right and defended itself on that flank and in the front. Lowrey and -Hardee were promptly on the scene. Vaughan's brigade was brought up -from Cheatham's division, and with the Fifth and Fifteenth Arkansas of -Govan's brigade, charged the position of the enemy in Govan's line, -recaptured most of it and confined the assaulting force to the position -immediately on the railroad, from which they fired directly down -Lowrey's line. Meanwhile the assaults in front were unsuccessful. - -Simultaneous with the attack of Davis, Kimball's skirmishers east of -the railroad engaged those of Gist's brigade, and at 5 o'clock an -assault was made which fell on Whiteley's sharpshooters and Capers' -regiment. Davis' troops on the west side of the cut fired into -Whiteley's flank, and he withdrew his battalion from the barricade. -Kimball's troops pushed up and occupied Whiteley's position, and drove -back the three left companies of the Twenty-fourth South Carolina. -On the left of his regiment Colonel Capers had made a barricade of -logs, at right angles to the line, as a protection against a fire -from the west side of the cut. Assisted by the adjutant-general of -the brigade, Maj. B. B. Smith, and Lieutenant Holmes, adjutant of the -Twenty-fourth, Colonel Capers rallied his companies, which, led by -their commanding lieutenants, Easterling (Company B), Beckham (Company -G) and Seigler (Company K), charged the barricade, drove Kimball's men -out, and reoccupied their positions. Turning on the position which the -sharpshooters had vacated, Major Smith and Lieutenants Easterling -and Beckham, with Companies B and K, immediately attacked it, and -Major Whiteley bringing up his battalion in gallant style, the whole -left of Gist's brigade was re-established and the enemy driven to the -bottom of the ridge. In this battle the brave Maj. D. F. Hill, of the -Twenty-fourth, was killed, while directing the fire of the left of -the regiment. It was now growing dark, and the lieutenant-general in -person rode up and congratulated Colonel Capers on the success of his -regiment. The commander of the Fourth corps, General Stanley, in his -report explained his delayed attack as "in part owing to the dense -undergrowth in front of the enemy, and further, to the slow progress -the skirmishers made in pushing back those of the enemy. Grose and -Kirby both reported that they could not carry the position in their -front owing to the perfect entanglement made by cutting down the thick -undergrowth in front of the rail barricade the rebels had hastily -thrown up." This was the entanglement made by Gist's men with their -pocket-knives. General Stanley continues: "Newton's division had a -much longer circuit to make and when moved forward the right brigade -(Wagner's) found no enemy in front [Wagner was far to the right and -on the rear of Gist's right regiment], but received a fire from the -rear of their right flank." This was from the right of the Forty-sixth -Georgia. That regiment and the Sixteenth South Carolina kept up a -steady fire in their front and on their flanks, that of the Sixteenth -materially assisting the Twenty-fourth in its contest over the left -barricades. - -Night came on and it was unusually dark, so that the active fighting -ceased. Hardee had stood the shock and held his position, with the -single exception of Govan's brigade front, and that had been in part -gallantly restored under his eye. About midnight General Hardee had -successfully left his lines, and by daylight of the 2d he was in line -of battle at Lovejoy, 5 miles in the rear of Jonesboro, with all -trains packed and his weary and heroic battalions hard at work on a -defensive line. - -It is of this battle on the 1st and of its results, that General Hood -reported to Richmond: "Hardee's corps was attacked in position at -Jonesboro. The result was the loss of eight guns and some prisoners. -Hardee then retired to Lovejoy's Station, where he was joined by -Stewart's and Lee's corps." No dates were given by General Hood. -Stewart and Lee did not reach Lovejoy's until the evening of the 3d, -and Sherman's advance was deploying in Hardee's front by sunrise on -the 2d. A battle was successfully fought all that day by the pickets, -and again on the 3d, so that when Stewart and Lee came up from Atlanta -on General Hardee's right rear, the Federal line of battle had been -held at bay and the Confederate commander had only to strengthen a -well-chosen position by the reinforcement of Lee's and Stewart's corps. -If the attack of August 31st was disappointing, surely the splendid -defense of September 1st, the successful retreat to Lovejoy's and -the defiant resistance of a single corps on the 2d and 3d, with the -safety of the trains, ought to have cheered the heart of the commanding -general and inspired a gallant soldier's commendation. - -Following these events, Sherman retreated to Atlanta, Hood concentrated -his army at Palmetto, near the Chattahoochee, Hardee was supplanted by -Cheatham in corps command, and General Gist took command of Cheatham's -division. In Manigault's brigade, of Edward Johnson's division, the -Tenth South Carolina was under command of Lieut.-Col. C. Irvine Walker, -the Nineteenth of Capt. Thomas W. Getzen. Gist's brigade was commanded -by Col. Ellison Capers, the Sixteenth regiment by Capt. John W. Boling, -and the Twenty-fourth by Capt. W. C. Griffith. - -On September 29, 1864, Cheatham's corps broke camp at Palmetto, crossed -the Chattahoochee, and marched northward on the west of Atlanta and -Sherman's army. Gist's brigade camped on the road to Lost mountain -on the 4th and 5th of October. After a dreadful night of storm, they -marched through rain and mud on the Dalton road, and pushed on for -the next three days through Van Wert, Cedartown and Cave Springs to -Coosaville on the Coosa river, on the 9th. Thence marching through the -beautiful valley of the Armuchee and through Sugar valley, they came -before Dalton on the 13th at 1 p. m. General Hood summoned the fort, -which surrendered after John C. Brown's division (including Gist's -brigade) was ordered to carry it by assault. - -Leaving Dalton on the afternoon of October 14th, Gist's brigade passed -Rocky Face, through Mill Creek gap, familiar places to the soldiers -of that army. After camping a night at Villanow, they resumed their -march, passing Taylor's ridge through Ship's gap, and camped in the -Chattooga valley. Early next morning, October 16th, Colonel Capers was -ordered to march back with his regiment, and hold Ship's gap until -ordered to retire. In disposing his regiment for the defense of the -gap, Colonel Capers placed Companies A and F, Captains Steinmeyer and -Sherard, under Captain Roddey, acting major, about a quarter of a mile -in advance down the mountain, and instructed Roddey to deploy his -companies, taking advantage of the woods, and to detain the enemy as -long as he could, falling back on the right and left of the regiment -when pressed too hard. Colonel Capers, from an open place on the ridge, -seeing the enemy's columns and counting seventeen flags, reported by -courier to General Gist, who sent him a dispatch to hold the gap as -long as he could, but not to lose his regiment. It was then about 11 -o'clock, and Roddey was skirmishing heavily. Colonel Capers sent his -adjutant-general, Holmes, to Roddey. Just as that officer had returned -and was talking to the colonel, the enemy was heard to raise a shout -from the direction of both flanks of Roddey's force, and suddenly the -firing ceased. In a few minutes some men of Companies A and F, who -had escaped capture, came in and reported that the enemy had passed -around each flank of their line, and charging from the rear had cut -off Roddey and most of his command. Soon after this the Federals came -up the mountain, and charged the Twenty-fourth, which was holding the -gap with the right and left companies deployed to protect the flanks. -The well-directed fire of the gallant Carolinians repulsed the attack. -Learning soon after that a force was moving around to get in his rear, -Colonel Capers conducted his regiment to the rear by the right flank, -each company firing up to the moment of marching. At the foot of the -ridge they were relieved by cavalry, and the regiment was conducted to -the bivouac of the brigade on the Summerville road. The Twenty-fourth -lost 4 officers and about 40 men in this spirited skirmish at Ship's -gap. Captains Roddey, Steinmeyer and Sherard and Lieutenant Gray were -captured with about half of the force they commanded. It could not be -ascertained how many of those cut off were killed or wounded. Only 8 -were wounded in the gap. - -On the next day the march of Cheatham's corps was continued. On October -18th they crossed the line of Georgia and Alabama, and on the 21st -halted at Gadsden, where they received their mail and drew blankets, -clothing and shoes, not enough to supply all necessities, but to -relieve the most needy. Twenty men of the Twenty-fourth were absolutely -barefooted when they reached Gadsden. That evening General Hood -communicated to the army his purpose to cross the Tennessee and march -into that State. The route lay through the beautiful valley of the -Tennessee, desolated by the enemy, and Hood addressed a field circular -to the army, calling attention of the troops to the ruined homes -on every hand and exhorting officers and men to resolutely vow the -redemption of Tennessee from the grasp of the foe. It was noted in the -report of the colonel: "The circular was received by the Twenty-fourth -with a hearty cheer, though many of the gallant soldiers who cheered -were absolutely suffering for clothing and shoes." - -The march to the Tennessee, then across that river and on to Franklin, -was through rain and mud and snow, with sometimes not more than three -biscuits a day to the man. Yet the troops were cheerful and dutiful. -Finally, on the afternoon of November 30th, they came upon the field at -Franklin. Cheatham's corps was deployed on the left. The divisions were -formed in two lines from right to left as follows: Cleburne's, Brown's -and Bate's. In Brown's division, Gist's and Gordon's brigades occupied -the front and Carter's and Strahl's the rear line. Stewart's corps was -on the right of the pike. At 4 o'clock p. m. the two corps moved down -the hills, Brown's division marching by the right flank of regiments -until they had descended the slopes, then forming forward into line. As -they advanced, the front line of the enemy was steadily driven back. -Says Colonel Capers in his report: - - Just before the charge was ordered, the brigade passed over an - elevation, from which we beheld the magnificent spectacle the - battlefield presented. Bands were playing, general and staff officers - and gallant couriers were riding in front of and between the lines, a - hundred flags were waving in the smoke of battle, and bursting shells - were wreathing the air with great circles of smoke, while 20,000 brave - men were marching in perfect order against the foe. The sight inspired - every man of the Twenty-fourth with the sentiment of duty. As we were - pressing back the enemy's advance forces, Lieut.-Col. J. S. Jones fell - mortally wounded in front of the right of the regiment. General Gist, - attended by Capt. H. D. Garden and Lieut. Frank Trenholm of his staff, - rode down our front, and returning ordered the charge, in concert with - General Gordon. In passing from the left to the right of the regiment, - General Gist waved his hat to us, expressed his pride and confidence - in the Twenty-fourth, and rode away in the smoke of the battle, never - more to be seen by the men he had commanded on so many fields. His - horse was shot, and dismounting he was leading the right of the - brigade when he fell pierced through the heart. - -Thus died Gen. S. R. Gist, a gallant son of South Carolina, who had -nobly defended on many a field the cause for which he now so heroically -yielded up his life. But without a halt, his noble brigade pressed on, -driving the advance force of the enemy pell-mell into a locust abatis, -where many were captured and sent to the rear. Colonel Capers, of the -Twenty-fourth, fell wounded just before reaching the Union works. -Gist's and Gordon's brigades charged on, reached the ditch of the -main works and then mounted the parapet, on which the colors of the -Twenty-fourth South Carolina were planted, and there remained. - -Strahl's and Carter's brigades went gallantly to the assistance of -Gist and Gordon. Though this line was torn to pieces by a terrible -enfilade fire, by which Strahl and his entire staff were killed and -Carter mortally wounded, there was no backward movement of the line. -The gallant fellows pressed on to the ditch. Maj. B. Burgh Smith, of -the brigade staff, who was commanding the Sixteenth South Carolina, was -now the senior officer of the brigade, every superior officer being -either killed or wounded. About 10:30 p. m. Lieut. James A. Tillman, of -the Twenty-fourth, led his own company (I) and men from other companies -of the regiment in a charge over the work, and captured the colors -of the Ninety-seventh Ohio volunteer infantry and some 40 prisoners. -The whole of Gist's brigade, Carolinians and Georgians, held their -position against repeated attempts of the Federals to regain the works, -until about midnight when the enemy retired, leaving the Confederates -in possession of the bloody field of Franklin.[K] The Tenth and -Nineteenth South Carolina, in Manigault's brigade, Edward Johnson's -division, got into the battle late in the evening, but did their duty -well. - -[Footnote K: Colonel Capers, in his report commended Lieutenant -Tillman, who in turn praised the gallantry of Privates J. P. Blackwell, -Anderson Walls and J. E. O. Carpenter. "I would also mention specially -the gallantry of Privates Prewett and Mock, both of whom were killed on -the line of the enemy. Lieut. W. M. Beckham, acting adjutant; Captain -Bowers, Lieuts. Claude F. Beaty, Adrian C. Appleby, C. D. Easterling, -McDaniel, and Andrews were conspicuous in the field for their gallant -conduct. Private Adam Carpenter bore the flag with courage and -faithfulness, and Color-Corporals Jones and Morgan were both wounded. -Lieutenants Weeks, Tatum and Millen were severely wounded. I would -specially commend the gallantry and devotion of the litter corps under -Private Joseph Breland. They kept up with the regiment and rendered -prompt assistance to the wounded, several of them being themselves -wounded on the field." At the close of the battle the ranking officer -of the brigade was Captain Gillis, of the Forty-sixth Georgia. Of the -general's staff Capt. H. D. Garden alone remained. When the generals -and field officers of Gist's brigade were either killed or wounded, the -company officers led their men in the assault upon the enemy's works.] - -Gen. Stephen D. Lee reported: "Brigadier-General Manigault, commanding -a brigade of Alabamians and South Carolinians, was severely wounded -while gallantly leading his troops to the fight, and of his two -successors in command, Col. T. P. Shaw [Nineteenth South Carolina] was -killed and Colonel Davis wounded. I have never seen greater evidence -of gallantry than was displayed by this division under command of that -admirable soldier, Maj.-Gen. Ed. Johnson." - -On no battlefield of the war was South Carolina more nobly illustrated -by her gallant sons. But their valor was equaled by their endurance of -hardships. "Once during the campaign," says Colonel Capers' report, -"the men received as a ration three ears of corn to each man, and -frequently we had nothing but cornmeal. But I am happy to report that -no man deserted the flag of his regiment." - -The records are meager as to the battle of Nashville. In the great -disaster that befell the Confederate arms at that place and the -terrible hardships of the retreat, the South Carolinians bore their -full share of peril and suffering, and maintained the honor of the -gallant Palmetto State. - - - - -CHAPTER XX. - - THE CLOSING SCENES IN VIRGINIA--SIEGE OF RICHMOND AND PETERSBURG--FALL - OF FORT FISHER--SOUTH CAROLINA COMMANDS AT APPOMATTOX. - - -Here may be resumed the narrative of the services of South Carolinians -in the army of Northern Virginia, as recorded in the fragmentary -reports and itineraries which are preserved. - -The returns of August, 1864, show the following South Carolina commands -on duty in Virginia: - - Elliott's brigade of Bushrod Johnson's division, Col. Fitz William - McMaster commanding the brigade: Seventeenth regiment, Maj. John R. - Culp; Eighteenth, Capt. R. H. Glenn; Twenty-second, Lieut. T. N. Able; - Twenty-third, Capt. H. H. Lesesne; Twenty-sixth, Lieut.-Col. J. H. - Hudson. - - Hagood's brigade of R. F. Hoke's division, Brig.-Gen. Johnson Hagood - commanding the brigade: Eleventh regiment, Maj. John J. Gooding; - Twenty-first, Lieut. N. A. Easterling; Twenty-fifth, Capt. William - B. Gordon; Twenty-seventh, Lieut.-Col. Julius A. Blake; Seventh - battalion, Maj. James H. Rion. - - Bratton's brigade of Field's division, First army corps, Brig.-Gen. - John Bratton commanding the brigade: First regiment, Col. James R. - Hagood; Second rifles, Col. Robert E. Bowen; Fifth regiment, Col. A. - Coward; Sixth regiment, Col. John M. Steedman; Palmetto sharpshooters, - Col. Joseph Walker. - - Kershaw's old brigade of Kershaw's division, First army corps: Second - regiment, Col. J. D. Kennedy; Third, Col. William D. Rutherford; - Seventh, Capt. Elijah J. Goggans; Eighth, Col. J. W. Henagan; - Fifteenth, Col. John B. Davis; Twentieth, Col. Stephen M. Boykin; - Third battalion, Lieut.-Col. William G. Rice. - - McGowan's brigade (Brig.-Gen. Samuel McGowan commanding) of Wilcox's - division, Third army corps: First regiment, Lieut.-Col. Andrew P. - Butler; Twelfth, Capt. Robert M. Kerr; Thirteenth, Capt. David R. - Duncan; Fourteenth, Lieut.-Col. Edward Croft; Orr's rifles, Maj. James - T. Robertson. - - Cavalry brigade of Brig.-Gen. John Dunovant, of Maj.-Gen. M. C. - Butler's division, cavalry corps, army of Northern Virginia, Maj.-Gen. - Wade Hampton commanding: Third regiment, Col. Charles J. Colcock; - Fourth, Col. B. Huger Rutledge; Fifth, Lieut.-Col. Robert J. Jeffords; - Sixth, Col. Hugh K. Aiken. - - Capt. Hugh R. Garden's battery was with Maj. J. C. Haskell's - battalion; Capt. W. W. Fickling's with Maj. Frank Huger's battalion - of the First corps; the Pee Dee artillery, Capt. E. B. Brunson, with - Pegram's battalion, Third corps; Capt. J. F. Hart's battery with - Hampton's corps. - - The Holcombe legion, Capt A. B. Woodruff, brigade of Gen. H. A. Wise, - was under General Beauregard's immediate command, department of North - Carolina and Southern Virginia, as were also Elliott's and Hagood's - brigades. - -Bratton's brigade, which was left in a previous chapter at New Market -heights, north of the James river, was unmolested until the middle of -August, when Grant ordered an advance in that quarter simultaneous -with his attempt to gain the Weldon railroad. On the 14th Bratton's -pickets were driven in, and Captain Beaty, of the Sharpshooters, one -of the most efficient officers of the regiment, fell mortally wounded. -Following this, the movements of the enemy up the Darbytown and Charles -City roads necessitated a sliding of the whole division to the left. -Next morning the situation was more serious. The enemy took a part -of the line about Fussell's mill, and the Fifth regiment and Second -rifles were sent down to recover that position, a work in which they -most effectively assisted.[L] Meanwhile Bratton's thin line repulsed -assaults near the Libby house. In the afternoon Bratton took command of -the whole line from his left to Chaffin's farm, and by the second day -had recovered all that had been lost. General Lee's report of August -21st reads: - - The enemy abandoned last evening his position north of James river and - returned to the south side. - - This morning General Hill attacked his position on the Weldon - railroad, and drove him from his advanced lines to his main - intrenchments, from which he was not dislodged. Over 300 prisoners, - exclusive of wounded, were captured. Our loss was principally in - Hagood's brigade, which mounted enemy's intrenchments. Supports - failing, many were captured. - -[Footnote L: Of this movement Col. R. E. Bowen writes: "The regiment -marched fully one mile under a continuous fire of shell, grape, -canister and minie balls, without losing a single man--one of the most -remarkable events of the war."] - -General Hagood reported that he took into this Weldon railroad fight, -line officers (number not given) and 681 men, and only 18 officers and -274 men came out unhurt. General Hagood was personally distinguished in -rescuing the colors of the Twenty-seventh at the enemy's works. In his -report he testified to the splendid gallantry with which his devoted -men carried out the part of the attack assigned to them. On the 25th -A. P. Hill attacked the Federals again at Reams' Station and won a -splendid victory. McGowan's brigade was present, and Pegram's artillery -took a prominent part. Dunovant's cavalry brigade was held in reserve -by General Hampton, protecting the rear and flank of Hill's corps. -General Butler handled his division skillfully in the fight. - -On the morning of September 14th General Hampton moved upon his -famous expedition to capture a herd of cattle which the Federal army -was grazing near Coggins' point, on the James river. He took with -him the division of W. H. F. Lee, Rosser's and Dearing's brigades, -and 100 men from Young's and Dunovant's brigades, under command of -Lieutenant-Colonel Miller, Sixth South Carolina. Moving down Rowanty -creek to Wilkinson's bridge the first day, General Hampton next found -it necessary to pass to the rear of Grant's army and force his lines at -some point. He selected Sycamore church, Prince George county, as his -point of attack, and before night of the next day had his men on the -Blackwater at Cook's bridge, where he believed the enemy would not be -looking for him, the bridge having been destroyed. After constructing -a new bridge, he crossed at midnight, and his force advanced in three -columns, one under Lee, another under Dearing, while Hampton himself, -with the commands of Rosser and Miller, moved directly on Sycamore -church. Each column was successful in its attack early in the morning, -though stubbornly resisted, and Rosser pushed on and secured the -cattle, 2,486 in number, and everything was withdrawn before 8 o'clock. -Though heavily attacked on his return, Hampton saved the captured -property, repulsed all assaults, captured 304 prisoners, and returned -after an absence of three days, with the slight loss of 10 killed and -47 wounded. Among those complimented for their services were Sergeant -Shadbourne, Jeff Davis legion, who furnished the information about -the cattle, and guided General Rosser; Sergeant Hogan, in charge of -Butler's scouts, and Sergeant McCalla, First South Carolina, the only -scout who was killed. - -Of the operations of all the South Carolina commands during this -and later periods of the siege, little detail is to be found in the -Official Records. The report of General Bratton is alone preserved, -giving a consecutive account. His brigade, after the August fighting -north of the James, was on duty on the Petersburg lines until September -29th, when it was again ordered to the New Market road. In that -vicinity renewed Federal activity had resulted in the capture of -Battery Harrison, and Bratton's South Carolinians, after a rest at Fort -Gilmer, were ordered to support Anderson's brigade in an assault to -recover the Confederate work. It was necessary for the brigade to file -out at double-quick, and without moderating the step to move by the -right flank in line against the enemy. "My orders were obeyed," Bratton -reported, "and my dead, close under the enemy's works, attest their -honest efforts to achieve the object for which they were given." The -right regiment, Walker's, streaming along at a run, was halted a moment -and put in on the left against a little redan, which it carried; but -the main assault had failed. Another assault was made by General Hoke, -but without effect. Bratton took into action that day (September 30th), -1,165 muskets and 129 officers, and his loss in killed and wounded was -377. Hagood's regiment mourned the loss of the gallant Captains Grimes -and Kirk and Ensign Bellinger. Part of the Second Rifles, says Colonel -Bowen, reached Fort Harrison, but could do nothing, and it was far more -hazardous to leave the fort, once in it, than to enter. - -On the 7th of October the brigade moved down the Darbytown road and -struck the enemy's outposts, which Colonel Coward drove in to the -Federal works. Then, in conjunction with Anderson's brigade, Bratton -drove the enemy from the works, capturing one piece of artillery, other -guns falling an easy prey to Gary's cavalry brigade (Hampton legion, -Seventh South Carolina and Twenty-fourth Virginia), which, before the -arrival of reinforcements, had been doing heroic duty holding back -the advancing Federals. Bratton then joined the division line, and -advancing found the enemy near the New Market road in heavy force and -behind log breastworks. He came under a terrific fire against which -he could make no headway, and was compelled to fall back with a loss -of 190 killed and wounded, nearly half in Walker's regiment. General -Bratton was wounded; Captain Quattlebaum, of the Sharpshooters, a most -faithful officer, was killed; Lieut. W. T. Norris, Fifth, was wounded -and captured; Lieutenant Lewis, Sharpshooters, lost a leg and was -captured; Captain Sorrel, adjutant-general, was badly injured by the -fall of his horse. General Bratton was disabled for several weeks, -during which Colonel Walker was in command of the brigade. In this -engagement, Haskell's battalion took a conspicuous part. Major Haskell -narrowly escaped death, and Lieutenant McQueen, of Garden's battery, -was severely wounded. - -The last service of Bratton's brigade in 1864 was a hurried expedition -by rail to Gordonsville, December 23d, to the assistance of General -Lomax, confronting Sheridan, from which it returned without loss. At -the beginning of 1865 General Bratton reported that he entered the -campaign with a total of 2,016, had lost 176 killed, 1,094 wounded and -94 missing, total, 1,364, and had present at the date of his report, a -total of 1,820. He particularly commended Colonels Hagood and Howard -and their regiments, and the valuable services of Adjt.-Gen. J. B. Lyle. - -Elliott's brigade remained on the Petersburg lines with Johnson's -division through the fall and winter, and the reports of General -Johnson show that they had almost daily losses in killed and wounded. -On the night of October 27th, the enemy carried a part of the picket -line of the Holcombe legion, and Gen. W. H. Wallace, then in command -of Elliott's brigade, immediately sent forward a force of 200 men from -the legion and Eighteenth regiment, under Captain Brown, who retook the -line, with 14 prisoners. On the night of November 5th, 200 men of the -legion, under Captain Woodruff, attacked the Federal line in front of -the Crater, and 60 men attempted to intrench the position gained, but -they were all compelled to retire, with a loss to the brigade of 95 men. - -In the latter part of September, General Heth and Hampton's cavalry -administered a severe check to the enemy at Hatcher's run, and on the -Vaughan and Squirrel Level roads. In the latter fight, General Dunovant -was killed at the head of the South Carolina cavalry. The continued -activity of the enemy on the Hatcher's Run line resulted in the battle -of Burgess' Mill, October 27th, fought by Mahone and Hampton. In a -gallant charge by Butler's division, Lieut. Thomas Preston Hampton, -aide-de-camp, fell mortally wounded, and Lieut. Wade Hampton, of the -general's staff, was severely wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel Jeffords was -killed at the head of his regiment, the Fifth South Carolina, and Maj. -T. G. Barker, division adjutant-general, was dangerously wounded. The -gallant Captain Hart lost a leg while fighting his guns close up to the -enemy. - -Kershaw's brigade, under Gen. James Conner, and later under Colonel -Kennedy, served gallantly under Early in the Shenandoah valley. At the -battle of Cedar Creek, October 19th, a day of victory and disaster, -the brigade suffered a loss of 205. Maj. James M. Goggin, subsequently -commanding, reported the gallant service of Lieut. Y. J. Pope and -Cadet E. P. Harllee, both wounded; of De Saussure Burrows, killed; of -Couriers Crumley and Templeton, of the brave Capt. B. M. Whitener, -who fell in command of the battalion of sharpshooters; of Maj. B. -R. Clyburn, who lost a leg, and of Major Todd, commanding Third -regiment, severely wounded. Among the captured were Colonel Boykin and -Lieutenant-Colonel McMichael, of the Twentieth. - -In the latter part of December, Hoke's division was ordered to -Wilmington, N. C, to meet the expedition against Fort Fisher. Hagood's -brigade, then containing 720 effective men, took part in the operations -which resulted in the withdrawal of the Federal forces under B. F. -Butler. Besides the brigade, the Second cavalry was present. - -In mid-January the attack on Fort Fisher was resumed, with a tremendous -bombardment during the 13th and 14th, and an infantry assault on the -15th. Col. R. F. Graham, commanding Hagood's brigade, at Fort Anderson, -was ordered to support the garrison, and on the afternoon of the 15th, -the Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth regiments, under Captains DuBose and -Carson, were landed, but the enemy's fire was too severe to land any -more. The Twenty-first at once moved up to Fort Fisher, and the other -regiment reached there later in the day, but the brave Confederate -garrison was compelled to abandon the fort and surrender. The remainder -of the brigade did not again join the army of Northern Virginia, but -closed its record in the campaign in the Carolinas. Early in January, -Conner's brigade, Kershaw's old command, was sent to General Hardee at -Charleston. Butler's cavalry brigade accompanied General Hampton when -he took command of cavalry in the Carolinas. - -The South Carolina commands which participated in the final struggle to -hold the defensive lines of Richmond and Petersburg in 1865, were as -follows, as compiled from the reports and parole lists of Appomattox: - - Brig.-Gen. John Bratton's brigade of Field's division, First corps: - First, Fifth, Sixth regiments and Second rifles, Colonels Hagood, - Coward, Steedman and Bowen, and the Palmetto sharpshooters, Capt. A. - H. Foster. - - Brig.-Gen. Samuel McGowan's brigade, Wilcox's division, Third corps: - First regiment (provisional army), Lieut.-Col. A. P. Butler; Twelfth, - Capt. J. C. Bell; Thirteenth, Col. I. F. Hunt; Fourteenth, Lieut.-Col. - Edward Croft; Orr's rifles, Lieut.-Col. J. T. Robertson. - - Brig.-Gen. William H. Wallace's brigade, of Johnson's division, - Lieut.-Gen. R. H. Anderson's corps: Seventeenth, Capt. E. A. Crawford; - Eighteenth, Lieut.-Col. W. B. Allison; Twenty-second, Col. William G. - Burt; Twenty-third, Lieut.-Col. John M. Kinloch; Twenty-sixth, Maj. - Ceth S. Land; Holcombe legion. - - In the cavalry under Fitzhugh Lee, were the Seventh regiment, Col. - A. C. Haskell, and the Hampton legion, Lieut.-Col. R. B. Arnold, of - Brig.-Gen. M. W. Gary's brigade, the last troops to leave the capital - of the Confederacy. - - With the artillery were the South Carolina batteries of Capt. H. R. - Garden, Lieut. E. L. Purse (Fickling's), and Capt. T. E. Gregg. - -Wallace's brigade suffered severely at the battle of Five Forks, only a -remnant marching thence to Appomattox Court House. - - - - -CHAPTER XXI. - - BATTLE OF HONEY HILL--SHERMAN'S ADVANCE INTO SOUTH - CAROLINA--ORGANIZATION OF THE CONFEDERATE FORCES--BURNING OF - COLUMBIA--BATTLES OF AVERASBORO AND BENTONVILLE--CONCLUSION. - - -After thoroughly destroying Atlanta, save its mere dwelling-houses, as -is stated in his official report, Gen. W. T. Sherman began his march -through Georgia on November 15, 1864, and on December 10th drove in -the picket lines of the Confederate forces at Savannah under command -of Lieutenant-General Hardee. During Sherman's advance, his feints at -Columbia, Ga., made it uncertain for a time whether he did not intend -to enter South Carolina at that point. - -On November 28th, before the arrival of Sherman at Savannah, Maj.-Gen. -John G. Foster, commanding the Federal department of the South, -left Hilton Head with all his available troops, "amounting to 5,000 -infantry, cavalry and artillery, with 500 sailors and marines," and -went by boat to Boyd's Neck, on the south side of Broad river. After -landing, Brig.-Gen. J. P. Hatch was put in command, with orders to push -forward and cut the Charleston & Savannah railroad. - -This formidable attempt seemed to promise success to the Federals, -as Colonel Colcock, in command of the district, and Major Jenkins, -commanding in the immediate vicinity of the Federal movement, had no -forces adequate to an effective resistance, but fortunately, Gen. G. W. -Smith's division of Georgia State troops had just arrived at Savannah, -and was promptly sent to the scene by General Hardee. The troops were -put in position about 10 a. m. on the 30th on a line near the north -bank of a small stream about three miles south of Grahamville station, -occupying some light intrenchments that had been made upon ground -called Honey hill, ten or twelve feet above the water level. On the -right there was a dense forest, on the left an open pine wood, with -an open space in front. The road on which the Federals approached was -bordered closely by dense forests. Colonel Colcock was put in command -of the line of battle, and Major Jenkins of the cavalry, while Captain -DeSaussure, adjutant-general of the district, remained with General -Smith. "Within five or ten minutes after these dispositions had been -made," said General Smith, "the battle began by an advance piece of -our artillery firing upon the enemy. Their line of battle was soon -formed, and from that time until near dark made continuous efforts to -carry our position. We had actually engaged five pieces of artillery, -and it is due to the South Carolina artillerists that I should say I -have never seen pieces more skillfully employed and gallantly served -upon a difficult field of battle." In an hour the enemy had so extended -and developed their attack that Smith was compelled to put in his last -Georgia regiment, making his force engaged about 1,400 muskets. The -valor with which they fought may be inferred from the report of General -Foster, who said: - - The enemy's infantry, rather over 4,000 and nearly equal to our own - in number, was posted behind intrenchments in the woods on each side - of the road. This position was immediately attacked with vigor and - determination, but ... we were unable to drive the enemy. After an - obstinate fight of several hours, General Hatch, finding that the - enemy's line could be neither successfully assaulted nor outflanked, - retired after dark to a strong position about 2½ miles from Boyd's - Neck. Our loss was 88 killed, 623 wounded and 43 missing. - -"Our loss in every arm of the service," General Smith reported, "was -8 men killed and 42 wounded. The enemy left over 200 of their dead -upon the field, and their whole loss in killed and wounded is believed -to be upward of 1,000." About 4:30 p. m., General Robertson arrived -with reinforcements from Charleston, and by the next morning General -Chestnut was up with 350 South Carolina reserves, and General Baker -with a North Carolina brigade. - -Of his subsequent operations, General Foster reported: - - From November 30th to December 5th, while keeping the greater part - of the force at Boyd's Neck, I made at different points, with the - assistance of the navy, several demonstrations, in one of which - the Twenty-fifth Ohio marched six miles into the interior toward - Pocotaligo and captured two pieces of artillery at Church bridge. - On the night of December 5th, I embarked a force under command of - Brigadier-General Potter ... which landed at Gregory's plantation, on - the right bank of Tulifinny creek ... pushed forward immediately, and - about a mile and a half out met the enemy, whom he forced rapidly back - to the spot where the road up the peninsula between the Coosawhatchie - and Tulifinny meets the road running across from river to river. Here - the enemy made a stand and attacked our left vigorously, but our men - repulsed them, and got possession of the crossing, which we now hold. - Our loss was 5 killed and 50 wounded. - -Maj.-Gen. Samuel Jones, who had been ordered to establish his -headquarters at Pocotaligo, reached there on the evening of the -5th, and found the Confederate forces available were the Fifth and -Forty-seventh Georgia, part of the Thirty-second Georgia, artillery, -part of the Third South Carolina cavalry, Kirk's squadron, some Georgia -and South Carolina reserves and South Carolina militia. They were -posted to protect the railroad from Pocotaligo to the Savannah river -and up that river to Sister's ferry, the forces at and near Grahamville -under the command of Brigadier-General Chestnut, and those at and -near Coosawhatchie under Brigadier-General Gartrell. The latter met -the advance under General Potter, on the 6th, sending forward a small -battalion of the Fifth Georgia, which was soon pressed back. It was -reinforced by a section of artillery and the Georgia reserves, but the -entire line soon gave way and fell back across the Coosawhatchie river. -The battalion of South Carolina cadets was led forward by Maj. John -Jenkins to the Tulifinny bridge, but arrived too late to be of service. -General Jones then concentrated on the railroad near the Tulifinny -trestle all the troops he could collect, Georgia commands, a company of -the First artillery, the cadets, and Bachman's battery, and at dawn on -the 7th Colonel Edwards, of Georgia, commanding, made an attack upon -the enemy in conjunction with a demonstration by Gartrell, but without -success, losing 4 killed and 31 wounded. This attack was participated -in by Captain King's company, First regulars, the cadets under Maj. J. -B. White, and 130 militia. - -[Illustration: - - SKETCH - SHOWING - POSITION - OF BOYD'S NECK, HONEY HILL, - AND DEVAUX'S NECK, S.C.,] - -Gen. B. H. Robertson was put in command of the troops in this region on -the 8th. On the 9th he was attacked by a Federal brigade under command -of Col. Stewart L. Woodford, of New York, and several determined -efforts were made to carry his line, but all were handsomely repulsed. -General Robertson reported: - - Foiled in his undertaking, the enemy moved to his left in the - direction of Coosawhatchie. The engagement was renewed most vigorously - on our right at 3 p. m., and after an obstinate resistance by the - enemy, lasting some two hours, he was driven 800 yards from his - original line.... The German artillery, Captain Bachman, rendered - very efficient service on the left, as was proved by the number of - dead found in their front. Major Jenkins, commanding the cadets, was - particularly conspicuous during the morning fight. - -General Robertson lost 8 killed and 44 wounded. Colonel Woodford -gave the loss of his regiment alone at 8 killed and 51 wounded. Some -skirmishes followed, but the Georgians and South Carolinians remained -in firm possession of the railroad. - -On December 21st, Sherman, planning an assault upon Savannah, learned -that General Hardee had successfully eluded him, evacuated the Georgia -seaport, crossed the river, and moved into South Carolina. - -On the 25th of December, Gov. A. G. Magrath addressed a letter to -President Davis which may be taken as presenting accurately the -situation in the State at that date. Some extracts are therefore -presented: - - The fall of Savannah has, of course, very much affected the people - of this State. The question which naturally presents itself is, why - the force which penetrated Georgia cannot penetrate South Carolina. - And at this moment it is not an unwillingness to oppose the enemy, - but a chilling apprehension of the futility of doing so, that affects - the people.... As rapidly as it can be done, I am reorganizing the - militia.... If you will send us aid, although for the moment it falls - short of effectual aid, if it foreshadow other aid to come, that - spirit can be vitalized which ... supplies the place of numbers. Of - any force which you may send, I am very anxious that the brigade of - General Conner should be a part of it, and sent as soon as possible. - -To this President Davis replied: - - I have long realized the importance of such action as you suggest, but - necessities elsewhere have prevented action in accordance with our - wish. I have held several conferences with General Lee on the subject, - and will have another, showing him your letter and telegram. - -To the governor's petition was added that of W. F. De Saussure, -Andrew Crawford, W. H. Scarborough, Daniel Ravenel and many other -citizens, declaring: "It is absolutely necessary to have at least -one well-organized corps besides Hardee's on the coast, about which -the half-trained citizens may rally. Otherwise, however brave and -determined, their efforts will amount to nothing." On the latter, -President Davis indorsed: "The question presented is one which General -Lee can best judge." The indorsement of General Lee was: - - I have sent all the troops from this army that can be spared. The army - of Tennessee is ordered to South Carolina, and a part of it arrived. - If the citizens of Georgia and South Carolina will fill up its ranks, - it will be able to protect the country. - -General Hardee, then at Charleston, on the 27th, was advised to make -"silently and cautiously all necessary preparations for the evacuation -of Charleston, should it become necessary." General McLaws was -instructed to assume command of all troops between the Savannah river -and Pocotaligo, including the cavalry command of General Wheeler at -Hardeeville, and the forces at Honey hill and on the Tulifinny and -Coosawhatchie and vicinity, then under General Taliaferro. - -Beauregard was at his request relieved of the general command of the -department on the last day of 1864. His presence was required at -Montgomery and with the army of Tennessee. He instructed General Hardee -that while the fall of Charleston would be a terrible blow to the -Confederacy, the loss of its garrison would be still more fatal, and -that preparations should be made for evacuation as well as for defense. - -On January 19th, General Butler's cavalry division was ordered to -South Carolina, and Gen. D. H. Hill was put in command at Augusta, Ga. -The greatly depleted corps of S. D. Lee, Stewart and Cheatham, army -of Tennessee, were on their way to reinforce General Hardee. These -troops were reported destitute of clothing, but their indomitable -spirit remained, and the people of the Carolinas were cheered by -their approach. On the 28th, Gen. Wade Hampton reported for duty in -defense of his State, soon after was given command of Butler's and -Young's (Iverson's) cavalry divisions, and later of all the cavalry in -the Carolinas. Conner's brigade, from the army of Northern Virginia, -arrived in this month, and on the 31st, General Hardee's army was -organized as follows: - - McLaws' division, composed of Conner's brigade, Colonel Kennedy; the - Georgia brigade (reserves) of Col. John C. Fiser; the Georgia brigade - of Col. G. P. Harrison, including a detachment of the First South - Carolina cavalry; Col. W. M. Hardy's North Carolina brigade; another - brigade of Georgia reserves, and six batteries of artillery. - - Taliaferro's division, composed of Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott's - brigade--parts of First and Second artillery, serving as infantry, - under Lieut.-Col. J. A. Yates; First cavalry, State cadets, and a - company of the siege train, under Lieut.-Col. W. A. Walker. Rhett's - brigade--First artillery, Maj. Ormsby Blanding; Third artillery, Col. - William Butler; First militia, Col. J. Griffin; Nineteenth cavalry, - Capt. M. J. Kirk; Young's cavalry; artillery, Capt. E. L. Parker, - and part of Thirty-second Georgia. Not brigaded: Lusk's company - First cavalry, six companies Second artillery, Fifteenth artillery - battalion, Maj. J. J. Lucas; South Carolina siege train, Col. Edward - B. White; Eighteenth militia, Col. John E. Carew; Gist Guards - artillery, Lieut. T. G. Boag; company Palmetto battalion; Tupper's - militia artillery, and several companies of Georgia artillery. - - Maj.-Gen. Ambrose R. Wright's division, composed of Mercer's - brigade--Capt. A. P. Brown's company First cavalry; First, Second, - Sixth and Seventh reserves, Brig.-Gen. A. G. Blanchard; batteries of - Capts. M. Rickenbaker, Charles Daniell, W. L. DePass, W. K. Bachman; - Capt. J. D. Kay's reserve cavalry, and several Georgia commands. - Robertson's brigade--Second, Third and Fourth militia, Col. A. D. - Goodwyn; batteries of Capts. H. M. Stuart, F. C. Schulz, F. W. - Wagener, J. R. Mathewes, C. E. Kanapaux, G. H. Walter; Stono scouts, - Capt. J. B. L. Walpole; Wilkins' cavalry company reserves. - - Wheeler's cavalry corps included the brigades of Anderson, Hagan and - Crews, in Allen's division; of Dibrell, Ashby and Harrison, in Humes' - division; and of Ferguson, Lewis and Hannon, in Iverson's division. - - Brig.-Gen. J. H. Trapier's brigade, detached, was composed of Ward's - battalion reserves, Capt. L. A. Grice; Capt. J. J. Steele's cavalry - company, and the artillery companies of Capts. F. Melchers and Mayham - Ward. - - Brig.-Gen. J. K. Jackson's brigade, also detached, included the First - foreign battalion, Lieut.-Col. J. G. Tucker; Fourteenth militia, Col. - D. R. Barton; Capt. A. J. Frederick's company militia; Capt. W. E. - Charles' battery. - - The post at Columbia was commanded by Lieut.-Col. R. S. Means, - including a post guard under Capt. R. D. Senn, and provost guard under - Capt. D. H. Hamilton for the care of prisoners of war. - -On February 2d, a conference was held at Green's Cut station, Ga., at -which Generals Beauregard, Hardee, D. H. Hill and G. W. Smith were -present. It was estimated that the forces available to meet Sherman, -Lee's corps of the army of Tennessee having arrived, and Cheatham's -and Stewart's being on the way, had the following effective strength: -Hardee's command, regular infantry, 8,000; militia and reserves, -3,000; light artillery, 2,000; Butler's cavalry division, 1,500; -total, 14,500. Militia and reserves under Generals Smith and Browne, -1,450. Wheeler's cavalry, 6,700. Army of Tennessee: Lee's corps, -4,000; Cheatham's corps, 3,000; Stewart's corps, 3,000; artillery, -800; total, 10,800. Grand total, 33,450. On account of the absence -of most of the army of Tennessee, it was deemed inadvisable to give -battle at the important point of Branchville; but it was determined to -hold the Combahee as long as possible, while Hardee should fall back -on Charleston, and Wheeler on Columbia. Lee's corps was ordered to -Branchville, where Conner's brigade was already stationed. - -General Sherman, meanwhile, was preparing to march northward through -the Carolinas, with Savannah as his base. His army was organized in two -wings, the right, under Gen. O. O. Howard, composed of the corps of -John A. Logan and Frank P. Blair; the left, under Gen. H. W. Slocum, -of the corps of Jeff C. Davis and A. S. Williams. The average strength -of each corps was 13,000 men, and the cavalry, under Gen. Judson -Kilpatrick, was about 4,000 in number. This, with the artillery, made -up an aggregate effective strength, officers and men, of 60,000. - -General Howard was ordered to embark his wing, transport it to -Beaufort, and by the 15th of January, to make a lodgment on the -Charleston & Savannah railroad at or near Pocotaligo, while the other -wing and cavalry were ordered to rendezvous near Robertsville and -Coosawhatchie. Howard performed his part of the program, but on account -of the loss of a pontoon bridge, Slocum was compelled to cross at -Sister's ferry, and the river, even there, was so overflowed as to be -three miles wide, and he did not get entirely across until February. -In the meantime, to make Sherman's advance easier, Grant had sent a -division to garrison Savannah, Schofield's corps to operate from New -Bern, N. C., and a tremendous fleet of warships, assisted by a land -force, was about to reduce Fort Fisher, the main defense of Wilmington. - -On January 2, 1865, a Federal brigade made the first crossing of the -river near Savannah and moved toward Grahamville. On the 14th, General -McLaws, confronting the advance of Howard, from Beaufort, reported: -"I am endeavoring to evacuate my position. Enemy are immediately in -my front.... They are now checked at Old Pocotaligo." McLaws withdrew -behind the Salkehatchie, and the railroad from there southward was at -last gained by the Federals. But the Combahee was an impassable barrier -to Howard, and he was compelled to move up its southwest bank to find a -crossing place. - -General Wheeler was watching the enemy from Hardeeville, gradually -falling back to Robertsville and Lawtonville, while part of his force -observed the Federal movements on the Georgia side. On the 28th he -reported the enemy crossing and advancing toward Robertsville. After a -brisk skirmish near Loper's cross roads, he fell back toward Rivers' -and Buford's bridges on the Big Salkehatchie, early in February. - -Sherman declares that his "real march" began on the 1st of February. -"All the roads northward had been held for weeks by Wheeler's cavalry, -who had felled trees, burned bridges and made obstructions to impede -our progress." On the 2d, Logan's corps was at Loper's, and Blair's -at Rivers' bridge. Williams' corps was ordered to Buford's bridge, -Kilpatrick to Blackville, and Howard to cross the Salkehatchie and move -for Midway on the South Carolina railroad. "The enemy held the line of -the Salkehatchie in force, having infantry and artillery intrenched -at Rivers' and Buford's bridges." The former was carried February 3d -by two divisions of Blair's corps, who waded the swamp and turned -McLaws' position, compelling him to retire toward Branchville, behind -the Edisto. McLaws reported, "It was with difficulty that my command -could be withdrawn, as I was completely flanked on both sides. The -fighting at Rivers' bridge was quite sharp and lasted several hours." -Wheeler, following McLaws' retreat, burned the bridges over the Little -Salkehatchie. Gen. C. L. Stevenson, commanding S. D. Lee's corps, took -position to hold the South Edisto to Binnaker's bridge. - -Sherman pushed his army rapidly toward Midway and Graham's Station -on the South Carolina railroad, which was destroyed, while Blair -threatened Branchville, and Kilpatrick, Augusta. The latter was met by -Wheeler's cavalry in battle at Blackville, Williston and Aiken, the -Confederate leader winning a substantial victory before the latter -place, and stopping Kilpatrick's advance. - -On February 8th there was a brisk engagement at the bridge of the -Edisto west of Branchville. Stovall, stationed at Binnaker's bridge, -was reinforced by Clayton, and the position ordered to be held as long -as possible. But on the 10th, Stevenson reported from Orangeburg: "The -enemy has driven the troops from Binnaker's and they are retiring on -this point." - -On the 11th, McLaws' skirmishers, on the south side of the North Fork, -before Orangeburg, made a gallant resistance, and Sherman's advance was -checked by a battery commanding the bridge, which was partially burned, -until a flanking force crossed the river below the town. Orangeburg -was then abandoned and the work of destroying the railroad there was -begun. Then, while Blair marched up the railroad toward the Congaree, -destroying the track, Sherman turned toward Columbia. - -General Hampton was put in command at the State capital and -arrangements were made for the transfer of prisoners of war from that -city and Florence to Salisbury, N. C. General Hardee was ordered by -General Beauregard to evacuate Charleston, and join in a general -concentration of forces at Chesterville, whither the military stores at -Columbia were hastily forwarded. President Davis, writing to Beauregard -regarding the evacuation of Charleston, said: "Such full preparation -had been made that I had hoped for other and better results, and the -disappointment to me is extremely bitter." - -The military situation on the 16th, as Beauregard described it, was: -"Our forces, about 20,000 effective infantry and artillery, more or -less demoralized, occupy a circumference of about 240 miles from -Charleston to Augusta. The enemy, well organized and disciplined, -and flushed with success, numbering nearly double our forces, is -concentrated upon one point (Columbia) of that circumference." On the -same day he resumed command of all troops in South Carolina. General -Hardee was seriously ill, and General McLaws took command at Charleston -in his stead and completed the evacuation by the morning of Saturday, -the 18th of February, when the city was surrendered at 9 a. m. by Mayor -Charles Macbeth. - -Generals Cheatham and Stewart had by this time brought what remained of -their corps, pitifully few in numbers, to Augusta, in the vicinity of -which General Wheeler had his cavalry, and General Hampton urged the -most rapid movement possible of these forces to unite with the troops -at Columbia for the defense of the State capital, and the line of the -Congaree; but the rapid movements of Sherman made this impossible. - -On the 15th, Logan's corps, advancing on Columbia, was checked by a -brave band of Confederates manning a tête-de-pont and fort at Little -Congaree bridge, and it was night before the head of the Federal column -reached the Congaree in front of Columbia, and went into camp, shelled -by a battery on the other side. That night the bridge was burned to -check the Federal crossing, and next morning part of De Gress' Federal -battery began firing upon the town. Slocum's corps was ordered to -move toward Winnsboro and Howard to occupy Columbia, which one of his -brigades did, by crossing the Saluda and Broad rivers. General Hampton -evacuated Columbia on the 17th, and his forces took up their march -northward intending to concentrate at Chesterville, or if not possible -there, at Charlotte, N. C., and at the same time Cheatham's corps began -its march in the same direction, from Columbia. - -A pontoon was built, on which Sherman crossed into Columbia on the -17th, and was met by the mayor, who surrendered the city and asked for -its protection from pillage. The day, Sherman says, was clear, but a -"perfect tempest of wind was raging." His orders to Howard were, he -says, to burn all arsenals and public property not needed for army -use, as well as all railroads and depots, but to spare dwellings and -schools and charitable institutions; and he declares that before a -single building was fired by his order, the city was in flames spread -by cotton burning on the streets before he occupied the city; that the -whole of Woods' division was brought in to fight the fire; that he was -up nearly all night, and saw Generals Howard, Logan, Woods and others -laboring to save houses and protect families. "Our officers and men -on duty worked well to extinguish the flames; but others not on duty, -including the officers who had long been imprisoned there, may have -assisted in spreading the fire after it had once begun." - -General Hampton denies that any cotton was fired by his orders, also -that any cotton was burning when the Federals entered the city. -Abundant testimony has been given by the people of Columbia, both -white and black, to the effect that the city was burned by the Federal -soldiers. This is virtually admitted by General Slocum when he says: "I -believe the immediate cause of the disaster was a free use of whisky -(which was supplied to the soldiers by citizens with great liberality). -A drunken soldier, with a musket in one hand and a match in the other, -is not a pleasant visitor to have about the house on a dark, windy -night." Sherman, in his Memoirs, says: "The army, having totally ruined -Columbia, moved on toward Winnsboro." There can be no doubt that -Federal soldiers burned Columbia and were never punished for it. - -This, however, was but one instance of the general devastation -accompanying Sherman's march. The words of a Federal soldier [M] may be -quoted as suggestive of the ruin wrought by the invading army: - - It was sad to see the wanton destruction of property which ... was the - work of "bummers" who were marauding through the country committing - every sort of outrage. There was no restraint except with the column - or the regular foraging parties. We had no communications and could - have no safeguards. The country was necessarily left to take care of - itself, and became a "howling waste." The "coffee-coolers" of the army - of the Potomac were archangels compared to our "bummers," who often - fell to the tender mercies of Wheeler's cavalry, and were never heard - of again, meeting a fate richly deserved. - -[Footnote M: Capt. Daniel Oakey, Second Massachusetts volunteers, in -"Battles and Leaders."] - -General Beauregard at this time reported to General Lee that Sherman -was advancing on Winnsboro, and would thence probably move on -Greensboro, Danville and Petersburg, and that he did not believe it -possible for the troops from Charleston or those of Cheatham to make -a junction with him short of Greensboro. On the 19th, Gen. R. E. Lee -wrote to the war department: - - I do not see how Sherman can make the march anticipated by Beauregard - [to Greensboro], but he seems to have everything his own way, which - is calculated to cause apprehension.... General Beauregard has a - difficult task to perform under present circumstances, and one of his - best officers (General Hardee) is incapacitated by sickness. Should - his strength give way, there is no one on duty in the department - that could replace him, nor have I any one to send there. Gen. J. - E. Johnston is the only officer who has the confidence of the army - and people, and if he was ordered to report to me I would place him - there on duty. It is necessary to bring out all our strength, and, I - fear, to unite our armies, as separately they do not seem able to - make headway against the enemy. Everything should be destroyed that - cannot be removed out of the reach of Generals Sherman and Schofield. - Provisions must be accumulated in Virginia, and every man in all the - States must be brought out. I fear it may be necessary to abandon all - our cities, and preparation should be made for this contingency. - -On February 22d, General Johnston was assigned to command of the -departments of Tennessee and Georgia, and South Carolina, Georgia and -Florida. - -On the 21 st, Sherman's advance was at Winnsboro, and Rocky Mount was -occupied on the 23d. Kilpatrick's cavalry was ordered to Lancaster. -For several days after this Sherman was delayed by high water in -the rivers. Howard's wing, having crossed the Catawba before the -rains set in, advanced on Cheraw, where Hardee was stationed with a -force of about 12,000, and a cavalry command was sent to burn and -destroy at Camden. Another body of cavalry attempting to cut the -railroad from Charleston to Florence was met and routed by a part of -Butler's command, at Mount Elon. General Butler met Howard's advance -at Chesterfield, and skirmished to impede its march, but Cheraw -was entered by the enemy March 2d, and much property destroyed. An -expedition of Federals was sent toward Florence, but was defeated in -its attempt to reach that place. - -Continuing his march northward, Sherman's left wing reached -Fayetteville, N. C., on the 11th of March. General Hampton, with -his cavalry, had maintained active skirmishing to cover the retreat -of Hardee's troops, and on the morning of March 10th, finding -Kilpatrick's cavalry in a scattered condition, he ordered Wheeler's and -Butler's cavalry to attack. They charged the camps, took Kilpatrick's -headquarters, artillery and wagons, destroying the latter, and captured -350 prisoners, but the enemy reforming in a marsh, finally compelled -the Confederates to withdraw. - -Sherman spent three days at Fayetteville, destroying the arsenal and -machinery. He then began to fear serious trouble from the concentration -of the Confederate forces in his front under General Johnston, and -began a movement toward Goldsboro, where he ordered Schofield to join -him. His march began March 15th, his advance being steadily resisted -by Hampton, and on the 16th he encountered General Hardee near -Averasboro, in the narrow, swampy neck between Cape Fear and South -rivers, determined to check the Federal advance to gain time for the -concentration of Johnston's army. - -At 7 a. m. on the 16th, Hardee's line was attacked, 5 miles south -of Averasboro, and Colonel Rhett's brigade forced back, rallying on -Elliott's. Forming a second line, supported by McLaws' division and -later by Wheeler's cavalry, the fighting was continued, although the -enemy's great superiority in numbers enabled him to flank the second -line and compel Hardee to occupy a third. He maintained his position -during the day and retreated upon Smithfield, where Johnston's -headquarters was then located. He reported his loss as 400 or 500. -Colonel Rhett was captured, in a skirmish preceding the battle, and -Colonel Butler commanded his brigade. Casualties were reported in -fourteen brigades of the Federal army, aggregating 95 killed, 533 -wounded and 54 missing.[N] - -[Footnote N: A Federal line officer, writing of this fight years -afterward, said: "It was a wretched place for a fight. At some points -we had to support our wounded until they could be carried off, to -prevent their falling into the swamp water, in which we stood ankle -deep. No ordinary troops were in our front. They would not give way -until a division of Davis' corps was thrown upon their right while we -pressed them closely. As we passed over their dead and wounded, I came -upon the body of a very young officer, whose handsome, refined face -attracted my attention. While the line of battle swept past me I knelt -at his side for a moment. His buttons bore the arms of South Carolina. -Evidently we were fighting the Charleston chivalry."] - -General Taliaferro, in his report of the battle of Averasboro, says: - - Our skirmish line, under the command of Captain Huguenin, First South - Carolina infantry, received their advance very handsomely, and only - fell back when forced by greatly superior numbers. On the right of the - line and well advanced to the front, the houses at Smith's place were - occupied by two companies of the First South Carolina artillery.... - The fighting was heavy during the entire morning. Men and officers - displayed signal gallantry. Our loss on this [Elliott's] line was - considerable, including some of our best officers, among whom were - Lieutenant-Colonel De Treville, First South Carolina infantry, and - Captain Lesesne, First South Carolina artillery. Our light artillery, - which consisted of two 12-pounder howitzers of LeGardeur's (New - Orleans) battery and one 12-pounder Napoleon of Stuart's (South - Carolina) battery, was well served, and operated with good results - upon the enemy's infantry and opposing battery. The ground was so - soft with the heavy rains that the pieces could with difficulty be - maneuvered, and when this line was abandoned, it was impossible to - withdraw two of the guns, as every horse of Stuart's but one, and nine - of LeGardeur's were killed, and nearly all the cannoneers of both guns - were either killed or wounded. Spare horses had been ordered up, but - did not arrive in time. All the ammunition, however, to the last shot - of all the guns had been expended upon the enemy.[O] - -[Footnote O: Among South Carolinians specially mentioned by General -Taliaferro were Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott and Colonel Butler, -commanding brigades; Colonel Brown, Major Warley and Captain Humbert, -Second South Carolina artillery; Captain Mathewes and Lieutenant -Boag, Manigault's battalion; Lieutenant-Colonel Yates, Major Blanding -(severely wounded) and Captain King, First South Carolina artillery; -Captain Huguenin, First South Carolina infantry, and Major Lucas.] - -On being informed that the Fourteenth and Twentieth Federal corps, -which had been engaged with Hardee at Averasboro, were moving by the -Goldsboro road, at some distance from Sherman's other wing, Johnston -immediately concentrated his troops available at Bentonville, and -attacked Slocum at 3 p. m., at first meeting with brilliant success. -A mile in the rear the Federals rallied. "We were able to press all -back slowly until 6," said Johnston, "when receiving fresh troops -apparently, they attempted the offensive, which we resisted without -difficulty till dark." On the 20th, Hoke's division was attacked, -but repulsed every assault. Next day there was heavy skirmishing, -and Stewart's and Taliaferro's skirmishers were thrown forward, who -found that Sherman, having united his two wings, was intrenching. -On the evening of the 21st, General Hardee, assisted by Hampton and -Wheeler, defeated an attempt of Blair's corps to move upon Bentonville. -Then, learning that Schofield had reached Goldsboro, and Sherman was -moving toward Cox's bridge, Johnston withdrew to the neighborhood of -Smithfield, and thence through Raleigh toward Greensboro. - -The first attack upon the enemy preliminary to the battle of -Bentonville was made by General Hampton, on the morning of the 18th, in -defense of the position he had selected for the battle which had been -planned. On the 19th, before the arrival of Hardee to take position -between Hoke and Stewart, Hampton held the gap in the line with two -South Carolina batteries of horse artillery, Hart's, under Capt. E. L. -Halsey, and Capt W. E. Earle's. - -Maj.-Gen. D. H. Hill, commanding Lee's corps, which included the -South Carolinians of Manigault's brigade, reported the entire success -of his command in the first attack, and added: "Lieutenant-Colonel -Carter [commanding Manigault's brigade] was in actual negotiation with -a Yankee general for the surrender of his command." Unfortunately, -at this juncture the enemy pressed upon the flank and rear of his -advance, and many men were cut off. "Captain Wood, adjutant-general -of Manigault's brigade, brought out 10 men and 8 prisoners, after a -tiresome march all night around the Yankee forces." - -Gen. John D. Kennedy commanded Kershaw's old brigade, and he and his -veterans did gallant service.[P] - -[Footnote P: General Kennedy complimented Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace, -commanding the Second regiment, for skill and gallantry, and mentioned -particularly, "Capt. C. R. Holmes, assistant adjutant-general, -Lieutenant Harllee, acting assistant inspector-general, Lieutenant -Sill, acting on staff, and C. Kennison, acting aide-de-camp; also the -good conduct and coolness in bearing dispatches of Sergeant Blake and -Corporal Pinckney of the Second South Carolina." Lieutenant-Colonel -Roy, in the advance, was for a time on the left of the brigade, -gallantly inspiriting the men.] - -During the operations just narrated, Hagood's brigade had been engaged, -under Hoke and Bragg, in the defense of Wilmington, N. C., and of -Kinston, maintaining in every combat its old-time reputation for valor. -In the operations about Kinston, Lee's corps, under D. H. Hill, also -took part, and in the actions of March 8th, 9th and 10th, the South -Carolinians of Manigault's brigade were engaged. - -Having fought to the extremity for a great Right, the army under Gen. -Joseph E. Johnston was surrendered April 26, 1865, upon the terms -agreed upon between Lee and Grant at Appomattox. The South Carolina -soldiery of all arms, and its men of the navy in all waters, had -valorously sustained the honor of their State, making in long and -arduous service a reputation for fortitude, courage, humanity, and -devotion to the Confederacy, only equaled by the fame similarly earned -by their comrades from other States. Accepting honorable parole in -good faith, these chivalrous men retired from the theater of war to -act well their parts in civil life, trusting their country's future -to the honest hope that the operations in the minds and actions of -their countrymen of the essential principles of free government under -constitutional regulations, would yet accomplish in peace the great -ends for which they had so terribly suffered in war. - -BIOGRAPHICAL - - - - - MAJOR-GENERALS AND BRIGADIER-GENERALS, PROVISIONAL ARMY OF THE - CONFEDERATE STATES, ACCREDITED TO SOUTH CAROLINA. - - -Brigadier-General Barnard E. Bee was born at Charleston, S. C., in -1823, the son of Col. Barnard E. Bee, who removed to Texas in 1835, -and grandson of Thomas Bee, the first Federal judge of the State of -South Carolina. He was appointed as a cadet-at-large to the United -States military academy, and was graduated in 1845, with promotion to -brevet second lieutenant, Third infantry. Immediately afterward he -served in the military occupation of Texas, and during the war with -Mexico participated in the battles of 1846 at Palo Alto and Resaca de -la Palma, after which he was on recruiting service with promotion to -second lieutenant. In 1847 he took part in the siege of Vera Cruz, -and while storming the enemy's intrenched heights at Cerro Gordo, was -wounded and earned the brevet of first lieutenant. His gallant record -was continued in the conflicts at Contreras, Churubusco, Chapultepec -and the City of Mexico, winning for him the rank of brevet captain -and a sword of honor from South Carolina, his native State. After -the close of this war he served as adjutant of the Third infantry at -various army posts on the frontier, until the spring of 1855, with -promotion to first lieutenant in 1851, and to captain of the Tenth -infantry in 1855. For a short time he was detached at the cavalry -school at Carlisle; then was on frontier duty in Minnesota; marched -with Albert Sidney Johnston to Utah in 1857, and in that territory -served as lieutenant-colonel of the volunteer battalion until the -close of 1858. He was on duty at Fort Laramie, Dak., when he resigned -in March, 1861, to enter the Confederate service. First commissioned -major of infantry, C. S. A., he was promoted to brigadier-general, -provisional army, in June, and given command of the Third brigade of -the army of the Shenandoah, under Brig.-Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, whose -other brigade commanders were Colonels Jackson, Bartow and Elzey. Bee's -command was composed of the Second and Eleventh Mississippi, Sixth -North Carolina and Fourth Alabama regiments, and Imboden's battery. -After participating in the maneuvers in the valley against Patterson, -his brigade was the first to reinforce Beauregard at Manassas Junction, -arriving there on July 20th. He selected the position for the artillery -on the morning of the 21st near the Henry house, almost simultaneously -with the placing of Rickett's battery on the opposite hill, and ordered -the opening of the artillery fire which checked the Federal advance and -made the subsequent victory possible. He was the ranking officer on -this part of the field during the early hours of battle, and supported -Evans with his own and Bartow's brigades, while Jackson followed and -took position on the line he had selected. Forced back by Federal -reinforcements, he rallied his troops, and during the confusion shouted -the historic words: "Look at Jackson's brigade. It stands there like -a stonewall." His gallant men soon reformed and drove the Federals -from the Henry house plateau which they had gained, and soon afterward -were in turn driven back by the enemy. In the second charge of the -Confederates which swept the Federals from the disputed position, -captured the Rickett and Griffin batteries, and won the day, General -Bee fell mortally wounded near the Henry house, close to the spot where -he gave his first orders for battle. He died the following morning, -July 22, 1861, in the little cabin on the field where he had made his -headquarters. The death of General Bee, in this first great battle of -the war, caused universal mourning in the South. He was an officer of -tried courage and capacity, and had the promise of a glorious career -in the great struggle into which he had entered with such generous -enthusiasm. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Milledge Luke Bonham was born near Red Bank, -Edgefield district, December 22, 1813, the son of Capt. James Bonham, -who came from Virginia to South Carolina about the close of the -last century, and married Sophie, daughter of Jacob Smith, niece of -Capt. James Butler, head of an illustrious South Carolina family. -The grandfather of General Bonham was Maj. Absalom Bonham, a native -of Maryland and a soldier of the revolutionary war. General Bonham, -after graduation at the South Carolina college, had his first military -experience as a volunteer in the company of Capt. James Jones, in -the Seminole war, and was promoted to brigade major, a position -corresponding to adjutant-general of brigade. Subsequently, while -beginning his career as a lawyer and legislator, he continued his -association with the militia and attained the rank of major-general. -When war began with Mexico he went to the front as lieutenant-colonel -of the Twelfth United States infantry, and served with distinction, -earning promotion to colonel, and remained in Mexico a year after -the close of the war, as military governor of one of the provinces. -Then returning home he resumed the practice of law, was elected -solicitor of the southern circuit, and in 1856, upon the death of -Preston S. Brooks, was chosen as the successor of that gentleman in -Congress. Upon the secession of the State he promptly resigned and -was appointed commander-in-chief of the South Carolina army, with the -rank of major-general. In this capacity, and waiving all questions of -rank and precedence, at the request of Governor Pickens, he served -upon the coast in hearty co-operation with General Beauregard, sent -there by the provisional government of the Confederate States. At a -later date he was commissioned brigadier-general in the provisional -army, and he took to Richmond the first troops, not Virginian, that -arrived for the defense of the capital. His regiments were commanded -by Colonels Kershaw, Williams, Cash and Bacon, and were conspicuous in -the operations before Washington and in the first battle of Manassas. -Afterward, in consequence of a disagreement with the war department, -he resigned and was elected to the Confederate Congress. In December, -1862, he was elected governor of the State, an office which he filled -with credit. In January, 1865, he was appointed to command of a brigade -of cavalry, in the organization of which he was engaged at the close -of military operations. His subsequent career was marked by the same -ardent patriotism. As a delegate to President Grant from the taxpayers' -convention, and a supporter of the revolution of 1876, he rendered the -State valuable service. He was the first railroad commissioner of South -Carolina, in 1878, and subsequently chairman of the commission until -his death, August 27, 1890. As a soldier he is described as "one of the -finest looking officers in the entire army. His tall, graceful figure, -commanding appearance, noble bearing and soldierly mien, all excited -the admiration and confidence of his troops. He wore a broad-brimmed -hat with a waving plume, and sat his horse with the knightly grace of -Charles the Bold or Henry of Navarre. His soldiers were proud of him, -and loved to do him homage. While he was a good disciplinarian, so far -as the volunteer service required, he did not treat his officers with -any air of superiority." - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General John Bratton was born at Winnsboro, S. C., March -7, 1831, the son of Dr. William Bratton by his second wife, Isabella -Means. He is a descendant of Col. William Bratton, of Virginia, who -removed to York county, S. C., and was a conspicuous figure in the war -of the revolution. John Bratton was graduated at the South Carolina -college in 1850, and a few years later embarked in the practice of -medicine at his native town, having completed a professional course at -the Charleston college. In 1861 he enlisted in the first call for ten -regiments of troops, as a private, and being promoted captain, served -in that capacity during the bombardment of Fort Sumter, and until the -State troops were called upon to enlist in the Confederate service. -His company declining to respond, he again enlisted as a private, and -with twenty-three men of his old command helped to fill up a company -for the Sixth regiment. This was soon ordered to Virginia, where he -went as second lieutenant of Company C. Except for the engagement at -Dranesville, the year for which the regiment enlisted was uneventful, -but toward the close he attracted the favorable attention of General -Johnston by advocating the enlistment of his regiment as a whole -for the war, and though this proposition failed, he was enabled to -re-enlist the first company of one year's men of Johnston's army. -It followed that a battalion of six companies of the Sixth was -re-enlisted, and he was soon elected to the command, and promoted -colonel when the regiment was filled up. He commanded his regiment with -gallantry in Jenkins' brigade, Longstreet's corps, at Williamsburg, -Seven Pines, the Seven Days' battles, and the succeeding campaigns of -the army of Northern Virginia, and in the Chickamauga and Knoxville -campaigns, where he was in command of the brigade while Jenkins had -charge of Hood's division. After the death of Jenkins at the battle of -the Wilderness, he was at once promoted brigadier-general on the urgent -request of General Lee, and he continued to lead this famous brigade -to the end. At Appomattox, so well had his gallant men held together, -he had the largest brigade in the army, a little over 1,500 men, and -in fact it was larger than some of the divisions. His brigade alone -made an orderly march to Danville and secured railroad transportation -for a part of their homeward journey. When General Bratton reached -home he gave his attention to planting, and in 1866 was elected to -the legislature. In 1876 he was the chairman of the South Carolina -delegation to the national Democratic convention, in 1880 was -chairman of the State committee of his party, and in 1881 was elected -comptroller of the State to fill an unexpired term. He was a stalwart -lieutenant of Gen. Wade Hampton in the famous campaign of 1876, was -elected to Congress in 1884, and was his party's candidate for governor -in 1890. Having been for many years identified with the agricultural -interests of the State, he was selected as the one man likely to unify -his party. With the single purpose of mitigating the evils attending -division among the whites, he sacrificed himself on the shrine of duty, -as he saw it, and though defeated, again won the admiration of all -classes. Until his death at Winnsboro, January 12, 1898, he held firmly -the unalloyed love and respect of the people. - - * * * * * - -Major-General Matthew Calbraith Butler was born near Greenville, S. C., -March 6, 1836. His father was Dr. William Butler, an assistant surgeon -in the United States navy, and a congressman in 1841; his mother, Jane -T., daughter of Captain Perry, U. S. N., of Newport, R. I., and sister -of Commodore Oliver H. Perry and Matthew Calbraith Perry. Judge A. -P. Butler, United States senator, and Gov. Pierce M. Butler, colonel -of the Palmetto regiment and killed at Churubusco, were his uncles; -his grandfather, Gen. William Butler, was a gallant officer of the -revolutionary army, and his great-grandfather, Capt. James Butler, a -native of Loudoun county, Va., was the founder of the family in North -Carolina. In childhood he accompanied his father to Arkansas, but after -the latter's death returned to South Carolina in 1851, and made his -home with Senator A. P. Butler near Edgefield. He was educated at the -South Carolina college, and then reading law was admitted to practice -in 1857. In the following year he was married to Maria, daughter -of Gov. F. W. Pickens. He was elected to the legislature in 1860, but -before the conclusion of his term, entered the military service of his -State as captain of a company of cavalry in Hampton's legion. This -command took a distinguished part in the first battle of Manassas, -and Captain Butler was promoted major to date from July 21st, the -beginning of his famous career in the cavalry of the army of Northern -Virginia. He commanded the cavalry of the legion under Stuart in the -withdrawal of the troops from Yorktown, and was warmly commended for -gallantry at Williamsburg. In August, 1862, he was promoted to colonel -of the Second regiment, South Carolina cavalry, Hampton's brigade, -and in this rank he participated in the Second Manassas and Maryland -campaigns, winning favorable mention for gallant leadership in the -affair at Monocacy bridge, and in Stuart's Chambersburg raid. He -commanded the main part of his brigade in the Dumfries expedition of -December, 1862, and in June, 1863, he was one of the most conspicuous -leaders in the famous cavalry battle of Brandy Station. Here he was -severely wounded by a shell, losing his right foot, and promotion to -brigadier-general followed in September. Returning to service before -his wound healed he was sent home to recover. He succeeded General -Hampton in brigade command, and took part in the fall campaigns of -the army in 1863, and throughout the famous struggle of 1864, at -the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and before Richmond in opposition to -Sheridan, he was one of the heroic figures of this last great campaign -of the Confederate armies. The reports of Sheridan himself attest -the splendid fighting of Butler and his brigade at Hawe's Shop and -Cold Harbor. At Trevilian Station he was in command of Hampton's -division, and repulsed seven distinct and determined assaults by the -largely superior forces under Sheridan, his command occupying the most -important point of the Confederate line and fighting as infantry. In -September he was promoted major-general, and in the spring of 1865 he -was detached with a small division for the campaign against Sherman -in the Carolinas. He commanded the rear guard of Hardee's army at the -evacuation of Columbia and Cheraw, and at the last had division command -of cavalry, his forces and Gen. Joe Wheeler's forming the command of -Lieut.-Gen. Wade Hampton. The close of the war left him in financial -ruin, but he bravely met the exigencies of the occasion, and in a short -time attained national repute for the firmness and boldness with which -he handled the political questions which concerned the essentials of -the reorganized social life. While he powerfully advocated obedience to -the reconstruction measures as the law, law being preferable to chaos, -he receded at no time from a persistent opposition to infringements on -good government, and was largely instrumental in securing the election -of Gov. Wade Hampton. In 1876 he was elected to the United States -Senate, where his admission was met by a storm of partisan protest -which is memorable in the history of the nation, but his career of -eighteen years in that exalted body vindicated the good judgment and -patriotism of the State which deputed him as its representative. In the -stormy days of sectional debate in Congress he was one of the foremost -champions of the South, but at a later period he was enabled to make a -splendid record in constructive statesmanship by his staunch advocacy -of a strong navy, of civil service reform, and other measures now -settled in national policy. After the expiration of his service in the -Senate, March, 1895, he engaged in the practice of law at Washington, -D. C. In 1898 he was appointed a major-general in the volunteer army of -the United States, for the war with Spain, and after peace was secured -he served as a member of the commission for the removal of the Spanish -forces from Cuba. - -[Illustration: M. C. BUTLER] - -Brigadier-General Ellison Capers, a descendant of an English family -which settled in South Carolina among the earliest colonists, was born -in Charleston, October 14, 1837. His father, grandfather and several -generations of the name, belonged to the parishes of St. Thomas and -St. Denis, in Charleston county, in the territory originally called -Berkeley county. His mother was of Irish extraction, her father, -William McGill, having settled in Kershaw county, upon coming from -Ireland. William Capers, the grandfather of Ellison, was a soldier of -the revolution, a lieutenant in the Second South Carolina regiment, -and after the fall of Charleston in 1780, one of Marion's captains in -his famous partisan brigade, in which his only brother, G. Sinclair -Capers, held the same rank. Several thrilling incidents in the career -of these two gallant partisan captains are related by Judge James, -of South Carolina, in his life of Marion. They were both planters. -William Capers, father of Ellison, was born on his father's plantation, -"Bull Head," in St. Thomas parish, about 20 miles north of Charleston, -January 25, 1790. He was graduated at the South Carolina college in -Columbia, entered the Methodist ministry in 1808, and devoted his -life and brilliant talents to his sacred calling. He was elected and -consecrated a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal church South, in 1845, -and died at his home in Anderson, S. C., January 29, 1855. Ellison -Capers, the fourth son of his marriage with Susan McGill, was graduated -at the South Carolina military academy in November, 1857. The next year -he was a resident graduate and assistant professor of mathematics and -belles lettres in his alma mater. In 1859 he married Charlotte Rebecca, -fourth daughter of John Gendron and Catherine Cotourier Palmer, of -Cherry Grove plantation, St. John's, Berkeley, S. C. In the fall of -this year he was appointed assistant professor of mathematics in the -South Carolina military academy at Charleston with the rank of second -lieutenant. The active state of affairs in Charleston during the -summer and fall of 1860 roused the military spirit of the people, and -the First regiment of Rifles was organized in Charleston, of which -Lieutenant Capers was unanimously elected major. He served with this -regiment at Castle Pinckney, and on Morris, Sullivan's, James and -John's islands. His regiment also constituted a part of the army under -Beauregard during the attack on Fort Sumter. He continued to serve in -the vicinity of Charleston until November, when he resigned the rank -of lieutenant-colonel to which he had been promoted, in order that he -might enter the Confederate service. Satisfied that a terrible struggle -was before his people, he resigned his professorship at the military -academy and united with Col. Clement H. Stevens, of Charleston, in -enlisting a regiment for the war. The regiment was mustered into the -Confederate service as the Twenty-fourth South Carolina volunteer -infantry, April 1, 1862, with Clement H. Stevens as colonel, Ellison -Capers, lieutenant-colonel, and H. J. Hammond, major; on the 4th -of April was ordered to Coles' island, and on the 25th of May was -transferred to James island. On June 3d, Companies A, B, D and E, -and the Charleston battalion, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel -Capers, opened the James Island campaign. In this engagement Colonel -Capers led the attack, and for his courageous and skillful management -of this affair he was commended in general orders. At the battle of -Secessionville, the Twenty-fourth was again engaged, and Colonel Capers -was praised in orders. He was next detailed to command a battery of -siege guns at Clark's house. Except a short service at Pocotaligo the -regiment was on James island until December 15, 1862, when it was -ordered to North Carolina to the relief of Wilmington, and stationed -at the railroad crossing of Northeast river on Island Ford road. On -February 13th it was returned to South Carolina and placed on duty -in the Third military district (W. S. Walker's). Lieutenant-Colonel -Capers, with part of his regiment and other commands, was detached to -command the district between Combahee and Ashepoo rivers. Charleston -being threatened with attack, the regiment was ordered back to -Secessionville, April 5, 1863. On May 6th it left South Carolina -for Jackson, Miss., being assigned to Gist's brigade, and eight -days later, while commanding the regiment in the battle at Jackson, -Lieutenant-Colonel Capers was wounded. About the last of August, Gist's -brigade was sent to General Bragg. It participated in the battles -of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, and in the former Capers was -again wounded. During the winter at Dalton in January, 1864, Colonel -Stevens was promoted to brigadier-general and placed in charge of the -brigade formerly commanded by Gen. Claudius C. Wilson. It was while -leading this brigade that General Stevens received his mortal wound -at Peachtree creek, July 20, 1864. Lieutenant-Colonel Capers was -promoted to the colonelcy of the Twenty-fourth, which he led through -the Atlanta and Tennessee campaigns until the battle of Franklin, -where he was wounded and Gist was killed. On March 1, 1865, on the -recommendations of Generals Johnston, Hardee and Cheatham, he was -commissioned brigadier-general and assigned to the command of Gist's -brigade. After the war General Capers was elected secretary of state -of South Carolina, December, 1866. In 1867 he entered the ministry of -the Protestant Episcopal church. He was for twenty years rector at -Greenville, S. C., for one year at Selma, Ala., and for six years at -Trinity, Columbia. In 1889 the degree of D. D. was conferred on him by -the university of South Carolina. On May 4, 1893, he was elected bishop -by the convention of South Carolina on the first ballot, and on July -20, 1893, was consecrated in this sacred office. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General James Chestnut, a gallant South Carolinian, -distinguished as a general officer, also served as aide-de-camp on the -staff of President Davis, in which connection his biography is given in -the first volume of this work. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General James Conner was born at Charleston, the son of Henry -W. Conner, of that city. After his graduation at the South Carolina -college in 1849, he read law under James L. Petigru, and was admitted -to practice in 1852. In 1856 his ability as a lawyer was recognized -by appointment as United States district attorney, an office which -he resigned in 1860 on account of the prospect of secession by his -State. He was associated with Judge Magrath and Hon. W. F. Colcock on -a committee which visited the legislature and urged the calling of a -convention, and after the passage of the ordinance he devoted himself -to preparation for the field. Though appointed Confederate States -attorney for the district, he refused to leave the military service -and deputed his official duties. He entered the Confederate service -as captain of the Montgomery Guards, and in May, 1861, was chosen -captain of Company A, Washington light infantry, Hampton's legion. -He was promoted major to date from the first battle of Manassas, and -in June, 1862, became colonel of the Twenty-second North Carolina -regiment. Being disabled for duty, he was detailed as one of the judges -of the military court of the Second corps, with the rank of colonel of -cavalry. On June 1, 1864, he was promoted brigadier-general, and was -assigned to command of McGowan's and Lane's brigades. Subsequently, -as acting major-general, he commanded a division consisting of the -brigades of McGowan, Lane and Bushrod Johnson. On the return of General -McGowan to duty, General Conner was assigned permanently to the command -of Kershaw's old brigade. In 1865 he was promoted to major-general, -and the commission was made out, and forwarded, but failed to reach -him in the confusion of the final days of the Confederacy. He was at -the bombardment of Fort Sumter, 1861, and participated in the battles -of First Manassas, Yorktown, New Stone Point, West Point, Seven -Pines, Mechanicsville, Chancellorsville, Riddle's Shop, Darby's Farm, -Fussell's Mill, Petersburg, Jerusalem Plank Road, Reams' Station, -Winchester, Port Republic and Cedar Creek. He was severely wounded in -the leg at Mechanicsville, and again in the same leg near Fisher's -Hill, October, 1864, compelling the amputation of the limb. At First -Manassas the command of the legion was given him as senior captain, -by Colonel Hampton, when the latter was wounded, and Captain Conner -gallantly led in the charge upon Rickett's battery. As commander of -Kershaw's South Carolinians he was greatly beloved by his men. After -his return to Charleston he resumed the practice of law, in which -he gained distinction. For many years he was assistant counsel and -then solicitor of the South Carolina railroad, and for the bank of -Charleston, and for some time was receiver of the Greenville & Columbia -railroad. In 1876 he was chairman of the Democratic executive committee -of the State, and was nominated and elected attorney-general of the -State, on the ticket headed by General Hampton. During the exciting -period of this campaign he was in command of the rifle-clubs which -were depended upon for the preservation of order, and his calmness and -self-control were of great value to the State. His performance of the -duties of attorney-general elicited the warm official commendation of -Governor Hampton, and thanks were tendered him by the legislature in -the name of the people of the State. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Thomas Fenwick Drayton was born in South Carolina -about 1807, of an ancestral line distinguished in the history of the -State. His grandfather, William Drayton, born in South Carolina -in 1733, was educated in law at the Temple, London; was appointed -chief justice of the province of East Florida in 1768, and after the -revolution was judge of admiralty, associate justice of the supreme -court, and first United States district judge. His father, William -Drayton, born in 1776, a lawyer, entered the United States service -as lieutenant-colonel in 1812; was promoted colonel, and later -inspector-general; was associated with Generals Scott and Macomb in -the preparation of a system of infantry tactics; resigned in 1815, -afterward served in Congress 1825-33, and was a warm friend and -supporter of President Jackson. General Drayton was graduated at the -United States military academy in 1828, in the class of Jefferson -Davis, and was in the service as second lieutenant of Sixth infantry -until his resignation in 1836. Subsequently he was occupied as a civil -engineer at Charleston, Louisville and Cincinnati for two years, then -becoming a planter in St. Luke's parish. He served as captain of South -Carolina militia five years, was a member of the board of ordnance of -the State, a State senator 1853-61, and president of the Charleston -& Savannah railroad 1853-56. September 25, 1861, he was commissioned -brigadier-general, provisional army of the Confederate States, and was -assigned to the command of the Third military district of the State. -He was in command of the Confederate forces during the bombardment and -capture of Forts Walker and Beauregard, at Port Royal entrance, in -November, 1861, on which occasion his brother, Capt. Percival Drayton, -commanded the steamer Pocahontas, one of the Federal vessels under -Admiral DuPont. He was in charge of the Fifth military district, under -Gen. R. E. Lee, and the Sixth and Fourth districts under Pemberton, in -the same region, with headquarters at Hardeeville. During the Second -Manassas and Maryland campaigns he commanded a brigade composed of -the Fifteenth South Carolina, and two Georgia regiments, which, with -Toombs' Georgia brigade, constituted the division of D. R. Jones, -Longstreet's corps, and participated in the battles of Thoroughfare -Gap and Second Manassas, South Mountain and Sharpsburg. In August, -1863, he was ordered to report to Gen. T. H. Holmes, at Little Rock, -Ark., and was there assigned to command of a brigade of Sterling -Price's division, consisting of Missouri and Arkansas troops. From -the beginning of 1864 he was in command of this division in Arkansas, -until Gen. Kirby Smith relieved Holmes, when he was transferred to the -command of the West sub-district of Mexico. He was also in command of -the Texas cavalry division composed of the brigades of Slaughter and -H. E. McCullough. In the spring of 1865 he was a member of the board -of inquiry demanded by General Price after his Missouri expedition. -After the close of hostilities, General Drayton farmed in Dooly county, -Ga., until 1872, afterward was an insurance agent, and in 1878 removed -to Charlotte, N. C., as president of the South Carolina immigration -society. He died at Florence, February 18, 1891. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General John Dunovant held the rank of major of infantry -in the State army during the initial operations of the war of the -Confederacy, and during the bombardment of Fort Sumter was present at -Fort Moultrie, doing all that was in his power. Subsequently he became -colonel of the First regiment of infantry, and was stationed for some -time on Sullivan's island and at Fort Moultrie. Later in 1862 he was -given command of the Fifth regiment, South Carolina cavalry, in which -capacity he served in the State, until ordered to Virginia in March, -1864. There he and his regiment were under the brigade command of Gen. -M. C. Butler, in Wade Hampton's division of Stuart's cavalry. The -regiment under his leadership did admirable service, General Ransom -reported, at the battle of Drewry's Bluff, May 16th, and subsequently -in the encounters with Sheridan's cavalry, he shared the services -of Butler's brigade at Cold Harbor, Trevilian's and other important -conflicts. On August 2, 1864, President Davis suggested to General -Lee, Dunovant's promotion to temporary rank as brigadier-general, and -it was soon afterward ordered. In this capacity he had brigade command -under General Hampton until, in the fighting north of the James river, -following the capture of Fort Harrison, he was killed October 1, 1864. -On receipt of news of the death of the gallant soldier, General Lee -replied to General Hampton: "I grieve with you at the loss of General -Dunovant and Dr. Fontaine, two officers whom it will be difficult to -replace." - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Stephen Elliott, Jr., was born at Beaufort, S. C., in -1832, son of Stephen Elliott, first bishop of the Protestant Episcopal -diocese of Georgia and provisional bishop of Florida; and grandson of -Stephen Elliott, a distinguished naturalist. He passed his youth on the -plantation, devoted to manly sports. At the beginning of the formation -of the Confederate States, he organized and equipped a light battery, -known as the Beaufort artillery, of which he was commissioned captain. -He was present at the bombardment of Fort Sumter, aiming several shots -from the siege guns, and during his subsequent service in the State he -became famous for daring and skillful fighting. On guard in 1861 in -the vicinity of Port Royal harbor, he put twenty of his boys on the -tug Lady Davis, and ran out to sea to find a prize. With indomitable -pluck, accompanied by good fortune, he captured a sailing vessel, of -1,200 tons, and brought her in to Beaufort. Subsequently he was ordered -to Bay Point, the other side of Port Royal entrance being held by the -German volunteers under Captain Wagener. There he fought a Federal -fleet for two hours, until his guns were dismounted. After the Federals -occupied the coast islands, he engaged in numerous daring raids. -During one night he burned fourteen plantation settlements; again he -surprised a picket post successfully, and in August, 1862, he commanded -an expedition against a Federal force on Pinckney island, which was -very successful and gained for him the unstinted commendation of his -superiors. His activity also turned to the direction of inventing -floating torpedoes, with which he blew up a tender in St. Helena bay. -He was promoted to chief of artillery of the Third military district, -including Beaufort, near where, in April, 1863, he captured the Federal -steamer George Washington. Promotion followed to major and then to -lieutenant-colonel. Twice he met the enemy in open field at Pocotaligo, -where his guns put the invaders to flight. In command of the Charleston -battalion he occupied Fort Sumter, September 5, 1863, and held the -ruins of the famous citadel against the enemy until May, 1864. Then as -colonel of Holcombe's legion he was ordered to Petersburg, Va., and -was soon promoted to brigadier-general and assigned to the command -of N. G. Evans' old brigade, which included the legion. He served -actively in the defense of Petersburg, his brigade, a part of Bushrod -Johnson's division, holding that important part of the line selected -by the Federals as the point to be mined, and carried by an assaulting -party. Two of his regiments, the Eighteenth and Twenty-second, occupied -the works blown up on the morning of July 30th, and the immense -displacement of earth which formed the crater maimed and buried many of -the command. But, undismayed, General Elliott and his brigade received -the onslaught made through the breach of the Confederate intrenchments. -In the words of the division commander, "Brigadier-General Elliott, the -gallant commander of the brigade which occupied the salient, was making -prompt disposition of his forces to assault the enemy and reoccupy the -remaining portion of the trenches when he was dangerously wounded." -Entirely disabled for further service he returned to his home at -Beaufort, and died from the effects of his wound, March 21, 1866. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Nathan George Evans was born in Marion county, S. -C., February 6, 1824, the third son of Thomas Evans, who married Jane -Beverly Daniel, of Virginia. He was graduated at Randolph-Macon college -before he was eighteen, and at the United States military academy, -which he entered by appointment of John C. Calhoun, in 1848. With -a lieutenancy in the Second Dragoons, he was first on duty at Fort -Leavenworth, Kan., whence he marched to the Rocky mountains in 1849. -In 1850 to 1853 he served in New Mexico, and began a famous career as -an Indian fighter, which was continued in Texas and Indian Territory -after his promotion to captain in 1856, in various combats with the -hostile Comanches. At the battle of Wachita Village, October 1, 1858, -his command defeated a large body of the Comanches, and he killed two -of their noted chieftains in a hand-to-hand fight. For this he was -voted a handsome sword by the legislature of South Carolina. In 1860 -he was married to a sister of Gen. M. W. Gary, of Abbeville county. He -resigned from the old army in February, 1861, being then stationed in -Texas, and taking farewell of his colonel, Robert E. Lee, proceeded -to Montgomery, and was commissioned major of cavalry, C. S. A. Being -assigned to duty as adjutant-general of the South Carolina army, he -was present at the bombardment of Fort Sumter and was soon afterward -promoted colonel. Joining the army under General Beauregard at Manassas -Junction, Va., he had a command on the field during the first encounter -at Blackburn's ford, and again in the great battle of July 21, 1861. -At the opening of the latter engagement, his forces, consisting of the -Fourth South Carolina regiment, a battalion of Louisiana volunteers, -Terry's squadron of cavalry, and a section of Latham's battery, were -stationed at the stone bridge, where he held the enemy in check in -front, until he perceived in operation the flank movement which was -the Federal plan of battle. Instantly without waiting for orders -he threw his little command in a new line, facing the enemy, and -alone held him in check until reinforced by General Bee. With great -intrepidity he and his men held their ground against great odds until -the Confederate army could adapt itself to this unexpected attack. -As remarked by a Northern historian: "Evans' action was probably -one of the best pieces of soldiership on either side during the -campaign, but it seems to have received no special commendation from -his superiors." General Beauregard commended his "dauntless conduct -and imperturbable coolness," but it was not until after the fight at -Leesburg that he was promoted. This latter engagement, known also as -Ball's Bluff, was fought in October, near the Potomac river, by his -brigade, mainly Mississippians, and a splendid victory was gained over -largely superior numbers, with great loss to the enemy. His promotion -to brigadier-general was made to date from this memorable affair, and -South Carolina again, through her general assembly, gave him a vote -of thanks and presented him with a gold medal. In 1862 he commanded -a brigade consisting of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-second -and Twenty-third regiments, and Holcombe's legion, South Carolina -troops, and was mentioned by General Longstreet among the officers -most prominently distinguished in the battles of Second Manassas and -Sharpsburg. In the latter fight he commanded his division. Thereafter -his service was mainly rendered in South Carolina. In 1863 he moved to -the support of Johnston against Grant. After the fall of Richmond he -accompanied President Davis as far as Cokesbury, S. C. A year later he -engaged in business at Charleston, but was mainly occupied as a teacher -at Midway, Ala., until his death at that place, November 30, 1868. Gen. -Fitzhugh Lee has written of him: "'Shanks' Evans, as he was called, was -a graduate of the military academy, a native South Carolinian, served -in the celebrated old Second Dragoons, and was a good type of the -rip-roaring, scorn-all-care element, which so largely abounded in that -regiment. Evans had the honor of opening the fight (First Manassas), we -might say fired the first gun of the war." - -[Illustration: - - Brig.-Gen. JOHN DUNOVANT. - - Brig.-Gen. JAMES CHESTNUT. - - Brig.-Gen. BARNARD E. BEE. - - Maj.-Gen. M. C. BUTLER. - - Brig.-Gen. JOHN BRATTON. - - Brig.-Gen. M. L. BONHAM. - - Brig.-Gen. N. G. EVANS. - - Brig.-Gen. STEPHEN ELLIOTT, JR. - - Maj.-Gen. M. W. GARY. - - Brig.-Gen. THOS. F. DRAYTON.] - -Brigadier-General Samuel W. Ferguson was born and reared at Charleston, -and was graduated at the United States military academy in 1857. As a -lieutenant of dragoons he participated in the Utah expedition under -Albert Sidney Johnston, and in 1859-60 was on duty at Fort Walla Walla, -Washington. When informed of the result of the presidential election -of 1860, he resigned his commission and returned to Charleston, and -on March 1, 1861, entered the service of his native State with the -rank of captain. Being appointed aide-de-camp to General Beauregard, -he received the formal surrender of Major Anderson, raised the first -Confederate flag and posted the first guards at Fort Sumter. He was -then sent to deliver to the Congress at Montgomery the flag used at -Fort Moultrie, the first standard of the Confederacy struck by a -hostile shot. He remained on Beauregard's staff and took an active -part in the battle of Shiloh, on the second day being assigned to -command a brigade of the Second corps. At the battle of Farmington he -was also on duty with General Beauregard. At the same time he held the -rank of lieutenant-colonel of the Twenty-eighth Mississippi regiment -cavalry, and subsequently, stationed at Vicksburg, he had command of -cavalry and outlying pickets until detailed for special duty along -the Yazoo delta, opposing with cavalry and artillery the advance of -the Federal transports. During Grant's preliminary movements against -Vicksburg he thwarted the attempt of Sherman and Porter to reach the -city in the rear by way of Deer creek. In 1863 he was promoted to -brigadier-general. He was active in command of cavalry in harassing -Sherman's movement to Chattanooga, and during the Georgia campaign of -1864 his brigade of Alabamians and Mississippians, with Armstrong's -and Ross' brigades, formed the cavalry of the army of Mississippi, -under command of Gen. W. H. Jackson, operating on the left wing -of Johnston's army. He defeated Wilder's "lightning brigade," and -displayed gallantry on every field. When Sherman began his march to -Savannah, he harassed the Federal flank until within a few miles -of Savannah, when he left his horses on the South Carolina side of -the river, after swimming it, and entering Savannah with his men as -infantry, covered the rear of Hardee's army at the evacuation. He -subsequently operated in southern Georgia until ordered to Danville, -Va., but on reaching Greensboro was ordered back, escorting President -Davis from Charlotte to Abbeville, and as far as Washington, Ga., -where his command was disbanded. He then made his home in Mississippi, -and practiced law at Greenville. In 1876 he was made president of the -board of Mississippi levee commission for several counties, and in -1883 became a member of the United States river commission. In 1894 he -returned to his native city of Charleston, and devoted himself to the -profession of civil engineering. In 1898 he offered his services for -the war with Spain. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Martin Witherspoon Gary was born in 1831 at -Cokesbury, Abbeville county, the third son of Dr. Thomas Reeder Gary. -He was educated at the South Carolina college and Harvard college, -graduating at the latter institution in 1854. Then studying law he -was admitted to the bar in 1855, and soon acquired distinction in -both law and politics. As a member of the South Carolina legislature -in 1860 and 1861, he advocated secession, and when the ordinance -was enacted, at once went into the military service as captain of -the Watson Guards, which became Company B of the Hampton legion. At -First Manassas the command of the legion devolved upon him after -Colonel Hampton was wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel Johnson killed and -Captain Conner disabled. At the reorganization in 1862 he was elected -lieutenant-colonel of the infantry of the legion, a battalion of eight -companies, and after it was filled to a regiment, he was promoted -colonel. He participated in the battles around Richmond, at Second -Manassas, Boonsboro and Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, and with Longstreet -at Suffolk, Chickamauga, Bean's Station, Campbell's Station and -Knoxville. His command was subsequently mounted as cavalry, and served -on the north side of the James before Richmond. After the fight at -Riddle's Shop, in June, 1864, he was promoted brigadier-general, his -cavalry brigade including the Hampton legion, Seventh South Carolina, -Seventh Georgia and Twenty-fourth Virginia regiments, and Harkerson's -artillery. He led the brigade in all the heavy fighting north of the -James during the siege, and was the last to leave Richmond. Capt. -Clement Sulivane, left behind to destroy the bridge after Gary had -crossed, relates that at daylight April 3d, when the Union troops -were in sight advancing, and a mob was ravaging the storehouses, "a -long line of cavalry in gray turned into Fourteenth street, and sword -in hand galloped straight down to the river; Gary had come. The mob -scattered right and left before the armed horsemen, who reined up at -the canal. Presently a single company of cavalry appeared in sight, -and rode at headlong speed to the bridge. 'My rear guard!' exclaimed -Gary. Touching his hat to me, he called out, 'All over, good-bye!' -and trotted over the bridge." Joining Lee's rear guard he was one of -the heroes of Fitzhugh Lee's command, engaged in incessant fighting -until Appomattox Court House was reached. There he did not surrender, -but cut his way through the Federal lines, and rode to Greensboro, -where he took command of about 200 men of his brigade on their way to -Virginia, and escorted the President and his cabinet to Cokesbury, S. -C. The cabinet held one of their last meetings in his mother's house -at that place. Then resuming the practice of law, he continued in that -profession until his death at Edgefield, April 9, 1881. He was a noted -figure in the exciting political campaign of 1876, and for four years -thereafter held a seat in the State senate. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General States R. Gist was a descendant of that gallant -Marylander, Gen. Mordecai Gist, who distinguished himself at the battle -of Camden in 1780, and at the Combahee in 1782, and subsequently -resided at Charleston, at his death leaving two sons who bore the names -of Independent and States. At the organization of the army of South -Carolina early in 1861, States R. Gist was assigned to the position of -adjutant and inspector general, in which capacity he rendered valuable -service in the preparation for the occupation of Charleston harbor -and the reduction of Fort Sumter. He went to Virginia as a volunteer -aide to General Bee, and at the critical moment in the first battle of -Manassas, when Gen. J. E. Johnston rode to the front with the colors -of the Fourth Alabama at his side, Beauregard relates that "noticing -Col. S. R. Gist, an aide to General Bee, a young man whom I had known -as adjutant-general of South Carolina, and whom I greatly esteemed, I -presented him as an able and brave commander to the stricken regiment, -who cheered their new leader, and maintained under him to the end of -the day, their previous gallant behavior." Subsequently he resumed his -duties as adjutant-general, organizing South Carolina troops for the -war, until in March, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general in -the Confederate service, and ordered to report to General Pemberton, -then in command of the department. He was after this on duty on the -South Carolina coast, in command east of James island in June, on that -island from July; temporarily in command of the first district, and -in December, 1862, in command of the troops ordered to the relief of -Wilmington, until May, 1863, when he was ordered to take command of a -brigade and go to the assistance of General Pemberton in Mississippi. -Reaching Jackson his command formed part of the troops under J. E. -Johnston, took part in the engagement of May 14th at Jackson, marched -to the Big Black river just before the surrender of Vicksburg, and then -returning to Jackson was besieged by Sherman. His brigade comprised the -Forty-sixth Georgia, Fourteenth Mississippi and Twenty-fourth South -Carolina, the Sixteenth South Carolina soon afterward being substituted -for the Mississippi regiment, and was assigned to the division of Gen. -W. H. T. Walker. He fought gallantly at Chickamauga, commanding during -part of the battle Ector's and Wilson's brigades, his own brigade being -led by Colonel Colquitt, and on Sunday commanding Walker's division. -At an important stage of the fight Gen. D. H. Hill called for Gist's -brigade for dangerous duty, in the performance of which it suffered -severely. He continued in conspicuous and valuable service; during the -battle of Missionary Ridge commanded Walker's division, and throughout -the Atlanta campaign of 1864 was identified with that division. After -the fall of General Walker he was transferred to Cheatham's division, -which he commanded for some time during the fall campaign of that year. -At the terribly destructive battle of Franklin, Tenn., he was one of -the noblest of the brave men whose lives were sacrificed. Attended by -Capt. H. D. Garden and Lieut. Frank Trenholm, of his staff, he rode -down the front, and after ordering the charge and waving his hat to the -Twenty-fourth, rode away in the smoke of battle, never more to be seen -by the men he had commanded on so many fields. His horse was shot, and -he was leading the right of the brigade on foot when he fell, pierced -through the heart. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Maxcy Gregg was born in Columbia, S. C, the son of -Col. James Gregg, a distinguished lawyer of that city, and was educated -at the South Carolina college, where he graduated with the first honors -of his class. He then entered upon the practice of law as a partner of -his father. In 1846 he had his first military experience as major of a -regiment of the second levy of volunteers sent to Mexico, but did not -arrive at the scene of conflict in time to share in any of the famous -battles. He was a member of the convention of 1860 which determined -upon the secession of the State, and then became colonel of the First -North Carolina regiment, enlisted for six months' service, with which -he was on duty on Sullivan's and Morris islands during the reduction -of Fort Sumter, and afterward in Virginia. Previous to the battle of -Manassas he was stationed at Centreville, and then near Fairfax Court -House, and commanded the infantry in the action at Vienna. At the -expiration of the term of enlistment he reorganized his regiment in -South Carolina, and returning to Virginia was stationed at Suffolk. -In December, 1861, he was promoted to brigadier-general and ordered -to South Carolina, where he took command of a brigade composed of -the First, Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth regiments. With this -brigade he was attached to the famous light division of A. P. Hill for -the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond. He led the advance of the -division at Cold Harbor, crossing the creek under fire made what Hill -pronounced "the handsomest charge in line I have seen during the war," -and during the remainder of the battle displayed undaunted bravery. -At Frayser's Farm he charged and captured a Federal battery. At the -battle of August 29th, on the plains of Manassas, he with his comrades -of the division, fought "with a heroic courage and obstinacy almost -beyond parallel," repelling six determined assaults of the enemy, who -sought to overwhelm Jackson's corps before Longstreet could arrive. -Hill reported: "The reply of the gallant Gregg to a message of mine -is worthy of note: 'Tell General Hill that my ammunition is exhausted, -but that I will hold my position with the bayonet.'" In the battle of -the 30th and at Ox Hill on September 1st, he was again distinguished. -He participated in the capture of Harper's Ferry, at Sharpsburg shared -with distinguished gallantry in the heroic work of the Light division, -which reached the field in time to save the Confederate right, and was -wounded in the fight; and at Shepherdstown, after the crossing of the -Potomac by the army, commanded the line of three brigades which drove -back and terribly punished the enemy's forces, which had the temerity -to pursue the lion-hearted veterans of Lee's army. His part in the -battle of Fredericksburg we may best describe in the words of the -immortal Lee. After describing the momentary success of the Federals -on the right, he wrote: "In the meantime a large force had penetrated -the wood so far as Hill's reserve, and encountered Gregg's brigade. -The attack was so sudden and unexpected that Orr's Rifles, mistaking -the enemy for our own troops retiring, were thrown into confusion. -While in the act of rallying them, that brave soldier and true -patriot, Brig.-Gen. Maxcy Gregg, fell mortally wounded." Again, "In -Brigadier-Generals Gregg and Cobb the Confederacy has lost two of its -noblest citizens and the army two of its bravest and most distinguished -officers. The country consents to the loss of such as these, and the -gallant soldiers who fell with them, only to secure the inestimable -blessing they died to obtain." - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Johnson Hagood was born in Barnwell county, February -21, 1829. His ancestors were of English extraction, and the family -in America was first established in Virginia, removing thence to -South Carolina before the revolution. He was graduated at the Citadel -military academy in 1847, and then studying law was admitted to the bar -in 1850. Throughout his subsequent career he maintained an association -with the State military forces, holding the rank of brigadier-general -when South Carolina seceded. He was then elected colonel of the First -regiment, and after participating in the reduction of Fort Sumter -was ordered to Virginia, where he was present at the first battle of -Manassas. Returning to South Carolina with his regiment he was engaged -in the operations about Charleston and the battle of Secessionville, -June, 1862, after which he was promoted brigadier-general. Until May, -1864, he served on the coast of the State, in defense of Charleston -during Gillmore's siege, and was distinguished for gallantry in the -defense of Fort Wagner and the operations on James island. On May 6, -1864, part of his brigade arrived at Petersburg and immediately went -into battle at Walthall Junction with the advancing forces of Butler, -and a few hours later General Hagood arrived with reinforcements. With -three regiments, the Twenty-first, Twenty-fifth and Twenty-seventh -South Carolina, he repulsed Butler's advance, "at least two brigades," -on the 7th; and on the 9th, the remainder of his brigade having come -up, the Eleventh regiment and Seventh battalion, he was again engaged. -As General Beauregard has written: "General Hagood and his command -became the heroes of the day, and were justly looked upon as the -saviors of Petersburg on that occasion." At the battle of Drewry's -Bluff, May 16th, Hagood, with great vigor and dash, drove the enemy -from the outer lines in his front, capturing a number of prisoners -and three 20-pound Parrotts and two fine Napoleons. These Parrott -guns were afterward used in shelling Butler's transports, causing -him to set about the famous Dutch Gap canal. In June Hagood and his -gallant men fought at Cold Harbor, and soon afterward were sent to -meet Grant before Petersburg, the brigade being the first of Hoke's -division to reach the field, June 16th, at the critical moment and -save Petersburg for the second time. During the siege which followed -his brigade served in the trenches at one period sixty-seven days -without relief, and was reduced in numbers from 2,300 to 700 present -for duty. In August, 1864, during the fighting on the Weldon railroad, -200 of his men, he accompanying them, charged into the enemy's works at -a re-entering angle, and found themselves under a severe cross-fire, -and about to be surrounded. A Federal officer rode up, seized the -colors of the Eleventh and called upon them to surrender, when General -Hagood, on foot, his horse having been killed, demanded the return -of the colors, and ordered the officer back to his lines. This being -refused, he shot the Federal officer from his horse, the colors were -regained by Orderly Stoney, and the intrepid general mounted his -antagonist's horse and brought off his men. General Beauregard warmly -commended this act of gallantry of a "brave and meritorious officer," -and recommended him for promotion. When Wilmington was threatened in -December, Hagood was sent to the relief of Fort Fisher. Subsequently -he participated in the North Carolina campaign, including the battles -of Kinston and Bentonville, and was surrendered with Johnston's army, -the brigade then containing less than 500 officers and men. During the -exciting period of reconstruction he took a conspicuous part in the -movement which finally brought about the election of General Hampton -in 1876, and he was elected on the same ticket as comptroller-general, -having previously rendered services of great value in investigating the -financial condition of the State and the State bank. He and Gen. James -Conner were the advisers and executive officers of General Hampton -during the perilous period preceding the recognition by President Hayes -of the Hampton government. In 1878 he was re-elected comptroller, and -in 1880 he was honored with the highest office in the gift of the -commonwealth. His admirable reorganization of the finances of the State -was fitly complemented by his honest, business-like and common-sense -administration as governor. By his marriage to Eloise, daughter of -Senator A. P. Butler, he had one son, Butler Hagood. The death of -General Hagood occurred at Barnwell, January 4, 1898. - - * * * * * - -Major-General Benjamin Huger was born at Charleston in 1806, son -of Francis Kinlock Huger, whose wife was a daughter of Gen. Thomas -Pinckney. His father, who was aide-de-camp to General Wilkinson in -1800, and adjutant-general in the war of 1812, suffered imprisonment in -Austria for assisting in the liberation of Lafayette from the fortress -of Olmutz; his grandfather, Benjamin Huger, was a famous revolutionary -patriot, killed before Charleston during the British occupation; and -his great-great-grandfather was Daniel Huger, who fled from France -before the revocation of the edict of Nantes and died in South Carolina -in 1711. General Huger was graduated at West Point in 1825, with a -lieutenancy in the Third artillery. He served on topographical duty -until 1828, then visited Europe on leave of absence; after being on -ordnance duty a year was promoted captain of ordnance in 1832, a -department of the service in which he had a distinguished career. He -was in command of Fortress Monroe arsenal twelve years, was member of -the ordnance board seven years, and one year was on official duty in -Europe. He went into the war with Mexico as chief of ordnance on the -staff of General Scott, and received in quick succession the brevets -of major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel, for gallant and meritorious -conduct at Vera Cruz, Molino del Rey and Chapultepec. In 1852 he -was presented a sword by South Carolina in recognition of the honor -his career had cast upon his native State. After this war he was a -member of the board which prepared a system of artillery instruction -for the army, and was in command of the armories at Harper's Ferry, -Charleston and Pikesville, Md., with promotion to major of ordnance, -until his resignation from the old army to follow his State in her -effort for independence. He was commissioned colonel of artillery in -the regular army of the Confederate States, in June, brigadier-general -in the provisional service, and in October, 1861, major-general. In -May, 1861, he was assigned to command of the department of Southern -Virginia and North Carolina, with headquarters at Norfolk, and after -the evacuation of Norfolk and Portsmouth in the spring of 1862, he -commanded a division of the army under General Johnston and General -Lee, during the campaigns which included the battles of Seven Pines and -the series of important actions ending at Malvern hill. Subsequently he -was assigned as inspector of artillery and ordnance in the armies of -the Confederate States, and in 1863 was appointed chief of ordnance of -the Trans-Mississippi department. After the conclusion of hostilities -he was engaged for several years in farming in Fauquier county, Va. His -death occurred at his native city of Charleston, December 7, 1877. His -son, Frank Huger, a graduate of the United States military academy, -1860, entered the Confederate service as captain of the Norfolk light -artillery and had a conspicuous career with the army of Northern -Virginia, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and the command of a -battalion of artillery of the First corps. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Micah Jenkins was born on Edisto island in 1839. -After his graduation at the South Carolina military academy, at the -head of his class, he with the co-operation of his classmate, Asbury -Coward, founded the King's Mountain military school in 1855. His -military genius was valuable in the first organization of troops in -1861, and he was elected colonel of the Fifth regiment, with which -he went to Virginia, in the brigade of Gen. D. R. Jones. In the -latter part of 1861 he was in command of that brigade, and had grown -greatly in favor with his division commander, General Longstreet. -Longstreet proposed to begin the reorganization, a matter approached -with much misgiving, in this brigade, and he declared that he hoped to -hold every man in it if Jenkins could be promoted brigadier-general. -"Besides being much liked by his men, Colonel Jenkins is one of the -finest officers of this army," Longstreet wrote. Beauregard also added -his approval to this recommendation. Still in the rank of colonel, -Palmetto sharpshooters, he commanded R. H. Anderson's brigade in the -battles of Williamsburg and Seven Pines, and was warmly commended by -Longstreet and D. H. Hill and by J. E. B. Stuart, whom he supported -at Fort Magruder. He was again distinguished at Gaines' Mill, and at -Frayser's Farm, having been ordered to silence a battery, Longstreet -supposing he would use his sharpshooters alone, he threw forward his -brigade and captured the guns, bringing on the battle. July 22, 1862, -he was promoted brigadier-general, and continuing in command of the -same brigade, participated in the battles of August 29th and 30th, -Second Manassas, and was severely wounded. He was on duty again at the -battle of Fredericksburg and during the Suffolk campaign, his division -now being commanded by General Pickett, and was on the Blackwater under -Gen. D. H. Hill, during the Gettysburg campaign. When Longstreet was -sent to the assistance of Bragg at Chattanooga, Jenkins' brigade was -transferred to Hood's division, and reached the field of Chickamauga -after the battle. During the investment of Chattanooga he commanded -the attack upon the Federal reinforcements arriving under Hooker, and -then accompanied Longstreet in the Knoxville campaign, commanding -Hood's division. He took a conspicuous part in the operations in east -Tennessee, and then, early in 1864, returned to Northern Virginia. -Field was now in charge of the division, and Jenkins led his famous -old brigade to battle on May 6th, the second day of the Wilderness -fighting, when the splendid veterans of the First corps arrived in -time to check the current of threatened disaster. As he rode by the -side of Longstreet, he said to his chief, "I am happy. I have felt -despair for the cause for some months, but now I am relieved, and -feel assured that we will put the enemy across the Rapidan before -night." Immediately afterward, by the mistaken fire of another -body of Confederates, he and Longstreet were both wounded, Jenkins -mortally. General Longstreet has written of him: "He was one of the -most estimable characters of the army. His taste and talent were for -military service. He was intelligent, quick, untiring, attentive, -zealous in discharge of duty, truly faithful to official obligations, -abreast with the foremost in battle, and withal a humble, noble -Christian. In a moment of highest earthly hope, he was transported to -serenest heavenly joy; to that life beyond that knows no bugle call, -beat of drum or clash of steel. May his beautiful spirit, through the -mercy of God, rest in peace! Amen!" - - * * * * * - -Major-General David Rump Jones was born in Orangeburg county, S. C., -in 1825. His family removed to Georgia in his childhood, and from -that State he was appointed to the United States military academy, -where he was graduated in 1846 in the class with Stonewall Jackson, -McClellan and other famous commanders. As a lieutenant of the Second -infantry he served in the war with Mexico, participating in the siege -of Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, -Molino del Rey, and the capture of the city of Mexico, particularly -being distinguished and earning promotion on the fields of Contreras -and Churubusco. He subsequently served as adjutant of his regiment, -made the voyage to California in 1848-49, and with promotion to first -lieutenant was on duty there until the fall of 1851, after which -he acted as instructor in infantry tactics at West Point. With the -brevet rank of captain of staff he served from the spring of 1853, -successively as adjutant-general of the Western department and the -Pacific department, as acting judge-advocate of the Pacific department, -and as assistant adjutant-general of the department of the West, until -his resignation, February 15, 1861. He was commissioned major in the -Confederate States army, and assigned to duty as chief-of-staff of -General Beauregard, in which capacity he visited Fort Sumter on April -13th and offered the terms of surrender, which were accepted. On June -17, 1861, he was promoted brigadier-general. With the army under -Beauregard at Manassas, Va., he had command of a brigade composed of -Jenkins' Fifth South Carolina and Burt's Eighteenth and Featherston's -Seventeenth Mississippi. In the original Confederate plan of battle, -July 21st, he was to have taken a prominent part in the fight, but the -actual events of the day confined him to demonstrations against the -Federal flank. Soon afterward his brigade was composed of the Fourth, -Fifth, Sixth and Ninth South Carolina regiments, until February, 1862, -when he was assigned to command of Gen. Sam Jones' Georgia brigade. -He was in charge of General Magruder's first division, including the -Georgia brigade of Robert Toombs and his own under George T. Anderson, -during the retreat from Yorktown, and the battles of Gaines' Mill, -Savage Station and Malvern Hill, and other engagements of the Seven -Days before Richmond. In the Second Manassas campaign he commanded a -division of Longstreet's corps, Drayton's brigade having been added to -the two previously mentioned. He drove the enemy through Thoroughfare -Gap, held the extreme right next day, confronting Fitz John Porter, and -in the battle of the 30th actively engaged the Federal left. In the -Maryland campaign his division, increased by the addition of Kemper's -and Garnett's Virginia brigades and Jenkins' South Carolina brigade, -had a conspicuous part, winning renown first by the heroic defense of -the passes of South mountain, and at Sharpsburg fighting desperately -against the advance of Burnside across the Antietam on the Confederate -right. After this battle he was promoted major-general. His coolness -and excellent judgment as a commanding officer would have doubtless -brought still higher honors, but at this time an affection of the heart -to which he had long been subject was greatly aggravated, and after a -lingering illness he died at Richmond, January 19, 1863. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General John D. Kennedy was born at Camden, January 5, 1840, -son of a native of Scotland, who settled in Kershaw county about 1830, -and married a granddaughter of Abraham Belton, a pioneer of Camden and -a soldier of the revolution. He was a student at the South Carolina -college, read law, and was admitted to practice in January, 1861, but -at once gave himself to the military service of his State. In April, -1861, he became captain of Company E, Second South Carolina infantry, -under Col. J. B. Kershaw. With this command he was in the first battle -of Manassas, and was struck by a Federal ball. Upon the promotion of -Kershaw to brigadier-general he became colonel of the Second regiment, -and in that rank participated in the skirmish on the Nine-mile road -near Richmond, in June, 1862, and the battle of Savage Station, after -which he was disabled for some time by fever. During the investment of -Harper's Ferry he was with Kershaw's brigade in the capture of Maryland -heights, and at Sharpsburg his regiment was the first of the brigade -to come to the relief of Jackson. He drove the enemy from his front, -but fell painfully wounded in the first charge. At Fredericksburg -he was sent with his own and the Eighth regiment to the support of -General Cobb at Marye's hill, the focus of the hottest fighting of that -memorable battle, and aided materially in the defeat of the Federal -attacks; and at Chancellorsville he was identified with the gallant -action of his brigade. During 1864 when not disabled he was either in -command of his regiment or of Kershaw's old brigade, in the Richmond -and Shenandoah Valley campaigns, and in December he was promoted to -the temporary rank of brigadier-general. With his brigade in McLaws' -division of Hardee's corps he took part in the final campaign in North -Carolina against Sherman, including the battle of Bentonville, and -surrendered with the army at Greensboro. He was six times wounded -during his service, and was hit fifteen times by spent balls. After -the close of hostilities he was mainly engaged in planting until 1877, -when he resumed the profession of law. He was elected to Congress in -1865, but declined to take the "ironclad" oath demanded and did not -take his seat. In 1878-79 he represented his county in the legislature, -was elected in 1880 and served as lieutenant-governor of the State -to 1882, and in the latter year was a prominent candidate for the -nomination of governor. In 1884 he was presidential elector-at-large -on the Democratic ticket, and in 1886 was appointed consul-general at -Shanghai, China, by President Cleveland. Returning from that post in -1889, he continued the practice of law at Camden until his death in -April, 1896. - -[Illustration: - - Maj.-Gen. J. B. KERSHAW. - - Brig.-Gen. ROSWELL S. RIPLEY. - - Maj.-Gen. BENJAMIN HUGER. - - Brig.-Gen. A. M. MANIGAULT. - - Brig.-Gen. ABNER PERRIN. - - Brig.-Gen. ELLISON CAPERS. - - Brig.-Gen. C. H. STEVENS. - - Brig.-Gen. J. B. VILLEPIGUE. - - Brig.-Gen. W. H. WALLACE. - - Brig.-Gen. SAMUEL MCGOWAN.] - -Major-General Joseph Brevard Kershaw was born at Camden, S. C., -January 5, 1822, son of John Kershaw, member of Congress in 1812-14, -whose wife was Harriet, daughter of Isaac Du Bose, an aide-de-camp of -General Marion. His line of the Kershaw family in South Carolina was -founded by Joseph Kershaw, a native of Yorkshire, who immigrated in -1750, and served as a colonel in the war of the revolution. General -Kershaw was educated for the legal profession and began practice in -1844 at Camden. He was a member of the governor's staff in 1843, and -served one year in the Mexican war as first lieutenant of Company C, -Palmetto regiment. From 1852 to 1856 he was a representative in the -legislature, and in 1860 participated in the convention which enacted -the ordinance of secession. In February, 1861, he was commissioned -colonel of the Second South Carolina regiment, with which he served -at Sullivan's island, and in April went to Virginia. He commanded his -regiment, in the brigade of General Bonham, at the Blackburn's Ford -engagement and the battle of First Manassas, and in February, 1862, -was promoted brigadier-general, to succeed General Bonham. In this -rank he participated in the Yorktown campaign, and in McLaws' division -fought through the Seven Days' campaign before Richmond, commanded the -troops which captured Maryland heights, and had a gallant part in the -fighting at Sharpsburg. At Fredericksburg his brigade was sent into -the fight at Marye's hill, where Kershaw was in command after General -Cobb was wounded; at Chancellorsville he was an active participant, -and at Gettysburg he and his brigade were conspicuous in the defeat -of Sickles at the peach orchard. Reaching the field of Chickamauga in -time for the fighting of September 20th, he was in the grand line of -veterans with which Longstreet overwhelmed the Federals, commanding -McLaws' division, and in the last grand assault on George H. Thomas -also commanding McNair's, Grade's, Kelly's and Anderson's brigades. -He drove the enemy into their lines at Chattanooga, and subsequently -participated in the Knoxville campaign, at Bean's Station and other -engagements commanding the division. In the same command he went into -the Wilderness campaign of May, 1864, checked the Federal success -on May 6th with his veterans, sweeping the enemy from his front and -capturing his works. He was riding with Longstreet and Jenkins when -these two generals were wounded, and fortunately escaped injury. It was -his division which reached Spottsylvania Court House in time to support -Stuart's cavalry and thwart the flank movement of Grant, and by an -attack on Sheridan opened the bloody struggle at Cold Harbor, where the -heaviest Federal loss was before Kershaw's position. He was promoted -major-general, and after participating in the Petersburg battles -was ordered to the support of Early in the Shenandoah valley. In -September he was ordered back to Richmond, and while on the way Early -was defeated at Winchester. Then returning to the valley he opened the -attack at Cedar Creek, with great success. After this, until the fall -of Richmond, he served before that city, north of the James. His last -battle was Sailor's Creek, where he was captured with General Ewell and -the greater part of the remnant of his command. As a prisoner of war he -was held at Fort Warren, Boston, until August 12, 1865. On his return -to South Carolina he again took up the practice of law, and in the same -year was elected to the State senate and made president of that body. -In 1874 he was the Democratic candidate for Congress in his district, -and three years later was elected to the position of judge of the -Fifth circuit. He served upon the bench until 1893, when he resigned -on account of failing health and resumed practice as an attorney at -Camden. In February, 1894, he was commissioned postmaster at that city, -but he died on the 12th of April following. His wife, Lucretia Douglas, -to whom he was married in 1844, four daughters and a son survive him. -The latter is rector of St. Michael's church, Charleston. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Thomas M. Logan was born at Charleston, November 3, -1840, the son of Judge George William and Eliza Staun (Yonge) Logan. -His family is of ancient Scottish descent. He was graduated at the -head of his class at the North Carolina college in 1860, and was among -the early volunteers in 1861 as a private in the Washington light -infantry, with which he served during the investment of Fort Sumter. -Then aiding in the organization of Company A, Hampton legion, he was -elected first lieutenant and accompanied the legion to Virginia, where -he participated in the first battle of Manassas, and was soon afterward -elected captain. Though wounded at Gaines' Mill he continued on duty -at Second Manassas, and for conspicuous gallantry at Sharpsburg was -promoted major. His command was subsequently transferred to Jenkins' -brigade, and he was promoted lieutenant-colonel. During the Suffolk and -Blackwater campaigns under Gen. D. H. Hill he was distinguished for the -successful management of a reconnoissance in force fifteen miles in -advance of the Confederate lines; and in command of the sharpshooters -of Longstreet's corps in the Chattanooga and Knoxville campaigns, he -gained new laurels as a daring and active leader. He commanded the -advance guard which Longstreet organized to push Burnside back toward -Knoxville in an attempt to prevent his intrenching, and kept up a -running skirmish with the Federals for several days. On May 19, 1864, -he was promoted colonel of Hampton's legion, served temporarily on -the staff of General Beauregard during the battle of Drewry's Bluff, -and was severely wounded in the fight at Riddle's shop. Promoted -brigadier-general at the age of twenty-four years, he was assigned -to the command of the old cavalry brigade of Gen. M. C. Butler, with -which he served in the North Carolina campaign and at the battle of -Bentonville, and made the last charge of this last campaign at the head -of Keitt's battalion. After the close of hostilities General Logan -began the study of law at Richmond, Va., in which State he has since -resided and practiced that profession for several years. He then became -interested in railroad management, and soon became prominent in the -organization of the Richmond & Danville system, of which he was elected -vice-president. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Samuel McGowan was born of Scotch-Irish parentage -in Laurens county, October 19, 1819, and was graduated at the South -Carolina college in 1841. He embarked in the practice of law at -Abbeville, but answered the call of his country in 1846 and started -for the Mexican war as a private in the Palmetto regiment. He was -soon appointed to the general quartermaster's staff, with the rank -of captain, in which capacity he served during the war, first on the -staff of General Quitman and afterward with Generals Worth and Twiggs. -As volunteer aide to General Quitman at the storming of Chapultepec -and the capture of Garita de Belen he was distinguished for gallantry. -On his return to South Carolina he continued with much success the -practice of his profession, and sat twelve years in the lower house -of the State legislature; but also retained his connection with -military matters, becoming major-general in the State militia. Upon -the secession of South Carolina he was commissioned brigadier-general -in the State army and assigned to command of one of the four brigades -first formed, and in that capacity assisted General Beauregard during -the reduction of Fort Sumter. Upon the transfer of the troops to the -Confederate service he joined General Bonham in Virginia, and served as -a volunteer aide at the battles of Blackburn Ford and First Manassas. -Then returning to South Carolina he was elected lieutenant-colonel of -the Fourteenth regiment, and in the spring of 1862, while in service -on the coast, was promoted colonel. Soon afterward, with Gregg's -brigade, he began a distinguished career in the army of Northern -Virginia. He was wounded at Cold Harbor, where he led his regiment in -several daring charges; retrieved the ground lost by another brigade -at Frayser's Farm, and continued on duty in spite of his injury -until after Malvern Hill. For his gallantry in these battles he was -recommended by General Gregg for promotion. After fighting at Cedar -Run he was wounded at Second Manassas, and for some time disabled, but -he rejoined his regiment after the battle of Sharpsburg and commanded -it at Fredericksburg. There General Gregg was killed, and in January, -1863, Colonel McGowan was promoted brigadier-general and became Gregg's -successor in command of the gallant brigade. In this capacity he served -until the end of the war, receiving several wounds, the most severe of -which befell him at Chancellorsville and during the fight at the bloody -angle at Spottsylvania Court House. After the surrender at Appomattox -he returned to his home and resumed the profession from which he had -been twice diverted by war. He was elected to Congress in 1865, but was -not permitted to take his seat; made a thorough canvass of the State as -an elector-at-large on the Democratic presidential ticket in 1876; in -1878 was elected to the legislature, and in 1879 was elected associate -justice of the supreme court. In the latter office he won lasting honor -and distinction as he had upon the field of battle. His death occurred -in December, 1893. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Arthur Middleton Manigault was born at Charleston -in 1824. He was a great-grandson of Gabriel Manigault, a native of -Charleston, and a famous merchant who was treasurer of the province -in 1738; after the declaration of independence advanced $220,000 from -his private fortune for war purposes, and in 1779, with his grandson -Joseph, served as a private soldier in the defense of Charleston. -General Manigault entered business life at Charleston in youth. In -1846 he went to the Mexican war as first lieutenant of a company of -the Palmetto regiment, and served in the army of General Scott from -Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. Returning to Charleston he was in -the commission business until 1856, and then was engaged in rice -planting until the beginning of the Confederate war, when he raised -a company of volunteers. He served as inspector-general on the staff -of General Beauregard during the period including the reduction of -Fort Sumter, after which he was elected colonel of the Tenth South -Carolina regiment. Under Gen. R. E. Lee he commanded the First military -district of South Carolina, with headquarters at Georgetown. After the -battle of Shiloh he and his regiment were transferred to the army in -Mississippi under General Bragg, forming part of the brigade composed -of the Tenth and Nineteenth South Carolina and three Alabama regiments, -commanded by General Withers until the latter was given division -command, afterward by Patton Anderson and later by Colonel Manigault. -He was in brigade command from the summer of 1862, and participated -in the occupation of Corinth during the siege, and the operations of -the army in Tennessee and Kentucky. In April, 1863, he was promoted to -brigadier-general. At the battle of Stone's River his brigade under his -gallant leadership was distinguished in the assaults upon the Federal -line, and at Chickamauga again was conspicuous in the attacks upon the -position held by George H. Thomas. In both these battles the brigade -suffered severely in the loss of officers and men, but the remnant -fought through the Atlanta campaign of 1864 among the bravest of the -heroes of that memorable struggle, from Dalton to Ezra church. He -subsequently participated in the operations under General Hood, until -he fell severely wounded in the disastrous battle of Franklin, Tenn. -After the conclusion of hostilities he engaged in rice planting in -South Carolina. In 1880 he was elected adjutant-general of the State, -was continued in this office, and was about to be re-elected when he -died from the effects of his wound received at Franklin, August 16, -1886. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Abner M. Perrin was born in Edgefield district, -in 1827. He entered the Confederate States service as captain of a -company of the Fourteenth regiment, South Carolina infantry, Col. -James Jones, and was present at the engagement at Port Royal Ferry, -January 1, 1862. His regiment was ordered to Virginia in the spring of -1862, and attached to the South Carolina brigade of Gen. Maxcy Gregg, -the regiment then being commanded by Col. Samuel McGowan. Captain -Perrin shared the services of the Fourteenth in the battles before -Richmond, at Cedar run, Second Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg and -Fredericksburg, and then being promoted colonel, commanded the regiment -at Chancellorsville, where, after the wounding of General McGowan and -Colonel Edwards, he had command of the remnant of the brigade in the -Sunday battle. He continued in charge of this brigade, consisting of -the First, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth South Carolina regiments -and First Rifles, Pender's division, A. P. Hill's corps, during the -Gettysburg campaign. On the afternoon of July 1, 1863, said A. P. -Hill, Perrin's brigade took position after position of the enemy, -driving him through the town of Gettysburg. He maintained an advanced -position throughout the next two days, keeping up a continual heavy -skirmish and repelling several assaults on the third. On the retreat -he repulsed an attack of cavalry near Falling Waters. He was promoted -to brigadier-general in September, 1863. Previous to the campaign of -May, 1864, in Virginia, General McGowan returned to the command of -the South Carolina brigade, and General Perrin was transferred to -the Alabama brigade lately commanded by General Wilcox, Anderson's -division. He passed through the fiery ordeal in the Wilderness, but at -Spottsylvania, in the words of the telegram of General Lee to President -Davis, "the brave General Perrin was killed." It was just after Hancock -had swept over the "bloody angle," early on May 12th, capturing the -larger part of Johnson's division, and A. P. Hill was called on for -reinforcements, that Perrin came up leading his brigade through a -terribly destructive fire, and fell dead from his horse just as he -reached the works. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General John Smith Preston was born at Salt Works, near -Abingdon, Va., on April 20, 1809, of Irish descent, his ancestors -having emigrated from Donegal, Ireland, in the early part of the -seventeenth century. He was educated at Hampden-Sidney college -and graduated at that institution in 1824. He then studied law at -the university of Virginia and Harvard college. In 1830 he married -Caroline, daughter of Gen. Wade Hampton, and settled at Abingdon, Va., -where he began the practice of his profession, but later removed to -Columbia, S. C. He was engaged for several years in sugar planting in -Louisiana, also devoted a great deal of his time to literary pursuits, -and the collection of paintings and statuary. His interest in art -led him to assist many struggling young men of genius, notably Hiram -Powers, who in appreciation, gave him the replica of the "Greek Slave." -General Preston was a distinguished orator, and made many brilliant -addresses, among them the speech of welcome to the Palmetto regiment on -its return from the Mexican war in 1848. He was an ardent secessionist, -and in May, 1860, was chairman of the South Carolina delegation to -the Democratic convention that met at Charleston. After the election -of President Lincoln, he was a commissioner to Virginia, and in -February, 1861, made an eloquent plea in favor of the withdrawal of -that State from the Union. He entered the Confederate army, and served -on the staff of General Beauregard during 1861 and 1862, receiving -special commendation for efficiency in the first battle of Bull Run. -He was promoted, June 10, 1864, brigadier-general in the provisional -army of the Confederate States, and placed in charge of the bureau -of conscription, in which office he rendered valuable service. He -went to England shortly after the war, and remained several years. -After his return he delivered an address at a commencement of the -university of Virginia, which, as a fervent assertion of the right -of secession, incurred the severe criticism of the Northern press. -His last appearance as an orator was on the occasion of unveiling the -Confederate monument at Columbia. - -[Illustration: - - Brig.-Gen. JOHN S. PRESTON. - - Brig.-Gen. MAXCY GREGG. - - Brig.-Gen. T. M. LOGAN. - - Maj.-Gen. DAVID R. JONES. - - Brig.-Gen. MICAH JENKINS. - - Brig.-Gen. JOHNSON HAGOOD. - - Brig.-Gen. S. W. FERGUSON. - - Brig.-Gen. JAMES CONNER. - - Brig.-Gen. JOHN D. KENNEDY. - - Brig.-Gen. S. R. GIST.] - -Brigadier-General Roswell Sabine Ripley was born at Worthington, -Ohio, March 14, 1823. He was graduated at the United States military -academy, number seven in the class of 1843, of which Gen. U. S. Grant -was twenty-first. With promotion to brevet second lieutenant, Third -artillery, he served until 1846 on garrison duty, and for a few months -as assistant professor of mathematics at West Point. In 1846, being -commissioned second lieutenant, he was on the coast survey until -ordered to Mexico, where he fought at Monterey in September. Then -being promoted first lieutenant, Second artillery, he took part in the -siege of Vera Cruz, and at the battle of Cerro Gordo won the brevet of -captain. At Contreras, Churubusco Molino del Rey, Chapultepec and the -capture of the Mexican capital he won new honors and came out of the -war with the brevet rank of major. After service as aide-de-camp to -General Pillow to July, 1848, he prepared and published a history of -the war in 1849, and subsequently was engaged in the Indian hostilities -in Florida and in garrison duty until March, 1853, when he resigned -and engaged in business at Charleston, the home of his wife. At the -organization of the South Carolina army he received the rank of -lieutenant-colonel, commanding the First artillery battalion, and at -the bombardment of Fort Sumter was highly commended by the generals -commanding for his services in charge of the batteries on Sullivan's -island. In August following he was commissioned brigadier-general in -the provisional army of the Confederate States, and was put in command -of the department of South Carolina, and when that was merged in a -larger department under Gen. R. E. Lee, he was given charge of the -Second military district of the State. Joining the army of Northern -Virginia in June, 1862, he commanded a brigade of D. H. Hill's -division, composed of Georgia and North Carolina regiments, in the -battles of Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, South Mountain -and Sharpsburg. In the latter engagement he was shot in the throat, -but returned to the fight after his wound was dressed. About a month -later he took command of the First military district of South Carolina, -including Charleston and its defenses, and was in immediate command -during the memorable attacks of the Federal fleets and army in 1863 and -1864. In January, 1865, he was ordered to report to General Hood, and -at the last was assigned to command of a division of Cheatham's corps -of the army in North Carolina. Then going abroad he resided in Paris -several years, and upon his return resumed his business operations at -Charleston. He died at New York, March 26, 1887. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General Clement Hoffman Stevens was born in Norwich, -Conn., August 14, 1821, the son of Lieut. Clement W. Stevens, United -States navy, and Sarah J. Fayssoux, daughter of Dr. Peter Fayssoux, -surgeon-general of the army in South Carolina during the war of the -revolution. Not long after his birth the father left the navy and the -family settled in Florida, but removed to Pendleton, S. C., at the -outbreak of Indian troubles in 1836. In youth he served for several -years as private secretary to his kinsmen, Commodore William B. -Shubrick and Capt. Edward Shubrick. In 1842 he abandoned this service -at sea, and became an official of the Planters and Mechanics bank at -Charleston, of which he was cashier at the period of secession. In -January, 1861, he presented to Gen. David F. Jamison, secretary of war -for the State, a design he had prepared for an ironclad battery, and it -being approved, he immediately began the erection of an armored battery -of two guns on Cummings point, known as the Stevens' iron battery. It -was built of heavy yellow pine timber with great solidity, and the -face, inclined at an angle of forty degrees, was covered with bars of -railroad iron. In this protected battery, which was of service in the -bombardment of Fort Sumter, was the germ of the armored ship Virginia, -and her class. The floating battery designed by Lieut. J. R. Hamilton, -in use at the same time, approached still more closely the plan of the -famous ironclad of Hampton Roads. General Stevens' mechanical ingenuity -was later shown in the invention of portable ovens, by the use of which -his regiment was supplied with excellent bread. Stevens next served as -volunteer aide to his cousin, Gen. Barnard E. Bee, at the battle of -First Manassas, and was severely wounded. Returning home, as soon as he -had recovered from his wound he took charge of a militia regiment at -Charleston, but soon joined in the organization of the Twenty-fourth -regiment, of which he was elected colonel. In the winter of 1861-62 -he was for some time on duty as aide to General Ripley. In the fight -at Secessionville he commanded the Confederate forces on the field. -In December, 1862, he was assigned to command one of the brigades to -be sent under General Gist for the support of Wilmington, and in May, -1863, he and his regiment were ordered to Mississippi under the brigade -command of Gist. With the forces collected under Gen. J. E. Johnston -he participated in the summer campaign of that year for the relief of -Vicksburg, and the defense of Jackson against Sherman, and subsequently -joined the army at Chattanooga. At the battle of Chickamauga he was -actively engaged until two horses were killed under him and he was -wounded. Gist alluded to him as the "iron-nerved," and General Walker -reported "that the gallant Stevens, who was severely wounded, from what -I know of his capacity as an officer, from his gallantry on the field, -and from his devotion to the cause, would grace any position that might -be conferred." January 20, 1864, he was promoted to brigadier-general, -and was assigned to the command of a Georgia brigade, formerly known -as Wilson's, of Walker's division, which he led with distinction -throughout the Atlanta campaign, until he was killed in the battle of -July 20, 1864, near the city of Atlanta. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General James H. Trapier, a native of South Carolina, was -graduated in the United States military academy, third in the class of -1838, of which General Beauregard was second and William J. Hardee, -Edward Johnson and Carter L. Stevenson were other famous members. As -a lieutenant of engineers in the United States service he assisted in -the construction of defenses at Charleston harbor and Fort Pulaski, and -was promoted first lieutenant in 1839. Subsequently he was constructing -engineer of repairs at Forts Macon and Caswell, and Forts Ontario, -Niagara and Porter, New York; served in the war with Mexico in 1847, -and was assistant engineer connected with the fortification of New -York harbor until his resignation in 1848. Returning to South Carolina -he was engaged as a planter at Georgetown until the organization of -the Confederacy, serving also as chief of ordnance of the State in -1851-52, and as aide-de-camp, with the rank of colonel, on the staff -of Governor Means. With the rank of captain of engineers he rendered -valuable service in the construction of the Confederate batteries for -the attack on Fort Sumter, and was engineer-in-chief on Morris island. -Soon afterward he was promoted major of engineers, and in October was -promoted brigadier-general and assigned to command of the department -of Eastern and Middle Florida, with especial care of Cumberland -sound. Asking to be relieved in March, 1862, he was ordered to report -to General Johnston in Alabama. He commanded the First division of -General Polk's corps at Corinth and in the battle of Farmington, May 9, -1862, and in November following was assigned to command of the Fourth -district of South Carolina, with headquarters at Georgetown. In the -spring of 1863 he was in command on Sullivan's island during the attack -by the Federal fleet, April 7th, and not long afterward resumed his -duties at Georgetown. Surviving the war he died at Mansfield, S. C, -January 2, 1866, at the age of fifty-one years. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General John Bordenave Villepigue was born at Camden, S. C, -July 2, 1830, of French descent. He was graduated at the United States -military academy in 1854, with a brevet lieutenancy in the dragoons; -a year later was promoted to second lieutenant, and in 1857 to first -lieutenant. His military service of about seven years in the old army -was rendered in the Second dragoons, mainly on the frontier in Kansas -and Nebraska, participating in the Sioux expedition of 1855 and the -march to Fort Lookout, Dakota, in 1856. He took part in the Utah -campaign of 1857-58, and then after a period spent at the Carlisle -cavalry school, was on duty in Utah until he resigned, March 31, 1861, -to enter the service of the Southern Confederacy. He received the -commission of captain of artillery from the government at Montgomery, -and soon afterward was promoted colonel in the provisional army, and -assigned to the Thirty-sixth Georgia regiment. In command of Georgia -and Mississippi soldiers he first attracted attention by his heroic -defense of Fort McRee, Pensacola harbor, during the bombardment of -November 22, 1861. General Bragg reported at that time that for the -number and caliber of guns brought into action it would rank with the -heaviest bombardment of the world. The buildings of the fort were -several times on fire, and Villepigue was seriously wounded, but -his coolness inspired his volunteers to fight with the tenacity of -veterans. Said Bragg: "An educated soldier, possessing in an eminent -degree the love and confidence of his officers and men, he had been -specially selected for this important and perilous post. The result -fully vindicates the fortunate choice, and presents for our admiration, -blended in perfect harmony, the modest but heroic soldier with the -humble but confiding Christian." Villepigue was appointed chief of -engineers and artillery on the staff of General Bragg, was for a time -in command at Pensacola, then was at Mobile, and joining Bragg was -promoted brigadier-general early in 1862. He was assigned to command -at Fort Pillow on the Mississippi, General Beauregard sending him -there as "the most energetic young officer" at his command. Week after -week he held the open batteries, and kept back the enemy's superior -land and naval forces until ordered to retire, when he blew up his -fortifications and brought off his command in safety, June 4th. He was -given command of a brigade of the army in Mississippi, under General -Van Dorn, and at the battle of Corinth in October was distinguished -both in the attack and in the protection of the rear during the -retreat. Soon after this arduous and dispiriting campaign the young -soldier was prostrated by a severe illness, which resulted in his death -at Port Hudson, November 9, 1862. - - * * * * * - -Brigadier-General William Henry Wallace was born in Laurens county, -March 24, 1827, son of Daniel Wallace, for several terms a member of -the legislature, a major-general of militia, and from 1849 to 1853 -representative in Congress. His grandfather was Jonathan Wallace, a -native of Virginia who removed to South Carolina before the war of -the revolution, in which he was a patriot soldier. General Wallace -was graduated at the South Carolina college in December, 1849, and in -the following spring was married to Sarah, daughter of Robert Dunlap, -of Newberry. She was the niece of James Dunlap, appointed governor -of Florida by Andrew Jackson, and granddaughter of William Dunlap, a -revolutionary soldier who was the grandson of John Hunter, a native -of Ireland who was United States senator from South Carolina in -1801. General Wallace was occupied as planter in Union county until -1857, when he became the proprietor of the Union Times newspaper, -and in 1859 began the practice of law at Union. In 1860 as a member -of the legislature he supported the call for a convention, and at -the expiration of his term he enlisted as a private in Company A, -Eighteenth South Carolina volunteers. A few days later he was appointed -adjutant of the regiment by Col. James M. Gadberry, who was killed -at Second Manassas. Before going into the field the regiment was -reorganized, and Wallace was elected lieutenant-colonel in May, 1861. -The regiment was ordered into Virginia in time to engage the enemy near -Malvern Hill in August, after which it fought at the battle of Second -Manassas, losing about half its number in battle, including the gallant -Colonel Gadberry. Wallace was at once promoted colonel, and he led -his regiment, in the brigade of Gen. N. G. Evans, through the battles -of South Mountain and Sharpsburg with the army of Northern Virginia. -Subsequently he was on duty in defense of Charleston. In the spring of -1864 the brigade under Gen. Stephen Elliott was ordered to Petersburg, -where Colonel Wallace participated in the defense of the lines and all -the operations of Bushrod Johnson's division. His brigade suffered most -heavily at the battle of the Crater, four companies of his regiment -being blown up or destroyed by falling earth at the explosion of the -mine, July 30, 1864. In September he was promoted brigadier-general, -and up to the eve of the surrender he commanded the brigade, fighting -gallantly at Gravelly run and Namozine church on the retreat. At -Appomattox Court House, on the night of April 8th, he was assigned by -General Gordon to the command of Johnson's division, in which capacity -he reported to Gen. Clement A. Evans and participated in the last -action of the army on the morning of April 9th. After his parole he -devoted himself to the practice of the law, the care of his plantation -and the restoration of good government in the State. He was one of the -few Democrats elected to the legislature in 1872, and was re-elected -in 1874 and 1876. In 1877 he was chosen judge of the Seventh circuit, -a position in which he continued to serve with honor and ability until -1893, when he retired from public life. - - TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES - - Compound nouns, names, and hyphenated words - are not consistant in the original text. - - Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical - errors. - - Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed. - - Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - - Enclosed bold font in =equals signs=. - - The caret symbol (^) has been used to indicate superscript - characters. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Confederate Military History - Volume -5 (of 12), by Ellison Capers - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY *** - -***** This file should be named 50737-0.txt or 50737-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/7/3/50737/ - -Produced by Alan and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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