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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6738b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50690 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50690) diff --git a/old/50690-0.txt b/old/50690-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 15e8368..0000000 --- a/old/50690-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1391 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Remedy for Unemployment, by Alfred Russel -Wallace - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Remedy for Unemployment - - -Author: Alfred Russel Wallace - - - -Release Date: December 14, 2015 [eBook #50690] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REMEDY FOR UNEMPLOYMENT*** - - -E-text prepared by Donald Cummings, Adrian Mastronardi, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images -generously made available by Internet Archive/American Libraries -(https://archive.org/details/americana) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive/American Libraries. See - https://archive.org/details/remedyforunemplo00walliala - - -Transcriber’s note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - - - - -Pass on Pamphlets. No. 8. -1d. - -THE REMEDY FOR UNEMPLOYMENT - -ALFRED R. WALLACE - - - - - - - -The Clarion Press, -44, Worship Street, London, E.C. - - - * * * * * * - -THE CLARION. - - Edited by ... - ROBERT BLATCHFORD. - -_EVERY FRIDAY._ - - _ONE PENNY._ - -If you want to keep to understand the Socialism which is creating such -a ferment in the country, you must read the CLARION. Order it from your -newsagent, or send for a free specimen copy. - - -5 Clarion Pamphlets. - - No. 44--FROM BRUTE TO BROTHER. - By DENNIS HIRD, M.A. - - No. 46--JESUS THE SOCIALIST. - By DENNIS HIRD, M.A. - - No. 47.--SEVENTEEN SHOTS AT SOCIALISM. - By R. B. SUTHERS. - This is an answer in brief to Seventeen Common Objections to - Socialism. - - No. 48.--THE CASE FOR SOCIALISM. - By F. HENDERSON. - Deals with the Compensation and Confiscation question. - - No. 49.--THE PERIL OF POVERTY. - By Councillor McLACHLAN. - -_ONE PENNY EACH_ - - _By Post, 1½d._ - -THE CLARION PRESS, 44, Worship Street, London, E.C. - - * * * * * * - - -THE REMEDY FOR UNEMPLOYMENT. - -BY DR. ALFRED R. WALLACE. - - -The reason why I wrote the present pamphlet (which first appeared in -the “Socialist Review,” and is now reprinted in a slightly modified -form) was that, although there is a small body of avowed Socialists -in Parliament, not one of them has, so far as I am aware, upheld any -of the fundamental principles of Socialism as a means of dealing with -the greatest of present-day problems--that of chronic unemployment and -starvation all over our land. Let me illustrate what I mean by a few -examples. Perhaps the most fundamental and universally admitted axiom -of Socialism is that all production should be, primarily, _for use and -not for profit_; and the next in importance is that the true or proper -_wages of labour_ is _the whole product of that labour_. - -But neither in Parliament nor out of it has a single voice been raised -to show that these principles _must_ be adopted in any permanent -solution of the problem, or to explain how they _can_ be applied far -more easily and economically than any of the suggested alleviations. -All the talk has hitherto been of securing trade union rates of wages -for out-of-works of every kind; and the underlying idea has always been -that of the non-Socialist worker--that the Government provision of -work must _not_ be looked upon as permanent, but only as enabling the -worker to live till the capitalist employer again requires him. - -An equally non-Socialist view was put forth by one of the most -respected Socialists in Parliament when he advocated the immediate -construction of light railways all over the country in order that when -labour was brought back to the land the products could be carried -economically to market, implying that the “products” were to be sold, -thus competing in the market with those of other producers, lowering -prices, and altogether ignoring the great Socialist principle of -“production for use.” In the discussion of this question it has been -totally overlooked that by a proper organisation of the labour of -the permanently or temporarily unemployed, as well as of all those -whose employment does not supply them with the means of a thoroughly -sufficient and healthy existence, all the necessaries and comforts of -life can be produced in our own country, just as they were produced -down to a few centuries ago. I will now proceed to the exposition of -the whole subject. - -In order that those who have not read the Labour Party’s Unemployed -Workmen Bill may understand why it could not have succeeded, a short -statement of its essential provisions may here be given. - -The first clause provides that the “Local Unemployment Authority” -under this Bill shall be the council of every borough or district of -over 20,000 inhabitants, and for the rest of the county the “County -Council.” Clause 3 declares that “it shall be the duty of the Local -Unemployment Authority to provide work for him” (any workman registered -as unemployed) in connection with one or other of the “schemes” -hereinafter provided, “or otherwise,” or failing the provision of work, -“to provide maintenance, should necessity exist, for that person and -for those depending on that person.” - -This is the essential part of the clause, with a condition that the -wages are to be “not lower than those that are standard to the work in -the locality.” Then there is to be a Central Unemployment Committee -to “frame schemes,” and generally look after the Local Unemployment -Committees, which are to be established by every local authority, -and are also to “frame schemes”; and the “schemes” of the four or -five hundred local authorities are all to be submitted to the Local -Government Board for revisal or approval. Nowhere is any guide given -to the essential principles which should underlie these hundreds of -schemes, and we can easily imagine the delay, the confusion, the cost, -and the almost certain failure of “schemes” initiated in so haphazard a -manner. - -The whole conception of the Bill is, in my opinion, wrong. Unemployment -is not a local phenomenal, but national, and even world-wide. It is a -symptom of disease in our existing civilisation, and must be treated, -if with any chance of success, on broad national lines, and with -national resources. Even the one definite suggestion in the Bill--that -“schemes of national utility” might be undertaken to employ the -out-of-works--however good in itself, was here altogether out of place. -For such schemes--afforestation, reclamation of foreshores, drainage -works, roads, etc.--are all either not reproductive at all, or not -for many years, in the meantime increasing taxation, and thus perhaps -producing further unemployment; while they could only employ a mere -fraction of those in distress (none of the women) and, when completed, -would leave the problem exactly where it was when they were started. - -The discussion in Parliament showed a clear recognition of the fact -that it is quite impossible to remedy such chronic and widespread -unemployment as exists now by finding work for the half-starved -population in the hundreds of different occupations at which they have -been engaged; but, strange to say, no one seemed to be aware that it -is by no means impossible--that it is, in fact, comparatively easy--to -enable these same people to _produce for themselves the primary -necessaries of life_ which are their _immediate_ and _permanent_ -need. What is required is to organise and combine the whole of the -unemployed into local groups, each group or community being primarily -made up of a due proportion of workers who have been engaged in the -production of some of these _necessaries_, and who will form a nucleus -for the training of others for similar work. These various occupations -are comparatively primitive, and there is every reason to believe that -they will be found among the unemployed in about the same proportions -as in the whole population. The thorough organisation and careful -supervision needed cannot, however, be left to the random, and often -antagonistic, opinions of hundreds of local authorities, but must be -undertaken by the Central Government itself, and that only when the -guiding _principles_ and the practical _procedure_ have been carefully -thought out, clearly defined, and fully discussed in Parliament, before -being embodied in law. It is pre-eminently a work to be devised and -carried out by the Executive Government itself. - -I will now endeavour to show in some detail how this can be done, what -will be its results, and what are the various facts and arguments which -render its success a certainty if it is fully and honestly carried out. - -The recent discussion of the problem of unemployment, both in -Parliament and in the Press, affords a remarkable proof of how -difficult it is to enforce attention to new methods of dealing with -great social problems, if such proposals are made a little before their -time. Thus only can it be explained that not one Liberal, Labour, or -Socialist Member of Parliament seems to be aware that a thorough and -carefully-worked out scheme for dealing with the unemployed problem was -published about twenty years ago, was re-issued a year or two later in -a cheap edition by a well-known London publisher, was widely read and -greatly admired, and--as was to be expected at _that time_--was very -soon forgotten. I feel sure that this book must be in many public and -private libraries, especially those of Liberal or Radical Clubs, but -neither by Members of Parliament nor by any writers in the reviews have -I once seen it referred to. Yet its title alone should have caused -it to be read at this time, since it so fully and clearly states the -problem which has received so much attention, but no solution, during -the last few years. It is as follows: _Poverty and the State, or Work -for the Unemployed; An Inquiry into the Causes and Extent of Enforced -Idleness, together with a Statement of a Remedy Practicable Here and -Now_. By Herbert V. Mills. London. Kegan, Paul, Trench, and Co. Price -one shilling. 1889. - -Now, this book is pre-eminently a practical one, and the bold claim in -its title is fully justified by its contents. Mr. Mills was a Poor Law -Guardian in Liverpool for many years, where there were nearly three -thousand inmates of the workhouse. He thus had unusual opportunities -of becoming acquainted with the poor, and of studying the various -problems of pauperism, such as unemployment, food-supply, the various -occupations of paupers, and other matters. He further obtained -information and advice from experts in agriculture, and in the various -trades and occupations of the men who came under his notice, and has -thus been able to give us detailed estimates and calculations of the -greatest value in formulating practical methods of utilising the labour -of the unemployed to the greatest advantage, for their own benefit. -He also visited and carefully inquired into the detailed working of -the various Dutch Beggar and Labour Colonies, and obtained from them -valuable information as to the methods that tend to success, as well as -of those that either diminish the success or lead to failure. - -Having myself encountered many disappointments in books, claiming to -expound new and important ideas both in physical and economic science, -I was fully prepared for another failure here. But I quickly found that -this was really what it claimed to be, and I at once did all I could -to call public attention to it, first in one of my annual addresses -to the Land Nationalisation Society (in 1892), and much more fully -in a chapter I wrote for Edward Carpenter’s _Forecasts of the Coming -Century_, published in 1897. This chapter I republished, with some -important additional facts and arguments, in 1900, in my _Studies, -Scientific and Social_; yet all appears to have been in vain. If the -authors of the “Unemployed Workmen Bill” had drawn it so as to follow -closely Mr. Mills’ scheme, and had fully explained this scheme in their -speeches by means of the facts, illustrations, and methods so well and -concisely given in his book, I feel sure that the result of the debate -would have been very different, and that not only Socialists, but the -whole body of Labour Members, a large majority of Liberals, and even -many Conservatives, would have voted in its favour; in which case the -Government would have been obliged either to adopt it, or to bring in a -Bill of their own on similar lines. - -The chief reason why Mr. Mills’ scheme, if embodied in a Bill, should, -and I think would, receive the support of a large majority in the -present House of Commons is, that it utilises and combines in an -admirable manner the most important, and at the same time the least -disputable, methods of both Socialism and Individualism. To illustrate -this I will give a few condensed extracts from his summary of the main -features of his proposals, with some remarks of my own. - -(1) In each county or union, tracts of land from 2,000 acres upwards -shall be purchased or taken over by the State or Local Authority, and -be prepared with suitable houses, buildings, tools, machines, etc., for -the accommodation of about 4,000 or 5,000 occupants, men, women, and -children; with skilled foremen and organisers to carry out the various -operations of agriculture, and the trades and manufactures required to -produce food, clothing, and other necessaries for the inhabitants. - -(2) It is shown, by the facts and calculations of experts, that the -labour of a properly assorted population, for four hours daily, -will, when in full working order (say after a year), produce _all_ -the necessaries of life in abundance. One hour more is added for the -costs of skilled supervision and another hour for the maintenance and -schooling of the children, and for the support of the aged and the sick -as they arise. - -(3) In order to effect this the ordinary methods and rules of the best -kinds of industrial work must be adopted; but, after working hours, -all will be as completely free from control by the various industrial -officials as the people of any prosperous and well-ordered town or -village. - -(4) That the director of each of the Co-operative estates shall -encourage the workers to make their homes and work-places as healthful, -convenient, and beautiful as possible, giving them _advice_ as to how -this can best be done, and _assistance_ in doing it. - -(5) That for work done co-operatively no money wages shall be paid, the -equivalent of such work being the _whole net produce_ of the labour. -This will be--the provision of comfortable homes, abundance of good -food and fuel, with a good supply of clothing, the latter being chosen -by each person from a variety of suitable material and design kept in -the stores. In addition to this, the children would all receive the -best education, and as they grew up would each be trained in accordance -with their faculties or tastes, in two or three useful occupations. - -At least four-fifths of all the work on the estate _shall be done for -home consumption, not for sale_. - -(6) Every worker will be enabled to employ his spare time for his -own use or profit, so as to obtain any luxuries or pleasures he -might desire. Some would have land on which to raise choice fruits -or vegetables for sale; others a workshop; the young women might -do dressmaking, or open shops for the supply of small luxuries not -produced co-operatively. All they required would be supplied at -wholesale price, to be repaid by instalments out of the profits. - -On this subject Mr. Mills well remarks: “I can easily imagine that -for the sake of the retriever, the pigeons, the tobacco, the poultry -or rabbits, the greenhouse, the bicycle, the piano, the library, the -concert, or the theatre, many morning and evening industries would -spring up quickly, without any other stimulus from the director than -that which exists in every human heart. The acquisition of the luxuries -of life might well be left to the ingenuity and activity of private -enterprise.” - -I would myself further suggest that the rules and restrictions on these -estates should be as few as possible, and only such as are absolutely -essential for the comfort and well-being of all. Especially should -all healthful amusements and social enjoyments be provided for; while -such serious offences as repeated drunkenness, immorality, or violence -should be punished by absolute dismissal or expulsion. - -It should be made quite clear from the first that these estates or -colonies are established for the provision of _permanent and enjoyable -homes_ for all who desired to take advantage of them, _not_ as mere -temporary shelters in times of depression. There would, of course, -be no compulsion to remain, but anyone who was dissatisfied with his -surroundings and left could not again be admitted. - -Another point of importance is, that the organisation of the whole -community under an official director, whose rule must necessarily -at first be despotic, is not intended to be permanent. When the -colony became thoroughly self-supporting, and its inhabitants fully -appreciated the benefits they enjoyed under the co-operative system, -and had been gradually trained in the principles and methods essential -to success, the organisation would be steadily modified in the -direction of a self-governing community. - -With this end in view, the Director, as well as the several heads of -departments of industry, would, after the first year, each choose a -few of the more intelligent and industrious workers to form small -Consultative Committees. With these he would hold informal weekly -meetings, to talk over the special affairs of their departments, and -consider whether any improvements in organisation were advisable, -either in the interests of the workers themselves or of the whole -community who consumed or utilised the products of the work. Later -on these committees might be added to by the introduction of workers -chosen to represent the rest; or, perhaps better still, by the -admission of those who had been longest in the community, and were -therefore best acquainted with the needs and wishes of all its members. -These would automatically become members after a certain period of -work, the older retiring as the younger entered, and would ultimately -constitute the whole committee. Suggestion-books should also be kept in -the public rooms, in which every member, without exception, could, if -he wished, make proposals or suggestions on any matter affecting the -well-being of the whole community, or any section of it. These books -would be examined by the committees and by the Director, who would -decide upon their merits. Public meetings would also be held monthly or -quarterly, at which the decision as to each of the suggestions would be -announced, and the reasons why some were adopted and others rejected -explained, while occasionally a suggestion would be given a trial and -afterwards the opinion of a general meeting taken upon its adoption. - -This plan was, I believe, first tried at Ralahine (in 1832) by Mr. -E. T. Craig, and it has since been adopted by a few great industrial -concerns with excellent results. It is found that useful suggestions -are made by quite ordinary workmen, and even by boys, affecting both -the convenience of the workmen and economy of production. But more -important is its educational and moral value, which would be especially -great in a co-operative association, by giving to every worker a -definite status, and making him feel that he is not only a labourer in -a great organisation, but that he is allowed to express his own views -as to what is essential for the good of all. This feeling, and the -careful attention given to all suggestions, tends to give confidence in -the management, and ensures willing and thoughtful attention to duty. - - * * * * * - -But here some of my readers will no doubt object, how can it be -shown that such estates or colonies could and would produce all the -necessaries of life with such a comparatively small amount of labour? -We know what John Burns told us of the enormous cost of the Labour -Colonies at Hollesley Bay and Laindon; why should not these be equal -failures? The answer is simple. The colonies now being tried, as well -as that of General Booth in Essex, are a kind of rural workhouses, with -no idea of permanency, no home life, no freedom of action, no prospect -of a future. Neither is there any effective grouping of workers, -no sufficient variety of occupations, no attempt at the production -of all the necessaries of life by those who consume them. There is -also, apparently, a large sale of produce in competition with outside -workers, wholly different from the system of _production for use_ which -is the very basis of Mr. Mills’ scheme. - -The scope of this scheme and its far-reaching and permanent effects -on unemployment are totally unlike those of our present costly and -temporary Labour Colonies. It would at once absorb the unemployed -workers in scores of different trades and occupations, all being -employed in supplying directly the wants of the community of which -each formed a part. The wheat grown for food would employ millers, -machinists, sack-makers, bakers, etc.; the sheep and cattle, supplying -meat, milk, butter and cheese for all, would also by the intervention -of tanners, curriers, saddlers, shoemakers, etc., supply all the -leather goods; while the dairy outfit would require the work of tinmen -and other skilled mechanics for the pans, pails, churns, presses, etc. -The bones and horns might be used to make handles of domestic cutlery -and for old-fashioned but useful lanthorns; perhaps combs and brushes -might also be made, while the refuse fat would be made into soap for -the use of the community. Wherever suitable clay occurred bricks and -tiles would be made, as well as drain pipes and coarse pottery for -various domestic uses. Even unlimited sugar for a population of 5,000 -might be produced from home-grown beet-root with suitable pressing, -boiling, and refining machinery. The wool of the sheep would be -cleaned, spun, and woven into all the chief forms of clothing and -household articles required; while flax grown, prepared, spun, and -woven at home would supply the needful underclothing and linen of -various kinds. - -Artificers in wood and iron would be occupied in the supply and repair -of carts, waggons, ploughs, and the simpler agricultural machines; -while water or wind mills (or both) would give the power for the -various kinds of machinery, for electric light and power-transmission, -and probably also for warming and cooking purposes. - -All these various industries would require a considerable engineering -plant, and a body of trained workers, while a staff of joiners, -cabinet-makers, plumbers, painters, and paper-makers, and in smaller -numbers, compositors, printers, and book-binders, with store-keepers, -clerks, and porters, would find constant or occasional work; and there -would be comparatively few workers of any kind who would not be able to -learn some one or other of these occupations, even if their own special -skill in some less familiar industry was not called for. And besides -all these, a considerable body of labourers would be wanted; and all -adults as well as the older children would at times of pressure be -called to assist in some of the varied forms of simple farm and garden -work, such as hay-making, fruit-gathering, and harvesting. - -An immense advantage of such an organised co-operative community (and -one that can hardly be over-estimated) is the comparative certainty -of returns and independence of adverse seasons that would thus be -introduced into agriculture. Much of our hay is now deteriorated -by cutting being delayed beyond the period of maximum nutriment, -or damaged by not being dried and stacked at the earliest possible -opportunity. But with a large and interested population close at -hand, ready and willing to assist at an hour’s notice, and with the -best machinery and appliances always ready, a single fine day in -an otherwise adverse season might enable a hay or corn crop to be -secured in good condition which, without this assistance, would be -irretrievably ruined. And when everyone would be thus helping to save -his _own_ crops--the very “daily bread” that he himself and his family -would enjoy during the coming year, the work, however hard, would -become a pleasure, and every hour of the long summer’s day (or even of -the night as well) would be utilised by relays of workers. We can well -imagine with what determination and energy the work would be carried -on, and with what enthusiasm and rejoicing would the holiday succeeding -such an effort--a true “harvest-home”--be partaken of by all. - -Another point may here be usefully dwelt on. Though at the first -starting of such colonies it may be advisable to have large common -dwellings and meals, it should at an early period be possible for all -who wished it to have cottages or houses of their own; and these should -first be provided for married couples and their families. These could, -however, continue to take their meals (or any meal) at the common -table, or in lieu of these could draw rations of food from the stores -and cook for themselves. Home-life, so dear to many of us, would thus -be rendered possible for all who wished it, while still retaining the -economies and securities of co-operative work. - -Yet further, keeping in view the one object of the establishment of -these co-operative villages--that of enabling the unemployed to work -profitably for themselves; if after a few years’ residence any of the -workers wished to have the opportunity of trying an independent life -on the land, he should not only be permitted to do so, but should be -helped to obtain land for a small holding in the immediate vicinity, -and, if his record in the colony justified it, have implements and -stock provided for him, to be repaid by easy instalments. Thus might be -exhibited, side by side, the comparison of men with similar training -adopting the methods of co-operation and individualism; and the -results, in the degree of comfort and contentment attained by each as -years went on, would be exceedingly instructive. - -With regard to the chances (or, as I maintain, the _certainty_) of -the economic and moral success of colonies or villages organised with -_the one end of enabling people to provide by their own labour all the -essentials of a secure_, a _happy_, and a _contented life_, it may be -well to adduce a few illustrative facts and results. - -Between the years 1870 and 1880, workshops and a garden of fourteen -acres were started at the Newcastle-on-Tyne Workhouse on which to -employ the ordinary able-bodied inmates. In a very short time all the -vegetables required for the whole of the paupers was easily grown, with -a considerable surplus which was disposed of to local shopkeepers; -and at the end of three years this land is stated to have produced a -profit of £339 annually. In almost every department of work more goods -were produced than the house required, so that a reserve of a two -years’ supply of boots and shoes was accumulated, while the whole of -the inside fittings of new wings to the workhouse were executed by the -inmates.[A] - -[A] Mr. Mills quotes this from an article in _Chambers’ Journal_ of -January 1st, 1881. Mr. Jas. H. Rodgers, for many years Chairman of -the Guardians, has been so good as to inform me that the system of -employing paupers in various kinds of productive industry is still in -force at Newcastle; but that owing to a change in the class of inmates -it is not quite so satisfactory. Over two-thirds of the number are -now either chronic invalids, aged, or lunatics, with children who -are mostly boarded out. Still, all who can do anything are employed -productively, and nearly all the vegetables required by 1,000 to 1,500 -inmates are grown on 15 acres of land cultivated by male paupers. - -At Ralahine, in Ireland, eighty-one men, women, and children, all -ordinary labourers of the lowest class, and with a very bad reputation -in the district, farmed 618 acres of land, including bog and waste, -under a committee chosen by themselves (Mr. Craig, who kept the -accounts and supervised the household, being ignorant of agriculture), -and they not only paid the very high rent of £900 a year (in produce -estimated at market prices), but in the course of three years brought -waste land into cultivation, purchased a reaping-machine, and at the -same time increased their capital and lived well and contentedly. Then, -the owner, having gambled away his property, suddenly disappeared, -while the tenants were evicted and all their property confiscated by -the Irish Court of Chancery! - -At the Dutch colony of Frederiksoord, a miscellaneous body of -“unemployed” have, under wise administration, converted an absolutely -barren waste of moorland into what Mr. Mills terms “a paradise in the -midst of a wilderness.” Here a large number of “free farmers” have been -trained, who now support themselves in comfort and independence, while -another body of labourers carry on the ordinary work of the estate -(which must be largely educational and unproductive), and yet so nearly -support themselves that the Director informed Mr. Mills that he did not -use agricultural machinery because it would make it difficult to find -work for all, and they would then be less easily managed. - -Mr. Edward Atkinson, the great American statistician and advocate of -capitalism, has given striking estimates of the productiveness of -labour when aided by modern machinery. Two men’s labour for a year -in wheat-growing and milling will produce 1,000 barrels of flour, -barrels included, which will give bread enough for 1,000 persons. -But as _we_ grow more bushels of wheat per acre than is grown in the -American wheat fields, we could certainly produce _our_ bread on the -spot quite as cheaply, if not much cheaper. Again, he tells us that -one man’s labour produces woollen goods for 300 people, or boots -and shoes for 1,000. Now, as far as productiveness goes, spinning, -knitting, weaving, or shoe-making machines suitable for the employment -of a dozen or twenty men or women could, in our co-operative colony, -be worked quite as economically as in a great factory where 1,000 -hands are employed--perhaps even more so, because no overseeing would -be required, and all would be close to their work; while as the hours -would be shorter and would alternate with outdoor or household work, -the workers would be healthier and their labour more effective. - -Again, as every inmate of such a colony would be trained in at least -two distinct occupations, one involving mostly outdoor work, a large -proportion of these textile fabrics would be made during wet days and -long winter evenings, and would thus utilise time that is now often -wasted. - -Another great economy in such a colony is, that the whole of the -middlemen’s and retailer’s profits would be saved, as well as the -cost of the various forms of advertising, including commercial -travellers and the high rents of retail shops in good situations, and -that of railway freights, cartage, and other costs of world-wide or -cross-country distribution. The result of all these needless expenses -is shown by the well-known fact that, on the average, goods of every -kind in common use are _produced_ for about half what they are sold for -by the _retailer_; and to this great loss must be added, in the case of -the individual producer for sale, the loss of time expended in selling -and buying, and the frequent difficulty of finding a purchaser except -at a ruinously low price. It is these numerous economics at every step -of the process that justify Mr. Mills’ careful estimate of six hours’ -daily work being ample to supply _all_ the necessaries of life for a -well-organised co-operative population, including the children, the -sick, and the aged; while a small farmer works usually ten or twelve -hours to secure the same result, and can only succeed in doing so under -somewhat favourable conditions, and with much greater risk of failure. - -One other point remains to be considered. What would be the initial -cost of such colonies as are here suggested, up to the time at which -they became self-supporting? Here, too, Mr. Mills has given us the -answer. By a careful estimate, founded on ascertained facts, he shows -that the _total_ cost, both of the land and of the stock, buildings, -and other appliances, together with a half-year’s food, would only -equal the amount of two years’ total expenditure for the same number of -paupers. The result of this outlay would be that after two or three -years the necessity for poor-rates would cease. It would therefore -be an enormous saving, even if each union or county _purchased_ the -land and stocked it as part of its Poor Law expenditure, and this -would be the case even if Mr. Mills’ calculations are found to be too -favourable to the extent of even 50 per cent. (which I consider wildly -improbable). But I believe that if the scheme was carried out under an -Act of Parliament and under the general supervision of the Board of -Agriculture, still greater economies might be effected, especially in -the matter of land. For power should be given in the Act to take any -land required at a valuation based on the net rental now obtained by -the owner (or on the valuation in the rate books), for which amount he -should receive Government Land Bonds. As soon as the colonies became -self-supporting, and had absorbed most of the unemployed, so that -pauperism in the ordinary sense was abolished, the respective local -authorities would only have to pay the interest and sinking fund on -these bonds, which would be a mere trifle as compared with existing -poor rates, and would itself disappear in the course of less than two -generations. - -The farmers and labourers, as well as mechanics or others, who might -be living upon the land thus taken over, would have the option of -remaining upon it in the capacities for which they were severally -fitted, as superintendents, foremen, or labourers; or if they preferred -to leave would receive a reasonable “compensation for disturbance.” - - * * * * * - -There are always people who will not be satisfied with any proposed -remedy for a great evil unless it deals with every possible phase and -form of it, so as to abolish it completely at once, and for ever. Some -of these will be sure to object that the worst of the unemployed--the -tramps and the men who will not work under any conditions--will still -remain; and they will ask triumphantly: “How will you bring these into -your system? They will flock into your colonies in winter to enjoy -the good living and do nothing to earn it.” There are two replies to -this objection, which is really no valid objection at all. In the first -place, it was not for _this_ class of men that the “Unemployed Workmen -Bill” was brought into Parliament, or for whom legislation has been -promised by the Government. It was not of _these_ unfortunates that -either Socialists or Liberals drew such vivid pictures of undeserved -misery, but of the genuine workmen, the men or women whose one object -in life is to obtain _work_, however hard, however it may injure their -own health or shorten their lives, in order that they may _save their -families from starvation_, or from the deservedly hated workhouse. The -whole of this great and successful agitation has been in behalf of -those willing and anxious to work, but to whom by our actual social -organisation it is forbidden. It was for them only that the “Right to -Work” was demanded--not the right to _food_ while refusing to _work_. -It is a sufficient reply to the objectors, therefore, that Mr. Mills’ -proposal really solves the problem as regards those very classes of -workers for whom the “Right to Work” clause was drawn. - -But, secondly, it is certain that the system of co-operative colonies -here explained _would_, in the course of a few years, absorb also the -so-called unemployable, who are in reality by no means numerous, and -have _never yet been offered_ the kindly assistance, the sympathetic -treatment, the amount of liberty and the congenial surroundings they -would find in these colonies. General Booth’s experience at his Essex -colony has shown that a considerable proportion of these men are easily -reclaimable, and the system there is far less favourable and less -educational than it would be in our proposed co-operative colonies. - - * * * * * - -Before concluding, I will briefly advert to a few matters of high -public importance, involving great cost, much loss of time and energy, -widespread physical and moral deterioration, and terrible sacrifice of -life, which would all be ameliorated and would ultimately disappear in -_proportion as these co-operative colonies spread over the country_. - -First and foremost, the cost of Old Age Pensions, which all admit to be -absolutely necessary _now_, would steadily diminish with increase of -these colonies, and ultimately become unnecessary. Next, the terrible -mortality of infants, due to our present competitive manufacturing -system, would rapidly disappear when the health and comfort of mothers -were thoroughly safeguarded as a primary social duty. What would be the -result of such a natural, simple, healthful, yet fully-occupied life -as would prevail in these colonies may be judged by the condition of -some of the German colonists in Central Brazil. A young friend of mine -is now living among them. They subsist almost entirely on the direct -produce of their own labour; they have large and healthy families, and -his two nearest neighbours have twelve and eight children respectively, -mostly grown up, _without having lost a single child_. - -Then there is the enormous and ever-increasing system of inspectorship -of factories and workshops, to guard against dangers of machinery, -unhealthiness, and overwork, all quite unnecessary, and which would -never even be thought of where there was no one to profit by such -enormities. - -Lastly, there is the curse of adulteration, ever increasing, pervading -all commercial products, clothing, food, and even drugs, injurious -alike to the health and the morality of the nation, and which -inspectors and penalties have hardly any effect upon. All this would -absolutely disappear when everything now adulterated would be produced -in these colonies for home consumption, and _not_ for the profit of -capitalists; and this fact would certainly re-act upon the private -manufacturers. The safety and healthiness of all the co-operative shops -would soon _compel_ private capitalists to improve the conditions of -their factories under the penalty of not being able to obtain men or -women to work for them. - -A collateral but highly beneficial result of the system here advocated -is, that just as it extended and flourished, it would, by absorbing all -surplus labour, raise the standard of wages over the whole country, -and of itself produce that “minimum wage” that we may decree by law, -but which, so long as our present system persists unchecked, we can -certainly never enforce. The generally higher wages thus caused -will almost all be spent on home-made products, and thus more than -compensate for any diminution of foreign trade that may occur: for it -must always be remembered that foreign trade is mainly carried on for -the profit of the capitalist or to supply luxuries for the wealthy, -and is little needed when all workers are enabled to produce the -necessaries of life, co-operatively, for themselves. - -Yet another important economy not yet referred to arises from the -essential nature of a co-operative community producing everything for -their own consumption, and therefore absolutely free from the faintest -suspicion of adulteration. We have seen that Mr. Mills estimated that -not more than one-fifth of the total produce would have to be sold in -order to purchase articles or materials which the colonists could not -produce themselves. Each colony would decide, or rather would find by -experience, which articles it would thus produce in larger amounts -than it needed--one might sell butter, cheese, and perhaps cream; -another woollen fabrics; another shoes, etc., or some combination of -these. But it would soon become known that everything made at the -colony was genuine. The butter would not be margarine; the cloths -and flannels would be wool throughout, the boot-soles would not be -of brown paper; and the matches, the china-glazes and the paints -would all be made of non-poisonous materials. The certainty that this -would be so--everything being made primarily for _use_ and not for -_profit_--would ensure a large and constant demand for everything -the colonists had to sell. They would thus be saved all the costs of -advertising or of taking their goods to market; as was found to be the -case with the best of the Communistic Societies in the United States, -whose garden and farm seeds, dried and preserved fruits, tubs, washing -machines, traps, and chairs, are still widely known and sought after -for their purity and good workmanship. - -All the goods which the colony had for sale would thus bring the -highest market prices with the minimum expenditure of time and labour; -so that one fatal circumstance that caused the failure of so many -attempts at co-operative workshops--the difficulty or impossibility of -_selling_ the produce--would never arise. - -The result of this brief, but I believe accurate, examination of the -capitalistic and the co-operative systems in their essential conditions -and proved results, is to show that the former is inherently _wasteful_ -to an enormous degree, and so productive of physical and moral evil as -to be incompatible with a true civilisation. In every part of the world -it is alike productive of poverty, degradation, and crime for large -numbers of the workers, and the latter perhaps in an equal proportion -(though in different ways) for the capitalist employers also. Such a -system stands condemned at the bar of reason, justice, and common sense. - - * * * * * - -I think I have now shown that the way to solve this great “Problem -of the Unemployed” was clearly pointed out nearly twenty years ago, -with precision, fulness of detail, and sufficient basis of fact -and experience. But the time had not then come. The few read and -appreciated the book, but it was generally ignored, with the usual cry -of “Utopian”! Now, however, the _hour_ has arrived, and here is the -_Man_ whose long-neglected book shows us clearly the lines on which -alone we can successfully overcome the difficulty. - -But a proviso has here to be made, which is of the most vital -importance and which must always be kept in view. Even if the scheme -here advocated is carried out to the letter, so far as its _methods_ -are concerned, complete success will only be attained if its organisers -are imbued throughout with the human, the philanthropic, the brotherly -_spirit_ of the propounder. This will depend almost wholly on the -choice of men for directors of the several co-operative colonies. If -the head is chosen for his supposed power of managing and governing -large bodies of men, in the way our governors of prisons and masters -of workhouses have been chosen; and if he enters on his duties with -the one idea of compelling all to work alike, from the very first, -and with that end draws up an elaborate system of rules, with fines -and punishments to be rigidly enforced in the various departments of -industry, then failure will be inevitable. Neither is the successful -manager of a great factory or large estate more likely to succeed if he -is a man who looks upon workers as mere “hands”--as parts of a great -productive machine, each to be kept in his proper place, and to have no -will of his own. - -Our object should be to train up self-supporting, self-respecting, -and self-governing men and women; and we should aim at doing this by -developing the conceptions of solidarity and brotherhood--that good -and honest work is expected from each because he benefits equally -with every other worker in the joint result, and that it is therefore -his plain duty to do his full share in producing that result. The -type of men to be sought after are such as Mr. Craig, who, though a -suspected stranger and supposed emissary of the landlords, yet gained -the affection of a body of wild Irish labourers, and in a year of -sympathetic guidance so changed their lives that, in their own words: -“Ralahine used to be a hell; now it is a little heaven;” and Robert -Owen, the self-educated Welshman, who in less than twenty years -changed a population of over 500 persons, all Scotch mill-workers--who -were living in chronic destitution and debt, and in habits of almost -continuous drunkenness, dirt, and vice--into a cleanly, well-to-do, -contented, and grateful community. - -The methods by which these men produced such results should be studied -by everyone who would undertake the directorship of one of the proposed -co-operative colonies. For those who talk so confidently about human -nature being not good enough for any such co-operative life as is here -suggested, I would adduce Owen’s work at New Lanark as an unanswerable -reply. I know of no more wonderful example in history, of the results -to be obtained by appealing to men’s higher feelings rather than to the -lower and baser, than Owen’s account, in his story of his own life, of -how he stopped almost universal thieving, drunkenness, neglect, and -other faults in his great body of workers, by means of his invention of -the “silent monitor”--a little record on four sides of a tally, of each -worker’s conduct the day before, as indicated by four colours--black, -red, yellow, and white, one of which only was displayed. These tallies -were attached to each worker’s place every morning, so that as Owen -walked through the work-rooms he could see them both collectively and -separately. At first the majority were black, while white was rare. -But gradually the colours changed, and in a few years yellow and white -prevailed. During all this time there were no punishments, either by -fine or in any other way, neither did Owen ever scold a man, or even -speak harshly to him. He merely, when the colour was black, looked at -the man in sorrow; and he tells us, how after a time he could tell a -man’s conduct by his very attitude as he passed him, without looking at -the tally. - -It may be said, we have no such men now; but I think that is a mistake. -Mr. Mills himself would probably be one of the first appointed; while -a post as responsible director of 5,000 workers would be congenial -to many of our broad-minded clergy, to the more educated among the -officials of the Salvation Army, and to such sympathetic writers about -the poor as Mr. Whiteing, Mr. Zangwill, and many others. It should -be considered a position of high rank and importance, equal, say, to -that of a judge or a bishop, and none should be appointed who are not -in perfect sympathy with the avowed objects of the “colonies,” and -determined to do all in his power to make the experiment a success. -The salary should not be high; in fact, the lower the better, in some -respects. The office would almost certainly attract the best men, since -it would enable them to initiate and develop one of the greatest social -reforms ever undertaken in a civilised country. They should, of course, -have practically a free hand, and be judged only by _results_. They -must have complete power to change the heads of departments, if they -found them difficult to work with, or of characters unsuited to the -task of rendering the labour of the community at once efficient and -attractive to the workers. - -There would, I believe, very soon arise a healthy rivalry between -different colonies, in which every individual, from the Director to the -youngest worker, would bear his part, as to which shall exhibit the -best results in the various industries carried on; in the cleanliness, -comfort, and even elegance of their domestic arrangements and general -surroundings; in their amusements and their studies; and especially in -the general contentment, order, and happiness of the whole community. - -To attain such a result would be a truer honour to our country than -all our past and prospective victories, gained at the cost of untold -misery to both victors and vanquished, vast burdens of taxation, -rivers of blood and tears. To attain such a beneficent result seems -now actually within our reach; and my chief hope is that I may live to -see it inaugurated, and that all parties and classes alike shall for -once forget their prejudices and antagonisms, and work together for the -success of some such scheme as is here laid before them. - -It is after a considerable acquaintance with the literature of this -subject, from the time of the grand pioneer, Robert Owen, down to -the present day, that I have arrived at the most absolute conviction -that Mr. Mills has pointed out to us the one true road to success, -and that any considerable divergence from it will lead to failure. I -therefore most earnestly call upon all social reformers, and especially -all members of Parliament, whose duty it will be to legislate upon -the subject, to make a careful study of his small volume--but really -_great_ and _illuminating_ work--to read it carefully throughout; to -study it in all its parts; to imbue themselves with its spirit as well -as with its facts, its principles, and its arguments; to familiarise -themselves with the practical results of co-operative undertakings -so far as their opportunities permit; and, by means of the knowledge -they will have gained from Mr. Mills, satisfy themselves as to the -_essential causes_ of failure or success. - -Above all these things, let them see that when the time of legislation, -and of giving practical effect to the legislation arrives, the -principle of the whole scheme shall be, in Mr. Mills’ words: “That -within the bounds of the ‘Co-operative Estates’ we shall endeavour to -cultivate able and tender-hearted men, and brave and independent women; -and _not_ to accumulate wealth.” - - -THE UTOPIA PRESS, _Printers_, Worship St., London, E.C. - - - - -Pass On Pamphlets. - -Every Friday Fortnight. - -One Penny. - - -These Pamphlets are intended to explain the need for Socialism, to -explain what Socialism is, to answer objections to Socialism, and to -suggest methods for the attainment of Socialism. - - -_NOW READY._ - -By R. B. Suthers. - - No. 1.--JOHN BULL AND DOCTOR SOCIALISM. - No. 2.--JOHN BULL AND DOCTOR FREE TRADE. - No. 3.--JOHN BULL AND DOCTOR PROTECTION. - - -By Julia Dawson. - - No. 4.--WHY WOMEN WANT SOCIALISM. - - -By A. M. Thompson. - - No. 5--SOCIALISM AND INVENTIONS. - - -By F. H. Rose. - - No. 6.--STOP THE STRIKE. - - -By R. B. Suthers. - - No. 7.--JOHN BULL’S RENT AND INTEREST. - - -By Alfred R. Wallace. - - No. 8.--THE REMEDY FOR UNEMPLOYMENT. - - -By Robert Blatchford. - - A NEW RELIGION. - - -By F. W. Jowett, M.P. - - WHAT IS THE USE OF PARLIAMENT? - - -Order them from your Newsagent. - -Every Friday Fortnight--One Penny. - - - - -MERRIE ENGLAND. - -By ROBERT BLATCHFORD. A New Edition. - -Paper cover, 3d.; by post 4½d. Cloth, 1/- by post 1/2. - -“Merrie England” first appeared as a series of articles in the CLARION -in 1892-3. These articles, with some revisions and additions, were -afterwards produced in volume form at a shilling. The book met with -immediate success, some 25,000 copies being sold. - -In October, 1894, the CLARION published the same book, uniform in size -and type with the shilling edition, at the low price of ONE PENNY. As -the book contained 206 pages, and was printed by trade-union labour, -and on British-made paper, it could only be produced at a loss. This -loss was borne by the proprietors of the CLARION. - -The sale of the penny edition outran all expectations. No one supposed -that more than 100,000 would be called for, but in a few months over -700,000 had been sold, without a penny being spent in advertisement, -and in face of the tremendous opposition excited by Socialistic -publications in those days. - -Later on an edition was published at 3d., and the total sale reached -nearly a million copies. - -An American edition is said to have sold equally well, and the book -was translated into Welsh, Dutch, German, Scandinavian, Spanish, and -other languages, on none of which editions, it may be remarked, did the -author receive any royalties. - -The British edition has been out of print for some years, and there -has recently been a growing demand for the book’s re-issue. To this -the author at length reluctantly acceded, and the present edition was -announced. That the demand was real may be judged from the fact that -orders for 20,000 copies were placed before the date of publication, -and the new issue promises to sell as well as the first threepenny -edition. - - -THE CLARION PRESS, -44, WORSHIP STREET, LONDON, E.C. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s note: - - --Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected. - - --Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. - - --Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REMEDY FOR UNEMPLOYMENT*** - - -******* This file should be named 50690-0.txt or 50690-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/0/6/9/50690 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: The Remedy for Unemployment</p> -<p>Author: Alfred Russel Wallace</p> -<p>Release Date: December 14, 2015 [eBook #50690]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REMEDY FOR UNEMPLOYMENT***</p> -<p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Donald Cummings, Adrian Mastronardi,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive/American Libraries<br /> - (<a href="https://archive.org/details/americana">https://archive.org/details/americana</a>)</h4> -<p> </p> -<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> - <tr> - <td valign="top"> - Note: - </td> - <td> - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive/American Libraries. See - <a href="https://archive.org/details/remedyforunemplo00walliala"> - https://archive.org/details/remedyforunemplo00walliala</a> - </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="600" height="869" alt="cover" title="cover" /> -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="noic">PASS ON PAMPHLETS. <span style="display:inline-block">No. 8.<br /> -1d.</span></p> - -<h1>The Remedy<br /> -<small>for</small><br /> -Unemployment</h1> - -<p class="p2 noi author">ALFRED R. WALLACE</p> - - -<p class="p6 noic">THE CLARION PRESS,<br /> -<span class="works">44, WORSHIP STREET, LONDON, E.C.</span></p> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="adpage"> -<p class="noi adtitle">The Clarion.</p> - -<p class="noi ident10">Edited by ...<br /> -ROBERT BLATCHFORD.</p> - -<p class="noic"><i>EVERY FRIDAY. - - ONE PENNY.</i></p> - -<p class="cap">If you want to keep to -understand the Socialism -which is creating such a ferment -in the country, you -must read the CLARION. -Order it from your newsagent, -or send for a free -specimen copy.</p> - - -<p class="noic btdbl adtitle">5 Clarion Pamphlets.</p> - - -<p class="noi">No. 44—FROM BRUTE TO BROTHER.<br /> -<span class="flright">By DENNIS HIRD, M.A.</span></p> - - -<p class="p2 noi">No. 46—JESUS THE SOCIALIST.<br /> -<span class="flright">By DENNIS HIRD, M.A.</span></p> - - -<p class="p2 noi">No. 47.—SEVENTEEN SHOTS AT SOCIALISM.<br /> -<span class="flright">By R. B. SUTHERS.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi works">This is an answer in brief to Seventeen Common Objections to Socialism.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="p2 noi">No. 48.—THE CASE FOR SOCIALISM.<br /> -<span class="flright">By F. HENDERSON.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi works">Deals with the Compensation and Confiscation question.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="p2 noi">No. 49.—THE PERIL OF POVERTY.<br /> -<span class="flright">By Councillor McLACHLAN.</span></p> - -<p class="p2 noic"><i>ONE PENNY EACH</i> - - <i>By Post, 1½d.</i></p> - -<p class="noic">THE CLARION PRESS, 44, Worship Street, London, E.C.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>THE REMEDY FOR -UNEMPLOYMENT.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="noi author">BY DR. ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> - - -<p class="p2">The reason why I wrote the present pamphlet (which -first appeared in the “Socialist Review,” and is now -reprinted in a slightly modified form) was that, -although there is a small body of avowed Socialists -in Parliament, not one of them has, so far as I am -aware, upheld any of the fundamental principles of -Socialism as a means of dealing with the greatest of -present-day problems—that of chronic unemployment -and starvation all over our land. Let me -illustrate what I mean by a few examples. Perhaps -the most fundamental and universally admitted -axiom of Socialism is that all production should -be, primarily, <em>for use and not for profit</em>; and the -next in importance is that the true or proper <em>wages -of labour</em> is <em>the whole product of that labour</em>.</p> - -<p>But neither in Parliament nor out of it has a -single voice been raised to show that these principles -<em>must</em> be adopted in any permanent solution of the -problem, or to explain how they <em>can</em> be applied far -more easily and economically than any of the suggested -alleviations. All the talk has hitherto been -of securing trade union rates of wages for out-of-works -of every kind; and the underlying idea has -always been that of the non-Socialist worker—that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> -the Government provision of work must <em>not</em> be -looked upon as permanent, but only as enabling the -worker to live till the capitalist employer again -requires him.</p> - -<p>An equally non-Socialist view was put forth by -one of the most respected Socialists in Parliament -when he advocated the immediate construction of -light railways all over the country in order that -when labour was brought back to the land the products -could be carried economically to market, implying -that the “products” were to be sold, thus -competing in the market with those of other producers, -lowering prices, and altogether ignoring the -great Socialist principle of “production for use.” -In the discussion of this question it has been totally -overlooked that by a proper organisation of the -labour of the permanently or temporarily unemployed, -as well as of all those whose employment -does not supply them with the means of a thoroughly -sufficient and healthy existence, all the necessaries -and comforts of life can be produced in our own -country, just as they were produced down to a few -centuries ago. I will now proceed to the exposition -of the whole subject.</p> - -<p>In order that those who have not read the Labour -Party’s Unemployed Workmen Bill may understand -why it could not have succeeded, a short statement -of its essential provisions may here be given.</p> - -<p>The first clause provides that the “Local Unemployment -Authority” under this Bill shall be the -council of every borough or district of over 20,000 -inhabitants, and for the rest of the county the -“County Council.” Clause 3 declares that “it shall -be the duty of the Local Unemployment Authority -to provide work for him” (any workman registered -as unemployed) in connection with one or other of -the “schemes” hereinafter provided, “or otherwise,” -or failing the provision of work, “to provide maintenance, -should necessity exist, for that person and -for those depending on that person.”</p> - -<p>This is the essential part of the clause, with a -condition that the wages are to be “not lower than -those that are standard to the work in the locality.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> -Then there is to be a Central Unemployment Committee -to “frame schemes,” and generally look after -the Local Unemployment Committees, which are to -be established by every local authority, and are also -to “frame schemes”; and the “schemes” of the -four or five hundred local authorities are all to be -submitted to the Local Government Board for revisal -or approval. Nowhere is any guide given to -the essential principles which should underlie these -hundreds of schemes, and we can easily imagine -the delay, the confusion, the cost, and the almost -certain failure of “schemes” initiated in so haphazard -a manner.</p> - -<p>The whole conception of the Bill is, in my opinion, -wrong. Unemployment is not a local phenomenal, -but national, and even world-wide. It is a symptom -of disease in our existing civilisation, and must be -treated, if with any chance of success, on broad -national lines, and with national resources. Even -the one definite suggestion in the Bill—that -“schemes of national utility” might be undertaken -to employ the out-of-works—however good in itself, -was here altogether out of place. For such schemes—afforestation, -reclamation of foreshores, drainage -works, roads, etc.—are all either not reproductive at -all, or not for many years, in the meantime increasing -taxation, and thus perhaps producing further -unemployment; while they could only employ -a mere fraction of those in distress (none of the -women) and, when completed, would leave the problem -exactly where it was when they were started.</p> - -<p>The discussion in Parliament showed a clear recognition -of the fact that it is quite impossible to -remedy such chronic and widespread unemployment -as exists now by finding work for the half-starved -population in the hundreds of different occupations -at which they have been engaged; but, strange to -say, no one seemed to be aware that it is by no means -impossible—that it is, in fact, comparatively easy—to -enable these same people to <em>produce for themselves -the primary necessaries of life</em> which are their -<em>immediate</em> and <em>permanent</em> need. What is required -is to organise and combine the whole of the unemployed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -into local groups, each group or community -being primarily made up of a due proportion of -workers who have been engaged in the production -of some of these <em>necessaries</em>, and who will form a -nucleus for the training of others for similar work. -These various occupations are comparatively primitive, -and there is every reason to believe that they -will be found among the unemployed in about the -same proportions as in the whole population. The -thorough organisation and careful supervision -needed cannot, however, be left to the random, and -often antagonistic, opinions of hundreds of local -authorities, but must be undertaken by the Central -Government itself, and that only when the guiding -<em>principles</em> and the practical <em>procedure</em> have been -carefully thought out, clearly defined, and fully discussed -in Parliament, before being embodied in law. -It is pre-eminently a work to be devised and carried -out by the Executive Government itself.</p> - -<p>I will now endeavour to show in some detail how -this can be done, what will be its results, and what -are the various facts and arguments which render its -success a certainty if it is fully and honestly -carried out.</p> - -<p>The recent discussion of the problem of unemployment, -both in Parliament and in the Press, -affords a remarkable proof of how difficult it is to -enforce attention to new methods of dealing with -great social problems, if such proposals are made -a little before their time. Thus only can it be explained -that not one Liberal, Labour, or Socialist -Member of Parliament seems to be aware that a -thorough and carefully-worked out scheme for -dealing with the unemployed problem was published -about twenty years ago, was re-issued a year or two -later in a cheap edition by a well-known London -publisher, was widely read and greatly admired, -and—as was to be expected at <em>that time</em>—was very -soon forgotten. I feel sure that this book must be -in many public and private libraries, especially -those of Liberal or Radical Clubs, but neither by -Members of Parliament nor by any writers in the -reviews have I once seen it referred to. Yet its title<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> -alone should have caused it to be read at this time, -since it so fully and clearly states the problem -which has received so much attention, but no solution, -during the last few years. It is as follows: -<cite>Poverty and the State, or Work for the Unemployed; -An Inquiry into the Causes and Extent of -Enforced Idleness, together with a Statement of a -Remedy Practicable Here and Now</cite>. By Herbert V. -Mills. London. Kegan, Paul, Trench, and Co. -Price one shilling. 1889.</p> - -<p>Now, this book is pre-eminently a practical one, -and the bold claim in its title is fully justified by -its contents. Mr. Mills was a Poor Law Guardian -in Liverpool for many years, where there were -nearly three thousand inmates of the workhouse. -He thus had unusual opportunities of becoming -acquainted with the poor, and of studying the -various problems of pauperism, such as unemployment, -food-supply, the various occupations of -paupers, and other matters. He further obtained -information and advice from experts in agriculture, -and in the various trades and occupations of the men -who came under his notice, and has thus been able -to give us detailed estimates and calculations of the -greatest value in formulating practical methods of -utilising the labour of the unemployed to the -greatest advantage, for their own benefit. He also -visited and carefully inquired into the detailed -working of the various Dutch Beggar and Labour -Colonies, and obtained from them valuable information -as to the methods that tend to success, as well -as of those that either diminish the success or lead -to failure.</p> - -<p>Having myself encountered many disappointments -in books, claiming to expound new and -important ideas both in physical and economic -science, I was fully prepared for another failure here. -But I quickly found that this was really what it -claimed to be, and I at once did all I could to call -public attention to it, first in one of my annual -addresses to the Land Nationalisation Society (in -1892), and much more fully in a chapter I wrote for -Edward Carpenter’s <cite>Forecasts of the Coming Century</cite>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -published in 1897. This chapter I republished, -with some important additional facts and -arguments, in 1900, in my <cite>Studies, Scientific and -Social</cite>; yet all appears to have been in vain. If -the authors of the “Unemployed Workmen Bill” -had drawn it so as to follow closely Mr. Mills’ -scheme, and had fully explained this scheme in their -speeches by means of the facts, illustrations, and -methods so well and concisely given in his book, I -feel sure that the result of the debate would have -been very different, and that not only Socialists, but -the whole body of Labour Members, a large -majority of Liberals, and even many Conservatives, -would have voted in its favour; in which case the -Government would have been obliged either to adopt -it, or to bring in a Bill of their own on similar lines.</p> - -<p>The chief reason why Mr. Mills’ scheme, if embodied -in a Bill, should, and I think would, receive -the support of a large majority in the present House -of Commons is, that it utilises and combines in an -admirable manner the most important, and at the -same time the least disputable, methods of both -Socialism and Individualism. To illustrate this I -will give a few condensed extracts from his -summary of the main features of his proposals, with -some remarks of my own.</p> - -<p>(1) In each county or union, tracts of land from -2,000 acres upwards shall be purchased or taken -over by the State or Local Authority, and be prepared -with suitable houses, buildings, tools, -machines, etc., for the accommodation of about -4,000 or 5,000 occupants, men, women, and -children; with skilled foremen and organisers to -carry out the various operations of agriculture, and -the trades and manufactures required to produce -food, clothing, and other necessaries for the inhabitants.</p> - -<p>(2) It is shown, by the facts and calculations of -experts, that the labour of a properly assorted population, -for four hours daily, will, when in full -working order (say after a year), produce <em>all</em> the -necessaries of life in abundance. One hour more is -added for the costs of skilled supervision and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -another hour for the maintenance and schooling of -the children, and for the support of the aged and -the sick as they arise.</p> - -<p>(3) In order to effect this the ordinary methods -and rules of the best kinds of industrial work must -be adopted; but, after working hours, all will be as -completely free from control by the various industrial -officials as the people of any prosperous and -well-ordered town or village.</p> - -<p>(4) That the director of each of the Co-operative -estates shall encourage the workers to make their -homes and work-places as healthful, convenient, and -beautiful as possible, giving them <em>advice</em> as to how -this can best be done, and <em>assistance</em> in doing it.</p> - -<p>(5) That for work done co-operatively no money -wages shall be paid, the equivalent of such work -being the <em>whole net produce</em> of the labour. This -will be—the provision of comfortable homes, -abundance of good food and fuel, with a good -supply of clothing, the latter being chosen by each -person from a variety of suitable material and -design kept in the stores. In addition to this, the -children would all receive the best education, and -as they grew up would each be trained in accordance -with their faculties or tastes, in two or three useful -occupations.</p> - -<p>At least four-fifths of all the work on the estate -<em>shall be done for home consumption, not for sale</em>.</p> - -<p>(6) Every worker will be enabled to employ his -spare time for his own use or profit, so as to obtain -any luxuries or pleasures he might desire. Some -would have land on which to raise choice fruits or -vegetables for sale; others a workshop; the young -women might do dressmaking, or open shops for the -supply of small luxuries not produced co-operatively. -All they required would be supplied at -wholesale price, to be repaid by instalments out of -the profits.</p> - -<p>On this subject Mr. Mills well remarks: “I can -easily imagine that for the sake of the retriever, the -pigeons, the tobacco, the poultry or rabbits, the -greenhouse, the bicycle, the piano, the library, the -concert, or the theatre, many morning and evening<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> -industries would spring up quickly, without any -other stimulus from the director than that which -exists in every human heart. The acquisition of the -luxuries of life might well be left to the ingenuity -and activity of private enterprise.”</p> - -<p>I would myself further suggest that the rules -and restrictions on these estates should be as few -as possible, and only such as are absolutely essential -for the comfort and well-being of all. Especially -should all healthful amusements and social enjoyments -be provided for; while such serious offences as -repeated drunkenness, immorality, or violence -should be punished by absolute dismissal or expulsion.</p> - -<p>It should be made quite clear from the first that -these estates or colonies are established for the -provision of <em>permanent and enjoyable homes</em> for all -who desired to take advantage of them, <em>not</em> as mere -temporary shelters in times of depression. There -would, of course, be no compulsion to remain, but -anyone who was dissatisfied with his surroundings -and left could not again be admitted.</p> - -<p>Another point of importance is, that the organisation -of the whole community under an official -director, whose rule must necessarily at first be -despotic, is not intended to be permanent. When -the colony became thoroughly self-supporting, and -its inhabitants fully appreciated the benefits they -enjoyed under the co-operative system, and had -been gradually trained in the principles and -methods essential to success, the organisation would -be steadily modified in the direction of a self-governing -community.</p> - -<p>With this end in view, the Director, as well as -the several heads of departments of industry, -would, after the first year, each choose a few of the -more intelligent and industrious workers to form -small Consultative Committees. With these he -would hold informal weekly meetings, to talk over -the special affairs of their departments, and consider -whether any improvements in organisation were -advisable, either in the interests of the workers -themselves or of the whole community who consumed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -or utilised the products of the work. Later -on these committees might be added to by the introduction -of workers chosen to represent the rest; -or, perhaps better still, by the admission of those -who had been longest in the community, and were -therefore best acquainted with the needs and wishes -of all its members. These would automatically -become members after a certain period of work, the -older retiring as the younger entered, and would -ultimately constitute the whole committee. Suggestion-books -should also be kept in the public rooms, -in which every member, without exception, could, if -he wished, make proposals or suggestions on any -matter affecting the well-being of the whole community, -or any section of it. These books would -be examined by the committees and by the Director, -who would decide upon their merits. Public meetings -would also be held monthly or quarterly, at -which the decision as to each of the suggestions -would be announced, and the reasons why some -were adopted and others rejected explained, while -occasionally a suggestion would be given a trial and -afterwards the opinion of a general meeting taken -upon its adoption.</p> - -<p>This plan was, I believe, first tried at Ralahine -(in 1832) by Mr. E. T. Craig, and it has since been -adopted by a few great industrial concerns with -excellent results. It is found that useful suggestions -are made by quite ordinary workmen, and -even by boys, affecting both the convenience of the -workmen and economy of production. But more -important is its educational and moral value, which -would be especially great in a co-operative association, -by giving to every worker a definite status, and -making him feel that he is not only a labourer in a -great organisation, but that he is allowed to express -his own views as to what is essential for the -good of all. This feeling, and the careful attention -given to all suggestions, tends to give confidence in -the management, and ensures willing and thoughtful -attention to duty.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>But here some of my readers will no doubt object,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -how can it be shown that such estates or colonies -could and would produce all the necessaries of life -with such a comparatively small amount of labour? -We know what John Burns told us of the enormous -cost of the Labour Colonies at Hollesley Bay and -Laindon; why should not these be equal failures? -The answer is simple. The colonies now being -tried, as well as that of General Booth in Essex, -are a kind of rural workhouses, with no idea of -permanency, no home life, no freedom of action, no -prospect of a future. Neither is there any effective -grouping of workers, no sufficient variety of occupations, -no attempt at the production of all the -necessaries of life by those who consume them. -There is also, apparently, a large sale of produce in -competition with outside workers, wholly different -from the system of <em>production for use</em> which is the -very basis of Mr. Mills’ scheme.</p> - -<p>The scope of this scheme and its far-reaching and -permanent effects on unemployment are totally -unlike those of our present costly and temporary -Labour Colonies. It would at once absorb the unemployed -workers in scores of different trades and -occupations, all being employed in supplying -directly the wants of the community of which each -formed a part. The wheat grown for food would -employ millers, machinists, sack-makers, bakers, -etc.; the sheep and cattle, supplying meat, milk, -butter and cheese for all, would also by the intervention -of tanners, curriers, saddlers, shoemakers, -etc., supply all the leather goods; while the dairy -outfit would require the work of tinmen and other -skilled mechanics for the pans, pails, churns, -presses, etc. The bones and horns might be used to -make handles of domestic cutlery and for old-fashioned -but useful lanthorns; perhaps combs and -brushes might also be made, while the refuse fat -would be made into soap for the use of the community. -Wherever suitable clay occurred bricks -and tiles would be made, as well as drain pipes and -coarse pottery for various domestic uses. Even unlimited -sugar for a population of 5,000 might be -produced from home-grown beet-root with suitable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -pressing, boiling, and refining machinery. The -wool of the sheep would be cleaned, spun, and -woven into all the chief forms of clothing and -household articles required; while flax grown, prepared, -spun, and woven at home would supply -the needful underclothing and linen of various -kinds.</p> - -<p>Artificers in wood and iron would be occupied in -the supply and repair of carts, waggons, ploughs, -and the simpler agricultural machines; while water -or wind mills (or both) would give the power for -the various kinds of machinery, for electric light -and power-transmission, and probably also for -warming and cooking purposes.</p> - -<p>All these various industries would require a -considerable engineering plant, and a body of -trained workers, while a staff of joiners, cabinet-makers, -plumbers, painters, and paper-makers, and -in smaller numbers, compositors, printers, and book-binders, -with store-keepers, clerks, and porters, -would find constant or occasional work; and there -would be comparatively few workers of any kind -who would not be able to learn some one or other of -these occupations, even if their own special skill -in some less familiar industry was not called for. -And besides all these, a considerable body of -labourers would be wanted; and all adults as well -as the older children would at times of pressure be -called to assist in some of the varied forms of simple -farm and garden work, such as hay-making, fruit-gathering, -and harvesting.</p> - -<p>An immense advantage of such an organised -co-operative community (and one that can hardly -be over-estimated) is the comparative certainty of -returns and independence of adverse seasons that -would thus be introduced into agriculture. Much -of our hay is now deteriorated by cutting being -delayed beyond the period of maximum nutriment, -or damaged by not being dried and stacked at -the earliest possible opportunity. But with a large -and interested population close at hand, ready and -willing to assist at an hour’s notice, and with the -best machinery and appliances always ready, a single<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -fine day in an otherwise adverse season might enable -a hay or corn crop to be secured in good condition -which, without this assistance, would be irretrievably -ruined. And when everyone would be thus helping -to save his <em>own</em> crops—the very “daily bread” that -he himself and his family would enjoy during the -coming year, the work, however hard, would become -a pleasure, and every hour of the long summer’s -day (or even of the night as well) would be utilised -by relays of workers. We can well imagine with -what determination and energy the work would be -carried on, and with what enthusiasm and rejoicing -would the holiday succeeding such an effort—a true -“harvest-home”—be partaken of by all.</p> - -<p>Another point may here be usefully dwelt on. -Though at the first starting of such colonies it may -be advisable to have large common dwellings and -meals, it should at an early period be possible for -all who wished it to have cottages or houses of their -own; and these should first be provided for married -couples and their families. These could, however, -continue to take their meals (or any meal) at the -common table, or in lieu of these could draw rations -of food from the stores and cook for themselves. -Home-life, so dear to many of us, would thus be -rendered possible for all who wished it, while still -retaining the economies and securities of co-operative -work.</p> - -<p>Yet further, keeping in view the one object of -the establishment of these co-operative villages—that -of enabling the unemployed to work profitably -for themselves; if after a few years’ residence any -of the workers wished to have the opportunity of -trying an independent life on the land, he should -not only be permitted to do so, but should be helped -to obtain land for a small holding in the immediate -vicinity, and, if his record in the colony justified it, -have implements and stock provided for him, to be -repaid by easy instalments. Thus might be exhibited, -side by side, the comparison of men with -similar training adopting the methods of co-operation -and individualism; and the results, in the -degree of comfort and contentment attained by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -each as years went on, would be exceedingly -instructive.</p> - -<p>With regard to the chances (or, as I maintain, the -<em>certainty</em>) of the economic and moral success of -colonies or villages organised with <em>the one end of -enabling people to provide by their own labour all -the essentials of a secure</em>, a <em>happy</em>, and a <em>contented -life</em>, it may be well to adduce a few illustrative -facts and results.</p> - -<p>Between the years 1870 and 1880, workshops and -a garden of fourteen acres were started at the Newcastle-on-Tyne -Workhouse on which to employ the -ordinary able-bodied inmates. In a very short time -all the vegetables required for the whole of the -paupers was easily grown, with a considerable -surplus which was disposed of to local shopkeepers; -and at the end of three years this land is stated to -have produced a profit of £339 annually. In -almost every department of work more goods were -produced than the house required, so that a reserve -of a two years’ supply of boots and shoes was -accumulated, while the whole of the inside fittings -of new wings to the workhouse were executed by the -inmates.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p> - -<p>At Ralahine, in Ireland, eighty-one men, women, -and children, all ordinary labourers of the lowest -class, and with a very bad reputation in the district, -farmed 618 acres of land, including bog and waste, -under a committee chosen by themselves (Mr. Craig, -who kept the accounts and supervised the household, -being ignorant of agriculture), and they not only -paid the very high rent of £900 a year (in produce -estimated at market prices), but in the course of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -three years brought waste land into cultivation, -purchased a reaping-machine, and at the same time -increased their capital and lived well and contentedly. -Then, the owner, having gambled away -his property, suddenly disappeared, while the -tenants were evicted and all their property confiscated -by the Irish Court of Chancery!</p> - -<p>At the Dutch colony of Frederiksoord, a miscellaneous -body of “unemployed” have, under wise -administration, converted an absolutely barren waste -of moorland into what Mr. Mills terms “a paradise -in the midst of a wilderness.” Here a large number -of “free farmers” have been trained, who now -support themselves in comfort and independence, -while another body of labourers carry on the ordinary -work of the estate (which must be -largely educational and unproductive), and yet so -nearly support themselves that the Director informed -Mr. Mills that he did not use agricultural machinery -because it would make it difficult to find work for -all, and they would then be less easily managed.</p> - -<p>Mr. Edward Atkinson, the great American -statistician and advocate of capitalism, has given -striking estimates of the productiveness of labour -when aided by modern machinery. Two men’s -labour for a year in wheat-growing and milling will -produce 1,000 barrels of flour, barrels included, -which will give bread enough for 1,000 persons. But -as <em>we</em> grow more bushels of wheat per acre than is -grown in the American wheat fields, we could certainly -produce <em>our</em> bread on the spot quite as -cheaply, if not much cheaper. Again, he tells us -that one man’s labour produces woollen goods for -300 people, or boots and shoes for 1,000. Now, -as far as productiveness goes, spinning, knitting, -weaving, or shoe-making machines suitable for the -employment of a dozen or twenty men or women -could, in our co-operative colony, be worked quite -as economically as in a great factory where 1,000 -hands are employed—perhaps even more so, because -no overseeing would be required, and all would be -close to their work; while as the hours would be -shorter and would alternate with outdoor or household<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -work, the workers would be healthier and -their labour more effective.</p> - -<p>Again, as every inmate of such a colony would be -trained in at least two distinct occupations, one involving -mostly outdoor work, a large proportion of -these textile fabrics would be made during wet days -and long winter evenings, and would thus utilise -time that is now often wasted.</p> - -<p>Another great economy in such a colony is, that -the whole of the middlemen’s and retailer’s profits -would be saved, as well as the cost of the various -forms of advertising, including commercial -travellers and the high rents of retail shops in good -situations, and that of railway freights, cartage, -and other costs of world-wide or cross-country distribution. -The result of all these needless expenses -is shown by the well-known fact that, on the -average, goods of every kind in common use are -<em>produced</em> for about half what they are sold for by -the <em>retailer</em>; and to this great loss must be added, -in the case of the individual producer for sale, the -loss of time expended in selling and buying, and -the frequent difficulty of finding a purchaser except -at a ruinously low price. It is these numerous -economics at every step of the process that justify -Mr. Mills’ careful estimate of six hours’ daily work -being ample to supply <em>all</em> the necessaries of life for -a well-organised co-operative population, including -the children, the sick, and the aged; while a small -farmer works usually ten or twelve hours to secure -the same result, and can only succeed in doing so -under somewhat favourable conditions, and with -much greater risk of failure.</p> - -<p>One other point remains to be considered. What -would be the initial cost of such colonies as are here -suggested, up to the time at which they became self-supporting? -Here, too, Mr. Mills has given us the -answer. By a careful estimate, founded on ascertained -facts, he shows that the <em>total</em> cost, both of the -land and of the stock, buildings, and other -appliances, together with a half-year’s food, would -only equal the amount of two years’ total expenditure -for the same number of paupers. The result of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> -this outlay would be that after two or three years the -necessity for poor-rates would cease. It would -therefore be an enormous saving, even if each union -or county <em>purchased</em> the land and stocked it as -part of its Poor Law expenditure, and this would -be the case even if Mr. Mills’ calculations are found -to be too favourable to the extent of even 50 per -cent. (which I consider wildly improbable). But I -believe that if the scheme was carried out under an -Act of Parliament and under the general supervision -of the Board of Agriculture, still greater -economies might be effected, especially in the matter -of land. For power should be given in the Act to -take any land required at a valuation based on the -net rental now obtained by the owner (or on the -valuation in the rate books), for which amount he -should receive Government Land Bonds. As soon -as the colonies became self-supporting, and had -absorbed most of the unemployed, so that pauperism -in the ordinary sense was abolished, the respective -local authorities would only have to pay the interest -and sinking fund on these bonds, which would be a -mere trifle as compared with existing poor rates, and -would itself disappear in the course of less than two -generations.</p> - -<p>The farmers and labourers, as well as mechanics -or others, who might be living upon the land thus -taken over, would have the option of remaining upon -it in the capacities for which they were severally -fitted, as superintendents, foremen, or labourers; or -if they preferred to leave would receive a reasonable -“compensation for disturbance.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>There are always people who will not be satisfied -with any proposed remedy for a great evil unless it -deals with every possible phase and form of it, so -as to abolish it completely at once, and for ever. -Some of these will be sure to object that the worst -of the unemployed—the tramps and the men who -will not work under any conditions—will still -remain; and they will ask triumphantly: “How will -you bring these into your system? They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -will flock into your colonies in winter to -enjoy the good living and do nothing to -earn it.” There are two replies to this -objection, which is really no valid objection at all. -In the first place, it was not for <em>this</em> class of men -that the “Unemployed Workmen Bill” was -brought into Parliament, or for whom legislation -has been promised by the Government. It was not -of <em>these</em> unfortunates that either Socialists or -Liberals drew such vivid pictures of undeserved -misery, but of the genuine workmen, the men or -women whose one object in life is to obtain <em>work</em>, -however hard, however it may injure their own -health or shorten their lives, in order that they may -<em>save their families from starvation</em>, or from the -deservedly hated workhouse. The whole of this -great and successful agitation has been in behalf of -those willing and anxious to work, but to whom -by our actual social organisation it is forbidden. It -was for them only that the “Right to Work” was -demanded—not the right to <em>food</em> while refusing to -<em>work</em>. It is a sufficient reply to the objectors, -therefore, that Mr. Mills’ proposal really solves the -problem as regards those very classes of workers for -whom the “Right to Work” clause was drawn.</p> - -<p>But, secondly, it is certain that the system of -co-operative colonies here explained <em>would</em>, in the -course of a few years, absorb also the so-called unemployable, -who are in reality by no means -numerous, and have <em>never yet been offered</em> the kindly -assistance, the sympathetic treatment, the amount -of liberty and the congenial surroundings they -would find in these colonies. General Booth’s -experience at his Essex colony has shown that a considerable -proportion of these men are easily reclaimable, -and the system there is far less favourable and -less educational than it would be in our proposed -co-operative colonies.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Before concluding, I will briefly advert to a few -matters of high public importance, involving great -cost, much loss of time and energy, widespread -physical and moral deterioration, and terrible<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> -sacrifice of life, which would all be ameliorated and -would ultimately disappear in <em>proportion as these -co-operative colonies spread over the country</em>.</p> - -<p>First and foremost, the cost of Old Age Pensions, -which all admit to be absolutely necessary <em>now</em>, -would steadily diminish with increase of these -colonies, and ultimately become unnecessary. Next, -the terrible mortality of infants, due to our present -competitive manufacturing system, would rapidly -disappear when the health and comfort of mothers -were thoroughly safeguarded as a primary social -duty. What would be the result of such a natural, -simple, healthful, yet fully-occupied life as would -prevail in these colonies may be judged by the -condition of some of the German colonists in Central -Brazil. A young friend of mine is now living -among them. They subsist almost entirely on the -direct produce of their own labour; they have large -and healthy families, and his two nearest neighbours -have twelve and eight children respectively, -mostly grown up, <em>without having lost a single child</em>.</p> - -<p>Then there is the enormous and ever-increasing -system of inspectorship of factories and workshops, -to guard against dangers of machinery, unhealthiness, -and overwork, all quite unnecessary, and which -would never even be thought of where there was no -one to profit by such enormities.</p> - -<p>Lastly, there is the curse of adulteration, ever -increasing, pervading all commercial products, -clothing, food, and even drugs, injurious alike to -the health and the morality of the nation, and -which inspectors and penalties have hardly any -effect upon. All this would absolutely disappear -when everything now adulterated would be produced -in these colonies for home consumption, and <em>not</em> -for the profit of capitalists; and this fact would -certainly re-act upon the private manufacturers. -The safety and healthiness of all the co-operative -shops would soon <em>compel</em> private capitalists to -improve the conditions of their factories under the -penalty of not being able to obtain men or women -to work for them.</p> - -<p>A collateral but highly beneficial result of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> -system here advocated is, that just as it extended -and flourished, it would, by absorbing all surplus -labour, raise the standard of wages over the whole -country, and of itself produce that “minimum -wage” that we may decree by law, but which, so -long as our present system persists unchecked, we -can certainly never enforce. The generally higher -wages thus caused will almost all be spent on home-made -products, and thus more than compensate for -any diminution of foreign trade that may occur: -for it must always be remembered that foreign trade -is mainly carried on for the profit of the capitalist -or to supply luxuries for the wealthy, and is little -needed when all workers are enabled to produce the -necessaries of life, co-operatively, for themselves.</p> - -<p>Yet another important economy not yet referred -to arises from the essential nature of a co-operative -community producing everything for their own consumption, -and therefore absolutely free from the -faintest suspicion of adulteration. We have seen -that Mr. Mills estimated that not more than one-fifth -of the total produce would have to be sold in order -to purchase articles or materials which the colonists -could not produce themselves. Each colony would -decide, or rather would find by experience, which -articles it would thus produce in larger amounts than -it needed—one might sell butter, cheese, and -perhaps cream; another woollen fabrics; another -shoes, etc., or some combination of these. But it -would soon become known that everything made at -the colony was genuine. The butter would not be -margarine; the cloths and flannels would be wool -throughout, the boot-soles would not be of brown -paper; and the matches, the china-glazes and the -paints would all be made of non-poisonous materials. -The certainty that this would be so—everything -being made primarily for <em>use</em> and not for <em>profit</em>—would -ensure a large and constant demand for -everything the colonists had to sell. They would -thus be saved all the costs of advertising or of -taking their goods to market; as was found to be -the case with the best of the Communistic Societies -in the United States, whose garden and farm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -seeds, dried and preserved fruits, tubs, washing -machines, traps, and chairs, are still widely known -and sought after for their purity and good workmanship.</p> - -<p>All the goods which the colony had for sale -would thus bring the highest market prices with -the minimum expenditure of time and labour; so -that one fatal circumstance that caused the failure -of so many attempts at co-operative workshops—the -difficulty or impossibility of <em>selling</em> the produce—would -never arise.</p> - -<p>The result of this brief, but I believe accurate, -examination of the capitalistic and the co-operative -systems in their essential conditions and proved -results, is to show that the former is inherently -<em>wasteful</em> to an enormous degree, and so productive -of physical and moral evil as to be incompatible -with a true civilisation. In every part of the world -it is alike productive of poverty, degradation, and -crime for large numbers of the workers, and the -latter perhaps in an equal proportion (though in -different ways) for the capitalist employers also. -Such a system stands condemned at the bar of -reason, justice, and common sense.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>I think I have now shown that the way to solve -this great “Problem of the Unemployed” was -clearly pointed out nearly twenty years ago, with -precision, fulness of detail, and sufficient basis of -fact and experience. But the time had not then -come. The few read and appreciated the book, but -it was generally ignored, with the usual cry of -“Utopian”! Now, however, the <em>hour</em> has arrived, -and here is the <em>Man</em> whose long-neglected book -shows us clearly the lines on which alone we can -successfully overcome the difficulty.</p> - -<p>But a proviso has here to be made, which is of -the most vital importance and which must always -be kept in view. Even if the scheme here advocated -is carried out to the letter, so far as its <em>methods</em> are -concerned, complete success will only be attained -if its organisers are imbued throughout with the -human, the philanthropic, the brotherly <em>spirit</em> of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> -the propounder. This will depend almost wholly on -the choice of men for directors of the several co-operative -colonies. If the head is chosen for his -supposed power of managing and governing large -bodies of men, in the way our governors of prisons -and masters of workhouses have been chosen; and -if he enters on his duties with the one idea of compelling -all to work alike, from the very first, and -with that end draws up an elaborate system of rules, -with fines and punishments to be rigidly enforced -in the various departments of industry, then failure -will be inevitable. Neither is the successful -manager of a great factory or large estate more -likely to succeed if he is a man who looks upon -workers as mere “hands”—as parts of a great productive -machine, each to be kept in his proper place, -and to have no will of his own.</p> - -<p>Our object should be to train up self-supporting, -self-respecting, and self-governing men and women; -and we should aim at doing this by developing the -conceptions of solidarity and brotherhood—that -good and honest work is expected from each because -he benefits equally with every other worker -in the joint result, and that it is therefore his plain -duty to do his full share in producing that result. -The type of men to be sought after are such as Mr. -Craig, who, though a suspected stranger and supposed -emissary of the landlords, yet gained the -affection of a body of wild Irish labourers, and in a -year of sympathetic guidance so changed their lives -that, in their own words: “Ralahine used to be a -hell; now it is a little heaven;” and Robert Owen, -the self-educated Welshman, who in less than -twenty years changed a population of over 500 persons, -all Scotch mill-workers—who were living in -chronic destitution and debt, and in habits of -almost continuous drunkenness, dirt, and vice—into -a cleanly, well-to-do, contented, and grateful community.</p> - -<p>The methods by which these men produced such -results should be studied by everyone who would -undertake the directorship of one of the proposed -co-operative colonies. For those who talk so confidently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> -about human nature being not good enough -for any such co-operative life as is here suggested, -I would adduce Owen’s work at New Lanark as an -unanswerable reply. I know of no more wonderful -example in history, of the results to be obtained by -appealing to men’s higher feelings rather than to the -lower and baser, than Owen’s account, in his story -of his own life, of how he stopped almost universal -thieving, drunkenness, neglect, and other faults in -his great body of workers, by means of his invention -of the “silent monitor”—a little record on four -sides of a tally, of each worker’s conduct the day -before, as indicated by four colours—black, red, -yellow, and white, one of which only was displayed. -These tallies were attached to each -worker’s place every morning, so that as Owen -walked through the work-rooms he could see them -both collectively and separately. At first the -majority were black, while white was rare. But -gradually the colours changed, and in a few years -yellow and white prevailed. During all this time -there were no punishments, either by fine or in any -other way, neither did Owen ever scold a man, or -even speak harshly to him. He merely, when the -colour was black, looked at the man in sorrow; and -he tells us, how after a time he could tell a man’s -conduct by his very attitude as he passed him, without -looking at the tally.</p> - -<p>It may be said, we have no such men now; but I -think that is a mistake. Mr. Mills himself would -probably be one of the first appointed; while a post -as responsible director of 5,000 workers would be -congenial to many of our broad-minded clergy, to the -more educated among the officials of the Salvation -Army, and to such sympathetic writers about the -poor as Mr. Whiteing, Mr. Zangwill, and many -others. It should be considered a position of high -rank and importance, equal, say, to that of a judge -or a bishop, and none should be appointed who are -not in perfect sympathy with the avowed objects of -the “colonies,” and determined to do all in his -power to make the experiment a success. The -salary should not be high; in fact, the lower the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -better, in some respects. The office would almost -certainly attract the best men, since it would enable -them to initiate and develop one of the greatest -social reforms ever undertaken in a civilised -country. They should, of course, have practically -a free hand, and be judged only by <em>results</em>. They -must have complete power to change the heads of -departments, if they found them difficult to work -with, or of characters unsuited to the task of rendering -the labour of the community at once efficient -and attractive to the workers.</p> - -<p>There would, I believe, very soon arise a healthy -rivalry between different colonies, in which every -individual, from the Director to the youngest -worker, would bear his part, as to which shall -exhibit the best results in the various industries -carried on; in the cleanliness, comfort, and even -elegance of their domestic arrangements and general -surroundings; in their amusements and their -studies; and especially in the general contentment, -order, and happiness of the whole community.</p> - -<p>To attain such a result would be a truer honour -to our country than all our past and prospective -victories, gained at the cost of untold misery to both -victors and vanquished, vast burdens of taxation, -rivers of blood and tears. To attain such a beneficent -result seems now actually within our reach; -and my chief hope is that I may live to see it -inaugurated, and that all parties and classes alike -shall for once forget their prejudices and antagonisms, -and work together for the success of some such -scheme as is here laid before them.</p> - -<p>It is after a considerable acquaintance with the -literature of this subject, from the time of the grand -pioneer, Robert Owen, down to the present day, -that I have arrived at the most absolute conviction -that Mr. Mills has pointed out to us the one true -road to success, and that any considerable divergence -from it will lead to failure. I therefore -most earnestly call upon all social reformers, and -especially all members of Parliament, whose duty it -will be to legislate upon the subject, to make a careful -study of his small volume—but really <em>great</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -and <em>illuminating</em> work—to read it carefully -throughout; to study it in all its parts; to imbue -themselves with its spirit as well as with its facts, its -principles, and its arguments; to familiarise themselves -with the practical results of co-operative -undertakings so far as their opportunities permit; -and, by means of the knowledge they will have -gained from Mr. Mills, satisfy themselves as to the -<em>essential causes</em> of failure or success.</p> - -<p>Above all these things, let them see that when -the time of legislation, and of giving practical -effect to the legislation arrives, the principle of the -whole scheme shall be, in Mr. Mills’ words: “That -within the bounds of the ‘Co-operative Estates’ we -shall endeavour to cultivate able and tender-hearted -men, and brave and independent women; and <em>not</em> -to accumulate wealth.”</p> - -<p class="p6 noic"><span class="smcap">The Utopia Press</span>, <i>Printers</i>, Worship St., London, E.C.</p> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>FOOTNOTE:</h2> -</div> - - -<div class="footnotes"> -<div class="footnote"> -<p class="noi"><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Mr. -Mills quotes this from an article in <cite>Chambers’ Journal</cite> of -January 1st, 1881. Mr. Jas. H. Rodgers, for many years Chairman -of the Guardians, has been so good as to inform me that the system -of employing paupers in various kinds of productive industry is -still in force at Newcastle; but that owing to a change in the class -of inmates it is not quite so satisfactory. Over two-thirds of the -number are now either chronic invalids, aged, or lunatics, with -children who are mostly boarded out. Still, all who can do -anything are employed productively, and nearly all the vegetables -required by 1,000 to 1,500 inmates are grown on 15 acres of land -cultivated by male paupers.</p> -</div></div> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="noic adtitle">Pass On Pamphlets.</p> - -<p class="noic adauthor">Every Friday Fortnight.<br /> -One Penny.</p> - - -<p class="noi">These Pamphlets are intended to explain the need -for Socialism, to explain what Socialism is, to answer -objections to Socialism, and to suggest methods for -the attainment of Socialism.</p> - - -<p class="noic"><i>NOW READY.</i></p> - - -<p class="noi">By R. B. Suthers.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi">No. 1.—JOHN BULL AND DOCTOR SOCIALISM.<br /> -No. 2.—JOHN BULL AND DOCTOR FREE TRADE.<br /> -No. 3.—JOHN BULL AND DOCTOR PROTECTION.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="noi">By Julia Dawson.</p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi">No. 4.—WHY WOMEN WANT SOCIALISM.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="noi">By A. M. Thompson.</p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi">No. 5—SOCIALISM AND INVENTIONS.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="noi">By F. H. Rose.</p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi">No. 6.—STOP THE STRIKE.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="noi">By R. B. Suthers.</p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi">No. 7.—JOHN BULL’S RENT AND INTEREST.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="noi">By Alfred R. Wallace.</p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi">No. 8.—THE REMEDY FOR UNEMPLOYMENT.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="noi">By Robert Blatchford.</p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi ident4">A NEW RELIGION.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="noi">By F. W. Jowett, M.P.</p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi ident4">WHAT IS THE USE OF PARLIAMENT?</p> -</div> - - -<p class="noi addesc">Order them from your Newsagent.<br /> -<span class="flright">Every Friday Fortnight—One Penny.</span><br /></p> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="noi adtitle">MERRIE ENGLAND.</p> - -<p class="noic adauthor">By ROBERT BLATCHFORD. A New Edition.<br /> -Paper cover, 3d.; by post 4½d. Cloth, 1/- by post 1/2.</p> - -<p>“Merrie England” first appeared as a series of articles -in the <span class="smcap">Clarion</span> in 1892-3. These articles, with some -revisions and additions, were afterwards produced in -volume form at a shilling. The book met with immediate -success, some 25,000 copies being sold.</p> - -<p>In October, 1894, the <span class="smcap">Clarion</span> published the same -book, uniform in size and type with the shilling edition, at -the low price of <span class="smcap">One Penny</span>. As the book contained 206 -pages, and was printed by trade-union labour, and on -British-made paper, it could only be produced at a loss. -This loss was borne by the proprietors of the <span class="smcap">Clarion</span>.</p> - -<p>The sale of the penny edition outran all expectations. -No one supposed that more than 100,000 would be called -for, but in a few months over 700,000 had been sold, -without a penny being spent in advertisement, and in face -of the tremendous opposition excited by Socialistic -publications in those days.</p> - -<p>Later on an edition was published at 3d., and the total -sale reached nearly a million copies.</p> - -<p>An American edition is said to have sold equally well, -and the book was translated into Welsh, Dutch, German, -Scandinavian, Spanish, and other languages, on none of -which editions, it may be remarked, did the author receive -any royalties.</p> - -<p>The British edition has been out of print for some -years, and there has recently been a growing demand for -the book’s re-issue. To this the author at length reluctantly -acceded, and the present edition was announced. -That the demand was real may be judged from the fact -that orders for 20,000 copies were placed before the date -of publication, and the new issue promises to sell as well -as the first threepenny edition.</p> - - -<p class="noic"><span class="adauthor">THE CLARION PRESS,</span><br /> -44, WORSHIP STREET, LONDON, E.C.</p> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="tnote"> -<p class="noi tntitle">Transcriber’s Note:</p> - -<p class="smfont">Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.</p> - -<p class="smfont">Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.</p> - -<p class="smfont">Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved.</p> -</div> - -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REMEDY FOR UNEMPLOYMENT***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 50690-h.htm or 50690-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/0/6/9/50690">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/6/9/50690</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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