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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/5065.txt b/5065.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6d861c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/5065.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3276 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Civil Government for Common Schools +by Henry C. Northam + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Civil Government for Common Schools + +Author: Henry C. Northam + +Release Date: February, 2004 [EBook #5065] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 12, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, CIVIL GOVERNMENT FOR COMMON SCHOOLS *** + + + + +This eBook was prepared by Robert Rowe, Charles Franks and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + +CIVIL GOVERNMENT FOR COMMON SCHOOLS. + +PREPARED AS A MANUAL FOR PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK. + +To which are appended the Constitution of the State of New York as +amended at the election of 1880, the Constitution of the United +States, and the Declaration of Independence. + +BY HENRY C. NORTHAM, + +CONDUCTOR OF TEACHERS' INSTITUTES. + + + + + +PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. + + +Instruction in Civil Government should be both theoretical and +practical. Unfortunately the text-books in general use stop with +the theory. + +They deal with the science of government, but, being intended for +use throughout the United States, they give no information as to +the ART of government as practiced in this State. + +Our students learn what is the guaranty of Republican government, +but not how that government is exercised in their own town. + +They are drilled in Incorporeal Hereditaments, but do not learn +what kind of causes can be tried before a Justice of the Peace. + +To supply this deficiency, is the aim of the present manual. +Beginning with the school district, the names, manner of election, +duties, and salaries are given of all important officers from the +school trustee to the President of the United States. + +The rapid sale of the First and Second Editions of this book +encourages the hope that, with the additions now made, this manual +may be considered indispensable in every PROGRESSIVE school in the +State of New York. + +HENRY C. NORTHAM. LOWVILLE, April 22, 1878. + + + + + +I.--INTRODUCTION. + +Officers are elected to administer the government for + + I. The United State + II. Each State +III. Counties. + IV. Cities + V. Towns + VI. Districts + +The following are names given to some of the different kinds of +districts in the State of N. York + + I. Road, School and Election Districts. + II. School Commissioner Districts. +III. Assembly districts + IV. Senatorial districts + V. Congressional districts + VI. Judicial districts + +QUESTION. Which are the smallest districts named? + +A. Road, School and Election districts. + +Q. What is a road district? + +A. A portion of a town placed under the charge of an officer, +whose duty it is to see that the roads are kept in good condition. + +Q. What is a school district? + +A. A portion of a town or city, placed under the care of officers, +whose duties are to maintain a public school in and for the +district + +Q. What is an Election district? + +A. A whole or part of a town, in which all the voting is done at +one poll. + +Q. What is a School commissioner district? + +A. A whole or a portion of a county, under the jurisdiction of a +school commissioner. + +Q. What is an Assembly district? + +A. A whole or a portion of a county set off for the purpose of +electing a "Member of the Assembly," except Fulton and Hamilton, +which together form one district, and elect one member. + +Q. What is a Senatorial district? + +A. A portion of a county, a whole county, or several counties +combined for the purpose of electing a Senator; the amount of +territory depending upon population. + +Q. What is a Congressional district? + +A. A portion of a county, a whole county, or several counties +combined for the purpose of electing a "Representative in +Congress;" the amount of territory depending upon population. + +Q. What is a Judicial district? + +A. One county (as in the case of New York), or several counties +united for the purpose of electing Supreme Court Judges. + +Q. Name the civil divisions in regular order and tell what a +combination of each forms? + +A. Road and school districts form towns; towns when united form +counties; counties when united form a State; and also in many +instances, Senatorial, Congressional and Judicial districts. +States when united form a Union. + +Q. How many States are there? + +A. Thirty-eight. + +Q. How many counties in New York State? + +A. Sixty. + +Q. How many towns in New York State? + +A. Nine hundred and forty; the number is changing from year to +year; the exact number can be found by consulting the almanacs +that give the election returns. + +Q. How many cities in the State of New York? + +A. Twenty. + +Q. How many School Commissioner districts in New York State? + +A One hundred and twelve. + +Q. How many Assembly districts? + +A. One hundred and twenty-eight. + +Q. How many Senatorial districts? + +A. Thirty two. + +Q. How many Judicial districts? + +A. Eight. + +Q. How many Congressional districts? + +A. Thirty-three. + +Q. How many School districts in New York State? + +A. About twelve thousand. + +Q. By what authority are counties organized? + +A. By the State Legislature. + +Q. How are Towns formed? + +A. By an act of the board of supervisors. + +Q. By whom are School districts formed? + +A. Generally by the school commissioners, sometimes assisted by +the supervisor and town clerk of the town; sometimes by special +legislation. + +Q. What power defines the number of Assembly, Senatorial and +Judicial districts? + +A. The State Constitution. + +Q. What power decides upon the number of Congressional districts? + +A. The Congress of the United States. + +NOTE--The following table will be the guide for questioning +through all the succeeding pages: + +I. Name of office + +II. Number of Officials holding the same office at the same time. + +III. Term of office. + +IV. Eligibility. V. Duties. + +VI. Salary or how paid. + + + + + +II--THE SCHOOL DISTRICT. + + +Q. What is a school district? + +Q. How many school districts in your town? + +Q. How many school districts in your county? + +Q. How many school districts in New York State? + +Q. What are the names of the officers in a school district? + +A. I. Trustee or trustees; or a board of education. + +II. Clerk. + +III. Collector. + +IV. Librarian + +Q. What is the number of officials holding the same office at the +same time? + +A. I. One or three trustees, as a district decides. If a board of +education, it may be not less than three nor more than nine. + +II. One clerk + +III. One collector. + +IV. One librarian. + +Q. What are the names of those districts in which there is a board +of education? + +A. Union free school districts; and they are allowed to have an +additional officer, called a treasurer. + +Q. What is the term of office of each? + +A. I. If there be only one trustee, his term is one year. + +II. If there be three trustees, the term is three years, one being +elected each year; if the board of education consists of six or +nine members, the term is three years; one third of the number +being elected each year. + +III. Clerk, collector and librarian, each hold the office for one +year. + +Q. Who are eligible to school offices in this state? + +A. None but males; they must be twenty-one years of age; and +trustees can hold no other school office. + +Q. What are some of the duties of school district officers? + +TRUSTEES. + +A. I. To hold and keep district property for the use of the +school. + +II. To hire and pay a qualified teacher or teachers, and maintain +a school for at least twenty-eight weeks during the school year. + +III. To make to the school commissions an annual report between +the first and second Tuesdays of August in each year. + +IV. To make out all district taxes and issue a warrant for their +collection, etc., etc. + +CLERK. + +I. To record the proceedings of the district. + +II. To give notice according to law of annual and special +meetings. + +III. To notify each person elected or appointed to office, and +also to report their names and post-office address to the town +clerk. + +IV. To notify the trustees of every resignation accepted by the +supervisor. + +V. To keep and preserve all books, records and papers belonging to +his office, and to deliver the same to his successor, etc, etc, + +COLLECTOR. + +I. To collect all district taxes made out by trustees and placed +in his hands. + +II To pay out the money as directed by their order. + +LIBRARIAN. + +To have charge and supervision of the school district library. + +Q. What is the salary of these officers and how paid? + +A. The collector only is entitled to pay; he receives one per +cent. on all moneys collected during the first fourteen days after +advertising; after that time five per cent. + +Q. How shall we find hereafter that officers are paid? + +A. Some are paid a salary; some by the day; some by a fee; some by +a per cent. + +Q. What is meant by a salary? a fee? a per cent? + +Q. How can a school district having three trustees change to one +trustee? + +Q. Can a district having a sole trustee change back and legally +elect three? + +[NOTE--All questions unanswered here, should be studied by +teachers very carefully, and the correct answers obtained. they +should also introduce many others that will be suggested by the +lesson.] + + + + + +III.--THE TOWN. + + +Q. What is a town? + +Q. How many towns in your county? + +Q. How many towns in New York State? + +Q. What are the names of the officers in a town, the number of +officials in each, and their terms of office? + +A. I. One supervisor, elected for one year. + +II. One town clerk, elected for one year. + +III. Four justices of the peace, elected for four years. + +IV. Three assessors, elected for three years. + +V. One or three highway commissioners, as the electors may +determine; if one be elected, the term is one year; if three, the +term is three years. + +VI. One or two overseers of the poor, as the electors may +determine; term one year. + +VII. One collector, elected for one year. + +VIII. Constables, not to exceed five; term one year. + +IX. One game constable; term one year. + +X. Three town-auditors; term one year. + +XI. Three excise commissioners; term three years. + +XII. Three inspectors of election; term one year; and in some +villages and cities a sealer of weights and measures. + +Q. What are some of their duties? + +I. SUPERVISORS. + +I. To receive the school money belonging to the town, and pay it +out by order of the trustees. + +II. To receive other money belonging to the town, and disburse the +same according to law. + +III. To meet with the other supervisors of the county as a "board +of county canvassers." + +IV. To meet with the other supervisors of the county as a "board +of supervisors"; to audit all lawful accounts against the county, +make out the tax lists and cause them to be collected; and perform +such other acts of legislation as the constitution and statute +laws have conferred upon them. + +II. TOWN CLERK. + +I. To keep the records of the town. + +II. To keep in his custody such books and papers as belong to the +town. + +III. To act as clerk of the town meetings, + +IV. To file such papers as properly belong to his office; and to +perform the general clerical duties for the town. + +III. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. + +I. To be the judicial officers for the town. + +II. To issue warrants for the arrest of persons accused of +committing crimes, and also summonses for the purpose of bringing +before them persons for trial in civil actions. + +III. To take acknowledgment of conveyances, administer oaths, act +as inspectors at the town meeting, etc. + +IV. ASSESSORS. + +I. To make an inventory of the real estate in the town, naming the +number of acres owned by each person, and fixing upon the same a +valuation in proportion to its worth. + +II. To make an inventory of the personal property held by the +several persons in town, such as notes, mortgages, &c., which with +the real estate forms the basis for taxes. + +V. HIGHWAY COMMISSIONERS. + +I. To have the care and general supervision of the highways and +bridges. + +II. To lay out new roads, when directed by a jury legally called +for that purpose and discontinue others when directed by the same +authority. + +III. To divide the town into districts, and appoint overseers for +the same. + +VI. OVERSEERS OF THE POOR. + +To look after and provide for, either at home or in the county +house, such as are in indigent circumstances. + +VII. COLLECTOR. + +I. To give a bond to the supervisor for double the amount to be +collected, with one or more sureties for the faithful performance +of his duties. + +II. To receive the tax list and warrant, and collect the tax and +pay it over as directed. + +VIII. CONSTABLES. + +I. To serve summonses issued by the justices. + +II. To arrest and bring prisoners before a justice, and to have +the custody of them. + +III. To collect moneys upon executions, and if necessary to sell +property to satisfy the same. + +IV. To see that order is preserved in the community. + +V. To attend the higher courts in their official capacity when +directed by the sheriff. + +IX. GAME CONSTABLE. + +To look after and prosecute for the violation of the game laws. + +X. TOWN AUDITORS. + +To examine the accounts of the town officers and pass upon the +same. + +XI. EXCISE COMMISSIONERS. + +To meet and act upon petitions asking for the privilege of selling +spirituous liquors. + +XII. INSPECTORS OF ELECTION. + +I. To preside at the annual election, receive the votes legally +presented, and deposit them in boxes prepared for that purpose. + +II. To count the ballots at the close of the election, make a true +statement thereof and transmit it to the "board of canvassers." + +Q. How are these officers paid? + +A. I. Supervisors receive three dollars per day for county +services, and two dollars per day for town services, and are +entitled to extras for copying assessment roll and paying out +school money. + +II. Town clerks are paid by the day for services; also a fee for +recording and filing papers. + +III. Justices, mostly paid by fees; as officers of the town +meeting they are paid by the day. + +IV. Collectors receive a percentage for collecting the money. + +V. Constables receive a fee, a percentage, and for some services +are paid by the day. + +VI. Game constables receive a portion of the fine money collected +by reason of their prosecutions. + +VII. All the remaining officers are paid for their services by the +day. + +Q. What must all these officers do before entering upon their +duties? + +A. They must qualify; that is, take the oath of office. + +Q. What is the oath of office? + +A. See state constitution, art. XII, sec. I. + +Q. Who can administer the oath of office? + +A. I. The county clerk administers the oath to the justices of the +peace. + +II. A justice of the peace administers the oath to all other town +officers, except inspectors of election. + +III. The chairman of the inspectors of election administers the +oath to the other inspectors, and one of the others in turn +administers it to the chairman. + +Q. How many supervisors in the towns of the state? + +Q. How many supervisors in the cities of the state? + +Q. How many justices of the peace in the state? + + + + + +IV.--THE COUNTY. + + +Q. What is a county? + +Q. By what authority organized? + +Q. How many counties in the state? + +Q. When was the colony of New York first divided into counties? + +A. In 1683. + +Q. How many counties were established in 1683 and their names? + +A. Ten: viz, Kings, Queens, Suffolk, New York, Richmond, +Westchester, Dutchess, Albany, Ulster and Orange. + +Q. What are these counties called? + +A. Original counties. + +Q. What are the names of the county offices, the number of +officials in the same office, and their term? + +A. I. One sheriff, term is three years. + +II. One county judge, term is six years: in a few counties there +are special judges; same length of term. + +III. In counties containing more than forty thousand inhabitants a +surrogate may be elected; in counties containing less than forty +thousand inhabitants, the county judge performs the duties of +judge and surrogate; the term of surrogate is six years; in a few +counties there are special surrogates. + +IV. One county clerk; term is three years. + +V. One treasurer; term is three years. + +VI. One district attorney; term is three years. + +VII. Four coroners; term is three years. + +VIII. One or three superintendents of the poor; term is three +years. + +IX. Two justices of sessions; term is one year. + +X. One school commissioner for each commissioner district; term is +three years. + +Q. What about the eligibility of these officers? + +A. I. The sheriff is prohibited from holding the same office for a +succeeding term, neither can he hold any other office at the same +time. Const., Art. X, Sec. I. + +II. No county judge can hold the office longer than the last day +of December succeeding his seventieth birthday. Art VI, Sec. 13. + +III. No person, except a counselor at law in the supreme court, +can hold the office of district attorney, if there be such an one +in the county; if there be none, then an attorney may be elected. + +IV. Supervisors and county treasurers cannot hold the office of +County superintendent of the poor. + +V. No sheriff, under sheriff, deputy, sheriffs clerk or coroner +can practice as counselor at law during his term of office. + +VI. Justices of the sessions must be acting justices of the peace +in their respective towns. + +VII. There are no other prohibitions in regard to age or re- +election of county officers. + +Q. What are some of their duties? + +I. SHERIFF. + +A. I. He is the executive officer of the county. + +II. By himself or by his deputies, executes civil and criminal +processes throughout the county. + +III. Has charge of the jail and prisoners. + +IV. Attends courts, and keeps the peace. + +V. Must be present by himself or under-sheriff, at the drawing of +jurors, and cause them to be legally summoned. + +II. JUDGE. + +I. He is the presiding officer in the county court. + +II. He may with two justices of sessions, hold Courts of Sessions, +with such criminal jurisdiction as the Legislature may prescribe, + +III. The county judge of any county may preside at Courts of +Sessions, or hold County Courts, in any other county except New +York and Kings, when requested by the judge of such other county. +Art. VI, Sec. 15. + +III. SURROGATE. + +I. Takes proof of wills of real or personal property. + +II. Grants letters testamentary of administrative. + +III. Attends generally to the settlement of the estates of +deceased persons. + +IV. COUNTY CLERK + +I. He is the clerk of the courts held in and for the county, +namely: Circuit, Oyer and Terminer, County Court and Court of +Sessions, and the Special Term. + +II. Administers the oath to jurors and witnesses. + +III. Records the judgments of the courts. + +IV. Draws the grand and petit juries and makes a return of the +same. + +V. Records mortgages, deeds, satisfaction papers, &c. + +V. TREASURER. + +I. Receives the moneys collected by the several town collectors +for county and state taxes. + +II. Pays over to the comptroller the amount going to the state. + +III. Pays out the amount due the county, as directed by law. + +IV. Receives from the comptroller the school money due the county, +and pays the same over to the several supervisors, as directed by +the school commissioner's certificate. + +V. Makes a general statement of the financial affairs of his +office to the board of supervisors, annually. + +VI. DISTRICT ATTORNEY. + +I. He is the attorney for the county. + +II. Presents complaints made to him accusing parties of crime, to +the grand jury. + +III. Draws "bills of indictment" when found by the grand jury. + +IV. Tries indicted parties in the Oyer and Terminer, and Court of +Sessions. + +VII. CORONERS. + +I. Look after and inquire into all matters concerning persons +slain, or who have died mysteriously. + +II. Summon a jury, subpoena witnesses, and ascertain as far as +possible all the facts in regard to the death. + +III. In case of a vacancy in the office of sheriff, and there +being no under sheriff, one of the coroners designated by the +county judge, performs the duties of sheriff until said vacancy be +filled by election or appointment. + +IV. Have power to arrest the sheriff upon criminal processes. + +VIII. SUPERINTENDENTS OF THE POOR. + +Have the general care of the county poor house; appoint persons to +take charge of the same; and render an account annually to the +"board of supervisors" of their doings. + +IX. JUSTICES OF SESSIONS. + +I. Sit upon the bench with the county judge in the Court of +Sessions and with the Supreme Court judge in the Oyer and +Terminer, for the trial of such criminals as have been indicted by +a grand jury. + +II. The law gives them just as much power in the decision of +questions as the judge. + +X. SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS. + +I. Apportion the school moneys among the several districts in the +county. + +II. Make an annual report to the superintendent of public +instruction, containing all the statistics embraced in the several +reports from the trustees of his district. + +III. Visit and examine all the schools and school districts within +their districts as often in each year as shall be practicable; +inquire into all matters relating to the management, the course of +study and mode of instruction, the text books used and the +discipline of such schools. + +IV. Examine in regard to the "moral character," "learning" "and +ability to teach," persons proposing to teach public schools in +their districts; and if they find them, qualified, grant them +certificates in the form prescribed by the superintendent. + +V. Form new districts, or change the boundary lines of old ones. + +VI. Organize at least once each year, or in concert with one or +more commissioners in the same county, a "teachers' institute," +and induce if possible all the teachers in their districts to be +present and take part in its exercises. + +Q. What are the salaries of each of these officers, or how paid? + +I. SHERIFF. + +A. I. Receives a fee on all papers served + +II. Receives a per cent on money collected on executions. + +II. JUDGE. + +Receives a salary established by the legislature, varying in +different counties according to population and business. + +III. SURROGATE. + +I. Receives a salary, varying in different counties, according to +business. + +II. When the judge performs the duties of surrogate the one salary +suffices for all the duties performed. + +III. The surrogate is entitled to a clerk. + +IV. COUNTY CLERK. + +I. Receives a fee for all papers recorded. + +II. Receives a fee for administering oaths in court. + +III. Is paid extra for copying or re-indexing old records. + +V. TREASURER. + +I. The county treasurer shall receive an annual salary fixed by +the "board of supervisors." + +II. The salary shall be established by the "board," at least six +months before his election. + +III. The salary shall not be increased nor diminished during his +term of office. + +VI. DISTRICT ATTORNEY. + +I. A salary fixed by the board of supervisors, when they resolve +so to do. + +II. Can try civil causes, when not engaged officially, receiving +as his own the fees for the same. + +VII. CORONERS. + +I. For holding inquests they are entitled to a reasonable +compensation to be audited and allowed by the board of +supervisors. + +II. For performing sheriff's duties, they are entitled to same +fees as sheriff. + +VIII. SUPERINTENDENT OF THE POOR. + +Paid by the day. + +IX. JUSTICES OF SESSIONS. + +Three dollars a day. + +X. SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS. + +I. A salary of eight hundred dollars a year, established by law. + +II. Supervisors are required to audit and allow two hundred +dollars extra for expenses. + +III. A majority of the supervisors of any school commissioner +district may increase the salary of said school commissioner; the +increased salary must be levied upon the towns composing such +commissioner district. + +Q What must county officers do, before entering upon the duties of +their office? + +A. Take the oath prescribed by State Constitution in Art. XII, +Sec. I. + +Q. What county officers are required in addition to the oath +prescribed to execute a bond for the faithful performance of their +duties? + +A. Sheriff, county treasurer, surrogate and county superintendents +of the poor. + +Q. Who administers the "oath of office" to the county officers? + +A. The county clerk. + +Q. In case of the re-election of the county clerk, before whom can +he qualify? + +A. The county judge. + +Q. Where are these oaths of office and bonds recorded? + +A. In the county clerk's office. + +Q. Who is the sheriff of this county? + +Q. Who is the present judge and what is his salary? + +Q. Is there a separate officer as surrogate, and why? + +Q. Who is the county clerk? + +Q. Who is the county treasurer? + +Q. Who is the district attorney? + +Q. Who are the coroners? + +Q. Who are the superintendents of the poor? + +Q: Who are the justices of sessions? + +Q. Who are the school commissioners? + +TOWN AUDITORS. + +By laws of 1878, 1879 and 1880, the following-named counties are +exempt from electing "town auditors," as prescribed on page 13: +Wayne, Delaware, Allegany, Oneida, Cayuga, Erie, St. Lawrence, +Schuyler, Rockland, Orange, Sullivan, Columbia, Broome, Lewis, +Madison, Wyoming, Queens, Jefferson, Fulton, Oswego, Suffolk, +Onondaga, Saratoga, Ontario, Yates, Rensselaer, Genesee, +Schenectady, Monroe, Livingston, Otsego, Schoharie, Niagara and +Orleans. + +A TABLE + +Showing the salaries of the several county judges and surrogates +of the State of New York at the present time, as established by +the statutes of 1877 and 1880: + +COUNTIES. JUDGE. SURROGATE. +New York, ------- $12,000 +Kings, $10,000 10,000 +Erie, 5,000 4,000 +Albany, 4,500 4,000 +Westchester, 4,500 4,000 +Onondaga, 4,000 4,000 +Oneida, 4,000 4,000 +Monroe, 4,000 4,000 +Rensselaer, 3,500 3,500 +Saratoga, 3,000 2,500 +Ulster, 3,000 3,000 +Dutchess, 3,000 3,000 +Queens, 2,500 3,000 +Chautauqua, 2,000 1,600 +Cayuga, 2,000 2,000 +Columbia, 2,000 2,500 +Ontario, 2,000 1,500 +Cattaraugus, 1,500 1,500 +Oswego, 1,500 1,500 +Jefferson, 1,500 1,500 +Niagara, 1,500 1,500 +Orange, 1,500 2,500 +Otsego, 1,800 1,500 +St. Lawrence, 1,750 1,750 +Washington, 1,200 1,500 +Suffolk, 1,000 1,500 + +The following are counties in which county judges act as +surrogates, receiving the one salary for both offices; + +$2,000 Salary + +Franklin, +Greene, +Rockland, +Schenectady, +Warren, +Wayne, +Delaware +Orleans, + +$3,000 Salary + +Broome, +Chemung, +Chenango, +Herkimer, +Livingston, +Madison, +Clinton, + + +$3,500 Salary + +Richmond, +Steuben, + +$2,500 Salary + +Cortland, +Essex, +Genesee, +Schoharie, + +$2,500 Salary + +Tioga, +Tompkins, +Wyoming, +Montgomery, + +$1,500 Salary + +Putnam, +Schuyler, +Yates, + +$1,750 Salary + +Allegany, + +$2,250 Salary + +Fulton, + +$1,200 Salary + +Sullivan, +Lewis, + +$1,000 Salary + +Seneca, + +$800 Salary + +Hamilton, + + + + + +V.--THE CITY. + + +Q. What is a city? + +Q. By what authority organized? + +A. By an act of the legislative. + +Q. What instrument defines its powers? + +A. A charter. + +Q. What are the divisions of a city called? + +A. Wards. + +Q. Name the cities in New York State, when incorporated, and the +number of wards in each? + +Answer: + + Pop. in 1800 +New York, 1680, has 24 wards, 1,206,590 +Brooklyn, 1834, has 25 wards, 566,689 +Buffalo, 1832, has 13 wards, 155,137 +Albany, 1832, has 16 wards, 90,903 +Rochester, 1686, has 16 wards, 89,363 +Troy, 1816, has 13 wards, 56,747 +Syracuse, 1847, has 8 wards, 51,791 +Utica, 1832, has 12 wards, 33,913 +Auburn, 1848, has 7 wards, 21,924 +Oswego, 1848, has 8 wards, 21,117 +Elmira, 1864, has 7 wards, 20,541 +Poughkeepsie 1854, has 6 wards, 20,207 +Cohoes, 1869, has 4 wards, 19,417 +Yonkers, 1872, has 4 wards, 18,892 +Kingston, 1872, has 9 wards, 18,342 +Newburg, 1865, has 4 wards, 18,050 +Binghamton, 1867, has 5 wards, 17,315 +L. I. City, 1870, has 5 wards, 17,117 +Schenectady, 1798, has 5 wards, 13,675 +Lockport, 1865, has 4 wards, 13,522 +Rome, 1870, has 5 wards, 12,045 +Watertown, 1869, has 4 wards, 10,697 +Ogdensburg, 1868, has 4 wards, 10,340 +Hudson, 1785, has 4 wards, 8,828 + +The census for 1880 is not fully completed, but gives +substantially the above figures. + +Q. How populous must a village be, before it can be incorporated +as a city? + +A. No definite number is required; whenever a large proportion of +the inhabitant desire it, the legislature will grant a city +charter. + +Q. What is the executive officer of a city called? + +A. The Mayor. His term of office is one year, unless otherwise +ordered by the, charter, as in New York and Albany where it is two +years. + +Q. What other important officers are elected? + +A. Aldermen and Supervisors; one each in every ward unless +otherwise ordered by their charter. + +Q. What officers form the common council? + +A. Mayor and aldermen; and they are the legislative body of the +city; they have authority to appoint police officers. + +Q. What courts exist in cities in addition to those established +for the State at large? + +A I. The Superior Court of the city of New York. + +II. The Court of Common Pleas for the city and county of New York. + +III. The Superior Court of Buffalo. + +IV. The City Court of Brooklyn. Const, Art. VI., Sec. 12. + +JURIES. + +Q. What is a jury? + +A. A body of men elected according to law, and sworn to inquire +into and try any matter of fact, and declare the truth of it on +the evidence given in the case. + +Q. Name some juries? + +A. I. One of six persons for the trial of causes in a Justice +Court + +II. One of twelve persons, summoned for the purpose of laying out +new roads or discontinuing old ones. + +III. One of not less than six nor more than fifteen persons, +summoned by the coroner, to inquire into the cause of any violent +death. + +IV. One of twelve men, called a petit jury, whose duty it is to +try causes, civil or criminal, in the county court and sessions, +or circuit and oyer and terminer. + +V. One called a grand jury of not less than sixteen nor more than +twenty-three, whose duty it is to examine into accusations +against persons charged with crime, and if they find sufficient +testimony to warrant it, to find a bill of indictment against them +to be presented to the court. + +Q. Name some qualifications requisite for jurors? + +A. They must be freeholders, twenty-one years old. + +Q. Who are exempt from sitting on a jury? + +A. Persons over sixty years of age, postmasters and many others. + +Q. How many are summoned for a justice court and by whom? + +A. Twelve, and by a constable; and from these twelve six are +drawn. + +Q. Who selects and notifies the jury for laying out roads, + +A. By the coroner. + +Q. How is the petit jury list obtained? + +A. The supervisors, town clerk, and assessors of the several towns +of the county make out a list of the names of those persons +qualified, and the names in the several lists are written upon +slips of paper of the same size and deposited in a box in the +county clerk's office. + +Q. How is the grand jury list obtained? + +A. The supervisors apportion the number (three hundred,) among the +several towns in the county in proportion to population. Each +supervisor selects from his town the number to which it is +entitled; and these several lists are written upon slips of paper +as before and deposited in a box in the county clerk's office. + +Q. How frequently are the lists changed? + +A. The petit jury list is changed once in three years; the grand +jury list every year. + +Q. When are these juries drawn? + +A. Not more than twenty, nor less than fourteen days before the +sitting of the court for which they are drawn. + +Q. How many are drawn? + +A. Thirty-six petit and twenty-four grand jurors. + +Q. How is the jury for each individual case obtained? + +A. The thirty-six petit jurors' names are put into a box and the +names are drawn out until twelve satisfactory persons are +obtained. + +Q How many of this jury must agree in a verdict? + +A. The twelve must agree. + +Q. Who is the officer authorized to report the verdict? + +A The person they have elected foreman. + +Q. In case the twelve jurymen do not agree, what will be done? + +A. When the judge is satisfied that the jury will not agree he +will discharge them. + +Q. What will be done with the case then? + +A. Another trial will take place with a different jury, unless the +suit be discontinued. + +Q. Who is the presiding officer of the grand jury? + +A. The foreman, and he is appointed by the judge who presides at +that court. + +Q. What other officer does this jury have? + +A. A clerk, one of their number, who writes out the testimony as +it is given. + +Q. Who can be present with this jury? A. Only the witness who is +being examined, and the district attorney, if desired by the jury; +but none except jurors can be present when they ballot in regard +to a bill. + +Q. What is done with a bill of indictment when found? + +A. It is handed over to the court, and the sheriff will cause the +arrest of the person unless he be already in custody. + +STRUCK JURY. + +Q. What courts may order a struck jury? + +A. The Supreme Court and superior city courts. + +Q. When may the above-named courts order a struck jury? + +A. When it shall appear that an impartial trial cannot be had, or +that the intricacy of the case requires such a jury. + +Q. What time is required in the notice for striking a jury? + +A. The party obtaining the order shall give notice eight days +before the time for striking, that he will attend before the clerk +of the county in which the venue is laid, for the purpose of +having such jury struck. + +I. The clerk shall select from the jury lists of the several towns +the names of forty-eight persons, whom he shall deem most +indifferent between the parties, and best qualified to try the +cause. + +II. The party or his attorney, on whose application the order was +granted, shall first strike one from the list, and then the +opposing party or agent, alternating until twelve shall have been +stricken from the list by each party. + +III. The clerk shall certify the names of the twenty-four persons +whose names have not been stricken off, who shall be summoned, and +from which number a jury shall be impaneled as in other juries. + + + + + +VII.--STATE. + + +Q. Upon what is the state government based? + +A. Upon a constitution adopted by the people. + +Q. How many departments are provided for by the constitution? + +A, Three; the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. + +Q. What are the divisions of the Legislative department? + +A. The Assembly and the Senate. + +Q. What is the number of members in each body, and their term of +office? + +A. One hundred and twenty-eight members of the Assembly, elected +for one year. Thirty-two senators elected for two years. Art. +Ill., Const. + +Q When, and how is the number of members of the Assembly +apportioned among the several counties? + +A. Once in ten years by the Legislature immediately after taking +the state census, and as nearly as can be, according to +population, excluding aliens, but giving to every county except +Hamilton at least one member. + +Q. When and how is the number of members of the Senate apportioned +in the State? + +A. At the same time, by the Legislature; and as nearly as possible +according to population. A Senatorial district sometimes embraces +a portion of a county, sometimes a whole county; at other times +two or more counties; but no county can be divided, unless it can +be equitably entitled to two or more members. + +The following apportionment was made in 1879: + +SENATE DISTRICTS. + +I. Queens and Suffolk. + +II. The First, Second, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, +Twelfth, and Twenty-second wards of Brooklyn, and the towns of +Flatbush, Gravesend, and New Utrecht. + +III. The Third, Fourth, Seventh, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Nineteenth, +Twentieth, Twenty-first, and Twenty-third wards of Brooklyn. + +IV. The Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Twenty- +fourth, and Twenty-fifth wards of Brooklyn, and New Lots and +Flatlands. + +V. Richmond, First, Second, Third, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, +Fourteenth, and parts of the Fourth and Ninth wards of New York, +and Governor's, Bedloes, and Ellis Islands. + +VI. The Seventh, Eleventh, Thirteenth, and a part of the Fourth +wards of New York. + +VII. The Tenth, Seventeenth, and portions of the Fifteenth, +Eighteenth, and Twenty-first wards of New York. + +VIII. The Sixteenth, and parts of the Ninth, Fifteenth, +Eighteenth, and Twentieth wards of New York. + +IX. The Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-first wards, lying east +of Third Avenue, New York, and Blackwell's Island. + +X. Portions of Twentieth, Twenty-first, Nineteenth, Twelfth, and +Twenty-second wards, New York, and Ward's and Randall's Islands. + +XI. The Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, and portions of the Twelfth, +Twentieth, and Twenty-second wards of New York. + +XII. Westchester and Rockland. + +XIII. Orange and Sullivan. + +XIV. Ulster, Schoharie, and Greene. + +XV. Dutchess, Columbia, and Putnam. + +XVI. Rensselaer and Washington. + +XVII. Albany. + +XVIII. Saratoga, Fulton, Hamilton, Montgomery, and Schenectady. + +XIX. Clinton, Essex, and Warren. + +XX. St. Lawrence, Franklin, and Lewis. + +XXI. Oswego and Jefferson. + +XXII. Oneida. + +XXIII. Madison, Otsego, and Herkimer. + +XXIV. Delaware, Chenango, and Broome. + +XXV. Onondaga and Cortland. + +XXVI. Cayuga, Tompkins, Seneca, and Tioga. + +XXVII. Chemung, Steuben, Allegany. + +XXVIII. Wayne, Ontario, Schuyler, and Yates. + +XXIX. Monroe and Orleans. + +XXX. Wyoming, Genesee, Livingston, and Niagara. + +XXXI. Erie. + +XXXII. Cattaraugus and Chautauqua. + +THE ASSEMBLY. + +Allegany, Broome, Chemung, Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, +Delaware, Essex, Franklin, Fulton and Hamilton, Genesee, Greene, +Herkimer, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, Montgomery, Ontario, +Orleans, Putnam, Richmond, Rockland, Schenectady, Schoharie, +Schuyler, Seneca, Suffolk, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, Warren, +Wyoming, Yates, have each one district, except Fulton and Hamilton +which are united in one district. + +Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Dutchess, Jefferson, Niagara, +Orange, Oswego, Otsego, Queens, Saratoga, Steuben, Wayne, +Washington have each two districts. + +Monroe, Oneida, Onondaga, Rensselaer, St. Lawrence, Ulster, and +Westchester have each three districts. + +Albany has four districts. + +Erie has five districts. + +Kings has twelve districts. + +New York has twenty-four districts, or nearly one-fifth of the +entire Assembly. + +In all, there are one hundred and twenty-eight assembly +districts, each electing one member of the assembly. + +Q. What must be done in those counties that are entitled to two or +more members? + +A. The "boards of supervisors" of such counties, except the city +and county of New York, must divide their respective counties into +Assembly districts; the number of districts being equal to the +number of members heretofore apportioned by the Legislature to +these several counties; the territory must be contiguous, and no +town can be divided in the formation of districts. + +Q. By whom is the city and county of New York divided into +districts? + +A. By the "board of aldermen"; they meet for that purpose at such +time as the Legislature shall designate. + +ELIGIBILITY. + +Q. Who are eligible to the Legislature? + +A. The requirements are these. + +I. The candidate must be twenty-one years of age. + +II. He must not at the time of election, nor within one-hundred +days previous thereto, have been a member of congress, a civil or +military officer under the United States, or any officer under any +city government. + +III. Should any person after his election to the Legislature be +elected or appointed to any of the offices just named, his +acceptance thereof will vacate his seat in the Legislature. + +DUTIES. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the members of the assembly? + +I. To take the oath of office. Art. XII., Sec. I Const. + +II. To organize by electing their presiding officer, who is called +the speaker; and who must be one of their number. + +III. To elect also the other officers, viz: a Clerk, Sergeant-at- +Arms, Door-Keeper, and two assistant Door-Keepers; persons not +members of their body. + +IV. To have co-ordinate jurisdiction with the Senate in the +enactment of laws. + +V. To prefer charges against officers for misconduct in office; +which is called impeachment. + +ORGANIZATION. + +Q. Who calls the Assembly to order for the purpose of +organization? + +A. The Clerk of the last Assembly. + +Q. Who furnishes the Clerk with an official list of the members +elect? + +A. The Secretary of State + +Q. By whom is the oath of office administered? + +A Usually by the Secretary of State. The oath may, however, be +taken previously, before any Justice of the Supreme Court, +Attorney-General, the Lieutenant Governor, any Judge of a County +Court, the Mayor or Recorder of any city, or the Clerk of any +county or Court of Record. The oath whenever taken must be duly +subscribed, certified, and filed in the office of the Secretary of +State. Members who are absent at the organization, may be sworn by +the Speaker, if they have not previously taken the oath. + +Q. By whom are the other officers appointed? + +A. By the Speaker, except those in the department of the Clerk; he +having power to appoint his own deputies. + +THE SENATE. + +Q. Who is the presiding officer in the Senate? + +A. The Lieutenant-Governor, and he is called the President of the +Senate. + +DUTIES. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the State Senate? + +I. To elect the remaining officers, whose names and duties are +about the same as in the Assembly. + +II. To have co-ordinate jurisdiction with the Assembly in enacting +laws + +III. To act as a court for the trial of impeachments, associated +with the judges of the Court of Appeals, and the President of the +Senate. + +IV. To confirm or reject appointments made by the Governor. + +V. To elect a temporary president when the Lieutenant-Governor +shall not attend as president, or shall be called to act as +Governor. + +Q. How many members must be present in each house to do business? + +A. A majority, which is called a quorum. + +BILLS. + +Q. Where may bills originate? + +A. Any bill may originate in either house of the Legislature. + +Q. What is the difference between the Legislature of this state +and Congress in this respect? + +A. In Congress all bills for raising revenues MUST originate in +the House of Representatives. + +Q. What may either house do with bills originating in the other +house? + +A. Amend them; but both houses must agree to the amendment or +amendments, before they can become a law. + +Q. What is required in order that a bill may become a law? + +I. The assent of a majority of all the members elected to each +branch of the Legislature, together with the approval of the +Governor; + +II. Or if he disapproves of it, that it be returned to the house +in which it originated, with his objections; and, after +reconsideration, if two-thirds of all the members elected to that +house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent to the other +house by which it shall likewise be re-considered, and if two- +thirds of all its members approve of it, it shall become a law +notwithstanding the objections of the Governor. + +III. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within ten +days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, +it shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, +unless the Legislature, by adjourning, shall prevent its +returning; in which case it shall not become a law without the +signature of the Governor. + +IV. No bill shall become a law after the final adjournment of the +Legislature, unless approved by the Governor within thirty days +after such adjournment. + +IMPEACHMENT. + +Q. What class of persons can be tried in the court of impeachment? + +A. Public officers that have had charges preferred against them by +the Assembly. + +Q. Of whom is the court of impeachment composed? + +A. Of the Senators, or a majority of them, the Judges of the Court +of Appeals, or a majority of them, and the Lieutenant-Governor; +and two-thirds of all present must concur in order to convict. + +Q. When shall the Lieutenant-Governor not act as a member of this +court? + +A. When the Governor is being tried. He may be presumed to be an +interested party, for if the Governor should be found guilty and +be removed, the Lieutenant-Governor becomes Governor. + +Q. What penalty can be inflicted by this court? + +A. Removal from office, or removal from office and +disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or +profit, under this state. + +Q. Can such parties be further punished? + +A. Yes; they may be indicted, tried and punished according to law, +by fine or imprisonment, or both, according to the nature of the +crime. + +VOTING. + +Q Who are entitled to vote upon all questions in the Legislature? + +A. All the members in the Assembly and Senate; and this includes +the Speaker of the Assembly. + +Q, When is the President of the Senate entitled to vote? + +A. Upon questions on which the Senate is equally divided or tied. + +Q. Why should not the President of the Senate have a vote upon all +questions? + +A. Because he has not been elected a member of that body; but +becomes its presiding officer by virtue of the constitutional +provision which makes the Lieutenant-Governor its president. + +KINDS OF VOTING. + +Q. Name some of the kinds of voting practiced. I. By showing +hands. + +II. By Acclamation. + +III. By dividing or separating the persons voting into two bodies. + +IV. By Ballot. + +V. By Ayes and Noes. + +VI. By Viva Voce. + +Q. Where are the first three kinds of voting usually practiced? + +A. In conventions of different kinds, primary meetings, + +Q. When and how is the sixth kind of voting used? + +A. In the election of United States Senators, usually the Speaker +of the Assembly and a few other officers, and in this way: as the +names of those entitled to vote are called, they respond by naming +their candidate. + +SALARY. + +Q. How are Assemblymen and Senators paid? + +I. By a salary fixed by the constitution, of one thousand five +hundred dollars. + +II. And one dollar for every ten miles travelled in going to and +returning from the place of meeting, once in each session on the +most usual route. + +III. Senators when convened in extraordinary session, or when +serving as members of the Court of Impeachment, and such members +of the Assembly, not exceeding nine in number, as shall be +appointed managers of an impeachment, shall receive ten dollars a +day additional allowance. + +STATE. + +A tabular view of officers, showing the source from whence they +derive their authority: + +Elected by the People of the State + Executive + Governor. + Presiding Officer + Lieut. Governor. + Administrative + Secretary of State. + Comptroller. + Treasurer. + Attorney General. + State Engineer and Surveyor. + Judicial + Judges of the Court of Appeals. + +Appointed by Governor and Senate. + Superintendent of Banking. + Superintendent of Insurance. + Canal Auditor. + Superintendent of Prisons. + Superintendent of Public Works. + Notaries Public. + State Assessors. + Loan Commissioners. + Canal Appraisers. + Quarantine Commissioners. + Trustees of State Institutions, and some others. + +Elected by joint bal. + Superintendent of Public Instruction. + Regents of the University. + United States Senators. + +Q. What are the first seven offices called? + +A. They are called elective offices. + +Q. Why elective? + +A. Because the officers are voted for directly by the people. + +Q. Why are the Sec of State, Comp., Treasurer, + +Supt. of Prisons and Public Works. A large number of Notaries, two +Loan Commissioners for each County, three Canal Appraisers, one +Superintendent of Public Instruction, nineteen Regents, and two +United States Senators. + +TERM OF OFFICE. + +Q For how long a term are the Governor and Lieutenant Governor +elected? + +A. For three years each. + +Q For how long a term are the Sec of State, Comp, Treas, Atty. +Gen. and State Eng. and Surveyor elected? + +A. For two years each. + +Q For how long a term are the Superintendents of Banking, +Insurance and Canal Auditor appointed? + +A. For three years. + +Q. For how long a term is the Supt. of Prisons appointed? + +A. For five years. + +Q. For how long a term is the Superintendent of Public Works +appointed? + +A. As long as the term of the Governor appointing him lasts. + +Q. For how long a term is the Superintendent of Public Instruction +elected? + +A. For three years. + +Q. For how long a term the Regents of the University? + +A. For life. + +ELIGIBILITY. + +Q. What about the eligibility of these officers? + +A. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor must be thirty years of +age, and shall have been for the five years next preceding their +election residents of the State. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Governor? + +A. He is commander-in-chief of all the military and naval forces +of the State, has power to convene the Legislature (or Senate +only) on extraordinary occasions, communicates by message to the +Legislature at every session the condition of the State, and +recommends such measures as he deems expedient, transacts all +necessary business with the officers of the government, civil and +military, expedites all measures resolved upon by the Legislature, +takes care that the laws are faithfully executed, and has the +power of granting reprieves, commutations and pardons for crimes. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Lieutenant Governor? + +A. He is President of the Senate and has the casting vote therein, +is a member of the canal board, is one of the commissioners of the +Land Office, is one of the commissioners of the Canal Fund, is one +of the trustees of the Capitol, is one of the trustees of the +Idiot Asylum, and, ex-officio, one of the Regents of the +University and member of the State Board of Charities. If the +Governor dies, resigns, is impeached, or otherwise becomes unable +to discharge the powers and duties of his office, they devolve +upon the Lieutenant Governor for the residue of the term. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Secretary of State? + +A. He is the keeper of the record books and papers belonging to +the State, receives and records all pardons, and other executive +and legislative acts, election returns, etc., furnishes certified +and printed copies to the United States, State and County +officers, and other persons authorized to receive the same, +supervises the printing of the laws passed each year, reports +annually to the Legislature statistics of pauperism and crime, and +other information which it may call for. He is a member of the +Canal Board, a commissioner of the Land Office, a member of the +Board of State Canvassers, a Regent of the University, a trustee +of the Capitol, of the State Hall, of the Idiot Asylum, and of the +Board of State Charities. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Comptroller? + +A. Superintends and manages the fiscal concerns of the State, +reports to the Legislature its annual revenues, expenditures and +estimates, audits, examines and settles accounts due to or from +the State, directs and superintends the collection of taxes and +other moneys, draws warrants on the Treasurer for the payments of +debts due by the State, negotiates temporary loans, if necessary +to meet demands against the State, countersigns and registers all +Treasurer's checks and receipts. He is a member of the Canal +Board, a commissioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund, a +member of the Board of State Canvassers, a trustee of the Capitol, +the State Hall and the Idiot Asylum, and a member of the State +Board of Charities. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Treasurer? + +A. He has charge of all the moneys paid into the State Treasury, +pays drafts upon the warrants of the Comptroller, the Auditor of +the Canal Department and Superintendent of the Bank Department, +and keeps the State's Bank account. He is commissioner of the Land +Office, and of the Canal Fund, a member of the Canal Board, and +Board of State Canvassers. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Attorney General? + +A. He defends and prosecutes all suits in which the State is +interested, receives costs adjudged to the State, prepares drafts +of contracts, etc, for State officers, and prosecutes in their +behalf persons violating the laws in regard to their departments, +prosecutes criminals in the Oyer and Terminer when required by the +Governor or Justices of the Supreme Court. He is commissioner of +the Land Office and of the Canal Fund, a member of the Canal +Board, the Board of State Canvassers, the Board of State Charities +and a trustee of the Capitol and State Hall. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the State Engineer and Surveyor? + +A. He prescribes the duties of, and assigns divisions of canals to +engineers, visits and inspects canals, prescribes surveys, maps, +plans, estimates, etc., in the construction and improvement of a +canal, is a member of the Canal Board, of State Canvassers, a +commissioner of the Land Office and a trustee of the State Hall. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Superintendent of Banking? + +A. He has the general supervision of the banks of the State, and +reports their condition annually to the Legislature, issues +circulating notes to banks on their depositing securities, holding +their stocks and mortgage securities, and when a bank proves +insolvent sells them and redeems its circulation. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Superintendent of Insurance? + +A. He has the general supervision of all insurance companies +transacting business in the State, and, reports their condition +annually to the Legislature. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Canal Auditor? + +A. He draws warrants on the Treasurer for all canal payments, +audits all canal accounts, instructs canal collectors and +disbursing officers, keeps account of canal receipts and +expenditures, etc, is ex-officio secretary of the Canal Board and +of the Commissioners of the Canal Fund. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Superintendent of Prisons? + +A. He has general supervision of the prisons, appoints the keepers +and other officers therein. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Superintendent of Public +Works? + +A. He has charge of the Public Works, of the construction of new +canals, the certificate of the proper local authorities, and he +visits and inquires into the condition and management of these +institutions; is chairman of the committee of the State Normal +Schools, and apportions among the counties the number of pupils +which each is entitled; has charge of the Indian, schools; he is, +ex-officio, a Regent of the University; compiles the +commissioners' abstracts of school districts in the State setting +forth their condition and the account of receipts and expenses for +each year, and makes an annual report to the Legislature. Q. Of +what officers is the Canal Board composed? + +A. The Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller, +Treasurer, Attorney General, State Engineer and Surveyor, and +Canal Superintendent. + +SALARIES. +Governor $10,000 +Lieutenant Governor 5,000 +Secretary of State 5,000 +Comptroller 6,000 +Treasurer 5,000 +State Engineer and Surveyor 5,000 +Superintendent of Banking 5,000 +Superintendent of Insurance 7,000 +Canal Auditor 5,000 +Superintendent of Prisons 6,000 +Superintendent of Public Works 6,000 +Canal Appraisers 5,000 +Superintendent of Public Instruc'n, 5,000 + +Q. Who are the State Canvassers? + +A. Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney General +and State Engineer and Surveyor. + +Q. Who are the Regents at the present time, January 1, 1881, and +when elected? + +The Governor, ex-officio. +The Lieutenant-Governor, ex-offixo. +The Secretary of State, ex-officio. +The Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio. + +1856. George W. Clinton ....... Buffalo. +1858. Lorenzo Burrows ......... Albion. +1859. Robert S. Hale ..... Elizabethtown. +1861. Elias W. Leavenworth .... Syracuse. +1861. J. Carson Brevoort ...... Brooklyn. +1864. Geo. Wm. Curtis, W. New Brighton. +1870. Francis Kernan .......... Utica. +1871. John L. Lewis ........... Penn Yan. +1872. Henry R. Pierson ........ Albany. +1873. Martin I. Townsend .......... Troy. +1874. Anson J. Upson ........... Auburn. +1876. Wm. L. Bostwick ......... Ithaca. +1877. Orris H. Warren ....... Syracuse. +1877. Chauncey M. Depew ...... New York. +1877. Charles E. Fitch ....... Rochester. +1878. Whitelaw Reid ........ New York. +1878. Leslie W. Russell ....... Canton. +1881. Wm. H. Watson ............. Utica. +1881. Henry E. Turner ......... Lowville. + +OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. + +Henry R. Pierson, Chancellor. George W. Clinton, Vice-Chancellor. +David Murray, Secretary. Daniel J. Pratt, Assistant Secretary. + + + + + +IX.--JUDICIARY. + + +A tabular view of the judiciary of the State, commencing with the +lowest courts and showing them in their regular order, leaving out +such as are established for particular localities. + +I. Justice Court + +II. County Court. + 1. County Court + 2. Sessions. + +III. Supreme + 1. Circuit. + 2. Oyer and Terminer. + 3. Special Term. + 4. General Term. + +IV. Court of Appeals. + +JUSTICE COURT. + +Q. What is the lowest court in the State? + +A. A Justice's Court, held in each town by one of the justices of +the Peace. + +Q. What jurisdiction has this court? + +A. Original; that is, suits can be commenced in it, and tried in +it. + +Q. In a civil action how large a judgment can be obtained? + +A. Not to exceed two hundred dollars. + +Q. Can criminal suits be tried in a Justice Court? + +A. Some can be tried in it; but usually the parties give bail for +their appearance at a higher court to await the action of the +Grand Jury. + +COUNTY COURT. + +Q. What is the next higher court? + +A. The County Court. + +Q. What are the divisions of the County Court? + +A. County Court and Court of Sessions. + +Q. For what causes are each designed? + +A. The County Court is for the trial of civil causes, the Sessions +for the trial of criminal causes, but not of the higher crimes. + +Q. What jurisdiction has the County Court? + +A. Original and Appellate, that is a suit may be commenced in it, +or it may be appealed from a lower court. + +Q. What jurisdiction has the Court of Sessions? + +A. Original; no person can be tried in it, who is charged with a +crime until he is indicted by a Grand Jury. + +Q. Who presides in the County Court? + +A. The County Judge. + +Q. Who presides in the Court of Sessions? + +A. The County Judge and the two Justices of Sessions. + +Q. Can both of the Courts be held during the same term? + +A. They can; as soon as a cause has been tried in one court the +Judge may change to the other, and should it be the Sessions, the +Justices of Sessions must be on the bench with the Judge; should +it be the County Court, he alone is the court. + +Q. What jury decides causes tried either in the Sessions or County +Court? + +A. The Petit Jury, consisting of twelve men. + +SUPREME COURT. + +Q. What is the next higher court? + +A. The Supreme Court. + +Q. What are its divisions? + +A. The Circuit, Oyer and Terminer, Special Term and General Term. + +Q. For judicial convenience, the State has been divided into +districts, and how many? + +A. Into eight judicial districts, numbered from one to eight, +inclusive. + +Q. What are the officers called in this court? + +A. Justices of the Supreme Court. + +Q. How many are elected in each district? + +A. Five each in the first and second districts, and four each in +the other six. + +Q. How many Supreme Court Justices in the State? + +A. Thirty-four. + +Q. For how long a term are these Justices elected? + +A. For fourteen years. Salary, $6,000, and an annual allowance for +expenses. + +Q. What constitutional provision in regard to eligibility? + +A. They cannot hold the office longer than the last day of +December next after they shall be seventy years of age. + +Q. What are some of their duties? + +A. To preside and try causes in the Circuit, Oyer and Terminer, +and also hear appeals in the Special Term, and when appointed +Judges of the General Term to hear and decide appeals there. + +SPECIAL TERM. + +Q. What is a Special Term? + +A. A court held by one of the Supreme Court Judges in the district +simply for hearing and deciding motions and appeals. + +GENERAL TERM. + +Q. What is a General Term Court; and how many are there in the +State? + +A. It is a court for hearing appeals, and consists of a single +district, or a union of several districts; and there are four in +the State, organized by an act of the Legislature. + +Q. What is the territory embraced in the jurisdiction of a General +Term called? + +A. It is usually called a Department, and numbered First, Second, +Third and Fourth. + +The following table will give a view of Departments, Districts and +Counties in the State: + +I. Dep. consists of + I. Dist. + City and Co. of N. York. + +II. Dep. consists of + II. Dist. + Richmond, + Kings, + Queens, + Suffolk, + Westchester, + Putnam, + Dutchess, + Orange and Rockland Counties. + +III. Dep. consists of + III. Dist. + Columbia, + Rensselaer, + Sullivan, + Ulster, + Albany, + Greene and Schoharie Counties. + + IV. Dist. + Warren, + Saratoga, + St. Lawr'nce, + Washington, + Essex, + Franklin, + Clinton, + Montgom'ry, + Hamilton, + Fulton and Schenectady Counties. + + VI. Dist. + Otsego, + Delaware, + Madison, + Chenango, + Tompkins, + Broome, + Chemung, + Schuyler, + Tioga and Cortland Counties. + +IV. Dep. consists of + V. Dist. + Onondaga, + Jefferson, + Oneida, + Oswego, + Herkimer and Lewis Counties. + + VII. Dist. + Livingston, + Ontario, + Wayne, + Yates, + Steuben, + Seneca, + Cayuga and Monroe Counties. + + VIII. Dist. + Erie, + Chautauqua, + Cattaraugus, + Orleans, + Niagara, + Genesee, + Allegany and Wyoming Counties. + +Q. How many counties in each of the districts? + +A. One county in the First, nine in the Second, seven in the +Third, eleven in the Fourth, six in the Fifth, ten in the Sixth, +eight in the Seventh, eight in the Eighth district. + +Q. How many counties in each of the departments? + +A. One in the First, nine in the Second, twenty-eight in the +Third, and twenty-two in the Fourth. + +Q. How many Justices constitute the General Term Court, or the +court held in and for the department? + +A. Three in each Department. + +Q. Where do these Justices come from? + +A. They are appointed by the Governor from the Supreme Court +Justices that have been previously elected by the people. + +Q. Must these Justices be taken from their respective departments? + +A. Not necessarily; they may be transferred from another +department; as for instance, a Justice from Buffalo in the Fourth +Department has been transferred to the First Department. + +Q. How many Supreme Court Justices are elected in the territory +known as the First Department? + +A. Five. + +Q. How many Supreme Court Justices are elected in the district +known as the Second Department? + +A. Five. + +Q. How many Supreme Court Justices are elected in the districts +known as the Third Department? + +A. Twelve. + +Q. How many Supreme Court Justices are elected in the districts +known as the Fourth Department? + +A. Twelve. + +COURT OF APPEALS. + +Q. Of what does the Court of Appeals Consist? + +A. Of seven Judges, elected by the electors of the whole State for +a term of fourteen years; one of their number is called a Chief +Judge, the others are called Associate Judges; they cannot hold +the office after they are seventy years old. + +Q. What jurisdiction has this court? + +A. Appellate. + +Q. State how appeals may be taken from one court to another? + +A. The party aggrieved may appeal from a Justice Court to a County +Court; from County or Supreme Courts to Special Term; from Special +Term to General Term; from General Term to Court Of Appeals. + +Q. What may these Courts do? + +A. They may affirm decisions made by lower courts, or reverse +decisions, or grant new trials. The salary of the Chief Judge of +the Court of Appeals is $7,500; of his Associates, $7,000. + +ILLUSTRATION. + +Q. In what court must a person charged with the crime of murder be +tried? + +A. In the Oyer and Terminer, or in some court having the same +jurisdiction. + +Q. What privilege has the prisoner if convicted? + +A. He has the right to appeal to the Justice holding a special +term, asking for a new trial. + +Q. Should this Justice refuse to grant it, what further can he do? + +A. Appeal to the General Term. + +Q. It the General Term refuse, what then? + +A. It can be taken to the Court of Appeals. + +Q. If the Court of Appeals refuse to grant a new trial, what then? + +A. The decision of the Oyer and Terminer must be carried out +unless the Governor interferes. + +Q. In case the penalty is death and the day for execution has +passed, what then? + +A. The prisoner must be re-sentenced by the judge that presided at +the trial. + +Q. In case either of the Appellate Courts grants a new trial, what +is to be done? + +A. The cause will be tried in the same court, or, in one having +the same jurisdiction, but before a different jury. + +Q. How are civil causes managed on appeal? + +A. In the same way, only that the court may affirm or reverse +decisions as well as grant new trials. + + + + + +A FEW COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS. + + +Q. Name one similarity between the State and National governments? + +A. Each has three divisions, the Legislative, Executive and +Judiciary. + +Q. Name a similarity in the Legislative department? + +A. Each has two branches. In the State they are called Assembly +and Senate; in the National government they are called House of +Representatives and Senate. The Assembly and House of +Representatives each elect their own speaker; the State Senate is +presided over by the Lieutenant Governor. The National Senate is +presided over by the Vice-President. + +Q. What is the number of members in each at the present time? + +A. In the Assembly there are one hundred and twenty-eight, in the +House of Representatives two hundred and ninety-three, in the +State Senate thirty-two, in the National Senate seventy-six. + +Q. How do their terms of office compare? + +A. The members of the Assembly are elected for one year, of the +House of Representatives for two years, of the State Senate for +two years, of the National Senate for six years. + +JUDICIARY. + +Q. In what respect are the State Courts and National Courts +similar? + +A. Each has a Supreme and Circuit court. + +Q. What are the names applied to United States Courts? + +A. The Constitution of the United States calls them Inferior +Courts, and one Supreme Court. + +A TABULAR VIEW OF UNITED STATES COURTS. + +I. Inferior + 1. District Courts. + 2. Circuit Courts. +II. Supreme. + +Q. How many District Courts are there at present? + +A. Sixty-five; fifty-six of them being in the States, and nine of +them in the Territories. + +Q. What is the largest number of districts into which any State is +divided? + +A. Three; Alabama, New York and Tennessee have three districts +each; Ark., Fla., Ill., Mich., Miss., Mo., N. C., Ohio, Penn, +Texas, Va. and Wis. have two districts each, and the remaining +States and Territories one each. + +Q. What officers in the District Court? + +A. One District Judge, a District Attorney, Assistant District +Attorneys, a Marshal, a Clerk, and a large number of Deputy +Marshals; and also Registers in Bankruptcy. + +Q. What jurisdiction has a District Court? + +A. Original jurisdiction. + +Q What are the salaries of the District Judges? + +A. Four thousand dollars each. + +Q. What does the territory of several districts constitute? + +A. A Circuit. + +Q. How many Circuits are there? + +A. Nine, each presided over by a Circuit Judge; and their names +are as follows: + +1. Circuit consisting of Maine, N. H, Mass., R. I. John Sowell, +Judge. + +2. Circuit consisting of Conn., Vt. and N. Y. Samuel J. +Blatchford, Judge. + +3. Circuit consisting of Penn., N. J. and Del. Wm. McKennan, +Judge. + +4. Circuit consisting of N. C., S. C., Md. and Va. Hugh L. Bond, +Judge. + +5. Circuit consisting of Miss., La., Ala., Fla., Ga. and Texas. +William B. Woods, Judge. + +6. Circuit consisting of Ohio, Mich., Ky., Tenn. and W. Va. John +Baxter, Judge. + +7. Circuit consisting of Ind., Ill. and Wis. Thomas Drummond, +Judge. + +8. Circuit consisting of Minn, Iowa, Mo., Ark., Kan. and Nebraska. +George W. McCrary, Judge. + +9. Circuit consisting of Cal., Oregon, Nevada and Colorado. +Lorenzo Sawyer, Judge. + +Q. What jurisdiction has the Circuit Court? + +A. Original. Salary of the Judges, $6,000. + +SUPREME COURT. + +Q. What territory is embraced in the jurisdiction of the Supreme +Court? + +A. The whole of the United States. + +Q. How many judges constitute the Supreme Court? + +A. Nine; corresponding with the number of the Circuits. + +Q. What are the names of the Supreme Judges. + +CHIEF JUSTICE. + +Morrison R. Waite ... appointed 1874 + +ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. + +Nathan Clifford ... appointed 1858 +Noah H. Swayne ... appointed 1862 +John M. Harlan ... appointed 1877 +Samuel F. Miller ... appointed 1862 +Stephen J. Field ... appointed 1863 +Wiliam Strong ... appointed 1870 +Joseph P. Bradley ... appointed 1870 +Ward Hunt ... appointed 1872 + +Q. When does the Supreme Court meet? + +A. The first Monday in December, at Washington. + +Q. What is its jurisdiction? + +A. Principally Appellate; it has Original jurisdiction in a few +cases, as mentioned in Constitution. + +Q. By whom are all these judges appointed? + +A. By the President and Senate. + +Q. What is the salary of the Supreme Court Judges? + +A. The Chief Justice receives ten thousand five hundred dollars. +Associates receive ten thousand dollars. + +Q. For how long a term are all these judges appointed? + +A. They hold the office for life, or during good behavior, or +until they resign. Election of a President and Vice-President of +the United States. + +ELECTION OF A PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES + +Q. Under how many heads may this topic be treated? + +A. Two: the first being the manner pursued by the political +parties for nominating candidates; the second, the constitutional +provisions for electing them. + +Preliminary action of political parties. + + I. Calling of a National Convention. + II. Calling of State Conventions. + III. Calling of County or Assembly District Conventions. + IV. Calling of Town Caucuses. + +Q. By whom is the National Convention called? + +A. By a National Committee appointed at the last National +Convention, or the one held four years before. + +Q. By whom is the State Convention called? + +A. By a State Committee, appointed at the State Convention held +the year before. + +Q. By whom is the County or Assembly District Convention called? + +A. By a County or District Committee, appointed at a previous +convention. + +Q. By whom is a Town Caucus called? + +A. By a Town Committee, appointed at a previous meeting. Q. Which +meeting is held first? + +A. The Town Caucus, and delegates are elected at this meeting to +attend a County or Assembly District Convention, + +Q. Which Convention is held next? + +A. The County or Assembly District Convention, which elects +delegates to attend the State Convention. + +Q. Which Convention is held next? + +A. The State Convention, which elects delegates to attend the +National Convention. + +Q. What Convention is held next? + +A. The National Convention. The delegates then and there assembled +nominate candidates for the offices of President and Vice- +President; and adopt their political platform. + +Q. When do these conventions just named take place? + +A. Once in four years, in the months of April, May and June, +preceding the presidential election. + +Further actions by political parties. + + I. State Convention for nominating + the Electors for President and Vice-President. + + II. Voting for these Electors at + the annual election. + +Q. When does the State Convention for nominating the Electors +meet? + +A. At a time when it is convenient to nominate State officers: for +instance, August or September. + +Q. To how many Electors is each State entitled? + +A. As many as it has Representatives and Senators. For instance, +New York has thirty-three Representatives in the House, and two +Senators; therefore New York is entitled to thirty-five electoral +votes. Colorado has one Representative, and two Senators, and is +entitled to three electoral votes. + +Q. How are these Electors distributed about the State? + +A. One Elector is elected for each Congressional District; the two +others are called Electors at Large, and are selected from any +part of the State. + +Q. What must each political party do that it may get its +candidates before the people? + +A. It must have its conventions and nominate the required number +of Electors. + +Q. What are these Electors intended to represent? + +A. The views of the party nominating them. + +O. How frequently, and when is a Presidential election held? + +A. Once in four years, on the Tuesday following the first Monday +in November, throughout all the States. + +Q. What must each voter do, in the State of New York, that he may +cast a ballot for President and Vice-President? + +A. He must hand to the inspectors of election a ballot upon, which +is printed the names of the thirty-five Electors. + +Q. By whom are these votes to be canvassed (or counted)? + +A. By the same officers that canvass other votes. In New York +State the inspectors of election canvass for their respective +election districts, and certify the same to the Board of County +Canvassers; the County Canvassers canvass for counties, and +certify to the State Canvassers; the State Canvassers canvass for +the State; and the Executive authority of each State causes three +lists of the Electors of such State to be made and certified and +delivered to the said Electors, on or before the first Wednesday +in December. + +MEETING OF PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. + +Q. What must the Electors that have been declared elected then do? + +A. I. They must meet on the first Wednesday in December succeeding +their election, at such place in each State as the Legislature +thereof shall designate (usually the capital), and vote for +President and Vice-President, one of whom shall not be an +inhabitant of the same State with themselves. + +II. The Electors must make and sign three certificates of all the +votes by them given for President and Vice-President, annexing to +each a certificate of the Electors furnished by the authority of +the Executive. + +III. These certificates must be sealed, certifying, on the outside +of each, that there is contained therein a list of the votes of +such State for President and Vice-President. + +IV. A person duly appointed by the Electors, or a majority of +them, must take charge of and deliver one of these certificates to +the President of the Senate, at the seat of government + +V. The second certificate must be forwarded through the mails to +the President of the Senate, at the seat of government. + +VI. The third certificate must be delivered to the Judge of the +District Court in which the electors assemble. + +OPENING AND COUNTING THE ELECTORAL VOTES. + +Q. When and by whom must these certificates be opened? + +A. On the second Wednesday in February the President of the +Senate, in the presence of the Senate and House of +Representatives, must open these certificates, and the votes must +then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes, +if that number be a majority, shall be the President; and the +person having the greatest number of votes for Vice-President, if +that number be a majority, shall be the Vice-President + +Q. Who must count the votes? + +A. Tellers appointed for that purpose by the House and Senate. + +Q. In case neither candidate for the presidency has a majority of +all the electoral votes cast, what must be done? + +A. The election goes to the House of Representatives. + +ELECTION BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. + +Q. How does this election take place? + +A. I. Two-thirds of the States must be represented to constitute a +quorum. + +II. The candidates must be those already voted for, and must be +confined to those receiving the highest number, not exceeding +three. + +III. Each State is entitled to only one vote: and it will be cast +according to the wishes of a majority of the members in the House +from that State. If, for instance, a State has fifteen members, +eight belonging to one party and seven to another; the eight, +being a majority, will, if agreed, cast the one vote, the minority +having no voice in the election. Should there be an even number of +members from any State, and should they be equally divided between +two candidates, there might be one-half of a vote for each +candidate. + +Q, In case of a failure on the part of the House of +Representatives to elect a President before the fourth of March, +what then? + +A. The Vice-President must act as President. + +ELECTION OF VICE-PRESIDENT BY THE SENATE. + +Q. Can the Senate ever elect a Vice-President? + +A. Yes, when the people have failed to elect a Vice-President, +then the Senate must elect. + +Q. How is this done? + +A. I. Two-thirds of all the Senators constitute a quorum. + +II. The Senate must vote for the two persons who received the +highest number of votes for Vice-President. + +III. A majority of all the members elected to the Senate is +necessary to a choice. + +IV. Should there be a tie in the Senate, the Vice-President may +give the casting vote. + +V. Should the Vice-President have succeeded to the presidency, or +have vacated his office, and the President pro tem, (a Senator), +preside, in that case there might be a tie, and no election +reached. + +THE PRESIDENT PRO TEM. + +Q. What are the provisions for filling temporarily the office of +President, when vacant? + +A. I. In case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability, of +both the President and Vice-President of the United States, the +President of the Senate pro tem., and in case there be no +President of the Senate, then the Speaker of the House of +Representatives shall act as President of the United States for +the time, until the disability be removed, or a President be +elected. + +II. In case of a vacancy in both the offices for President and +Vice-President, the Secretary of State of the United States, shall +notify the Governors of all the States, and cause the same to be +printed in at least one newspaper in each State, ordering an +election for electors of President and Vice-President: PROVIDED +there shall be a space of two months between the ordering of the +same and the first Wednesday in December following. + +THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. + +I. The term "Electoral College" means the presidential Electors +when assembled as a body to cast the vote for President and Vice- +President + +II. Each State may provide by law for the filling of any vacancy +which may exist in its college of electors, when such college +meets to cast its electoral vote. + +ELIGIBILITY. + +I. No person shall hold the office, either of President or Vice- +President, except native born citizens, or those who were in this +country at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. + +II. The candidate must have been a resident of the United States +for fourteen years. + +III. He must be at the time of his election thirty-five years of +age. + +DUTIES. + +Q. What are some of the duties of the President? + +A. I. He is Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United +States. + +II. And of the Militia of the several States when called into the +actual service of the United States. + +III. He has power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences +against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. + +IV. He has power to make treaties when two-thirds of the Senate +present concur. + +V. He nominates, and, by and with the consent of the Senate of the +United States, appoints Ambassadors, Public Ministers, Consuls, +Judges of the United States Courts, and all other United States +officers not otherwise provided for. + +VI. He may fill all vacancies that happen during recess of the +Senate, by granting commissions that expire at the close of the +next session. + +VII. He must from time to time give to Congress information in +regard to the condition of affairs in the United States, and +recommend such measures as he deems expedient. For further duties, +see Constitution of the United States, Art. II. + +VICE-PRESIDENT. + +I. The Vice-President is President of the United States Senate, +and has a vote only in case of a tie. + +II. In case he succeeds to the presidency, then he performs the +duties of the President, and the President pro tem. (a Senator) +performs the duties of Vice-President and Senator. + +SALARIES. [Footnote: The President's salary cannot be increased or +diminished during his term of office.] + +The President receives $50,000. The Vice-President receives +$8,000. + +A tabular view showing how some United States officers get their +authority, and from whom. + +From the people. + I. Electors + 1. President. + 2. Vice-President. + + Members of the House of Rep's. + President sometimes. [Footnote: In 1801, and 1825. Who?] + +From the State Legislatures + U. S. Senators + V. President sometimes. + +[Footnote: Richard M. Johnson was elected Vice-President by the +Senate in 1837. This is, thus far, the only instance.] Appointed +by the President and confirmed by the Senate. + +President's Cabinet consisting of: + +1. Sec. of State. +2. Sec. of Treasury. +3. Sec. of War. +4. Sec. of Navy. +5. Sec. of Interior. +6. Postmaster Gen. +7. Attorney Gen. + +Governors of territories. +Ambassadors. +Ministers to foreign countries. +Consuls. +Judges of the U. S. Supreme Court. +Judges of the U. S. Circuit Courts. +Judges of the District Courts. +Postmasters. +And many other officers. + +Q. What class of officers in the State performs nearly the same +duties as the Cabinet officers in the Nation? + +A. Those classed as "Administrative," on page 55; in the State +they are elected by the people; in the Nation they are appointed +by the President. + +DUTIES + +Q. What are some of the duties of the Cabinet officers? + +A. I. THE SECRETARY OF STATE, at the head, of the State +Department, preserves the public archives, records, laws, +arguments and treaties, and supervises their publication; conducts +all business and correspondence arising out of foreign relations, +makes out and records passports, commissions, etc. + +II. THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, at the head of the Treasury +Department, receives and has charge of all moneys paid into the +United States Treasury, has general supervision of the fiscal +transactions of the Government, the collection of revenue, the +auditing and payment of accounts and other disbursements; +supervises the execution of the laws relating to Commerce and +Navigation, the Revenues and Currency, the Coast Survey, the Mint +and Coinage, the Lighthouse Establishments, Custom Houses, etc. + +III. THE SECRETARY OF WAR, at the War Department, has charge of +business growing out of military affairs, keeps the records of the +army, issues commissions, directs the government of troops, +superintends their payment, stores, clothing, arms, equipments and +ordnance, constructs fortifications and conducts works of military +engineering, river and harbor improvements. + +IV. THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, at the head of the Navy Department, +has charge of the Naval establishments and all business connected +therewith, issues Naval commissions, instructions and orders, +supervises the enlistment and discharge of seamen, the +construction of Navy Yards and Docks, the construction and +equipment of vessels, Coast Surveys, etc. + +V. THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, at the head of the Department of +the Interior, has charge of the survey, management, sales and +grants of Public Lands, the examination of Pension and Bounty Land +claims, the management of Indian affairs, the award of Patents, +the distribution of Seeds and Plants, the taking of Censuses, the +management of Government mines, etc. The Bureau of Education is a +branch of this department. + +VI. THE POSTMASTER GENERAL, at the head of the Post-office +Department, has charge of the Postal System, the establishment and +discontinuance of Post-offices, the appointment of Agents, the +contracts for carrying the mails, etc. + +VII. THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, at the head of the Department of +Justice, is the legal adviser of the President and members of the +Cabinet, examines titles, applications for pardons and judicial +and legal appointments, conducts and argues suits in which the +Government is concerned, etc. + +Q. Name the present Cabinet officers. + +AMBASSADORS, MINISTERS AND CONSULS. + +Q. What is an Ambassador? + +A. An Ambassador is a minister of the highest rank, appointed to +represent the interests of a country at the court, or seat of +government of some other country. + +Q. What is a Minister Plenipotentiary? + +A. A Minister Plenipotentiary is an Ambassador or Envoy, invested +with full powers to negotiate a treaty, or do some other special +business, without being a permanent resident of such country. +Under such circumstances, he is called Ambassador extraordinary. + +Q. What is a Consul? + +A. A person commissioned to reside in a foreign country as an +agent or representative of a government, to protect the rights, +commerce, merchants and seamen of the country, and to aid in +commercial, and sometimes in diplomatic transactions, with such +foreign country; he is sometimes called Ambassador or Minister +ORDINARY. + +SALARIES. + +Q. What are the salaries of the Cabinet officers? + +A. Each member receives eight thousand dollars a year. + +Q. What are the salaries of Senators, and Representatives in +Congress? + +A. Each receives an annual salary of five thousand dollars a year, +and an allowance of twenty cents per mile for travel in going to +and returning from Washington. + +Q. Name a few of the highest salaries paid Ambassadors, Ministers +and Consuls. + +To London, +To Paris, +To Berlin, +To St. Petersburgh, + +$17,500 each. + +To Vienna, +To Madrid, +To Pekin, +To Rome, +To Yeddo, +To Mexico, +To Rio Janerio, + +$12,000 each. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, CIVIL GOVERNMENT FOR COMMON SCHOOLS *** + +This file should be named 5065.txt or 5065.zip + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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