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diff --git a/old/50504-0.txt b/old/50504-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b0cc091..0000000 --- a/old/50504-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3951 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Battle of Gettysburg, by William C. Storrick - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Battle of Gettysburg - The Country, The Contestants, The Results - -Author: William C. Storrick - -Release Date: November 20, 2015 [EBook #50504] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - CONTENTS - - - PAGE - Foreword 3 - Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address 4 - The Battle of Gettysburg 5-10 - Location of the Armies. General Lee’s Plan. Lee’s First Movement. - Hooker’s Plan. The Appointment of Meade. Advance of Lee. - Meade’s Movement. Stuart’s Movement. Situation of - Confederate Forces on June 30th. Situation of Union Forces - on June 30th. The Approach. - The First Day 11-17 - Arrival of Reynolds. Death of Reynolds. A Morning Lull. Arrival of - Rodes and Early. The Opposing Lines. Arrival of Howard. - Howard’s Position. The Confederate General Early’s - Position. The Union Retreat. Arrival of Lee. Formation of - Union Line. General Lee’s Report. - First Day Highlights 17-22 - Death of Major-General Reynolds. The 26th Emergency Regiment. The - First Soldier Killed at Gettysburg. A Mysterious Letter. - The Flag of the 16th Maine. The Barlow-Gordon Incident. - General Ewell Is Hit by a Bullet. The School Teachers’ - Regiment. An Incident of the First Day. - The Second Day 23-31 - The Union Line of Battle. Confederate Line of Battle. Sickles’ - Change of Line. General Lee’s Plan. Little Round Top. The - Peach Orchard and the Wheatfield. Ewell’s Attack on - Meade’s Right. Situation at End of the Second Day. - Incidents of the Second Day 32-36 - The Roger House. Spangler’s Spring. Colonel Avery’s Lost Grave. - The Leister House. The Louisiana Tigers. General Meade’s - “Baldy.” General Lee’s “Traveller.” - The Third Day 37-51 - Second Battle at Culp’s Hill. Meade’s Line of the Third Day. Lee’s - Line of the Third Day. The Bliss Buildings. The Artillery - Duel. Pickett’s Charge. The Advance. Engagements on the - Union Left. The Cavalry Fight on the Right Flank. The - Location. General Stuart’s Plan. General Gregg’s Report. - Lee’s Retreat. No Pursuit by Meade. The Gettysburg - Carriage. - Happenings on the Third Day 51-58 - A Medal for Disobedience. The Wentz House. Fought with a Hatchet. - After the Battle. An Honest Man. Extracts from the Diary - of Colonel Fremantle. - Gettysburg and Its Military Park 59-70 - The Soldiers’ National Cemetery 70-71 - Lincoln at Gettysburg 72-75 - Bibliography 76 - Organization of the Army of the Potomac 77-79 - Organization of the Army of Northern Virginia 79-80 - - Copyright, 1935, by J. Horace McFarland Company - - - - - THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG - _The Country - The Contestants - The Results_ - - - BY - W. C. STORRICK, Litt.D. - Retired Superintendent of Guides. For Twenty Years Connected with the - Gettysburg National Park Commission - - _First edition, 1931_ - _Second edition, 1935_ - _Third edition, 1938_ - _Fourth edition, 1944_ - _Fifth edition, 1945_ - _Sixth edition, 1946_ - _Seventh edition, 1946_ - _Eighth edition, 1947_ - _Ninth edition, 1949_ - _Tenth edition, 1949_ - _Eleventh edition, 1951_ - _Twelfth edition, 1951_ - _Thirteenth edition, 1953_ - _Fourteenth edition, 1954_ - _Fifteenth edition, 1955_ - _Sixteenth edition, 1956_ - _Seventeenth edition, 1957_ - _Eighteenth edition, 1959_ - _Nineteenth edition, 1959_ - _Twentieth edition, 1961_ - _Twenty-first edition, 1962_ - _Twenty-second edition, 1965_ - _Twenty-third edition, 1966_ - _Twenty-fourth edition, 1969_ - - HARRISBURG, PA. - THE McFARLAND COMPANY - 1969 - - [Illustration: Map of the - GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN - Map showing country through which the armies approached Gettysburg] - - - - - FOREWORD - - -No one is better fitted to describe the Battle of Gettysburg and the -National Park established on its site than Mr. William C. Storrick. Born -a short distance from the field, he was seven years old at the time of -the battle. He remembers the flight from home as the army drew near; he -remembers also the return to a house which had been occupied by troops. -Still more distinctly he recalls going to Gettysburg on November 19, -standing with his hand clasped in his father’s, watching a doorway from -which the President of the United States was shortly to appear. He shook -hands with Lincoln, was awed by his great height, and listened eagerly -to his plain and simple address. - -For more than twenty years Mr. Storrick was connected with the -Battlefield Commission, first in charge of the farms, then of the guide -service as well. The history of the campaign which forms a part of this -volume was prepared at the request of the War Department. - -There is no corner of the field which Mr. Storrick does not know; there -is no detail of its history which he has not studied; there is no -disputed question of which he cannot give both sides. His clear and -uncontroversial account of the battle is but an outline of his store of -information upon which he plans to draw more largely in a volume of -greater scope. - - ELSIE SINGMASTER LEWARS. - - - - - THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS - ·XIX NOVEMBER·MDCCCLXIII· - ★ - - -FOURSCORE & SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH ON THIS CONTINENT -A NEW NATION·CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY·AND DEDICATED TO THE PROPOSITION THAT -ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL· - -NOW WE ARE ENGAGED IN A GREAT CIVIL WAR·TESTING WHETHER THAT NATION·OR -ANY NATION SO CONCEIVED AND SO DEDICATED·CAN LONG ENDURE·WE ARE MET ON A -GREAT BATTLE-FIELD OF THAT WAR·WE HAVE COME TO DEDICATE A PORTION OF -THAT FIELD AS A FINAL RESTING PLACE FOR THOSE WHO HERE GAVE THEIR LIVES -THAT THAT NATION MIGHT LIVE·IT IS ALTOGETHER FITTING & PROPER THAT WE -SHOULD DO THIS· - -BUT·IN LARGER SENSE·WE CANNOT DEDICATE—WE CANNOT CONSECRATE—WE CANNOT -HALLOW—THIS GROUND· THE BRAVE MEN·LIVING AND DEAD·WHO STRUGGLED HERE -HAVE CONSECRATED IT FAR ABOVE OUR POOR POWER TO ADD OR DETRACT·THE WORLD -WILL LITTLE NOTE NOR LONG REMEMBER WHAT WE SAY HERE·BUT IT CAN NEVER -FORGET WHAT THEY DID HERE·IT IS FOR US·THE LIVING·RATHER· TO BE -DEDICATED HERE TO THE UNFINISHED WORK WHICH THEY WHO FOUGHT HERE HAVE -THUS FAR SO NOBLY ADVANCED· IT IS RATHER FOR US TO BE HERE DEDICATED TO -THE GREAT TASK REMAINING BEFORE US—THAT FROM THESE HONORED DEAD WE TAKE -INCREASED DEVOTION TO THAT CAUSE FOR WHICH THEY GAVE THE LAST FULL -MEASURE OF DEVOTION·THAT WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE DEAD SHALL -NOT HAVE DIED IN VAIN·THAT THIS NATION· UNDER GOD·SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH -OF FREEDOM·AND THAT GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE·BY THE PEOPLE·FOR THE -PEOPLE·SHALL NOT PERISH FROM THE EARTH· - - ·ABRAHAM LINCOLN· - - - - - THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG - - - [Illustration: Decorative Initial I] - -It is difficult to present a great battle with sufficient detail to -please both the student of tactics and the average reader. If the -visitor is not satisfied with the brief outline here presented, he is -recommended to read further in the books listed, and especially to -employ a guide, without whose trained and supervised services the best -manual is inadequate. The reader in search of romance is recommended to -the successive Incidents of the Battle as herein presented. - -According to official records, the Gettysburg campaign of 1863 began on -June 3rd and ended on August 1st. No effort will be made to describe the -movements, counter-movements, and fifty minor engagements that occurred -before the armies crossed the Mason and Dixon’s line and finally -concentrated at Gettysburg, where they engaged in battle on July 1st, -2nd, and 3rd. It is necessary, however, that the visitor should -understand the approach to the field. - - - Location of the Armies. - -On June 3rd the Union Army, called the Army of the Potomac, lay at -Falmouth, Va., on the north side of the Rappahannock River, -Major-General Joseph Hooker in command. - -The Confederate Army, called the Army of Northern Virginia, occupied the -south bank, with headquarters at Fredericksburg, General Robert E. Lee -in command. - -Both armies were resting after the major engagement at Chancellorsville, -in which the Confederates were victorious. - -The Army of the Potomac was made up of seven infantry and one cavalry -corps. It numbered at the time of the battle approximately 84,000. - -The Army of Northern Virginia was made up of three infantry corps and -one division of cavalry. It numbered at the time of the battle about -75,000. - -Following the text is a roster of officers, which should be consulted, -both for an understanding of the battle and because of the obligation to -honor brave men. - - - General Lee’s Plan. - -During the month of May, General Lee visited Richmond to discuss with -the Confederate government various plans involving political and -military considerations. Up to this time, the South had won the major -victories, but her resources, both in men and sinews of war, were -diminishing, and a prolonged conflict would be disastrous. It was -decided that the army should invade the North via the Shenandoah and -Cumberland valleys, with Harrisburg as an objective. This route not only -afforded a continuous highway but put the army in a position to threaten -Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Washington from the north. The Blue Ridge -Mountains to the east would screen the advance, and the rich -agricultural section would furnish supplies of food and forage. - -The time was propitious. General Lee’s army was in the prime of -condition. The North was discouraged by losses, distrustful of Lincoln, -weary of war. The South believed that one great victory would assure her -the friendliness of the leading powers of Europe. Her independence once -acknowledged, she could import the materials of war and the necessities -of life which she lacked. It was thought certain that at the prospect of -invasion the North would withdraw troops from the siege of Vicksburg -then being conducted by General Grant. With high hopes the march was -begun. - - - Lee’s First Movement. - -On June 3rd Lee put his army in motion northward, with Ewell’s Corps, -preceded by Jenkins’ and Imboden’s Cavalry, in the advance, followed by -Longstreet and lastly by Hill. Longstreet moved on the east side of the -Blue Ridge in order to lead Hooker to believe that Washington would be -threatened. On reaching Snicker’s Gap, he crossed the Ridge into the -Shenandoah Valley and followed Hill, who was now in advance. The great -army was strung out from Fredericksburg, Va., on the south to -Martinsburg, W. Va., on the north, with the cavalry division under -Stuart guarding the gaps along the Blue Ridge. - - [Illustration: Since 1863 the population of Gettysburg has increased - from 2,000 to 5,500] - -After driving out Union forces stationed at Winchester under Milroy, -Lee’s Army crossed the Potomac at Williamsport and Shepherdstown on June -23rd, 24th, and 25th, and advanced northward, unopposed, through the -Cumberland Valley, toward Harrisburg. - - - Hooker’s Plan. - -On June 10th, Hooker proposed to President Lincoln that he cross the -Rappahannock and attack Hill, who still remained, and then move south, -threatening Richmond. He thought this might divert Lee from his invasion -of the North. In reply Lincoln said: - - “_I think Lee’s Army and not Richmond is your sure objective point._” - - - The Appointment of Meade. - -Thereupon Hooker started in pursuit of Lee on June 13th, moving east of -the Blue Ridge on a line parallel with Lee on the west, with the cavalry -guarding his left. He thus protected Baltimore and Washington. He -crossed the Potomac at Edward’s Ferry on the 25th and 26th and reached -Frederick on the 27th, where he halted. Believing himself handicapped by -orders from General Halleck, Chief in Command at Washington, who refused -the use of the Union forces at Harper’s Ferry, he asked to be relieved -of the command of the Army of the Potomac. The request was granted, and, -on June 28th, Major-General George G. Meade, in command of the 5th -Corps, was appointed his successor, Sykes taking command of General -Meade’s Corps. - - - Advance of Lee. - -Lee’s Army had been steadily moving northward in the Cumberland Valley. -Ewell, in the advance, detached Early’s Division on reaching -Chambersburg, directing him to move through Gettysburg on June 26th and -thence to York and Wrightsville, there to cross the Susquehanna to -Columbia and move up to Harrisburg to meet the divisions of Rodes and -Johnson. Rodes reached Carlisle on June 28th, accompanied by Ewell; -Johnson was at Greenvillage, between Chambersburg and Carlisle. Hill -moved from Chambersburg to Cashtown, and Longstreet was in the rear at -Chambersburg. Lee’s headquarters were in Messersmith’s Woods near -Chambersburg. - - [Illustration: General Reynolds’ position shortly before his - death.—Near General Buford’s statue, pointing toward the spectator, - is the first gun fired by the Union forces] - -In his advance into Gettysburg, Early was opposed by the 26th Emergency -Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, Company A, consisting of students -of Pennsylvania (now Gettysburg) College, citizens of the town, and some -volunteers from Harrisburg. After skirmishing on the Chambersburg Pike -about 3 miles from the town, this regiment was obliged to retreat, -finally reaching Harrisburg. About 175 were captured, but were afterward -paroled. On the same day, George Sandoe, a Union scout, was shot by one -of Early’s pickets on the Baltimore Pike. He was the first Union soldier -killed in the vicinity of Gettysburg prior to the battle. - -On account of the absence of his cavalry under Stuart, who had been left -with five brigades to guard the rear and hold the gaps of the Blue -Ridge, Lee did not know until June 28th that the Union Army had crossed -the Potomac and was threatening his line of communication with the -South. Learning this, he ordered a concentration of his forces at -Cashtown. - - - Meade’s Movement. - -On assuming command, General Meade moved his army northward from the -vicinity of Frederick and established a tentative line along Pipe Creek, -between Manchester on his right and Emmitsburg on his left, with -headquarters near Taneytown. - - - Stuart’s Movement. - -After the Union Army crossed the Potomac, Stuart left the line of the -Blue Ridge with three brigades of cavalry and made a raid around the -Union Army, crossing the Potomac at Seneca Creek and moving thence to -Hanover, where he engaged Kilpatrick’s Division of Union cavalry on June -30th. Passing through Jefferson, Dover, and Dillsburg to Carlisle, he -reached Carlisle on the afternoon of July 1st, getting into -communication with Lee, after an interval of a week. - - - Situation of Confederate Forces on June 30th. - -On June 30th, Pender’s Division, Hill’s Corps, moved from Fayetteville -to Cashtown; Anderson’s Division to Fayetteville; Rodes’ Division, -Ewell’s Corps, from Carlisle via Petersburg to Heidlersburg. Early’s -Division advanced from York through Weiglestown and East Berlin, and -encamped 3 miles from Heidlersburg. Johnson’s Division marched from -Greenvillage to Scotland. Hood’s and McLaws’ Divisions, Longstreet’s -Corps, moved from Chambersburg to Fayetteville; Pickett’s Division -remained at Chambersburg. Lee’s headquarters were at Greenwood. - - - Situation of Union Forces on June 30th. - -On June 30th the 11th Corps was at Emmitsburg, the 1st at Marsh Creek, -the 3rd at Bridgeport, the 5th at Union Mills, the 6th at Manchester, -the 12th at Littlestown, the 2nd at Taneytown. Two brigades of Buford’s -Cavalry Division were at Gettysburg; Gregg’s Cavalry Division was at -Manchester; Kilpatrick’s at Hanover. Meade’s headquarters were at -Taneytown. - - - The Approach. - -Neither commander yet foresaw Gettysburg as a field of battle. Each had -expected to take a strong position and force his adversary to attack. -But in the hot summer weather fate was moving the mighty hosts closer -and closer. The sky was cloudless, and the summer moon was at its -brightest. The wheat was ripe, and the armies marched between partly -reaped fields. - - [Illustration: The Pennsylvania Monument, with bronze figures of - distinguished officers and a roster of all Pennsylvanians in - battle.] - -On the 30th, Hill, in the front at Cashtown, sent Pettigrew’s Brigade to -Gettysburg for supplies, shoes especially being badly needed. In the -meantime, Meade ordered Buford, with two brigades of cavalry at -Emmitsburg, to make a reconnaissance to Gettysburg. Buford reported: - - “_I entered this place today at 11_ A.M. _Found everybody in a - terrible state of excitement on account of the enemy’s advance._” - -On reaching Seminary Ridge, Pettigrew saw the approach of Buford. Not -wishing to bring on an engagement, he withdrew to the vicinity of -Cashtown. - -Buford moved through the town and bivouacked for the night west of the -Seminary, along McPherson Ridge. He assigned to Gamble’s Brigade the -task of watching the Fairfield and Cashtown roads and to Devin the -Mummasburg, Middletown (now Biglerville), and Harrisburg roads. Early on -the morning of the 1st, he picketed all the roads leading north and -northeast. - - - - - THE FIRST DAY - - -Informed by Pettigrew that Union forces had reached Gettysburg, and -anxious to know their strength, Hill sent Heth’s and Pender’s Divisions -with Pegram’s battalion of artillery forward on a reconnaissance in -force. This movement, made at 5.30 A.M. on July 1, precipitated the -battle. - -The advance was soon interrupted by Buford’s skirmishers. On reaching -Herr Ridge, which crosses the Cashtown Road at right angles, Hill -deployed his line of battle—Heth on both sides of the road with Pender -in reserve. Pegram posted his artillery on Herr Ridge, and at 8 o’clock -fired his first shot. Buford’s artillery, under Calef, posted on the -opposite ridge, fired in reply. The battle was on, and the gravity of -the situation was clear to Buford, who at 10.10 A.M. sent this message -to Meade: - - “_The enemy’s force are advancing on me at this point and driving my - pickets and skirmishers very rapidly. There is a large force at - Heidlersburg that is driving my pickets at that point from that - direction. I am sure that the whole of A. P. Hill’s force is - advancing._” - - - Arrival of Reynolds. - -Union reinforcements were at hand. General Reynolds, in advance of the -1st Corps, arrived from Marsh Creek, via the Emmitsburg Road. After a -short conference with Buford at the Seminary buildings, he sent an -orderly urging Wadsworth, whose division was advancing across the -fields, to hasten. On its arrival, Reynolds posted Cutler to the right, -across the railroad cut which lies parallel to the Chambersburg Pike, -and Meredith on the left. (Reynolds Avenue now marks this line.) - - - Death of Reynolds. - -After posting Hall’s battery in place of Calef’s, Reynolds rode to the -McPherson Woods, and while directing the advance of Meredith at 10.15 -A.M. was instantly killed by a Confederate sharpshooter. Doubleday -consequently assumed command of the 1st Corps, and Rowley succeeded -Doubleday in command of the Division. Compelled to fall back into the -grove, Buford moved his cavalry to the left near the Fairfield Road, and -Meredith advanced into the woods, drove Hill’s right across Willoughby -Run, and captured General Archer and part of his men. - -On the Union right, Cutler was attacked in flank by Davis’s Brigade, of -the left of Hill’s line, and was compelled to withdraw. Davis advanced -into the railroad cut where part of his force was captured. He then -withdrew to his original line. - - - A Morning Lull. - -At 11 A.M. there was a lull. Doubleday withdrew his forces from across -Willoughby Run and established a new line through the McPherson Woods -from north to south. Robinson’s Division reached the field and was held -in reserve at the Seminary buildings. Rowley’s Division (formerly -Doubleday’s) arrived a little later; Stone’s Brigade of this Division -was deployed in the front line on what is now Stone Avenue, and Biddle’s -Brigade was placed on the left of Meredith, along what is now South -Reynolds Avenue. In the afternoon, Robinson’s Division was moved to the -right, prolonging the Union line to the Mummasburg Road in order to meet -the advance of Rodes’ Division, coming forward via the Carlisle Road. -Devin’s cavalry was moved from Buford’s right to the vicinity of the -York Pike and the Hanover Road. - - [Illustration: Gettysburg Seminary Doorway.—The Lutheran Theological - Seminary was used as an observation point and hospital. The portico - was erected in 1913 to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the - battle.] - -In this preliminary action of the forenoon the advantage was in favor of -the Union forces. The Confederate General Heth reported: - - “_The enemy had now been felt, and found in heavy force in and around - Gettysburg. The division was now formed in line of battle on the right - of the road; Archer’s brigade on the right, Pettigrew’s in the center, - and Brockenbrough’s on the left. Davis’s brigade was kept on the left - of the road that it might collect its stragglers, and from its - shattered condition it was not deemed advisable to bring it again into - action that day._” - -The Union General Buford reported: - - “_On July 1, between 8 and 9_ A.M. _reports came in from the 1st - Brigade (Colonel Gamble’s) that the enemy was coming down from toward - Cashtown in force. Colonel Gamble made an admirable line of battle, - and moved off proudly to meet him. The two lines soon became hotly - engaged, we having the advantage of position, he of numbers. The 1st - Brigade held its own for more than two hours, and had to be literally - dragged back a few hundred yards to a more secure and sheltered - position._” - - - Arrival of Rodes and Early. - -On learning at Middletown (now Biglerville) that Hill was engaged with -the Union forces at Gettysburg, Rodes marched thither directly via the -Carlisle Road. Early approached via the Harrisburg or Heidlersburg Road. -The advance of both was quickened by the sound of cannonading. Arriving -a little past noon, Rodes deployed his Division of five brigades on both -sides of Oak Ridge, his right on the left of Heth’s Division and his -left with Early’s right, extending across the plain north of the town. -Carter’s artillery was posted on Oak Hill. - - - The Opposing Lines. - -Robinson’s Division of the 1st Union Corps was moved from its position -in reserve at the Seminary buildings to the right of Cutler, to oppose -Rodes’s Confederate line. - -Hill prolonged his right by bringing up Pender’s Division that had been -held in reserve. The artillery of McIntosh’s battalion was brought into -action in support. These guns, with Carter’s and Pegram’s, together -numbering 60, and 11 brigades of infantry now opposed the 1st Union -Corps of 36 guns and 6 brigades. - - - Arrival of Howard. - -General Howard, in command of the 11th Union Corps, reached Gettysburg -from Emmitsburg between 10 and 11 A.M., in advance of his Corps, and -took command of the Union forces. Schurz succeeded Howard in command of -the Corps, and Doubleday resumed command of his Division. - -On reaching Gettysburg, Howard went to the top of the Fahnestock -building at the corner of Baltimore and Middle streets to observe the -lines of battle. He reported: - - “_I had studied the position a few moments, when a report reached me - that General Reynolds was wounded. At first I hoped his wound might be - slight and that he would continue to command, but in a short time I - was undeceived. His aid-de-camp, Major William Riddle, brought the sad - tidings of his death. This was about 11.30_ A.M. _Prior to this the - General had sent me orders to move up at a double quick, for he was - severely engaged. On hearing of the death of Reynolds, I assumed - command of the left wing, instructing General Schurz to take command - of the 11th Corps. After an examination of the general features of the - country, I came to the conclusion that the only tenable position for - my limited force was the ridge to the southeast of Gettysburg (now - well known as Cemetery Ridge). I at once established my headquarters - near the cemetery, and on the highest point north of the Baltimore - Pike._” - - - Howard’s Position. - -On the arrival of the 11th Corps, Howard ordered Schurz to move the 3rd -and 1st Divisions to positions north of the town, while the 2nd Division -was held on Cemetery Hill in reserve. On account of the prior arrival of -the Confederates under Rodes, who covered the plain north of the town, -Schurz was unable to connect with the right of the Union line on Oak -Hill, and a gap remained between the two lines. The position of the 11th -Corps coincides with what is now Howard Avenue. - - - The Confederate General Early’s Position. - -Shortly after the 11th Corps moved to the front, Early’s Division of -Ewell’s Corps arrived from Heidlersburg and went into line to the right -of Howard, connecting with Rodes’s left across the plain. Early posted -his artillery, Jones’s battalion, in position to enfilade the right of -Howard, while Carter’s batteries on Oak Hill enfiladed the left. The -Confederate forces largely exceeded the Union forces, the former being -about 28,000 and the latter about 18,000. The whole Confederate line -advanced and attacked the Union forces in front and on both flanks. On -Oak Hill part of Rodes’ forces, O’Neal’s and Iverson’s brigades, were -repulsed, a large part of the latter being captured. - - - The Union Retreat. - -After a strenuous resistance the whole Union line was compelled to -withdraw to Cemetery Hill. The 11th Corps retreated through the center -of town where many were captured. The 1st Corps fell back through the -western part of the town. By 4.30 P.M. all the territory held by the -Union forces was occupied by the Confederates. - - - Arrival of Lee. - -General Lee reached the field from Cashtown about 3 P.M., witnessed the -retreat of the Union forces, and established his headquarters in tents -in an apple orchard back of the Seminary. He ordered Ewell to follow up -the repulse if he thought it practicable. In this connection Ewell -reported: - - “_The enemy had fallen back to a commanding position known as Cemetery - Hill, south of Gettysburg, and quickly showed a formidable front - there. On entering the town, I received a message from the Commanding - General to attack this hill, if I could do so to advantage. I could - not bring artillery to bear on it, and all the troops with me were - jaded by twelve hours’ marching and fighting, and I was notified that - General Johnson’s division (the only one of my corps that had not been - engaged) was close to town. Cemetery Hill was not assailable from the - town.... Before Johnson could be placed in position the night was far - advanced._” - - [Illustration: John Burns, Gettysburg constable and Mexican War - veteran, shouldered his musket and went out to meet the - Confederates.] - -General Hill reported: - - “_Under the impression that the enemy was entirely routed, my own two - divisions exhausted by some six hours’ hard fighting, prudence led me - to be content with what had been gained._” - -The failure of Ewell to follow up the repulse and capture Cemetery Hill -and Culp’s Hill, defended by a weak line of the Union forces, enabled -the Union commanders to establish during the night a line of defence -that was secure against attack. By many military critics, this is -generally considered Lee’s lost opportunity. - - - Formation of Union Line. - -The retreating Union soldiers were met at East Cemetery Hill by Generals -Hancock and Howard, who directed them to positions, the 1st Corps on -Cemetery Ridge and Culp’s Hill, and the 11th on East Cemetery Hill. The -12th Corps arrived on the Baltimore Pike, and soon after Sickles’ 3rd -Corps came up from Emmitsburg. - -Hancock had been instructed by Meade to take command and report if he -thought the ground a suitable place to continue the battle. A -battle-line was at once established on Cemetery Ridge. Geary’s Division -of the 12th Corps was ordered to the extreme left to occupy Little Round -Top. Hancock sent word to General Meade that the position was strong, -but that it might be easily turned. He then turned over the command to -Slocum, his senior, and returned to Taneytown to report in person. Meade -had already ordered a rapid concentration of all his forces at -Gettysburg. - - [Illustration: Barlow’s Knoll.—The extreme right of the Union line - on the first day] - - - General Lee’s Report. - -For the day, the Confederate commander reported: - - “_The leading division of Hill met the enemy in advance of Gettysburg - on the morning of July 1. Driving back these troops to within a short - distance of the town, he there encountered a larger force, with which - two of his divisions became engaged. Ewell coming up with two of his - divisions by the Heidlersburg road, joined in the engagement. The - enemy was driven through Gettysburg with heavy loss, including about - 5,000 prisoners and several pieces of artillery. He retired to a high - range of hills south and east of the town. The attack was not pressed - that afternoon, the enemy’s force being unknown, and it being - considered advisable to await the arrival of the rest of our troops. - Orders were sent back to hasten their march, and, in the meantime, - every effort was made to ascertain the numbers and position of the - enemy, and find the most favorable point of attack. It had not been - intended to fight a general battle at such a distance from our base, - unless attacked by the enemy, but, finding ourselves unexpectedly - confronted by the Federal Army, it became a matter of difficulty to - withdraw through the mountains with our large trains.... Encouraged by - the successful issue of the engagement of the first day, and in view - of the valuable results that would ensue from the defeat of the army - of General Meade, it was thought advisable to renew the attack._” - - - - - FIRST DAY HIGHLIGHTS - - - Death of Major-General Reynolds - -Major-General John Fulton Reynolds, killed at Gettysburg while -commanding the 1st Corps, was born in Lancaster, Pa., on the 21st day of -September, 1820. His father, John Reynolds, also a native of Lancaster -County, was the son of William Reynolds, who came to America in 1760 -from Ireland. His mother’s maiden name was Lydia Moore, daughter of -Samuel Moore, who held a commission in the Revolutionary Army. He had an -elder brother, William, who served as Admiral in our Navy with great -distinction, and also two other brothers who served in the war, one as -paymaster, and the other, the youngest of the four, as -Quartermaster-General of Pennsylvania. - -William and John went first to an excellent school at Lititz, in -Lancaster County, going thence to Long Green, Md., and from there they -returned to the Lancaster Academy. Through the influence of James -Buchanan, they received appointments, one as midshipman in the Navy, and -the other as cadet at West Point. John was graduated from West Point on -June 22nd, 1841, at the age of twenty-one. He served with distinction -during the Mexican War, and at the outbreak of the Civil War entered the -Union Army. At the battle of Gaines’ Mill, on June 28th, 1862, he was -captured, and after a confinement of six weeks in Libby Prison, he was -exchanged for General Barksdale. - -General Reynolds was six feet tall, with dark hair and eyes. He was -erect in carriage and a superb horseman, so much at ease in the saddle -as to be able to pick a dime from the ground while riding at full speed. -He was killed in the grove now known as Reynolds’ Grove on the morning -of July 1st, between 10 and 11 o’clock, while directing the attack of -Meredith’s brigade against Archer’s Confederate brigade. His body was -first taken to the Seminary, and later to Lancaster, where it was -interred in the family graveyard. - - - The 26th Emergency Regiment - -The 26th Emergency Regiment met the advance of Gordon’s brigade of -Early’s Division of Ewell’s Corps in their advance into Gettysburg. -Company A consisted of students of the Lutheran Theological Seminary, -Pennsylvania (now Gettysburg) College, and citizens of the town. H. M. -M. Richards, of Company A gives the following sketch of the services of -the regiment: - -“Upon the first indication of an invasion of Pennsylvania, the 26th -Regiment, P. V. M., was organized and mustered into the United States -service at Harrisburg, under the command of Colonel W. W. Jennings of -that city. Company A of this regiment, to which I belonged, was composed -of students from the Lutheran Theological Seminary and the Pennsylvania -College at Gettysburg, and of citizens of the town; one other company -came from Hanover, but a few miles distant. - -“On June 23rd we left Harrisburg for Gettysburg, to be used, I believe, -as riflemen among the hills at or near Cashtown. A railroad accident -prevented this plan from being carried out, and kept us from reaching -Gettysburg until the 26th, by which time General Early had reached -Cashtown. In accordance with orders received from Major Granville O. -Haller, acting aide-de-camp to General Couch, commanding the Department -of the Susquehanna, we were marched out on the Chambersburg Pike at 10 -A.M., June 26th, for a distance of about three and a half miles, -accompanied by Major Robert Bell, who commanded a troop of horse, also -raised, I understand, in Gettysburg. Having halted, our colonel, -accompanied by Major Bell, rode to the brow of an elevation and there -saw General Early’s troops a few miles distant. - -“We, a few hundred men at most, were in the toils; what should be done? -We would gladly have marched to join the Army of the Potomac, under -Meade, but where was it? Our colonel, left to his own resources, wisely -decided to make an effort to return to Harrisburg, and immediately -struck off from the pike, the Confederates capturing many of our -rear-guard after a sharp skirmish, and sending their cavalry in pursuit -of us. These later overtook us in the afternoon at Witmer’s house, about -four and a half miles from Gettysburg on the Carlisle Road, where, after -an engagement, they were repulsed with some loss. After many -vicissitudes, we finally reached Harrisburg, having marched 54 out of 60 -consecutive hours, with a loss of some 200 men. - -“It should be added that Gettysburg, small town as it was, had already -furnished its quota to the army. Moreover, on the first day of the -battle, hundreds of the unfortunate men of Reynolds’s gallant corps were -secreted, sheltered, fed, and aided in every way by the men and women of -the town.” - - - The First Soldier Killed at Gettysburg - -George W. Sandoe, the first Union soldier killed at Gettysburg, was a -member of Company B Independent 21st Pennsylvania Cavalry. Upon arriving -at Gettysburg, June 26th, 1863, General Gordon sent out a picket line on -the Baltimore Pike. As these pickets reached the Nathaniel Lightner -property, George W. Sandoe and William Lightner, also a member of -Company B, approached the pike, coming across the McAllister field from -the direction of Rock Creek. Owing to a growth of bushes and trees along -the fence, they did not discover the Confederate pickets until they were -ordered to halt. Lightner at once jumped his horse across the fence and -escaped by riding rapidly down the pike. Sandoe’s horse fell in making -the leap, and in attempting to escape by riding back in the direction -from which he came, Sandoe was shot. He lies buried at Mount Joy Church, -in Mount Joy, Adams County. - - - A Mysterious Letter - -Having passed through Gettysburg on June 28th, General John B. Gordon, -of Lee’s army, went on to York and Wrightsville before returning on July -1st. In his “Reminiscences of the Gettysburg Campaign” he tells the -following story: - -“We entered the city of York on Sunday morning. Halting on the main -street, where the sidewalks were densely packed, I rode a few rods in -advance of my troops, in order to speak to the people from my horse. As -I checked him and turned my full dust-begrimed face upon a bevy of -ladies very near me, a cry of alarm came from their midst; but after a -few words of assurance from me, quiet and apparent confidence were -restored. I assured these ladies that the troops behind me, though -ill-clad and travel-stained, were good men and brave; that beneath their -rough exteriors were hearts as loyal to women as ever beat in the -breasts of honorable men; that their own experience and the experience -of their mothers, wives, and sisters at home had taught them how painful -must be the sight of a hostile army in their town; that under the orders -of the Confederate commander-in-chief both private property and -non-combatants were safe; that the spirit of vengeance and of rapine had -no place in the bosoms of these dust-covered but knightly men; and I -closed by pledging to York the head of any soldier under my command who -destroyed private property, disturbed the repose of a single home, or -insulted a woman. - -“As we moved along the street after this episode, a little girl, -probably twelve years of age, ran up to my horse and handed me a large -bouquet of flowers in the center of which was a note in delicate -handwriting, purporting to give the numbers and describe the position of -the Union forces of Wrightsville, toward which I was advancing. I -carefully read and reread this strange note. It bore no signature and -contained no assurance of sympathy for the Southern cause, but it was so -terse and explicit in its terms as to compel my confidence. The second -day we were in front of Wrightsville, and from the high ridge on which -this note suggested that I halt and examine the position of the Union -troops, I eagerly scanned the prospect with my field-glasses, in order -to verify the truth of the mysterious communication or detect its -misrepresentations. - -“There, in full view of us, was the town, just as described, nestling on -the banks of the Susquehanna. There was the blue line of soldiers -guarding the approach, drawn up, as indicated, along an intervening -ridge and across the pike. There was the long bridge spanning the -Susquehanna and connecting the town with Columbia on the other bank. -Most important of all, there was the deep gorge or ravine running off to -the right and extending around the left bank of the Federal line and to -the river below the bridge. Not an inaccurate detail in that note could -be discovered. I did not hesitate, therefore, to adopt its suggestion of -moving down the gorge in order to throw my command on the flank, or -possibly in the rear of the Union troops, and force them to a rapid -retreat or surrender. The result of this movement vindicated the -strategic wisdom of my unknown and—judging by the handwriting—woman -correspondent, whose note was none the less martial because embedded in -roses, and whose evident genius for war, had occasion offered, might -have made her a captain equal to Catherine.” - - - The Flag of the 16th Maine - -A marker showing the position of the 16th Maine Infantry Regiment on the -afternoon of the first day’s battle stands at the intersection of -Doubleday Avenue and the Mummasburg Road, and contains the following -inscription: - - Position Held July 1, 1863, at 4 o’Clock P.M. - by the 16th Maine Infantry - 1st Brig., 2nd Div., 1st Corps - -WHILE THE REST OF THE DIVISION WAS RETIRING, THE REGIMENT HAVING MOVED -FROM THE POSITION AT THE LEFT WHERE ITS MONUMENT STANDS, UNDER ORDERS TO -HOLD THIS POSITION AT ANY COST. - - It Lost on This Field - Killed 11, Wounded 62, Captured 159 - Out of 275 Engaged. - -When almost surrounded, the regiment withdrew to the left of the -railroad cut to help cover the withdrawal of Stewart’s battery, which -was also almost surrounded. The regiment had two flags, the Stars and -Stripes and the flag of Maine. - -Finally, assaulted by the flank and rear, they determined not to -surrender their colors, but tore them from their staffs and into small -bits, each man taking a star or a bit of silk which he placed in his -pocket. Some of these fragments were carried through the southern -prisons and finally home to Maine, where they are still treasured as -precious relics by the relatives and friends of the brave men of the -regiment. - - - The Barlow-Gordon Incident - -Barlow’s Knoll, a short distance northeast of Gettysburg, is named in -honor of Brigadier-General Francis C. Barlow, in command of the 1st -Division of the 11th Corps. In his “Reminiscences of the Civil War,” -General Gordon describes his meeting with Barlow: - -“Returning from the banks of the Susquehanna, and meeting at Gettysburg, -July 1, 1863, the advance of Lee’s forces, my command was thrown quickly -and squarely on the right flank of the Union Army. A more timely arrival -never occurred. The battle had been raging for four or five hours. The -Confederate General Archer, with a large part of his brigade, had been -captured. Heth and Scales, Confederate generals, had been wounded. The -ranking Union officer on the field, General Reynolds, had been killed, -and General Hancock was assigned to command. The battle, upon the issue -of which hung, perhaps, the fate of the Confederacy, was in full blast. -The Union forces, at first driven back, now reënforced, were again -advancing and pressing back Lee’s left and threatening to envelop it. -The Confederates were stubbornly contesting every foot of ground, but -the Southern left was slowly yielding. A few moments more and the day’s -battle might have been ended by a complete turning of Lee’s flank. I was -ordered to move at once to the aid of the heavily pressed Confederates. -With a ringing yell, my command rushed upon the line posted to protect -the Union right. Here occurred a hand-to-hand struggle. That protecting -Union line, once broken, left my command not only on the right flank, -but obliquely in rear of it. - -“Any troops that were ever marshalled would, under like conditions, have -been as surely and swiftly shattered. Under the concentrated fire from -front and flank, the marvel is that they escaped. In the midst of the -wild disorder in his ranks, and through a storm of bullets, a Union -officer was seeking to rally his men for a final stand. He, too, went -down pierced by a minie ball. Riding forward with my rapidly advancing -lines, I discovered that brave officer lying upon his back, with the -July sun pouring its rays into his pale face. He was surrounded by the -Union dead, and his own life seemed to be rapidly ebbing out. Quickly I -dismounted and lifted his head. I gave him water from my canteen, and -asked his name and the character of his wounds. He was Major-General -Francis C. Barlow, of New York, and of Howard’s Corps. The ball had -entered his body in front and passed out near the spinal cord, -paralyzing him in legs and arms. Neither of us had the remotest thought -that he could survive many hours. I summoned several soldiers who were -looking after the wounded, and directed them to place him upon a litter -and carry him to the shade in the rear. Before parting, he asked me to -take from his pocket a package of letters and destroy them. They were -from his wife. He had one request to make of me. That request was that, -if I lived to the end of the war and ever met Mrs. Barlow, I would tell -her of our meeting on the field of Gettysburg and his thoughts of her in -his last moments. He wished to assure me that he died doing his duty at -the front, that he was willing to give his life for his country, and -that his deepest regret was that he must die without looking upon her -face again. I learned that Mrs. Barlow was with the Union Army, and near -the battlefield. When it is remembered how closely Mrs. Gordon followed -me, it will not be difficult to realize that my sympathies were -especially stirred by the announcement that his wife was so near to him. -Passing through the day’s battle unhurt, I despatched, at its close, -under a flag of truce, the promised message to Mrs. Barlow. I assured -her that she should have safe escort to her husband’s side. - -“In the desperate encounters of the two succeeding days, and the retreat -of Lee’s army, I thought no more of Barlow, except to number him with -the noble dead of the two armies who have so gloriously met their fate. -The ball, however, had struck no vital point, and Barlow slowly -recovered, though his fate was unknown to me. The following summer, in -battles near Richmond, my kinsman with the same initials, General J. B. -Gordon of North Carolina, was killed. Barlow, who had recovered, saw the -announcement of his death, and entertained no doubt that he was the -Gordon whom he had met on the field of Gettysburg. To me, therefore, -Barlow was dead; to Barlow I was dead. Nearly fifteen years passed -before either of us was undeceived. During my second term in the United -States Senate, the Hon. Clarkson Potter of New York was the member of -the House of Representatives. He invited me to dinner in Washington to -meet a General Barlow who had served in the Union Army. Potter knew -nothing of the Gettysburg incident. I had heard that there was another -Barlow in the Union Army, and supposed of course, that it was this -Barlow with whom I was to dine. Barlow had a similar reflection as to -the Gordon he was to meet. Seated at Clarkson Potter’s table, I asked -Barlow: ‘General, are you related to the Barlow who was killed at -Gettysburg?’ He replied: ‘Why, I am the man, sir. Are you related to the -Gordon who killed me?’ ‘I am the man, sir,’ I responded. No words of -mine can convey any conception of the emotions awakened by these -startling announcements. Nothing short of an actual resurrection of the -dead could have amazed either of us more. Thenceforward, until his -untimely death in 1896, the friendship between us which was born amidst -the thunders of Gettysburg was cherished by both.” - - - General Ewell Is Hit by a Bullet - -General Gordon gives an account of an amusing incident of the first day: - -“Late in the afternoon of this first day’s battle, when the firing had -greatly decreased along most of the lines, General Ewell and I were -riding through the streets of Gettysburg. In a previous battle he had -lost one of his legs, but prided himself on the efficiency of the wooden -one which he used in its place. As we rode together, a body of Union -soldiers, posted behind some dwellings and fences on the outskirts of -the town, suddenly opened a brisk fire. A number of Confederates were -killed or wounded, and I heard the ominous thud of a minie ball as it -struck General Ewell at my side. I quickly asked: ‘Are you hurt, sir?’ -‘No, no,’ he replied; ‘I’m not hurt. But suppose that ball had struck -you: we would have had the trouble of carrying you off the field, sir. -You see how much better fixed I am for a fight than you are. It don’t -hurt a bit to be shot in a wooden leg.’ - -“Ewell was a most interesting and eccentric character. It is said that -in his early manhood he had been disappointed in a love affair, and had -never fully recovered from its effects. The fair maiden to whom he had -given his affections had married another man; but Ewell, like the truest -of knights, carried her image in his heart through long years. When he -was promoted to the rank of brigadier or major-general, he evidenced the -constancy of his affections by placing upon his staff the son of the -woman whom he had loved in his youth. The meddlesome Fates, who seem to -revel in the romances of lovers, had decreed that Ewell should be shot -in battle and become the object of solicitude and tender nursing by this -lady, Mrs. Brown, who had been for many years a widow. Her gentle -ministrations soothed his weary weeks of suffering, a marriage ensued, -and with it came the realization of Ewell’s long-deferred hope. He was a -most devoted husband. He never seemed to realize, however, that marriage -had changed her name, for he proudly presented her to his friends as ‘My -wife, Mrs. Brown, sir.’” - - - The School Teachers’ Regiment - -The 151st Pennsylvania Infantry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel George -F. McFarland, included Company D, made up mainly of the instructors and -students of the Lost Creek Academy, of McAlisterville, Juniata County, -of which Colonel McFarland was principal. For this reason it was called -the “Schoolteachers’ Regiment.” The material throughout was excellent, -many of the men being experienced marksmen. The regiment went into -battle with 21 officers and 446 men, and sustained a loss in killed, -wounded, and missing of 337, or over 75 per cent. - -The casualties of the 26th North Carolina Regiment, against which they -were engaged, were 588 out of 800, just about the same percentage. - -Colonel McFarland lost his right leg and had the left permanently -disabled, but survived until 1891. On the twenty-fifth anniversary of -the battle, he delivered the dedicatory address at the unveiling of the -regimental monument, exactly twenty-five years to the hour after his -engagement in battle. - - - An Incident of the First Day - -An incident, similar to that described by Browning in his poem “An -Incident of the French Camp,” occurred at the railroad cut early on the -first day. - -An officer of the 6th Wisconsin Regiment, active in the capture of the -Mississippians belonging to the 2nd and 42nd Regiments, who had taken -shelter in the railroad cut after turning the right of Cutler’s line, -approached Colonel Rufus R. Dawes after the engagement was over. Colonel -Dawes supposed, from the erect appearance of the man, that he had come -for further orders, but his compressed lips told a different story. With -great effort the officer said: “Tell them at home I died like a man and -a soldier.” He then opened his coat, showed a ghastly wound on his -breast, and dropped dead. - - [Illustration: Dormitory of Gettysburg College.—The dormitory of - Gettysburg (then Pennsylvania) College sheltered many Union and - Confederate wounded] - - - - - THE SECOND DAY - - -The scene of the engagements of the second and third days shifted to the -south and southeast of Gettysburg. General Meade arrived on the field -from his headquarters at Taneytown, Md., at 1 A.M., July 2nd, and -established his headquarters at the Leister House, on the Taneytown -Road, in rear of the line of the 2nd Corps. As soon as it was light he -inspected the position already occupied and made arrangements for -posting the several corps as they should reach the ground. - - - The Union Line of Battle. - -Starting on the right with Slocum’s 12th Corps, Williams’ Division -extended from Rock Creek by way of Spangler’s Spring to Culp’s Hill, -with Geary’s Division on the hill. The line between Culp’s Hill and -Cemetery Hill was held by Wadsworth’s Division of the 1st Corps. -Barlow’s Division of the 11th Corps under Ames was located at the foot -of East Cemetery Hill. Carman, Colgrove, Slocum, Geary, and Wainwright -avenues follow these lines of battle. - -On Cemetery Hill, across the Baltimore Pike, the line was held by Schurz -and on his left Steinwehr, both of the 11th Corps. Robinson’s Division -of the 1st Corps extended across the Taneytown Road to Ziegler’s Grove. -Beyond lay Hancock’s 2nd Corps, with the Divisions of Hays, Gibbon, and -Caldwell from right to left. To the left of Hancock, Sickles’ 3rd Corps, -consisting of the Divisions of Humphreys and Birney, prolonged the line -to the vicinity of Little Round Top. Beginning at the Taneytown Road, -Hancock and Sedgwick avenues follow these lines of battle. - -Arriving later in the day, the 5th Corps, under General Sykes, was -posted on the Baltimore Pike, at the Rock Creek crossing. Later it -occupied the ground about Round Top to the left of the 3rd Corps. The -6th Corps, under General Sedgwick, reaching the field still later after -a march of over 30 miles, was posted in reserve back of Round Top, from -which position portions were moved as circumstances demanded. The lines -held by the 5th and 6th Corps coincide with Sykes, Ayres, Wright, and -Howe Avenues. - - [Illustration: Stevens’ Knoll.—Arriving on Stevens’ Knoll at the end - of the first day, General Slocum brought supporting troops. The - lunettes protecting the cannon remain intact.] - -Gamble’s and Devin’s brigades of Buford’s Cavalry, which had had an -active part in the battle of the first day, were on the left between -Cemetery and Seminary Ridges until 10 A.M. when they were ordered, by -some mistake, to move to Westminster, Md., before the arrival of Gregg’s -Division on its way from Hanover, and Merritt’s brigade of Buford’s -Division from Mechanicsburg (now Thurmont), Md. - -General Meade’s line, shaped like a fishhook, was about 3 miles long. -The right faced east, the center over Cemetery Hill, north, and the left -from Cemetery Hill to Round Top nearly west. The whole line was -supported by artillery brigades belonging to the different corps. - - - Confederate Line of Battle. - -General Lee’s line was nearly the same shape as General Meade’s but, -being the outer line, was about 6 miles long. On the right, facing the -two Round Tops, were Hood’s and McLaws’ Divisions of Longstreet’s Corps. -On the left of McLaws, extending along the line of Seminary Ridge, were -the Divisions of Anderson and Pender of Hill’s Corps, with Heth’s -Division in the rear in reserve. On the left of Pender, extending -through the town along the line of West Middle Street, was Rodes’ -Division of Ewell’s Corps, then Early’s and Johnson’s Divisions, the -latter reaching to Benner’s Hill, east of Rock Creek. Pickett’s Division -of Longstreet’s Corps was at Chambersburg, guarding trains, and Law’s -Brigade of Hood’s Division of Longstreet’s Corps at New Guilford, -guarding the rear. The latter arrived at noon on the 2nd in time to -participate in the day’s engagement. Pickett’s Division arrived later -and was not engaged until the afternoon of the 3rd. The artillery was -posted according to the different corps to which it was attached. - -General Lee’s line coincides with the present West Confederate Avenue -along Seminary and Warfield or Snyder Ridges, west of the town, then -runs through the town to coincide with East Confederate Avenue. The -distance between the Union and Confederate lines is three-fourths of a -mile to a mile. - -Military critics agree that General Meade held the stronger position. -Both flanks presented precipitous and rocky fronts, difficult to attack, -and it was possible to send reinforcements by short distances from point -to point. - - - Sickles’ Change of Line. - -As already stated, General Sickles’ 3rd Corps was on the left of General -Hancock’s 2nd Corps on Cemetery Ridge, and Birney’s Division was near -the base of Little Round Top, replacing Geary’s Division after its -withdrawal to be posted on Culp’s Hill. Humphreys’ Division was on low -ground to the right between Cemetery Ridge and the Emmitsburg Road. - -Anxious to know what was in his front, Sickles sent the Berdan -Sharpshooters and the 3rd Maine Infantry forward on a reconnaissance. On -reaching the Pitzer Woods, beyond the Emmitsburg Road, they found the -Confederates there in force, and after a sharp engagement with Wilcox’s -Brigade, withdrew and reported. - -Believing that Lee planned a flank movement on his line, and that the -Emmitsburg Road afforded better positions for the artillery, Sickles -moved his Corps forward and posted Humphreys’ Division on the right -along the Emmitsburg Road and his left extending to the Peach Orchard. -Birney’s Division prolonged the line from the Peach Orchard across the -Wheatfield to Devil’s Den. This new line formed a salient at the Peach -Orchard and therefore presented two fronts, one to the west, the other -to the south. - -About 3 P.M. Sickles was called to General Meade’s headquarters to a -conference of corps commanders. Upon the sound of artillery, the -conference adjourned, and Meade, Sickles, and Warren, Meade’s Chief -Engineer, rode to inspect Sickles’ change of line. The artillery was -already engaged, and believing it too late to make any changes since the -enemy was present, Meade decided to attempt to hold the new position by -sending in supports. After reviewing the new line, General Warren left -the other members of the party and rode up Little Round Top. He found -the height unoccupied except by the personnel of a signal station. - - [Illustration: General Meade’s Statue.—General Meade viewed - Pickett’s Charge from the center of the Union line. This statue, - like those of Reynolds and Sedgwick, is the work of Henry K. - Bush-Brown.] - - - General Lee’s Plan. - -Lee as well as Meade occupied the forenoon in the arrangement of his -line of battle. After a conference with Ewell, he decided to attack -Meade’s left. In his report, Lee says: - - “_It was determined to make the principal attack upon the enemy’s - left, and endeavor to gain a position from which it was thought that - our artillery could be brought to bear with effect. Longstreet was - directed to place the division of McLaws and Hood on the right of - Hill, partially enveloping the enemy’s left, which he was to drive - in._ - - “_General Hill was ordered to threaten the enemy’s center to prevent - reinforcements being drawn to either wing, and coöperate with his - right division in Longstreet’s attack._ - - “_General Ewell was instructed to make a simultaneous demonstration - upon the enemy’s right, to be converted into a real attack should - opportunity offer._” - -When General Lee arranged this plan of attack he believed Meade’s left -terminated at the Peach Orchard; he did not know that Sickles’ advance -line extended to the left from the salient at the Peach Orchard to -Devil’s Den. In plain view of the Union signal station on Little Round -Top, some of his forces were compelled to make a wide detour via the -Black Horse Tavern on the Fairfield Road in order to avoid observation. - - - Little Round Top. - -Meanwhile, General Warren on Little Round Top saw the importance of the -hill as a tactical position on Meade’s left. The signal officers were -preparing to leave; he ordered them to remain and to keep waving their -flags so as to lead the Confederates to believe that the hill was -occupied. He dispatched a messenger to Devil’s Den, where a Union -battery was posted, with an order that a shot be fired to produce -confusion in the woods in front, through which Hood’s forces were -supposed to be advancing. Seeing the reflection of the sunlight from -Confederate muskets, he realized that if this important position were to -be held, it would be necessary to get troops there without delay. - -Quickly he sent a member of his staff to Sickles for troops. Sickles -said none could be spared. Warren sent another staff officer to Meade, -who immediately ordered Sykes to move his Corps to Little Round Top. -Barnes’ Division of this Corps had already been called for by Sickles to -defend his line, and three brigades, Vincent’s, Tilton’s, and -Sweitzer’s, were moving toward the Wheatfield. Learning of the need of -troops on Little Round Top, Vincent moved back, skirted the east side of -Little Round Top, and went into position between Little and Big Round -Top, arriving just before the Confederates from Hood’s right advanced -over Big Round Top. - -Having watched these movements, Warren rode down to the crossing of what -is now Sykes Avenue and the Wheatfield Road. There he met Colonel -O’Rorke, in command of the 140th New York, and ordered his regiment, -together with Hazlett’s battery, to the crest of the hill. With the -addition of Weed’s Brigade, the combined forces held the Round Tops. -There was a desperate engagement in which both contestants displayed -courage of a very high order. The Union soldiers were victorious, and -Meade’s left was secured against further attack. - - - The Peach Orchard and the Wheatfield. - -After the struggle for the possession of Little Round Top, the other -Confederate brigades of Hood and McLaws advanced rapidly. A lack of -coordination in their movement allowed Meade to bring up supports. Three -brigades of Anderson’s Division of Hill’s Corps advanced against -Humphreys’ line, in the following order: Wilcox, Perry, Wright. Wounded, -General Pender was unable to direct Posey and Mahone in support of -Wright, and Wright was obliged to withdraw. Humphreys was compelled to -change front in order to meet the assault on his flanks. This maneuver -served to stay the Confederate attack for a brief time. The Valley of -Death between the Round Tops and the opposite height was now a seething -mass of opposing forces, enshrouded in clouds of smoke. - -Meade had already depleted his right to support his left by withdrawing -all of Slocum’s 12th Corps except Greene’s Brigade. He now sent all of -the 5th Corps to the left and ordered Caldwell’s Division from the left -of Hancock’s 2nd Corps south of the Angle to the Wheatfield. Willard’s -Brigade on Hays’ line of the 2nd Corps was ordered to advance and oppose -the Confederate, Barksdale, who, after crossing the Emmitsburg Road -north of the Peach Orchard and the field beyond, reached Watson’s Union -battery posted on the Trostle farm. General Sickles was severely and -Barksdale mortally wounded. - - [Illustration: Wheatfield.—Scene of carnage on the second day] - -Wofford’s Brigade of McLaws’ Division broke through the salient at the -Peach Orchard and reached the valley between Devil’s Den and Little -Round Top, where they were met by a charge of the Pennsylvania Reserves -of Crawford’s Division, led by McCandless, some of whose men fought in -sight of their own homes. Wofford was obliged to withdraw to and beyond -the Wheatfield; the Reserves advanced across the valley from their -position on the north of Little Round Top and reached the stone wall on -the east side of the Wheatfield. Here they remained until after -Pickett’s charge on the 3rd, when they advanced against the Confederates -who had succeeded in regaining control of that part of the field. - -About the time when Sickles was wounded, Meade directed Hancock to -assume command of Sickles’ Corps in addition to his own. Meade in person -led Lockwood’s brigade, brought from the extreme right, against the -Confederate advance. Newton, now in command of the 1st Corps, sent in -Doubleday’s Division. With these troops Hancock checked the advance of -the Confederate brigades of Barksdale, Wilcox, Perry, and Wright, while -Sykes checked the advance of Hood and McLaws. Brigades of the 6th Corps -reached the field toward the close of the engagement. Withdrawing from -the Wheatfield Road, Bigelow’s battery made a determined stand at the -Trostle buildings and succeeded in checking the Confederate advance -until the gap on Sickles’ first line was protected by a line of guns. -Most of the Confederate brigades got no farther than Plum Run, except -Wright’s, which actually reached the line of guns on Hancock’s front -before it was obliged to withdraw. - -During the repulse of the Confederate advance, the 1st Minnesota -regiment of Harrow’s Brigade of Gibbon’s Division of Hancock’s Corps was -ordered by Hancock to oppose Wilcox’s and Perry’s Brigades, rapidly -advancing against Hancock’s left. The Minnesota regiment moved up at -once and succeeded in repelling the attack, but only after losing 82 per -cent of its men. - -Though seriously threatened, Meade’s line held, and after the repulse of -Wright, the attack ended. During the night the line was prolonged to the -top of Big Round Top. The Confederates remained west of Plum Run, except -at Big Round Top, where they intrenched along the western slope. - - - Ewell’s Attack on Meade’s Right. - -Ordered by Lee to begin his attack on Meade’s right at the same time as -Longstreet’s attack on Meade’s left, Ewell’s artillery on Benner’s Hill -opened fire on Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill where the Union forces were -posted and well protected with earthworks. On account of the destructive -fire from the Union batteries on East Cemetery Hill, Ewell lost most of -his guns, and no infantry advance was made until Longstreet’s assault -had ended. At sundown General Johnson’s infantry advanced against Culp’s -Hill, General Early against East Cemetery Hill. Rodes, who was directed -to move against West Cemetery Hill, was unable to obey instructions. -General Walker, who had been sent east to Brinkerhoff Ridge in the -forenoon, to guard Ewell’s flank, and who was expected to assist in this -attack, was prevented by meeting part of the Union cavalry of Gregg’s -Division that had arrived via Hanover on the forenoon of the 2nd. After -an engagement with Gregg, Walker moved up to assist Johnson, but too -late to be of service, as the attack on Culp’s Hill had ended. - -The attack was conducted with the greatest dash and daring, in part up -rough slopes of woodland over heaped boulders. On East Cemetery Hill the -fight among the Union guns was hand to hand, and clubbed muskets, -stones, and rammers were used to drive back the assailants. After sunset -a bright moon illuminated the field. The Union troops stood firm, and at -10 o’clock the Confederates desisted, having captured only a few Union -entrenchments. - - [Illustration: Monument of the Irish Brigade.—At the foot of the - Celtic Cross is the Irish wolfhound, symbolic of devotion.] - - - Situation at End of the Second Day. - -Lee’s assaults on Meade’s left had failed to accomplish anything -decisive. While Sickles’ advance-line was driven back and most of the -field, including the Peach Orchard, the Wheatfield, Devil’s Den, and the -base of Big Round Top, was occupied by the Confederates, Meade’s line -was practically intact from the crest of Big Round Top on the left to -near Spangler’s Spring on the right. On the slopes of Round Top, on -Cemetery Hill and Culp’s Hill, the advantage of the defensive positions -multiplied the forces of the defenders in comparison with the attackers -at least three to one. Prodigious deeds of valor were performed by both -armies, and courage of the highest order was displayed in attack and in -the defense. Casualties were very heavy on both sides. Meade estimated -that his losses were 65 per cent of the total for the three days. At the -end of the day he made the following report: - - “_July 2, 1863, 8_ P.M. _The enemy attacked me about 4_ P.M. _this - day, and, after one of the severest contests of the war, was repulsed - at all points. We have suffered considerably in killed and wounded. - Among the former are Brigadier Generals Paul and Zook, and among the - wounded are Generals Sickles, Barlow, Graham, and Warren slightly. We - have taken a large number of prisoners. I shall remain in my present - position tomorrow, but am not prepared to say, until better advised of - the condition of the army, whether my operations will be of an - offensive or defensive character._” - -Later in the night, at a council of war held by Meade with his corps -commanders—Gibbon, Williams, Sykes, Newton, Howard, Hancock, Sedgwick -and Slocum—sentiment favored remaining and fighting a defensive battle. -As Lee attacked both wings of Meade’s line on the 2nd it was expected -that if another attack were made it would be on the center. This -expectation was correct—Wright’s attack on the 2nd, when he succeeded in -reaching Meade’s line south of the Angle, led Lee to believe that this -was the most vulnerable point. - -General Lee had more definite plans: - - “_The result of this day’s operations induced the belief that, with - proper concert of action, and with the increased support that the - positions gained on the right would enable the artillery to render the - assaulting column, we should ultimately succeed, and it was - accordingly determined to continue the attack._” - -The general plan was unchanged. Longstreet, re-enforced by Pickett’s -three brigades, which arrived near the battlefield during the afternoon -of the 2nd, was ordered to attack the next morning, and General Ewell -was directed to assail the enemy’s right at the same time. The latter, -during the night, re-enforced General Johnson with three brigades from -Rodes’ and Early’s Divisions. - - - - - INCIDENTS OF THE SECOND DAY - - - The Roger House - -The Roger House is located on the west side of the Emmitsburg Road, -about a mile south of Gettysburg, midway between Meade’s line of battle -on Cemetery Ridge and Lee’s line on Seminary Ridge. On the afternoon of -July 2nd, after Sickles advanced his corps from its first position to -the Emmitsburg Road, it was surrounded by the right of the new line. The -1st Massachusetts Regiment, whose monument stands adjacent to the house, -held this part of the line, and was hotly engaged when the brigades of -Wilcox and Wright advanced during the assault of Longstreet on the Union -left on the afternoon of the 2nd. During Pickett’s Charge, on the -afternoon of the 3rd, the house was again surrounded by fighting men. - -While the battle raged on all sides, a granddaughter of the owner, Miss -Josephine Miller, remained, and, notwithstanding the great danger, baked -bread and biscuits for the hungry soldiers. In 1896, Miss Miller, then -Mrs. Slyder, paid a visit to her old home, and related the following -story of her experience to Mr. Wilfred Pearse, of Boston, Mass., a -visitor to Gettysburg at the same time. After his return he published -the following article. - -“The veterans of the 1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment will be glad to -learn that the only woman member of the 3rd Army Corps ‘Veterans’ -Association,’ Mrs. Slyder, née Miss Josephine Miller, granddaughter of -farmer Roger, owner of the farm near which the 1st Massachusetts -monument stands, is visiting her old home on the battleground where she -stood from sunrise to sunset for two days of the battle making hot -biscuits for the Boys in Blue. She refused to take money for the bread, -and refused to stop her work even when Confederate shells were bursting -around the house. She told me the other day that when her stock of flour -was almost exhausted six members of the 1st Massachusetts kindly -volunteered to go out and steal three sacks of flour from General -Sickles’ commissary stores. In an hour’s time they returned with flour, -raisins, currants, and a whole sheep, with which a rattling good meal -was made. - -“The old range still stands in the kitchen, and in it, at the last -reunion of the 3rd Corps, Mrs. Slyder cooked a dinner for General -Sickles.” - - - Spangler’s Spring - -This spring, which takes its name from Abraham Spangler, its owner at -the time of the battle, is located at the southeast corner of Culp’s -Hill. Inasmuch as it was used by soldiers of both armies during the -battle, and since then by thousands of tourists, it is an interesting -feature of the field. Only during the drought of 1930 has it failed to -give forth a copious flow of cool, pure water. At the time of the battle -it was surrounded by a wall of flat stones with a flagstone cover over -the top. These were removed and a canopy top erected. - -The 12th Corps of the Army of the Potomac occupied this part of Meade’s -line on the night of the first day and until the afternoon of the 2nd, -when the troops were ordered to the left to help repel Longstreet’s -assault. Until this time the spring was used only by the Union troops. -During their absence, the Confederates under Johnson moved up and took -possession of part of the vacated line. In the early morning of the -third day, the Union forces, who had returned from the left during the -night of the 2nd, attacked Johnson, drove him out and succeeded in -regaining possession of the line that had been vacated by them on the -afternoon of the 2nd, including the spring. - -The story that a truce was entered into between the opposing forces on -the night of the 2nd and that they met in large numbers at the spring to -get water is a mistake. The captured and wounded of the Union forces -were allowed access to it along with the Confederates who were there at -the time, but there was no truce. When armies were encamped, pickets -from the opposing lines would sometimes get together, usually to trade -coffee and tobacco, but this was never done when a battle was in -progress. - - [Illustration: Spangler’s Spring.—Spangler’s Spring was used first - by the Union, then by the Confederate troops, and since by thousands - of tourists] - -The following extract from the address of Captain Joseph Matchett at the -dedication of the monument erected by the 46th Pennsylvania Infantry -Regiment, shows that there was no truce: - -“Some time in the night (2nd), we were ordered to return to our works on -Culp’s Hill. It seems Captain Selfridge of Company H had taken some of -his men’s canteens and gone ahead to Spangler’s Spring to fill them, -when he discovered ‘Johnnies’ also filling their canteens. He backed out -with the best grace he could command, and reported it to the colonel. -Colonel McDougall, the brigade commander, did not believe it and got -very angry, but the colonel of the regiment insisted on deploying his -men, and sent a skirmish line, who found the enemy as stated and saved -many lives.” - - - Colonel Avery’s Lost Grave - -Among those who faced death in the desperate charge on the Union right -on East Cemetery Hill, July 2nd, Colonel I. E. Avery, of North Carolina, -in command of Hoke’s brigade, bore a gallant part. At the head of the -column he led his men up the slope of Cemetery Hill and, a conspicuous -mark, fell mortally wounded. - -Unable to speak, he drew a card from his pocket and wrote the following: -“Tell father that I died with my face toward the enemy.” In the retreat -from Gettysburg, his body was taken along to be delivered to his family, -but when the army reached Williamsport the Potomac was too high to -cross. There, in the cemetery overlooking the river, the remains were -interred in an oak coffin under a pine tree. He was buried in his -uniform by the men who saw him fall. - -Thirty years after, Judge A. C. Avery, of the Supreme Court of North -Carolina, a resident of Morgantown, and Captain J. A. McPherson of -Fayette, N. C., both veterans of the Confederacy, came to Williamsport -with the object of locating Colonel Avery’s grave. Their search was -fruitless. - - - The Leister House - -On his arrival, General Meade established his headquarters at the -Leister House, one of the oldest houses in the community, located at the -intersection of Meade Avenue and the Taneytown Road. At the time of the -battle it was the property of a widow, Mrs. Leister. It now belongs to -the Government, and a bronze plate marks it as Meade’s Headquarters. It -is built of logs, chinked and weatherboarded with rough pine boards, -pierced by bullet-holes and scarred by shells. - -Inside there are two rooms, a small kitchen at the west, and a larger -room at the east. In the latter, Meade held a council of war after the -battle of the 2nd had ended, summoning his Corps commanders between 9 -and 10 o’clock to consult them as to what action, if any, should be -taken on the 3rd. Generals Sedgwick, Slocum, Hancock, Howard, Sykes, -Newton, Birney, Williams, and Gibbon were present. The following -questions were asked: - -(1) Under existing circumstances is it advisable for this army to remain -in its present position, or to retire to another nearer its base of -supplies? - -(2) It being determined to remain in present position, shall the army -attack or wait the attack of the enemy? - -(3) If we wait attack, how long? - -_Replies_: - -Gibbon: (1) Correct position of the army, but would not retreat. (2) In -no condition to attack, in his opinion. (3) Until he moves. - -Williams: (1) Stay. (2) Wait attack. (3) One day. - -Birney and Sykes: Same as General Williams. - -Newton: (1) Correct position of the army, but would not retreat. (2) By -all means not attack. (3) If we wait it will give them a chance to cut -our line. - -Howard: (1) Remain. (2) Wait attack until 4 P.M. tomorrow. (3) If don’t -attack, attack them. - -Hancock: (1) Rectify position without moving so as to give up field. (2) -Not attack unless our communications are cut. (3) Can’t wait long; can’t -be idle. - -Sedgwick: (1) Remain. (2) Wait attack. (3) At least one day. - -Slocum: (1) Stay and fight it out. - -The unanimous opinion of the council was to stay and await attack. Just -as the council broke up, General Meade said to Gibbon, “If Lee attacks -tomorrow, it will be on your front. He has made attacks on both our -flanks and failed, and if he concludes to try it again it will be on our -center.” The attack of Lee on the 3rd was made where Meade expected. - -During the forenoon of the third day, conditions at headquarters were -generally quiet. In the afternoon, when the Confederate artillery on -Seminary Ridge opened fire as a prelude to Pickett’s Charge, it was -directed mainly against the left center of the Union line on Cemetery -Ridge. As the location of Meade’s headquarters was in the immediate -rear, just under the crest of the ridge, much damage was done by the -hail of shot and shell that crossed the ridge. A shell exploded in the -yard among the staff officers’ horses tied to the fence, and a number of -them were killed, while still other horses were killed in the rear of -the building. Several members of the headquarters’ guard were slightly -wounded. - -George G. Meade, a grandson of General Meade, in his interesting -narrative “With Meade at Gettysburg,” tells the following story: - -“During this rain of Confederate shell, and while Meade, deep in -thought, was walking up and down this little back yard between the house -and the Taneytown Road, he chanced to notice that some of his staff, -during the enforced inactivity while waiting the pleasure of their -general, were gradually and probably unconsciously edging around the -side of the house. - -“‘Gentlemen,’ he said, stopping and smiling pleasantly, ‘Are you trying -to find a safer place? You remind me of the man who was driving the -ox-cart which took ammunition for the heavy guns on the field of Palo -Alto. Finding himself within range, he tilted up his cart and got behind -it. Just then General Taylor came along, and seeing the attempt at -shelter, shouted, “You damned fool; don’t you know you are no safer -there than anywhere else?” The driver replied, “I don’t suppose I am, -General, but it kind o’ feels so.”’” - -As the firing still continued it was decided to move the headquarters -several hundred yards south on the Taneytown Road, to a barn on the -Cassatt property. There a Confederate shell exploded and wounded General -Butterfield, the chief of staff, who was obliged to leave the field and -was unable to return that day. After remaining a short time, General -Meade and staff removed to General Slocum’s headquarters at Powers’ -Hill, along the Baltimore Pike, moving there by way of Granite Lane. - - - The Louisiana Tigers - -Major Chatham R. Wheat’s battalion of Louisiana Infantry was organized -in New Orleans in May, 1861. Their first engagement was in the first -battle of Bull Run, where Major Wheat was shot through both lungs. After -his recovery, he re-entered the service and took an active part in -command of the battalion in the defense of Richmond in 1863 against the -advance of the Union forces under McClellan. During this campaign the -battalion became known as “The Louisiana Tigers” on account of their -desperate fighting qualities. At the battle of Gaines Mill, Major Wheat -and several other leading officers of the battalion were killed, and the -loss of the organization was very heavy. It was then broken up and the -survivors distributed among the other Louisiana regiments, of Hays’ -brigade of Early’s Division, and Nicholls’ brigade of Johnson’s Division -of Ewell’s Corps. A number of them were in the battle of Gettysburg with -these brigades, but not as the separate organization originally known as -“The Louisiana Tigers.” This designation was given to all the Louisiana -troops after the original battalion was discontinued. The story -sometimes told, that 1,700 Louisiana Tigers attacked East Cemetery Hill -on July 2nd, that all but 300 were killed or captured, and that the -organization was unknown afterward, is not correct. - - - General Meade’s “Baldy” - -In the first great battle of the Civil War, at Bull Run, there was a -bright bay horse with white face and feet. He, as well as his rider, was -seriously wounded and the horse was turned back to the quartermaster to -recover. In September General Meade bought him and named him “Baldy.” -Meade became deeply attached to the horse but his staff officers soon -began to complain of his peculiar racking gait which was hard to follow. -Faster than a walk and slow for a trot, it compelled the staff -alternately to trot and walk. - -“Baldy” was wounded twice at the first battle of Bull Run; he was at the -battle of Drainsville; he took part in two of the seven days’ fighting -around Richmond in the summer of 1862; he carried his master at -Groveton, August 29th; at the second battle of Bull Run; at South -Mountain and at Antietam. In the last battle he was left on the field -for dead, but in the next Federal advance he was discovered quietly -grazing on the battleground with a deep wound in his neck. He was -tenderly cared for and soon was fit for duty. He bore the general at the -battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. For two days he was -present at Gettysburg, where he received his most grievous wound from a -bullet entering his body between the ribs and lodging there. Meade would -not part with him and kept him with the army until the following spring. - -In the preparations of the Army of the Potomac for the last campaign, -“Baldy” was sent to pasture at Downingtown, Pa. After the surrender of -Lee at Appomattox, Meade hurried to Philadelphia where he again met his -faithful charger, fully recovered. For many years the horse and the -general were inseparable companions, and when Meade died in 1872, -“Baldy” followed the hearse. Ten years later he died, and his head and -two fore-hoofs were mounted and are now cherished relics of the George -G. Meade Post, Grand Army of the Republic, in Philadelphia. - - - General Lee’s “Traveller” - -The most famous of the steeds in the stables of General Lee, was -“Traveller,” an iron-gray horse. He was raised in Greenbriar County, -Virginia, near Blue Sulphur Springs, and as a colt won first prize at a -fair in Lewisburg. When hostilities commenced, Traveller, then called -“Jeff Davis,” was owned by Major Thomas L. Broun, who had paid $175 in -gold for him. In the spring of 1862, Lee bought him for $200 and changed -his name to “Traveller.” - -“Traveller” was the especial companion of the general. His fine -proportions attracted immediate attention. He was gray in color, with -black points, a long mane, and flowing tail. He stood sixteen hands -high, and was five years old in the spring of 1862. His figure was -muscular, with deep chest and short back, strong haunches, flat legs, -small head, quick eyes, broad forehead, and small feet. His rapid, -springy step and bold carriage made him conspicuous. On a long and -tedious march he easily carried Lee’s weight at five or six miles an -hour without faltering and at the end of the day’s march seemed to be as -fresh as at the beginning. The other horses broke down under the strain -and each in turn proved unequal to the rigors of war, but “Traveller” -sturdily withstood the hardships of the campaigns in Virginia, Maryland, -and Pennsylvania. When, in April, 1865, the last battle of the Army of -Northern Virginia had been fought and Lee rode to the McLean House at -Appomattox Court House, he was astride “Traveller” who carried him back -to his waiting army, and then to Richmond. When Lee became a private -citizen and retired to Washington and Lee University as its president, -the veteran war-horse was still with him, and as the years passed and -both master and servant neared life’s ending, they became more closely -attached. As the funeral cortege accompanied Lee to his last -resting-place, “Traveller” marched behind the hearse. After -“Traveller’s” death, his skeleton was mounted and is on exhibition in -the museum in the chapel on the campus of Washington and Lee University. - - [Illustration: A Union Battery, in action on the afternoon of the - second day] - - - - - THE THIRD DAY - - -The first engagement on the third day was a continuation and conclusion -of the attack and defense of Meade’s right. His forces, returning from -the left, where they had been sent on the afternoon of the 2nd, found -part of their earthworks in possession of the enemy. At daybreak -preparations were made to recapture the lost entrenchments. By 10.30 the -effort was successful, and Meade’s line was once more intact from end to -end. - - - Second Battle at Culp’s Hill. - -This action on the morning of the 3rd was one of the most hotly -contested of the battle. The Confederate losses in killed were almost -the same as those of Pickett’s Division in the attack on Meade’s left -center in the afternoon. Meade’s losses were comparatively light, as his -line was well protected by the line of earthworks. So intense was the -artillery and musketry fire that hundreds of trees were shattered. After -the repulse, Johnson’s forces were withdrawn, and this ended their -participation in the battle. - - - Meade’s Line of the Third Day. - -After the engagement on the morning of the 2nd, the 12th Corps -reoccupied its original line, beginning on the right at Spangler’s Hill -and extending to and over Culp’s Hill. Wadsworth’s Division of the 1st -Corps retained its position of the 2nd, between Culp’s Hill and Barlow’s -Division under Ames of the 11th Corps, at the foot of East Cemetery -Hill. Barlow’s Division was strengthened by a brigade of the 2nd Corps. -Doubleday’s Division of the 1st Corps, which had taken the position of -Caldwell’s Division on the left of the 2nd Corps, remained. Caldwell was -posted so as to support the artillery reserve to the left of Doubleday. - -The other divisions of the 1st and 2nd Corps remained in the positions -they occupied on the morning of the 2nd. The 5th Corps extended the line -from the left of the artillery reserve to Big Round Top. Some of the -brigades of the 6th Corps were put in position as local reserves and -others to protect the flanks of the line. The 3rd Corps was posted in -rear of the center as a general reserve. A detachment of cavalry was in -reserve in rear of the 2nd Corps at the Angle. Few changes were made in -the artillery positions. Beginning at Cemetery Hill and extending to -Little Round Top, about ninety guns, under General Hunt, were in -position to operate. - - [Illustration: Meade’s Headquarters.—The Leister House, General - Meade’s headquarters until the artillery fire on the third day - compelled him to move] - - - Lee’s Line of the Third Day. - -Beginning on the right, Longstreet’s Corps held the ground west of Plum -Run, including the base of Big Round Top, Devil’s Den, and the Peach -Orchard. Pickett’s Division, after its arrival on the field on the -morning of the 3rd, took the place of Anderson in reserve. Heth’s and -Pender’s Divisions extended the line to the left on Seminary Ridge, -connecting with part of Rodes’ Division in the western part of the town. -Early’s and Johnson’s Divisions, after the engagement on the morning of -the 3rd, held their positions of the 2nd. Changes in the positions of -the batteries of artillery were made on the morning of the 3rd. A total -of 138 guns were in position to operate. Those on the right were in -charge of Colonel E. P. Alexander; those on the left under Colonel R. L. -Walker. - - - The Bliss Buildings. - -After the end of the engagement at Culp’s Hill at 10.30 A.M. there was a -short battle for the capture of the Bliss house and barn, midway between -the lines in front of Ziegler’s Grove. These buildings were occupied by -Confederate sharpshooters, who were causing considerable loss in Hays’ -line of the 2nd Corps at the grove. Two regiments were sent forward, the -12th New Jersey and the 14th Connecticut, and the buildings were -captured and burned. - - - The Artillery Duel. - -Until 1 o’clock there was comparative quiet. It was ended on the stroke -of the hour by two guns of Miller’s battery belonging to the Washington -artillery of New Orleans, posted near the Peach Orchard, and fired in -rapid succession as a signal to the Confederate artillery. - -The Confederate Colonel Alexander says: - - “_At exactly 1 o’clock by my watch the two signal guns were heard in - quick succession. In another minute every gun was at work. The enemy - was not slow in coming back at us, and the grand roar of nearly the - whole of both armies burst in on the silence._ - - “_The enemy’s position seemed to have broken out with guns everywhere, - and from Round Top to Cemetery Hill was blazing like a volcano._” - -The artillery duel was but a preface, intended to clear the ground for -the infantry action to follow. The order had already been given by -Longstreet to Alexander: - - “_Colonel: The intention is to advance the infantry if the artillery - has the desired effect of driving the enemy off, or having other - effect such as to warrant us in making the attack. When the moment - arrives advise General Pickett, and of course advance such artillery - as you can use in making the attack._” - -General Wright, who was present when this order was received, expressed -doubt as to whether the attack could be successfully made. He said: - - “_It is not so hard to go there as it looks; I was nearly there with - my brigade yesterday. The trouble is to stay there. The whole Yankee - army is there in a bunch._” - -For one and a half hours the air was filled with screaming, whistling -shot and shell. An occasional Whitworth missile, from Oak Hill on the -north, made, on account of its peculiar form, a noise that could be -heard above the din of all others. The headquarters of General Meade at -the Leister House formed a concentric point continually swept with a -storm of shot and shell. Headquarters were therefore moved to Slocum’s -headquarters at Powers’ Hill, along the Baltimore Pike. - - [Illustration: Locations, Buildings and Avenues as referred to in “The - Battle of Gettysburg” - High-resolution Map] - -Batteries on the Union line, especially at the Angle, were badly -damaged, and General Hunt had others brought forward with additional -supplies of ammunition. On the whole the losses inflicted upon the Union -infantry were comparatively light. The stone wall and the undulations of -the ground afforded protection, as most of the men were lying down. - -After the artillery had operated for about an hour and a half, Meade and -Hunt deemed it prudent to stop the fire, in order to cool the guns, save -ammunition, and allow the atmosphere between the lines to clear of the -dense cloud of smoke before the expected attack was made. This pause in -the fire led the Confederates to believe that the Union line was -demoralized, and that the opportune time had arrived for the onset of -the infantry. Accordingly, they moved forward and Pickett’s Charge was -on. - -At the signal station on Little Round Top, General Warren and others saw -gray infantry moving out across the plain in front of the Spangler -Woods. Warren at once wig-wagged to General Hunt: - - “_They are moving out to attack._” - -This message was passed from man to man along the entire Union line. - - [Illustration: Devil’s Den.—Hid among the rocks of Devil’s Den, - Confederate sharpshooters picked off officers and men occupying - Little Round Top] - - - Pickett’s Charge. - -Pickett’s Division of Longstreet’s Corps was moved from the rear to the -ravine in front of the Spangler Woods and placed in line as follows: -Kemper on the right; Garnett on the left in the front line; Armistead in -the rear, overlapping Kemper’s left and Garnett’s right, in the second -line. On the left of Garnett was ranged Archer’s Brigade of Hill’s Corps -under Frye, then Pettigrew’s Brigade under Marshall. Next to Marshall -came Davis’ Brigade of Hill’s Corps, and on the extreme left -Brockenbrough’s Brigade, also of Hill’s Corps. In the rear of the right -of Pickett were the brigades of Wilcox and Perry of Hill’s Corps and in -the rear of Pettigrew were the brigades of Scales and Lane of Hill’s -Corps, in command of Trimble. - -The column of assault consisted of 42 regiments—19 Virginia, 15 North -Carolina, 2 Alabama, 3 Tennessee, and 3 Mississippi—a total of about -15,000 men. - -In addition to the artillery fire, they encountered 27 regiments—9 of -New York, 5 of Pennsylvania, 3 of Massachusetts, 3 of Vermont, 1 of -Michigan, 1 of Maine, 1 of Minnesota, 1 of New Jersey, 1 of Connecticut, -1 of Ohio, and 1 of Delaware—a total of 9,000 to 10,000 men. - -In advance of the assaulting column a strong skirmish line was deployed. -A skirmish line was also deployed in front of Meade’s line, which fell -back as the assaulting column drew near. - - - The Advance. - -General Longstreet ordered General Alexander, Chief of Artillery, to -watch the havoc wrought in the Union line and signify the moment for -advance. - -General Alexander says: - - “_Before the cannonade opened I made up my mind to give the order to - advance within fifteen or twenty minutes after it began. But when I - looked at the full development of the enemy’s batteries and knew that - his infantry was generally protected from fire by stone walls and - swells of the ground, I could not bring myself to give the word._ - - “_I let the 15 minutes pass, and 20, and 25, hoping vainly for - something to turn up. Then I wrote to Pickett: ‘If you are coming at - all, come at once, or I cannot give you proper support; but the - enemy’s fire has not slackened at all; at least eighteen guns are - still firing from the cemetery itself.’_ - - “_Five minutes after sending that message, the enemy’s fire suddenly - began to slacken, and the guns in the cemetery limbered up and vacated - the position._ - - “_Then I wrote to Pickett: ‘Come quick; eighteen guns are gone; unless - you advance quick, my ammunition won’t let me support you properly.’_ - - “_Pickett then rode forward, and on meeting Longstreet said: ‘General, - shall I advance?’ Longstreet nodded his assent and the column moved - forward._” - -The column passed through the line of guns, fifteen or eighteen of which -had been ordered to follow. Meanwhile the eighteen Union guns that were -withdrawn were replaced by others. The Union line was once more intact, -and it opened a terrific fire against the rapidly moving columns of -assault. As the Confederates continued to advance, their courage -unaffected in face of the tremendous fire of both artillery and -infantry, their enemies were filled with admiration. - -At the Emmitsburg Road, where post-and-rail fences had to be crossed, -the line was broken, but only for a moment. The musketry fire from the -Union line was so heavy that the attacking column was unable to maintain -a regular alignment, and when the Angle was reached the identity of the -different brigades was lost. - -Armistead’s Brigade forged to the front at the Angle, and, reaching the -wall, Armistead raised his hat on his sword and said: - - “_Give them the cold steel, boys!_” - -With a few men he advanced to Cushing’s guns, where he fell, mortally -wounded. Cushing also was mortally wounded. Garnett, who was mounted, -was killed a short distance from the wall. Kemper was badly wounded. -Pickett lost all of his field officers but one. The Union Generals -Hancock and Gibbon were wounded at the same time. For a short time the -struggle was hand to hand. - -To the right of the Angle most of the brigades on Pickett’s left reached -the stone wall on Hays’ front at Ziegler’s Grove, but were obliged to -retreat after meeting a withering fire both in front and on flank. - -The brigades of Wilcox and Perry, in the rear of Pickett’s right, did -not move until after the advance lines were part way across. Because of -a misunderstanding, a gap was opened between Pickett’s right and -Wilcox’s left. At once Stannard’s Vermont Brigade of the 1st Corps -attacked both Pickett’s right and Wilcox’s left. - -General Pickett, who had reached the Codori buildings, saw that the -assaulting forces were unable to accomplish the object of the charge, -and ordered a retreat. It was accomplished, but with heavy losses. - -Both commanding officers witnessed the retreat: General Meade from where -his statue stands east of the Angle, and General Lee from the position -of his statue north of the Spangler Woods. - - [Illustration: Whitworth Guns.—These two Whitworths, imported from - England by the Confederates, were the only breech-loading guns used - in the battle] - - - Engagements on the Union Left. - -While Pickett’s Charge was under way, the Pennsylvania Reserves, under -McCandless, charged from the stone wall on the east side of the -Wheatfield and regained possession of Devil’s Den and adjacent territory -held by Longstreet’s forces since the engagement of the afternoon of the -2nd. Farther south, between Big Round Top and the line held by -Longstreet’s right, a cavalry charge was made by Farnsworth’s Brigade of -Kilpatrick’s Division. Farnsworth was killed. Merritt’s Brigade of -Buford’s Division, which reached the field on the 3rd, engaged some of -Longstreet’s troops along the Emmitsburg Road. The accomplished object -of these movements was to prevent Longstreet from giving assistance to -the charge of Pickett on Meade’s center. - - - The Cavalry Fight on the Right Flank. - -As already noted, General Stuart in his movement in rear of the Army of -the Potomac with three brigades of cavalry—Fitzhugh Lee’s, Wade -Hampton’s, and Chambliss’—reached Hanover on June 30th, fought a battle -in the streets, and moved on to Carlisle on the afternoon of July 1st. -There he got in touch with the main Confederate Army, with which he had -been out of communication for seven days. - -After an encounter with a portion of Kilpatrick’s forces at Hunterstown -on the afternoon of July 2nd, he moved up to a position between the -Hunterstown and Harrisburg roads on Ewell’s left, expecting to reach -Meade’s rear about the time of Pickett’s Charge on Meade’s front. He was -joined by Jenkins’ Confederate Brigade of mounted infantry armed with -Enfield rifles. Jenkins was wounded at Hunterstown, and the brigade and -the command fell to Colonel Ferguson. - -General Gregg, in command of the 2nd Cavalry Division of the Union Army, -reached the field east of Gettysburg at the intersection of the Hanover -and Low Dutch roads at 11 A.M. on July 2nd. In the afternoon he halted a -movement of Walker’s brigade of Johnson’s Division, Ewell’s Corps, in -their movement from Brinkerhoff Ridge to assist in the attack on Meade’s -right at Culp’s Hill. He bivouacked for the night near the bridge across -White Run. On the morning of the 3rd he returned to the position of the -2nd, and took an active part in the cavalry fight on the right flank at -the time of Pickett’s Charge. In the afternoon, in the important -engagement on East Cavalry Field he successfully opposed General Stuart -in his efforts to get behind the Union line. - - - The Location. - -East Cavalry Field is 3 miles east of Gettysburg and includes the -territory lying between the York Pike on the north and the Hanover Road -on the south. On the east it is bounded by the Low Dutch Road which -intersects the Baltimore Pike at its southern end, and the York Pike at -its northern end. Brinkerhoff Ridge, which crosses the Hanover Road at -right angles about 1½ miles east of the town, forms its boundary on the -west. Cress Ridge is formed by the elevation between Cress’s Run on the -west and Little’s Run on the east. Both ridges right angle across the -Hanover Road. - -All the positions held by troops have been marked and the entire field -is readily accessible over well-built roads and avenues. Because of its -partial isolation from the principal fields, this important area is not -visited as frequently as it should be. - - - General Stuart’s Plan. - -General Stuart did not wish to bring on a general engagement. He -expected his skirmishers to keep the Union Cavalry engaged while his -other forces were moving undiscovered toward the rear of Meade’s line. -He says in his report: - - “_On the morning of July 3, pursuant to instructions from the - commanding general, I moved forward to a position to the left of Gen. - Ewell’s left, and in advance of it, where a commanding ridge (Cress - Ridge) completely controlled a wide plain of cultivated fields - stretching toward Hanover, on the left, and reaching to the base of - the mountain spurs, among which the enemy held position. My command - was increased by the addition of Jenkins’ Brigade, who here in the - presence of the enemy allowed themselves to be supplied with but 10 - rounds of ammunition, although armed with approved Enfield muskets._ - - “_I moved this command and W. H. F. Lee’s secretly through the woods - to a position, and hoped to effect a surprise upon the enemy’s rear, - but Hampton’s and Fitz Lee’s Brigades, which had been ordered to - follow me, unfortunately debouched into the open ground, disclosing - the movement, and causing a corresponding movement of a large force of - the enemy’s cavalry._” - -It was the advance of Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee which caused Stuart’s -plans to miscarry. - - [Illustration: Reaching East Cemetery Hill on the afternoon of the - first day, General Hancock took command of the Union troops. On the - second day the guns pointed downward to meet the onslaught of the - Confederates] - - [Illustration: Little Round Top.—Its strategic importance was seen - by General Warren who commanded it to be fortified and held] - - - General Gregg’s Report. - -On the Union side, General D. McM. Gregg had under his command three -brigades of cavalry—one in command of General George A. Custer, who -later was responsible for “Custer’s Last Charge” in Indian warfare. -General Gregg’s report gives a brief description of the many charges and -countercharges: - - “_A strong line of skirmishers displayed by the enemy was evidence - that the enemy’s cavalry had gained our right, and were about to - attack, with the view of gaining the rear of our line of battle. The - importance of successfully resisting an attack at this point, which, - if succeeded in by the enemy, would have been productive of the most - serious consequences, determined me to retain the brigade of the Third - Division until the enemy were driven back. General Custer, commanding - the brigade, fully satisfied of the intended attack, was well pleased - to remain with his brigade. The First New Jersey Cavalry was posted as - mounted skirmishers to the right and front in a wood. The Third - Pennsylvania Cavalry deployed as dismounted skirmishers to the left - and front in open fields, and the First Maryland on the Hanover - turnpike, in position to protect the right of my line._ - - “_The very superior force of dismounted skirmishers of the enemy - advanced on our left and front required the line to be re-enforced by - one of General Custer’s regiments. At this time the skirmishing became - very brisk on both sides, and the artillery fire was begun by the - enemy and ourselves. During the skirmish of the dismounted men, the - enemy brought upon the field a column for a charge. The charge of this - column was met by the Seventh Michigan Cavalry, of the First (Second) - Brigade, Third Division, but not successfully. The advantage gained in - this charge was soon wrested from the enemy by the gallant charge of - the First Michigan, of the same brigade. This regiment drove the enemy - back to his starting point, the enemy withdrew to his left, and on - passing the wood in which the First New Jersey Cavalry was posted, - that regiment gallantly and successfully charged the flank of his - column. Heavy skirmishing was still maintained by the Third - Pennsylvania Cavalry with the enemy, and was continued until - nightfall. During the engagement, a portion of this regiment made a - very handsome and successful charge upon one of the enemy’s regiments. - The enemy retired his column behind his artillery, and at dark - withdrew from his former position. The fire of the artillery during - this engagement was the most accurate that I have ever seen._” - -Stuart’s forces numbered about 7,000, and Gregg and Custer’s about -5,000. - - - Lee’s Retreat. - -On the night of the 3rd, Lee withdrew all his forces to Seminary and -Snyder ridges. Orders were issued and instructions given for the retreat -to the Potomac River at Williamsport and Falling Waters. The effectives -moved to Fairfield over the Hagerstown or Fairfield Road. The -wagon-train, 17 miles long, with the wounded, was moved by way of the -Cashtown Road (Chambersburg Pike), under the command of -Brigadier-General John D. Imboden, who has described his interview with -General Lee at his headquarters, which were still located in an orchard -in the rear of the Seminary buildings, as follows: - - “_He invited me into his tent, and as soon as we were seated he - remarked: ‘We must now return to Virginia. As many of our poor wounded - as possible must be taken home. I have sent for you because your men - and horses are fresh and in good condition, to guard and conduct our - train back to Virginia. The duty will be arduous, responsible, and - dangerous, for I am afraid you will be harassed by the enemy’s - cavalry. I can spare you as much artillery as you may require but no - other troops, as I shall need all I have to return safely by a - different and shorter route than yours. The batteries are generally - short of ammunition, but you will probably meet a supply I have - ordered from Winchester to Williamsport._” - -On account of a terrific rainstorm shortly after noon on the 4th there -was considerable delay in getting the Confederate train started. Well -guarded in front and rear, the head of the column near Cashtown was put -in motion and began the ascent of the mountain. The wounded suffered -indescribable hardships. Many had been without food for thirty-six -hours, and had received no medical attention since the battle. Among the -wounded officers were General Pender and General Scales. The trip cost -Pender his life. General Imboden said: - - “_During this retreat I witnessed the most heartrending scenes of the - War._” - -As a military movement the retreat was a success. Though harassed by -pursuing forces, the train reached the Potomac with comparatively little -loss. - -The main Confederate Army crossed the mountain, principally at the -Fairfield gap. On account of the heavy rain, Ewell’s Corps, which -brought up the rear did not leave Gettysburg until the forenoon of the -5th. Somewhat delayed, but not seriously impeded, Lee arrived at the -Potomac on July 12, finding it too high to cross. There he entrenched -his army. The next day, the waters having fallen, he got safely away. - - - No Pursuit by Meade. - -Because of Lee’s strong position, Meade made no countercharge. He had -won a notable victory, and believed it unwise to risk undoing his work. -His army had suffered heavily. Both armies moved south. The Confederate -cause had received a severe blow. The defeat at Gettysburg and the -surrender of Vicksburg on July 4th to Grant ended all hope of foreign -recognition. Yet, for almost two years the desperate struggle was to -continue! - - [Illustration: The boulder-strewn face of Little Round Top, - assaulted by brave Confederates and held by brave Unionists] - - - The Gettysburg Carnage. - -The War records estimate the Union casualties, killed, wounded, and -missing, at 23,000 of the 84,000 engaged. The Confederate casualties are -estimated at over 20,000 of the 75,000 engaged. Approximately 10,000 -bodies were left at Gettysburg for burial, and 21,000 living men to be -healed of their wounds. - -No words can picture the desolation of the little town. As the soldiers -marched away, their places were taken by physicians and surgeons, nurses -and orderlies, civilian as well as military, and the ministrations of -mercy began. In these the citizens of Gettysburg, especially the women, -took an important part. Hither came also a new army of parents and wives -and brothers and sisters, seeking, sometimes with success, sometimes -with grievous disappointment, for their beloved. - - - - - HAPPENINGS ON THE THIRD DAY - - - A Medal for Disobedience - -On the afternoon of July 3rd, Captain William E. Miller, of Company H, -2nd Brigade, of Gregg’s Division of Union Cavalry, made a charge against -the Confederate Cavalry, in command of Major-General J. E. B. Stuart, in -their movement from Cress Ridge, East Cavalry Field, to reach the rear -of Meade’s line at the time of Pickett’s Charge. - -The incident is described by Captain William Brooke Rawle, a participant -in the charge, in his “History of the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry.” - -“When the cavalry fighting began, Captain Miller’s squadron was -stationed in Lott’s woods to the west of the Low Dutch Road, beyond the -Hanover Road, and was deployed, mounted as skirmishers, along the -western edge of the woods. There was considerable long-range firing -before the climax of the fighting came. About 3 o’clock in the afternoon -... a large body of cavalry, which proved to be Hampton’s and Fitzhugh -Lee’s brigades, was seen approaching in magnificent order, mounted, from -the northern side of the field. Captain Miller and I rode out a few -yards in front of our position to a slight rise in the ground to get a -good view. The enemy quickened his pace, first to a trot, then to a -gallop, and then the charge was sounded. The nearest available compact -body of Union Cavalry at hand to meet the enemy was the 1st Michigan -Cavalry of General Custer’s brigade, which was serving temporarily under -General Gregg. It was ordered to meet the enemy’s charge by a -counter-charge, although the Confederate brigade greatly outnumbered the -Michigan regiment. Captain Miller and I saw at once that unless more men -were sent against the enemy the Michigan regiment would be swept from -the field. He said to me, ‘I have been ordered to hold this position at -all hazards, but if you will back me up if I get into trouble for -exceeding my orders, I will make a charge with the squadron.’ This was -in order to make a diversion in favor of our troops, and help the -Michigan men. I assured him in an emphatic manner that I would stand by -him through thick and thin. He then ordered me to rally the left wing of -the squadron while he did the same with the right. When this was done -the squadron fired a volley into the Confederate column, which was -within easy range. The men were very impatient to begin their charge, -and the right wing, headed by Captain Miller, started off at a gallop. - -“A stone and rail fence divided the line of the squadron front, running -at right angles to it, and I had to make a slight detour to get around -it with the left wing of the squadron. This, and the fact that the head -of the squadron was headed to the right oblique, caused a gap of some -thirty yards or so between the rear of the portion of the squadron under -Captain Miller and myself with the left of the left portion. Meanwhile -the two opposing columns had met, and the head of the Confederate column -was fast becoming jammed, and the men on the flanks were beginning to -turn back. Captain Miller, with his men struck the left flank of the -enemy’s column pretty well towards the rear, about two-thirds or -three-fourths of the way down, and as the impetus of the latter had -stopped while his men had full headway on, he drove well into the column -and cut off its rear and forced it back in the direction whence it came, -and the captain and some of his men got as far as the Rummel house. As -to this last, I learned from the men engaged. Captain Miller was wounded -in the arm during the fight. - -“I myself with the rear portion of Captain Miller’s squadron did not -succeed in getting all the way through. Just as I and my men reached the -flank of the enemy many of the latter were getting to the rear and we -were swept along with the current and scattered, some of us, including -myself, though narrowly escaping capture, succeeding in working our way -in one’s and two’s to the right, where we got back into our lines again. - -“The gallant conduct and dashing charge made by Captain Miller and his -men were commented upon by all who saw it. A fact that made it all the -more commendable was that it was done upon his own responsibility, -without orders from a superior officer.” - -In July, 1897, a Congressional Medal of Honor was bestowed upon Captain -Miller by direction of President McKinley, through the Secretary of War, -General Russell A. Alger. The conferring of this tribute was especially -appropriate, inasmuch as General Alger himself had participated on the -right flank as the Colonel of the 5th Michigan, and was therefore -eminently competent to decide. - - - The Wentz House - -The Wentz house, which stands at the intersection of the Emmitsburg and -Wheatfield roads, is now a Government-owned property, and is marked with -an iron tablet with the inscription “Wentz House.” It is not the house -that was there at the time of the battle; the original building was -dismantled and the present building erected on the same site. - -At the time of the battle the house was owned and occupied by John -Wentz, who cultivated the small tract of land belonging to it. He was -twice married, and at this time was living with his second wife, who was -the mother of Henry Wentz, the principal actor in an interesting -incident of the battle of Gettysburg. - -For many years before the beginning of the Civil War, carriage and -coach-building was one of the leading industries of Gettysburg. Henry -Wentz served an apprenticeship with the Ziegler firm of Gettysburg. He -was frequently sent to deliver the products of the firm, and thereby -became well acquainted with the different sections where sales were -made. - -In the early ’50’s he decided to move to Martinsburg, Va. (now W. Va.), -and establish a carriage-building shop of his own. When a local military -organization was formed and designated the “Martinsburg Blues,” Henry -became a member. Equipped with uniforms and arms, the members were -drilled from time to time. Similar organizations were formed throughout -the North as well as the South. Most of the members of the Martinsburg -Blues, including Henry Wentz, decided to cast their lot with the -Southern cause, and were assigned to places in the armies of the South. -But, by the irony of fate, he was destined to get back to his old home -and command a battery posted back of the house on his father’s land. - -During the first day the Wentz property was not in danger, but when -General Lee extended his line of battle south along the line of Seminary -Ridge, and General Meade prolonged his line opposite on Cemetery Ridge -in preparation for the battle of the second day, the Wentz family, with -the exception of the father, decided to seek a safer location. On the -night of the second day, after Sickles’ advanced line at the Wentz house -had been repulsed and occupied by the forces under General Lee, Henry -Wentz visited his old home and was greatly surprised to find his father -still there. - -Early in the morning of the third day, 75 guns, in command of Colonel E. -P. Alexander, were moved forward from Lee’s first line to the line held -by Sickles’ advanced line on the second day. The battery in charge of -Henry Wentz, who held the rank of lieutenant, was posted back of his old -home, and he took an active part in the terrific artillery engagement -prior to Pickett’s Charge that ended on that part of the field. Henry’s -father kept to the cellar and, singularly, passed through it all -unharmed and unhurt. - -After the repulse of Pickett’s Charge, the guns were withdrawn to their -first line. During the night of the third day, Henry was anxious to know -whether or not his father was still safe. He therefore went over to the -house and found him fast asleep and unhurt in a corner of the cellar. -Not wishing to disturb his much-needed rest, he found the stump of a -candle, lit it, and wrote, “Good-bye and God bless you!” This message he -pinned on the lapel of his father’s coat and returned to his command -preparatory to the retreat to Virginia. - -Early on the morning of the 4th, the father awoke from his much-needed -sleep and found that all the soldiers had departed. He then walked back -to the ridge and saw Lee’s army making hurried preparations for the -retreat. - - - Fought with a Hatchet - -At the battle of Gettysburg the 13th Vermont was a part of General -Stannard’s Vermont command. The 2nd Vermont brigade had been left on -outpost duty in Virginia until the third day after the Army of the -Potomac had passed in pursuit of Lee’s troops into Maryland and -Pennsylvania. Then the brigade got orders to proceed by forced marches -to join the Army of the Potomac. The latter was also on a forced march, -but in six days’ time the Vermonters had overtaken the main body. Just -before the first day’s battle, Captain Brown’s command came up to a -well, at which was an armed guard. “You can’t get water here,” said the -guard. “’Gainst orders.” “Damn your orders!” said Captain Brown, and -then with all the canteens of the men, and with only one man to help -him, he thrust the guard aside and filled the canteens. His arrest -followed, and he was deprived of his sword. - -When the battle began, Captain Brown was a prisoner. He begged for a -chance to rejoin his company, and was allowed to go. His men were far -away at the front, and he had no weapons. He picked up a camp hatchet -and ran all the way to the firing-line, reached it, rushed into the -fray, and singling out a Rebel officer 50 yards away, penetrated the -Rebel ranks, collared the officer, wresting from him his sword and -pistol, after which he dropped the hatchet, while his men cheered him -amid the storm of bullets and smoke. - -When the design for the 13th Vermont monument was made, it was the -desire of the committee to have the statue represent Captain Brown, -hatchet in hand. Accordingly, a model was prepared, but the Federal -Government would not permit its erection. A second model was approved, -showing Captain Brown holding a sabre and belt in his hand, the hatchet -lying at his feet as though just dropped. The sabre depicted in the -statue is an exact reproduction of the one captured. - -This monument is on the east side of Hancock Avenue, near the large -Stannard monument. - - - After the Battle - -This is an extract from “Four Years with the Army of the Potomac,” by -Brigadier-General Regis de Trobriand, who commanded a brigade of -Birney’s Division of the 3rd Corps during the battle of Gettysburg: - -“Between eight and nine o’clock in the evening of the 3rd, as the last -glimmers of daylight disappeared behind us, I received an order to go -down into the flat, and occupy the field of battle with two brigades in -line. That of Colonel Madill was added to mine for that purpose. General -Ward, who temporarily commanded the Division, remained in reserve with -the 3rd. - -“The most profound calm reigned now, where a few hours before so furious -a tempest had raged. The moon, with her smiling face, mounted up in the -starry heavens as at Chancellorsville. Her pale light shone equally upon -the living and the dead, the little flowers blooming in the grass as -well as upon the torn bodies lying in the pools of clotted blood. Dead -bodies were everywhere. On no field of battle have I ever seen them in -such numbers. The greater part of my line was strewn with them, and, -when the arms were stacked and the men asleep, one was unable to say, in -that mingling of living and dead, which would awake the next morning and -which would not. - -“Beyond the line of advanced sentinels, the wounded still lay where they -had fallen, calling for assistance or asking for water. Their cries died -away without any reply in the silence of the night, for the enemy was -close by, and it was a dangerous undertaking to risk advancing into the -space which separated us. In making an attempt, an officer of my staff -drew three shots, which whistled unpleasantly near his ears. All labors -of charity were necessarily put off till the next morning. It is sad to -think that this was a sentence of death to numbers of the unfortunate. -Mournful thoughts did not hinder the tired soldiers from sleeping. -Everything was soon forgotten in a dreamless slumber. - -“At dawn of day, when I awakened, the first object which struck my eyes -was a young sergeant stretched out on his back, his head resting on a -flat stone, serving for a pillow. His position was natural, even -graceful. One knee slightly raised, his hands crossed on his breast, a -smile on his lips, caused by a dream, perhaps, of her who awaited his -return in the distant Green Mountains. He was dead. Wounded, he had -sought out this spot in which to die. His haversack was near him. He had -taken out of it a little book on which his last looks had been cast, for -the book was still open in his stiffened fingers. It was the New -Testament; on the first leaf a light hand had traced in pencil, some -letters, rubbed out, which one might think were a name. I have kept the -volume, and on the white space, to the unknown name I have added, ‘Died -at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863.’ - -“During the night, the enemy had drawn back his pickets to the other -side of the Emmitsburg Road, and left us free access to assist the -wounded. The appearance of litters and ambulance wagons strengthened -them, by giving them hope. They related their engagements of the evening -before, and their sufferings during the night. One of them, pointing out -the dead lying around him, said: ‘This one lived only till sundown; that -one lasted until about midnight. There is one who was still groaning but -an hour ago.’ - -“Continuing my walk, I came near a large isolated rock. It might have -been eight or ten feet high, and fifteen or twenty feet broad. Rounding -on the side towards the enemy, but flat as a wall on the opposite side, -it had served as an advanced post for one of our companies, probably -belonging to Stannard’s brigade. What had happened there? Had they been -surprised by the rapid advance of the enemy? Had they tried to shelter -themselves behind that stone during the fight? Had the firing of -canister by our guns rendered retreat impossible? Had they refused to -surrender? No one, to my knowledge, escaped to tell. Whatever was the -cause, there were twenty lying there cut down by lead and steel, and -amongst the pile I recognized the uniform of an officer and the chevrons -of a sergeant. - -“When I returned to the center of my line, the ambulances were at work, -and squads detailed from each regiment picked up the arms which were -scattered by thousands over the field. A little later my command was -relieved, and again took its position of the evening before. - -“Some reconnaissances sent out to look for the enemy had not far to go -to find him. His pickets were still on the edge of the woods in front of -the Seminary Heights. We afterwards learned that he expected, during the -whole day, that we would attack, hoping to get revenge. But General -Meade, content with his victory, would not take the risk of compromising -it by leaving his position before Lee had abandoned his, in which he -acted wisely, whatever may have been said to the contrary. - -“The afternoon was thus spent in first picking up our wounded and -afterwards those of the enemy. The ambulance wagons were hardly enough -for the work. The litter-bearers placed the wounded along our lines, -where they had to await their turn to be taken to the rear. We did what -we could to make the delay as short as possible, for many of them were -brave Southern boys, some having enlisted because they honestly believed -it was their duty, others torn by force from their families, to be -embodied in the Rebel army by the inexorable conscription. After the -defeat, they were resigned, without boasting, and expressed but one -wish: that the war would terminate as soon as possible, since the -triumph of the North appeared to be but a question of time. - -“I recall to mind a young man from Florida who told me his history. His -name was Perkins, and he was scarcely twenty years old. The only son of -aged parents, he had in vain endeavored to escape service. Tracked -everywhere by the agents of the Richmond government, he had been forced -to take up the musket, and had done his duty so well that he had been -rapidly promoted to sergeant. In the last charge of the day before, he -had had his left heel carried away by a piece of shell, and his right -hand shattered by a canister shot. One amputation, at least, probably -two, was what he had to expect; and yet he did not complain. But when he -spoke of his aged parents awaiting his return, and of the sad condition -in which he would re-enter the paternal home, his smile was more -heart-breaking than any complaint. In order that his wounds might be -sooner dressed, one of my aids, Lieutenant Houghton, let him have his -horse, at the risk of marching on foot if we moved before he was -returned. - -“The next night we passed in the rain. It always rains on the day after -a great battle. On the morning following we discovered the enemy to be -in full retreat. Seeing that the attack he expected did not come off, -and fearing for the safety of his communications with the Potomac, -General Lee could do nothing else but retire through the mountains, -which he did during the night of the 4th and 5th of July. Then only -began that disorder in his columns, and that confusion, the picture of -which has been somewhat exaggerated; an almost inevitable consequence, -besides, to that kind of a movement. Our cavalry began to harass him on -the flanks, while the 6th Corps, having remained intact, pressed on his -rear-guard. - -“The difficulties that General Sedgwick met in the Fairfield pass, where -the enemy had intrenched, probably made General Meade fear that a direct -pursuit would entail too great loss of time in the mountains. So, -instead of following Lee in the valley of the Cumberland, he decided to -march on a parallel line, to the east of the South Mountains.” - - - An Honest Man - -General E. P. Alexander, Chief of Artillery of Longstreet’s Corps, tells -of a trade that occurred during the retreat from Gettysburg: - -“Near Hagerstown I had an experience with an old Dunkard which gave me a -high and lasting respect for the people of that faith. My scouts had had -a horse transaction with this old gentleman, and he came to see me about -it. He made no complaint, but said it was his only horse, and as the -scouts had told him we had some hoof-sore horses we should have to leave -behind, he came to ask if I would trade him one of those for his horse, -as without one his crop would be lost. - -“I recognized the old man at once as a born gentleman in his delicate -characterization of the transaction as a trade. I was anxious to make -the trade as square as circumstances would permit. So I assented to his -taking a foot-sore horse, and offered him besides payment in Confederate -money. This he respectfully declined. Considering how the recent battle -had gone, I waived argument on the point of its value but tried another -suggestion. I told him that we were in Maryland as the guests of the -United States; that after our departure the Government would pay all -bills left behind; and that I would give him an order on the United -States for the value of his horse and have it approved by General -Longstreet. To my surprise he declined this also. I supposed then that -he was simply ignorant of the bonanza in a claim against the Government, -and I explained that; and, telling him that money was no object to us -under the circumstances, I offered to include the value of his whole -farm. He again said he wanted nothing but the foot-sore horse. Still -anxious that the war should not grind this poor old fellow in his -poverty, I suggested that he take two or three foot-sore horses which we -would have to leave anyhow, when we marched. Then he said, ‘Well, sir, I -am a Dunkard, and the rule of our church is an eye for an eye, and a -tooth for a tooth, and a horse for a horse, and I can’t break the rule.’ - -“I replied that the Lord, who made all horses, knew that a good horse -was worth a dozen old battery scrubs; and after some time prevailed on -him to take two, by calling one of them a gift. But that night we were -awakened about midnight by approaching hoofs, and turned out expecting -to receive some order. It was my old Dunkard leading one of his -foot-sores. ‘Well, sir,’ he said, ‘you made it look all right to me -today when you were talking; but after I went to bed tonight I got to -thinking it all over, and I don’t think I can explain it to the church, -and I would rather not try.’ With that he tied old foot-sore to a fence -and rode off abruptly. Even at this late day it is a relief to my -conscience to tender to his sect this recognition of their integrity and -honesty, in lieu of the extra horse which I vainly endeavored to throw -into the trade. Their virtues should commend them to all financial -institutions in search of incorruptible employees.” - - - Extracts from the Diary of Colonel Fremantle - -Colonel Fremantle, a member of the Cold Stream Guards, was a guest of -the Army of Northern Virginia during the Gettysburg campaign. After the -battle of Gettysburg, he returned to England and published “Three Months -in the Southern States.” The following is a vivid extract, describing a -part of the battle from the Confederate lines. - -“_July 1st (Wednesday)._ At 4.30 P.M. we came in sight of Gettysburg, -and joined General Lee and General Hill, who were on the top of one of -the ridges which form a peculiar feature of the country round -Gettysburg. We could see the enemy retreating up one of the opposite -ridges, pursued by the Confederates with loud yells. The position into -which the enemy had been driven was evidently a strong one. His right -appeared to rest on a cemetery, on the top of a high ridge to the right -of Gettysburg, as we looked at it. - -“General Hill now came up and told me he had been very unwell all day, -and in fact he looks very delicate. He said he had two divisions -engaged, and had driven the enemy four miles into the present position, -capturing a great many prisoners, some cannon, and some colors. He said, -however, that the Yankees had fought with a determination unusual to -them. - -“_July 2nd (Thursday)._ At 2 P.M. General Longstreet advised me, if I -wished to have a good view of the battle, to return to my tree of -yesterday. I did so and remained there with Lawley and Captain -Schreibert during the rest of the afternoon. But until 4.45 P.M. all was -profoundly quiet, and we began to doubt whether a fight was coming off -today at all. At that time, however, Longstreet suddenly commenced a -heavy cannonade on the right. Ewell immediately took it up on the left. -The enemy replied with equal fury, and in a few moments the firing along -the whole line was as heavy as it is possible to conceive. A dense smoke -arose for six miles; there was little wind to drive it away, and the air -seemed full of shells—each of which appeared to have a different style -of going, and made a different noise from the others. The ordnance on -both sides is of a very varied description. Every now and then a caisson -would blow up—if a Federal one, a Confederate yell would immediately -follow. The Southern troops, when charging, or to express their delight, -always yell in a manner peculiar to themselves. The Yankee cheer is much -like ours, but the Confederate officers declare that the Rebel yell has -a particular merit, and always produces a salutary effect upon their -adversaries. A corps is sometimes spoken of as ‘a good yelling -regiment.’ - -“As soon as the firing began, General Lee joined Hill just below our -tree, and he remained there nearly all the time, looking through his -field-glasses, sometimes talking to Hill and sometimes to Colonel Long -of his staff. But generally he sat quite alone on the stump of a tree. -What I remarked especially was, that during the whole time the firing -continued, he sent only one message, and received only one report. It -evidently is his system to arrange the plan thoroughly with the three -commanders, and then leave to them the duty of modifying and carrying it -out to the best of their abilities. - -“When the cannonade was at its height, a Confederate band of music, -between the cemetery and ourselves, began to play polkas and waltzes, -which sounded very curious, accompanied by the hissing and bursting of -the shells. - -“At 5.45 all became comparatively quiet on our left and in the cemetery; -but volleys of musketry on the right told us that Longstreet’s infantry -were advancing, and the onward progress of the smoke showed that he was -progressing favorably; but about 6.30 there seemed to be a check, and -even a slight retrograde movement.... A little before dark the firing -dropped off in every direction, and soon ceased altogether. We then -received intelligence that Longstreet had carried everything before him -for some time, capturing several batteries and driving the enemy from -his positions; but when Hill’s Florida brigade and some other troops -gave way, he was forced to abandon a small portion of the ground he had -won, together with all the captured guns, except three. His troops, -however, bivouacked during the night on ground occupied by the enemy in -the morning. - -“_July 3rd (Friday)._ At 2.30 P.M., after passing General Lee and his -staff, I rode on through the woods in the direction in which I had left -Longstreet. I soon began to meet many wounded men returning from the -front; many of them asked in piteous tones the way to a doctor or an -ambulance. The further I got, the greater became the number of the -wounded. At last I came to a perfect stream of them flocking through the -woods in numbers as great as the crowd in Oxford Street in the middle of -the day. Some were walking alone on crutches composed of two rifles, -others were supported by men less badly wounded than themselves, and -others carried on stretchers by the ambulance corps, but in no case did -I see a sound man helping the wounded to the rear unless he carried the -red badge of the ambulance corps. They were still under heavy fire, the -shells bringing down great limbs of trees, and carrying further -destruction amongst this melancholy procession. I saw all this in much -less time than it takes to write it, and although astonished to meet -such vast numbers of wounded, I had not seen enough to give me any idea -of the real extent of the mischief. - -“When I got close up to General Longstreet, I saw one of his regiments -advancing through the woods in good order; so, thinking I was just in -time to see the attack, I remarked to the General that ‘I wouldn’t have -missed this for anything.’ Longstreet was seated at the top of a snake -fence at the edge of the woods (Spangler Woods), and looking perfectly -calm and unperturbed. He replied, laughing, ‘The devil you wouldn’t! I -would like to have missed it very much; we’ve attacked and been -repulsed: look there!’ - -“For the first time I then had a view of the open space between the two -positions, and saw it covered with Confederates slowly and sulkily -returning towards us in small broken parties, under a heavy fire of -artillery. But the fire where we were was not so bad as further to the -rear; for although the air seemed alive with shells, yet the greater -number burst behind us. The General told me that Pickett’s Division had -succeeded in carrying the enemy’s position and captured his guns, but -after remaining there twenty minutes, it had been forced to retire on -the retreat of Heth and Pettigrew on his left.... - -“Major Walton was the only officer with him (Longstreet) when I came -up—all the rest had been put in the charge. In a few minutes Major -Latrobe arrived on foot, carrying his saddle, having just had his horse -killed. Colonel Sorrell was also in the same predicament, and Captain -Goree’s horse was wounded in the mouth.... - -“Soon after I joined General Lee, who had in the meanwhile come to that -part of the field on becoming aware of the disaster. If Longstreet’s -conduct was admirable, that of General Lee was perfectly sublime. He was -engaged in rallying and in encouraging the broken troops, and was riding -about a little in front of the woods, quite alone—the whole of his staff -being engaged in a similar manner further to the rear. His face, which -is always placid and cheerful, did not show signs of the slightest -disappointment, or annoyance; and he was addressing to every soldier he -met a few words of encouragement, such as, ‘All this will come right in -the end: we’ll talk it over afterwards; but, in the meantime, all good -men must rally. We want all good and true men just now.’ He spoke to all -the wounded men that passed him, and the slightly wounded he exhorted -‘to bind up their hurts and take up a musket’ in this emergency. Very -few failed to answer his appeal, and I saw many badly wounded men take -off their hats and cheer him. He said to me, ‘This has been a sad day -for us, Colonel—a sad day; but we can’t expect always to gain -victories.’ He was also kind enough to advise me to get into some more -sheltered position as the shells were bursting round us with -considerable frequency.... - -“I saw General Wilcox come up to him, and explain, almost crying, the -state of his brigade. General Lee immediately shook hands with him and -said cheerfully, ‘Never mind, General, all this has been _my_ fault—it -is I that have lost this fight, and you must help me out of it in the -best way you can.’ In this manner I saw General Lee encourage and -reanimate his somewhat dispirited troops, and magnanimously take upon -his own shoulders the whole weight of the repulse.” - - - - - GETTYSBURG AND ITS MILITARY PARK - - -The Gettysburg National Military Park lies entirely within the limits of -Adams County, Pennsylvania. Gettysburg, the county-seat, is situated -about 8 miles from the Mason and Dixon’s line, the southern boundary of -the State. It was founded in 1780, and named for its founder, James -Gettys. - -At the time of the battle the town had a population of about 2,000. -Little did the quiet inhabitants expect that its peaceful environs—Oak -Hill, Seminary Ridge, Culp’s Hill, Cemetery Hill, the Round Tops, and -Devil’s Den—would witness the most sanguinary struggle of the Civil War, -and that Gettysburg would gain a lasting fame, unequaled by the most -noted battlefields of the Old World. Not even the commanders, Meade and -Lee, knew where they would meet in battle array. Like two giant -stormclouds, the two armies neared each other for days, neither -foreseeing where they would mingle their lightnings in the storm of -battle. Advance forces met and clashed while making reconnaissances—and -Gettysburg and its vicinity was selected by accident rather than by -design. - -What fame Gettysburg enjoyed was due chiefly to its College, then called -Pennsylvania, now Gettysburg, and to its Lutheran Theological Seminary. -The town had been the home for some years of Thaddeus Stevens, the -“Great Commoner,” life-long champion of human rights, savior of the free -school system of Pennsylvania, and after his removal to Lancaster, in -1842, a brilliant leader in the House of Representatives during the war. -The vicinity furnished its full quota of soldiers, though none of its -companies except one, Company K, First Pennsylvania Reserves, -participated in the battle, the rest being on duty elsewhere. - -The population of Gettysburg has increased to 5,500. The College and -Seminary are still flourishing. The College has an enrollment of over -600 students. A Reserve Officers Training Corps has been added to the -course, and students are being instructed in military tactics by United -States Army officers. - -The area of Gettysburg National Military Park, including East Cavalry -Field 15 miles east of the town, and South Cavalry Field 3 miles south, -is nearly 40 square miles. The part surrounding Gettysburg covers about -24 square miles, and was the scene of the principal engagements on July -1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 1863. The Government owns a total of 2,441 acres; the -remainder is held by private owners. - -The first organization in charge of the battlefield was the Gettysburg -Battlefield Memorial Association, upon which the Legislature of -Pennsylvania, on April 30th, 1864, conferred the rights of a -corporation. In 1867-68 the Legislature appropriated $6,000 to be -applied to the purchase of portions of the battlegrounds and the general -purposes for which the Association was incorporated. The money was used -to secure the portion of Culp’s Hill upon which the breastworks were -still standing; the section of East Cemetery Hill where Stewart’s, -Reynolds’, Ricketts’, Cooper’s and Weidrick’s batteries were posted, -where the lunettes still remain; and also a small piece of ground on the -slope and summit of Little Round Top. This purchase was the nucleus of -what became, by additional purchases of the Association and later of the -Gettysburg National Park Commission, the present Gettysburg National -Military Park. - - [Illustration: View from Culp’s Hill.—Gettysburg’s fine trees. In - the distance is the Phillipoteaux Cyclorama with its vivid - representation of Pickett’s Charge] - -The Legislatures of the Northern States represented in the battle -contributed various sums for the prosecution of the work, and from time -to time new members of the Association were appointed. As the -appropriations were received, additional land was acquired and avenues -were laid out. The erection of monuments to the different regiments was -begun by the State of Massachusetts in 1879. In 1894, the whole -property, about 600 acres of land, with 17 miles of avenues, giving -access to 320 monuments, was transferred to the United States -Government. The Gettysburg National Military Park was established by Act -of Congress, approved February 11th, 1895, and the Secretary of War -appointed the Gettysburg National Park Commission: Colonel John P. -Nicholson, Pennsylvania, Chairman, John B. Bachelder, Massachusetts, and -Brigadier General William H. Forney, Alabama. Colonel E. B. Cope was -selected as topographical engineer. - -Upon the death of General Forney, Major William M. Robbins, of North -Carolina, was appointed to fill the vacancy. John B. Bachelder was -succeeded by Major Charles A. Richardson, of New York. On the death of -Major Robbins, General L. L. Lomax, of Virginia, was appointed. General -Lomax died May 28th, 1913, and Major Richardson on January 24th, 1917. -Colonel Nicholson, the last surviving member of the Commission, died on -March 8th, 1922. All Commissioners, with the exception of John B. -Bachelder, served in the Battle of Gettysburg, and he reached the field -immediately after the battle, continuing his interest and his historical -researches until his death. On the death of Colonel Nicholson, Colonel -E. B. Cope was appointed Superintendent. - -The Park is a monument to the devotion of this Commission, in active -operation for thirty years. Colonel Cope was succeeded (1931) by Colonel -E. E. Davis, a native of Iowa, commissioned Major Quartermaster Reserve -Corps, March 6th, 1917, who served overseas in the World War. Colonel -Davis retired on July 16th, 1932. James R. McConaghie, native of Iowa, a -graduate of Harvard College, 1st Lieutenant, 4th Infantry, 3rd Division -in the World War, was appointed Superintendent February 8th, 1933. - -The development begun by the Association included laying out of avenues -and erecting of regimental monuments, but nothing was done toward -converting the avenues into permanent roads. The different lines of -battle were not accurately marked, and important sections of land -remained in private hands. By the end of the year the new Commission had -made preliminary survey of 20 miles of avenues and proposed avenues, -and, the following year, began construction. Gradually the whole field -was made accessible by almost 35 miles of telford and macadam avenues. -These avenues show the important positions occupied by the contending -forces. Stone bridges were built across the streams. Miles of -pipe-fencing and post-and-rail fencing were constructed, the former -along the avenues indicating the battle-lines and the latter to enclose -the Government land. Five steel observation towers were erected on -prominent points, affording views in all directions. - - [Illustration: Jennie Wade House.—Here Jennie Wade was killed while - baking bread. The house is practically unchanged: bullet-marks and - other injuries have been preserved] - -An important task of the Commission was the accurate marking of the -lines of battle of the opposing forces. Prominent commanders of both -armies visited the field and assisted in locating the positions of the -corps, divisions, and brigades. Suitable monuments and markers were then -erected, with bronze tablets inscribed with an account of the operations -of each corps, division, and brigade. - -Markers also show the locations of the headquarters of the -Commander-in-Chief, as well as of the corps commanders of both armies. -Six equestrian statues have been erected by States; also, imposing State -monuments by New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina and -Alabama. There are many smaller markers, placed by States and other -organizations. Bronze statues of division and brigade commanders have -been erected. There are a number of National Monuments; one in the -National Cemetery, where Lincoln stood when making his immortal address -at the dedication of the cemetery, November 19th, 1863; also one in the -south end of the cemetery bearing a bust of Lincoln, and another on -Hancock Avenue in memory of the troops of the Regular Army. All the -positions held by the Regulars have been marked. The total number of -monuments to date is 845. Four hundred and fifteen guns indicate the -positions of the artillery brigades and battalions. - -The relief maps of the Gettysburg National Military Park, on exhibition -at the office in the Federal Building, in Gettysburg, were designed by -the Engineer of the Commission, Colonel E. B. Cope, and built under his -supervision. The largest reproduces 24 square miles and correctly -delineates all the topographical features of the Park. Many of the -monuments and markers erected by the Commission were also designed by -Colonel Cope. The imposing stone gateway at the entrance to Hancock -Avenue was proposed by the Chairman, Colonel Nicholson, and designed by -the Engineer. This gateway is built of native granite taken from the -battlefield. - -Celebrations, reunions, dedications, and campfires almost without number -have been held at Gettysburg, bringing to the field those who -participated in the battle, their families and friends, and many other -visitors. For many years, until a permanent camp was established at Mt. -Gretna, the National Guard of Pennsylvania encamped on the field. The -two greatest occasions were the Twenty-fifth Anniversary in 1888, and -the Fiftieth Anniversary in 1913. The latter was attended by almost -55,000 survivors of the two armies. Ample accommodations were provided -for their comfort and enjoyment. The time extended over a period of -eight days, June 29th to July 6th, and every State in the Union was -represented. The men who had met as mortal enemies fifty years before -now met as brothers. The American soldier is not only a good fighter but -also a good friend. Many donned their uniforms of ’63, some of Blue and -some of Gray, but in the wearers great changes had been wrought. The -sturdy veterans who in the vigor of their youth met fifty years before -in battle, returned grizzled with age and the ravages of war, many -bearing scars. With keen interest, in pairs and groups, they moved from -place to place relating to each other their experiences. In startling -contrast to the 45,000 casualties of ’63 there were only seven deaths, -and these from the infirmities of age and natural causes. The President -of the United States and many able speakers from all sections of the -country made addresses to large audiences. It was an event never to be -forgotten and did much finally to heal the animosities engendered by the -war. - -On July 3, 1922, Marines from Quantico, Va., under the command of -Brigadier-General Smedley D. Butler, repeated Pickett’s Charge as it was -made in 1863, and on July 4th conducted it as such a charge would be -made under present warfare conditions with modern equipment and -maneuvers. President Harding, General Pershing, and many others -prominent in the State and Nation enjoyed the display. - - [Illustration: Culp’s Hill.—Here the Union troops held their line - late in the afternoon of the second day.] - -For many years the West Point Military Academy seniors visited the -field, usually in the month of May, remaining several days in order to -study the strategical and tactical features of the battle in preparation -for a required thesis. These visits have been discontinued since the -World War. - -In May, 1917, a training-camp for World War soldiers was established -within the limits of the Park. The 4th, 7th and 58th Regiments of U. S. -Infantry were transferred from El Paso, Texas, augmented by recruits, -and divided into six United States Regular Regiments, viz.: 4th, 7th, -58th, 59th, 60th, and 61st. After being trained they were sent either to -other camps or to the battlefields of France. During the year 1918 a -unit of Tank Service was trained on the battlefield. - -The fortifications remaining within the park include a line of -earthworks on Culp’s Hill, which was thrown up by the Union troops of -the 12th Corps. On East Cemetery Hill there are a number of lunettes at -the position held by the Union batteries. The stone wall along the west -side of Hancock Avenue, extending from the Taneytown Road to some -distance south of the Angle, where Armistead crossed it in Pickett’s -Charge, is well preserved, and practically the same as at the time of -the battle. There are some stone walls on the south side of Little Round -Top that were erected and used by the Union forces. At the base of Big -Round Top and along Seminary Ridge are long stone walls, erected and -used by the Confederates. The boulders in the vicinity of Devil’s Den -and the Round Tops afforded natural defences for both armies. A line of -earthworks on South Hancock Avenue is still in good condition. - - [Illustration: The Virginia Memorial.—The bronze group represents - the various arms of the Confederate service. Above is a portrait - statue of General Lee. The Memorial is the work of F. W. Sievers.] - -The physical features of the Park are both varied and interesting. -Standing in bold relief in the background at a distance of about 8 miles -is a continuation of the Blue Ridge, designated locally as the South -Mountain. This range, bounding the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and the -Cumberland Valley of Pennsylvania, screened the advance of the -Confederate Army, and it was at the Cashtown Gap that General Lee -ordered a concentration of his forces before his advance on Gettysburg. - -The entire surface of the Park consists of low ridges and intervening -valleys, beginning on the north in Herr’s Ridge, upon which Heth’s -Division was deployed at the opening of the battle on July 1st. Opposite -this ridge, and extending in the same direction, is McPherson Ridge, -where the Union cavalry forces under Buford were deployed. Along -Willoughby Run, which flows between these ridges, the battle opened on -July 1, 1863. The next elevation, immediately north and west of the -town, is known as Oak Ridge at its northern extremity and as far south -as the Chambersburg Pike; from this point to its southern extremity it -is called Seminary Ridge, taking its name from the yet existing Lutheran -Theological Seminary. It was held by the Union Army on the first day of -the battle and formed its principal line of defence. On the second and -third days it was the principal Confederate line. - -Seminary Ridge at its southern extremity drops off to a small ravine -beyond which is Warfield Ridge, which extends in a southerly direction -opposite Big Round Top; this formed the right of the Confederate line of -battle on the second and third days. - -South and southwest of the town is Cemetery Ridge, of which Big Round -Top and Little Round Top are spurs, named from the Evergreen Cemetery -and the site of the National Cemetery after the battle. - - [Illustration: Ricketts’ Battery.—Ricketts’ Battery on East Cemetery - Hill was remanned four times. Owing to the slope, the guns could not - be sufficiently depressed, and the defenders fought with sticks and - stones] - -Cemetery Ridge formed the main line of battle of the Union Army during -the battles of the 2nd and 3rd. A short distance east of the cemetery it -bends sharply to the right, forming two rocky and wooded prominences, -Culp’s Hill and Spangler’s Hill. Between Seminary Ridge on the west and -Cemetery Ridge on the east, a low ridge along the line of the Emmitsburg -Road is designated Emmitsburg Road Ridge. This extends to the Peach -Orchard. It was crossed on the afternoon of the 3rd by the assaulting -column of Pickett’s Charge, and is one of the interesting points of the -battle. Another ridge on the west front of Little Round Top contains -Devil’s Den, a mass of enormous granite rocks, apparently tossed in -confusion by some giant hand. In this picturesque spot Longstreet made -his famous assault against the Union left on the afternoon of July 2nd. -The trend of these various ridges conforms generally to that of the Blue -Ridge. - - [Illustration: Guns Supporting Pickett’s Charge.—These guns took - part in the great artillery duel which preceded Pickett’s Charge] - -There are no large streams on the battlefield. The largest is Marsh -Creek, only a small part of which is within the Park area. On the east -is Rock Creek, extending the whole length of the Park, so named on -account of the immense boulders within the channel and along the -borders. On the north and west of Gettysburg is Willoughby Run, also -extending the entire length of the Park and flowing south to Marsh -Creek. Another small stream is Plum Run, near the center, beginning on -the Codori farm and running south through the gorge at the Round Tops; -this was crossed and recrossed by both armies during the second and -third days. Lying wholly within the Potomac basin, all the streams flow -south. - -The highest point within the Park is Big Round Top on the south, which -rises to an elevation of 786 feet, and is visible for miles in all -directions. From Big Round Top, Little Round Top, Culp’s Hill, Cemetery -Hill, and Oak Hill there are extensive panoramic views. Aside from the -historic association there is much in the magnificent and beautiful -scenery to interest the visitor. In the woods and meadows, in the glens -and vales of the battlefield there are romantic and charming bits of -landscape. The prospect from the National Cemetery as the sun disappears -behind the South Mountain is one of great beauty and impressiveness. - -A large portion of the Park is covered with timber, chiefly the -different varieties of oak, hickory, ash, poplar, elm, gum, cedar, and -pine. Many of the groves are forests primeval, and in the fall the lofty -pines of Big Round Top, contrasting with the crimson of the gigantic -oaks covering it from base to summit and the gray-lichened surface of -the massive boulders, form a striking and beautiful picture. Much care -is given to the protection of the groves, in order to preserve the -original condition of the field. Tree-surgery has prolonged the lives of -trees of special historic interest. Visitors return year after year in -spring to see the glorious masses of dogwood and redbud. - - [Illustration: Center of Union Line.—The center of the Union line, - showing the Angle and the rounded clump of trees toward which - Pickett directed his charge] - - [Illustration: High-Water Mark.—This monument, erected close to the - rounded clump of trees toward which Pickett directed his charge, - marks the turning-point of the conflict] - -East Cavalry Field, 3 miles east of Gettysburg, is the point from which -Stuart’s Cavalry started to move round the right wing of the Union Army -in order to reach the rear of Meade’s line at the time of Pickett’s -Charge. South Cavalry Field, 3 miles south of Gettysburg, was held by -Farnsworth’s Brigade of Kilpatrick’s Division, and Merritt’s Brigade of -Buford’s Division. All these positions have been marked with suitable -tablets. The Cavalry Fields, though not contiguous to the main field, -are important parts of the National Military Park. - -Gettysburg has two railroads: the Philadelphia & Reading, and the -Western Maryland, affording service from all points. Ten roads radiate -from the town like the spokes of a wheel, and these provide ample -approaches. The Lincoln Highway, entering via the Chambersburg Pike and -continuing on the York Pike, gives a through route from west to east, -and the Harrisburg Road leads directly to the State Capital. The -Emmitsburg Road runs southwest to Emmitsburg, and thence to Frederick -and Washington. The Baltimore Pike is a through route to Baltimore and -the South. The Hanover Road runs to Hanover on the east. There are also -the Taneytown and Hagerstown roads, the latter the line of General Lee’s -retreat. - -A uniformed guide service with an established schedule of rates was -authorized by the Secretary of War in 1916. No person is allowed to act -as guide for pay without being examined and licensed by the -Superintendent of the Park. There are interesting collections of Civil -War relics at the Jennie Wade House, the Lee Museum, and other places. A -single year has brought 800,000 visitors to the field. The average -yearly number is 700,000. - - - - - THE SOLDIERS’ NATIONAL CEMETERY - - -Of the eighty-three cemeteries in the United States dedicated -exclusively to the burial of soldiers, that at Gettysburg was the first. - -A few days after the battle, Governor A. G. Curtin, of Pennsylvania, -solicitous for the welfare of the soldiers, came to Gettysburg and -appointed David Wills, a leading attorney, to act as his agent in the -work of establishing a cemetery. Correspondence with the governors of -other States was begun. Grounds were selected by Mr. Wills, and by the -direction of Governor Curtin purchased for the State of Pennsylvania, to -provide a burial-place for soldiers who fell in the battle. - -Lots in the cemetery were tendered without cost to each State having -dead upon the field. The expense of removing the bodies, laying out, -ornamenting and enclosing the grounds, erecting a lodge for the keeper, -and erecting a suitable monument to the memory of the dead, was to be -borne by the several States, assessed in proportion to their population. - -The seventeen acres of land which were purchased lie on Cemetery Hill -adjoining the Citizens’ Cemetery, at the apex of what had been the -triangular battle-line of the Union Army, and an important tactical -position on July 2nd and 3rd. At the time of the battle this land was a -cornfield, divided by stone fences which were used to great advantage by -the infantry of the Union Army. The most elevated portions had been -points of vantage for many batteries of artillery. - -The land was surrounded on the west, east, and north by a substantial, -well-built wall of native granite, topped by a heavy dressed coping. A -division fence of iron was erected between the Soldiers’ National -Cemetery and the Citizens’ Cemetery. - -The plans and designs for the laying out of the cemetery were prepared -by William Saunders, an able landscape gardener of the Department of -Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A semi-circular plan for the arrangement -of the graves was adopted. The ground allotted to each State converges -upon a central point. The size of each plot was determined by the number -of graves belonging to each State. The bodies were placed side by side -in parallel trenches with a space of twelve feet to each parallel and -with a grass path between the rows of graves. The outer section is -lettered A, and so on in alphabetical order. Two feet of space was -allowed to each body, and a person standing in the center of the -semi-circle and facing the circumference reads the names from left to -right. The bodies are laid with the heads towards the center. The -headstones are uniform in size and contain the name, regiment and -company of each soldier so far as it was possible to obtain them. -Another lot was set apart for the soldiers of the Regular Army. The -graves of the unknown dead are located at each end of the semi-circle. - -On the 27th of October, 1863, the work of exhumation was begun under the -supervision of Samuel Weaver, a citizen of Gettysburg. It was completed -on March 18th, 1864. The number of bodies exhumed and interred in the -cemetery was 3,512, including 158 taken up by the authorities of Boston. -Of the total number, 979 were unknown. Later other bodies were -discovered and added, and the total interred was 3,734. Many other Union -dead were sent to their family burial places. The Confederate bodies -remained in the original trenches until 1870-73, when 3,320 were -transferred to southern cemeteries. - -The central point of the semi-circle from which Lincoln delivered his -address is now occupied by the National Monument, one of the finest on -the field. It is 60 feet in height; the pedestal, 25 feet square at the -base, is crowned by a colossal statue representing the Genius of -Liberty. Projecting from the angles are four buttresses, each supporting -an allegorical statue. War is personified by an American soldier. -History, a figure with stylus and pen, records the achievements and -names of the dead. Peace is typified by a statue of an American -mechanic; Plenty by a female figure with a sheaf of wheat. The main die -of the pedestal is panelled. Upon one of the panels is inscribed an -extract from Lincoln’s Address. - -From the point where this monument stands, a magnificent view is -presented to the beholder. Sloping gradually toward the north and the -west, the entire cemetery is spread out as a beautiful panorama, showing -on a carpet of green the semi-circle of graves, the driveways lined with -rows of splendid maples, spruces, birches, magnolias, and many other -trees, as well as many clumps of shrubbery filling the intervals -between. A view from this point as the sun sinks behind the distant -range of the South Mountain is one long to be remembered. - -Standing at the upper end of the cemetery is a lesser monument in the -form of an exedra, the center of which contains a bust of Lincoln. Two -panels, one to the left, the other to the right, contain inscriptions; -one giving David Wills’ letter of invitation to President Lincoln to -attend the dedicatory exercises on November 19th, 1863; the other, -Lincoln’s immortal address in its entirety. - -Opposite this monument is the Rostrum from which the memorial addresses -are now delivered. The first memorial exercise was held on May 30th, -1868, establishing a custom continued until this day. Among the speakers -of recent years, either in the cemetery or on adjoining sections of the -Park, have been Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, Coolidge, and -Hoover; Vice-President Curtis; Pennsylvania Governors Sproul and -Pinchot, and Honorable James J. Davis. - - [Illustration: Airplane View.—The National Cemetery with its curving - rows of headstones] - - - - - LINCOLN AT GETTYSBURG - - -No action of the battle itself has been more variously reported than the -visit of President Lincoln at the time of the dedication of the National -Cemetery on November 19, 1863. A wise collector and judge among many -conflicting accounts is Dr. William E. Barton, noted Lincoln scholar, -who in his “Lincoln at Gettysburg” has assembled all available material. - -Dr. Barton gives various interesting reasons why Lincoln chose to come -to Gettysburg, though his presence was not very earnestly desired by the -committee of arrangements. His ability as anything but a political -speaker had not been demonstrated, and it was feared that he might spoil -the occasion. Until two weeks before the dedication, the only invitation -sent him was one of the printed circulars mailed to all national -officials, congressmen, and others. - - [Illustration: National Monument.—On the site of National Monument - stood the platform from which Abraham Lincoln delivered his immortal - address] - -He was eager, Dr. Barton thinks, to see the field of Gettysburg. He had -rejoiced in the victory, and had deplored with equal earnestness Meade’s -cautious policy in making no pursuit. He wished to urge the people to -renewed devotion to the cause which at that moment did not look -altogether promising. He wished also, Dr. Barton believes, to counteract -the impression made by a cruel slander which had wide circulation. Again -and again newspapers inimical to him had published an account of his -visit to the Antietam battlefield a year earlier, asserting that he had -asked his friend Ward Hill Lamon to sing a ribald song as they drove -about among the unburied dead. - - [Illustration: Lincoln Memorial.—Memorial in honor of Lincoln’s - Address - Henry K. Bush-Brown, Sculptor] - -Lincoln turned a deaf ear to most slanders, but this touched him to the -quick. It was not unlikely that he longed to prove the libel false by a -visit to another battlefield. The story continued to be told, however, -throughout his life. - -Following is Ward Hill Lamon’s account of the visit to Gettysburg, from -his “Recollections of Lincoln.” It is the opinion of the author of this -book, an eye-witness, that the reception which Lamon describes had other -causes than failure to value Lincoln’s words. The address was intended -to be merely a simple dedication which would not naturally be followed -by applause. The audience had stood through the address of Edward -Everett which occupied two hours, and through a prayer and musical -numbers in addition. Many of the crowd were turning away—they turned -back and listened earnestly, but with no impulse to applaud. - -At the time of the dedication, Mr. Lamon was chief marshal of the parade -and was with Lincoln on the platform when the address was delivered. -Lamon writes: - - ... A day or two before the dedication of the National Cemetery at - Gettysburg, Mr. Lincoln told me that he would be expected to make a - speech on the occasion; that he was extremely busy, and had no time - for preparation; and that he greatly feared he would not be able to - acquit himself with credit, much less to fill the measure of public - expectation. From his hat (the usual receptacle for his private notes - and memoranda) he drew a sheet of foolscap, one side of which was - closely written with what he informed me was a memorandum of his - intended address. This he read to me, first remarking that it was not - at all satisfactory to him. It proved to be in substance, if not the - exact words, what was afterwards printed as his famous Gettysburg - speech. - - After its delivery on the day of commemoration, he expressed deep - regret that he had not prepared it with greater care. He said to me on - the stand, immediately after concluding the speech: “Lamon, that - speech won’t scour! It is a flat failure, and the people are - disappointed.” (The word “scour” he often used in expressing his - conviction that a thing lacked merit, or would not stand the test of - close criticism or the wear of time.) He seemed deeply concerned about - what the people might think of his address; more deeply, in fact, than - I had ever seen him on any public occasion. His frank and regretful - condemnation of his effort, and more especially his manner of - expressing that regret, struck me as somewhat remarkable; and my own - impression was deepened by the fact that the orator of the day, Mr. - Everett, and Secretary Seward both coincided with Mr. Lincoln in his - unfavorable view of its merits. - - [Illustration: The Rostrum.—From the vine-draped Rostrum many famous - speakers have addressed the throngs that visit Gettysburg on - Memorial Day] - - The occasion was solemn, impressive, and grandly historic. The people, - it is true, stood apparently spellbound; and the vast throng was - hushed and awed into profound silence while Mr. Lincoln delivered his - brief speech. But it seemed to him that this silence and attention to - his words arose more from the solemnity of the ceremonies and the - awful scenes which gave rise to them, than anything he had said. He - believed that the speech was a failure. He thought so at the time, and - he never referred to it afterwards, in conversation with me, without - some expression of unqualified regret that he had not made the speech - better in every way. - - On the platform from which Mr. Lincoln delivered his address, and only - a moment after it was concluded, Mr. Seward turned to Mr. Everett and - asked him what he thought of the President’s speech. Mr. Everett - replied, “It is not what I expected from him. I am disappointed.” Then - in his turn Mr. Everett asked, “What do you think of it, Mr. Seward?” - The response was, “He has made a failure, and I am sorry for it. His - speech is not equal to him.” Mr. Seward then turned to me and asked, - “Mr. Marshal, what do you think of it?” I answered, “I am sorry to say - that it does not impress me as one of his great speeches.” - - In the face of these facts it has been repeatedly published that this - speech was received by the audience with loud demonstrations of - approval; that “amid the tears, sobs, and cheers it produced in the - excited throng, the orator of the day, Mr. Everett, turned to Lincoln, - grasped his hand and exclaimed, ‘I congratulate you on your success!’ - adding in a transport of heated enthusiasm, ‘Ah, Mr. President, how - gladly would I give my hundred pages to be the author of your twenty - lines!’” Nothing of the kind occurred. It is a slander on Mr. Everett, - an injustice to Mr. Lincoln, and a falsification of history. Mr. - Everett would not have used the words attributed to him, in the face - of his own condemnation of the speech uttered a moment before, without - subjecting himself to the charge of being a toady and a hypocrite; and - he was neither one or the other. - - As a matter of fact, the silence during the delivery of the speech, - and the lack of hearty demonstrations of approval immediately after - its close, were taken by Mr. Lincoln as certain proof that it was not - well received. In that opinion we all shared. If any person then - present saw, or thought he saw, the marvelous beauties of that - wonderful speech, as intelligent men in all lands now see and - acknowledge them, his superabundant caution closed his lips and stayed - his pen. Mr. Lincoln said to me after our return to Washington, “I - tell you, Hill, that speech fell on the audience like a wet blanket. I - am distressed about it. I ought to have prepared it with more care.” - Such continued to be his opinion of that most wonderful of all his - platform addresses up to the time of his death. - - - HARVEST - - Only the seasons and the years invade - These quiet wheatfields where the Armies crashed. - And mockingbirds and quail fly unafraid - Within the forest where the rifles flashed. - Here where the bladed wings of death have mown - And gleaned their harvestry of golden lives, - The fruitful seeds of corn and wheat are sown, - And where the cannon smoked, an orchard thrives. - - Long are the war years over, with their pain, - Their passionate tears and fury, and the sun - Lies hot and yellow on the heavy grain, - And all the fighting on these fields is done. - But in their peace, the quivering heart recalls - The youth that bled beside these old stone walls. - - —Agnes Kendrick Gray. - _By Permission of the Author._ - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - -The principal source of data for this work is the “War of the Rebellion -Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.” The appended list -of other sources has been made for those who wish to make an extended -study. - - Annals of the War McClure - Attack and Defense of Little Round Top Norton - Abraham Lincoln Charnwood - Abraham Lincoln, Life of Barton - Battles and Leaders, 4 vols. Century Co. - Battle of Gettysburg Young - Battle of Gettysburg Comte de Paris - Battle of Gettysburg Haskell - Barlow, Major-General, at Gettysburg N. Y. Mon. Com. - Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg Fiebeger - Campaigns of the Civil War Geer - Civil War Papers Mass. O. L. L. - Chancellorsville and Gettysburg Doubleday - Confederate Portraits Bradford - Four Years with the Army of the Potomac de Trobriand - From Manassas to Appomattox Longstreet - Gettysburg Then and Now Vanderslice - Gregg’s Cavalry Fight at Gettysburg Rawle - Hays, Gen. Alexander, Life and Letters Fleming - Lee, Gen. R. E., Recollections and Letters of Capt. R. E. Lee - Lee, Gen. R. E., Personal Reminiscences of Jones - Lee, Gen. R. E., Memoirs of Long - Lincoln and His Generals Macartney - Maine at Gettysburg Maine Com. - Meade, Maj.-Gen., Life of Bache - Meade at Gettysburg, With George G. Meade - Meade, General George Gordon Pennypacker - Military Memoirs of a Confederate Alexander - Numbers and Losses in the Civil War Livermore - New York at Gettysburg, 3 vols. N. Y. Mon. Com. - Pennsylvania at Gettysburg Pa. Mon. Com. - Recollections of Lincoln Lamon - Regimental Losses in the Civil War Fox - The War between the States Stevens - The War between the Union and the Confederacy Oates - Reminiscences of the Civil War Gordon - Stuart’s Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign Mosby - -In addition to the many histories and biographies which include the -battle among their subjects, there are novels, short stories, and poems -whose authors have made a careful study of Gettysburg as a background. -Among them are the following: - - - John Brown’s Body—Benet - Cease Firing—Johnston - Gettysburg: Stories of the Red Harvest and the Aftermath—Singmaster - _For Young People_ - Emmeline—Singmaster - A Boy at Gettysburg—Singmaster - Sewing Susie—Singmaster - - - - - ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC - Major-General George G. Meade - - - First Corps - John F. Reynolds, Major General - John Newton, Major General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. James S. Wadsworth 1. Solomon Meredith, Brig. Gen. - Brigadier General 2. Lysander Cutler, Brig. Gen. - 2. John C. Robinson 1. Gabriel R. Paul, Brig. Gen. - Brigadier General 2. Henry Baxter, Brig. Gen. - 3. Abner Doubleday 1. Thomas Rowley, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. Roy Stone, Col. - 3. George J. Stannard, Brig. Gen. - - Second Corps - Winfield S. Hancock, Major General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. John C. Caldwell 1. Edward E. Cross, Col. - Brigadier General 2. Patrick Kelly, Col. - 3. Samuel K. Zook, Brig. Gen. - 4. John R. Brooke, Col. - 2. John Gibbon 1. William Harrow, Brig. Gen. - Brigadier General 2. Alexander Webb, Brig. Gen. - 3. Norman J. Hall, Col. - 3. Alexander Hays 1. Samuel S. Carroll, Col. - Brigadier General 2. Thomas A. Smyth, Col. - 3. George L. Willard, Col. - - Third Corps - Daniel E. Sickles, Major General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. David D. Birney 1. Charles K. Graham, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. J. H. Hobart Ward, Brig. Gen. - 3. Regis de Trobriand, Col. - 2. Andrew A. Humphreys 1. Joseph B. Carr, Brig. Gen. - Brigadier General 2. Wm. R. Brewster, Col. - 3. George C. Burling, Col. - - Fifth Corps - George Sykes, Major General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. James Barnes 1. William S. Tilton, Col. - Brigadier General 2. Jacob B. Sweitzer, Col. - 3. Strong Vincent, Col. - 2. George Sykes 1. Hannibal Day, Col. - Major General 2. Sidney Burbank, Col. - Romeyne B. Ayres 3. Stephen Weed, Brig. Gen. - Brigadier General - 3. Samuel W. Crawford 1. William McCandless, Col. - Brigadier General 2. Joseph W. Fisher, Col. - - Sixth Corps - John Sedgwick, Major General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. Horatio G. Wright 1. Alfred T. A. Torbet, Brig. Gen. - Brigadier General 2. Joseph J. Bartlett, Brig. Gen. - 3. David A. Russell, Brig. Gen. - 2. Albion P. Howe 1. Lewis A. Grant, Col. - Brigadier General 2. Thomas H. Neill, Brig. Gen. - 3. John Newton 1. Alexander Shaler, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. Henry L. Eustis, Col. - Frank Wheaton 3. Frank Wheaton, Brig. Gen. - Brigadier General - - Eleventh Corps - Oliver O. Howard, Major General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. Francis C. Barlow 1. Leopold von Gilsa, Col. - Brigadier General 2. Adelbert Ames, Brig. Gen. - 2. Adolph von Steinwehr 1. Charles Coster, Col. - Brigadier General 2. Orlando Smith, Col. - 3. Carl Schurz 1. Alexander Schimmelfennig, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. W. Krzyzanowski, Col. - - Twelfth Corps - Henry W. Slocum, Major General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. Alpheus S. Williams 1. Archibald L. McDougal, Col. - Brigadier General 2. Henry H. Lockwood, Brig. Gen. - 3. Thomas H. Huger, Brig. Gen. - 2. John W. Geary 1. Charles Candy, Col. - Brigadier General 2. George A. Cobham, Col. - - Cavalry - Alfred Pleasanton, Major General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. John Buford 1. William Gamble, Col. - Brigadier General 2. Thomas C. Devin, Col. - 3. Wesley Merritt, Brig. Gen. - 2. David McM. Gregg 1. John B. McIntosh, Col. - Brigadier General 2. Pennock Ruey, Col. - 3. J. Irvin Gregg, Col. - 3. Judson Kilpatrick 1. Elon J. Farnsworth, Brig. Gen. - Brigadier General 2. George A. Custer, Brig. Gen. - - Chief of Artillery, Brigadier-General Henry J. Hunt - Number of guns belonging to the Artillery, 362 - Number of guns at Gettysburg, 354 - - - - - ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA - General Robert E. Lee - - - First Corps - James E. Longstreet, Lieutenant General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. Lafayette McLaws 1. John B. Kershaw, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. William Barksdale, Brig. Gen. - 3. Paul J. Semmes, Brig. Gen. - 4. William T. Wofford, Brig. Gen. - 2. George E. Pickett 1. Richard B. Garnett, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. James L. Kemper, Brig. Gen. - 3. Lewis A. Armistead, Brig. Gen. - 3. John B. Hood 1. Evander Law, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. Jerome B. Robertson, Brig. Gen. - 3. George T. Anderson, Brig. Gen. - 4. Henry L. Benning, Brig. Gen. - - Second Corps - Richard S. Ewell, Lieutenant General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. Jubal A. Early 1. Harry T. Hays, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. Robert F. Hoke (Isaac E. Avery), Brig. Gen. - 3. William Smith, Brig. Gen. - 4. John B. Gordon, Brig. Gen. - 2. Edward Johnson 1. George H. Steuart, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. James A. Walker, Brig. Gen. - 3. Francis T. Nicholls (J. M. Williams), Brig. - Gen. - 4. John M. Jones, Brig. Gen. - 3. Robert E. Rodes 1. Junius Daniel, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. Alfred Iverson, Brig. Gen. - 3. George Doles, Brig. Gen. - 4. Stephen D. Ramseur, Brig. Gen. - 5. Edward A. O’Neil, Brig. Gen. - - Third Corps - Ambrose P. Hill, Lieutenant General - - Divisions Brigades - 1. Richard H. Anderson 1. Cadmus M. Wilcox, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. Ambrose R. Wright, Brig. Gen. - 3. William Mahone, Brig. Gen. - 4. Edward A. Perry (David Lang), Brig. Gen. - 5. Garnet Posey, Brig. Gen. - 2. Henry Heth 1. James J. Pettigrew, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. John M. Brockenbrough, Col. - 3. James J. Archer, Brig. Gen. - 4. Joseph R. Davis, Brig. Gen. - 3. William D. Pender 1. James H. Lane, Brig. Gen. - Major General 2. Edward L. Thomas, Brig. Gen. - 3. Alfred M. Scales, Brig. Gen. - 4. Samuel McGowan (Abner Perrin), Brig. Gen. - 4. James E. B. Stuart 1. Wade Hampton, Brig. Gen. - Major General (Cavalry) 2. Beverly H. Robertson, Brig. Gen. - 3. Fitzhugh Lee, Brig. Gen. - 4. Wm. H. F. Lee (John R. Chambliss), Brig. Gen. - 5. William E. Jones, Brig. Gen. - Valley District and - Department of Western - Virginia (Cavalry and - mounted Infantry). - 1. Albert G. Jenkins, Brig. Gen. - 2. John D. Imboden, Brig. Gen. - - Chief of Artillery, William N. Pendleton - Number of guns, 272 - - [Illustration: NORTH CAROLINA MONUMENT - Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typographical errors. - -—Retained copyright information from the printed edition (which has - entered the public domain in the U.S.) - -—In the text versions, enclosed italicized text within _underscore - characters_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Battle of Gettysburg, by William C. 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