diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-0.txt | 1179 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-0.zip | bin | 19881 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-8.txt | 1179 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-8.zip | bin | 19826 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h.zip | bin | 1739834 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/50487-h.htm | 1427 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 79590 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/map_hr.jpg | bin | 592549 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/map_lr.jpg | bin | 204353 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/pic00.jpg | bin | 128094 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/pic01.jpg | bin | 36190 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/pic02.jpg | bin | 32663 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/pic03.jpg | bin | 35950 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/pic04.jpg | bin | 30460 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/pic05.jpg | bin | 146243 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/pic06.jpg | bin | 55927 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/pic06a.jpg | bin | 160511 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/pic07.jpg | bin | 62231 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50487-h/images/pic08.jpg | bin | 153780 -> 0 bytes |
22 files changed, 17 insertions, 3785 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6588cf --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50487 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50487) diff --git a/old/50487-0.txt b/old/50487-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a169c33..0000000 --- a/old/50487-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1179 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon, by -West Texas State Geological Society - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon - -Author: West Texas State Geological Society - -Release Date: November 19, 2015 [EBook #50487] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDEBOOK OF PALO DURO CANYON *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - GUIDEBOOK OF - PALO DURO CANYON - - - _West Texas State University Geological Society_ - - - - - DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES - - -The Department of Geosciences (geology, geography, anthropology) is -housed in the Science Center on the campus of West Texas State -University. Additional departmental space is found in the Killgore -Research Center and Old Main. The Department offers a program of study -leading to a Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees in geology -and geography and a Bachelor of General Studies degree in anthropology. -Most students are enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in geology degree, -designed to meet the needs of students preparing for a professional -career in geology. It requires a minimum of 39 semester hours of -geology, plus supporting coursework in other sciences, mathematics, and -technical writing or cartography. The Department also offers a Master of -Science degree in geology. Recent thesis topics include _Geology of -Fortress Cliff Quadrangle, Randall County, Texas_ and _Sedimentology and -Petrology of the Javelina Formation, Big Bend National Park, Brewster -County, Texas_. - -Members of the departmental faculty have a wide range of academic -interests and come from a variety of colleges and universities. Special -interests of the faculty include stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, -geomorphology, sedimentology, structural geology, tectonics, igneous and -metamorphic petrology, petroleum geology, paleontology, cartography, -archaeology, and Indians and their culture of the south central United -States. In addition, the Department retains a broad concern for -earth-science education, and offers courses in introductory earth -science and geology to meet student needs in the University general -education and in teacher education. - -The Department supports students with teaching and graduate -assistantships, undergraduate laboratory assistants, and scholarships. -Information regarding degree programs and financial aid can be obtained -from the Department of Geosciences, West Texas State University, Box -938, Canyon, Texas 79016 or by calling the departmental office at -806-656-2581. - - - - - FOREWORD - - -The West Texas State University Geological Society was organized in 1958 -by students of the Department of Geology. The objective of the Society -is to promote interest in geology as an academic subject and as a -professional career. In order to present the concepts of geology to -interested groups, the Palo Duro Canyon Guidebook is sponsored by the -WTSU Geological Society. - -The Geological Society is indebted to Professor Jack T. Hughes and to -Mr. Jerry Harbour for their work in the first edition of this guidebook. - - DO YOU HAVE A GROUP OR KNOW OF A GROUP WHO WOULD LIKE A GUIDED FIELD - TRIP OF PALO DURO CANYON? CONTACT THE WEST TEXAS STATE UNIVERSITY - GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT 656-2581 FOR INFORMATION. - - - - - TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - Text - - - Page - INTRODUCTION 1 - ECOLOGY 2 - HISTORY OF MAN IN THE AREA 4 - GEOLOGIC HISTORY 5 - PALEONTOLOGY 14 - - - Illustrations - - - Figure 1. Geologic Map of Palo Duro Canyon 6 - Figure 2. Stratigraphic Section and Geologic Time Scale 7 - Figure 3. Paleogeographic Map of the Permian Period 9 - Figure 4. Paleogeographic Map of the Triassic Period 11 - Figure 5. Paleogeographic Map of the Pliocene Epoch 13 - Figure 6. Paleogeographic Map of the Pleistocene Epoch 15 - Figure 7. Life of Triassic Time 17 - Figure 8. Pliocene Mammals 19 - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - -Palo Duro Canyon State Park is located 13 miles east of Canyon, Texas, -on State Highway 217 and 17 miles southeast of Amarillo, Texas. The park -encompasses about 15,000 acres of eastern Randall and western Armstrong -counties. - -The initial park area was purchased by the State of Texas in 1931. In -1973 the park boundary was extended to incorporate a famous topographic -structure, the Lighthouse (frontispiece). Excellent picnic and camping -facilities are available within the Park. - -Extending away from the canyon rim is a gently undulating land surface -called the Llano Estacado or Staked Plains. It is part of the High -Plains, a vast piedmont plain which extends along the eastern base of -the Rocky Mountains from Wyoming to Texas. The eastern edge of this -plain is, in places, an abrupt escarpment (cliff) known as the caprock. -Palo Duro Canyon is a westward extension of this escarpment that has -been carved into the High Plains by the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red -River. - -In the park area the canyon is several miles wide. The canyon rim is -about 3,500 feet above sea level and the canyon floor, although highly -irregular is approximately 2,700 feet above sea level. The maximum depth -of the canyon is about 800 feet. The United States Geological Survey has -published an excellent topographical contour map of the canyon, the -Fortress Cliff Quadrangle. It can be purchased at the park or from the -United States Geological Survey. - -The Park area normally receives about 20-30 inches of rainfall per year -and has a frost free period of approximately 200-240 days per year. The -yearly temperature ranges from 0-70°F in the winter and from 65 to 100°F -in the summer. The weather is considered fair about 75% of the time. The -nights are cool even in the summer. - - - - - ECOLOGY - - -Palo Duro Canyon is part of the escarpment system that forms the eastern -boundary of the Llano Estacado or Staked Plains. The Staked Plains in -this area is a nearly-level to gently-rolling terrain covered with a -mantle of calcareous loess (a wind-blown silt) that has given rise to -deep soils with a clay-loam surface and a clay subsoil. These soils are -ideally suited to the growth of short grasses, especially blue grama and -buffalo grass. Mesquite, yucca, prickly pear cactus, and forbs are -common invaders of overgrazed areas. - -Many shallow lake basins (playas) dot the plains with a flora different -from the surrounding areas. In the playas, plains grasses are displaced -by forbs that are suited to withstand the prolonged flooding within the -shallow basins. - -Near the canyon, the deep soils can be seen grading into shallow, -grayish-brown, gravelly-loam soils. The abundance of grasses decreases -and mid grasses such as little bluestem and sideoats grama increase. The -mid grasses are better able to absorb nutrients from the less fertile -soils near the canyon rim than are the short grasses. Especially -conspicuous are increasing numbers of shrubs, particularly the evergreen -and scale-leaved junipers. Just along the rim of the canyon, the shrubby -mountain mahogany is found. - -The rugged terrain of the sides of the canyon, extending from the -Ogallala downward through the Trujillo and Tecovas formations to the -upper part of the Quartermaster Formation, shows a variety of soil -types. On the steeper slopes, plants are unable to gain a foothold as -erosion removes soil material as fast as it is formed. On less-steep -areas, the well-drained escarpment soil is suited for the development of -scarp woodland. The deep, woody roots of trees and shrubs are better -able to obtain the deeply infiltrating moisture from these soils than -are the shallow and fibrous roots of grasses. The common plants on the -level areas are junipers, squaw-bush, and little-leaved sumac. On the -drier slopes, feather peabush, catclaw, and salt-bush are found. Groves -of oak occur, but not in the abundance found along the escarpment -further to the south. - -Below the canyon slopes and extending to the creek are a wide variety of -soils and a great diversity of plants. Most of the plants of the plains -and escarpment are found here. Some of the soils of the nearly level -areas are deep, high in fertility, and hold large amounts of water. Tall -grasses, such as indiangrass and switchgrass, occur admixed with mid -grasses; a rank growth of vine-mesquite grass often occurs in the areas -where runoff water collects; and alkali sacaton grass grows on saline -soils. Other trees and shrubs include hackberry, soapberry, wafer ash, -button bush, foresteria, and Texas buckthorn. Along the creek, -cottonwoods, willows, and salt cedar are common. - -Because of the varied topography, diversity of plant life, and -geographical locations, the canyon affords an ideal habitat for -wildlife. Some of the mammals that occur here are the coyote, porcupine, -jackrabbit, cottontail rabbit, raccoon, opossum, ringtailed cat, striped -skunk, gray fox, white-footed mouse, woodrat, and bat. Mammals that were -once common but are now absent or extremely rare are the bison, black -bear, black-footed ferret, lobo wolf, cougar, and bobcat. The moose and -American elk were introduced into the canyon but are no longer to be -found. White-tailed deer, mule deer, and aoudad sheep have also been -introduced and are still present. The mule deer is the most common. A -great many types of birds are found either as residents of or migrants -to the canyon. A few are the golden eagle, red-tailed hawk, sparrow -hawk, Mississippi kite, turkey vulture, blue quail, killdeer, nighthawk, -roadrunner, red-headed woodpecker, golden-fronted woodpecker, canyon -wren, mockingbird, robin, cardinal, meadowlark, Bullock’s oriole, -painted bunting, white-crowned sparrow, and lark sparrow. - - - - - HISTORY OF MAN IN THE AREA - - -Archeological studies indicate that the earliest known inhabitants of -Palo Duro Canyon lived in the canyon from about 10,000 to 5,000 B.C. -These early men hunted bison and now-extinct elephant-like mammoths that -roamed the area during the Pleistocene Ice Age. Their stone weapons and -artifacts have been found in the canyon. Presumably these primitive -people, like those who came later, were attracted by streams and springs -in the canyon, and by game that came to feed there. Rock exposed in the -canyon provided material for tools and weapons. - -Through the centuries, various tribes of Plains Indians, including -Apache, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Kiowa, and Comanche, made use of the canyon -as a camping ground. After the arrival of the white man, the canyon -became a favorite resting place for buffalo hunters and Indian traders -who travelled the Plains. White men first established residence there in -1876. - -The last Indian battle in Texas was fought in the canyon south of the -Park. Col. Ranald Mackenzie and his raiders, on September 25, 1874, -attacked a large encampment of Comanche, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapahoe -in the canyon. They destroyed about 100 lodges and 1400 horses and -mules. The damage inflicted was severe and by the following spring most -of the Indians were returned to the reservation in Oklahoma. - - - - - GEOLOGIC HISTORY - - -The age of the earth is calculated in terms of billions of years. For -convenience, geologic time is divided into units, called PERIODS, of -different lengths (Figure 1). Sediments deposited during each period and -the fossilized remains of animals and plants found in these sediments -give a partial record of the events and life of that period. - -A nearly homogeneous (uniform composition) rock layer may be identified -as a FORMATION. Formations are usually spread over a wide area like a -large blanket and are stacked on top of each other with the oldest at -the bottom and the youngest at the top. When viewed in the walls of the -canyon, they resemble a huge layer cake and may be traced along the -canyon walls. - - [Illustration: Figure 1. GEOLOGIC MAP OF PALO DURO CANYON] - - [Illustration: Figure 2. Stratigraphic section at Palo Duro Canyon - with Geologic Time-scale for reference.] - - GEOLOGIC TIME-SCALE AGE M.Y. - CENOZOIC - QUAT. - HOLOCENE - PLEISTOCENE 2 - TERTIARY - PLIOCENE 13 - MIOCENE 25 - OLIGOCENE 36 - EOCENE 58 - PALEOCENE 63 - MESOZOIC - CRETACEOUS 135 - JURASSIC 181 - TRIASSIC 230 - PALEOZOIC - PERMIAN 280 - PENNSYLVANIAN 310 - MISSISSIPPIAN 345 - DEVONIAN 405 - SILURIAN 425 - ORDOVICIAN 500 - CAMBRIAN 600 - PRECAMBRIAN - -The lowest and oldest exposed formation in Palo Duro Canyon is the -Quartermaster. It was deposited near the edge of a shallow sea that -occupied a wide area in Texas some 280 to 230 million years ago (Figure -3). This was during the Permian Period, the last period of the Paleozoic -Era. The sediments in the park area were carried from the east and -deposited in a nearshore environment. Sedimentary structures, such as -crossbeds and ripplemarks, are present throughout the Quartermaster -Formation. Halite casts suggest that there was a high rate of -evaporation as sedimentation occurred. Gypsum (altered anhydrite) is -also interpreted to be an evaporite deposit. The gypsum is now seen as -horizontal white layers of alabaster and satin-spar varieties within the -Quartermaster Formation. - -The Quartermaster Formation is mostly siltstone and shale, and is -commonly a distinctive red color. This red color is the result of -combining oxygen from the air with the iron in the sediments (oxidation) -much as a nail rusts after it has been exposed for a long period. The -bedded gray zones represent times when there was enough fresh water from -the land to offset temporarily the oxidation process. Smaller circular -gray areas have organic nuclei that produced local areas of chemically -altered iron by a process called reduction. - -At the close of the Permian Period and the Paleozoic Era, the Panhandle -region was uplifted and a period of widespread erosion followed. -Consequently there are no sediments in this area to represent the early -or middle portions of the Triassic Period. Breaks, such as this, in the -sedimentary record are called UNCONFORMITIES. They may have been caused -by a lack of deposition in the area or by an interval during which -erosion removed earlier sediments. - - [Illustration: Figure 3. Paleogeographic map of the Permian Period - (240 m.y.)] - -The Tecovas Formation was deposited in swamps, lakes, and streams -approximately 200 million years ago during the Late Triassic (Figure 4). -The Tecovas is mostly purplish lavender, yellow, orange, and buff -siltstone and shale. The bright-colored shale of the Tecovas Formation -is easily followed for many miles. Amarillo (the Spanish word for -yellow) got its name from Amarillo Creek where the yellow bed of the -Tecovas Formation crops out far from Palo Duro Canyon. The shale of the -Tecovas forms the less steep portions of the canyon walls and often is -covered by talus (weathered, broken rock) or vegetation. The uppermost -Tecovas is usually mantled with boulders from the overlying sandstone of -the Trujillo Formation. - -The Tecovas Formation contains numerous concretions or irregularly -shaped, weathered rocks. The unusual shape of a concretion is the result -of the hardening of the sediments around a nucleus. As the rock -weathers, the resistant material surrounding the nucleus remains. Most -of the concretions are composed of limonite, hematite, manganite or -calcite. Some of the calcite concretions are a variety termed -“septarian.” These concretions have calcite ridges in a honeycomb -pattern throughout the rock. Some of the concretions are simply nodular -or spherical aggregates. Also in the Tecovas, geodes filled or lined -internally with calcite crystals are found. - - [Illustration: Figure 4. Paleogeographic map of the Triassic Period - (181 m.y.)] - -Overlying the Tecovas is the Trujillo Formation. It was deposited by -streams that probably originated in an ancient highland southeast of the -present Panhandle. These streams were flowing more than 181 million -years ago. The sandstone contains some alternating layers of shale and -marl-pebble conglomerate. The Trujillo Formation is a resistant -formation and forms some of the upper portions of the canyon walls. The -steep portions are, in part, the result of a persistent fracture system -common in the Trujillo Formation. The sandstone and conglomerate of the -Trujillo characteristically exhibit well-developed crossbedding. Their -gray color is sometimes obscured by a crust of red mud or iron stain. -The uppermost red shale contains mineralized wood. The gray micaceous -sandstone has many round sandstone concretions. Some of these are -septarian concretions with cracks filled by calcite. Others may contain -leaf imprints. - -There is no evidence that Jurassic sediments were ever deposited in the -region. Cretaceous rocks are also missing in this area although -water-worn fossil oysters occur in the gravel at the base of the -overlying Ogallala. These fossils indicate that marine Cretaceous -sediments were deposited nearby and possibly covered the Triassic -deposits in the region. The rocks were then eroded away some time -between the end of the Cretaceous Period and the beginning of the -Pliocene Epoch, a span of about 50 million years. - -During the Pliocene Epoch, approximately 2-10 million years ago, the -Rocky Mountains were again uplifted. Sediments in streams and -floodplains were deposited on the erosional surface of the Trujillo -Formation (Figure 5). These stream-deposited sediments are the Ogallala -Formation. - -The Ogallala Formation, which forms the upper part of the sequence of -rocks exposed in the canyon, is present throughout most of the -Panhandle. The formation is important as it is the principal aquifer of -the Panhandle and supplies many farms and cities in the region with -water. The Ogallala is a siltstone and sandstone that has, in places, -been cemented by silica which came from groundwater. The formation -contains many pockets of common opal and the basal part is in many -places almost a chert. There are also some thin gray shale lenses. - - [Illustration: Figure 5. Paleogeographic map of the Pliocene (10 - m.y.)] - -Scattered over the Ogallala are Late Pliocene and Pleistocene playa lake -deposits up to 3 million years old. Some of these are fresh water lake -deposits of silt, limestone, and wind-transported sediments or loess. -Below these sediments is a layer of caliche which was deposited by -evaporation of groundwater rich in calcium carbonate during Late -Pliocene and Pleistocene time. - -Less than one million years ago, during the Pleistocene Epoch of the -Quaternary Period, the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River began -eroding headward into the Llano Estacado (Figure 6). The caprock -escarpment is the result of differing resistance to erosion. The faster -erosion of softer layers under the more resistant Ogallala and Trujillo -formations forms the steep slopes of the escarpment. - -The Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River is the small stream flowing -in Palo Duro Canyon. Throughout the past million years it has been -slowly excavating the canyon. The rate of change has been slow but -continuous, carving the steep colorful walls of Palo Duro Canyon, an -area of geologic interest and great scenic beauty. - - - - - PALEONTOLOGY - - -During the Permian Period the area that is now Palo Duro Canyon State -Park, was a nearly-flat land surface along the edge of a restricted sea. -The scarcity of fossils in the Quartermaster Formation indicates that -plant and animal life was sparse. The environment was probably unsuited -for plant life. It is thought that groundwater near the surface -evaporated, leaving large amounts of salt as a residue. Since plants -could not grow, animals would not have frequented the area either. - - [Illustration: Figure 6. Headward erosion by the Pecos, Colorado, - Brazos, Red and Canadian Rivers isolate the High Plains by the end - of the Pleistocene (10,000 years ago) and cut Palo Duro Canyon.] - -Fossils and rocks of the Tecovas Formation indicate that the sediments -were deposited in a swamp and stream environment (Figure 7). As time -went on and the land continued rising, the climate became drier and some -of the earlier life forms disappeared. - -Remains of _Metoposaurus_ (‘_Buettneria_’), the last of a long line of -giant amphibians, are found here. These animals lived in large ponds. -_Metoposaurus_ buried themselves in the bottom of a pond and waited for -fish to pass. With the aid of a third eye in the middle of its head, the -animal could direct its huge mouth to its prey. _Metoposaurus_ was so -bulky that it is thought that it did not leave the water because its -weak legs could not support its weight on land. - -Living in shallower areas of the swamp were a group of semiaquatic -reptiles known as phytosaurs. Phytosaurs looked very much like giant -crocodiles with a nostril on the top of their heads, which permitted -them to lie submerged just below the surface of the water. They probably -fed on fish and smaller reptiles. Phytosaurs reached a length of 50 -feet. - -A heavily armored aetosaur, _Desmatosuchus_ also lived in the Park area -during the Triassic. They attained a length of about 10 feet. These -reptiles probably were herbivorous (plant eating). A unique feature of -_Desmatosuchus_ was a fringe of backward-pointing horns around their -necks. These possibly served to protect them from the carnivorous (meat -eating) phytosaurs. - - [Illustration: Figure 7. Life of Late Triassic time, showing - restorations of the animals and plants that are now found as fossils - in the Chinle beds of New Mexico and Arizona. In the water is the - gigantic labyrinthodont amphibian, _Eupelor_, an animal some six - feet or more in length. Lying on the bank is the crocodile-like - thecodont reptile, _Phytosaurus_, large individuals of which may be - twenty or thirty feet long. Behind the phytosaur, in the distance, - is the armored thecodont, _Desmatosuchus_, ten feet long, and in the - foreground is the small, bipedal thecodont, _Hesperosuchus_. In the - left background are two individuals of the early saurischian - dinosaur, _Coelophysis_, reptiles about ten feet in length. These - animals lived in a tropical environment of moderate topography, - crossed by many sluggish rivers and dotted with lakes. Numerous - volcanoes rose above the general level of the land. Large, - araucarian trees were abundant, stout scouring rushes or horsetails - ten or fifteen feet high were everywhere, and the ground was covered - with abundant ferns.] - -Also found in the Tecovas and Trujillo formations are fossil lung-fish -teeth. Lung-fish are a type of fish that can breathe air, enabling them -to move from pond to pond. Footprints of a chicken-sized dinosaur have -also been found. The Middle Triassic flora was dominated by giant -palm-like trees. Also found are remains of a few large ferns and -horsetails. As the climate became drier and the swamps began to -disappear, coniferous (evergreen) trees such as _Araucarioxylon_ became -plentiful. These trees can be found in the canyon today as petrified -wood. - -The Ogallala in the park contains very few fossils. A giant tortoise was -found near the bend where the road begins to descend into the canyon. -Fossil seeds may be seen in the exposure of the Ogallala near the -Coronado Lodge. - -More extensive Late Pliocene fossil beds are exposed south of the park -in Cita Canyon. These beds are younger than the Ogallala and are stream -and basin deposits. The fauna and flora found here suggest a broad, -flat, grassy plain much like the present landscape (Figure 8). Remains -of mastodons, large, elephant-like animals with long upper tusks that -were used to dig up roots, are found here. Saber-tooth cats, also -present, preyed upon the mastodons. The remains of these, as well as -bones of camels, pony-sized horses, and sloths 10 feet high have been -found in the vicinity of the canyon. Some of these animals are thought -to have lived in the Panhandle a mere 10,000 years ago. - - [Illustration: Figure 8.] - - - _Amebelodon_: shovel-tusked mastodon - _Teleoceras_: short-legged rhinoceros - _Synthetoceras_: snout-horned even-toed hoofed mammal - _Cranioceras_: cranial-horned even-toed hoofed mammal - _Merycodus_: extinct pronghorn antelope - _Hypolagus_: extinct rabbit - _Epigaulus_: burrowing horned rodent - _Aphelops_: long-legged rhinoceros - _Prosthennops_: extinct peccary - _Osteoborus_: short-faced dog - _Pseudaelurus_: extinct cat - _Hemicyon_: bearlike dog - _Procamelus_: llamalike camel - _Megatylopus_: giant camel - _Pliohippus_: ancestral one-toed horse - _Neohipparion_: extinct three-toed horse - - - [Illustration: FIGURE 22.41 Pliocene Mammals. Early Pliocene life of - the southern High Plains. (Mural by J. H. Matternes, courtesy U.S. - National Museum.)] - -Due to limited outcrops in the Canyon proper, Pleistocene fossils are -very rare. An excellent collection of fossils from Palo Duro Canyon and -the Panhandle area is on display at the Panhandle-Plains Historical -Museum. - - [Illustration: Spectacular Palo Duro, “grand canyon” of the - Panhandle Plains, is an exciting experience. One of the nation’s - most magnificent scenic attractions, it provides delightful drives - and opportunities for hiking, horseback riding and camping in - season. Visit Palo Duro and enjoy it.] - - - Diamond Shamrock - - - QUALITY ROCK SHOP - - OVERNIGHT CAMPING - LAPIDARY EQUIPMENT - QUALITY AGATE & JADE, FOREIGN & DOMESTIC - CUSTOM SILVER, GOLD AND TURQUOISE WORK - - 2 Miles West of Canyon on U.S. Highway 60 - Route 1, Box 211, Canyon, Texas 79015 - - MAGGIE & WHITEY VOELM - (806) 655-7631 - - - _Search Drilling Co._ - - Rotary Drilling Contractors - Oil & Gas Producers - - SUITE 400 - WELLINGTON SQUARE OFFICE PARK - 1616 S. KENTUCKY - AMARILLO, TEXAS 79102 - (806) 359-7645 - - - YUCCA PETROLEUM CO. - - 300 Diamond Shamrock Building - P.O. BOX 2585 AMARILLO, TEXAS 79105 - Telephone: (806) 376-5431 - - - Argonaut - Energy Corporation - - GLEN S. SODERSTROM, President - LORNE E. TJERNAGEL, Exec. Vice-President - R. L. PATTERSON, Vice-President of Production - - 1209 West 7 St. Suite 200 - Amarillo, Texas 79101 - 806/373-6885 - - - W.M. QUACKENBUSH - - Petroleum Geologist - - 2315 Harmony - Amarillo, Texas 79106 - 806-355-2931 - - - JACK G. JONES - - CONSULTING PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST - - Office: AC 806/352-6891 - 5500 Meadow Green Dr. - Post Office Box 8145 - Amarillo, Texas 79109 - - - TUTHILL & BARBEE - - PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS - - S. KEITH TUTHILL - BILL J. BARBEE - - 300 Fisk Bldg. - - Amarillo, Texas - PH. 373-3023 - - - CAMBRIDGE & NAIL - - PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICES - - 803 Bank of the Southwest Bldg. - AMARILLO, TEXAS 79109 - 806 355-9297 - - Geologist: THOMAS R. CAMBRIDGE - Landman: A. L. NAIL - - - PAGE PETROLEUM LTD. - - 901 BANK OF THE SOUTHWEST BUILDING - AMARILLO, TEXAS 79109 - 806-366-9586 - - 11TH FLOOR ROYAL BANK BLDG., 335-8TH AVE. S.W. - CALGARY, ALBERTA T2P 1C9 - 403-269-8221 - - - ALPAR RESOURCES, INC. - - Box 1046 - Perryton, Texas 79070 - - - Panhandle Geological Society - - Box 2473 Amarillo, Texas - Petroleum Library 5th Floor Petroleum Bldg. - Field trip Guidebooks, Cross-Sections and Other Publications - GEOLOGY STUDENTS INVITED AND WELCOME - - - DUDLEY R. STANLEY - - Consulting Geologist - - 5500 Meadowgreen Drive Box 7586 - Amarillo, Texas 79109 - 355-8051 - - - PARADOX PETROLEUM CO. - - P.O. BOX 10025 - AMARILLO, TEXAS 79106 - - George Dobervich - Frank Rapstine - Dan Taylor - - PHONE (806) 355-5562 - - - HAWK ENERGY CORPORATION - - VERNON H. ROBINETT - BOB CONLEY - - Suite 230 / Wellington Square - Amarillo, Texas 79102 - 806-359-7021 - - - JAMES F. O’CONNELL - - CONSULTING GEOLOGIST - - 355-8051 - 5772 Canyon E-way - P. O. Box 7006 - Amarillo. Texas 79109 - - - Texas Panhandle Sample Log Service - - Plotted and described Stratigraphic Sample Logs on current and old - wildcat tests drilled in the Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles and - Northeastern New Mexico - - 1011 W. 9th - Amarillo, Texas - 373-8522 - - - CHARLES B. MORGAN - - CONSULTING GEOLOGIST - - 355-8051 - 5772 Canyon E-way - P. O. Box 7586 - Amarillo, Texas 79109 - - - IRWIN & ASSOCIATES - - GEOLOGICAL - MECHANICAL - CIVIL - ARCHITECTURAL - “_COUNTY MAPS_” - _Professional Drafting Service_ - - BILL E. IRWIN - - 502 Petroleum Bldg. - P. O. Box 14032 - Amarillo, Texas 79101 - Bus. 806-373-4611 - Res. 806-622-0789 - - - Mesa Petroleum Co. - - _With Compliments_ - _Mesa Petroleum Co._ - _One Mesa Square_ - _Amarillo, Texas_ - - - BAKER & TAYLOR DRILLING COMPANY - - —Combining the finest in drilling equipment and skill to better serve - the oil industry— - -Offering summer employment to W.T.S.U. students this year—as in the last - twenty-five years. - - [Illustration: Desert scene] - - - - - Discover the world around you at West Texas State University - -When you look toward the future, include a good education in your plans. -West Texas State University will help you learn about your world and -prepare you for the future. - - West Texas State University - Canyon, Texas - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected several palpable typographical errors. - -—Retained the list of corporate sponsors, but with simplified - stylesheet. - -—The original source had no date or copyright information. Based on - external data, original publication of this (revised) edition was - within a year or two of 1980. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon, by -West Texas State Geological Society - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDEBOOK OF PALO DURO CANYON *** - -***** This file should be named 50487-0.txt or 50487-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/4/8/50487/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/50487-0.zip b/old/50487-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4bb9f90..0000000 --- a/old/50487-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-8.txt b/old/50487-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ab52c31..0000000 --- a/old/50487-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1179 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon, by -West Texas State Geological Society - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon - -Author: West Texas State Geological Society - -Release Date: November 19, 2015 [EBook #50487] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDEBOOK OF PALO DURO CANYON *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - GUIDEBOOK OF - PALO DURO CANYON - - - _West Texas State University Geological Society_ - - - - - DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES - - -The Department of Geosciences (geology, geography, anthropology) is -housed in the Science Center on the campus of West Texas State -University. Additional departmental space is found in the Killgore -Research Center and Old Main. The Department offers a program of study -leading to a Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees in geology -and geography and a Bachelor of General Studies degree in anthropology. -Most students are enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in geology degree, -designed to meet the needs of students preparing for a professional -career in geology. It requires a minimum of 39 semester hours of -geology, plus supporting coursework in other sciences, mathematics, and -technical writing or cartography. The Department also offers a Master of -Science degree in geology. Recent thesis topics include _Geology of -Fortress Cliff Quadrangle, Randall County, Texas_ and _Sedimentology and -Petrology of the Javelina Formation, Big Bend National Park, Brewster -County, Texas_. - -Members of the departmental faculty have a wide range of academic -interests and come from a variety of colleges and universities. Special -interests of the faculty include stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, -geomorphology, sedimentology, structural geology, tectonics, igneous and -metamorphic petrology, petroleum geology, paleontology, cartography, -archaeology, and Indians and their culture of the south central United -States. In addition, the Department retains a broad concern for -earth-science education, and offers courses in introductory earth -science and geology to meet student needs in the University general -education and in teacher education. - -The Department supports students with teaching and graduate -assistantships, undergraduate laboratory assistants, and scholarships. -Information regarding degree programs and financial aid can be obtained -from the Department of Geosciences, West Texas State University, Box -938, Canyon, Texas 79016 or by calling the departmental office at -806-656-2581. - - - - - FOREWORD - - -The West Texas State University Geological Society was organized in 1958 -by students of the Department of Geology. The objective of the Society -is to promote interest in geology as an academic subject and as a -professional career. In order to present the concepts of geology to -interested groups, the Palo Duro Canyon Guidebook is sponsored by the -WTSU Geological Society. - -The Geological Society is indebted to Professor Jack T. Hughes and to -Mr. Jerry Harbour for their work in the first edition of this guidebook. - - DO YOU HAVE A GROUP OR KNOW OF A GROUP WHO WOULD LIKE A GUIDED FIELD - TRIP OF PALO DURO CANYON? CONTACT THE WEST TEXAS STATE UNIVERSITY - GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT 656-2581 FOR INFORMATION. - - - - - TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - Text - - - Page - INTRODUCTION 1 - ECOLOGY 2 - HISTORY OF MAN IN THE AREA 4 - GEOLOGIC HISTORY 5 - PALEONTOLOGY 14 - - - Illustrations - - - Figure 1. Geologic Map of Palo Duro Canyon 6 - Figure 2. Stratigraphic Section and Geologic Time Scale 7 - Figure 3. Paleogeographic Map of the Permian Period 9 - Figure 4. Paleogeographic Map of the Triassic Period 11 - Figure 5. Paleogeographic Map of the Pliocene Epoch 13 - Figure 6. Paleogeographic Map of the Pleistocene Epoch 15 - Figure 7. Life of Triassic Time 17 - Figure 8. Pliocene Mammals 19 - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - -Palo Duro Canyon State Park is located 13 miles east of Canyon, Texas, -on State Highway 217 and 17 miles southeast of Amarillo, Texas. The park -encompasses about 15,000 acres of eastern Randall and western Armstrong -counties. - -The initial park area was purchased by the State of Texas in 1931. In -1973 the park boundary was extended to incorporate a famous topographic -structure, the Lighthouse (frontispiece). Excellent picnic and camping -facilities are available within the Park. - -Extending away from the canyon rim is a gently undulating land surface -called the Llano Estacado or Staked Plains. It is part of the High -Plains, a vast piedmont plain which extends along the eastern base of -the Rocky Mountains from Wyoming to Texas. The eastern edge of this -plain is, in places, an abrupt escarpment (cliff) known as the caprock. -Palo Duro Canyon is a westward extension of this escarpment that has -been carved into the High Plains by the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red -River. - -In the park area the canyon is several miles wide. The canyon rim is -about 3,500 feet above sea level and the canyon floor, although highly -irregular is approximately 2,700 feet above sea level. The maximum depth -of the canyon is about 800 feet. The United States Geological Survey has -published an excellent topographical contour map of the canyon, the -Fortress Cliff Quadrangle. It can be purchased at the park or from the -United States Geological Survey. - -The Park area normally receives about 20-30 inches of rainfall per year -and has a frost free period of approximately 200-240 days per year. The -yearly temperature ranges from 0-70F in the winter and from 65 to 100F -in the summer. The weather is considered fair about 75% of the time. The -nights are cool even in the summer. - - - - - ECOLOGY - - -Palo Duro Canyon is part of the escarpment system that forms the eastern -boundary of the Llano Estacado or Staked Plains. The Staked Plains in -this area is a nearly-level to gently-rolling terrain covered with a -mantle of calcareous loess (a wind-blown silt) that has given rise to -deep soils with a clay-loam surface and a clay subsoil. These soils are -ideally suited to the growth of short grasses, especially blue grama and -buffalo grass. Mesquite, yucca, prickly pear cactus, and forbs are -common invaders of overgrazed areas. - -Many shallow lake basins (playas) dot the plains with a flora different -from the surrounding areas. In the playas, plains grasses are displaced -by forbs that are suited to withstand the prolonged flooding within the -shallow basins. - -Near the canyon, the deep soils can be seen grading into shallow, -grayish-brown, gravelly-loam soils. The abundance of grasses decreases -and mid grasses such as little bluestem and sideoats grama increase. The -mid grasses are better able to absorb nutrients from the less fertile -soils near the canyon rim than are the short grasses. Especially -conspicuous are increasing numbers of shrubs, particularly the evergreen -and scale-leaved junipers. Just along the rim of the canyon, the shrubby -mountain mahogany is found. - -The rugged terrain of the sides of the canyon, extending from the -Ogallala downward through the Trujillo and Tecovas formations to the -upper part of the Quartermaster Formation, shows a variety of soil -types. On the steeper slopes, plants are unable to gain a foothold as -erosion removes soil material as fast as it is formed. On less-steep -areas, the well-drained escarpment soil is suited for the development of -scarp woodland. The deep, woody roots of trees and shrubs are better -able to obtain the deeply infiltrating moisture from these soils than -are the shallow and fibrous roots of grasses. The common plants on the -level areas are junipers, squaw-bush, and little-leaved sumac. On the -drier slopes, feather peabush, catclaw, and salt-bush are found. Groves -of oak occur, but not in the abundance found along the escarpment -further to the south. - -Below the canyon slopes and extending to the creek are a wide variety of -soils and a great diversity of plants. Most of the plants of the plains -and escarpment are found here. Some of the soils of the nearly level -areas are deep, high in fertility, and hold large amounts of water. Tall -grasses, such as indiangrass and switchgrass, occur admixed with mid -grasses; a rank growth of vine-mesquite grass often occurs in the areas -where runoff water collects; and alkali sacaton grass grows on saline -soils. Other trees and shrubs include hackberry, soapberry, wafer ash, -button bush, foresteria, and Texas buckthorn. Along the creek, -cottonwoods, willows, and salt cedar are common. - -Because of the varied topography, diversity of plant life, and -geographical locations, the canyon affords an ideal habitat for -wildlife. Some of the mammals that occur here are the coyote, porcupine, -jackrabbit, cottontail rabbit, raccoon, opossum, ringtailed cat, striped -skunk, gray fox, white-footed mouse, woodrat, and bat. Mammals that were -once common but are now absent or extremely rare are the bison, black -bear, black-footed ferret, lobo wolf, cougar, and bobcat. The moose and -American elk were introduced into the canyon but are no longer to be -found. White-tailed deer, mule deer, and aoudad sheep have also been -introduced and are still present. The mule deer is the most common. A -great many types of birds are found either as residents of or migrants -to the canyon. A few are the golden eagle, red-tailed hawk, sparrow -hawk, Mississippi kite, turkey vulture, blue quail, killdeer, nighthawk, -roadrunner, red-headed woodpecker, golden-fronted woodpecker, canyon -wren, mockingbird, robin, cardinal, meadowlark, Bullock's oriole, -painted bunting, white-crowned sparrow, and lark sparrow. - - - - - HISTORY OF MAN IN THE AREA - - -Archeological studies indicate that the earliest known inhabitants of -Palo Duro Canyon lived in the canyon from about 10,000 to 5,000 B.C. -These early men hunted bison and now-extinct elephant-like mammoths that -roamed the area during the Pleistocene Ice Age. Their stone weapons and -artifacts have been found in the canyon. Presumably these primitive -people, like those who came later, were attracted by streams and springs -in the canyon, and by game that came to feed there. Rock exposed in the -canyon provided material for tools and weapons. - -Through the centuries, various tribes of Plains Indians, including -Apache, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Kiowa, and Comanche, made use of the canyon -as a camping ground. After the arrival of the white man, the canyon -became a favorite resting place for buffalo hunters and Indian traders -who travelled the Plains. White men first established residence there in -1876. - -The last Indian battle in Texas was fought in the canyon south of the -Park. Col. Ranald Mackenzie and his raiders, on September 25, 1874, -attacked a large encampment of Comanche, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapahoe -in the canyon. They destroyed about 100 lodges and 1400 horses and -mules. The damage inflicted was severe and by the following spring most -of the Indians were returned to the reservation in Oklahoma. - - - - - GEOLOGIC HISTORY - - -The age of the earth is calculated in terms of billions of years. For -convenience, geologic time is divided into units, called PERIODS, of -different lengths (Figure 1). Sediments deposited during each period and -the fossilized remains of animals and plants found in these sediments -give a partial record of the events and life of that period. - -A nearly homogeneous (uniform composition) rock layer may be identified -as a FORMATION. Formations are usually spread over a wide area like a -large blanket and are stacked on top of each other with the oldest at -the bottom and the youngest at the top. When viewed in the walls of the -canyon, they resemble a huge layer cake and may be traced along the -canyon walls. - - [Illustration: Figure 1. GEOLOGIC MAP OF PALO DURO CANYON] - - [Illustration: Figure 2. Stratigraphic section at Palo Duro Canyon - with Geologic Time-scale for reference.] - - GEOLOGIC TIME-SCALE AGE M.Y. - CENOZOIC - QUAT. - HOLOCENE - PLEISTOCENE 2 - TERTIARY - PLIOCENE 13 - MIOCENE 25 - OLIGOCENE 36 - EOCENE 58 - PALEOCENE 63 - MESOZOIC - CRETACEOUS 135 - JURASSIC 181 - TRIASSIC 230 - PALEOZOIC - PERMIAN 280 - PENNSYLVANIAN 310 - MISSISSIPPIAN 345 - DEVONIAN 405 - SILURIAN 425 - ORDOVICIAN 500 - CAMBRIAN 600 - PRECAMBRIAN - -The lowest and oldest exposed formation in Palo Duro Canyon is the -Quartermaster. It was deposited near the edge of a shallow sea that -occupied a wide area in Texas some 280 to 230 million years ago (Figure -3). This was during the Permian Period, the last period of the Paleozoic -Era. The sediments in the park area were carried from the east and -deposited in a nearshore environment. Sedimentary structures, such as -crossbeds and ripplemarks, are present throughout the Quartermaster -Formation. Halite casts suggest that there was a high rate of -evaporation as sedimentation occurred. Gypsum (altered anhydrite) is -also interpreted to be an evaporite deposit. The gypsum is now seen as -horizontal white layers of alabaster and satin-spar varieties within the -Quartermaster Formation. - -The Quartermaster Formation is mostly siltstone and shale, and is -commonly a distinctive red color. This red color is the result of -combining oxygen from the air with the iron in the sediments (oxidation) -much as a nail rusts after it has been exposed for a long period. The -bedded gray zones represent times when there was enough fresh water from -the land to offset temporarily the oxidation process. Smaller circular -gray areas have organic nuclei that produced local areas of chemically -altered iron by a process called reduction. - -At the close of the Permian Period and the Paleozoic Era, the Panhandle -region was uplifted and a period of widespread erosion followed. -Consequently there are no sediments in this area to represent the early -or middle portions of the Triassic Period. Breaks, such as this, in the -sedimentary record are called UNCONFORMITIES. They may have been caused -by a lack of deposition in the area or by an interval during which -erosion removed earlier sediments. - - [Illustration: Figure 3. Paleogeographic map of the Permian Period - (240 m.y.)] - -The Tecovas Formation was deposited in swamps, lakes, and streams -approximately 200 million years ago during the Late Triassic (Figure 4). -The Tecovas is mostly purplish lavender, yellow, orange, and buff -siltstone and shale. The bright-colored shale of the Tecovas Formation -is easily followed for many miles. Amarillo (the Spanish word for -yellow) got its name from Amarillo Creek where the yellow bed of the -Tecovas Formation crops out far from Palo Duro Canyon. The shale of the -Tecovas forms the less steep portions of the canyon walls and often is -covered by talus (weathered, broken rock) or vegetation. The uppermost -Tecovas is usually mantled with boulders from the overlying sandstone of -the Trujillo Formation. - -The Tecovas Formation contains numerous concretions or irregularly -shaped, weathered rocks. The unusual shape of a concretion is the result -of the hardening of the sediments around a nucleus. As the rock -weathers, the resistant material surrounding the nucleus remains. Most -of the concretions are composed of limonite, hematite, manganite or -calcite. Some of the calcite concretions are a variety termed -"septarian." These concretions have calcite ridges in a honeycomb -pattern throughout the rock. Some of the concretions are simply nodular -or spherical aggregates. Also in the Tecovas, geodes filled or lined -internally with calcite crystals are found. - - [Illustration: Figure 4. Paleogeographic map of the Triassic Period - (181 m.y.)] - -Overlying the Tecovas is the Trujillo Formation. It was deposited by -streams that probably originated in an ancient highland southeast of the -present Panhandle. These streams were flowing more than 181 million -years ago. The sandstone contains some alternating layers of shale and -marl-pebble conglomerate. The Trujillo Formation is a resistant -formation and forms some of the upper portions of the canyon walls. The -steep portions are, in part, the result of a persistent fracture system -common in the Trujillo Formation. The sandstone and conglomerate of the -Trujillo characteristically exhibit well-developed crossbedding. Their -gray color is sometimes obscured by a crust of red mud or iron stain. -The uppermost red shale contains mineralized wood. The gray micaceous -sandstone has many round sandstone concretions. Some of these are -septarian concretions with cracks filled by calcite. Others may contain -leaf imprints. - -There is no evidence that Jurassic sediments were ever deposited in the -region. Cretaceous rocks are also missing in this area although -water-worn fossil oysters occur in the gravel at the base of the -overlying Ogallala. These fossils indicate that marine Cretaceous -sediments were deposited nearby and possibly covered the Triassic -deposits in the region. The rocks were then eroded away some time -between the end of the Cretaceous Period and the beginning of the -Pliocene Epoch, a span of about 50 million years. - -During the Pliocene Epoch, approximately 2-10 million years ago, the -Rocky Mountains were again uplifted. Sediments in streams and -floodplains were deposited on the erosional surface of the Trujillo -Formation (Figure 5). These stream-deposited sediments are the Ogallala -Formation. - -The Ogallala Formation, which forms the upper part of the sequence of -rocks exposed in the canyon, is present throughout most of the -Panhandle. The formation is important as it is the principal aquifer of -the Panhandle and supplies many farms and cities in the region with -water. The Ogallala is a siltstone and sandstone that has, in places, -been cemented by silica which came from groundwater. The formation -contains many pockets of common opal and the basal part is in many -places almost a chert. There are also some thin gray shale lenses. - - [Illustration: Figure 5. Paleogeographic map of the Pliocene (10 - m.y.)] - -Scattered over the Ogallala are Late Pliocene and Pleistocene playa lake -deposits up to 3 million years old. Some of these are fresh water lake -deposits of silt, limestone, and wind-transported sediments or loess. -Below these sediments is a layer of caliche which was deposited by -evaporation of groundwater rich in calcium carbonate during Late -Pliocene and Pleistocene time. - -Less than one million years ago, during the Pleistocene Epoch of the -Quaternary Period, the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River began -eroding headward into the Llano Estacado (Figure 6). The caprock -escarpment is the result of differing resistance to erosion. The faster -erosion of softer layers under the more resistant Ogallala and Trujillo -formations forms the steep slopes of the escarpment. - -The Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River is the small stream flowing -in Palo Duro Canyon. Throughout the past million years it has been -slowly excavating the canyon. The rate of change has been slow but -continuous, carving the steep colorful walls of Palo Duro Canyon, an -area of geologic interest and great scenic beauty. - - - - - PALEONTOLOGY - - -During the Permian Period the area that is now Palo Duro Canyon State -Park, was a nearly-flat land surface along the edge of a restricted sea. -The scarcity of fossils in the Quartermaster Formation indicates that -plant and animal life was sparse. The environment was probably unsuited -for plant life. It is thought that groundwater near the surface -evaporated, leaving large amounts of salt as a residue. Since plants -could not grow, animals would not have frequented the area either. - - [Illustration: Figure 6. Headward erosion by the Pecos, Colorado, - Brazos, Red and Canadian Rivers isolate the High Plains by the end - of the Pleistocene (10,000 years ago) and cut Palo Duro Canyon.] - -Fossils and rocks of the Tecovas Formation indicate that the sediments -were deposited in a swamp and stream environment (Figure 7). As time -went on and the land continued rising, the climate became drier and some -of the earlier life forms disappeared. - -Remains of _Metoposaurus_ ('_Buettneria_'), the last of a long line of -giant amphibians, are found here. These animals lived in large ponds. -_Metoposaurus_ buried themselves in the bottom of a pond and waited for -fish to pass. With the aid of a third eye in the middle of its head, the -animal could direct its huge mouth to its prey. _Metoposaurus_ was so -bulky that it is thought that it did not leave the water because its -weak legs could not support its weight on land. - -Living in shallower areas of the swamp were a group of semiaquatic -reptiles known as phytosaurs. Phytosaurs looked very much like giant -crocodiles with a nostril on the top of their heads, which permitted -them to lie submerged just below the surface of the water. They probably -fed on fish and smaller reptiles. Phytosaurs reached a length of 50 -feet. - -A heavily armored aetosaur, _Desmatosuchus_ also lived in the Park area -during the Triassic. They attained a length of about 10 feet. These -reptiles probably were herbivorous (plant eating). A unique feature of -_Desmatosuchus_ was a fringe of backward-pointing horns around their -necks. These possibly served to protect them from the carnivorous (meat -eating) phytosaurs. - - [Illustration: Figure 7. Life of Late Triassic time, showing - restorations of the animals and plants that are now found as fossils - in the Chinle beds of New Mexico and Arizona. In the water is the - gigantic labyrinthodont amphibian, _Eupelor_, an animal some six - feet or more in length. Lying on the bank is the crocodile-like - thecodont reptile, _Phytosaurus_, large individuals of which may be - twenty or thirty feet long. Behind the phytosaur, in the distance, - is the armored thecodont, _Desmatosuchus_, ten feet long, and in the - foreground is the small, bipedal thecodont, _Hesperosuchus_. In the - left background are two individuals of the early saurischian - dinosaur, _Coelophysis_, reptiles about ten feet in length. These - animals lived in a tropical environment of moderate topography, - crossed by many sluggish rivers and dotted with lakes. Numerous - volcanoes rose above the general level of the land. Large, - araucarian trees were abundant, stout scouring rushes or horsetails - ten or fifteen feet high were everywhere, and the ground was covered - with abundant ferns.] - -Also found in the Tecovas and Trujillo formations are fossil lung-fish -teeth. Lung-fish are a type of fish that can breathe air, enabling them -to move from pond to pond. Footprints of a chicken-sized dinosaur have -also been found. The Middle Triassic flora was dominated by giant -palm-like trees. Also found are remains of a few large ferns and -horsetails. As the climate became drier and the swamps began to -disappear, coniferous (evergreen) trees such as _Araucarioxylon_ became -plentiful. These trees can be found in the canyon today as petrified -wood. - -The Ogallala in the park contains very few fossils. A giant tortoise was -found near the bend where the road begins to descend into the canyon. -Fossil seeds may be seen in the exposure of the Ogallala near the -Coronado Lodge. - -More extensive Late Pliocene fossil beds are exposed south of the park -in Cita Canyon. These beds are younger than the Ogallala and are stream -and basin deposits. The fauna and flora found here suggest a broad, -flat, grassy plain much like the present landscape (Figure 8). Remains -of mastodons, large, elephant-like animals with long upper tusks that -were used to dig up roots, are found here. Saber-tooth cats, also -present, preyed upon the mastodons. The remains of these, as well as -bones of camels, pony-sized horses, and sloths 10 feet high have been -found in the vicinity of the canyon. Some of these animals are thought -to have lived in the Panhandle a mere 10,000 years ago. - - [Illustration: Figure 8.] - - - _Amebelodon_: shovel-tusked mastodon - _Teleoceras_: short-legged rhinoceros - _Synthetoceras_: snout-horned even-toed hoofed mammal - _Cranioceras_: cranial-horned even-toed hoofed mammal - _Merycodus_: extinct pronghorn antelope - _Hypolagus_: extinct rabbit - _Epigaulus_: burrowing horned rodent - _Aphelops_: long-legged rhinoceros - _Prosthennops_: extinct peccary - _Osteoborus_: short-faced dog - _Pseudaelurus_: extinct cat - _Hemicyon_: bearlike dog - _Procamelus_: llamalike camel - _Megatylopus_: giant camel - _Pliohippus_: ancestral one-toed horse - _Neohipparion_: extinct three-toed horse - - - [Illustration: FIGURE 22.41 Pliocene Mammals. Early Pliocene life of - the southern High Plains. (Mural by J. H. Matternes, courtesy U.S. - National Museum.)] - -Due to limited outcrops in the Canyon proper, Pleistocene fossils are -very rare. An excellent collection of fossils from Palo Duro Canyon and -the Panhandle area is on display at the Panhandle-Plains Historical -Museum. - - [Illustration: Spectacular Palo Duro, "grand canyon" of the - Panhandle Plains, is an exciting experience. One of the nation's - most magnificent scenic attractions, it provides delightful drives - and opportunities for hiking, horseback riding and camping in - season. Visit Palo Duro and enjoy it.] - - - Diamond Shamrock - - - QUALITY ROCK SHOP - - OVERNIGHT CAMPING - LAPIDARY EQUIPMENT - QUALITY AGATE & JADE, FOREIGN & DOMESTIC - CUSTOM SILVER, GOLD AND TURQUOISE WORK - - 2 Miles West of Canyon on U.S. Highway 60 - Route 1, Box 211, Canyon, Texas 79015 - - MAGGIE & WHITEY VOELM - (806) 655-7631 - - - _Search Drilling Co._ - - Rotary Drilling Contractors - Oil & Gas Producers - - SUITE 400 - WELLINGTON SQUARE OFFICE PARK - 1616 S. KENTUCKY - AMARILLO, TEXAS 79102 - (806) 359-7645 - - - YUCCA PETROLEUM CO. - - 300 Diamond Shamrock Building - P.O. BOX 2585 AMARILLO, TEXAS 79105 - Telephone: (806) 376-5431 - - - Argonaut - Energy Corporation - - GLEN S. SODERSTROM, President - LORNE E. TJERNAGEL, Exec. Vice-President - R. L. PATTERSON, Vice-President of Production - - 1209 West 7 St. Suite 200 - Amarillo, Texas 79101 - 806/373-6885 - - - W.M. QUACKENBUSH - - Petroleum Geologist - - 2315 Harmony - Amarillo, Texas 79106 - 806-355-2931 - - - JACK G. JONES - - CONSULTING PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST - - Office: AC 806/352-6891 - 5500 Meadow Green Dr. - Post Office Box 8145 - Amarillo, Texas 79109 - - - TUTHILL & BARBEE - - PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS - - S. KEITH TUTHILL - BILL J. BARBEE - - 300 Fisk Bldg. - - Amarillo, Texas - PH. 373-3023 - - - CAMBRIDGE & NAIL - - PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICES - - 803 Bank of the Southwest Bldg. - AMARILLO, TEXAS 79109 - 806 355-9297 - - Geologist: THOMAS R. CAMBRIDGE - Landman: A. L. NAIL - - - PAGE PETROLEUM LTD. - - 901 BANK OF THE SOUTHWEST BUILDING - AMARILLO, TEXAS 79109 - 806-366-9586 - - 11TH FLOOR ROYAL BANK BLDG., 335-8TH AVE. S.W. - CALGARY, ALBERTA T2P 1C9 - 403-269-8221 - - - ALPAR RESOURCES, INC. - - Box 1046 - Perryton, Texas 79070 - - - Panhandle Geological Society - - Box 2473 Amarillo, Texas - Petroleum Library 5th Floor Petroleum Bldg. - Field trip Guidebooks, Cross-Sections and Other Publications - GEOLOGY STUDENTS INVITED AND WELCOME - - - DUDLEY R. STANLEY - - Consulting Geologist - - 5500 Meadowgreen Drive Box 7586 - Amarillo, Texas 79109 - 355-8051 - - - PARADOX PETROLEUM CO. - - P.O. BOX 10025 - AMARILLO, TEXAS 79106 - - George Dobervich - Frank Rapstine - Dan Taylor - - PHONE (806) 355-5562 - - - HAWK ENERGY CORPORATION - - VERNON H. ROBINETT - BOB CONLEY - - Suite 230 / Wellington Square - Amarillo, Texas 79102 - 806-359-7021 - - - JAMES F. O'CONNELL - - CONSULTING GEOLOGIST - - 355-8051 - 5772 Canyon E-way - P. O. Box 7006 - Amarillo. Texas 79109 - - - Texas Panhandle Sample Log Service - - Plotted and described Stratigraphic Sample Logs on current and old - wildcat tests drilled in the Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles and - Northeastern New Mexico - - 1011 W. 9th - Amarillo, Texas - 373-8522 - - - CHARLES B. MORGAN - - CONSULTING GEOLOGIST - - 355-8051 - 5772 Canyon E-way - P. O. Box 7586 - Amarillo, Texas 79109 - - - IRWIN & ASSOCIATES - - GEOLOGICAL - MECHANICAL - CIVIL - ARCHITECTURAL - "_COUNTY MAPS_" - _Professional Drafting Service_ - - BILL E. IRWIN - - 502 Petroleum Bldg. - P. O. Box 14032 - Amarillo, Texas 79101 - Bus. 806-373-4611 - Res. 806-622-0789 - - - Mesa Petroleum Co. - - _With Compliments_ - _Mesa Petroleum Co._ - _One Mesa Square_ - _Amarillo, Texas_ - - - BAKER & TAYLOR DRILLING COMPANY - - --Combining the finest in drilling equipment and skill to better serve - the oil industry-- - - Offering summer employment to W.T.S.U. students this year--as in the - last twenty-five years. - - [Illustration: Desert scene] - - - - - Discover the world around you at West Texas State University - -When you look toward the future, include a good education in your plans. -West Texas State University will help you learn about your world and -prepare you for the future. - - West Texas State University - Canyon, Texas - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Silently corrected several palpable typographical errors. - ---Retained the list of corporate sponsors, but with simplified - stylesheet. - ---The original source had no date or copyright information. Based on - external data, original publication of this (revised) edition was - within a year or two of 1980. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon, by -West Texas State Geological Society - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDEBOOK OF PALO DURO CANYON *** - -***** This file should be named 50487-8.txt or 50487-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/4/8/50487/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/50487-8.zip b/old/50487-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4fc988d..0000000 --- a/old/50487-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h.zip b/old/50487-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 26b22cd..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/50487-h.htm b/old/50487-h/50487-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index b5c1f6e..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/50487-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1427 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> -<title>Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon, by West Texas State University Geological Society</title> -<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://dublincore.org/documents/1998/09/dces/" /> -<meta name="DC.Creator" content="West Texas State University Geological Society" /> -<meta name="DC.Title" content="Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon" /> -<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /> -<meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> -<meta name="pss.pubdate" content="c. 1979" /> -<style type="text/css"> -large { font-size:125%; } -sc { font-variant:small-caps; font-style: normal; } - -/* == GLOBAL MARKUP == */ -body, table.twocol tr td { margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em; } /* BODY */ -.box { border-style:double; margin-bottom:2em; max-width:30em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-top:2em; } -.box p { margin-right:1em; margin-left:1em; } -.box dl { margin-right:1em; margin-left:1em; } -h1, h2, h3, h5, h6, .titlepg p { text-align:center; clear:both; } /* HEADINGS */ -h2 { margin-top:1.5em; margin-bottom:1em; } -h1 { margin-top:3em; } -div.box h1 { margin-top:1em; } -h3 { margin-top:2.5em; } -h4, h5 { font-size:100%; text-align:right; clear:right; } -h6 { font-size:100%; } -h6.var { font-size:80%; font-style:normal; } -.titlepg { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border-style:double; clear:both; } -span.chaptertitle { font-style:normal; display:block; text-align:center; font-size:150%; } -.tblttl { text-align:center; } -.tblsttl { text-align:center; font-variant:small-caps; } - -pre sub.ms { width:4em; letter-spacing:1em; } -table.fmla { text-align:center; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; margin-left:0em; margin-right:0em; } -table.inline, table.symbol { display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; } -td.cola { text-align:left; vertical-align:100%; } -td.colb { text-align:justify; } - -p, blockquote, div.p, div.bq { text-align:justify; } /* PARAGRAPHS */ -div.p, div.bq { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; } -blockquote, .bq { margin-left:1em; margin-right:0em; } -.verse { font-size:100%; } -p.indent {text-indent:2em; text-align:left; } -p.tb, p.tbcenter, verse.tb, blockquote.tb { margin-top:2em; } - -span.pb, div.pb, dt.pb, p.pb /* PAGE BREAKS */ -{ text-align:right; float:right; margin-right:0em; clear:right; } -div.pb { display:inline; } -.pb, dt.pb, dl.toc dt.pb, dl.tocl dt.pb, dl.index dt.pb { text-align:right; float:right; margin-left: 1.5em; - margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em; display:inline; text-indent:0; - font-size:80%; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold; - color:gray; border:1px solid gray;padding:1px 3px; } -div.index .pb { display:block; } -.bq div.pb, .bq span.pb { font-size:90%; margin-right:2em; } - -div.img, body a img {text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:2em; clear:right; } - -sup, a.fn { font-size:75%; vertical-align:100%; line-height:50%; font-weight:normal; } -h3 a.fn { font-size:65%; } -sub { font-size:75%; } -.center, .tbcenter { text-align:center; clear:both; } /* TEXTUAL MARKUP */ -span.center { display:block; } -table.center { clear:both; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; } -table.center tr td.l {text-align:left; margin-left:0em; } -table.center tr td.t {text-align:left; text-indent:1em; } -table.center tr td.t2 {text-align:left; text-indent:2em; } -table.center tr td.r {text-align:right; } -table.center tr th {vertical-align:bottom; } -table.center tr td {vertical-align:top; } -table.inline, table.symbol { display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; } - -p { clear:left; } -.small, .lsmall { font-size:90%; } -.smaller { font-size:80%; } -.smallest { font-size:67%; } -.larger { font-size:150%; } -.large { font-size:125%; } -.xlarge { font-size:200%; line-height:60%; } -.xxlarge { font-size:200%; line-height:60%; } -.gs { letter-spacing:1em; } -.gs3 { letter-spacing:2em; } -.gslarge { letter-spacing:.3em; font-size:110%; } -.sc { font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal; } -.unbold { font-weight:normal; } -.xo { position:relative; left:-.3em; } -.over, over { text-decoration: overline; display:inline; } -hr { width:20%; } -.jl { text-align:left; } -.jr1 { text-align:right; margin-right:2em; } -h1 .jr { margin-right:.5em; } -.ind1 { text-align:left; margin-left:2em; } -.u { text-decoration:underline; } -.b { font-weight:bold; } -.hst { margin-left:2em; } -.hst2 { margin-left:4em; } -.rubric { color:red; } -ul li { text-align:justify; } -.ss { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:90%; } - -dd.t { text-align:left; margin-left: 5.5em; } -dl.toc { clear:both; margin-top:1em; } /* CONTENTS (.TOC) */ -.toc dt.center { text-align:center; clear:both; margin-top:3em; margin-bottom:1em;} -.toc dt { text-align:right; clear:left; } -.toc dd { text-align:right; clear:both; } -.toc dd.ddt { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:4em; } -.toc dd.ddt2 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:5em; } -.toc dd.ddt3 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:6em; } -.toc dd.ddt4 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:7em; } -.toc dd.ddt5 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:8em; } -.toc dd.note { text-align:justify; clear:both; margin-left:5em; text-indent:-1em; margin-right:3em; } -.toc dt .xxxtest {width:17em; display:block; position:relative; left:4em; } -.toc dt a, -.toc dd a, -.toc dt span.left, -.toc dt span.lsmall, -.toc dd span.left { text-align:left; clear:right; float:left; } -.toc dt a span.cn { width:4em; text-align:right; margin-right:.7em; float:left; } -.toc dt.sc { text-align:right; clear:both; } -.toc dt.scl { text-align:left; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; } -.toc dt.sct { text-align:right; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; margin-left:1em; } -.toc dt.jl { text-align:left; clear:both; font-variant:normal; } -.toc dt.scc { text-align:center; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; } -.toc dt span.lj { text-align:left; display:block; float:left; } -.toc dd.center { text-align:center; } -dd.tocsummary {text-align:justify; margin-right:2em; margin-left:2em; } -dd.center sc {display:block; text-align:center; } - - /* INDEX (.INDEX) */ -dl.index { clear:both; } -.index dd { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; clear:both; } -.index dd.ddt { margin-left:6em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; } -.index dt { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; clear:both; } -.index dt.center {text-align:center; } -.index dt.jr { text-align:right; text-indent:0; margin-left:0; margin-right:0; } - -.ab, .abl { -font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none; -border-style:solid; border-color:gray; border-width:1px; -margin-right:0px; margin-top:5px; text-align:center; } -.ab { width:1em; } - - /* FOOTNOTE BLOCKS */ -div.notes p { margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em; text-align:justify; } - -dl.undent dt { margin-left:3em; text-indent:-3em; text-align:justify; } -dl.undent dd { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-3em; text-align:justify; } -dl.undent dd.t { margin-left:5em; text-indent:-3em; text-align:justify; } -dl.undent dd.t2 { margin-left:6em; text-indent:-3em; text-align:justify; } -dl.undent dd.t3 { margin-left:7em; text-indent:-3em; text-align:justify; } -dl.undent dd.t4 { margin-left:8em; text-indent:-3em; text-align:justify; } -dl.undent dd.t5 { margin-left:9em; text-indent:-3em; text-align:justify; } -dl.undent dd.t6 { margin-left:10em; text-indent:-3em; text-align:justify; } - /* POETRY LINE NUMBER */ -.lnum { text-align:right; float:right; margin-left:.5em; display:inline; } - -.hymn { text-align:left; } /* HYMN AND VERSE: HTML */ -.verse { text-align:left; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:0em; } -.versetb { text-align:left; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:0em; } -.originc { text-align:center; } -.subttl { text-align:center; font-size:80%; } -.srcttl { text-align:center; font-size:80%; font-weight:bold; } -p.t0, p.l { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.lb { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.tw, div.tw, .tw { margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t, div.t, .t { margin-left:5em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t2, div.t2, .t2 { margin-left:6em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t3, div.t3, .t3 { margin-left:7em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t4, div.t4, .t4 { margin-left:8em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t5, div.t5, .t5 { margin-left:9em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t6, div.t6, .t6 { margin-left:10em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t7, div.t7, .t7 { margin-left:11em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t8, div.t8, .t8 { margin-left:12em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t9, div.t9, .t9 { margin-left:13em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t10, div.t10,.t10 { margin-left:14em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t11, div.t11,.t11 { margin-left:15em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t12, div.t12,.t12 { margin-left:16em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t13, div.t13,.t13 { margin-left:17em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t14, div.t14,.t14 { margin-left:18em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t15, div.t15,.t15 { margin-left:19em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.lr, div.lr, span.lr { display:block; margin-left:0em; margin-right:1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:right; } -dt.lr { width:100%; margin-left:0em; margin-right:0em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:1em; text-align:right; } -dl dt.lr a { text-align:left; clear:left; float:left; } - -.fnblock { margin-top:2em; } -.fndef { text-align:justify; margin-top:1.5em; margin-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em; } -.fndef p.fncont, .fndef dl { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; } -dl.catalog dd { font-style:italic; } -dl.catalog dt { margin-top:1em; } -.author { text-align:right; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; display:block; } - -dl.biblio dt { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap, p.pcapc, p.ccap { margin-top:0em; font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:90%; } -p.pcap { text-align:justify; } -p.ccap { text-align:center; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon, by -West Texas State Geological Society - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon - -Author: West Texas State Geological Society - -Release Date: November 19, 2015 [EBook #50487] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDEBOOK OF PALO DURO CANYON *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon" width="500" height="765" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="smaller">GUIDEBOOK OF</span> -<br />PALO DURO CANYON</h1> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b"><span class="large"><b><i>West Texas State University Geological Society</i></b></span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div> -<h2><br /><span class="small">DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES</span></h2> -<p>The Department of Geosciences (geology, geography, -anthropology) is housed in the Science Center on the -campus of West Texas State University. Additional departmental -space is found in the Killgore Research -Center and Old Main. The Department offers a program -of study leading to a Bachelor of Science and Bachelor -of Arts degrees in geology and geography and a Bachelor -of General Studies degree in anthropology. Most students -are enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in geology -degree, designed to meet the needs of students -preparing for a professional career in geology. It requires -a minimum of 39 semester hours of geology, plus -supporting coursework in other sciences, mathematics, -and technical writing or cartography. The Department -also offers a Master of Science degree in geology. -Recent thesis topics include <i>Geology of Fortress Cliff -Quadrangle, Randall County, Texas</i> and <i>Sedimentology -and Petrology of the Javelina Formation, Big Bend -National Park, Brewster County, Texas</i>.</p> -<p>Members of the departmental faculty have a wide -range of academic interests and come from a variety of -colleges and universities. Special interests of the -faculty include stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, geomorphology, -sedimentology, structural geology, tectonics, -igneous and metamorphic petrology, petroleum geology, -paleontology, cartography, archaeology, and Indians and -their culture of the south central United States. In -addition, the Department retains a broad concern for -earth-science education, and offers courses in introductory -earth science and geology to meet student needs -in the University general education and in teacher -education.</p> -<p>The Department supports students with teaching and -graduate assistantships, undergraduate laboratory assistants, -and scholarships. Information regarding -degree programs and financial aid can be obtained from -the Department of Geosciences, West Texas State University, -Box 938, Canyon, Texas 79016 or by calling the -departmental office at 806-656-2581.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_ii">ii</div> -<h2><br /><span class="small">FOREWORD</span></h2> -<p>The West Texas State University Geological -Society was organized in 1958 by students of -the Department of Geology. The objective of -the Society is to promote interest in geology -as an academic subject and as a professional -career. In order to present the concepts of -geology to interested groups, the Palo Duro -Canyon Guidebook is sponsored by the WTSU -Geological Society.</p> -<p>The Geological Society is indebted to -Professor Jack T. Hughes and to Mr. Jerry -Harbour for their work in the first edition -of this guidebook.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>DO YOU HAVE A GROUP OR KNOW OF A GROUP -WHO WOULD LIKE A GUIDED FIELD TRIP OF -PALO DURO CANYON? CONTACT THE WEST TEXAS -STATE UNIVERSITY GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT -656-2581 FOR INFORMATION.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_iii">iii</div> -<h2><br /><span class="small">TABLE OF CONTENTS</span></h2> -<h3>Text</h3> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt class="small">Page</dt> -<dt><a href="#c1">INTRODUCTION</a> 1</dt> -<dt><a href="#c2">ECOLOGY</a> 2</dt> -<dt><a href="#c3">HISTORY OF MAN IN THE AREA</a> 4</dt> -<dt><a href="#c4">GEOLOGIC HISTORY</a> 5</dt> -<dt><a href="#c5">PALEONTOLOGY</a> 14</dt> -</dl> -<h3>Illustrations</h3> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt><a href="#fig1">Figure 1. Geologic Map of Palo Duro Canyon</a> 6</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig2">Figure 2. Stratigraphic Section and Geologic Time Scale</a> 7</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig3">Figure 3. Paleogeographic Map of the Permian Period</a> 9</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig4">Figure 4. Paleogeographic Map of the Triassic Period</a> 11</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig5">Figure 5. Paleogeographic Map of the Pliocene Epoch</a> 13</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig6">Figure 6. Paleogeographic Map of the Pleistocene Epoch</a> 15</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig7">Figure 7. Life of Triassic Time</a> 17</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig8">Figure 8. Pliocene Mammals</a> 19</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<h2 id="c1"><br /><span class="small">INTRODUCTION</span></h2> -<p>Palo Duro Canyon State Park is located -13 miles east of Canyon, Texas, on State Highway -217 and 17 miles southeast of Amarillo, -Texas. The park encompasses about 15,000 -acres of eastern Randall and western -Armstrong counties.</p> -<p>The initial park area was purchased by -the State of Texas in 1931. In 1973 the park -boundary was extended to incorporate a famous -topographic structure, the Lighthouse (frontispiece). -Excellent picnic and camping -facilities are available within the Park.</p> -<p>Extending away from the canyon rim is a -gently undulating land surface called the -Llano Estacado or Staked Plains. It is part -of the High Plains, a vast piedmont plain -which extends along the eastern base of the -Rocky Mountains from Wyoming to Texas. The -eastern edge of this plain is, in places, -an abrupt escarpment (cliff) known as the -caprock. Palo Duro Canyon is a westward -extension of this escarpment that has been -carved into the High Plains by the Prairie -Dog Town Fork of the Red River.</p> -<p>In the park area the canyon is several -miles wide. The canyon rim is about 3,500 -feet above sea level and the canyon floor, -although highly irregular is approximately -2,700 feet above sea level. The maximum -depth of the canyon is about 800 feet. The -United States Geological Survey has published -an excellent topographical contour map of -the canyon, the Fortress Cliff Quadrangle. -It can be purchased at the park or from the -United States Geological Survey.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<p>The Park area normally receives about -20-30 inches of rainfall per year and has a -frost free period of approximately 200-240 -days per year. The yearly temperature -ranges from 0-70°F in the winter and from -65 to 100°F in the summer. The weather is -considered fair about 75% of the time. The -nights are cool even in the summer.</p> -<h2 id="c2"><br /><span class="small">ECOLOGY</span></h2> -<p>Palo Duro Canyon is part of the escarpment -system that forms the eastern boundary -of the Llano Estacado or Staked Plains. The -Staked Plains in this area is a nearly-level -to gently-rolling terrain covered with a -mantle of calcareous loess (a wind-blown -silt) that has given rise to deep soils with -a clay-loam surface and a clay subsoil. -These soils are ideally suited to the growth -of short grasses, especially blue grama and -buffalo grass. Mesquite, yucca, prickly -pear cactus, and forbs are common invaders -of overgrazed areas.</p> -<p>Many shallow lake basins (playas) dot -the plains with a flora different from the -surrounding areas. In the playas, plains -grasses are displaced by forbs that are -suited to withstand the prolonged flooding -within the shallow basins.</p> -<p>Near the canyon, the deep soils can be -seen grading into shallow, grayish-brown, -gravelly-loam soils. The abundance of -grasses decreases and mid grasses such as -little bluestem and sideoats grama increase. -The mid grasses are better able to absorb -nutrients from the less fertile soils near -the canyon rim than are the short grasses. -Especially conspicuous are increasing -<span class="pb" id="Page_3">3</span> -numbers of shrubs, particularly the evergreen -and scale-leaved junipers. Just along -the rim of the canyon, the shrubby mountain -mahogany is found.</p> -<p>The rugged terrain of the sides of the -canyon, extending from the Ogallala downward -through the Trujillo and Tecovas formations -to the upper part of the Quartermaster Formation, -shows a variety of soil types. On the -steeper slopes, plants are unable to gain a -foothold as erosion removes soil material as -fast as it is formed. On less-steep areas, -the well-drained escarpment soil is suited -for the development of scarp woodland. The -deep, woody roots of trees and shrubs are -better able to obtain the deeply infiltrating -moisture from these soils than are the -shallow and fibrous roots of grasses. The -common plants on the level areas are junipers, -squaw-bush, and little-leaved sumac. On the -drier slopes, feather peabush, catclaw, and -salt-bush are found. Groves of oak occur, -but not in the abundance found along the -escarpment further to the south.</p> -<p>Below the canyon slopes and extending -to the creek are a wide variety of soils and -a great diversity of plants. Most of the -plants of the plains and escarpment are -found here. Some of the soils of the -nearly level areas are deep, high in fertility, -and hold large amounts of water. -Tall grasses, such as indiangrass and switchgrass, -occur admixed with mid grasses; a -rank growth of vine-mesquite grass often -occurs in the areas where runoff water collects; -and alkali sacaton grass grows on saline -soils. Other trees and shrubs include -hackberry, soapberry, wafer ash, button -bush, foresteria, and Texas buckthorn. -Along the creek, cottonwoods, willows, and -salt cedar are common.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<p>Because of the varied topography, diversity -of plant life, and geographical locations, -the canyon affords an ideal habitat -for wildlife. Some of the mammals that occur -here are the coyote, porcupine, jackrabbit, -cottontail rabbit, raccoon, opossum, ringtailed -cat, striped skunk, gray fox, white-footed -mouse, woodrat, and bat. Mammals -that were once common but are now absent or -extremely rare are the bison, black bear, -black-footed ferret, lobo wolf, cougar, and -bobcat. The moose and American elk were -introduced into the canyon but are no longer -to be found. White-tailed deer, mule deer, -and aoudad sheep have also been introduced -and are still present. The mule deer is the -most common. A great many types of birds -are found either as residents of or migrants -to the canyon. A few are the golden eagle, -red-tailed hawk, sparrow hawk, Mississippi -kite, turkey vulture, blue quail, killdeer, -nighthawk, roadrunner, red-headed woodpecker, -golden-fronted woodpecker, canyon wren, -mockingbird, robin, cardinal, meadowlark, -Bullock’s oriole, painted bunting, white-crowned -sparrow, and lark sparrow.</p> -<h2 id="c3"><br /><span class="small">HISTORY OF MAN IN THE AREA</span></h2> -<p>Archeological studies indicate that the -earliest known inhabitants of Palo Duro -Canyon lived in the canyon from about 10,000 -to 5,000 B.C. These early men hunted bison -and now-extinct elephant-like mammoths that -roamed the area during the Pleistocene Ice -Age. Their stone weapons and artifacts -have been found in the canyon. Presumably -these primitive people, like those who came -later, were attracted by streams and springs -in the canyon, and by game that came to feed -there. Rock exposed in the canyon provided -material for tools and weapons.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<p>Through the centuries, various tribes of -Plains Indians, including Apache, Cheyenne, -Arapahoe, Kiowa, and Comanche, made use of -the canyon as a camping ground. After the -arrival of the white man, the canyon became -a favorite resting place for buffalo hunters -and Indian traders who travelled the Plains. -White men first established residence there -in 1876.</p> -<p>The last Indian battle in Texas was -fought in the canyon south of the Park. Col. -Ranald Mackenzie and his raiders, on September -25, 1874, attacked a large encampment of -Comanche, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapahoe in -the canyon. They destroyed about 100 lodges -and 1400 horses and mules. The damage inflicted -was severe and by the following -spring most of the Indians were returned to -the reservation in Oklahoma.</p> -<h2 id="c4"><br /><span class="small">GEOLOGIC HISTORY</span></h2> -<p>The age of the earth is calculated in -terms of billions of years. For convenience, -geologic time is divided into units, called -PERIODS, of different lengths (<a href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>). -Sediments deposited during each period and -the fossilized remains of animals and plants -found in these sediments give a partial -record of the events and life of that period.</p> -<p>A nearly homogeneous (uniform composition) -rock layer may be identified as a -FORMATION. Formations are usually spread -over a wide area like a large blanket and are -stacked on top of each other with the oldest -at the bottom and the youngest at the top. -When viewed in the walls of the canyon, they -resemble a huge layer cake and may be traced -along the canyon walls.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/map_lr.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="754" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="sc">Figure 1. GEOLOGIC MAP OF PALO DURO CANYON</span><br /><span class="center"><a class="abl" href="images/map_hr.jpg">High-resolution Map</a></span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/pic00.jpg" alt="" width="585" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="sc">Figure 2. Stratigraphic section at Palo Duro Canyon with Geologic Time-scale for reference.</span></p> -</div> -<table class="center"> -<tr><th>GEOLOGIC TIME-SCALE </th><th class="r">AGE M.Y.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">CENOZOIC</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">QUAT.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst2">HOLOCENE</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst2">PLEISTOCENE</span> </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">TERTIARY</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst2">PLIOCENE</span> </td><td class="r">13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst2">MIOCENE</span> </td><td class="r">25</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst2">OLIGOCENE</span> </td><td class="r">36</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst2">EOCENE</span> </td><td class="r">58</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst2">PALEOCENE</span> </td><td class="r">63</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">MESOZOIC</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">CRETACEOUS</span> </td><td class="r">135</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">JURASSIC</span> </td><td class="r">181</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">TRIASSIC</span> </td><td class="r">230</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">PALEOZOIC</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">PERMIAN</span> </td><td class="r">280</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">PENNSYLVANIAN</span> </td><td class="r">310</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">MISSISSIPPIAN</span> </td><td class="r">345</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">DEVONIAN</span> </td><td class="r">405</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">SILURIAN</span> </td><td class="r">425</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">ORDOVICIAN</span> </td><td class="r">500</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">CAMBRIAN</span> </td><td class="r">600</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">PRECAMBRIAN</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<p>The lowest and oldest exposed formation -in Palo Duro Canyon is the Quartermaster. It -was deposited near the edge of a shallow sea -that occupied a wide area in Texas some 280 -to 230 million years ago (<a href="#fig3">Figure 3</a>). This -was during the Permian Period, the last -period of the Paleozoic Era. The sediments -in the park area were carried from the east -and deposited in a nearshore environment. -Sedimentary structures, such as crossbeds -and ripplemarks, are present throughout the -Quartermaster Formation. Halite casts suggest -that there was a high rate of evaporation -as sedimentation occurred. Gypsum -(altered anhydrite) is also interpreted to -be an evaporite deposit. The gypsum is now -seen as horizontal white layers of alabaster -and satin-spar varieties within the Quartermaster -Formation.</p> -<p>The Quartermaster Formation is mostly -siltstone and shale, and is commonly a -distinctive red color. This red color is -the result of combining oxygen from the air -with the iron in the sediments (oxidation) -much as a nail rusts after it has been -exposed for a long period. The bedded gray -zones represent times when there was enough -fresh water from the land to offset temporarily -the oxidation process. Smaller -circular gray areas have organic nuclei -that produced local areas of chemically -altered iron by a process called reduction.</p> -<p>At the close of the Permian Period and -the Paleozoic Era, the Panhandle region was -uplifted and a period of widespread erosion -followed. Consequently there are no sediments -in this area to represent the early -or middle portions of the Triassic Period. -Breaks, such as this, in the sedimentary -record are called UNCONFORMITIES. They may -have been caused by a lack of deposition in -the area or by an interval during which -erosion removed earlier sediments.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/pic01.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="509" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="sc">Figure 3. Paleogeographic map of the Permian Period (240 m.y.)</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<p>The Tecovas Formation was deposited in -swamps, lakes, and streams approximately 200 -million years ago during the Late Triassic -(<a href="#fig4">Figure 4</a>). The Tecovas is mostly purplish -lavender, yellow, orange, and buff siltstone -and shale. The bright-colored shale of the -Tecovas Formation is easily followed for -many miles. Amarillo (the Spanish word for -yellow) got its name from Amarillo Creek -where the yellow bed of the Tecovas Formation -crops out far from Palo Duro Canyon. -The shale of the Tecovas forms the less -steep portions of the canyon walls and -often is covered by talus (weathered, broken -rock) or vegetation. The uppermost Tecovas -is usually mantled with boulders from the -overlying sandstone of the Trujillo Formation.</p> -<p>The Tecovas Formation contains numerous -concretions or irregularly shaped, weathered -rocks. The unusual shape of a concretion -is the result of the hardening of the sediments -around a nucleus. As the rock weathers, -the resistant material surrounding the nucleus -remains. Most of the concretions are composed -of limonite, hematite, manganite or -calcite. Some of the calcite concretions -are a variety termed “septarian.” These -concretions have calcite ridges in a honeycomb -pattern throughout the rock. Some of -the concretions are simply nodular or -spherical aggregates. Also in the Tecovas, -geodes filled or lined internally with -calcite crystals are found.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/pic02.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="538" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="sc">Figure 4. Paleogeographic map of the Triassic Period (181 m.y.)</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<p>Overlying the Tecovas is the Trujillo -Formation. It was deposited by streams that -probably originated in an ancient highland -southeast of the present Panhandle. These -streams were flowing more than 181 million -years ago. The sandstone contains some -alternating layers of shale and marl-pebble -conglomerate. The Trujillo Formation is a -resistant formation and forms some of the -upper portions of the canyon walls. The steep -portions are, in part, the result of a persistent -fracture system common in the Trujillo -Formation. The sandstone and conglomerate -of the Trujillo characteristically exhibit -well-developed crossbedding. Their gray color -is sometimes obscured by a crust of red mud -or iron stain. The uppermost red shale contains -mineralized wood. The gray micaceous -sandstone has many round sandstone concretions. -Some of these are septarian concretions -with cracks filled by calcite. Others -may contain leaf imprints.</p> -<p>There is no evidence that Jurassic sediments -were ever deposited in the region. -Cretaceous rocks are also missing in this -area although water-worn fossil oysters occur -in the gravel at the base of the overlying -Ogallala. These fossils indicate that marine -Cretaceous sediments were deposited nearby -and possibly covered the Triassic deposits -in the region. The rocks were then eroded -away some time between the end of the -Cretaceous Period and the beginning of the -Pliocene Epoch, a span of about 50 million -years.</p> -<p>During the Pliocene Epoch, approximately -2-10 million years ago, the Rocky Mountains -were again uplifted. Sediments in streams -and floodplains were deposited on the erosional -surface of the Trujillo Formation -(<a href="#fig5">Figure 5</a>). These stream-deposited sediments -are the Ogallala Formation.</p> -<p>The Ogallala Formation, which forms the -upper part of the sequence of rocks exposed -in the canyon, is present throughout most -of the Panhandle. The formation is important -as it is the principal aquifer of the Panhandle -and supplies many farms and cities -in the region with water. The Ogallala is -a siltstone and sandstone that has, in places, -been cemented by silica which came from groundwater. -The formation contains many pockets -of common opal and the basal part is in many -places almost a chert. There are also some -thin gray shale lenses.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/pic03.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="533" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="sc">Figure 5. Paleogeographic map of the Pliocene (10 m.y.)</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<p>Scattered over the Ogallala are Late -Pliocene and Pleistocene playa lake deposits -up to 3 million years old. Some of these are -fresh water lake deposits of silt, limestone, -and wind-transported sediments or loess. -Below these sediments is a layer of caliche -which was deposited by evaporation of groundwater -rich in calcium carbonate during Late -Pliocene and Pleistocene time.</p> -<p>Less than one million years ago, during -the Pleistocene Epoch of the Quaternary -Period, the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the -Red River began eroding headward into the -Llano Estacado (<a href="#fig6">Figure 6</a>). The caprock escarpment -is the result of differing resistance -to erosion. The faster erosion of softer -layers under the more resistant Ogallala -and Trujillo formations forms the steep -slopes of the escarpment.</p> -<p>The Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red -River is the small stream flowing in Palo -Duro Canyon. Throughout the past million -years it has been slowly excavating the -canyon. The rate of change has been slow -but continuous, carving the steep colorful -walls of Palo Duro Canyon, an area of geologic -interest and great scenic beauty.</p> -<h2 id="c5"><br /><span class="small">PALEONTOLOGY</span></h2> -<p>During the Permian Period the area -that is now Palo Duro Canyon State Park, -was a nearly-flat land surface along the -edge of a restricted sea. The scarcity of -fossils in the Quartermaster Formation indicates -that plant and animal life was -sparse. The environment was probably unsuited -for plant life. It is thought that -groundwater near the surface evaporated, -leaving large amounts of salt as a residue. -Since plants could not grow, animals would -not have frequented the area either.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/pic04.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="499" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="sc">Figure 6. Headward erosion by the Pecos, Colorado, Brazos, Red -and Canadian Rivers isolate the High Plains by the end of the -Pleistocene (10,000 years ago) and cut Palo Duro Canyon.</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<p>Fossils and rocks of the Tecovas Formation -indicate that the sediments were deposited -in a swamp and stream environment -(<a href="#fig7">Figure 7</a>). As time went on and the land -continued rising, the climate became drier -and some of the earlier life forms disappeared.</p> -<p>Remains of <i>Metoposaurus</i> (‘<i>Buettneria</i>’), -the last of a long line of giant amphibians, -are found here. These animals lived in large -ponds. <i>Metoposaurus</i> buried themselves in the -bottom of a pond and waited for fish to pass. -With the aid of a third eye in the middle of -its head, the animal could direct its huge -mouth to its prey. <i>Metoposaurus</i> was so bulky -that it is thought that it did not leave the -water because its weak legs could not support -its weight on land.</p> -<p>Living in shallower areas of the swamp -were a group of semiaquatic reptiles known -as phytosaurs. Phytosaurs looked very much -like giant crocodiles with a nostril on the -top of their heads, which permitted them to -lie submerged just below the surface of the -water. They probably fed on fish and smaller -reptiles. Phytosaurs reached a length of -50 feet.</p> -<p>A heavily armored aetosaur, <i>Desmatosuchus</i> -also lived in the Park area during the -Triassic. They attained a length of about -10 feet. These reptiles probably were -herbivorous (plant eating). A unique feature -of <i>Desmatosuchus</i> was a fringe of backward-pointing -horns around their necks. These -possibly served to protect them from the -carnivorous (meat eating) phytosaurs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/pic05.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="503" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 7. Life of Late Triassic time, showing restorations of the animals and plants -that are now found as fossils in the Chinle beds of New Mexico and Arizona. -In the water is the gigantic labyrinthodont amphibian, <i>Eupelor</i>, -an animal some six feet or more in length. Lying on the bank is the crocodile-like -thecodont reptile, <i>Phytosaurus</i>, large individuals of which may be twenty -or thirty feet long. Behind the phytosaur, in the distance, is the armored -thecodont, <i>Desmatosuchus</i>, ten feet long, and in the foreground is the small, -bipedal thecodont, <i>Hesperosuchus</i>. In the left background are two individuals -of the early saurischian dinosaur, <i>Coelophysis</i>, reptiles about ten feet -in length. These animals lived in a tropical environment of moderate topography, -crossed by many sluggish rivers and dotted with lakes. Numerous volcanoes -rose above the general level of the land. Large, araucarian trees -were abundant, stout scouring rushes or horsetails ten or fifteen feet high -were everywhere, and the ground was covered with abundant ferns.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<p>Also found in the Tecovas and Trujillo -formations are fossil lung-fish teeth. Lung-fish -are a type of fish that can breathe air, -enabling them to move from pond to pond. -Footprints of a chicken-sized dinosaur have -also been found. The Middle Triassic flora -was dominated by giant palm-like trees. Also -found are remains of a few large ferns and -horsetails. As the climate became drier and -the swamps began to disappear, coniferous -(evergreen) trees such as <i>Araucarioxylon</i> -became plentiful. These trees can be found -in the canyon today as petrified wood.</p> -<p>The Ogallala in the park contains very -few fossils. A giant tortoise was found -near the bend where the road begins to -descend into the canyon. Fossil seeds may -be seen in the exposure of the Ogallala near -the Coronado Lodge.</p> -<p>More extensive Late Pliocene fossil beds -are exposed south of the park in Cita Canyon. -These beds are younger than the Ogallala -and are stream and basin deposits. The fauna -and flora found here suggest a broad, flat, -grassy plain much like the present landscape -(<a href="#fig8">Figure 8</a>). Remains of mastodons, large, -elephant-like animals with long upper tusks -that were used to dig up roots, are found -here. Saber-tooth cats, also present, preyed -upon the mastodons. The remains of these, -as well as bones of camels, pony-sized horses, -and sloths 10 feet high have been found in the -vicinity of the canyon. Some of these -animals are thought to have lived in the Panhandle -a mere 10,000 years ago.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/pic06.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="371" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 8.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Amebelodon</i>: shovel-tusked mastodon</dt> -<dt><i>Teleoceras</i>: short-legged rhinoceros</dt> -<dt><i>Synthetoceras</i>: snout-horned even-toed hoofed mammal</dt> -<dt><i>Cranioceras</i>: cranial-horned even-toed hoofed mammal</dt> -<dt><i>Merycodus</i>: extinct pronghorn antelope</dt> -<dt><i>Hypolagus</i>: extinct rabbit</dt> -<dt><i>Epigaulus</i>: burrowing horned rodent</dt> -<dt><i>Aphelops</i>: long-legged rhinoceros</dt> -<dt><i>Prosthennops</i>: extinct peccary</dt> -<dt><i>Osteoborus</i>: short-faced dog</dt> -<dt><i>Pseudaelurus</i>: extinct cat</dt> -<dt><i>Hemicyon</i>: bearlike dog</dt> -<dt><i>Procamelus</i>: llamalike camel</dt> -<dt><i>Megatylopus</i>: giant camel</dt> -<dt><i>Pliohippus</i>: ancestral one-toed horse</dt> -<dt><i>Neohipparion</i>: extinct three-toed horse</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/pic06a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="505" /> -<p class="pcap">FIGURE 22.41 Pliocene Mammals. Early Pliocene life of the southern High Plains. (Mural by J. H. Matternes, courtesy U.S. National Museum.)</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<p>Due to limited outcrops in the Canyon -proper, Pleistocene fossils are very rare. -An excellent collection of fossils from Palo -Duro Canyon and the Panhandle area is on -display at the Panhandle-Plains Historical -Museum.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/pic07.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="488" /> -<p class="pcap">Spectacular Palo Duro, -“grand canyon” of the Panhandle -Plains, is an exciting experience. -One of the nation’s most magnificent -scenic attractions, it provides -delightful drives and opportunities -for hiking, horseback riding and -camping in season. Visit Palo -Duro and enjoy it.</p> -</div> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">Diamond Shamrock</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">QUALITY ROCK SHOP</p> -<p class="center">OVERNIGHT CAMPING -<br />LAPIDARY EQUIPMENT -<br />QUALITY AGATE & JADE, FOREIGN & DOMESTIC -<br />CUSTOM SILVER, GOLD AND TURQUOISE WORK</p> -<p class="center">2 Miles West of Canyon on U.S. Highway 60 -<br />Route 1, Box 211, Canyon, Texas 79015</p> -<p class="center">MAGGIE & WHITEY VOELM -<br />(806) 655-7631</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b"><i>Search Drilling Co.</i></p> -<p class="center">Rotary Drilling Contractors -<br />Oil & Gas Producers</p> -<p class="center">SUITE 400 -<br />WELLINGTON SQUARE OFFICE PARK -<br />1616 S. KENTUCKY -<br />AMARILLO, TEXAS 79102 -<br />(806) 359-7645</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">YUCCA PETROLEUM CO.</p> -<p class="center">300 Diamond Shamrock Building -<br />P.O. BOX 2585 AMARILLO, TEXAS 79105 -<br />Telephone: (806) 376-5431</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">Argonaut -<br />Energy Corporation</p> -<p class="center">GLEN S. SODERSTROM, President -<br />LORNE E. TJERNAGEL, Exec. Vice-President -<br />R. L. PATTERSON, Vice-President of Production</p> -<p class="center">1209 West 7 St. Suite 200 -<br />Amarillo, Texas 79101 -<br />806/373-6885</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">W.M. QUACKENBUSH</p> -<p class="center"><b>Petroleum Geologist</b></p> -<p class="center">2315 Harmony -<br />Amarillo, Texas 79106 -<br />806-355-2931</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">JACK G. JONES</p> -<p class="center"><b>CONSULTING PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST</b></p> -<p class="center">Office: AC 806/352-6891 -<br />5500 Meadow Green Dr. -<br />Post Office Box 8145 -<br />Amarillo, Texas 79109</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">TUTHILL & BARBEE</p> -<p class="center"><b>PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS</b></p> -<p class="center">S. KEITH TUTHILL -<br />BILL J. BARBEE</p> -<p class="center">300 Fisk Bldg.</p> -<p class="center">Amarillo, Texas -<br />PH. 373-3023</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">CAMBRIDGE & NAIL</p> -<p class="center"><b>PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICES</b></p> -<p class="center">803 Bank of the Southwest Bldg. -<br />AMARILLO, TEXAS 79109 -<br />806 355-9297</p> -<p class="center">Geologist: THOMAS R. CAMBRIDGE -<br />Landman: A. L. NAIL</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">PAGE PETROLEUM LTD.</p> -<p class="center">901 BANK OF THE SOUTHWEST BUILDING -<br />AMARILLO, TEXAS 79109 -<br />806-366-9586</p> -<p class="center">11TH FLOOR ROYAL BANK BLDG., 335-8TH AVE. S.W. -<br />CALGARY, ALBERTA T2P 1C9 -<br />403-269-8221</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">ALPAR RESOURCES, INC.</p> -<p class="center">Box 1046 -<br />Perryton, Texas 79070</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">Panhandle Geological Society</p> -<p class="center">Box 2473 Amarillo, Texas -<br />Petroleum Library 5th Floor Petroleum Bldg. -<br />Field trip Guidebooks, Cross-Sections and Other Publications -<br />GEOLOGY STUDENTS INVITED AND WELCOME</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">DUDLEY R. STANLEY</p> -<p class="center"><b>Consulting Geologist</b></p> -<p class="center">5500 Meadowgreen Drive Box 7586 -<br />Amarillo, Texas 79109 -<br />355-8051</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">PARADOX PETROLEUM CO.</p> -<p class="center">P.O. BOX 10025 -<br />AMARILLO, TEXAS 79106</p> -<p class="center">George Dobervich -<br />Frank Rapstine -<br />Dan Taylor</p> -<p class="center">PHONE (806) 355-5562</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">HAWK ENERGY CORPORATION</p> -<p class="center">VERNON H. ROBINETT -<br />BOB CONLEY</p> -<p class="center">Suite 230 / Wellington Square -<br />Amarillo, Texas 79102 -<br />806-359-7021</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">JAMES F. O’CONNELL</p> -<p class="center"><b>CONSULTING GEOLOGIST</b></p> -<p class="center">355-8051 -<br />5772 Canyon E-way -<br />P. O. Box 7006 -<br />Amarillo. Texas 79109</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b"><span class="sc">Texas Panhandle Sample Log Service</span></p> -<p class="center">Plotted and described Stratigraphic Sample Logs on current and old wildcat tests drilled in the Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles and Northeastern New Mexico</p> -<p class="center">1011 W. 9th -<br />Amarillo, Texas -<br />373-8522</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">CHARLES B. MORGAN</p> -<p class="center"><b>CONSULTING GEOLOGIST</b></p> -<p class="center">355-8051 -<br />5772 Canyon E-way -<br />P. O. Box 7586 -<br />Amarillo, Texas 79109</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">IRWIN & ASSOCIATES</p> -<p class="center">GEOLOGICAL -<br />MECHANICAL -<br />CIVIL -<br />ARCHITECTURAL -<br />“<i>COUNTY MAPS</i>” -<br /><i>Professional Drafting Service</i></p> -<p class="center"><b>BILL E. IRWIN</b></p> -<p class="center">502 Petroleum Bldg. -<br />P. O. Box 14032 -<br />Amarillo, Texas 79101 -<br /><span class="sc">Bus.</span> 806-373-4611 -<br /><span class="sc">Res.</span> 806-622-0789</p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">Mesa Petroleum Co.</p> -<p class="center"><i>With Compliments</i> -<br /><i>Mesa Petroleum Co.</i> -<br /><i>One Mesa Square</i> -<br /><i>Amarillo, Texas</i></p> -<hr /><p class="tbcenter large b">BAKER & TAYLOR DRILLING COMPANY</p> -<p class="center">—Combining the finest in drilling equipment and skill to better serve the oil industry—</p> -<p class="center">Offering summer employment to W.T.S.U. students this year—as in the last twenty-five years.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/pic08.jpg" alt="Desert scene" width="600" height="517" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h3 id="c6">Discover the world around you at West Texas State University</h3> -<p>When you look toward the future, include a good -education in your plans. West Texas State University -will help you learn about your world and prepare you -for the future.</p> -<p class="jr1"><span class="large">West Texas State University</span> -<br />Canyon, Texas</p> -</div> -<h2><br /><span class="small">Transcriber’s Notes</span></h2> -<ul><li>Silently corrected several palpable typographical errors.</li> -<li>Retained the list of corporate sponsors, but with simplified stylesheet.</li> -<li>The original source had no date or copyright information. Based on external data, original publication of this (revised) edition was within a year or two of 1980.</li></ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Guidebook of Palo Duro Canyon, by -West Texas State Geological Society - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDEBOOK OF PALO DURO CANYON *** - -***** This file should be named 50487-h.htm or 50487-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/4/8/50487/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 38ddf66..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/map_hr.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/map_hr.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 949ca53..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/map_hr.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/map_lr.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/map_lr.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8eb72b0..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/map_lr.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/pic00.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/pic00.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9fdd5ae..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/pic00.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/pic01.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/pic01.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 51ee298..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/pic01.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/pic02.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/pic02.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5d7fbd1..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/pic02.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/pic03.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/pic03.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a4f8d83..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/pic03.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/pic04.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/pic04.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c9c9ece..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/pic04.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/pic05.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/pic05.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 092813c..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/pic05.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/pic06.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/pic06.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8bbc1bd..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/pic06.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/pic06a.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/pic06a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3f85014..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/pic06a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/pic07.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/pic07.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8b26ae3..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/pic07.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50487-h/images/pic08.jpg b/old/50487-h/images/pic08.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 36d3297..0000000 --- a/old/50487-h/images/pic08.jpg +++ /dev/null |
