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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-05 00:08:34 -0800 |
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diff --git a/old/50280-0.txt b/old/50280-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7d14f27..0000000 --- a/old/50280-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14677 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Latin Phrase-Book, by -Carl Meissner and Henry William Auden - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Latin Phrase-Book - -Author: Carl Meissner - Henry William Auden - -Release Date: October 22, 2015 [EBook #50280] - -Language: Latin - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN PHRASE-BOOK *** - - - - -Produced by Carolus Raeticus - - - - - LATIN PHRASE-BOOK - - BY - - C. MEISSNER - - TRANSLATED FROM THE SIXTH GERMAN EDITION - - WITH THE ADDITION OF - - SUPPLEMENTARY PHRASES AND REFERENCES - - BY - - - - - H. W. AUDEN, M.A. - - - ASSISTANT MASTER AT FETTES COLLEGE, EDINBURGH; LATE SCHOLAR OF - CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND BELL UNIVERSITY SCHOLAR - - - - - LONDON - - MACMILLAN AND CO. - - AND NEW YORK - - 1894 - - All rights reserved - - - - - - - -PREFACE - - -Although, ideally speaking, a phrase-book should always be compiled by -the pupil himself from his own individual observation, yet in these -days, when an extended curriculum tends to curtail considerably the -amount of Latin read, it seems to me that anything which may help boys -to some knowledge of Latinity in a short time is not wholly useless. -Hence this translation. The use of such books as _Meissner's -Phraseologie_ involves no new and untried principles, witness the -excellent results obtained in Germany, where the book has passed -through six editions. It has also been translated into French (the -translation is now in its third edition) and Italian. - -My best thanks are due to Professor Meissner for his courtesy in -allowing me to make this translation, also to Professor Pascal of -Reims, to whose admirable translation I am much indebted. - -H. W. AUDEN. - - -FETTES COLLEGE, EDINBURGH, - -1894 - - - - -CONTENTS - - -I. The World and Nature— - - 1. The World—Creation - 2. The Earth and its Surface - 3. Water—Rivers—Sea - 4. Fire - 5. Air—Sky—Climate—Heavenly Bodies - 6. Natural Phenomena - -II. Space and Time— - - 1. Points of the Compass—Situation - 2. Boundary—Territory—Distance - 3. Road—Travel - 4. Coming—Going - 5. Riding—Driving - 6. Walking—Footsteps—Direction - 7. Movement in General - 8. Time in General - 9. Year—Seasons - 10. Day—Divisions of the Day - -III. Parts of the Human Body - -IV. Properties of the Human Body— - - 1. Feelings—Sensations—Powers - 2. Birth—Life - 3. Time of Life - 4. Hunger—Thirst - 5. Laughter—Tears - 6. Health—Sickness - 7. Sleep—Dreams - 8. Death - 9. Burial - -V. Human Life; its various Relations and Conditions— - - 1. Circumstance—Situation—Difficulty - 2. Commencement—End—Result - 3. Cause—Motive—Origin - 4. Regard—Importance—Influence—Power—Inclination - 5. Opportunity—Possibilty—Occasion—Chance - 6. Success—Good Fortune - 7. Misfortune—Fate—Ruin - 8. Danger—Risk—Safety - 9. Assistance—Deliverance—Consolation - 10. Riches—Want—Poverty - 11. Utility—Advantage—Harm—Disadvantage - 12. Goodwill—Kindness—Inclination—Favour - 13. Benefit—Gratitude—Recompense - 14. Merit—Value—Reward - 15. Requests—Wishes—Commissions—Orders - 16. Friendship—Enmity—Reconciliation - 17. Authority—Dignity - 18. Praise—Approval—Blame—Reproach - 19. Rumour—Gossip—News—Mention - 20. Fame—Reputation - 21. Honour—Disgrace—Ignominy - 22. Effort—Industry—Labour—Exertion - 23. Business—Leisure—Inactivity—Idleness - 24. Pleasure—Recreation - -VI. The Mind; its Functions— - - 1. Genius—Talent—Intelligence - 2. Imagination—Thought - 3. Conceptions—Ideals—Perfection - 4. Opinion—Prejudice—Conjecture - 5. Truth—Error - 6. Choice—Doubt—Scruple - 7. Knowledge—Certainty—Persuasion - 8. Plan—Advice—Deliberation - 9. Resolve—Design—Intention - 10. Object—Aim—Hesitation—Delay - 11. Remembrance—Forgetfulness - 12. Theory—Practice—Experience - -VII. The Arts and Sciences— - - 1. Scientific Knowledge in General—Literature - 2. Learning—Erudition - 3. Culture—Civilisation - 4. Education—Instruction—School—Profession - 5. Example—Pattern—Precedent - 6. Philosophy - 7. The Parts of Philosophy - 8. System—Method—Principles - 9. Species—Definition—Classification—Connection - 10. Proof—Refutation - 11. Conclusion—Hypothesis—Inference - 12. Debate—Controversy - 13. Agreement—Contradiction - 14. Particular Sciences - (History—Mythology—Chronology—Geography—Mathematics—Natural - Science—Astronomy) - 15. Art in General - 16. Poetry—Music—Painting—Sculpture - 17. The Drama - -VIII. Speech and Writing— - - 1. Speech in General - 2. Style—Expression - 3. Delivery—Voice - 4. Subject-Matter—Argument - 5. Question—Answer - 6. Humour—Earnest - 7. Language—Use of Language—Translation—Grammar - 8. Sentence—Period—Words—Proverbs—Syllables - 9. Writing—Writers—Books - 10. Letters - -IX. The Emotions— - - 1. Disposition—Emotion in General - 2. Joy—Pain - 3. Vexation—Care—Equanimity—Contentment—Affliction - 4. Fear—Terror—Anxiety - 5. Courage—Discouragement—Pusillanimity—Pride—Arrogance—Insolence - 6. Presence of Mind—Composure—Despair - 7. Hope—Expectation - 8. Pity—Pardon—Want of Feeling—Cruelty - 9. Love—Longing—Admiration—Enthusiasm - 10. Belief—Confidence—Loyalty—Protection—Promise—Veracity (_fides, - fiducia_) - 11. Suspicion—Presentiment - 12. Hatred—Jealousy—Envy - 13. Discontent—Anger—Revenge—Fury - -X. Virtues and Vices— - - 1. Virtue—Morality - 2. Vice—Crime - 3. Desire—Passion—Self-Control - 4. Wrong—Insult—Outrage—Offence - 5. Violence—Ambuscade—Threats - 6. Appearance—Deceit—Falsehood—Derision - 7. Duty—Inclinations - 8. Reason—Conscience—Remorse - 9. Measure—Standard—Limit—Moderation - 10. Morals—Immorality—Principles—Character - -XI. Religion— - - 1. God—Worship - 2. Religion—Religous Scruple—Oath - 3. Belief—Unbelief—Superstition - 4. Prayers—Wishes—Vows - 5. Sacrifice—Festival - 6. Oracle—Prodigies—Auspices—Presage - -XII. Domestic Life— - - 1. The House and its different Parts - 2. Domestic Matters—Property - 3. Habitation—Clothing - 4. Food—Drink - 5. Subsistence in General - 6. Expenditure—Luxury—Prodigality - 7. Hospitality - 8. Sociability—Intercourse—Isolation - 9. Conversation—Audience—Conference - 10. Greeting—Farewell - 11. Betrothal—Marriage—Divorce - 12. Will—Inheritance - 13. Custom—Usage - -XIII. Commerce and Agriculture— - - 1. Commerce in General—Purchase—Price - 2. Money—Interest—Loans - 3. Money-Matters—Accounts—Audit - 4. Rate of Interest - 5. Profit—Credit—Debt - 6. Building - 7. Agriculture—Management of Stock - -XIV. The State— - - 1. Constitution—Administration—Government - 2. Civil Rights—Rank - 3. Dignity—Position—Honours—Pre-eminence - 4. Public Meetings—Suffrage - 5. Laws—Bills - 6. Popular Favour—Influence—Unpopularity - 7. Party-Spirit—Neutrality—Politics—Aristocracy—Democracy - 8. Demagogy—Revolution—Rebellion—Anarchy - 9. Proscription—Confiscation—Banishment—Amnesty - 10. Power—Monarchy—Royalty - 11. Slavery—Freedom - 12. Revenue—Colonies—Provinces - 13. Magistracies— - (_a_) Candidature—Election - (_b_) Particular Magistracies - 14. The Senate - -XV. Law and Justice— - - 1. Law in General - 2. Inquiry—Testimony—Torture - 3. Process—Defence - 4. Accusation—Verdict—Decision - 5. Guilt - 6. Punishment—Acquittal - -XVI. War— - - 1. Levies—Military Oath—Armies in General - 2. Pay—Service—Commissariat - 3. Command—Discipline - 4. Weapons - 5. War - 6. The Army on the March - 7. The Camp - 8. A Siege - 9. Before the Fight - 10. The Fight— - (_a_) The Fight in General - (_b_) The Attack - (_c_) Close Quarters - (_d_) Tactics—Reinforcements - (_e_) Successful Attack - (_f_) Retreat—Flight—Pursuit - (_g_) Defeat—Massacre—Wounds—Losses - 11. Victory—Triumph - 12. Truce—Peace—Treaties—Alliance - 13. Conquest Submission - -XVII. Shipping— - - 1. Naval Affairs in General - 2. Voyage—Shipwreck—Landing - 3. A Naval Battle - -Appendix - - - - -I. The World and Nature - - -1. The World—Creation - - -_rerum_ or _mundi universitas_—the universe. - -_rerum natura_ or simply _natura_—creation; nature. - -_haec omnia, quae videmus_—the visible world. - -_totius mundi convenientia et consensus_—the perfect harmony of the -universe. - -_deus mundum aedificavit, fabricatus est, effecit_ (not -_creavit_)[1]—God made the world. - -_deus est mundi procreator_ (not _creator_), _aedificator, fabricator, -opifex rerum_—God is the Creator of the world. - -_elementa; initia_ or _principia rerum_—the elements. - -_elementa et tamquam semina rerum_—the elements and first beginnings. - -_nutus et pondus_ or simply _nutus_ (_ῥοπή_)—gravity. - - -[1] _Creare_ is usually employed in the sense of producing, -originating, causing, e.g. _similitudo creat errorem; periculum alicui -creare_. It has, however, occasionally the meaning to create, e.g. De -Fin. _rerum quas creat natura._ - - - - -2. The Earth and its Surface - - -_orbis terrae, terrarum_[1]—the earth; the globe - -_(terra) continens_ (B. G. 5. 8. 2)—the continent. - -_terra (regio) mediterranea_—an inland region; the interior. - -_interior Asia; interiora Asiae_—the interior of Asia. - -_sinus urbis_ (Sall. Cat. 52. 35)—the heart of the city. - -_in ipsam_ or _intimam Graeciam penetrare_—to penetrate into the heart -of Greece. - -_terra effert_ (more rarely _fert_,[2] but not _profert_) _fruges_—the -earth brings forth fruit, crops. - -_terra fundit fruges_—the earth brings forth fruit abundantly. - -_animata (animalia) inanimaque_ (not _inanimata_)—animate and -inanimate nature. - -_ea, quae terra gignit_—the vegetable kingdom. - -_ea, quae e terra gignuntur_—the vegetable kingdom. - -_ea, quae a terra stirpibus continentur_—the vegetable kingdom. - -_ea quorum stirpes terra continentur_ (N. D. 2. 10. 26)—the vegetable -kingdom. - -_arbores stirpesque, herbae stirpesque_ (De Fin. 5. 11. 33)—the -vegetable kingdom. - -_radices agere_ (De Off. 2. 12. 73)—to take root. - -_gemmas agere_—to bud, blossom. - -_gemmae proveniunt_—the trees are budding. - -_arbores frondescunt_—the trees are coming into leaf. - -_rami late diffunduntur_—the twigs are shooting out, spreading. - -_montes vestiti silvis_—wooded hills. - -_summus mons_—the top of a mountain. - -_culmina Alpium_—the summits of the Alps. - -_sub radicibus montis, in infimo monte, sub monte_—at the foot of the -mountain. - -_superare Alpes, Pyrenaeum, Apenninum_[3] (both always in the -sing.)—to cross the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines. - -_altissimis montibus undique contineri_—to be shut in on all sides by -very high mountains. - -_prospectus est ad aliquid_—one has a view over...; one is able to see -as far as... - -_collis leniter ab infimo acclivis_ (opp. _leniter a summo -declivis_)—a gentle ascent. - -_ad extremum tumulum_—on the edge of the hill. - -_loca edita, superiora_—heights, high ground. - -_loca aspera et montuosa_ (Planc. 9. 22)—rough and hilly ground. - -_loca plana_ or simply _plana_—level country; plains. - -_saxa praerupta_—steep rocks. - -_loca inculta_—uncultivated districts. - -_loca deserta_ (opp. _frequentia_)—deserts. - -_loca amoena, amoenitas locorum_—pleasant districts; charming -surroundings. - - -[1] To the Romans _orbis terrarum_ (more rarely _orbis terrae_) meant -all those countries which made up the Roman Empire. - -[2] _ferre_ is also used metaphorically, to produce, e.g. _haec aetas -perfectum oratorem tulit_ (Brut. 12. 45). - -[3] But _Pyrenaei montes, saltus_ occur (B. G. 1. 1. 7; B.C. 1. 37. 1). - - - - -3. Water—Rivers—Sea - - -_summa aqua_—the surface of the water. - -_ex aqua exstare_—to stand out of the water. - -_aqua est umbilīco tenus_—the water reaches to the waist. - -_aqua pectus aequat, superat_—the water is up to, is above, the chest. - -_(se) ex aqua emergere_[1]—to come to the surface. - -_aquam ex flumine derivare_—to draw off water from a river. - -_aquam ducere per hortum_—to bring a stream of water through the garden. - -_aquae ductus_ (plur. _aquarum ductus_)[2]—a conduit; an aqueduct. - -_agros irrigare_—to irrigate fields. - -_aqua viva, profluens_ (opp. _stagnum_)—running water. - -_aqua iugis, perennis_—a perpetual spring. - -_frigidā, calidā lavari_ (Plin. Ep. 3. 5. 11)—to take a cold, warm, -bath. - -_aquae, aquarum inops_—ill-watered. - -_fluctuare_ or _fluctuari_—driven by the waves. - -_fluctibus iactari_—tossed hither and thither by the waves. - -_fluctibus (undis) obrui_,[3]_submergi_—to be engulfed. - -_gurgitibus hauriri_—to be drowned in the eddies. - -_flumen citatum fertur_—the rivers flows with a rapid current. - -_flumen imbribus auctum_—a river swollen by the rain. - -_flumen super ripas effunditur_—the river is over its banks, is in -flood. - -_flumen extra ripas diffluit_—the river is over its banks, is in flood. - -_flumen agros inundat_[4]—the river floods the fields. - -_flumen vado transire_—to wade across, to ford a river. - -_flumine secundo_—with the stream; downstream. - -_flumine adverso_—against the stream; upstream. - -_Rhenus oritur_ or _profluit ex Alpibus_—the Rhine rises in the Alps. - -_accessus et recessus aestuum_—ebb and flow (of tide). - -_decessus aestus_—the ebb. - -_aestus maritimi mutuo accedentes et recedentes_ (N. D. 2. 53. -132)—the alternation of tides. - -_aestus ex alto se incitat_ (B. G. 3.12)—the tide is coming in. - -_aestu rursus minuente_—when the tide begins to go down. - -_mare ventorum vi agitatur et turbatur_—there is a storm at sea. - -_mare medium_ or _internum_[5]—the Mediterranean Sea. - - -[1] Also used metaphorically, e.g. _(se) emergere ex malis_ (Nep. Att. -11. 1) to recover from misfortune. So _emergere e fluctibus -servitutis_ (Harusp. Resp. 23. 48). - -[2] _aquae ductio_ = the action, process of drawing off the water; -_canalis_ = the water-pipe, channel, conduit. - -[3] So metaphorically, _aere alieno obrutum esse_, to be over head and -ears in debt; _nomen alicuius obruere perpetua oblivione_, to drown a -person's name in oblivion. - -[4] Inundation = _eluvio_, not _inundatio_ which is post-classical. - -[5] The Romans called it _mare nostrum_ (B.G. 5.1). Similarly _mare -Oceanus_ (B. G. 3. 7), the Atlantic; _mare superum_, the Adriatic -(Att. 8. 16. 1); _mare inferum_, the Etruscan Sea (Att. 8. 3. 5). - - - - -4. Fire - - -_ignem facere, accendere_—to light, make a fire. - -_ignem tectis inferre, subicere_—to set fire to houses. - -_ignem concipere, comprehendere_—to take fire. - -_ignem excitare_ (pro Mur. 25. 51)—to make up, stir up a fire. - -_ignem alere_—to keep up a fire. - -_accendere, incendere aedificia_—to set buildings on fire. - -_inflammare urbem_—to set fire to a city. - -_flammis corripi_—to be devoured by the flames. - -_incendio flagrare_, or simply _conflagrare, ardere_ (Liv. 30. 7)—to -be on fire, in flames. - -_incendio deleri, absūmi_—to be burned to ashes. - -_igni cremari, necari_—to perish in the flames. - -_ignem conclamare_—to raise an alarm of fire. - -_ventus ignem distulit_ (B. G. 5. 43)—the wind spread the conflagration. - - - - -5. Air—Sky—Climate—Heavenly Bodies - - -_aer terrae circumiectus_ or _circumfusus_—the atmosphere. - -_aer qui est terrae proximus_—the atmosphere. - -_suspicere_[1]_ (in) caelum_—to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up -to the sky. - -_oculos tollere, attollere ad caelum_—to raise the eyes to heaven; to -look up to the sky. - -_sub divo_—in the open air. - -_orbis finiens_ (Div. 2. 44. 92)—the horizon. - -_caelum_ or _natura caeli_—climate. - -_caelum salūbre, salubritas caeli_ (opp. _grave, gravitas_)—healthy -climate. - -_caeli temperatio_—temperate climate. - -_aer calore et frigore temperatus_—temperate climate. - -_caeli asperitas_—rough climate. - -_caeli varietas_—variable climate. - -_caelestia_—(1) the heavenly bodies, (2) celestial phenomena. - -_sol oritur, occidit_—the sun rises, sets. - -_ortus, occasus solis_—sunrise; sunset. - -_sol_[2] (_luna_) _deficit, obscuratur_—the sun, moon, is eclipsed. - -_solis defectio_—an eclipse of the sun. - -_luna crescit; decrescit, senescit_—the moon waxes, wanes. - -_motus stellarum constantes et rati_—the regular courses of the stars. - -_cursum conficere in caelo_—to run its course in the sky. - -_caelum astris distinctum et ornatum_—the star-lit sky; the firmament. - -_nox sideribus illustris_—a star-light night. - -_stellae errantes, vagae_—the planets. - -_stellae inerrantes_ (N. D. 2. 21. 54)—the fixed stars. - -_sidera certis locis infixa_—the fixed stars. - -_orbis lacteus_—the milky way. - -_orbis signifer_—the zodiac. - -_vertex caeli, axis caeli, cardo caeli_—the pole. - -_orbis, pars (terrae), cingulus_—a zone. - -_orbis medius_—the temperate zone. - - -[1] _suspicere_ is also used figuratively, to look up to, esteem, -honour, e.g. _viros, honores_. Similarly _despicere_. - -[2] For an account of an eclipse _vid._ Liv. 44. 37. - - - - -6. Natural Phenomena - - -_vocis imago_, or simply _imago_[1]—an echo. - -_saxa voci respondent_ or _resonant_—the rocks re-echo. - -_ventus remittit_ (opp. _increbrescit_)—the wind is falling. - -_ventus cadit, cessat_—the wind dies down, ceases. - -_ventis secundis, adversis uti_—to have favourable, contrary, winds. - -_ventus se vertit in Africum_—the wind is turning to the south-west. - -_tempestas cooritur_—a storm is rising. - -_imber tenet_ (Liv. 23. 44. 6)—the rain continues. - -_imbres repente effusi_—a sudden shower. - -_tempestatem idoneam, bonam nancisci_—to meet with good weather. - -_calor se frangit_ (opp. _increscit_)—the heat is abating. - -_sol ardet, urit_—the sun burns, scorches. - -_ardore solis torreri_—to be dried up by the sun's heat. - -_tanta vis frigoris insecuta est, ut_—the frost set in so severely -that... - -_frigore (gelu) rigere, torpere_—to be numb with cold. - -_frigore confici_—to freeze to death. - -_aestus et frigoris patientem esse_—to be able to bear heat and cold. - -_tempestas cum magno fragore (caeli) tonitribusque_ (Liv. 1. 16)—a -storm accompanied by heavy claps of thunder. - -_caelum tonitru contremit_—the heavens are shaken by the thunder. - -_fulmina_[2] _micant_—the lightning flashes. - -_fulmen locum tetigit_—the lightning has struck somewhere. - -_fulmine tangi, ici_—to be struck by lightning. - -_de caelo tangi, percuti_—to be struck by lightning. - -_fulmine ictus_—struck by lightning. - -_eruptiones ignium Aetnaeorum_—an eruption of Etna. - -_Vesuvius evomit_ (more strongly _eructat_) _ignes_—Vesuvius is -discharging flame. - -_venti ab ortu solis flant_—the east winds are blowing. - - -[1] Also metaphorically, e.g. _gloria virtuti resonat tamquam imago_ -(Tusc. 3. 3), glory is as it were the echo of virtue. - -[2] Used sometimes figuratively, e.g. _fulmen verborum, fulmina -eloquentiae, fulmina fortunae_ (Tusc. 2. 27), _fulmina imperii_ (Balb. -15. 34). - - - - -II. Space and Time - - -1. Points of the Compass—Situation - - -_spectare in (vergere ad) orientem (solem), occidentem_[1] (_solem_), -_ad meridiem, in septentriones_—to lie to the east, west, south, north. - -_spectare inter occasum solis et septentriones_—to be situate to the -north-west. - -_Germania quae_ or _Germaniae ea pars quae, ad orientem, occidentem -vergit_—eastern, western Germany. - -_est a septentrionibus collis_—a hill lies to the north. - -_situs loci_—the situation of a place. - -_natura loci_—the natural position of a place. - -_opportunitas loci_ (B. G. 3. 14)—the advantageous situation of a place. - -_opportuno loco situm_ or _positum esse_—to be favourably situated. - -_urbs situ ad aspectum praeclara est_—the city is very beautifully -situated. - -_oppidum mari adiacet_—the town lies near the sea. - -_villa tangit viam_—the country-house stands near the road. - -_oppidum colli impositum est_—the town stands on rising ground. - -_oppidum monti subiectum est_—the town lies at the foot of a mountain. - -_promunturium in mare procurrit_—a promontory juts out into the sea. - -_paeninsula in mare excurrit, procurrit_—a peninsula projects into the -sea. - -_promunturium superare_—to double a cape. - -_urbs in sinu sita est_—the city is situate on a bay. - - -[1] "The east" and "the west" = _orientis, occidentis (solis) terrae, -partes, regiones, gentes_. The adjectives _orientalis, occidentalis_ -are not used in good Latin. The north, i.e. northern countries, is -represented by _terrae septentrionibus subiectae_; the south by _terra -australis_. - - - - -2. Boundary—Territory—Distance - - -_tangere, attingere terram_—to be contiguous, adjacent to a country. - -_finitimum_[1] _esse terrae_—to be contiguous, adjacent to a country. - -_continentem esse terrae_ or _cum terra_ (Fam. 15. 2. 2)—to have the -same boundaries; to be coterminous. - -_Gallia Rhodano continetur_ (_vid._ sect. V. 4., note _contineri -aliqua re..._)—Gaul is bounded by the Rhone.[TR1] - -_Rhodanus Sequanos ab Helvetiis dividit_—the Rhone[TR2] is the -frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani. - -_fines (imperii) propagare, extendere, (longius) proferre_—to enlarge -the boundaries of a kingdom. - -_(ex) finibus excedere_—to evacuate territory. - -_in Sequanis_—in the country of the Sequani. - -_in Sequanos proficisci_—to invade the territory of the Sequani. - -_porrigi ad septentriones_—to stretch northwards. - -_haec gens pertinet usque ad Rhenum_—the territory of this race -extends as far as the Rhine. - -_in latitudinem, in longitudinem patere_—to extend in breadth, in -length. - -_late patere_[2] (also metaphorically _vid._ sect. VIII. 8)—to have a -wide extent. - -_imperium orbis terrarum terminis definitur_—the empire reaches to the -ends of the world. - -_longe, procul abesse ab urbe_—to be far from town. - -_prope (propius, proxime) abesse_—to be not far away. - -_paribus intervallis distare_—to be equidistant. - -_tantundem viae est_—the road is the same length. - -_longo spatio, intervallo interiecto_—at a great distance. - -_intervallo locorum et temporum disiunctum esse_—to be separated by an -immense interval of space and time. - -_a mille passibus_—a mile away. - -_e longinquo_—from a distance. - -_loca longinqua_—distant places. - -_ultimae terrae_—the most distant countries, the world's end. - -_extremae terrae partes_—the most distant countries, the world's end. - -_longinquae nationes_—distant nations. - - -[1] _vicinum esse_, to be neighbouring; used of houses, gardens, etc. - -[2] _patere_ denotes extension in its widest sense; _pertinere_, -extension from one point to another, e.g. _ars et late patet et ad -multos pertinet_ (De Or. 1. 55. 235); _ex eo oppido pars ad Helvetios -pertinet_ (B. G. 1. 6. 3). - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the English original says "Gaul is bounded -by the Rhine" which is wrong as can be seen both from the Latin -expression and the original German edition. - -[TR2] Transcriber's Note: In the original book Auden translates -_Rhodanus Sequanos ab Helvetiis dividit_ wrongly as "the Rhine is the -frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani." The French and German -versions correctly translate _Rhodanus_ as "le Rhône" and "Rhone". - - - - -3. Road—Travel - - -_viam sternere (silice, saxo)_—to pave a road. - -_substruere viam glarea_ (Liv. 41. 27)—to make a gravel path. - -_via strata_—a street, a made road. - -_via trita_[1]—a well-trodden, much-frequented way. - -_viam munire_[2]—to make a road. - -_viam patefacere, aperire_—to open a route. - -_ferro viam facere (per confertos hostes)_—to cut one's way (through -the enemies' ranks). - -_viam intercludere_—to obstruct a road; to close a route. - -_iter obstruere_—to obstruct a road; to close a route. - -_via fert, ducit aliquo_—a road leads somewhere. - -_in viam se dare_—to set out on a journey. - -_viae se committere_—to set out on a journey. - -_viam ingredi, inire_ (also metaphorically)—to enter upon a route; to -take a road. - -_rectā (viā)_—straight on. - -_de via declinare, deflectere_ (also metaphorically)—to turn aside -from the right way; to deviate. - -_(de via) decedere alicui_—make way for any one. - -_Appia via proficisci_—to set out by the Appian road. - -_erranti viam monstrare_—to direct a person who has lost his way. - -_errores Ulixis_—the wanderings of Ulysses. - -_viam persequi_ (also metaphorically)—to continue one's journey, -pursue one's course. - -_longam viam conficere_—to accomplish a long journey. - -_fessus de via_—weary with travelling; way-worn. - -_Hercules_[3] _in trivio, in bivio, in compitis_—Hercules at the -cross-roads, between virtue and vice. - -_iter facere_—(1) to take a journey, (2) to make, lay down a road -(rare). - -_una iter facere_—to travel together. - -_iter ingredi (pedibus, equo, terra)_—to begin a journey (on foot, on -horseback, by land). - -_iter aliquo dirigere, intendere_—to journey towards a place. - -_tendere aliquo_—to journey towards a place. - -_longum itineris spatium emetiri_—to finish a very long journey. - -_ex itinere redire_[4]—to return from a journey. - -_in itinere_[5]—on a journey; by the way. - -_iter terrestre, pedestre_—travel by land, on foot. - -_itinera diurna nocturnaque_—travelling day and night. - -_iter unius diei_ or simply _diei_—a day's journey. - -_iter impeditum_—an impassable road. - -_disiunctissimas ultimas terras peragrare_ (not _permigrare_)—to -travel through the most remote countries. - -_peregrinatio_—a foreign journey. - -_peregrinari, peregre esse_—to be travelling abroad. - -_peregre proficisci_—to go abroad. - -_aliquem proficiscentem prosequi_—to accompany any one when starting; -to see a person off. - -_aliquem proficiscentem votis ominibusque prosequi_ (_vid._ sect. VI. -11, note _Prosequi..._)—to wish any one a prosperous journey. - -_rus excurrere_—to make a pleasure-trip into the country. - -_ruri vivere, rusticari_—to live in the country. - -_vita rustica_—country life (the life of resident farmers, etc.) - -_rusticatio, vita rusticana_—country life (of casual, temporary -visitors). - - -[1] _tritus_ is also used figuratively, e.g. _proverbium (sermone) -tritum_ (De Off. 1. 10. 33), _vocabulum latino sermone non tritum_ -(Acad. 1. 7. 27). - -[2] Cf. in metaphorical sense, _viam ad honores alicui munire_ (Mur. -10. 23). - -[3] _vid._ on this subject De Off. 1. 32. 118; Fam. 5. 12. 3. - -[4] _reverti_ means properly to turn back and retrace one's steps, -after giving up one's intention of remaining longer in a place, or -continuing one's journey, cf. Div. 1. 15. 27, _itaque revertit ex -itinere, cum iam progressus esset multorum dierum viam_. Similarly -_reditus_ = return, _reversio_ generally = turning back. Cicero only -uses _revenire_ in conjunction with _domum_. - -[5] _ex itinere_ implies that the march was interrupted, thus there is -a difference between _in itinere aliquem aggredi_ and _ex itinere_, -etc. In the same way distinguish _in fuga_ and _ex fuga_, e.g. _ex -fuga evadere, ex fuga dissipati_. - - - - -4. Coming—Going - - -_pedibus ire_—to go on foot. - -_discedere a, de, ex loco aliquo_—to leave a place. - -_egredi loco_;[1] _excedere ex loco_—to leave a place. - -_decedere loco, de, ex loco_[2]—to quit a place for ever. - -_ingredi, intrare urbem, introire in urbem_—to enter a city. - -_portā ingredi, exire_—to go in at, go out of a gate. - -_extra portam egredi_—to go outside the gate. - -_commeare ad aliquem_—to go in and out of any one's house; to visit -frequently. - -_Romam venire, pervenire_—to come to Rome. - -_adventus Romam, in urbem_—arrival in Rome, in town. - -_in unum locum convenire, confluere_—to collect together at one spot. - -_Romam concurrere_ (Mil. 15. 39)—to stream towards Rome. - -_obviam ire alicui_—to meet any one. - -_obviam venire alicui_—to go to meet some one. - -_obvium_ or _obviam esse, obviam fieri_—to meet some one by chance. - -_incidere in aliquem_—to meet, come across a person; to meet casually. - -_offendere, nancisci aliquem_—to meet, come across a person; to meet -casually. - -_obviam alicui aliquem mittere_—to send to meet a person. - - -[1] _relinquere_, e.g. _domum_, properly means to give up, renounce -the possession or enjoyment of a place. - -[2] Cf. especially _decedere (ex, de) provincia_, used regularly of a -magistrate leaving his province on expiry of his term of office. -Similarly, where life is compared to a province, _decedere (de) vita_, -or merely _decedere_ = to quit this life, die (cf. De Sen. 20. 73). - - - - -5. Riding—Driving - - -_curru vehi, in rheda_ (Mil. 21. 55)—to drive. - -_equo vehi_—to ride. - -_sternere equum_—to saddle a horse. - -_conscendere equum_—to mount. - -_ascendere in equum_—to mount. - -_descendere ex equo_—to dismount. - -_in equo sedere; equo insidēre_—to be on horseback. - -_(in) equo haerere_—to sit a horse well; to have a good seat. - -_calcaria subdere equo_—to put spurs to a horse. - -_calcaribus equum concitare_—to put spurs to a horse. - -_equo citato_ or _admisso_—at full gallop. - -_freno remisso; effusis habenis_—with loose reins. - -_equum in aliquem concitare_—ride against any one at full speed; -charge a person. - -_habenas adducere_—to tighten the reins. - -_habenas permittere_—to slacken the reins. - -_admittere, permittere equum_—to give a horse the reins. - -_frenos_[1] _dare equo_—to give a horse the reins. - -_agitare equum_—to make a horse prance. - -_moderari equum_—to manage a horse. - -_equi consternantur_—the horses are panic-stricken, run away. - -_equos incitatos sustinere_—to bring horses to the halt when at full -gallop. - - -[1] Cf. _frenos, calcaria alicui adhibere_, used metaphorically. - - - - -6. Walking—Footsteps—Direction - - -_gradum facere_—to take a step. - -_gradum addere_ (sc. _gradui_) (Liv. 26. 9)—to increase one's pace. - -_suspenso gradu_—on tiptoe. - -_gradum sensim referre_—to retreat step by step. - -_vestigia alicuius sequi, persequi_ or _vestigiis aliquem sequi, -persequi_—to follow in any one's steps. - -_vestigiis alicuius insistere, ingredi_ (also metaph.)—to follow in -any one's steps. - -_loco_ or _vestigio se non movere_—not to stir from one's place. - -_recta (regione, via); in directum_—in a straight line. - -_in obliquum_—in an oblique direction; sideways. - -_obliquo monte decurrere_—to run obliquely down the hill. - -_in contrarium; in contrarias partes_—in an opposite direction. - -_in transversum, e transverso_—across; transversely. - -_quoquo versus; in omnes partes_—in all directions. - -_in diversas partes_ or simply _diversi abeunt, discedunt_—they -disperse in different directions. - -_huc (et) illuc_—hither and thither. - -_ultro citroque_—on this side and on that; to and fro. - -_longe lateque, passim_ (e.g. _fluere_)—far and wide; on all sides; -everywhere. - - - - -7. Movement in General - - -_se conferre in aliquem locum_—to go to a place. - -_petere locum_—to go to a place - -_quo tendis?_—where are you going? - -_sublimem_ or _sublime_ (not _in sublime_ or _sublimiter_) _ferri, -abire_—to fly aloft; to be carried into the sky. - -_praecipitem ire; in praeceps deferri_—to fall down headlong. - -_in profundum deici_—to fall down into the abyss. - -_se deicere de muro_—to throw oneself from the ramparts. - -_deicere aliquem de saxo Tarpeio_—to throw some one down the Tarpeian -rock. - -_Nilus praecipitat_[1] _ex altissimis montibus_—the Nile rushes down -from very high mountains. - -_se proripere ex domo_—to rush out of the house. - -_humi procumbere_—to fall on the ground. - -_humi prosternere aliquem_—to throw any one to the ground. - -_in terram cadere, decidere_—to fall to the earth. - -_in terram demergi_—to sink into the earth. - -_appropinquare urbi_, rarely _ad urbem_—to draw near to a city. - -_propius accedere ad urbem_ or _urbem_—to advance nearer to the city. - -_longius progredi, procedere_—to march further forward. - -_Romam versus proficisci_—to advance in the direction of Rome. - -_ad Romam proficisci_—to set out for Rome. - -_properat, maturat proficisci_—he starts in all haste, precipitately. - -_consequi, assequi aliquem_—to catch some one up. - -_praecurrere aliquem (celeritate)_—to overtake and pass some one. - -_post se relinquere aliquem_—to overtake and pass some one. - -_multitudo circumfunditur alicui_—a crowd throngs around some one. - -_per totum corpus diffundi_—to spread over the whole body. - - -[1] _praecipitare_ is also transitive, e.g. _praecipitare aliquem_, to -hurl a person down; _ruere_ always intransitive except in poetry. - - - - -8. Time in General - - -_tempus praeterit, transit_—time passes. - -_tempus habere alicui rei_—to have time for a thing. - -_tempus mihi deest ad aliquid faciendum_—I have no time to do something. - -_tempus consumere in aliqua re_—to pass one's time in doing something. - -_tempus terere, conterere (in) aliqua re_—to waste time on something. - -_tempus conferre ad aliquid_—to employ one's time in... - -_tempus tribuere alicui rei_—to devote time to anything. - -_tempus non amittere, perdere_—to lose no time. - -_nullum tempus intermittere, quin_ (also _ab opere_, or _ad opus_)—to -devote every spare moment to...; to work without intermission at a -thing. - -_tempus ducere_—to spend time. - -_aliquid in aliud tempus, in posterum differre_—to put off till -another time; to postpone. - -_nihil mihi longius est_ or _videtur quam dum_ or _quam ut_—I cannot -wait till... - -_nihil mihi longius est quam_ (c. Inf.)—nothing is more tiresome to me -than... - -_tempus (spatium) deliberandi_ or _ad deliberandum postulare, dare, -sibi sumere_—to require, give, take time for deliberation. - -_paucorum dierum spatium ad deliberandum dare_—to give some one a few -days for reflection. - -_tempori servire,_[1] _cedere_—to accommodate oneself to circumstances. - -_ex quo tempore_ or simply _ex quo_—since the time that, since (at the -beginning of a sentence). - -_eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum_—at the same moment that, -precisely when. - -_incidunt tempora, cum_—occasions arise for... - -_tempus (ita) fert_ (not _secum_)—circumstances demand. - -_tempus maximum est, ut_—it is high time that... - -_haec tempora, nostra haec aetas, memoria_—the present day. - -_his temporibus, nostra (hac) aetate, nostra memoria, his_ (not -_nostris_) _diebus_—in our time; in our days. - -_nostra aetas multas victorias vidit_—our generation has seen many -victories. - -_memoria patrum nostrorum_—in our fathers' time. - -_aetate (temporibus) Periclis_—in the time of Pericles. - -_antiquis_[2] _temporibus_—in old days, in the olden time. - -_libera re publica_—in the time of the Republic. - -_tempora Caesariana_—the imperial epoch. - -_media quae vocatur aetas_—the middle ages. - -_Pericles summus vir illius aetatis_—Pericles, the greatest man of his -day. - -_Pericles, quo nemo tum fuit clarior_—Pericles, the greatest man of -his day. - -_Pericles, vir omnium, qui tum fuerunt, clarissimus_—Pericles, the -greatest man of his day. - -_vir ut temporibus illis doctus_—a man of considerable learning for -those times. - -_tempore progrediente_—in process of time. - -_primo quoque tempore_—at the first opportunity. - -_hoc tempore_—at this moment. - -_puncto temporis_—in an instant. - -_momento_[3] _temporis_—at the important moment. - -_in ipso discrimine (articulo) temporis_—just at the critical moment. - -_temporis causa_—on the spur of the moment. - -_ad tempus_[4] _adesse_—to be there at a given time. - -_ad exiguum tempus_—for a short time. - -_brevis_ or _exigui temporis_—for a short time. - -_satis longo intervallo_—after a fairly long interval. - -_spatio temporis intermisso_—after some time. - -_in praesentia, in praesens (tempus)_—at present; for the moment. - -_in posterum; in futurum_—for the future. - -_in perpetuum_—for ever. - -_semel atque iterum; iterum ac saepius; identidem; etiam atque -etiam_—more than once; repeatedly. - -_futura providere_ (not _praevidere_)—to foresee the future. - -_futura_ or _casus futuros (multo ante) prospicere_—to foresee the far -distant future. - -_futura non cogitare, curare_—to take no thought for the future. - -_saeculi_[5] _consuetudo_ or _ratio atque inclinatio temporis -(temporum)_—the spirit of the times, the fashion. - -_his moribus_—according to the present custom, fashion. - - -[1] The verb _servire_ helps to form several phrases, e.g. _servire -valetudini_, to be a valetudinarian; _iracundiae_, to be unable to -restrain one's anger; _brevitati_, to be concise; _communi utilitati_, -to be devoted to the public good, etc. - -[2] _antiquitas_ = the state of affairs in times gone by, not a -division of time; so _antiquitatis studia_, archaeology; _veteres_ or -_antiqui poetae, populi_, the poets, people of antiquity; _antiqua -monumenta_, the relics of antiquity. _antiquitates_ plur. is used for -the institutions, usages of times gone by. - -[3] _momentum_ (i.e. _movimentum_) is properly that which sets in -motion, which gives a decisive impulse to things, cf. Luc. iv. 819, -_momentumque fuit mutatus Curio rerum_. Livy and later writers employ -the word in the sense of a moment of time. - -[4] _ad tempus_ also means (1) according to the circumstances of the -case, e.g. _ad tempus consilium capere_, (2) for a short time, -temporarily. - -[5] The _spirit_ of a thing is usually rendered by such words as -_natura, proprietas, ratio atque voluntas_, e.g. the spirit, genius of -a language, _natura_ or _proprietas sermonis_; the spirit of the laws, -_voluntas et sententia legum_. - - - - -9. Year—Seasons - - -_praeterito anno_ (not _praeterlapso_)—in the past year. - -_superiore, priore anno_—last year. - -_proximo anno_—(1) last year; (2) next year. - -_insequenti(e) anno_ (not _sequente_)—in the following year. - -_anno_[1] _peracto, circumacto, interiecto, intermisso_—after a year -has elapsed. - -_anno vertente_—in the course of the year. - -_initio anni, ineunte anno_—at the beginning of the year. - -_exeunte, extremo anno_—at the end of the year. - -_singulis annis, diebus_—year by year; day by day. - -_quinto quoque anno_—every fifth year. - -_ad annum_—a year from now. - -_amplius sunt (quam) viginti anni_ or _viginti annis_—it is more than -twenty years ago. - -_viginti anni et amplius, aut plus_—twenty years and more. - -_abhinc (ante) viginti annos_ or _viginti his annis_—twenty years ago. - -_quinque anni sunt_ or _sextus annus est, cum te non vidi_—I have not -seen you for five years. - -_quinque annos_ or _sextum (iam) annum abest_—he has been absent five -years. - -_anno ab urbe condita quinto_—in the fifth year from the founding of -the city. - -_commutationes temporum quadripartitae_—the succession of the four -seasons. - -_verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore_—in spring, summer, -autumn, winter time. - -_ineunte, primo vere_—at the beginning of spring. - -_ver appetit_—spring is approaching. - -_suavitas verni temporis_—the charms of spring. - -_summa aestate, hieme_—in the height of summer, depth of winter. - -_hiems subest_—winter is at hand. - -_hiemem tolerare_—to bear the winter. - -_anni descriptio_—the division of the year (into months, etc.) - -_annus (mensis, dies) intercalaris_—the intercalary year (month, day). - -_fasti_—the calender (list of fasts and festivals). - - -[1] Unless _one_ is emphasised _unus_ is left out with the following -words: _annus, mensis, dies, hora_, and _verbum_. - - - - -10. Day—Divisions of the Day - - -_ante lucem_—before daybreak. - -_prima luce_—at daybreak. - -_luce (luci)_—in full daylight. - -_ubi illuxit, luxit, diluxit_—when it was day. - -_lucet_—it is daylight. - -_diluculo_—in the morning twilight. - -_advesperascit_—evening is drawing on. - -_die, caelo vesperascente_—when it is growing dusk; towards evening. - -_multus dies_ or _multa lux est_—the day is already far advanced. - -_ad multam noctem_—till late at night. - -_de nocte, de die_—while it is still night, day. - -_multa de nocte_—late at night. - -_intempesta, concubia nocte_—in the dead of night; at midnight. - -_silentio noctis_—in the silence of the night. - -_vicissitudines dierum noctiumque_—the succession of day and night. - -_noctes diesque, noctes et dies, et dies et noctes, dies noctesque, -diem noctemque_—night and day. - -_tempus matutīnum, meridianum, vespertinum, nocturnum_—morning, noon, -evening, night. - -_tempora matutina_—the morning hours. - -_in dies (singulos)_—from day to day. - -_in diem vivere_—to live from day to day. - -_alternis diebus_—every other day. - -_quattuor dies continui_—four successive days. - -_unus et alter dies_—one or two days. - -_dies unus, alter, plures intercesserant_—one, two, several days had -passed, intervened. - -_diem proferre_ (Att. 13. 14)—to adjourn, delay. - -_biduo serius_[1]—two days late. - -_horā citius_—an hour too soon. - -_postridie qui fuit dies Non. Sept. (Nonarum Septembrium)_ (Att. 4. 1. -5)—on the day after, which was September 5th. - -_hodie qui est dies Non. Sept.; cras qui dies futurus est Non. -Sept._—to-day the 5th of September; tomorrow September the 5th. - -_dies hesternus, hodiernus, crastinus_—yesterday, to-day, tomorrow. - -_diem dicere colloquio_—to appoint a date for an interview. - -_ad diem constitutam_—at the appointed time. - -_diem videre, cum..._—to live to see the day when... - -_dies dolorem mitigabit_—time will assuage his grief. - -_quota hora est?_—what time is it? - -_tertia hora est_—it is the third hour (= 9 A.M.) - -_ad horam compositam_—at the time agreed on. - - -[1] Used absolutely "too late" = _sero_; if "too late for," "later -than," always _serius (quam)_. - - - - -III. Parts of the Human Body - - -_omnibus artubus contremiscere_—to tremble in every limb. - -_aures claudere, patefacere_ (e.g. _veritati, assentatoribus_)—to turn -a deaf ear to, to open one's ears to... - -_aures praebere alicui_—to listen to a person. - -_aures alicuius obtundere_ or simply _obtundere (aliquem)_—to din a -thing into a person's ears. - -_in aurem alicui dicere (insusurrare) aliquid_—to whisper something in -a person's ears. - -_ad aures alicuius_ (not _alicui_) _pervenire, accidere_—to come to -some one's ears. - -_aures erigere_—to prick up one's ears. - -_oratio in aures influit_—his words find an easy hearing, are listened -to with pleasure. - -_aures elegantes, teretes, tritae_ (De Or. 9. 27)—a fine, practised ear. - -_neque auribus neque oculis satis consto_—I am losing my eyesight and -getting deaf. - -_caput aperire_ (opp. _operire_)—to uncover one's head. - -_capite aperto_ (opp. _operto_)—bare-headed. - -_capite obvoluto_—with head covered. - -_caput demittere_—to bow one's head. - -_caput praecīdere_—to cut off a man's head. - -_caput_[1] _parieti impingere_—to strike one's head against the wall. - -_cervices_ (in Cic. only in plur.) _frangere alicui_ or _alicuius_—to -break a person's neck. - -_gladius cervicibus impendet_—a sword hangs over his neck. - -_hostis_[2] _in cervicibus alicuius est_—the foe is at our heels, is -upon us. - -_promittere crinem, barbam_—to grow one's hair, beard long. - -_passis crinibus_—with dishevelled hair. - -_capilli horrent_—his hair stands on end. - -_capilli compti, compositi_ (opp. _horridi_)—well-ordered, -well-brushed hair. - -_extremis digitis aliquid attingere_—to touch with the fingertips. - -_frontem contrahere_ (opp. _explicare_)—to frown. - -_frontem ferire, percutere_—to beat one's brow. - -_in fronte alicuius inscriptum est_—one can see it in his face. - -_ab alicuius latere non discedere_—to be always at a person's side. - -_a latere regis esse_—to belong to the king's bodyguard. - -_manum (dextram) alicui porrigere_—to give one's hand to some one. - -_manum non vertere alicuius rei causa_[3]—to make not the slightest -effort; not to stir a finger. - -_manus inicere, inferre, afferre alicui_—to lay violent hands on a -person. - -_manus tollere_—to raise one's hands in astonishment. - -_manus dare_—to own oneself conquered, surrender. - -_manu ducere aliquem_—to lead some one by the hand. - -_manu_ or _in manu tenere aliquid_—to hold something in one's hand. - -_in manibus habere aliquid_ (also metaphorically)—to have something in -one's hands, on hand. - -_de manu in manus_ or _per manus tradere aliquid_—to pass a thing from -hand to hand. - -_ex_ or _de manibus alicui_ or _alicuius extorquere aliquid_—to wrest -from a person's hand. - -_e manibus dimittere_—to let go from one's hands. - -_in alicuius manus venire, pervenire_—to come into some one's hands. - -_in alicuius manus incidere_—to fall unexpectedly into some one's hands. - -_in manus(m) sumere aliquid_—to take something into one's hands. - -_in manibus_[4] _aliquem gestare_—to carry in one's arms. - -_e (de) manibus effugere_,[5] _elābi_—to slip, escape from the hands. - -_inter manus auferre aliquem_—to carry some one away in one's arms. - -_compressis manibus sedere_ (proverb.) (Liv. 7. 13)—to sit with folded -arms; to be inactive. - -_mordicus tenere aliquid_—to hold fast in the teeth (also -metaphorically, obstinately). - -_oculos conicere in aliquem_—to turn one's gaze on; to regard. - -_oculos circumferre_—to look in every direction. - -_in omnes partes aciem (oculorum) intendere_—to gaze intently all -around. - -_omnium oculos (et ora) ad se convertere_—to draw every one's eyes -upon one. - -_omnium animos_ or _mentes in se convertere_—to attract universal -attention. - -_conspici, conspicuum esse aliqua re_—to make oneself conspicuous. - -_oculos_ (_aures, animum_[6]) _advertere ad aliquid_—to turn one's -eyes (ears, attention) towards an object. - -_oculi in vultu alicuius habitant_—his eyes are always fixed on some -one's face. - -_oculos figere in terra_ and _in terram_—to keep one's eyes on the -ground. - -_oculos pascere aliqua re_ (also simply _pasci aliqua re_)—to feast -one's eyes with the sight of... - -_oculos deicere, removere ab aliqua re_—to turn one's gaze away from -an object. - -_oculos operire (morienti)_[7]—to close the eyes of a dying person. - -_oculorum aciem alicui praestringere_ (also simply _praestringere_)—to -dazzle a person. - -_oculos, lumina amittere_—to lose one's sight. - -_oculis privare aliquem_—to deprive a person of his eyes. - -_luminibus orbare aliquem_—to deprive a person of his eyes. - -_oculis captum esse_[8] (_vid._ sect. IV. 6., note _auribus, -oculis..._)—to be blind. - -_ante oculos aliquid versatur_—something presents itself to my vision. - -_oculis, ante oculos (animo) proponere aliquid_—to picture a thing to -oneself; to imagine. - -_ante oculos vestros_ (not _vobis_) _res gestas proponite_—picture to -yourselves the circumstances. - -_cernere et videre aliquid_—to see clearly, distinctly. - -_oculis mentis videre aliquid_—to see with the mind's eye. - -_in oculis aliquem ferre_—to cherish as the apple of one's eye. - -_aliquis est mihi in oculis_—to cherish as the apple of one's eye. - -_abire ex oculis, e conspectu alicuius_—to go out of sight, disappear. - -_venire in conspectum alicuius_—to come in sight. - -_se in conspectum dare alicui_—to show oneself to some one. - -_fugere alicuius conspectum, aspectum_—to keep out of a person's sight. - -_in conspectu omnium_ or _omnibus inspectantibus_—before every one, in -the sight of the world. - -_omnia uno aspectu, conspectu intueri_—to take in everything at a -glance. - -_non apparere_—to have disappeared. - -_pedibus obterere, conculcare_—to trample under foot. - -_ad pedes alicuius accidere_—to fall at some one's feet. - -_ad pedes alicuius se proicere, se abicere, procumbere, se -prosternere_—to throw oneself at some one's feet. - -_ad pedes alicuius iacēre, stratum esse (stratum iacēre)_—to prostrate -oneself before a person. - -_quod ante pedes est_ or _positum est, non videre_—to fail to see what -lies before one. - -_sanguine manare, redundare_—to drip blood; to be deluged with blood. - -_vultum fingere_—to dissemble, disguise one's feelings. - -_vultus ficti simulatique_—a feigned expression. - -_vultum componere ad severitatem_—to put on a stern air. - -_vultum non mutare_—to keep one's countenance, remain impassive. - - -[1] _caput_ has several metaphorical meanings, e.g. _capita -coniurationis_ (Liv. 9. 26), the leaders of the conspiracy; _caput -Graeciae_, the capital of Greece; _caput cenae_, the chief dish; -_capita legis_, the headings, clauses of a law; _id quod caput est_, -the main point; _de capite deducere_ (Liv. 6. 15), to subtract from -the capital; _capitis periculum_, mortal peril; _capitis deminutio_ -(_maxima, media, minima_) (Liv. 22. 60), deprivation of civil rights. -_caput_ is often combined with _fons_ = source, origin, e.g. _ille -fons et caput Socrates_ (Cic. De. Or. 1. 42); _in aegritudine est fons -miseriarum et caput_ (Cic.) By metonymy _caput_ is used with _liberum_ -(and _noxium_) (Verr. 2. 32. 79) with the meaning of a free (guilty) -person, individual. - -[2] Cf. _velut in cervicibus habere hostem_ (Liv. 44. 39); _bellum -ingens in cervicibus est_ (Liv. 22. 33. 6). - -[3] Cf. _ne digitum quidem porrigere alicuius rei causa_. - -[4] Notice too _liberos de parentum complexu avellere_ (Verr. 2. 1. 3. -7), to snatch children from their parents' "arms" (not _brachium_), so -_in alicuius complexu mori_; _in alicuius complexu haerere_. _medium -aliquem amplecti_, to take to one's arms, embrace; _libentissimo animo -accipere_, to welcome with open arms. - -[5] Distinguish _effugere aliquid_, to escape the touch of, e.g. -_invidiam, mortem_; and _effugere ex aliqua re_, to escape from a -position one is already in, e.g. _e carcere, e caede, e praelio_. -Notice _fugit me_, it escapes my notice. - -[6] _animum advertere aliquid_ = _animadvertere aliquid_ = to notice a -thing; _animadvertere in aliquem_ = to punish a person. - -[7] To shut one's eyes to a thing, _conivere in aliqua re_. - -[8] Cf. _caecatus, occaecatus cupiditate, stultitia_. - - - - -IV. Properties of the Human Body - - -1. Feelings—Sensations—Powers - - -_sensus sani, integri, incorrupti_—sound, unimpaired senses. - -_sensibus praeditum esse_—to be endowed with sense. - -_sensu audiendi carere_—not to possess the sense of hearing. - -_sub sensum_ or _sub oculos, sub aspectum cadere_—to come within the -sphere of the senses. - -_sensibus_ or _sub sensus subiectum esse_—to come within the sphere of -the senses. - -_sensibus percipi_—to be perceptible to the senses. - -_res sensibus_ or _oculis subiectae_ (De Fin. 5. 12. 36)—the world of -sense, the visible world. - -_res quas oculis cernimus_—the world of sense, the visible world. - -_res externae_—the world of sense, the visible world. - -_sensus movere_ (more strongly _pellere_)—to make an impression on the -senses. - -_aliquid sensus suaviter afficit_—a thing makes a pleasant impression -on the senses. - -_aliquid sensus iucunditate perfundit_—a thing makes a pleasant -impression on the senses. - -_pulsu externo, adventicio agitari_—to be affected by some external -impulse, by external impressions. - -_sevocare mentem a sensibus_ (De Nat. D. 3. 8. 21)—to free one's mind -from the influences of the senses. - -_aliquid a sensibus meis abhorret_—something offends my instincts, -goes against the grain. - -_vires corporis_ or merely _vires_—bodily strength. - -_vires colligere_—to gain strength. - -_vires aliquem deficiunt_—to lose strength. - -_dum vires suppetunt_—as long as one's strength holds out. - -_bonis esse viribus_—to be robust, vigorous. - -_pro viribus_ or _pro mea parte_—as well as I can; to the best of my -ability. - -_pro virili parte_[1] (cf. sect. V. 22.)—as well as I can; to the best -of my ability. - - -[1] _pro virili parte_ is distinct from the other expressions, as -implying more assurance and confidence on the part of the speaker. - - - - -2. Birth—Life - - -_in lucem edi_—to see the light, come into the world. - -_ei, propter quos hanc lucem aspeximus_—those to whom we owe our being. - -_tollere_[1] or _suscipere liberos_—to accept as one's own child; to -make oneself responsible for its nurture and education. - -_aliquem in liberorum loco habere_—to treat as one's own child. - -_sexus_ (not _genus_) _virilis, muliebris_—the male, female sex. - -_patre, (e) matre natus_—son of such and such a father, mother. - -_Cato Uticensis ortus erat a Catone Censorio_—Cato of Utica was a -direct descendant of Cato the Censor. - -_originem ab aliquo trahere, ducere_—to trace one's descent from some -one. - -_Romae natus, (a) Roma oriundus_—a native of Rome. - -_cuias es_—what country do you come from? - -_natione, genere Anglus_—an Englishman by birth. - -_ortus ab Anglis_ or _oriundus ex Anglis_—a native of England. - -_urbs patria_ or simply _patria_—native place. - -_animam, spiritum ducere_—to breathe, live. - -_aera spiritu ducere_—to breathe the air. - -_animam continere_—to hold one's breath. - -_cursu exanimari_ (B.G. 2. 23. 1)—to run till one is out of breath. - -_spiritum intercludere alicui_—to suffocate a person. - -_in vita esse_—to be alive. - -_vita_ or _hac luce frui_—to enjoy the privilege of living; to be alive. - -_vitam beatam (miseram) degere_—to live a happy (unhappy) life. - -_vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, -ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere_—to live (all) one's life -(honourably, in the country, as a man of learning). - -_dum vita suppetit; dum (quoad) vivo_—as long as I live. - -_si vita mihi suppeditat_[2]—if I live till then. - -_si vita suppetit_—if I live till then. - -_quod reliquum est vitae_—the rest of one's life. - -_vitae cursum_ or _curriculum_[3] _conficere_—to finish one's career. - -_Homerus fuit_[4] _multis annis ante Romam conditam_—Homer lived many -years before the foundation of Rome. - - -[1] It was the custom for a Roman father to lift up his new-born -child, which was laid on the ground at his feet; hence the expression -_tollere, suscipere_. - -[2] _suppeditare_ (1) transitive, to supply sufficiently; (2) intrans. -to be present in sufficient quantities = _suppetere_. - -[3] _vitae (vivendi) cursus_ or _curriculum_ = life, -career—considering its duration, length. Life = biography is not -_curriculum vitae_, but simply _vita, vitae descriptio_. - -[4] To live, speaking chronologically, is _esse_; _vivere_ denotes to -be alive, pass one's life, e.g. _laute, in otio_. - - - - -3. Time of Life - - -(The terms for the different ages of man are _infans, puer, -adulescens, iuvenis, senior, senex, grandis natu_.) - -_ea aetate, id aetatis esse_—to be of such and such an age. - -_a puero (is), a parvo (is), a parvulo (is)_—from youth up. - -_a teneris unguiculis_ (ἐξ ἁπαλων ὀνύχων) (Fam. 1. 6. 2)—from one's -cradle, from one's earliest childhood. - -_ab ineunte (prima) aetate_ (De Or. 1. 21. 97)—from one's entry into -civil life. - -_ex pueris excedere_—to leave one's boyhood behind one, become a man. - -_flos aetatis_—the prime of youthful vigour. - -_aetate florere, vigere_—to be in the prime of life. - -_integra aetate esse_—to be in the prime of life. - -_adulescentia deferbuit_—the fires of youth have cooled. - -_aetate progrediente_—with advancing years. - -_aetate ingravescente_—with the weight, weakness of declining years. - -_aetas constans, media, firmata, corroborata_ (not _virilis_)—manhood. - -_grandior factus_—having reached man's estate. - -_corroborata, firmata aetate_—having reached man's estate. - -_sui iuris factum esse_—to have become independent, be no longer a -minor. - -_aetate provectum esse_ (not _aetate provecta_)—to be advanced in years. - -_longius aetate provectum esse_—to be more advanced in years. - -_grandis natu_—aged. - -_aetate affecta esse_—to be infirm through old age. - -_vires consenescunt_—to become old and feeble. - -_senectute, senio confectum esse_—to be worn out by old age. - -_exacta aetate mori_—to die at a good old age. - -_ad summam senectutem pervenire_—to live to a very great age. - -_senectus nobis obrēpit_—old age creeps on us insensibly. - -_admodum adulescens, senex_—still quote a young (old) man. - -_extrema aetas_—the last stage of life, one's last days. - -_extremum tempus aetatis_—the last stage of life, one's last days. - -_vita occidens_—the evening of life. - -_aequalem esse alicuius_—to be a contemporary of a person. - -_maior (natu)_—the elder - -_aetate alicui antecedere, anteire_—to be older than. - -_quot annos natus es?_—how old are you? - -_qua aetate es?_—how old are you? - -_tredecim annos natus sum_—I am thirteen years old. - -_tertium decimum annum ago_—I am in my thirteenth year. - -_puer decem annorum_—a boy ten years old. - -_decimum aetatis annum ingredi_—to be entering on one's tenth year. - -_decem annos vixisse_—to be ten years old. - -_decimum annum excessisse, egressum esse_—to be more than ten years -old, to have entered on one's eleventh year. - -_minorem esse viginti annis_—to be not yet twenty. - -_tum habebam decem annos_—I was ten years old at the time. - -_centum annos complere_—to reach one's hundredth year, to live to be a -hundred. - -_vitam ad annum centesimum perducere_—to reach one's hundredth year, -to live to be a hundred. - -_accessio paucorum annorum_—the addition of a few years. - -_tertiam iam aetatem videre_—to be middle-aged (_i.e._ between thirty -and forty). - -_in aetatem alicuius, in annum incidere_—to happen during a person's -life, year of office. - -_omnium suorum_ or _omnibus suis superstitem esse_—to outlive, survive -all one's kin. - -_homines qui nunc sunt_ (opp. _qui tunc fuerunt_)—our contemporaries; -men of our time. - -_homines huius aetatis, nostrae memoriae_—our contemporaries; men of -our time. - -_posteri_—posterity. - -_scriptores aetate posteriores_ or _inferiores_—later writers. - - - - -4. Hunger—Thirst - - -_esurire_—to be hungry. - -_fame laborare, premi_—to be tormented by hunger, to be starving. - -_famem tolerare, sustentare_—to endure the pangs of hunger. - -_inediā mori_ or _vitam finire_—to starve oneself to death. - -_fame confici, perire, interire_—to die of starvation. - -_fame necari_—to be starved to death (as punishment). - -_famem, sitim explere_—to allay one's hunger, thirst. - -_famem sitimque depellere cibo et potione_—to allay one's hunger, -thirst. - -_siti cruciari, premi_—to suffer agonies of thirst. - -_sitim colligere_—to become thirsty. - -_sitim haustu gelidae aquae sedare_—to slake one's thirst by a draught -of cold water. - -_famis et sitis_[1] _patientem esse_—to be able to endure hunger and -thirst. - - -[1] _sitis_ is also used metaphorically—e.g. _libertatis sitis_ (Rep. -1. 43. 66), so _sitire_—e.g. _honores_ (De Fin. 4. 5. 3), _libertatem_ -(Rep. 1. 43. 66), _sanguinem_ (Phil. 2. 7. 20). The participle -_sitiens_ takes the Gen.—e.g. _sitiens virtutis_ (Planc. 5. 13). - - - - -5. Laughter—Tears - - -_risum edere, tollere_[1]—to begin to laugh. - -_cachinnum tollere, edere_—to burst into a roar of laughter. - -_risum movere, concitare_—to raise a laugh. - -_risum elicere_ (more strongly _excutere_) _alicui_—to make a person -laugh. - -_risum captare_—to try and raise a laugh. - -_risum tenere vix posse_—to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter. - -_risum aegre continere posse_—to be scarcely able to restrain one's -laughter. - -_aliquid in risum vertere_—to make a thing ridiculous, turn it into a -joke. - -_lacrimas, vim lacrimarum effundere, profundere_—to burst into a flood -of tears. - -_in lacrimas effundi_ or _lacrimis perfundi_—to be bathed in tears. - -_lacrimis obortis_—with tears in one's eyes. - -_multis cum lacrimis_—with many tears. - -_magno cum fletu_—with many tears. - -_lacrimas tenere non posse_—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears. - -_fletum cohibere non posse_—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears. - -_vix mihi tempero quin lacrimem_—to be hardly able to restrain one's -tears. - -_vix me contineo quin lacrimem_—to be hardly able to restrain one's -tears. - -_lacrimas_ or _fletum alicui movere_—to move to tears. - -_prae lacrimis loqui non posse_—to be unable to speak for emotion. - -_gaudio lacrimare_—to weep for joy. - -_hinc illae lacrimae_ (proverb.) (Ter. And. 1. 1. 99; Cael. 25. -61)—hence these tears; there's the rub. - -_lacrimula_ (Planc. 31. 76)—crocodiles' tears. - -_lacrimae simulatae_—crocodiles' tears. - - -[1] Not _in risum erumpere_, which only occurs in late Latin. However, -_risus, vox, fletus erumpit_ is classical, similarly _indignatio_ -(Liv. 4. 50), _furor, cupiditates_ (Cael. 12. 28). - - - - -6. Health—Sickness - - -_bona (firma, prospera) valetudine_[1] _esse_ or _uti_ (_vid._ sect. -VI. 8., note _uti..._)—to enjoy good health. - -_valetudini consulere, operam dare_—to take care of one's health. - -_firma corporis constitutio_ or _affectio_—a good constitution. - -_infirma, aegra valetudine esse_ or _uti_—to be ill, weakly. - -_in morbum incidit_—he fell ill. - -_aegrotare coepit_—he fell ill. - -_morbo tentari_ or _corripi_—to be attacked by disease. - -_morbo afflīgi_—to be laid on a bed of sickness. - -_lecto teneri_—to be confined to one's bed. - -_vehementer, graviter aeogratare, iacēre_—to be seriously ill. - -_gravi morbo affectum esse, conflictari, vexari_—to be seriously ill. - -_leviter aegrotare, minus valere_—to be indisposed. - -_aestu et febri iactari_—to have a severe attack of fever. - -_omnibus membris captum esse_[2]—to be affected by disease in every -limb; to be paralysed. - -_ex pedibus laborare, pedibus aegrum esse_—to have the gout. - -_pestilentia_ (not _pestis_) _in urbem (populum) invadit_—the plague -breaks out in the city. - -_animus relinquit aliquem_—a man loses his senses, becomes unconscious. - -_morbus ingravescit_[3]—the disease gets worse. - -_morbo absūmi_ (Sall. Iug. 5. 6)—to be carried off by a disease. - -_assidēre aegroto_ (Liv. 25. 26)—to watch by a sick man's bedside. - -_aegrotum curare_—to treat as a patient (used of a doctor). - -_curationes_—method of treatment. - -_aegrotum sanare_ (not _curare_)—to cure a patient. - -_ex morbo convalescere_ (not _reconvalescere_)—to recover from a -disease. - -_e gravi morbo recreari_ or _se colligere_—to recruit oneself after a -severe illness. - -_melius ei factum est_—he feels better. - -_valetudinem (morbum) excusare_[4] (Liv. 6. 22. 7)—to excuse oneself -on the score of health. - -_valetudinis excusatione uti_—to excuse oneself on the score of health. - - -[1] _valetudo_ is a neutral term = state of health. _sanitas_ = -soundness of mind, reason—e.g. _ad sanitatem reverti_, to recover -one's reason. - -[2] Note _auribus, oculis, captum esse_, to be deaf, blind; _mente -captum esse_, to be mad. - -[3] The comparative and superlative of _aeger_ and _aegrotus_ are not -used in this connection, they are replaced by such phrases as -_vehementer, graviter aegrotare, morbus ingravescit_, etc. - -[4] But _se excusare alicui_ or _apud aliquem_ (_de_ or _in aliqua -re_) = to excuse oneself to some one about a thing. - - - - -7. Sleep—Dreams - - -_cubitum ire_—to go to bed. - -_somno_ or _quieti se tradere_—to lay oneself down to sleep - -_somnum capere non posse_—to be unable to sleep. - -_curae somnum mihi adimunt, dormire me non sinunt_—I cannot sleep for -anxiety. - -_somnum oculis meis non vidi_ (Fam. 7. 30)—I haven't had a wink of -sleep. - -_arte, graviter dormire (ex lassitudine)_—to sleep soundly (from -fatigue). - -_artus somnus aliquem complectitur_ (Rep. 6. 10)—to fall fast asleep. - -_somno captum, oppressum esse_—to be overcome by sleep. - -_sopītum esse_—to be sound asleep. - -_in lucem dormire_—to sleep on into the morning. - -_somno solvi_—to awake. - -_(e) somno excitare, dormientem excitare_—to rouse, wake some one. - -_e lecto_ or _e cubīli surgere_—to rise from one's bed, get up. - -_per somnum, in somnis_—in a dream. - -_per quietem, in quiete_—in a dream. - -_in somnis videre aliquid_ or _speciem_—to see something in a dream. - -_in somnis visus (mihi) sum videre_—I dreamed I saw... - -_species mihi dormienti oblata est_—I saw a vision in my dreams. - -_somnium verum evādit_ (Div. 2. 53. 108)—my dream is coming true. - -_somnium interpretari_—to explain a dream. - -_somniorum interpres, coniector_—an interpreter of dreams. - -_somniare de aliquo_—to dream of a person. - - - - -8. Death - - -_(de) vita decedere_ or merely _decedere_—to depart this life. - -_(ex) vita excedere, ex vita abire_—to depart this life. - -_de vita exire, de (ex) vita migrare_—to depart this life. - -_mortem (diem supremum) obire_—to depart this life. - -_supremo vitae die_—on one's last day. - -_animam edere_ or _efflare_—to give up the ghost. - -_extremum vitae spiritum edere_—to give up the ghost. - -_animam agere_—to be at one's last gasp. - -_mors immatura_ or _praematura_—an untimely death. - -_mature decedere_—to die young. - -_subita morte exstingui_—to be cut off by sudden death. - -_necessaria_ (opp. _voluntaria_) _morte mori_—to die a natural death. - -_morbo perire, absūmi, consūmi_—to die a natural death. - -_debitum naturae reddere_[1] (Nep. Reg. 1)—to die a natural death. - -_mortem sibi consciscere_[2]—to commit suicide. - -_se vita privare_—to take one's own life. - -_manus, vim sibi afferre_—to lay hands on oneself. - -_vitae finem facere_—to put an end to one's life. - -_talem vitae exitum_ (not _finem_) _habuit_ (Nep. Eum. 13)—such was -the end of... (used of a violent death). - -_mortem oppetere_—to meet death (by violence). - -_mortem occumbere pro patria_—to die for one's country. - -_sanguinem suum pro patria effundere_ or _profundere_—to shed one's -blood for one's fatherland. - -_vitam profundere pro patria_—to sacrifice oneself for one's country. - -_se morti offerre pro salute patriae_—to sacrifice oneself for one's -country. - -_dare venenum in pane_—to give a person poison in bread. - -_venenum sumere, bibere_—to take poison. - -_veneno sibi mortem consciscere_—to poison oneself. - -_poculum mortis (mortiferum) exhaurire_ (Cluent. 11. 31)—to drain the -cup of poison. - -_potestas vitae necisque_—power over life and death. - -_plagam extremam_ or _mortiferam infligere_—to inflict a death-blow. - -_e_ or _de medio tollere_—to remove a person. - -_perii! actum est de me!_ (Ter. Ad. 3. 2. 26)—I'm undone! it's all up -with me! - - -[1] _sua morte defungi_ or _mori_ is late Latin, cf. Inscr. Orell. -3453, _debitum naturae persolvit_. - -[2] _se interficere, se occidere, se necare_ are rare. During the -classic period, when suicide was not common, _ipse_ is often -added—e.g. _Crassum se ipsum interemisse_ (Cic. Scaur. 2. 16), -_Lucretia se ipsa interemit_ (Fin. 2. 20. 66); but later, when suicide -had become frequent, _se interemit; nonnulli semet interemerunt_ -(Suet. Iul. 89), etc., occur commonly. - - - - -9. Burial - - -_funere efferri_ or simply _efferri_ (_publice; publico, suo -sumptu_)—to be interred (at the expense of the state, at one's own -cost). - -_sepultura aliquem afficere_—to bury a person. - -_iusta facere, solvere alicui_—to perform the last rites for a person. - -_supremo officio in aliquem fungi_—to perform the last rites for a -person. - -_funus alicui facere, ducere_ (Cluent. 9. 28)—to carry out the funeral -obsequies. - -_funus alicuius exsequi_—to attend a person's funeral. - -_exsequias alicuius funeris prosequi_—to attend a person's funeral. - -_supremis officiis aliquem prosequi_ (_vid_ sect. VI. 11., note -_Prosequi..._)—to perform the last offices of affection. - -_mortuum in sepulcro condere_—to entomb a dead body. - -_aliquem mortuum_[1] _cremare_ (Sen. 23. 84)—to burn a corpse. - -_pompa funebris_—a funeral procession. - -_funus_ or _exsequias celebrare_—to celebrate the obsequies. - -_ludos funebres alicui dare_—to give funeral games in honour of a -person. - -_oratio funebris_[2]—a funeral oration. - -_sepulturae honore carere_—to be deprived of the rites of burial. - -_iustis exsequiarum carere_—to be deprived of the rites of burial. - -_elogium in sepulcro incisum_—the epitaph. - -_sepulcro_ (Dat.) or _in sepulcro hoc inscriptum est_—this is the -inscription on his tomb... - -_hic situs est..._—here lies... - -_aliquem in rogum imponere_—to place on the funeral-pyre. - -_proiici inhumatum (in publicum)_—to be cast out unburied. - - -[1] "Corpse" usually = _corpus mortui_ or simply _corpus_. _cadaver_ -is a corpse which has begun to decompose. - -[2] For eulogy, panegyric, use _laudatio funebris_ or simply -_laudatio_, cf. Mil. 13. 33; Liv. 5. 50. - - - - -V. Human Life; its various Relations and Conditions - - -1. Circumstance—Situation—Difficulty - - -_res humanae_ or simply _res_—human life. - -_haec est rerum humanarum condicio_—that is the way of the world; such -is life. - -_sic vita hominum est_—that is the way of the world; such is life. - -_ita (ea lege, ea condicione) nati sumus_—this is our natural -tendency, our destiny; nature compels us. - -_res externas_ or _humanas despicere_—to despise earthly things. - -_res humanas infra se positas arbitrari_—to feel superior to the -affairs of life. - -_meliore (deteriore) condicione esse, uti_—to find one's circumstances -altered for the better (the worse). - -_condicio ac fortuna hominum infimi generis_—the position of the lower -classes. - -_res meae meliore loco, in meliore causa sunt_—my position is -considerably improved; my prospects are brighter. - -_meliorem in statum redigor_—my position is considerably improved; my -prospects are brighter. - -_aliquem in antiquum statum, in pristinum restituere_—to restore a man -to his former position. - -_in tanta rerum (temporum) iniquitate_—under such unfavourable -circumstances. - -_res dubiae, perditae, afflictae_—a critical position; a hopeless -state of affairs. - -_in angustias adducere aliquem_—to place some one in an embarrassing -position. - -_in angustiis, difficultatibus, esse_ or _versari_—to be in a dilemma; -in difficulties. - -_angustiis premi, difficultatibus affici_—to be in a dilemma; in -difficulties. - -_agitur praeclare, bene cum aliquo_—so-and-so is in a very -satisfactory position; prospers. - -_res ita est, ita (sic) se habet_—the facts are these; the matter -stands thus. - -_eadem (longe alia) est huius rei ratio_—the case is exactly similar -(entirely different). - -_hoc longe aliter, secus est_—this is quite another matter. - -_res (ita) fert_—circumstances make this necessary; the exigencies of -the case are these. - -_pro re (nata), pro tempore_—according to circumstances. - -_pro tempore et pro re_—according to circumstances. - -_res eo_ or _in eum locum deducta est, ut..._—the matter has gone so -far that...; the state of affairs is such that... - -_quo loco res tuae sunt?_—how are you getting on? - -_eadem est causa mea_ or _in eadem causa sum_—my circumstances have -not altered. - -_si quid (humanitus) mihi accidat_ or _acciderit_—if anything should -happen to me; if I die. - -_quae cum ita sint_—under such circumstances. - -_utcumque res ceciderit_—whatever happens; in any case. - - - - -2. Commencement—End—Result - - -_initium capere; incipere ab aliqua re_—to begin with a thing. - -_initium facere, ducere, sumere (alicuius rei)_—to commence a thing. - -_ab exiguis initiis proficisci_—to start from small beginnings. - -_parare_ with Inf.—to prepare to do a thing. - -_aggredi ad aliquid faciendum_—to prepare to do a thing. - -_incunabula_[1] _doctrinae_—the origin, first beginnings of learning. - -_finem facere alicuius rei_—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a -thing. - -_finem imponere, afferre, constituere alicui rei_—to finish, complete, -fulfil, accomplish a thing. - -_ad finem aliquid adducere_—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a -thing. - -_ad exitum aliquid perducere_—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish -a thing. - -_finem habere_—to come to an end. - -_aliquid (bene, prospere) succedit_ or _procedit_ (opp. _parum -procedere, non succedere_)—the matter progresses favourably, succeeds. - -_eventum, exitum (felicem) habere_—to turn out (well); to result -(satisfactorily). - -_quorsum haec res cadet_ or _evadet?_—what will be the issue, end, -consequence of the matter? - -_ad irritum redigere aliquid_—to frustrate, nullify. - -_res aliter cecidit ac putaveram_—the result has surprised me; I was -not prepared for this development. - -_quid illo fiet?_—what will become of him? - -_quid huic homini_ (also _hoc homine_) _faciam?_—what am I to do with -this fellow? - - -[1] _incunabula_ literally swaddling-clothes. _cunabula_, cradle, is -not used in this metaphorical sense except in post-Augustan Latin. - - - - -3. Cause—Motive—Origin - - -_causam afferre_—to quote as a reason; give as excuse. - -_iustis de_[1] _causis_—for valid reasons. - -_magnae (graves) necessariae causae_—cogent, decisive reasons. - -_non sine causa_—on good grounds; reasonably. - -_quid causae fuit cur...?_—how came it that...? - -_causa posita est in aliqua re_—the motive, cause, is to be found in... - -_causa repetenda est ab aliqua re_ (not _quaerenda_)—the motive, -cause, is to be found in... - -_multae causae me impulerunt ad aliquid_ or _ut..._—I was induced by -several considerations to... - -_causam interponere_ or _interserere_—to interpose, put forward an -argument, a reason. - -_praetendere, praetexere aliquid_—to make something an excuse, pretext. - -_causam idoneam nancisci_—to find a suitable pretext. - -_per causam_ (with Gen.)—under the pretext, pretence of... - -_causae rerum et consecutiones_—cause and effect. - -_causae extrinsecus allatae_ (opp. _in ipsa re positae_)—extraneous -causes. - -_rerum causae aliae ex aliis nexae_—concatenation, interdependence of -causes. - -_ex parvis saepe magnarum rerum momenta pendent_—important results are -often produced by trivial causes. - -_ex aliqua re nasci, manare_—to originate in, arise from. - -_ab aliqua re proficisci_—to originate in, arise from. - -_ex aliqua re redundare_ (_in_ or _ad aliquid_)—to accrue in great -abundance. - -_utilitas efflorescit ex aliqua re_—untold advantages arise from a -thing. - -_e fontibus haurire_ (opp. _rivulos consectari_ or _fontes non -videre_)—to draw from the fountain-head. - -_haec ex eodem fonte fluunt, manant_—these things have the same origin. - -_fons et caput_ (_vid._ sect. III., note _caput..._)—source, origin. - - -[1] Notice the order; so regularly _ea_ and _qua de causa_; but _ob -eam causam_ not _eam ob causam_. For the meaning of _iustus_ cf. xvi. -5 _bellum iustum_ and xvi. 10a _praelium iustum_. - - - - -4. Regard—Importance—Influence—Power—Inclination - - -_rationem habere alicuius rei_—to have regard for; take into -consideration. - -_respicere_[1] _aliquid_—to have regard for; take into consideration. - -_quo in genere_—from this point of view; similarly. - -_multis rebus_ or _locis_—in many respects; in many points. - -_in utraque re_—in both cases; whichever way you look at it. - -_ceteris rebus_ (not _cetera_)—as regards the rest; otherwise. - -_omni ex parte; in omni genere; omnibus rebus_—from every point of -view; looked at in every light. - -_aliqua ex parte_—to a certain extent. - -_aliquatenus_—to a certain extent. - -_magni (nullius) momenti esse_—to be of great (no) importance. - -_momentum afferre ad aliquid_—to determine the issue of; to turn the -scale. - -_pertinere ad aliquid_—to be essentially important to a thing. - -_hoc nihil ad sapientem pertinet_—a wise man is in no way affected by -this. - -_hoc in sapientem non cadit_—it is incompatible with the nature of a -wise man; the wise are superior to such things. - -_multum valere ad aliquid_—to contribute much towards...; to affect -considerably; to be instrumental in... - -_multum afferre ad aliquid_—to contribute much towards...; to affect -considerably; to be instrumental in... - -_magnam vim habere ad aliquid_—to have considerable influence on a -question. - -_positum, situm esse in aliqua re_—to depend upon a thing. - -_contineri aliqua re_[2]—to depend upon a thing. - -_consistere in aliqua re_—to depend upon a thing. - -_pendēre ex aliqua re_—to depend upon a thing. - -_in te omnia sunt_—everything depends on you. - -_in ea re omnia vertuntur_—all depends on this; this is the decisive -point. - -_constare ex aliqua re_—to be composed of; to consist of. - -_cernitur (in) aliqua re_ (not _ex aliqua re_)—it is evident from... - -_in manu, in potestate alicuius situm, positum esse_—to be in a -person's power. - -_penes aliquem esse_—to be in a person's power. - -_res integra_[3] _est_—the matter is still undecided; it is an open -question. - -_res mihi integra est_—I have not yet committed myself. - -_mihi non est integrum, ut..._—it is no longer in my power. - -_integrum (causam integram) sibi reservare_—to leave the question -open; to refuse to commit oneself. - -_penes te arbitrium huius rei est_—the decision of the question rests -with you. - -_arbitrio alicuius omnia permittere_—to put the matter entirely in -some one's hands. - -_omnium rerum arbitrium alicui permittere_—to put the matter entirely -in some one's hands. - -_arbitratu, arbitrio tuo_—just as you wish. - - -[1] But _respicere ad aliquid (aliquem)_ = to look round at an object. - -[2] _contineri aliqua re_ also means (1) to be bounded by..., e.g. -_oceano_; (2) to be limited, restricted to, e.g. _moenibus_. - -[3] The proper meaning of _integer_ (_in-TAG, tango_) is untouched, -unsullied. - - - - -5. Opportunity—Possibility—Occasion—Chance - - -_occasio datur, offertur_—a favourable[1] opportunity presents itself. - -_occasione data, oblata_—when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs. - -_per occasionem_—when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs. - -_quotienscunque occasio oblata est; omnibus locis_—on every occasion; -at every opportunity. - -_occasionem alicui dare, praebere alicuius rei_ or _ad aliquid -faciendum_—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing. - -_facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei_ or _ut possit..._—to give a man -the opportunity of doing a thing. - -_potestatem,_[2] _copiam alicui dare, facere_ with Gen. gerund.—to -give a man the opportunity of doing a thing. - -_occasionem nancisci_—to get, meet with, a favourable opportunity. - -_occasione uti_—to make use of, avail oneself of an opportunity. - -_occasionem praetermittere, amittere_ (through carelessness), -_omittere_ (deliberately), _dimittere_ (through indifference)—to lose, -let slip an opportunity. - -_occasioni deesse_[3]—to neglect an opportunity. - -_occasionem arripere_—to seize an opportunity. - -_facultatem, potestatem alicui eripere, adimere_—to deprive a man of -the chance of doing a thing. - -_nulla est facultas alicuius rei_—no opportunity of carrying out an -object presents itself. - -_locum dare suspicioni_—to give ground for suspicion. - -_ansas dare ad reprehendum, reprehensionis_—to give occasion for -blame; to challenge criticism. - -_ansam habere reprehensionis_—to contain, afford matter for criticism. - -_adduci aliqua re_ (_ad aliquid_ or _ut..._)—to be induced by a -consideration. - -_nescio quo casu_ (with Indic.)—by some chance or other. - -_temere et fortuito; forte (et) temere_—quite accidentally, -fortuitously. - - -[1] Not _occasio opportuna, bona, pulchra_, the notion "favourable" -being contained in the word itself. We find, however, _occasio -praeclara, ampla, tanta_, not unfrequently. - -[2] Notice _potestatem alicui pugnandi facere_, to offer battle, and -_potestatem sui facere alicui_, (1) to give opportunity of battle, and -also (2) to grant an audience to (cf. _sui conveniendi potestatem -facere_). - -[3] In the same way _deesse officio_, to leave one's duties undone; -_d. muneri_, to neglect the claims of one's vocation; _d. rei -publicae_, to be careless of state interests, to be unpatriotic; _d. -sibi_, not to do one's best. - - - - -6. Success—Good Fortune - - -_fortuna secunda uti_—to be fortunate, lucky. - -_fortunae favore_ or _prospero flatu fortunae uti_ (_vid._ sect. VI. -8., note _uti..._)—to be favoured by Fortune; to bask in Fortune's -smiles. - -_fortunam fautricem nancisci_—to be favoured by Fortune; to bask in -Fortune's smiles. - -_fortuna caecos homines efficit, animos occaecat_—Fortune makes men -shortsighted, infatuates them. - -_fortunam tentare, experiri_—to try one's luck. - -_fortunam periclitari (periculum facere)_—to run a risk; to tempt -Providence. - -_fortunae se committere_—to trust to luck. - -_fortunam in manibus habere_—to have success in one's grasp. - -_fortunam ex manibus dimittere_—to let success slip through one's -fingers. - -_fortuna commutatur, se inclinat_—luck is changing, waning. - -_ludibrium fortunae_—the plaything of Fortune. - -_is, quem fortuna complexa est_—Fortune's favourite. - -_a fortuna desertum, derelictum esse_—to be abandoned by good luck. - -_fortuna aliquem effert_—Fortune exalts a man, makes him conspicuous. - -_rebus secundis efferri_—to be puffed up by success; to be made -arrogant by prosperity. - -_ad felicitatem (magnus) cumulus accedit ex aliqua re_—his crowning -happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his -felicity is... - -_aliquid felicitatis cumulum affert_—his crowning happiness is -produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is... - -_aliquid felicitatem magno cumulo auget_—his crowning happiness is -produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is... - -_in rebus prosperis et ad voluntatem fluentibus_—when life runs -smoothly. - -_beata vita, beate vivere, beatum esse_[1]—happiness, bliss. - -_ad bene beateque vivendum_—for a life of perfect happiness. - -_peropportune accidit, quod_—it is most fortunate that... - - -[1] _beatitas_ and _beatitudo_ are used by Cicero in one passage only -(De Nat. Deorum, 1. 34. 95), but merely as a linguistic experiment. - - - - -7. Misfortune—Fate—Ruin - - -_fortuna adversa_—misfortune, adversity. - -_res adversae, afflictae, perditae_—misfortune, adversity. - -_in calamitatem incidere_—to be overtaken by calamity. - -_calamitatem accipere, subire_—to suffer mishap. - -_nihil calamitatis (in vita) videre_—to live a life free from all -misfortune. - -_calamitatem haurire_—to drain the cup of sorrow.[1] - -_omnes labores exanclare_—to drain the cup of sorrow. - -_calamitatem, pestem inferre alicui_—to bring mishap, ruin on a person. - -_calamitatibus affligi_—to be the victim of misfortune. - -_calamitatibus obrui_—to be overwhelmed with misfortune. - -_calamitatibus defungi_—to come to the end of one's troubles. - -_calamitate doctus_—schooled by adversity. - -_conflictari (cum) adversa fortuna_—to struggle with adversity. - -_in malis iacere_—to be broken down by misfortune. - -_malis urgeri_—to be hard pressed by misfortune. - -_fortunae vicissitudines_—the vicissitudes of fortune. - -_ancipites et varii casus_—the changes and chances of this life. - -_sub varios incertosque casus subiectum esse_—to have to submit to the -uncertainties of fortune; to be subject to Fortune's caprice. - -_multis casibus iactari_—to experience the ups and downs of life. - -_ad omnes casus subsidia comparare_—to be prepared for all that may -come. - -_varia fortuna uti_—to experience the vicissitudes of fortune; to have -a chequered career. - -_multis iniquitatibus exerceri_[2]—to be severely tried by misfortune. - -_fortunae telis propositum esse_—to be exposed to the assaults of fate. - -_fortunae obiectum esse_—to be abandoned to fate. - -_ad iniurias fortunae expositum esse_—to be a victim of the malice of -Fortune. - -_fortunae cedere_—to acquiesce in one's fate. - -_aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare_—to bring a -man to ruin; to destroy. - -_praecipitem agi, ire_—to be ruined, undone. - -_ad exitium vocari_—to be ruined, undone. - -_ad interitum ruere_—to be ruined, undone. - -_in perniciem incurrere_—to be ruined, undone. - -_pestem alicui (in aliquem) machinari_—to compass, devise a man's -overthrow, ruin. - -_perniciem (exitium) alicui afferre, moliri, parare_—to compass, -devise a man's overthrow, ruin. - -_ab exitio, ab interitu aliquem vindicare_—to rescue from destruction. - - -[1] In Latin metaphor the verb only, as a rule, is sufficient to -express the metaphorical meaning—e.g. _amicitiam iungere cum aliquo_, -to be bound by the bands of affection to any one; _religionem -labefactare_, to undermine the very foundations of belief; _bellum -exstinguere_, to extinguish the torch of war; _cuncta bello ardent_, -the fires of war are raging all around; _libido consedit_, the storm -of passion has ceased; _animum pellere_, to strike the heart-strings; -_vetustas monumenta exederat_, the tooth of time had eaten away the -monuments. - -[2] The first meaning of _exercere_ is to keep in motion, give no rest -to. Then, metaphorically, to keep busy, to harass—e.g. _fortuna -aliquem vehementer exercet_. Lastly, _exercere_ is used to express the -main activity in any branch of industry, thus, _exercere agros_, to -farm; _metalla_, to carry on a mining industry; _navem_, to fit out -ships, be a shipowner; _vectigalia_, to levy, collect taxes, used -specially of the _publicani_; _qui exercet iudicium_, the presiding -judge (_praetor_). - - - - -8. Danger—Risk—Safety - - -_in periculo esse_ or _versari_—to be in danger. - -_res in summo discrimine versatur_—the position is very critical. - -_in vitae discrimine versari_—to be in peril of one's life. - -_in pericula incidere, incurrere_—to find oneself in a hazardous -position. - -_pericula alicui impendent, imminent_—dangers threaten a man. - -_pericula in_ or _ad aliquem redundant_—many dangers hem a person in; -one meets new risks at every turn. - -_pericula subire, adire, suscipere_—to incur danger, risk. - -_periculis se offerre_—to expose oneself to peril. - -_salutem, vitam suam in discrimen offerre_ (not _exponere_)—to risk -one's life. - -_aliquem, aliquid in periculum (discrimen) adducere, vocare_[1]—to -endanger, imperil a person or thing. - -_alicui periculum creare, conflare_—to endanger, imperil a person or -thing. - -_in periculum capitis, in discrimen vitae se inferre_—to recklessly -hazard one's life. - -_salus, caput, vita alicuius agitur, periclitatur, in discrimine est_ -or _versatur_—a man's life is at stake, is in very great danger. - -_in ipso periculi discrimine_—at the critical moment. - -_aliquem ex periculo eripere, servare_—to rescue from peril. - -_nullum periculum recusare pro_—to avoid no risk in order to... - -_periculis perfungi_—to surmount dangers. - -_periculum facere alicuius rei_—to make trial of; to risk. - -_periculum hostis facere_—to try one's strength with the enemy; to try -issue of battle. - -_res ad extremum casum perducta est_—affairs are desperate; we are -reduced to extremeties. - -_ad extrema perventum est_—affairs are desperate; we are reduced to -extremeties. - -_in tuto esse_—to be in a position of safety. - -_in tuto collocare aliquid_—to ensure the safety of a thing. - - -[1] _vocare_ helps to form several phrases—e.g. _in invidiam, in -suspicionem, in dubium, ad exitium, in periculum vocare_. It is used -in the passive to express periphrastically the passive of verbs which -have only an active voice—e.g. _in invidiam vocari_, to become -unpopular, be hated, _invideor_ not being used. Cf. _in invidiam -venire_. - - - - -9. Assistance—Deliverance—Consolation - - -_auxilium, opem, salutem ferre alicui_—to bring aid to; to rescue. - -_auxilio alicui venire_—to come to assist any one. - -_alicuius opem implorare_—to implore a person's help. - -_confugere ad aliquem_ or _ad opem, ad fidem alicuius_—to fly to some -one for refuge. - -_ad extremum auxilium descendere_[1]—to be reduced to one's last -resource. - -_auxilium praesens_[2]—prompt assistance. - -_adesse alicui_ or _alicuius rebus_ (opp. _deesse_)—to assist, stand -by a person. - -_salutem alicui afferre_—to deliver, rescue a person. - -_saluti suae consulere, prospicere_—to take measures for one's safety; -to look after one's own interests. - -_suis rebus_ or _sibi consulere_—to take measures for one's safety; to -look after one's own interests. - -_salutem expedire_—to effect a person's deliverance. - -_solacium praebere_—to comfort. - -_nihil habere consolationis_—to afford no consolation. - -_hoc solacio frui, uti_—to solace oneself with the thought... - -_consolari aliquem de aliqua re_—to comfort a man in a matter; to -condole with him. - -_consolari dolorem alicuius_—to soothe grief. - -_consolari aliquem in miseriis_—to comfort in misfortune. - -_hoc (illo) solacio me consōlor_—I console myself with... - -_haec (illa) res me consolatur_—I console myself with... - - -[1] Similarly _descendere_ is frequently used of consenting -unwillingly to a thing, condescending. Cf. vi. 9 ad fin. and xvi. 9. - -[2] Notice too _poena praesens_, instant punishment; _pecunia -praesens_, ready money; _medicina praesens_, efficacious remedy; _deus -praesens_, a propitious deity; _in rem praesentem venire_, to go to -the very spot to make a closer examination. - - - - -10. Riches—Want—Poverty - - -_divitiis, copiis abundare_—to be rich, wealthy. - -_magnas opes habere_—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence. - -_opibus maxime florere_—to be very rich; to be in a position of -affluence. - -_omnibus opibus circumfluere_—to be very rich; to be in a position of -affluence. - -_fortunis maximis ornatum esse_—to be in the enjoyment of a large -fortune. - -_in omnium rerum abundantia vivere_—to live in great affluence. - -_aliquem ex paupere divitem facere_—to raise a man from poverty to -wealth. - -_inopia alicuius rei laborare, premi_—to suffer from want of a thing. - -_ad egestatem, ad inopiam (summam omnium rerum) redigi_—to be reduced -to (abject) poverty. - -_vitam inopem sustentare, tolerare_—to earn a precarious livelihood. - -_in egestate esse, versari_—to live in poverty, destitution. - -_vitam in egestate degere_—to live in poverty, destitution. - -_in summa egestate_ or _mendicitate esse_—to be entirely destitute; to -be a beggar. - -_stipem colligere_—to beg alms. - -_stipem (pecuniam) conferre_—to contribute alms. - - - - -11. Utility—Advantage—Harm—Disadvantage - - -_usui_ or _ex usu esse_—to be of use. - -_utilitatem afferre, praebere_—to be serviceable. - -_multum (nihil) ad communem utilitatem afferre_—to considerably (in no -way) further the common good. - -_aliquid in usum suum conferre_—to employ in the furtherance of one's -interests. - -_omnia ad suam utilitatem referre_—to consider one's own advantage in -everything. - -_rationibus alicuius prospicere_ or _consulere_ (opp. _officere, -obstare, adversari_)—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare. - -_commodis alicuius servire_—to look after, guard a person's interests, -welfare. - -_commoda alicuius tueri_—to look after, guard a person's interests, -welfare. - -_meae rationes ita tulerunt_—my interests demanded it. - -_fructum (uberrimum) capere, percipere, consequi ex aliqua re_[1]—to -derive (great) profit , advantage from a thing. - -_fructus ex hac re redundant in_ or _ad me_—(great) advantage accrues -to me from this. - -_aliquid ad meum fructum redundat_—I am benefited by a thing. - -_quid attinet?_ with Infin.—what is the use of? - -_cui bono?_—who gets the advantage from this? who is the interested -party? - -_damnum_ (opp. _lucrum_) _facere_—to suffer loss, harm, damage.[2] - -_damno affici_—to suffer loss, harm, damage. - -_detrimentum capere, accipere, facere_—to suffer loss, harm, damage. - -_iacturam_[3] _alicuius rei facere_—to throw away, sacrifice. - -_damnum inferre, afferre alicui_—to do harm to, injure any one. - -_damnum ferre_—to know how to endure calamity. - -_incommodo afficere aliquem_—to inconvenience, injure a person. - -_incommodis mederi_—to relieve a difficulty. - -_damnum_ or _detrimentum sarcire_ (not _reparare_)—to make good, -repair a loss or injury. - -_damnum compensare cum aliqua re_—to balance a loss by anything. - -_res repetere_—to demand restitution, satisfaction. - -_res restituere_—to give restitution, satisfaction. - - -[1] Also _fructum alicuius rei capere, percipere, ferre, consequi ex -aliqua re_—e.g. _virtutis fructus ex re publica (magnos, laetos, -uberes) capere_ = to be handsomely rewarded by the state for one's -high character. - -[2] Notice too _calamitatem, cladem, incommodum accipere_, to suffer -mishap, reverse, inconvenience; _naufragium facere_, to be shipwrecked. - -[3] _damnum_ (opp. _lucrum_) = loss, especially of worldly -possessions; _detrimentum_ (opp. _emolumentum_) = harm inflicted by -others; _fraus_ = deceitful injury; _iactura_ (properly "throwing -overboard") = the intentional sacrifice of something valuable in order -either to avert injury or to gain some greater advantage. "Harmful" = -_inutilis, qui nocet_, etc., not _noxius_, which is only used -absolutely—e.g. _homo noxius_, the offender, evildoer. - - - - -12. Goodwill—Kindness—Inclination—Favour - - -_benevolo animo esse in aliquem_—to be well-disposed towards... - -_benevolentiam habere erga aliquem_—to be well-disposed towards... - -_benevolentiam, favorem, voluntatem alicuius sibi conciliare_ or -_colligere (ex aliqua re)_—to find favour with some one; to get into -their good graces. - -_benevolentiam alicui praestare, in aliquem conferre_—to show kindness -to... - -_benevolentia aliquem complecti_ or _prosequi_—to show kindness to... - -_gratiosum esse alicui_ or _apud aliquem_—to be popular with; to stand -well with a person. - -_in gratia esse apud aliquem_—to be popular with; to stand well with a -person. - -_multum valere gratia apud aliquem_—to be highly favoured by; to be -influential with... - -_florere gratia alicuius_—to be highly favoured by; to be influential -with... - -_gratiam inire ab aliquo_or _apud aliquem_—to gain a person's esteem, -friendship. - -_in gratiam alicuius venire_—to gain a person's esteem, friendship. - -_gratiam alicuius sibi quaerere, sequi_, more strongly _aucupari_—to -court a person's favour; to ingratiate oneself with... - -_studere, favere alicui_—to look favourably upon; to support. - -_studiosum esse alicuius_—to look favourably upon; to support. - -_propenso animo, studio esse_ or _propensa voluntate esse in aliquem_ -(opp. _averso animo esse ab aliquo_)—to look favourably upon; to -support. - -_alicui morem gerere, obsequi_—to comply with a person's wishes; to -humour. - -_alicuius causa_[1] _velle_ or _cupere_—to be favourably disposed -towards. - -_gratum (gratissimum) alicui facere_—to do any one a (great) favour. - -_se conformare, se accommodare ad alicuius voluntatem_—to accomodate -oneself to another's wishes. - -_alicuius voluntati morem gerere_—to accomodate oneself to another's -wishes. - -_se convertere, converti ad alicuius nutum_[2]—to take one's -directions from another; to obey him in everything. - -_totum se fingere et accommodare ad alicuius arbitrium et nutum_—to be -at the beck and call of another; to be his creature. - -_voluntatem_or _animum alicuius a se abalienare, aliquem a se -abalienare_ or _alienare_—to become estranged, alienated from some one. - - -[1] Probably originally _omnia alicuius causa velle_ = to wish -everything (favourable) in some one's behalf. - -[2] But _se convertere ad aliquem_ = either (1) to approach with -hostile intention, or (2) to turn to some one for sympathy or -assistance. - - - - -13. Benefit—Gratitude—Recompense - - -_beneficium alicui dare, tribuere_—to do any one a service or kindness. - -_beneficio aliquem afficere, ornare_—to do any one a service or -kindness. - -_beneficia in aliquem conferre_—to heap benefits upon... - -_beneficiis aliquem obstringere, obligare, devincire_—to lay any one -under an obligation by kind treatment. - -_beneficium remunerari_ or _reddere (cumulate)_—to (richly) recompense -a kindness or service. - -_gratus_ (opp. _ingratus_) _animus_[1]—gratitude. - -_gratiam alicui debere_—to owe gratitude to; to be under an obligation -to a person. - -_gratiam alicui habere_—to feel gratitude (in one's heart). - -_gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam) pro aliqua re_—to show -gratitude (in one's acts). - -_gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re_—to thank a person (in words). - -_grates agere (dis immortalibus)_—to give thanks to heaven. - -_gratiam mereri_—to merit thanks; to do a thankworthy action. - -_par pari referre_—to return like for like. - -_paria paribus respondere_—to return like for like. - -_bonam (praeclaram) gratiam referre_—to reward amply; to give manifold -recompense for. - -_benefacta maleficiis pensare_—to return evil for good. - -_maleficia benefactis remunerari_—to return good for evil. - -_pro maleficiis beneficia reddere_—to return good for evil. - - -[1] _animus_ is used similarly in several periphrases to express -abstract qualities—e.g. _animus inexorabilis_ = inflexibility, -severity; _animus implacabilis_ = implacability; _animus (fides) -venalis_ = venality. Cf. _simplices mores, simplex natura, ratio, -genus_ = simplicity (_simplicitas_ is post-Augustan and usually = -frankness, candour). _immemor ingenium_ = forgetfulness (_oblivio_ in -this sense is not classical). - - - - -14. Merit—Value—Reward - - -_bene, praeclare (melius, optime) mereri_[1] _de aliquo_—to deserve -well at some one's hands; to do a service to... - -_male mereri de aliquo_—to deserve ill of a person; to treat badly. - -_meritum alicuius in_ or _erga aliquem_—what a man merits at another's -hands. - -_nullo meo merito_—I had not deserved it. - -_ex, pro merito_—according to a man's deserts. - -_multum (aliquid) alicui rei tribuere_—to consider of importance; to -set much (some) store by a thing. - -_multum alicui tribuere_—to value, esteem a person. - -_praemiis (amplissimis, maximis) aliquem afficere_[2]—to remunerate -(handsomely). - -_meritum praemium alicui persolvere_—to reward a man according to his -deserts. - -_praemium exponere_ or _proponere_—(to encourage) by offering a reward. - -_praemium ponere_—to offer a prize (for the winner). - -_palmam deferre, dare alicui_—to award the prize to... - -_palmam ferre, auferre_—to win the prize. - -_pacta merces alicuius rei_—the stipulated reward for anything. - -_mercede conductum esse_—to be hired, suborned. - - -[1] _mereri_ is a middle verb, and consequently always has an adverb -with it. - -[2] Notice the numerous phrases of which _afficere_ is a part—e.g. -_afficere aliquem admiratione, beneficio, exilio, honore, iniuria, -laude, poena, supplicio_. Especially important is its passive use—e.g. -_affici admiratione_, to admire; _gaudio, voluptate_, to rejoice, be -pleased; _dolore_, to be pained, vexed; _poena_, to suffer punishment. - - - - -15. Requests—Wishes—Commissions—Orders - - -_orare et obsecrare aliquem_—to entreat earnestly; to make urgent -requests. - -_magno opere, vehementer, etiam atque etiam rogare aliquem_—to entreat -earnestly; to make urgent requests. - -_precibus aliquem fatigare_—to importune with petitions. - -_supplicibus verbis orare_—to crave humbly; to supplicate. - -_precibus obsequi_—to grant a request. - -_alicui petenti satisfacere, non deesse_—to accede to a man's petitions. - -_magnis (infimis) precibus moveri_—to be influenced by, to yield to -urgent (abject) entreaty. - -_negare_, more strongly _denegare alicui aliquid_—to refuse, reject a -request. - -_petenti alicui negare aliquid_—to refuse, reject a request. - -_repudiare, aspernari preces alicuius_—to refuse, reject a request. - -_nihil tibi a me postulanti recusabo_—I will refuse you nothing. - -_aliquid ab aliquo impetrare_—to gain one's point with any one. - -_optata mihi contingunt_—my wishes are being fulfilled. - -_voluntati alicuius satisfacere, obsequi_—to satisfy a person's wishes. - -_ex sententia_—as one would wish; to one's mind. - -_aliquid optimis ominibus prosequi_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 11., note -_Prosequi..._)—to wish prosperity to an undertaking. - -_bene id tibi vertat!_—I wish you all success in the matter. - -_mandatum, negotium alicui dare_—to entrust a matter to a person; to -commission. - -_negotium ad aliquem deferre_—to entrust a matter to a person; to -commission. - -_mandatum exsequi, persequi, conficere_—to execute a commission. - -_iussa_ (usually only in plur.), _imperata facere_—to carry out orders - - - - -16. Friendship—Enmity—Reconciliation (cf. xii. 8) - - -_amicitiam cum aliquo jungere, facere, inire, contrahere_—to form a -friendship with any one. - -_amicitiam colere_—to keep up, foster a connection. - -_uti aliquo amico_—to be friendly with any one. - -_est_ or _intercedit mihi cum aliquo amicitia_—I am on good terms with -a person. - -_sunt_ or _intercedunt mihi cum aliquo inimicitiae_[1]—I am on bad -terms with a person. - -_uti aliquo familiariter_—to be on very intimate terms with... - -_artissimo amicitiae vinculo_ or _summa familiaritate cum aliquo -coniunctum esse_—to be bound by the closest ties of friendship. - -_vetustate amicitiae coniunctum esse_—to be very old friends. - -_amicitiam alicuius appetere_—to court a person's friendship. - -_in amicitiam alicuius recipi_—to gain some one's friendship; to -become intimate with. - -_ad alicuius amicitiam se conferre, se applicare_—to gain some one's -friendship; to become intimate with. - -_aliquem (tertium) ad (in) amicitiam ascribere_—to admit another into -the circle of one's intimates. - -_amicitiam renuntiare_—to renounce, give up a friendship. - -_amicitiam dissuere, dissolvere, praecīdere_—to renounce, give up a -friendship. - -_amicissimus meus_ or _mihi_—my best friend. - -_homo intimus, familiarissimus mihi_—my most intimate acquaintance. - -_inimicitias gerere, habere, exercere cum aliquo_—to be at enmity with -a man. - -_inimicitias cum aliquo suscipere_—to make a person one's enemy. - -_inimicitias deponere_—to lay aside one's differences. - -_aequi iniqui_—friend and foe. - -_placare aliquem alicui_ or _in aliquem_—to reconcile two people; to -be a mediator. - -_reconciliare alicuius animum_ or simply _aliquem alicui_—to reconcile -two people; to be a mediator. - -_in gratiam aliquem cum aliquo reducere_—to reconcile two people; to -be a mediator. - -_in gratiam cum aliquo redire_—to be reconciled; to make up a quarrel. - -_sibi aliquem, alicuius animum reconciliare_ or _reconciliari -alicui_—to be reconciled; to make up a quarrel. - - -[1] The singular _inimicitia_ is only used to express the abstract -idea "enmity". - - - - -17. Authority—Dignity (cf. xiv. 3) - - -_magna auctoritate esse_—to possess great authority; to be an -influential person. - -_auctoritate valere_ or _florere_—to possess great authority; to be an -influential person. - -_magna auctoritas est in aliquo_—to possess great authority; to be an -influential person. - -_multum auctoritate valere, posse apud aliquem_—to have great -influence with a person; to have considerable weight. - -_magna auctoritas alicuius est apud aliquem_—to have great influence -with a person; to have considerable weight. - -_alicuius auctoritas multum valet apud aliquem_—to have great -influence with a person; to have considerable weight. - -_auctoritatem_ or _dignitatem sibi conciliare, parare_—to gain -dignity; to make oneself a person of consequence. - -_ad summam auctoritatem pervenire_—to attain to the highest eminence. - -_auctoritatem alicuius amplificare_ (opp. _imminuere, minuere_)—to -increase a person's dignity. - -_auctoritati, dignitati alicuius illudere_—to insult a person's dignity. - -_dignitas est summa in aliquo_—to be in a dignified position. - -_summa dignitate praeditum esse_—to be in a dignified position. - -_aliquid alienum (a) dignitate sua_ or merely _a se ducere_—to -consider a thing beneath one's dignity. - -_aliquid infra se ducere_ or _infra se positum arbitrari_—to consider -a thing beneath one's dignity. - - - - -18. Praise—Approval—Blame—Reproach - - -_laudem tribuere, impertire alicui_—to praise, extol, commend a person. - -_laude afficere aliquem_—to praise, extol, commend a person. - -_(maximis, summis) laudibus efferre aliquem_ or _aliquid_—to praise, -extol, commend a person. - -_eximia laude ornare aliquem_—to praise, extol, commend a person. - -_omni laude cumulare aliquem_—to overwhelm with eulogy. - -_laudibus aliquem (aliquid) in caelum ferre, efferre, tollere_—to -extol, laud to the skies. - -_alicuius laudes praedicare_—to spread a person's praises. - -_aliquem beatum praedicare_—to consider happy. - -_omnium undique laudem colligere_—to win golden opinions from every one. - -_maximam ab omnibus laudem adipisci_—to win golden opinions from every -one. - -_aliquid laudi alicui ducere, dare_—to consider a thing creditable to -a man. - -_aliquem coram, in os_ or _praesentem laudare_—to praise a man to his -face. - -_recte, bene fecisti quod..._—you were right in...; you did right to... - -_res mihi probatur_—a thing meets with my approval. - -_res a me probatur_—I express my approval of a thing. - -_hoc in te reprehendo_ (not _ob eam rem_)—I blame this in you; I -censure you for this. - -_vituperationem subire_—to suffer reproof; to be criticised, blamed. - -_in vituperationem, reprehensionem cadere, incidere, venire_—to suffer -reproof; to be criticised, blamed. - -_exprobrare alicui aliquid_—to reproach a person with... - -_aliquid alicui crimini dare, vertere_—to reproach a person with... - -_conqueri, expostulare cum aliquo de aliqua re_—to expostulate with a -person about a thing. - - - - -19. Rumour—Gossip—News—Mention - - -_rumor, fama, sermo est_ or _manat_—report says; people say. - -_rumor, fama viget_—a rumour is prevalent. - -_fama serpit (per urbem)_—a report is spreading imperceptibly. - -_rumor increbrescit_—a report, an impression is gaining ground. - -_rumorem spargere_—to spread a rumour. - -_famam dissipare_—to spread a rumour. - -_dubii rumores afferuntur ad nos_—vague rumours reach us. - -_auditione et fama accepisse aliquid_—to know from hearsay. - -_fando aliquid audivisse_—to know from hearsay. - -_ex eo audivi, cum diceret_—I heard him say... - -_vulgo dicitur, pervulgatum est_—every one says. - -_in ore omnium_ or _omnibus_ (_hominum_ or _hominibus_, but only -_mihi, tibi_, etc.) _esse_—to be in every one's mouth. - -_per omnium ora ferri_—to be in every one's mouth. - -_in ore habere aliquid_ (Fam. 6. 18. 5)—to harp on a thing, be always -talking of it. - -_efferre_ or _edere aliquid in vulgus_—to divulge, make public. - -_foras efferri, palam fieri, percrebrescere, divulgari, in medium -proferri, exire, emanare_—to become known, become a topic of common -conversation (used of things). - -_in sermonem hominum venire_—to be a subject for gossip. - -_in ora vulgi abire_—to be a subject for gossip. - -_fabulam fieri_—to be the talk of the town, a scandal. - -_nuntio allato_ or _accepto_—on receiving the news. - -_Romam nuntiatum est, allatum est_—news reached Rome. - -_certiorem facere aliquem_ (_alicuius rei_ or _de aliqua re_)—to -inform a person. - -_mentionem facere alicuius rei_ or _de aliqua re_[1]—to mention a thing. - -_mentionem inicere de aliqua re_ or Acc. c. Inf.—to mention a thing -incidentally, casually. - -_in mentionem alicuius rei incidere_—to mention a thing incidentally, -casually. - -_mentio alicuius rei incidit_—to mention a thing incidentally, casually. - - -[1] Not _commemorare_, the fundamental meaning of which is "to make a -person mindful of...," and implies an emphatic reference to a definite -point. - - - - -20. Fame—Reputation - - -_gloriam, famam sibi comparare_—to gain distinction. - -_gloriam (immortalem) consequi, adipisci_—to win (undying) fame. - -_gloriae, laudi esse_—to confer distinction on a person; to redound to -his credit. - -_laudem afferre_—to confer distinction on a person; to redound to his -credit. - -_gloria, laude florere_—to be very famous, illustrious. - -_summa gloria florere_—to have reached the highest pinnacle of eminence. - -_clarum fieri, nobilitari, illustrari_ (not the post-classical -_clarescere_ or _inclarescere_—to become famous, distinguish oneself. - -_gloriam colligere, in summam gloriam venire_—to become famous, -distinguish oneself. - -_aliquem immortali gloria afficere_—to confer undying fame on, -immortalise some one. - -_aliquem sempiternae gloriae commendare_—to confer undying fame on, -immortalise some one. - -_immortalitatem consequi, adipisci, sibi parere_—to attain eternal -renown. - -_gloria duci_—to be guided by ambition. - -_laudis studio trahi_—to be guided by ambition. - -_laudem, gloriam quaerere_—to be guided by ambition. - -_stimulis gloriae concitari_—to be spurred on by ambition. - -_gloriae, laudis cupiditate incensum esse, flagrare_—to be consumed by -the fires of ambition. - -_de gloria, fama alicuius detrahere_—to detract from a person's -reputation, wilfully underestimate a person. - -_alicuius gloriae_ or simply _alicui obtrectare_—to detract from a -person's reputation, wilfully underestimate a person. - -_alicuius famam, laudem imminuere_—to detract from a person's -reputation, wilfully underestimate a person. - -_obscurare alicuius gloriam, laudem, famam_[1] (not _obscurare -aliquem_)—to render obscure, eclipse a person. - -_famae servire, consulere_—to have regard for one's good name. - -_famam ante collectam tueri, conservare_—to live up to one's reputation. - -_bene, male audire (ab aliquo)_—to have a good or bad reputation, be -spoken well, ill of. - -_bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo_—to have a good or bad -reputation, be spoken well, ill of. - -_famam crudelitatis subire_ (Catil. 4. 6. 12)—to gain the reputation -of cruelty. - -_infamiam alicui inferre, aspergere_—to damage a person's character, -bring him into bad odour. - -_infamem facere aliquem_—to damage a person's character, bring him -into bad odour. - -_magnam sui famam relinquere_—to leave a great reputation behind one. - -_opinionem virtutis habere_—to have the reputation of virtue. - -_existimatio_[2] _hominum, omnium_—the common opinion, the general idea. - - -[1] In the same way, to improve a man, _alicuius mores corrigere_ (not -_aliquem c._); to understand some one, _alicuius orationem_ or _quid -dicat intellegere_. - -[2] _existimatio_ has two uses: (1) active—opinion held by others, -criticism; (2) passive—reputation, character, usually in a good sense, -consequently = good reputation without the addition of _bona, -integra_, etc. - - - - -21. Honour—Disgrace—Ignominy - - -_esse in honore apud aliquem_—to be honoured, esteemed by some one. - -_honorem alicui habere, tribuere_—to honour, show respect for, a person. - -_aliquem honore afficere, augere, ornare, prosequi_ (_vid._ sect. VI. -11., note _Prosequi..._)—to honour, show respect for, a person. - -_aliquem cupiditate honorum inflammare_ (or _aliquem ad cupiditatem -honorum inflammare_)—to kindle ambition in some one's mind. - -_honores concupiscere_ (opp. _aspernari_)—to aspire to dignity, high -honours. - -_honoris causa aliquem nominare_ or _appellare_—to speak of some one -respectfully. - -_statuam alicui ponere, constituere_—to set up a statue in some one's -honour. - -_aliquem colere et observare_ (Att. 2. 19)—to pay respect to, be -courteous to a person. - -_aliquem ignominia afficere, notare_—to inflict an indignity upon, -insult a person. - -_alicui ignominiam inurere_—to inflict an indignity upon, insult a -person. - -_infamiam concipere, subire, sibi conflare_—to incur ignominy. - -_vitae splendori(em) maculas(is) aspergere_—to sully one's fair fame. - -_notam turpitudinis alicui_ or _vitae alicuius inurere_—to injure a -man's character, tarnish his honour. - -_ignominiam non ferre_—to chafe under an indignity, repudiate it. - -_maculam (conceptam) delere, eluere_—to blot out a reproach. - - - - -22. Effort—Industry—Labour—Exertion - - -_studiose (diligenter, enixe, sedulo, maxime) dare operam, ut..._—to -take great pains in order to... - -_egregiam operam_ (_multum, plus_ etc. _operae_) _dare alicui rei_—to -expend great labour on a thing. - -_operam alicui rei tribuere, in aliquid conferre_—to expend great -labour on a thing. - -_operam (laborem, curam) in_ or _ad aliquid impendere_—to expend great -labour on a thing. - -_multum operae ac laboris consumere in aliqua re_—to exert oneself -very energetically in a matter. - -_studium, industriam_ (not _diligentiam_) _collocare, ponere in aliqua -re_—to apply oneself zealously, diligently to a thing. - -_incumbere in (ad) aliquid_—to be energetic about, throw one's heart -into a thing. - -_opus_[1] _facere_ (De Senect. 7. 24)—to do work (especially -agricultural). - -_opus aggredi_—to take a task in hand, engage upon it. - -_ad opus faciendum accedere_—to take a task in hand, engage upon it. - -_res est multi laboris et sudoris_—the matter involves much labour and -fatigue. - -_desudare et elaborare in aliqua re_ (De Senect. 11. 38)—to exert -oneself very considerably in a matter. - -_labori, operae non parcere_—to spare no pains. - -_laborem non intermittere_—to work without intermission. - -_nullum tempus a labore intermittere_—not to leave off work for an -instant. - -_lucubrare_ (Liv. 1. 57)—to work by night, burn the midnight oil. - -_inanem laborem suscipere_—to lose one's labour. - -_operam (et oleum) perdere_ or _frustra consumere_—to lose one's labour. - -_rem actam_ or simply _actum agere_ (proverb.)—to have all one's -trouble for nothing. - -_labore supersedēre (itineris)_ (Fam. 4. 2. 4)—to spare oneself the -trouble of the voyage. - -_patiens laboris_—capable of exertion. - -_fugiens laboris_—lazy. - -_operae pretium est_ (c. Inf.)—it is worth while. - -_acti labores iucundi_ (proverb.)—rest after toil is sweet. - -_contentionem adhibere_—to exert oneself. - -_omnes nervos_[2] _in aliqua re contendere_—to strain every nerve, do -one's utmost in a matter. - -_omnibus viribus_or _nervis contendere, ut_—to strain every nerve, do -one's utmost in a matter. - -_omni ope atque opera_ or _omni virium contentione eniti, ut_—to -strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter. - -_contendere et laborare, ut_—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in -a matter. - -_pro viribus eniti et laborare, ut_—to strain every nerve, do one's -utmost in a matter. - - -[1] _opus_ always means the concrete work on which one is engaged; -_labor_ is the trouble, fatigue, resulting from effort; _opera_ is the -voluntary effort, the trouble spent on an object. Thus _laborare_ = -not simply to work, but to work energetically, with exertion and -consequent fatigue; _operari_, to be busy with a thing. Terence thus -distinguishes _opus_ and _opera_: _quod in opere faciundo operae -consumis tuae_. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 455 _operumque laborem miratur_ = -the trouble with such huge works must have cost. - -[2] _nervi_ properly = sinews, muscles, not nerves the existence of -which was unknown to the ancients. Metaphorically _nervi_ denotes not -only strength in general but also specially—(1) vital power, -elasticity, e.g. _omnes nervos virtutis elidere_ (Tusc. 2. 11. 27), -_incīdere_, to paralyse the strength of virtue; (2) motive power, -mainspring, essence, of a thing, e.g. _vectigalia nervi rei publicae -sunt_ (Imp. Pomp. 7. 17), _nervi belli pecunia_ (Phil. 5. 2. 15). - - - - -23. Business—Leisure—Inactivity—Idleness - - -_negotium suscipere_—to undertake an affair. - -_negotium obire, exsequi_—to execute, manage a business, undertaking. - -_negotium conficere, expedire, transigere_—to arrange, settle a matter. - -_negotia agere, gerere_—to be occupied with business, busy. - -_multis negotiis implicatum, districtum, distentum, obrutum esse_—to -be involved in many undertakings; to be much occupied, embarrassed, -overwhelmed by business-claims. - -_negotiis vacare_—to be free from business. - -_occupatum esse in aliqua re_—to be engaged upon a matter. - -_intentum esse alicui rei_—to be engaged upon a matter. - -_negotium alicui facessere_ (Fam. 3. 10. 1)—to give a person trouble, -inconvenience him. - -_magnum negotium est_ c. Inf.—it is a great undertaking to... - -_nullo negotio_—without any trouble. - -_otiosum esse_—to be at leisure. - -_in otio esse_ or _vivere_—to be at leisure. - -_otium habere_—to be at leisure. - -_otio frui_—to be at leisure. - -_otio abundare_—to have abundance of leisure. - -_otium sequi, amplexari_—to be a lover of ease, leisure. - -_otiosum tempus consumere in aliqua re_—to spend one's leisure hours -on an object. - -_otio abūti_[1] or _otium ad suum usum transferre_—to use up, make -full use of one's spare time. - -_(in) otio languere et hebescere_—to grow slack with inactivity, -stagnate. - -_otio diffluere_—to grow slack with inactivity, stagnate. - -_desidiae et languori se dedere_—to abandon oneself to inactivity and -apathy. - -_ignaviae_[2] _et socordiae se dare_—to abandon oneself to inactivity -and apathy. - -_per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agere_—to pass one's life in luxury and -idleness. - - -[1] _abuti_ properly = to consume, make full use of. From this is -developed the rarer meaning to use in excess, abuse = _perverse, -intemperanter, immoderate uti_. Abuse, misuse = _pravus usus, vitium -male utentium, insolens mos_. _abusus_ is only found in the Jurists, -and _abusio_ is a technical term of rhetoric = _κατάχρησις_. - -[2] The original meaning of _ignavia_ (_in-gnavus_, cf. _navus, -navare_) is not cowardice but laziness. - - - - -24. Pleasure—Recreation - - -_voluptatem ex aliqua re capere_ or _percipere_—to derive pleasure -from a thing. - -_voluptate perfundi_—to revel in pleasure, be blissfully happy. - -_voluptatibus frui_—to take one's fill of enjoyment. - -_voluptates haurire_—to take one's fill of enjoyment. - -_se totum voluptatibus dedere, tradere_—to devote oneself absolutely -to the pursuit of pleasure. - -_homo voluptarius_ (Tusc. 2. 7. 18)—a devotee of pleasure; a -self-indulgent man. - -_voluptatis illecebris deleniri_—to be led astray, corrupted by the -allurements of pleasure. - -_voluptatis blanditiis corrumpi_—to be led astray, corrupted by the -allurements of pleasure. - -_in voluptates se mergere_—to plunge into a life of pleasure. - -_animum a voluptate sevocare_—to hold aloof from all amusement. - -_voluptates (corporis)_—sensual pleasure. - -_voluptatis_ or _animi causa_ (B. G. 5. 12)—for one's own diversion; -to satisfy a whim. - -_deliciis diffluere_—to wanton in the pleasures of sense. - -_animum relaxare, reficere, recreare_ or simply _se reficere, se -recreare, refici, recreari (ex aliqua re)_—to recruit oneself, seek -relaxation. - -_animum_ or simply _se remittere_—to indulge oneself. - -_animo_ or simply _sibi indulgere_—to indulge oneself. - - - - -VI. The Mind; its Functions - - -1. Genius—Talent—Intelligence - - -_magno animo esse_—to be magnanimous, broad-minded. - -_animum attendere ad aliquid_—to turn one's attention to a thing. - -_diligenter attendere (aliquid)_—to attend carefully. - -_alias res_ or _aliud agere_—to be inattentive. - -_animo adesse_[1]—(1) to be attentive; (2) to keep one's presence of -mind. - -_vir magno ingenio, ingeniosus_—a man of ability. - -_vir magno ingenio praeditus_—a man of ability. - -_ingenio valere_—to be talented, gifted. - -_ingenio abundare_—to be very talented. - -_natura et ingenium_—natural gifts. - -_ingenium acuere_—to sharpen the wits. - -_ingenii acumen_—penetration; sagacity. - -_ingenii tarditas_ (opp. _celeritas_)—dulness of intellect. - -_ingenii infirmitas_ or _imbecillitas_—weakmindedness. - -_mentis compotem esse_—to be of sane mind. - -_mente captum esse, mente alienata esse_—to be out of one's mind. - -_sanae mentis esse_—to be of sound mind. - -_mentis quasi luminibus officere_ (_vid._ sect. XIII. 6) or _animo -caliginem offundere_—to obscure the mental vision. - -_intellegentia_ or _mente multum valere_[2]—to possess great ability. - -_ad intellegentiam communem_ or _popularem accommodare aliquid_—to -accommodate something to the standard of the popular intelligence. - - -[1] For the second meaning cf. Cicero, _ades animo et omitte timorem, -Scipio_. - -[2] _captus_, in the meaning ability, capacity, only occurs in the -phrase _ut captus est servorum_; while _capacitas_ merely means -capacity, content, e.g. _vasorum_. - - - - -2. Imagination—Thought - - -_animo, cogitatione aliquid fingere_ (or simply _fingere_, but without -_sibi_), _informare_—to form an idea of a thing, imagine, conceive. - -_animo concipere aliquid_—to form an idea of a thing, imagine, conceive. - -_animo, cogitatione aliquid praecipere_ (Off 1. 23. 81)—to form a -conception of a thing beforehand. - -_cogitatione sibi aliquid depingere_—to picture to oneself. - -_ingenium, cogitatio_—imagination. - -_ingenii vis_ or _celeritas_—vivid, lively imagination. - -_rerum imagines_—creatures of the imagination. - -_res cogitatione fictae_ or _depictae_—creatures of the imagination. - -_opinionum commenta, ineptiae, monstra, portenta_—extravagant fictions -of fancy. - -_animo, mente, cogitatione aliquid comprehendere, complecti_—to grasp -a thing mentally. - -_in eam cogitationem incidere_—to happen to think of... - -_haec cogitatio subit animum_—an idea strikes me. - -_illud succurrit mihi_—an idea strikes me. - -_mihi in mentem venit alicuius rei_—something comes into my mind. - -_aliquid animo meo obversatur_ (cf. sect. III, s. v. _oculi_)—a vague -notion presents itself to my mind. - -_aliquem ad eam cogitationem adducere ut_—to induce a person to think -that... - -_alicuius animum ab aliqua re abducere_—to draw away some one's -attention from a thing. - -_cogitationem, animum in aliquid intendere_ (Acad. 4. 46)—to direct -one's attention... - -_omnes cogitationes ad aliquid conferre_—to give all one's attention -to a thing. - -_mentem in aliqua re defigere_—to fix all one's thoughts on an object. - -_in cogitatione defixum esse_—to be deep in thought. - -_cogitationes in res humiles abicere_ (De Amic. 9. 32) (Opp. _alte -spectare, ad altiora tendere, altum, magnificum, divinum -suspicere_)—to study the commonplace. - - - - -3. Conceptions—Ideals—Perfection - - -_notiones animo (menti) insitae, innatae_—innate ideas. - -_intellegentiae adumbratae_[1] or _incohatae_ (De Leg. 1. 22. -59)—vague, undeveloped ideas. - -_notionem_ or _rationem alicuius rei in animo informare_ or _animo -concipere_—to form a conception, notion of a thing. - -_absolutus et perfectus_—absolutely perfect. - -_omnibus numeris absolutus_ (N. D. 2. 13)—perfect in every detail. - -_ad summum perducere_—to bring to the highest perfection. - -_perficere et absolvere_—to bring to the highest perfection. - -_ad perfectionem, (ad summum) pervenire_—to attain perfection. - -_absolutio et perfectio_ (not _summa perfectio_)—ideal perfection. - -_cogitatione, non re_—ideally, not really. - -_undique expleta et perfecta forma_—an ideal. - -_species optima_ or _eximia, specimen_, also simply _species, -forma_—an ideal. - -_comprehensam quandam animo speciem (alicuius rei) habere_—to have -formed an ideal notion of a thing. - -_singularem quandam perfectionis imaginem animo concipere_—to conceive -an ideal. - -_imaginem perfecti oratoris adumbrare_—to sketch the ideal of an orator. - -_civitas optima, perfecta Platonis_—Plato's ideal republic. - -_illa civitas Platonis commenticia_—Plato's ideal republic. - -_illa civitas, quam Plato finxit_—Plato's ideal republic. - - -[1] _adumbrare_ is a technical term of painting = to make a sketch, -outline of an object; then metaphorically, to merely hint at a thing. -Its opposite is _exprimere_, technical term of sculpture, -=figuratively, to represent exactly, clearly. It never has the simple -meaning "to express." - - - - -4. Opinion—Prejudice—Conjecture - - -_in sententia manere, permanere, perseverare, perstare_—to abide by, -persist in one's opinion. - -_illud, hoc teneo_—I abide by this opinion. - -_a sententia sua discedere_—to give up one's opinion. - -_de sententia sua decedere_—to give up one's opinion. - -_(de) sententia desistere_—to give up one's opinion. - -_de sententia deici, depelli, deterreri_—to be forced to change one's -mind. - -_de sententia aliquem deducere, movere_—to make a man change his -opinion. - -_aliquem ad suam sententiam perducere_ or _in suam sententiam -adducere_—to win a man over to one's own way of thinking. - -_ad alicuius sententiam accedere, sententiam alicuius sequi_—to adopt -some one's opinion. - -_idem sentire_ (opp. _dissentire ab aliquo_)—to hold the same views. - -_sententiam suam aperire_[1]—to freely express one's opinions. - -_sententiam fronte celare, tegere_—not to betray one's feelings by -one's looks. - -_dic quid sentias_[2]—give me your opinion. - -_in hac sum sententia, ut...putem_—I think that... - -_plura in eam sententiam disputare_—to discuss a subject more fully on -the same lines. - -_ut mea fert opinio_—according to my opinion. - -_ut mihi quidem videtur_—according to my opinion. - -_mea (quidem) sententia_—according to my opinion. - -_quot homines, tot sententiae_—many men, many minds. - -_opiniones falsas animo imbibere_—to be imbibing false opinions. - -_opinionibus falsis imbui_—to be imbibing false opinions. - -_opinionis error_—erroneous opinion. - -_opinio praeiudicata_, also simply _opinio_ (not _praeiudicium_ = a -preliminary decision)—prejudice. - -_opinio confirmata, inveterata_—a rooted opinion. - -_opinionum pravitate infici_—to be filled with absurd prejudices. - -_opinionum commenta_ (N. D. 2. 2. 5)—chimeras. - -_monstra_ or _portenta_—marvellous ideas; prodigies. - -_coniectura assequi, consequi, aliquid coniectura colligere_—to -conjecture. - -_quantum ego coniectura assequor, auguror_—as far as I can guess. - -_coniecturam alicuius rei facere_ or _capere ex aliqua re_—to infer by -comparison, judge one thing by another. - -_de se (ex se de aliis) coniecturam facere_—to judge others by oneself. - -_aliquid in coniectura positum est_—it is a matter of conjecture, -supposition. - -_aliquid coniectura nititur, continetur_ (Div. 1. 14. 24)—it is a -matter of conjecture, supposition. - -_probabilia coniectura sequi_—to try to conjecture probabilities. - -_aliquid mihi nec opinanti, insperanti accidit_—a thing has happened -contrary to my expectation. - - -[1] _se aperire_ = to betray oneself; cf. _se indicare_ (Liv. 2. 12). - -[2] Not _sententiam dicere_, which is used of senators giving their -vote; cf. _suffragium ferre_. - - - - -5. Truth—Error - - -_verum dicere, profiteri_—to speak the truth, admit the truth. - -_omnia ad veritatem_[1] _dicere_—to be truthful in all one's statements. - -_veritatis amans, diligens, studiosus_—truthful; veracious. - -_a vero aversum esse_ (Catil. 3. 1. 29)—to be averse to truth. - -_a veritate deflectere, desciscere_—to swerve from the truth. - -_veri videndi, investigandi cupiditas_—love of truth. - -_veri inquisitio atque investigatio_—zealous pursuit of truth. - -_a vero abduci_—to be led away from the truth. - -_proxime ad verum accedere_—to be very near the truth. - -_a vero non abhorrere_—to be probable. - -_veri simile esse_—to be probable. - -_haec speciosiora quam veriora sunt_—this is more plausible than true. - -_vera et falsa (a falsis) diiudicare_—to distinguish true and false. - -_vera cum falsis confundere_—to confuse true with false. - -_veritas_—veracity. - -_re (vera), reapse_ (opp. _specie_)—in truth; really. - -_in errore versari_—to be mistaken. - -_magno errore teneri_—to be in gross error, seriously misled. - -_in magno errore versari_—to be in gross error, seriously misled. - -_vehementer errare_—to be in gross error, seriously misled. - -_erroribus implicari_ (Tusc. 4. 27. 58)—to fall into error. - -_per errorem labi_, or simply _labi_—to take a false step. - -_aliquem in errorem inducere, rapere_—to lead a person into error. - -_errorem animo imbibere_—to get a mistaken notion into the mind. - -_errorem cum lacte nutricis sugere_ (Tusc. 3. 1. 2)—to imbibe error -from one's mother's breasts. - -_error longe lateque diffusus_—a wide-spread error. - -_errorem tollere_—to banish an error, do away with a false impression. - -_errorem amputare et circumcīdere_—to banish an error, do away with a -false impression. - -_errorem stirpitus extrahere_—to totally eradicate false principles. - -_errorem deponere, corrigere_—to amend, correct one's mistake. - -_alicui errorem demere, eripere, extorquere_—to undeceive a person. - -_nisi fallor_—if I am not mistaken. - -_nisi (animus) me fallit_—if I am not mistaken. - -_nisi omnia me fallunt_—unless I'm greatly mistaken. - - -[1] _verum_ = the truth, concrete; _veritas_ = truth in the abstract. - - - - -6. Choice—Doubt—Scruple - - -_optionem alicui dare_ (Acad. 2. 7. 19)—to give a person his choice. - -_optionem alicui dare, utrum...an_—to offer a person the alternative -of... or... - -_in dubium vocare_—to throw doubt upon a thing. - -_in dubio ponere_—to throw doubt upon a thing. - -_in dubium venire_—to become doubtful. - -_quod aliquam (magnam) dubitationem habet_ (Leg. Agr. 1. 4. 11)—a -thing which is rather (very) dubious. - -_dubitatio mihi affertur, inicitur_—a doubt arises in my mind. - -_dubitationem alicui tollere_—to relieve a person of his doubts. - -_aliquid in medio, in dubio relinquere_ (Cael. 20. 48)—to leave a -thing undecided. - -_aliquid dubium, incertum relinquere_—to leave a thing undecided. - -_sine dubio_ (not _sine ullo dubio_)—without doubt, beyond all doubt. - -_sine ulla dubitatione_—without any hesitation; without the least -scruple. - -_scrupulum ex animo alicuius evellere_ (Rosc. Am. 2. 6)—to relieve a -man of his scruple. - -_unus mihi restat scrupulus_ (Ter. Andr. 5. 4. 37) (cf. too _religio_, -sect. XI. 2)—one thing still makes me hesitate. - - - - -7. Knowledge—Certainty—Persuasion - - -_certo (certe) scio_[1] (Arch. 12. 32)—I know for a fact. - -_probe scio, non ignoro_—I know very well. - -_non sum ignarus, nescius_ (not _non sum inscius_)—I know very well. - -_me non fugit, praeterit_—I am not unaware. - -_quantum scio_—as far as I know. - -_quod sciam_—as far as I know. - -_hoc_ (not _tantum_) _certum est_—this much is certain. - -_aliquid compertum habere_—to know a thing for certain. - -_illud pro certo affirmare licet_—this much I can vouch for. - -_mihi exploratum est, exploratum (certum) habeo_—I am quite certain on -the point. - -_inter omnes constat_—it is a recognised fact. - -_mihi persuasum est_[2]—I am persuaded, convinced. - -_mihi persuasi_—I am persuaded, convinced. - -_sic habeto_—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point. - -_persuade tibi_—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point. - -_velim tibi ita persuadeas_—convince yourself of this; rest assured on -this point. - -_sic volo te tibi persuadere_—convince yourself of this; rest assured -on this point. - -_addūcor, ut credam_—I am gradually convinced that... - -_non possum adduci, ut (credam)_—I cannot make myself believe that... - -_ex animi mei sententia_ (_vid._ sect. XI. 2)—according to my strong -conviction. - -_suo iudicio uti_—to act in accordance with one's convictions. - - -[1] With _certe scio_, which is the form Cicero usually employs, the -certitude lies in our knowledge, _certum est me scire_; with _certo -scire_ the certitude lies in the object of our knowledge. _certo_ -rarely occurs except with _scio_. - -[2] Caesar occasionally uses _persuasum sibi habere_. - - - - -8. Plan—Advice—Deliberation - - -_consilium capere, inire_ (_de aliqua re_, with Gen. gerund., with -Inf., more rarely _ut_)—to form a plan, make a resolution. - -_consilio desistere_—to give up a project, an intention. - -_consilium abicere_ or _deponere_—to let a plan fall through. - -_a consilio deterreri aliqua re_—to be deterred from one's intention -by something. - -_mediocribus consiliis uti_—to adopt half-measures. - -_consilium, sententiam mutare_—to alter one's views, intentions. - -_suo consilio uti_[1]—to go one's own way, proceed independently. - -_magna moliri_—to be busy with ambitious projects. - -_consilia cum aliquo communicare_[2]—(1) to communicate one's plans to -some one; (2) to make common cause with a person. Similarly _c. -causam, rationem_. - -_consilia inter se communicare_—to take common counsel. - -_aliquem in_ or _ad consilium adhibere_—to consult a person, take his -advice. - -_consilium habere (de aliqua re)_—to deliberate together (of a number -of people). - -_consultare_ or _deliberare (de aliqua re)_—to deliberate, consider -(of individuals). - -_consiliis arcanis interesse_ (Liv. 35. 18)—to be present at secret -consultations. - -_consilium dare alicui_—to give a person advice. - -_auctorem esse alicui, ut_—to give a person advice. - -_aliquem consilio (et re) iuvare_—to give a person the advantage of -one's advice (and actual support). - -_consilii mei copiam facio tibi_—I put myself at your disposal as -regards advice. - -_consilium petere ab aliquo_—to apply to a person for advice. - -_consilii inopem esse_—to be perplexed. - -_omnia consilia frigent_ (Verr. 2. 25)—advice is useless in this case; -the situation is very embarrassing. - -_nullo consilio, nulla ratione, temere_—without reflection; -inconsiderately; rashly. - -_secum (cum animo) reputare aliquid_—to think over, consider a thing. - -_considerare in, cum animo, secum aliquid_—to think over, consider a -thing. - -_agitare (in) mente_ or _(in) animo aliquid_—to think over, consider a -thing. - -_aliquid cadit in deliberationem_ (Off. 1. 3. 9)—a subject becomes -matter for reflection. - -_re diligenter considerata, perpensa_—after mature deliberation. - -_omnibus rebus circumspectis_—after mature deliberation. - -_inita subductaque ratione_—after mature deliberation. - - -[1] _uti_ is similarly used in several phrases, especially with the -meaning of having, showing, enjoying, practising, proving, etc., e.g. -_uti ventis secundis, adversis_; _praesenti animo uti_, to show -presence of mind; _perpetua felicitate_, to enjoy...; _prudentia, -severitate, crudelitate_, to show...; _bona valetudine, prospero -fortunae flatu_, to enjoy...; cf. sect. V. 6. - -[2] _communicare (aliquid cum aliquo)_ means properly to share a thing -with some one. From this are developed the two senses—1. to give some -one something, e.g. _consilia, laudem, gloriam alicuius rei_; 2. to -receive a share of a thing, e.g. _pericula, paupertatem_. "To -communicate," _i.e._ to announce, inform, is represented by _dicere, -tradere, narrare, exponere, certiorem facere_, etc. - - - - -9. Resolve—Design—Intention - - -_in animo habeo_ or _mihi est in animo_ c. Inf.—I am resolved; it is -my intention. - -_certum (mihi) est_—I am determined. - -_certum deliberatumque est_—I am firmly resolved. - -_stat mihi sententia_ (Liv. 21. 30.)—I am firmly resolved. - -_incertus sum, quid consilii capiam_—I am undecided... - -_mihi non constat_ (with indirect question)—I have not made up my mind. - -_propositum est mihi_ c. Inf.—I intend, propose to... - -_propositum, consilium tenere_ (opp. _a proposito deterreri_)—to abide -by one's resolution. - -_propositum_[1] _assequi, peragere_—to carry out one's plan. - -_magna sibi proponere_ or _magna spectare_—to have a high object in -view; to be ambitious. - -_in incepto_ or _conatu perstare_—to persevere in one's resolve. - -_in proposito susceptoque consilio permanere_—to persevere in one's -resolve. - -_incepto_ or _conatu desistere_—to give up one's project. - -_parare aliquid_—to take measures for... - -_animum inducere_ c. Inf. (not _in animum inducere_)—to persuade -oneself to... - -_a me impetrare non possum, ut_—I cannot bring myself to... - -_descendere ad aliquid, ad omnia_ (_vid._ sect. V. 9, note _Similarly -descendere..._)—to consent to..., lend oneself to... - -_descendere ad extrema consilia_ (Fam. 10. 33. 4)—to have recourse to -extreme measures. - - -[1] In classical prose _propositum_ is still semi-adjectival and has -not yet acquired all the functions of a substantive; consequently it -cannot be joined to a genitive, an adjective, or a pronoun. Cf. the -treatment of _factum, dictum_, etc., in Augustan Latin. - - - - -10. Object—Aim—Hesitation—Delay - - -_consilium est_ c. Inf. or _ut_—my intention is... - -_id sequor, ut_—my intention is... - -_spectare aliquid_ or _ad aliquid_—to have an object in view. - -_res eo spectat, ut_—the matter tends towards..., has this object.[1] - -_res spectat ad vim (arma)_—there seems a prospect of armed violence; -things look like violence. - -_id quod voluit consecutus est_—he attained his object. - -_ad id quod voluit pervenit_—he attained his object. - -_quid tibi vis?_—what do you mean to do? - -_quid hoc sibi vult?_—what is the meaning of this? - -_quid hoc rei est?_—what is the meaning of this? - -_eo consilio, ea mente, ut_—with the intention of... - -_de industria, dedita opera_ (opp. _imprudens_)—designedly; -intentionally. - -_ad id ipsum_[2]—with this very object. - -_infecta re_ (Liv. 9. 32)—to no purpose; ineffectually. - -_moram alicui rei afferre, inferre, facere_—to retard, delay a thing. - -_in mora alicui esse_—to detain a person. - -_nullam moram interponere, quin_ (Phil. 10. 1. 1)—to make all possible -haste to... - -_sine mora_ or _nulla mora interposita_—without delay. - -_diem ex die ducere, differre_—to put off from one day to another. - - -[1] Note _Athenae a Persis petutuntur_, the object of the Persian -invasion is Athens (Nep. Them. 2. 6). - -[2] The aim, tendency of a writing or a poem is _consilium, quo liber -scriptus est, quo carmen compositum est_, or _quod quis in libro -scribendo secutus est_, not _consilium libri_. - - - - -11. Remembrance—Forgetfulness - - -_memoriā tenere aliquid_—to remember a thing perfectly. - -_memoriam alicuius rei tenere_—to remember a thing perfectly. - -_recenti memoria tenere aliquid_—to have a vivid recollection of a -thing. - -_memoriā (multum) valere_ (opp. _memoriā vacillare_)—to have a good -memory. - -_memorem esse_ (opp. _obliviosum esse_)—to have a good memory. - -_memoria tanta fuit, ut_—he had such an extraordinary memory that... - -_memoriā labi_—to make a slip of the memory. - -_memoriae mandare aliquid_[1]—to impress on the memory. - -_ex memoria_ (opp. _de scripto_)—from memory; by heart. - -_memoriter_—(1) with good memory; (2) from personal recollection. - -_memoria custodire_—to keep in mind. - -_memoriam alicuius rei renovare, revocare (redintegrare)_—to recall a -thing to one's recollection. - -_memoriam alicuius rei repetere_—to recall to mind a thing or person. - -_in memoriam alicuius redire_—to recall to mind a thing or person. - -_in memoriam alicuius redigere, reducere aliquid_ (not _revocare_)—to -recall a thing to a person's mind. - -_memoria et recordatio_—vivid recollection. - -_grata memoria aliquem prosequi_[2]—to show a thankful appreciation of -a person's kindness. - -_nomen alicuius grato animo prosequi_—to think of a person with a -grateful sense of his goodness. - -_memoriam alicuius rei repraesentare_ (opp. _memoriam alicuius rei -deponere, abicere_)—to picture to oneself again. - -_memoriam alicuius rei conservare, retinere_—to retain the -recollection of a thing. - -_memoriam alicuius pie inviolateque servare_—to show an affectionate -regard for a person's memory. - -_gratam (gratissimam) alicuius memoriam retinere_—to retain a (most) -pleasant impression of a person. - -_numquam ex animo meo memoria illius rei discedet_—the memory of this -will never fade from my mind. - -_aliquid in memoria nostra penitus insidet_—a thing has been vividly -impressed on our[TR1] memory. - -_memoriam eius nulla umquam delebit (obscurabit) oblivio_ (Fam. 2. -1)—nothing will ever make me forgetful of him. - -_semper memoria eius in (omnium) mentibus haerebit_—nothing will ever -make me forgetful of him. - -_nomen suum posteritati aliqua re commendare, propagare, prodere_—to -win renown amongst posterity by some act. - -_memoriam nominis sui immortalitati tradere, mandare, commendare_—to -immortalise one's name. - -_post hominum memoriam_—within the memory of man. - -_post homines natos_—within the memory of man. - -_memoriae causa, ad_ (not _in_) _memoriam_[3] (Brut. 16. 62)—in memory -of... - -_oblivio alicuius rei me capit_—I forget something. - -_aliquem in oblivionem alicuius rei adducere_ (pass. _in oblivionem -venire_)—to make a person forget a thing. - -_aliquid excidit e memoria, effluit, excidit ex animo_—a thing -escapes, vanishes from the memory. - -_memoria alicuius rei excidit, abiit, abolevit_—the recollection of a -thing has been entirely lost. - -_obliterari_[4] (Liv. 26. 41)—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion. - -_memoria alicuius rei obscuratur, obliteratur, evanescit_—to be -forgotten, pass into oblivion. - -_oblivioni esse, dari_—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion. - -_in oblivionem adduci_—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion. - -_oblivione obrui, deleri, exstingui_—to be forgotten, pass into -oblivion. - -_in oblivione iacēre_ (of persons)—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion. - -_aliquid ab oblivione vindicare_—to rescue from oblivion. - -_mementote_ with Acc. c. Inf.—do not forget. - - -[1] Distinguish this expression from _ediscere_ which = to learn by -heart; also from _memoriae prodere, tradere_ = to hand down as -tradition (_vid._ sect. VII. 14). - -[2] _Prosequi_ used figuratively, with an ablative, occurs in several -phrases—e.g. _prosequi aliquem honore; verbis honorificis; beneficiis, -officiis, studiis suis; ominibus, votis, lacrimis_. - -[3] One can also say _monumenti causa_—e.g. _aliquid alicui momenti -causa relinquere_. Cf. such turnings as _alicuius memoriam aliqua re -prosequi, celebrare, renovare_. - -[4] This and the following expressions are useful to express the -passive of _oblivisci_. - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text indeed has "my", which is -wrong, however, because the Latin phrase uses _nostra_. The French -edition uses "notre mémoire". - - - - -12. Theory—Practice—Experience - - -_ratione, doctrina_ (opp. _usu_) _aliquid cognitum habere_—to have a -theoretical knowledge of a thing. - -_ad artem, ad rationem revocare aliquid_ (De Or. 2. 11. 44)—to reduce -a thing to its theoretical principles; to apply theory to a thing. - -_doctrinam ad usum adiungere_—to combine theory with practice. - -_in rebus atque in usu versatum esse_—to have had practical experience. - -_usu_[1] _praeditum esse_—to possess experience. - -_magnum usum in aliqua re habere_—to have had great experience in a -thing. - -_multarum rerum usus_—varied, manifold experience. - -_usu rerum (vitae, vitae communis) edocti sumus_—we know from -experience. - -_experti scimus, didicimus_—we know from experience. - -_usu cognitum habemus_—we know from experience. - -_res ipsa, usus rerum (cotidie) docet_—everyday experience tells us -this. - -_(rerum) imperitum esse_—to have had no experience of the world. - -_multa acerba expertus est_[2]—he has had many painful experiences. - -_usus me docuit_—experience has taught me. - - -[1] Not _experientia_, which in classical prose means attempt, proof. - -[2] _experiri_ is only used of personal experience. - - - - -VII. The Arts and Sciences - - -1. Scientific Knowledge in General—Literature - - -_optima studia, bonae, optimae, liberales, ingenuae artes, -disciplinae_—the sciences; the fine arts. - -_litterarum_[1] _studium_ or _tractatio_ (not _occupatio_)—the study -of belles-lettres; literary pursuits. - -_homines litterarum studiosi_—learned, scientific, literary men. - -_homines docti_—learned, scientific, literary men. - -_artium studia_ or _artes vigent_ (not _florent_)—learning, scientific -knowledge is flourishing. - -_litterae iacent, neglectae iacent_[2]—scholarship, culture, -literature is at a low ebb. - -_litteras colere_—to be engaged in the pursuit of letters. - -_litteras amplecti_—to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters. - -_litteras adamasse_ (only in perf. and plup.)—to be an enthusiastic -devotee of letters. - -_in studio litterarum versari_—to be engaged in literary pursuits. - -_in aliquo litterarum genere versari_—to be engaged in any branch of -study. - -_summo studio in litteris versari_—to be an ardent student of... - -_se totum litteris tradere, dedere_—to devote oneself entirely to -literature. - -_se totum in litteras_ or _se litteris abdere_—to be quite engrossed -in literary studies. - -_in litteris elaborare_ (De Sen. 8. 26)—to apply oneself very closely -to literary, scientific work. - -_in litteris acquiescere_ or _conquiescere_—to find recreation in study. - -_aetatem in litteris ducere, agere_—to devote one's life to science, -study. - -_omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere_—to devote all one's -leisure moments to study. - -_omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre_—to employ -all one's energies on literary work. - -_optimarum artium studio incensum esse_—to be interested in, have a -taste for culture. - -_litterarum studio trahi_—to feel an attraction for study. - -_trahi, ferri ad litteras_—to feel an attraction for study. - -_litterarum studia remittere_—to relax one's studies. - -_intermissa studia revocare_—to resume one's studies. - -_primis (ut dicitur)_[3] or _primoribus labris gustare_ or _attingere -litteras_—to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, -of the sciences. - -_litterae_—literature. - -_litterae ac monumenta_ or simply _monumenta_—written records; -documents. - -_litterae latinae_[4]—Roman literature. - -_clarissima litterarum lumina_—shining lights in the literary world. - -_graecis litteris studere_—to study Greek literature. - -_multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari_—to be well -(slightly) acquainted with Greek literature. - - -[1] _littera_ in sing. = letter of the alphabet, e.g. _litteram nullam -ad me misit_. In plur. = 1. letters of the alphabet, characters (cf. -viii. 9); 2. a letter (_epistola_); 3. writings, books, e.g. _graecae -de philosophia litterae_; 4. literature, _graecas litteras discere_; -5. literary pursuits; 6. science; 7. culture, erudition, learning, -_erant in eo plurimae litterae, neque eae vulgares, sed interiores -quaedam et reconditae_. - -[2] _iacēre_ metaphorically is used not only of things neglected and -abandoned, but of persons (cf. _frigere_) who have lost all their -political influence. - -[3] Cf. Pro Caelio 12, 28 _extremis ut dicitur digitis attingere_. - -[4] _latinus_ is only used of language and literature, _Romanus_ of -nationality. - - - - -2. Learning—Erudition - - -_vir_ or _homo doctus, litteratus_—a man of learning; a scholar; a -savant. - -_vir doctissimus_—a great scholar. - -_vir perfecte planeque eruditus_—a man of profound erudition. - -_vir omni doctrina eruditus_—a man perfect in all branches of learning. - -_multi viri docti_, or _multi et ii docti_ (not _multi docti_)—many -learned men; many scholars. - -_omnes docti, quivis doctus, doctissimus quisque_—all learned men. - -_nemo doctus_—no man of learning. - -_nemo mediocriter doctus_—no one with any pretence to education. - -_latinis litteris_ or _latine doctus_—acquainted with the Latin -language. - -_bene_[1] _latine doctus_ or _sciens_—a good Latin scholar. - -_doctrina abundare_ (De Or. 3. 16. 59)—to be a man of great learning. - -_a doctrina mediocriter instructum esse_—to have received only a -moderate education. - -_doctrina exquisita, subtilis, elegans_[2]—sound knowledge; scholarship. - -_doctrina recondita_—profound erudition. - -_studia, quae in reconditis artibus versantur_ (De Or. 1. 2. -8)—abstruse studies. - -_magnam doctrinae speciem prae se ferre_—to pass as a man of great -learning. - -_vita umbratilis_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 4)—the contemplative life of a -student. - -_litterarum scientiam_ (only in sing.) _habere_—to possess literary -knowledge. - -_scientiam alicuius rei consequi_—to acquire knowledge of a subject. - -_scientia comprehendere aliquid_—to acquire knowledge of a subject. - -_penitus percipere et comprehendere aliquid_ (De Or. 1. 23. 108)—to -have a thorough grasp of a subject. - -_scientia augere aliquem_—to enrich a person's knowledge. - -_multa cognita, percepta habere, multa didicisse_—to be well-informed, -erudite. - -_multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse_ (opp. _litterarum_ or -_eruditionis expertem esse_ or _[rerum] rudem esse_)—to be -well-informed, erudite. - - -[1] For the use of adverbs to modify adjectives and other adverbs -_vid._ Nägelsbach Lat. Stil. p. 278; cf. _bene multi, bene mane, bene -penitus_ (Verr. 2. 70. 169), _impie ingratus_ (Tusc. 5. 2. 6) etc. -Such combinations are especially frequent in Tacitus, Velleius, -Seneca, and Quintilian. For _latine_ by itself cf. Cic. Opt. Gen. 4 -_latine, id est pure et emendate, loqui_. If the style is to be -criticised, adverbs can be added—e.g. _bene, perbene, pessime, -eleganter_, etc., cf. vii. 7. - -[2] Not _solida_, which means properly entire, massive—e.g. _marmor -solidum, crateres auro solidi_, then metaph. e.g.—_solida laus, -utilitas_. - - - - -3. Culture—Civilisation - - -_animum, ingenium excolere_ (not _colere_)—to cultivate the mind. - -_animi, ingenii cultus_ (not _cultura_)—mental culture. - -_optimis studiis_ or _artibus, optimarum artium studiis eruditum -esse_—to have received a liberal education. - -_litteras scire_—to have received a liberal education. - -_litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae_—profound -scientific education. - -_sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae_ (De Sen. 4. -12)—for a Roman he is decidedly well educated. - -_litteris leviter imbutum_ or _tinctum esse_—to have received a -superficial education. - -_omni vita atque victu excultum atque expolitum esse_ (Brut. 25. -95)—to have attained to a high degree of culture. - -_omnis cultus et humanitatis expertem esse_[1]—to be quite uncivilised. - -_ab omni cultu et humanitate longe abesse_ (B. G. 1. 1. 3)—to be quite -uncivilised. - -_homines, gentem a fera agrestique vita ad humanum cultum civilemque -deducere_ (De Or. 1. 8. 33)—to civilise men, a nation. - - -[1] Not _incultum esse_, which refers only to external appearance. - - - - -4. Education—Instruction—School—Profession - - -_liberaliter, ingenue, bene educari_—to receive a liberal education. - -_severa disciplina contineri_—to be brought up under strict discipline. - -_aliquem ad humanitatem informare_ or _instituere_—to teach a person -refinement. - -_mores alicuius corrigere_—to improve a person. - -_in viam reducere aliquem_—to bring a person back to the right way. - -_in viam redire_—to return to the right way. - -_litteras discere ab aliquo_—to be educated by some one. - -_institui_ or _erudiri ab aliquo_—to receive instruction from some one. - -_disciplina alicuius uti, magistro aliquo uti_—to receive instruction -from some one. - -_e disciplina alicuius profectum esse_—to be brought up in some one's -school. - -_puerum alicui erudiendum_ or _in disciplinam tradere_—to entrust a -child to the tuition of... - -_operam dare_ or simply _se dare alicui, se tradere in disciplinam -alicuius, se conferre, se applicare ad aliquem_—to become a pupil, -disciple of some one. - -_multum esse cum aliquo_ (Fam. 16. 21)—to enjoy close intercourse -with... (of master and pupil). - -_ludus (discendi_ or _litterarum_)—an elementary school. - -_schola_—a school for higher education. - -_scholam frequentare_—to go to a school. - -_disciplina (institutio) puerilis_ (not _liberorum_)—the teaching of -children. - -_pueros elementa (prima) docere_—to teach children the rudiments. - -_primis litterarum elementis imbui_—to receive the first elements of a -liberal education. - -_doctrinae, quibus aetas puerilis impertiri solet_ (Nep. Att. 1. -2)—the usual subjects taught to boys. - -_artes, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari solet_—the -usual subjects taught to boys. - -_erudire aliquem artibus, litteris_ (but _erudire aliquem in iure -civili, in re militari_)—to teach some one letters. - -_natum, factum esse ad aliquid (faciendum)_—to be born for a thing, -endowed by nature for it. - -_adversante et repugnante natura_ or _invitā Minervā (ut aiunt) -aliquid facere_ (Off. 1. 31. 110)—to do a thing which is not one's -vocation, which goes against the grain. - -_crassa_ or _pingui Minerva_ (proverb.)—with no intelligence or skill. - -_calcaria alicui adhibere, admovere; stimulos alicui admovere_—to -spur, urge a person on. - -_frenos adhibere alicui_—to restrain some one. - -_bona indole_ (always in sing.) _praeditum esse_—to be gifted, -talented (not _praeditum esse_ by itself). - -_ingenio valere_—to be gifted, talented. - -_summo ingenio praeditum esse_—to possess rich mental endowments. - -_in aliqua re progressus facere, proficere, progredi_—to make progress -in a subject. - -_aliquid efficere, consequi in aliqua re_ (De Or. 1. 33. 152)—to -obtain a result in something. - -_adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit_ or -_alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt_—he is a young man of great -promise. - -_adulescens bonae (egregiae) spei_—a promising youth. - -_magna est exspectatio ingenii tui_—we expect a great deal from a man -of your calibre. - -_desudare in scholae umbra_ or _umbraculis_[1]—to exert oneself in the -schools. - -_genus vitae (vivendi)_ or _aetatis degendae deligere_[2]—to choose a -career, profession. - -_viam vitae ingredi_ (Flacc. 42. 105)—to enter upon a career. - -_philosophiam, medicinam profiteri_—to be a philosopher, physician by -profession. - -_se philosophum, medicum (esse) profiteri_—to be a philosopher, -physician by profession. - -_qui ista profitentur_—men of that profession. - - -[1] Cf. _umbra, umbracula (-orum)_, and _umbratilis_ (_vid._ vii. 2, -_vita umbratilis_), used of the retired life of a savant as opposed to -_sol, lux fori_[TR1] or _forensis_. Cf. De Legg. 3. 6. 14 _Phalereus -ille Demetrius mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque -non modo in solem atque in pulverem sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque -produxit._ - -[2] The _locus classicus_ on the choice of a profession is De Officiis -1. 32. 115-122. - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text indeed has _sol, lux ori_. -But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition using _sol, -lux fori_. - - - - -5. Example—Pattern—Precedent - - -_exemplum clarum, praeclarum_—a good,[1] brilliant example; a striking -example. - -_exemplum luculentum_—a good, brilliant example; a striking example. - -_exemplum illustre_—a good, brilliant example; a striking example. - -_exemplum magnum, grande_—a weighty example, precedent. - -_exemplum afferre_—to quote an example. - -_exemplo uti_—to quote an example. - -_aliquem (aliquid) exempli causa_[2] _ponere, proferre, nominare, -commemorare_—to cite a person or a thing as an example. - -_aliquid exemplis probare, comprobare, confirmare_—to quote precedents -for a thing. - -_aliquid exemplis ostendere_—to demonstrate by instances. - -_exempla petere, repetere a rerum gestarum memoria_ or _historiarum -(annalium, rerum gestarum) monumentis_—to borrow instances from history. - -_exempla a rerum Romanarum (Graecarum) memoria petita_—examples taken -from Roman (Greek) history. - -_multa exempla in unum (locum) colligere_—to collect, accumulate -instances. - -_ex infinita exemplorum copia unum (pauca) sumere, decerpere -(eligere)_—to choose one from a large number of instances. - -_a Socrate exemplum virtutis petere, repetere_—to quote Socrates as a -model of virtue. - -_similitudines afferre_—to cite parallel cases. - -_auctore aliquo uti ad aliquid_—to have as authority for a thing. - -_auctorem aliquem habere alicuius rei_—to have as authority for a thing. - -_auctoritatem alicuius sequi_—to be guided by another's example. - -_auctoritas et exemplum_ (Balb. 13. 31)—standard and pattern. - -_sibi exemplum alicuius proponere ad imitandum_ or simply _sibi -aliquem ad imitandum proponere_—to set up some one as one's ideal, -model. - -_sibi exemplum sumere ex aliquo_ or _exemplum capere de aliquo_—to -take a lesson from some one's example. - -_ad exemplum alicuius se conformare_—to shape one's conduct after -another's model. - -_exemplum edere, prodere_—to set an example. - -_exemplo esse_—to set an example. - -_exemplum in aliquo_ or _in aliquem statuere_—to inflict an exemplary -punishment on some one. - -_exemplum (severitatis) edere in aliquo_ (Q. Fr. 1. 2. 2. 5)—to -inflict an exemplary punishment on some one. - -_bene (male) praecipere alicui_—to inculcate good (bad) principles. - -_praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re_—to give advice, directions, -about a matter. - -_ad praecipiendi rationem delābi_ (Q. Fr. 1. 1. 6. 18)—to adopt a -didactic tone. - -_aliquid in animo haeret, penitus insedit_ or _infixum est_—a thing is -deeply impressed on the mind. - -_aliquid animo mentique penitus mandare_ (Catil. 1. 11. 27)—to impress -a thing on one's memory, mind. - -_demittere aliquid in pectus_ or _in pectus animumque suum_—to take a -thing to heart. - -_hoc verbum alte descendit in pectus alicuius_—what he said made a -deep impression on... - - -[1] Not _bonum exemplum_, which means an example morally good for us -to follow. - -[2] "For example" must not be translated by _exempli causa_, which is -only used in complete sentences with such verbs as _ponere, afferre, -proferre, nominare_. _verbi causa (gratia)_ = "for instance," "we will -say," usually refers to a single expression, e.g. _quid dicis igitur? -miserum fuisse verbi causa M. Crassum?_ (Tusc. 1. 4. 12). Often -examples are introduced by such words as _ut, velut, in his_, etc., -e.g. _bestiae quae gignuntur in terra, veluti crocodili_ (N. D. 2. 48. -124). - - - - -6. Philosophy - - -_se conferre ad philosophiam, ad philosophiae_ or _sapientiae studium_ -(Fam. 4. 3. 4)—to devote oneself to philosophy. - -_animum appellere_ or _se applicare ad philosophiam_—to apply oneself -to the study of philosophy. - -_philosophiae (sapientiae) studio teneri_ (Acad. 1. 2. 4)—to be -enamoured of philosophy. - -_in portum philosophiae confugere_—to take refuge in philosophy. - -_in sinum philosophiae compelli_—to be driven into the arms of -philosophy. - -_philosophia (neglecta) iacet_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 1, note -_iacēre..._)—philosophy is neglected, at low ebb. - -_philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare_ (Acad. 1. 1. 3)—to write -expositions of philosophy in Latin. - -_Ciceronis de philosophia libri_—Cicero's philosophical writings. - -_decreta, inventa philosophorum_—the tenets, dogmas of philosophers. - -_quae in philosophia tractantur_—philosophical subjects. - -_praecepta philosophorum (penitus) percepta habere_—to be well -acquainted with the views of philosophers. - -_illae sententiae evanuerunt_—those views are out of date. - -_illae sententiae iam pridem explosae et eiectae sunt_ (Fin. 5. 8. -23)—those ideas have long ago been given up. - -_schola, disciplina, familia; secta_—a sect, school of thought. - -_sectam alicuius sequi_ (Brut. 31. 120)—to be a follower, disciple of -some one. - -_disciplinam alicuius profiteri_—to be a follower, disciple of some one. - -_qui sunt a Platone_ or _a Platonis disciplina; qui profecti sunt a -Platone; Platonici_—disciples of Plato, Platonists. - -_Solo, unus de septem (illis)_—Solon, one of the seven sages. - -_Pythagorae doctrina longe lateque fluxit_ (Tusc. 4. 1. 2)—Pythagoras' -principles were widely propagated. - -_scholas habere, explicare_ (Fin. 2. 1. 1)—to give lectures. - -_scholis interesse_—to attend lectures. - -_tradere (aliquid de aliqua re)_—to teach - -_audire Platonem, auditorem esse Platonis_—to attend Plato's lectures. - - - - -7. The Parts of Philosophy - - -_physica_[1] (_-orum_) (Or. 34. 119); _philosophia naturalis_—physics; -natural philosophy. - -_dialectica_ (_-ae_ or _-orum_) (pure Latin _disserendi ratio et -scientia_)—logic, dialectic. - -_disserendi praecepta tradere_—to teach logic. - -_disserendi elegantia_—logical minuteness, precision. - -_disserendi subtilitas_ (De Or. 1. 1. 68)—dialectical nicety. - -_disserendi spinae_ (Fin. 4. 28. 79)—subtleties of logic; dilemmas. - -_disserendi peritus et artifex_—an accomplished dialectician. - -_homo in dialecticis versatissimus_—an accomplished dialectician. - -_disserendi artem nullam habere_—to know nothing of logic. - -_dialecticis ne imbutum_[2] _quidem esse_—to be ignorant of even the -elements of logic. - -_ratione, eleganter_ (opp. _nulla ratione, ineleganter, confuse_) -_disponere aliquid_—to arrange on strictly logical principles. - -_philosophia, quae est de vita et moribus_ (Acad. 1. 5. 19)—moral -science; ethics. - -_philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et -moribus disputatur_—moral science; ethics. - -_philosophia, quae in rerum contemplatione versatur_, or _quae artis -praeceptis continetur_—theoretical, speculative philosophy. - -_philosophia,_[3] _quae in actione versatur_—practical philosophy. - -_omnes philosophiae loci_—the whole domain of philosophy. - - -[1] Cf. Acad. 1. 5. 19 _philosophandi ratio triplex; una de vita et -moribus, altera de natura et rebus occultis, tertia de disserendo_. - -[2] _imbuere_ is properly to give the first touch to, tinge, bathe, -e.g. _gladii sanguine imbuti_. Metaph. it = (1) to fill with, e.g. -_religione, pietate, superstitione, crudelitate_; (2) to teach, -initiate, e.g. _animum honestis artibus_, and is used especially of a -superficial knowledge. - -[3] Cf. Sen. Ep. 25. 10 _philosophia activa_. - - - - -8. System—Method—Principles - - -_ratio; disciplina, ratio et disciplina; ars_—system. - -_ad artem redigere aliquid_—to systematise. - -_ad rationem, ad artem et praecepta revocare aliquid_ (De Or. 1. -41)—to systematise. - -_arte conclusum esse_—to have been reduced to a system. - -_ratio et doctrina_—systematic, methodical knowledge. - -_artificio et via tradere aliquid_—to give a scientific explanation of -a thing. - -_artificiose redigere aliquid_—to treat with scientific exactness; to -classify. - -_ad rationis praecepta accommodare aliquid_—to treat with scientific -exactness; to classify. - -_totam rationem evertere_ (pass. _iacet tota ratio_)—to upset the -whole system. - -_ratione et via, via et ratione progredi, disputare_ (Or. 33. 116)—to -proceed, carry on a discussion logically. - -_novam rationem ingredi_—to enter on a new method. - -_a certa ratione proficisci_—to be based on a sound principle. - -_a falsis principiis proficisci_—to start from false premises. - -_ad philosophorum_ or _philosophandi rationes revocare aliquid_—to -deal with a subject on scientific principles. - -_perpetuitas et constantia_ (Tusc. 5. 10. 31)—logical consistency. - - - - -9. Species—Definition—Classification—Connection - - -_partes_[1] _generibus subiectae sunt_—the species is subordinate the -genus. - -_genus universum in species certas partiri et dividere_ (Or. 33. -117)—to analyse a general division into its specific parts. - -_genere, non numero_ or _magnitudine differre_—to differ qualitatively -not quantitatively. - -_spinae partiendi et definiendi_ (Tusc. 5. 8. 22)—minute, captious -subdivisions and definitions. - -_rem (res) definire_—to define a thing. - -_a definitione proficisci_—to start from a definition. - -_involutae rei notitiam definiendo aperire_ (Or. 33. 116)—to make an -obscure notion clear by means of definition. - -_sub metum subiectum esse_—to be comprised under the term "fear." - -_constituere, quid et quale sit, de quo disputetur_—to determine the -nature and constitution of the subject under discussion. - -_in ordinem redigere aliquid_—to systematise, classify a thing. - -_conexum et aptum esse inter se_—to be closely connected with each -other. - -_cohaerere, coniunctum esse cum aliqua re_—to be closely connected -with a thing. - -_arte (artissime) coniunctum esse_—to be very intimately related. - -_apte (aptissime) cohaerere_—to be very intimately related. - -_continuatio seriesque rerum, ut alia ex alia nexa et omnes inter se -aptae colligataeque sint_ (N. D. 1. 4. 9)—systematic succession, -concatenation. - -_diffusum, dissipatum esse_—to have no coherence, connection. - -_confusum, perturbatum esse_—to be confused. - -_rem dissolutam conglutinare, coagmentare_—to reunite disconnected -elements. - - -[1] Cf. Cic. De Or. 1. 42 for the definition. _GENUS autem id est, -quod sui similes communione quadam, specie autem differentes, duas aut -plures complectitur partes. PARTES autem sunt, quae generibus eis ex -quibus manant subiciuntur; omniaque quae sunt vel generum vel partium -nomina, definitionibus, quam vim habeant, est exprimendum. est enim -DEFINITIO rerum earum, quae sunt eius rei propriae, quam definire -volumus, brevis et circumscripta quaedam explicatio._ - - - - -10. Proof—Refutation - - -_argumentum_[1] _firmum, magnum_—a strong, striking proof. - -_argumentum afferre_—to bring forward a proof. - -_argumentum immortalitatis afferre_ (not _pro_)—to quote an argument -in favour of immortality. - -_argumentum afferre, quo animos immortales esse demonstratur_—to bring -forward a proof of the immortality of the soul. - -_argumento huic rei est, quod_—a proof of this is that... - -_aliquid planum facere_ (Ad Herenn. 2. 5)—to demonstrate, make a thing -clear. - -_aliquid alicui probare_ (or c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to prove one's point to -a person's satisfaction. - -_argumentis confirmare, comprobare, evincere aliquid_ (or c. Acc. c. -Inf.)—to prove a thing indisputably. - -_argumentum ducere, sumere ex aliqua re_ or _petere ab aliqua re_—to -derive an argument from a thing. - -_argumentum premere_ (not _urgere_)—to persist in an argument, press a -point. - -_loci (τόποι) argumentorum_ (De Or. 2. 162)—the points on which proofs -are based; the grounds of proof. - -_argumenta refellere, confutare_—to refute arguments. - -_rationem_[2] _afferre_ (Verr. 3. 85. 195)—to bring forward an -argument (based on common-sense). - - -[1] _argumentum_ = a proof resting on facts; _ratio_ = an argument -drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition. - -[2] _argumentum_ = a proof resting on facts; _ratio_ = an argument -drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition. - - - - -11. Conclusion—Hypothesis—Inference - - -_concludere, colligere, efficere, cogere ex aliqua re_—to draw a -conclusion from a thing. - -_acute, subtiliter concludere_—to draw a subtle inference. - -_ratio_ or _rationis conclusio efficit_—the conclusion proves that... - -_ratiocinatio, ratio_—the syllogism; reasoning. - -_prima_[1] (_superiora_); _consequentia_ (Fin. 4. 19. 54)—premises; -consequences. - -_conclusiuncula fallax_ or _captio_—a fallacious argument; sophism. - -_positum est a nobis primum_ (c. Acc. c. Inf.)—we start by -presupposing that... - -_hoc posito_—on this supposition, hypothesis. - -_hoc probato consequens est_—it follows from what we have shown. - -_sequitur_ (not _ex quo seq._) _ut_—it follows from this that... - -_ex quo, unde, hinc efficitur ut_—it follows from this that... - - -[1] In a syllogism the technical term for the major premise is -_propositio_ or _propositio major_; for the minor, _propositio minor_; -for the conclusion, _conclusio_. - - - - -12. Debate—Controversy - - -_disputatio, quaestio_—systematic, scientific discussion. - -_disputare_[1] (_de aliqua re, ad aliquid_)—to discuss, investigate a -subject scientifically. - -_subtiliter disputare_—to thoroughly discuss. - -_in utramque partem, in contrarias partes disputare_ (De Or. 1. 34)—to -discuss both sides of a question. - -_in nullam partem disputare_—to say nothing either for or against an -argument. - -_non repugno_—I have nothing to say against it. - -_pertinacem_ (opp. _clementem_) _esse in disputando_—to be dogmatic; -positive. - -_opponere alicui aliquid_—to object, to adduce in contradiction. - -_dare, concedere aliquid_—to grant, admit a thing. - -_sumere_ (opp. _reicere_) _aliquid_—to assume a thing. - -_tenere aliquid; stare in aliqua re_—to insist on a point. - -_obtinere aliquid_—to maintain one's assertion, prove oneself right. - -_in controversia (contentione) esse, versari_—to be at variance with. - -_in controversiam cadere_—to be at variance with. - -_in controversiam vocare, adducere aliquid_—to make a thing the -subject of controversy. - -_in controversiam vocari, adduci, venire_ (De Or. 2. 72. 291)—to be -contested, become the subject of debate. - -_in controversia relinquere aliquid_—to leave a point undecided. - -_controversiam (contentionem) habere cum aliquo_—to maintain a -controversy with some one. - -_in contentione ponitur, utrum...an_—it is a debated point whether... -or... - -_id, de quo agitur_ or _id quod cadit in controversiam_—the point at -issue. - -_controversiam sedare, dirimere, componere, tollere_—to put an end to, -settle a dispute. - -_controversiam diiudicare_—to decide a debated question. - -_transigere aliquid cum aliquo_—to come to an understanding with a -person. - -_res mihi tecum est_—I have a point to discuss with you. - -_sine (ulla) controversia_—indisputably; incontestably. - -_hoc est a (pro) me_—this goes to prove what I say. - -_res ipsa docet_—the very facts of the case show this. - -_res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur_—the matter speaks for itself. - -_res confecta est_—the question is settled, finished. - - -[1] _disputare_ = to discuss, considering the arguments _pro_ and -_con_, used of a number of people with different opinions. _disserere -de aliqua re_ = to discourse on a matter for the benefit of those -present; but in both cases the substantive is _disputatio_. - - - - -13. Agreement—Contradiction - - -_consentire, idem sentire cum aliquo_—to agree with a person. - -_dissentire, dissidere ab_ or _cum aliquo_—to disagree with a person. - -_omnes (uno ore) in hac re consentiunt_—all agree on this point. - -_una et consentiens vox est_—all are unanimous. - -_una voce; uno ore_—unanimously. - -_uno, communi, summo_ or _omnium consensu_ (Tusc. 1. 15. -35)—unanimously. - -_re concinere, verbis discrepare_—to agree in fact but not in word. - -_hoc convēnit inter nos_—we have agreed on this point. - -_hoc mihi tecum convēnit_ (Att. 6. 1. 14)—I agree with you there. - -_quī convenit?_—how is this consistent? how are we to reconcile this...? - -_summa est virorum doctissimorum consensio_ (opp. _dissensio_)—the -learned men are most unanimous in... - -_constantia_ (opp. _inconstantia_) (Tusc. 5. 11. 32)—consistency. - -_inter se pugnare_ or _repugnare_—to be mutually contradictory. - -_secum pugnare_ (without _sibi_); _sibi repugnare_ (of things)—to -contradict oneself, be inconsistent. - -_a se dissidere_ or _sibi non constare_ (of persons)—to contradict -oneself, be inconsistent. - -_pugnantia loqui_ (Tusc. 1. 7. 13)—to make contradictory, inconsistent -statements. - -_dicere contra aliquem_ or _aliquid_ (not _contradicere alicui_)—to -contradict some one. - - - - -14. Particular Sciences -(History—Mythology—Chronology—Geography—Mathematics—Natural -Science—Astronomy) - - -_res Romanae_[1]—Roman history (_i.e._ the events in it). - -_res gestae Romanorum_—Roman history (_i.e._ the events in it). - -_historia_—history (as a science). - -_historia Romana_[2] or _rerum Romanarum historia_—Roman history -(_i.e._ the exposition, representation of it by writers). - -_memoria rerum Romanarum_—Roman history (as tradition). - -_historiam (-as) scribere_—to write a history. - -_res populi Romani perscribere_—to write a history of Rome. - -_rerum scriptor_[3]—an historian. - -_rerum auctor_ (as authority)—an historian. - -_evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta_—to study -historical records, read history. - -_memoriae traditum est, memoriae (memoria) proditum est_ (without -_nobis_)—tradition, history tells us. - -_tradunt, dicunt, ferunt_—they say; it is commonly said. - -_accepimus_[4]—we know; we have been told. - -_historiae prodiderunt_ (without _nobis_)—history has handed down to us. - -_apud rerum scriptores scriptum videmus, scriptum est_—we read in -history. - -_duplex est memoria de aliqua re_—a twofold tradition prevails on this -subject. - -_rerum veterum memoria_—ancient history. - -_memoria vetus_ (Or. 34. 120)—ancient history. - -_veterum annales_—ancient history. - -_veterum annalium monumenta_—ancient history. - -_antiquitatis memoria_—ancient history. - -_recentioris aetatis memoria_—modern history. - -_memoria huius aetatis (horum temporum)_—the history of our own times; -contemporary history. - -_nostra memoria_ (Cael. 18. 43)—the history of our own times; -contemporary history. - -_omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatum_ or _omnium -rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum memoria_—universal history. - -_memoriam annalium_ or _temporum replicare_—to consult history. - -_aetas heroica_[5] (Tusc. 5. 3. 7)—the mythical period, the heroic age. - -_tempora heroica_ (N. D. 3. 21. 54)—the mythical period, the heroic age. - -_fabulae, historia fabularis_—mythology. - -_repetere ab ultima (extrema, prisca) antiquitate (vetustate), ab -heroicis temporibus_—to go back to the remote ages. - -_ut a fabulis ad facta veniamus_—to pass from myth to history. - -_historicorum fide contestata memoria_—historic times. - -_historiae, rerum fides_—historic truth. - -_narrare aliquid ad fidem historiae_—to give a veracious and historic -account of a thing. - -_res historiae fide comprobata_—an acknowledged historical fact. - -_incorrupta rerum fides_—genuine historical truth. - -_ad historiam (scribendam) se conferre_ or _se applicare_—to devote -oneself to writing history. - -_homo in historia diligens_—a conscientious historian. - -_memoriam rerum gestarum (rerum Romanarum) tenere_—to be well versed -in Roman history. - -_domestica (externa) nosse_—to be acquainted with the history of one's -own land. - -_temporum ratio, descriptio, ordo_—chronology. - -_temporum ordinem servare_—to observe the chronological order of events. - -_servare et notare tempora_—to observe the chronological order of -events. - -_res temporum ordine servato narrare_—to narrate events in the order -of their occurrence. - -_temporibus errare_ (Phil. 2. 9. 23)—to make a chronological mistake. - -_ad temporum rationem aliquid revocare_—to calculate the date of an -event. - -_diligentem esse in exquirendis temporibus_—to be exact in calculating -dates. - -_terrarum_ or _regionum descriptio (geographia)_—geography. - -_Africae situm paucis exponere_—to give a brief exposition of the -geography of Africa. - -_regionum terrestrium aut maritimarum scientia_—geographical knowledge. - -_mathematica (-ae)_ or _geometria (-ae)_, _geometrica (-orum)_ (Tusc. -1. 24. 57)—mathematics. - -_mathematicorum ratione concludere aliquid_—to draw a mathematical -conclusion. - -_formas_ (not _figuras_) _geometricas describere_—to draw geometrical -figures. - -_se conferre ad naturae investigationem_—to devote oneself to the -study of a natural science. - -_astrologia_ (pure Latin _sidera, caelestia_)—astronomy. - -_spectator siderum, rerum caelestium_ or _astrologus_[6]—an astronomer. - -_arithmetica_[7] (_-orum_)—arithmetic. - -_numeri (-orum)_—arithmetic. - -_bis bina quot sint non didicisse_—to be absolutely ignorant of -arithmetic. - - -[1] But _res Romana_ = the Roman power, Rome. - -[2] _historia_ has several different senses. (1) The narration, -exposition of the facts (_res gestae, res_), cf. _rerum exemplum_, -historic precedent; _res facta_, historic fact. (2) Historical -composition, e.g. _historiam scribere, historia graeca_ = either a -history written in Greek or a history of Greece (_rerum graecarum -historia_); _historia latina_, history written in Latin; _historia -romana_ or _rerum romanarum historia_ = a history of Rome. (3) A place -famous in history, e.g. _quacunque ingredimur, in aliqua historia -pedem ponimus_. In the plural _historiae_ means specially histories, -anecdotes (_narratiunculae_), memoirs, e.g. _Taciti historiae_. - -[3] _historicus_ means an erudite student of history, one engaged on -historical research. As an adjective its use in Cicero is limited, -being only used when opposed to _oratorius_, e.g. _genus historicum_, -historic style (Brut. 83. 286). - -[4] _scimus, cognovimus_ (= we know by experience) are not used of -historical knowledge. - -[5] _heroicus_ only of time. _herous_ = epic, e.g. _versus herous_ (De -Or. 3. 49. 191) = a dactylic hexameter; _pes herous_ a dactyl; "epic" -of other things is usually _epicus_, e.g. _carmen epicum_; _poetae -epici_, or _epici_ alone. For "heroic" of an action, cf. _praeclarum -atque divinum factum; factum illustre et gloriosum_, etc. - -[6] It is only in later Latin after _astrologus_ had acquired the -meaning of astrologer, magician, that _astronomus_ came to be used (= -astronomer). - -[7] In Cicero always neut. plur., e.g. _in arithmeticis satis -versatus_; later writers use the fem. sing. The pure Latin word is -_numeri_, cf. De Fin. 1. 21. 72 _an ille se, ut Plato, in musicis, -geometria, numeris, astris contereret?_ So De Fin. 5. 29. 87 _cur -Plato Aegyptum peragravit, ut a sacerdotibus barbaris numeros et -caelestia acciperet?_ Cf. Nägelsb. Lat. Stil. p. 46. - - - - -15. Art in General - - -_artis opus; opus arte factum_ or _perfectum_—a work of art. - -_opus summo artificio[TR1] factum_—a master-piece of classical work. - -_opus omnibus numeris absolutum_—a master-piece of classical work. - -_artem exercere_—to follow an artistic profession, practise an art. - -_artem tradere, docere_—to teach an art. - -_artem profiteri_—to profess an art. - -_artium (liberalium) studium_, or simply _studium_—a taste for the -fine arts. - -_artis praecepta_, or also simply _ars_—the rules of art; aesthetics. - -_(artis, artium) intellegens, peritus_[1] (opp. _idiota_, a layman)—a -connoisseur; a specialist. - -_existimator (doctus, intellegens, acerrimus)_—a (competent, -intelligent, subtle) critic. - -_in existimantium arbitrium venire_ (Brut. 24. 92)—to come before the -tribunal of the critics. - -_iudicium facere_—to criticise. - -_sensum, iudicium habere_—to be a man of taste. - -_elegantia in illo est_—he possesses sound judgment in matters of taste. - -_iudicium subtile, elegans, exquisitum, intellegens_—good taste; -delicate perception. - -_iudicium acuere_—to cultivate one's powers of criticism. - -_abhorrere ab artibus_ (opp. _delectari artibus_)—to have no taste for -the fine arts. - -_veritatem_[2] _imitari_ (Div. 1. 13. 23)—(1) to make a lifelike -natural representation of a thing (used of the artist); (2) to be -lifelike (of a work of art). - -_in omni re vincit imitationem veritas_—in everything nature defies -imitation. - -_aliquid ad verum exprimere_—to make a copy true to nature. - -_morum ac vitae imitatio_—a lifelike picture of everyday life. - -_aliquid e vita ductum est_—a thing is taken from life. - - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text has _opus summo artifico -factum_. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition -using _opus summo artificio factum._ - -[1] _idiota_ = properly uninitiated, not the same as _rudis, indoctus, -imperitus_. - -[2] _veritas_ means not merely truth (opp. _mendacium_), but also -reality (opp. _opinio, imitatio_). Thus we often find the combination -_res et veritas ipsa_ (Tusc. 5. 5. 13), _natura rerum et ipsa veritas_. - - - - -16. Poetry—Music—Painting—Sculpture - - -_poema condere, facere, componere_—to write poetry. - -_versus facere, scribere_—to write poetry. - -_carmina , versus fundere_ (De Or. 3. 50)—to write poetry with facility. - -_carmen epicum_—epic poetry. - -_poeta epicus_—an epic, heroic poet. - -_poesis scaenica_—dramatic poetry. - -_poeta scaenicus_—a dramatic poet. - -_scriptor tragoediarum, comoediarum_, also (_poeta_) _tragicus, -comicus_[1]—a writer of tragedy, comedy. - -_scriptor fabularum_[2]—a writer of fables. - -_divino quodam instinctu concitari, ferri_ (Div. 1. 31. 66)—to feel -inspired. - -_divino quodam spiritu inflatus_ or _tactus_—inspired. - -_carmen, versum agere_—to recite a poem, line with appropriate action. - -_carmen recitare_—to read a piece of verse with expression. - -_carmen pronuntiare_—to recite a piece of verse (without gestures). - -_carmen inconditum_—a rough poem; an extempore effusion. - -_se conferre ad poesis studium_—to devote oneself to poetry. - -_poetica laude florere_—to be distinguished as a poet. - -_poesis genus ad Romanos transferre_—to transplant to Rome one of the -branches of poesy. - -_alicuius laudes versibus persequi_—to sing the praises of some one -(not _canere aliquem_) - -_alicuius laudes (virtutes) canere_—to sing the praises of some one -(not _canere aliquem_) - -_alicuius res gestas versibus ornare, celebrare_—to celebrate some -one's exploits in song. - -_ut ait Homerus_—as Homer sings (not _canit_). - -_numerus poetice vinctus_—poetical rhythm. - -_artem musicam_[3] _discere, tractare_—to learn, study music. - -_nervorum et tibiarum cantus_—instrumental music. - -_vocum et fidium (nervorum) cantus_—vocal and instrumental music. - -_docere aliquem fidibus_—to teach some one to play a stringed -instrument. - -_fidibus discere_ (De Sen. 8. 26)—to learn to play a stringed -instrument. - -_fidibus canere_—to play on the lyre. - -_pellere nervos in fidibus_—to strike the strings of the lyre. - -_tibias inflare_—to play the flute. - -_tibiis_ or _tibiā canere_—to play the flute. - -_ad tibiam_ or _ad tibicinem canere_—to sing to a flute accompaniment. - -_(homo) symphoniacus_—a singer, member of a choir. - -_symphōnīa canit_ (Verr. 3. 44. 105)—the orchestra is playing. - -_acroāma_[4]—a professional performer. - -_modi_ (De Or. 1. 42. 187)—the melody. - -_modos facere_—to compose, put to music. - -_numerus, numeri_—the tune; rhythm. - -_numerose cadere_—to have a rhythmical cadence. - -_ars pingendi, pictura_ (De Or. 2. 16. 69)—the art of painting. - -_ars fingendi_—the art of sculpture. - -_signa et tabulae (pictae)_—statues and pictures. - -_simulacrum e marmore facere_—to make a marble statue. - -_statuas_[5] _inscribere_ (Verr. 2. 69. 167)—to put an inscription on -statues. - - -[1] _tragicus, comicus_ as adjectives = occurring in tragedy, -comedy—e.g. _Orestes tragicus; senes comici_. Comic in the ordinary -sense = _ridiculus_, c.f. _homo ridiculus_. - -[2] Not _fabulator_, which = a gossip, teller of anecdotes. - -[3] _musica (-orum)_ is also used for music, cf. _in musicis se -conterere_. - -[4] _acroama_ = originally anything performed to give pleasure, then a -performer. The Greeks applied the term to music; the Romans used it of -any professional performer who entertained guests while at table. - -[5] _statua_ is not used of statues of the gods, but _signum, -simulacrum_. - - - - -17. The Drama - - -_ars ludicra_ (De Or. 2. 20. 84)—the dramatic art. - -_fabula, ludus scaenicus_—the piece; the play. - -_argumentum_—the plot of the piece. - -_actio_—the treatment of the piece. - -_actus_—an act. - -_fabulam docere_ (διδάσκειν) (of the writer) (opp. _fabulam -discere_—to study a piece, of the actor)—to get a piece played, -rehearse it. - -_fabulam agere_—to act a play (said of the actors). - -_fabulam edere_—to bring out a play, put it on the stage (used of the -man who finds the money). - -_fabulam dare_—to produce a play (of the writer). - -_in scaenam producere aliquem_—to introduce a character on the stage. - -_in scaenam prodire_—to come upon the stage. - -_in scaenam redire_—to reappear on the stage. - -_de scaena decedere_—to retire from the stage. - -_in scaenam aliquid inducere_—to bring a thing upon the stage. - -_familia, grex, caterva histrionum_—a theatrical company. - -_dominus gregis_—the manager. - -_theatrum_[1]—the playhouse. - -_theatra reclamant_—the spectators protest. - -_populum facilem, aequum habere_—to have an appreciative audience. - -_plaudere_ (not _applaudere_)—to applaud, clap a person. - -_plausum dare (alicui)_—to applaud, clap a person. - -_clamores (coronae) facere, excitare_—to elicit loud applause. - -_saepius revocatur_ (Liv. 7. 2. 9)—he is encored several times. - -_fabulam exigere_ (Ter. Andr. Pol.)—to hiss a play. - -_fabula cadit_—a piece is a failure, falls flat. - -_histrionem exsibilare, explodere, eicere, exigere_—to hiss an actor -off the stage. - -_histrioni acclamare_[2]—to interrupt an actor by hooting him. - -_partes agere alicuius_[3]—to play the part of some one. - -_agere servum, lenonem_—to act the rôle of a slave, pander. - -_actor primarum (secundarum, tertiarum) partium_—the actor who plays -the leading part. - -_tragoedia_ or _fabula Antigona_ (not _Antigona trag._ or _fab._)—the -Antigone. - -_in Sophoclis_ (not _Sophoclea_) _Aiace_ or _apud Sophoclem in -Aiace_—in Sophocles' Ajax. - -_caterva, chorus_—the Chorus in Tragedy. - -_carmen chori, canticum_—a choric ode in a tragedy. - -_loci melici_—the lyric portions of a tragedy. - -_diverbium_—stage dialogue. - -_canticum_—a choric ode. - -_ludi circenses, scaenici_—performances in the circus; theatrical -perfomances. - -_ludos apparare_—to institute games. - -_ludos facere, edere (Iovi)_—to give public games in honour of Jupiter. - -_ludos instaurare_—to revive public games. - -_munus gladiatorium edere, dare_ (or simply _munus edere, dare_)—to -give a gladiatorial show. - -_gladiatores dare_—to give a gladiatorial show. - -_familia_[4] _gladiatoria_ (Sest. 64. 134)—a band, troupe of -gladiators under the management of a _lanista_. - -_ludus gladiatorius_—a school for gladiators. - -_gladiatoribus_ (Att. 2. 19. 3)—at the gladiatorial games. - -_celebritas ludorum_—crowded games. - -_magnificentia ludorum_—sumptuous public games. - -_ludi apparatissimi_—sumptuous public games. - -_ludi Olympia_ (not _ludi Olympici_), _Pythia_—the Olympian, Pythian -games. - -_Olympia vincere_ (Ολύμπια νικαν)—to win a prize at the Olympian games. - -_ludi gymnici_—gymnastic contests. - -_certamina gymnica_—gymnastic contests. - -_stadium currere_ (Off. 3. 10. 42)—to run a foot-race. - - -[1] _theatrum_ = (1) the playhouse, theatre; (2) the audience, house. -It is used metaphorically for the sphere of activity, theatre, scene, -e.g. _theatrum magnum habet ista provincia_ (Cic.); _nullum theatrum -virtuti conscientia majus_ (ibid.) - -[2] Livy is the first writer who uses _acclamare_ in a good sense. - -[3] Also used metaphorically of the part played in life, e.g. _partes -suscipere, sustinere, dare, tribuere, defendere, tueri_. Similarly -_persona_ (properly mask) is used in several phrases, e.g. _personam -alicuius agere, ferre, tenere_; _personam suscipere_ or _induere_; -_personam tueri_ (Phil. 8. 10); _personam alicui imponere_ (Sull. 3. -8). _persona_ thus got the meaning of personality, individuality, -character, and lastly in a concrete sense a personage of distinction. -N.B.—It never represents our "person," cf. many persons were present, -_multi (homines) aderant_. - -[4] Hence _familiam ducere_, metaphorically to be at the head of a -movement, to play the leading part, e.g. _in iure civili_ (Cic.) For -other phrases drawn from the wrestling-school _vid._ ix. 6. - - - - -VIII. Speech and Writing - - -1. Speech in General - - -_ars dicendi_—the art of speaking; oratory. - -_ad dicendum se conferre_—to devote oneself to oratory. - -_dicendi_[1] _praecepta tradere_—to teach rhetoric. - -_rhetor, dicendi magister_—a teacher of rhetoric. - -_facultas dicendi_—oratorical talent. - -_natum, factum esse ad dicendum_—to be a born orator. - -_facilem et expeditum esse ad dicendum_ (Brut. 48. 180)—to be a ready, -fluent speaker. - -_rudem, tironem ac rudem_ (opp. _exercitatum_) _esse in dicendo_—to be -an inexperienced speaker. - -_disertum esse_ (De Or. 1. 21. 94)—to be fluent. - -_eloquentem esse_ (De Or. 1. 21. 94)—to be a capable, finished speaker. - -_eloquentia valere_—to be very eloquent. - -_dicendi arte florere_—to be very eloquent. - -_eloquentiae laude florere_—to be a distinguished orator. - -_vis dicendi_—oratorical power. - -_multum dicendo valere, posse_—to have great weight as a speaker. - -_eloquentiae principatum tenere_—to be considered the foremost orator. - -_primum_ or _principem inter oratores locum obtinere_—to be considered -the foremost orator. - -_oratorum principem esse_—to be considered the foremost orator. - -_orationem conficere_—to compose a speech. - -_orationem commentari_ (Fam. 16. 26)—to prepare, get up a speech. - -_oratio meditata_ (Plin. 26. 3. 7)—a prepared speech. - -_subito, ex tempore_ (opp. _ex praeparato_) _dicere_—to speak extempore. - -_oratio subita_—an extempore speech. - -_oratio perpetua_—a continuous discourse. - -_oratio accurata_[2] _et polita_—a carefully prepared speech. - -_oratio composita_—an elaborate speech. - -_contentio_ (opp. _sermo_) (Off. 2. 48)—pathetic address; emotional -language. - -_copiose dicere_—to speak very fluently. - -_ornate dicere_—to speak well, elegantly. - -_libere dicere_ (Verr. 2. 72. 176)—to speak frankly, independently. - -_plane, aperte dicere_—to speak openly, straightforwardly. - -_perspicue, diserte dicere_—to speak in clear, expressive language. - -_missis ambagibus dicere_—to speak without circumlocution. - -_accommodate ad persuadendum dicere_—to be a persuasive speaker. - -_aggredi ad dicendum_[3]—to come forward to make a speech; to address -the house. - -_verba facere apud_[4] _populum, in contione_—to address a meeting of -the people. - -_in contionem (in rostra) escendere_[5] (only of Romans)—to mount the -rostra. - -_orationem habere_ (Tusc. 5. 33. 94)—to make a speech. - -_initium dicendi facere_—to begin to speak. - -_finem dicendi facere_—to cease speaking. - -_perorare_—(1) to make one's peroration; (2) to deliver the closing -speech (in a case where several speeches have been made). - -_animos audientium permovere, inflammare_—to make an impression on -one's audience. - -_animos tenere_—to rivet the attention of... - -_audientiam sibi (orationi) facere_—to obtain a hearing. - -_solutum et expeditum esse ad dicendum_—to be never at a loss for -something to say. - -_lingua promptum esse_—to have a ready tongue. - -_celeritas in respondendo_—readiness in debate, in repartee. - -_bonis lateribus_[6] _esse_—to have good lungs. - -_linguae solutio_—volubility. - - -[1] Note the way in which the Latin language prefers a concrete -expression in the plural to represent our abstract "rhetoric," cf. -_musica (-orum), astra, numeri, soni_ = music, astronomy, arithmetic, -acoustics (_vid._ vii. 14). - -[2] _accuratus_ is only used of things, never of persons. - -[3] _surgere ad dicendum_ is only used of some one who has been till -now seated (De Or. 2. 78. 316). - -[4] _apud_ is used of appearing before an official assembly, e.g. -_apud populum, apud senatum, apud iudices_. _coram_ is used of an -informal casual meeting. - -[5] _escendere_ is more common than _ascendere_, cf. _in contionem -escendere_ (Cic. Att. 4. 2. 3; Liv. 2. 7. 7, etc. etc.) Similarly _in -rostra escendere_ (Cic. Liv.), _in tribunal escendere_ (Liv.) Later -_suggestum, rostra escendere_ (Tac. Ann. 15. 59; ibid. 13. 5.). - -[6] _latus_ is never used in the singular in good Latin with the -meaning "lungs,", "breath," "vigour," cf. Cic. _iam me dies, vox, -latera deficient si..._ In a somewhat similar way _lacerti_ is used of -oratorical vigour, e.g. _ipse hastas...oratoris lacertis viribusque -torquebit_ (De Or. 1. 57. 242). - - - - -2. Style—Expression - - -_genus dicendi (scribendi); oratio_[1]—style. - -_genus dicendi grave_ or _grande, medium, tenue_[2] (cf. Or. 5. 20; 6. -21)—elevated, moderate, plain style. - -_fusum orationis genus_—a running style. - -_inconditum dicendi genus_ (Brut. 69. 242)—a rough, unpolished style. - -_inflatum orationis genus_—a bombastic style. - -_oratio altius exaggerata_—a bombastic style. - -_elatio atque altitudo orationis_—the exalted strain of the speech. - -_exsurgere altius_ or _incitatius ferri_—to take a higher tone -(especially of poets and orators). - -_magnifice loqui, dicere_—(1) to speak vehemently, passionately; (2) -to speak pompously, boastfully. - -_magniloquentia, granditas verborum_—pathos; passion. - -_tragoediae_—tragic pathos. - -_expedita et facile currens oratio_—an easy, fluent style. - -_oratio aequabiliter fluens_—an easy, fluent style. - -_flumen_[3] _orationis_ (De Or. 2. 15. 62)—flow of oratory. - -_siccitas, sanitas orationis_—the plain style. - -_verborum tenuitias, oratio subtilis_—the plain style. - -_oratio exilis, ieiuna, arida, exsanguis_—the dry, lifeless style. - -_ornatus orationis, verborum_—well-chosen language, grace of style. - -_elegantia orationis_—tasteful description. - -_oratio pura, pura et emendata_—pure, correct language. - -_integritas, sinceritas orationis_ (not _puritas_)—purity of style. - -_oratio inquinata_[4] (De Opt. Gen. Or. 3. 7)—incorrect language. - -_orationes Catonis antiquitatem redolent_ (Brut. 21. 82)—Cato's -speeches sound archaic. - -_ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent_—there is a flavour of -Atticism about his discourse. - -_oratio soluta_ (not _prosa_) or simply _oratio_—prose. - -_oratio numerose cadit_—his style has a well-balanced cadence. - -_numeris orationem astringere, vincire_—to make a speech rhythmical. - -_lumina, flores dicendi_ (De Or. 3. 25. 96)—flowers of rhetoric; -embellishments of style. - -_sententias (verbis) explicare, aperire_—to explain one's sentiments. - -_sententiae reconditae ex exquisitae_ (Brut. 97. 274)—profound -sentiments. - -_ubertas_ (not _divitiae_) _et copia orationis_—a full and copious -style of speech. - -_crebritas_ or _copia_ (opp. _inopia_) _sententiarum_ or simply -_copia_—richness of ideas. - -_sententiis abundans_[5] or _creber_ (opp. _sententiis inanis_)—rich -in ideas. - -_adumbrare aliquid_ (Or. 14. 43)—to roughly sketch a thing. - -_exprimere aliquid verbis_ or _oratione_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 3, note -_adumbrare..._)—to express clearly, make a lifelike representation of -a thing. - -_exponere aliquid_ or _de aliqua re_—to give an account of a thing -(either orally or in writing). - -_sententiae inter se nexae_—the connection. - -_perpetuitas verborum_—the connection. - -_contextus orationis_ (not _nexus, conexus sententiarum_)—the -connection. - -_ratio sententiarum_—the connection of thought. - -_ratio, qua sententiae inter se excipiunt._—the connection of thought. - -_vitam alicuius exponere_—to give an account of a man's life. - -_vitam alicuius depingere_—to make a sketch of a man's life. - -_de ingenio moribusque alicuius exponere_—to make a character-sketch -of a person. - -_summo colore aliquid illustrare_—to depict a thing in lively colours. - -_ante oculos ponere aliquid_—to bring a thing vividly before the eyes. - -_oculis_ or _sub oculos, sub aspectum subicere aliquid_—to represent a -thing vividly. - -_rerum sub aspectum paene subiectio_ (De Or. 3. 53. 202)—graphic -depiction. - -_perlustrare, lustrare oculis aliquid_—to scrutinise, examine closely. - -_sic exponere aliquid, quasi agatur res (non quasi narretur)_—to -represent a thing dramatically. - -_aliquem disputantem facere, inducere, fingere (est aliquid apud -aliquem disputans)_—to introduce a person (into a dialogue) -discoursing on... - -_in uno conspectu ponere aliquid_—to give a general idea of a thing. - -_sub unum aspectum subicere aliquid_—to give a general idea of a thing. - -_in brevi conspectu ponere aliquid_—to make a short survey of a thing. - -_uno conspectu videre aliquid_—to have a general idea of a thing. - -_breviter tangere, attingere aliquid_—to touch briefly on a thing. - -_strictim, leviter tangere, attingere, perstringere aliquid_—to make a -cursory mention of a thing; to mention by the way (not _obiter_ or _in -transcursu_). - -_quasi praeteriens, in transitu attingere aliquid_—to make a cursory -mention of a thing; to mention by the way (not _obiter_ or _in -transcursu_). - -_res summas attingere_—to dwell only on the main points. - -_summatim aliquid exponere_—to dwell only on the main points. - -_multa verba facere_—to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully. - -_multum, nimium esse (in aliqua re)_ (De Or. 2. 4. 17)—to go deeply -into a matter, discuss it fully. - -_pluribus verbis, copiosius explicare, persequi_[6] _aliquid_—to give -a full, detailed account of a thing. - -_fusius, uberius, copiosius disputare, dicere de aliqua re_—to speak -at great length on a subject, discuss very fully. - -_breviter, paucis explicare aliquid_—to explain a matter briefly, in a -few words (not _paucis verbis_). - -_rem paucis absolvere_ (Sall. Iug. 17. 2)—to explain a matter briefly, -in a few words (not _paucis verbis_). - -_rebus ipsis par est oratio_—the circumstances are described in -language worthy of them. - -_rebus verba respondent_—the circumstances are described in language -worthy of them. - -_copiam quam potui persecutus sum_—I have exhausted all my material. - -_verbis non omnia exsequi posse_—to be unable to say all one wants. - -_in medium proferre aliquid_—to bring a subject forward into discussion. - -_in medio ponere (proponere)_—to publish, make public. - -_silentio praeterire_ (not _praetermittere_) _aliquid_—to pass over in -silence. - -_significare aliquem_ or _aliquid_—to allude to a person or thing (not -_alludere_). - -_significatione appellare aliquem_—to allude to a person or thing (not -_alludere_). - -_describere aliquem_ (Cael. 20. 50)—to allude to a person or thing -(not _alludere_). - -_leviter significare aliquid_—to hint vaguely at a thing. - -_ordine narrare, quomodo res gesta sit_—to detail the whole history of -an affair. - -_dicendo ornare aliquid_—to embellish a narrative. - -_rhetorice, tragice ornare aliquid_ (Brut. 11. 43)—to add rhetorical, -dramatic embellishments to a subject. - -_digressus, digressio, egressio_—a digression, episode. - -_quod ornandi causa additum est_—a digression, episode. - -_includere in orationem aliquid_—to interpolate, insert something. - -_inserere orationi aliquid_—to interpolate, insert something. - -_interponere aliquid_ (De Am. 1. 3)—to interpolate, insert something. - -_dicendo augere, amplificare aliquid_ (opp. _dicendo extenuare -aliquid_)—to lend lustre to a subject by one's description. - -_in maius ferre, in maius extollere aliquid_—to exaggerate a thing. - -_in maius accipere aliquid_—to overestimate a thing. - -_digredi (a proposito)_ (De Or. 2. 77. 311)—to digress, deviate. - -_studio alicuius rei provectus sum_—my zeal for a thing has led me too -far. - -_longe, alte (longius, altius) repetere_ (either absolute or _ab -aliqua re_)—to go a long way back (in narrative). - -_oratio longius repetita_ (De Or. 3. 24. 91)—a rather recondite speech. - -_accedere ad cotidiani sermonis genus_—to adopt the language of -everyday life. - -_ad vulgarem sensum_ or _ad communem opinionem orationem accommodare_ -(Off. 2. 10. 35)—to express oneself in popular language. - - -[1] Not _stilus_, which means the writing instrument, the stylus, -hence the expression _stilum vertere_ (Verr. 2. 3. 41), to erase what -has been written. Metaphorically it denotes—(1) the action of writing, -e.g. _stilus optimus est et praestantissimus dicendi effector et -magister_; (2) the manner of writing, mode of composition, e.g. _unus -enim sonus est totius orationis et idem stilus_. - -[2] Speeches belong according to their subject-matter to _genus -deliberativum_ (συμβουλευτικόν), _genus iudicale_ (δικανικόν), or -_genus demonstrativum_ (ἐπιδεικτικόν), cf. Cic. de Inv. 1. 5. 7; -Arist. Rhet. bk. iii. - -[3] On the other hand, _oratio fluit_ (De Or. 3. 49. 190) = the -language has no rhythm. - -[4] Not _impura_, which means unchaste, obscene. - -[5] Not _dives_ which Cicero uses only absolutely and almost always of -persons, cf. however _animus hominis dives_ (Parad. 6. 44), _divitior -mihi et affluentior videtur esse vera amicitia_ (De Am. 16. 58). - -[6] _persequi_ is often used in the meaning to expound, treat of -either orally or in writing, e.g. _alicuius vitam, alicuius laudes -versibus, res Hannibalis_. - - - - -3. Delivery—Voice - - -_actio_ (Brut. 38)—delivery. - -_pronuntiatio_[1] c. Gen.—artistic delivery; declamation. - -_actio paulum claudicat_[2]—the delivery is rather halting, poor. - -_haerere, haesitare_ (Catil. 2. 6. 13)—to stop short, hesitate. - -_perturbari, permoveri_—to be nervous, embarrassed. - -_de scripto orationem_[3] _habere, dicere_ (opp. _sine scripto, ex -memoria_)—to read a speech. - -_interpellare aliquem (dicentem)_—to interrupt. - -_vox magna, clara_ (Sulla 10. 30)—a strong, loud voice. - -_vox gravis, acuta, parva, mediocris_—a deep, high, thin, moderate -voice. - -_vox canōra_ (Brut. 63. 234)—a melodious, ringing voice. - -_vox lenis, suppressa, summissa_—a gentle, subdued voice. - -_vocem mittere_ (_sonitum reddere_ of things)—to speak, utter a sound. - -_vocem summittere_—to lower one's voice. - -_contentio, remissio vocis_—raising, lowering the voice. - -_vocem intercludere_ (Just. 11. 8. 4)—to prevent some one from speaking. - -_nulla vox est ab eo audita_—no sound passed his lips. - -_magna voce clamare_—to shout at the top of one's voice. - -_clamorem tollere_ (Liv. 3. 28)—to raise a shout, a cry. - -_gestum_ (always in the sing.) _agere_—to gesticulate. - - -[1] Not _declamatio_ which = an oratorical exercise. Distinguish -_pronuntiare_ (De Or. 1. 59. 251), to declaim a thing according to the -rules of rhetoric; and _declamare_ = to go through rhetorical -exercises as a practice in speaking. - -[2] _claudicare_ often metaph. of things which are unequal, weak, e.g. -_amicitia claudicat_ (Fin. 1. 69). - -[3] But to read a speech _orationem legere_ (Brut. 51. 191); to read -with expression, _recitare_ (Phil. 10.2. 5). - - - - -4. Subject-Matter—Argument - - -_non habeo argumentum scribendi_—I have nothing to write about. - -_deest mihi argumentum ad scribendum_ (Att. 9. 7. 7)—I have nothing to -write about. - -_non habeo, non est quod scribam_—I have nothing to write about. - -_res_ (opp. _verba_) _mihi suppetit_—I have abundance to say. - -_materia mihi crescit_—my subject grows as I write. - -_res componere ac digerere_—to arrange and divide the subject-matter. - -_dispositio rerum_ (De Inv. 1. 7. 9)—the arrangement of the -subject-matter. - -_materia rerum et copia uberrima_—abundance of material. - -_infinita et immensa materia_—abundance of material. - -_materiem ad ornatum praebere_—to afford matter for elaboration, -embellishment. - -_id quod (mihi) propositum est_—a theme, subject proposed for -discussion. - -_res proposita_—a theme, subject proposed for discussion. - -_id quod quaerimus (quaeritur)_—a theme, subject proposed for -discussion. - -_institutum_ or _id quod institui_—a theme, subject proposed for -discussion. - -_a proposito aberrare, declinare, deflectere, digredi, egredi_—to -digress from the point at issue. - -_ad propositum reverti, redire_—to come back to the point. - -_ad rem redire_—to come back to the point. - -_sed redeat, unde aberravit oratio_—but to return from the digression -we have been making. - -_sed ad id, unde digressi sumus, revertamur_—but to return from the -digression we have been making. - -_verum ut ad id, unde digressa est oratio, revertamur_—but to return -from the digression we have been making. - -_mihi propositum est_ c. Inf. (or _mihi proposui, ut_)—the task I have -put before myself is... - -_ponere_—to propose, set a theme. - -_ponere alicui, de quo disputet_—to set some one a theme for discussion. - -_ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit_ (Fin. 2. 1. 1)—to let -those present fix any subject they like for discussion. - - - - -5. Question—Answer - - -_quaestionem ponere, proponere_—to propose a subject of debate, put a -question. - -_quaestionem poscere_ (Fin. 2. 1. 1)—to get a question submitted to one. - -_hoc loco exsistit quaestio, quaeritur_—at this point the question -arises. - -_nunc id quaeritur, agitur_—the question now is... - -_res, de qua nunc quaerimus, quaeritur_—the question at issue. - -_magna quaestio est_ (followed by an indirect question)—it is a -difficult point, disputed question. - -_quaerendum esse mihi visum est_—the question has forced itself on my -mind. - -_quaestionem solvere_—to decide, determine a question. - -_quaestio ad exitum venit_—the question has been settled. - -_ad interrogata respondere_[1]—to answer questions. - -_bene interrogare_—to cross-examine cleverly, put leading questions. - -_percontanti non deesse_ (De Or. 1. 21. 97)—to answer every question. - -_responsum ab aliquo ferre, auferre_—to extract an answer from some one. - -_respondere in hanc sententiam_[2]—to answer to this effect. - - -[1] Note to answer (a thing) _respondere ad aliquid_ or _alicui rei_; -to answer (a person) always _alicui_. So _dicere alicui_ to speak to a -person, but _scribere ad aliquem_. - -[2] _responsum dare_ only of answers given by oracles or lawyers. - - - - -6. Humour—Earnest - - -_ioco uti_ (Off. 1. 29. 103)—to make a joke. - -_haec iocatus sum, per iocum dixi_—I said it in jest. - -_animo prompto esse ad iocandum_—to be humorously inclined. - -_extra iocum, remoto ioco_ (Fam. 7. 11. 3)—joking apart. - -_facete dicere_—to be witty. - -_facetiis uti, facetum esse_—to make witty remarks. - -_facete et commode dicere_ —to indulge in apt witticisms. - -_breviter et commode dictum_—a short, pointed witticism. - -_facete dictum_—a witticism, bon mot. - -_arcessitum dictum_ (De Or. 2. 63. 256)—a far-fetched joke. - -_dicta dicere in aliquem_—to make jokes on a person. - -_aspergere sales orationi_ (Or. 26. 87)—to intersperse one's speech -with humorous remarks. - -_aliquid ad ridiculum convertere_—to make a joke of a thing. - -_(homo) ridiculus_ (Plaut. Stich. 1. 3. 21)—a wit; a joker. - -_lepos in iocando_—humour. - -_iucunde esse_ (Deiot. 7. 19)—to be in a good temper. - -_se dare iucunditati_—to let oneself be jovial. - -_sibi displicere_ (opp. _sibi placere_)—to be in a bad temper. - -_ioca et seria agere_—to be now jesting, now in earnest. - -_serio dicere_ (Plaut. Bacch. 1. 1. 42)—to say in earnest... - -_severitatem adhibere_—to show that one is serious. - -_ineptum esse_ (De Or. 2. 4. 17)—to be silly, without tact. - -_nimium diligentem esse_[1]—to be pedantic. - - -[1] Such words as "pedantry," "pedant" can be expressed very variously -in Latin, cf. N. D. 3. 31. 71 _posse ACERBOS e Zenonis schola exire_; -Pro Mur. 9. 19 _multorum DIFFICULTATEM exsorbuit_; Brut. 38. 143 _erat -in Crasso latine loquendi sine MOLESTIA diligens elegantia_. - - - - -7. Language—Use of Language—Translation—Grammar - - -_lingua graeca latinā locupletior (copiosior, uberior) est_—the Greek -language is a richer one than the Latin. - -_commercium linguae_—intercourse of speech. - -_volubilitas, solutio linguae_—volubility. - -_vitium orationis, sermonis_ or simply _vitium_—a mistake, solecism. - -_saepe (crebro, multa) peccavit, erravit, lapsus est_—he has made -several mistakes. - -_eiusdem linguae societate coniunctum esse cum aliquo_ (De Or. 3. 59. -223)—to be united by having a common language. - -_orationis expertem esse_—to be unable to express one's ideas. - -_sermo patrius_ (Fin. 1. 2. 4)—native tongue; vernacular. - -_consuetudo sermonis, loquendi_—to usage of language. - -_cotidiani sermonis usus_—the ordinary usage of language, everyday -speech. - -_communis sermonis consuetudo_—the ordinary usage of language, -everyday speech. - -_sermo familiaris et cotidianus_—the ordinary usage of language, -everyday speech. - -_aliquid a consuetudine sermonis latini abhorret, alienum est_—the -expression is not in accordance with Latin usage. - -_consuetudo vitiosa et corrupta_ (opp. _pura et incorrupta_) -_sermonis_—incorrect usage. - -_incorrupta latini sermonis integritas_[1] (Brut. 35. 132)—pure, -correct Latin. - -_sermo latinus_ (opp. _sermo parum latinus_) (cf. sect. VII. 2., note -_For the use of adverbs..._)—good Latin. - -_latine loqui_ (Brut. 45. 166)—(1) to speak Latin, (2) to speak good -Latin (also _bene latine_), (3) to express oneself clearly. - -_graece_ or _graeca lingua loqui_—to speak the Greek language. - -_latinam linguam scire_ or _didicisse_—to know Latin. - -_latine scire_—to know Latin. - -_latine commentari_—to write treatises in Latin. - -_aliquid e graeco in latinum (sermonem) convertere, vertere, -transferre_—to translate from Greek into Latin. - -_Platonem vertere, convertere_—to translate Plato. - -_ab_ or _de_ (not _ex_) _Platone vertere, convertere, transferre_—to -translate from Plato. - -_ex Platonis Phaedone haec in latinum conversa sunt_—what follows has -been translated into Latin from Plato's Phaedo. - -_aliquid (graeca) latine reddere_ or _sermone latino interpretari_—to -render something into Latin. - -_ad verbum transferre, exprimere_—to translate literally, word for -word (not _verbo tenus_). - -_verbum e verbo exprimere_—to translate literally, word for word (not -_verbo tenus_). - -_verbum pro verbo reddere_—to translate literally, word for word (not -_verbo tenus_). - -_totidem verbis transferre_—to translate literally, word for word (not -_verbo tenus_). - -_his fere verbis, hoc fere modo convertere, transferre_—to translate -freely. - -_liber (scriptoris) conversus, translatus_—the work when translated; -translation (concrete). - -_interpretatio, translatio_ (not _versio_ or _conversio_)—the process -of translation. - -_interpres_—the translator. - -_leges dicendi_—the rules of speech, grammar. - -_praecepta_[2] _grammaticorum_—the rules of speech, grammar. - -_grammaticus_[3] (De Or. 1. 3. 10)—a linguist, philologian. - -_emendate scribere_—to write correctly, in faultless style. - -_latine scribere_[4] (Opt. Gen. Or. 2. 4)—to write good Latin. - - -[1] Cf. Cic. ad Herenn. 4. 12. 17 _latinitas est quae sermonem purum -conservat ab omni vitio remotum_. - -[2] Not _regula_, which means a level, standard, e.g. _regula ad quam -iudicia rerum diriguntur_ (Cic.) - -[3] The adverb _grammatice_ is used with _loqui, scribere_ = to speak, -write correctly; _grammatista_ and also _litterator_ are used of -elementary teachers. - -[4] Cf. _latine docere philosophiam_, to teach philosophy in Latin; -Fin. 3. 12. 40 _latine scire_, to know Latin. (cf. ἑλληνιστὶ ξυνιέναι -Xen. Anab. 7. 6. 8). Also _latine didicisse, latine oblivisci_ (Caec. -22. 62), in which Dräger supposes an ellipse of _loqui_ or _dicere_. - - - - -8. Sentence—Period—Words—Proverbs—Syllables - - -_enuntiatio, enuntiatum, sententia_—the sentence, proposition. - -_compositio, structura verborum_—the structure of the sentence. - -_ambitus, circuitus, comprehensio, continuatio (verborum, orationis)_, -also simply _periodus_—the period. - -_constructio, structura verborum, forma dicendi_—the construction. - -_adiungi, addi coniunctivo_ (Marc. Cap. 3. 83)—to be used with the -conjunctive mood. - -_copia, ubertas verborum_—profusion of words. - -_verbis abundantem esse, abundare_—to be rich in words. - -_inopia verborum_—poverty of expression. - -_lectissimis verbis uti_ (De Or. 3. 37)—to employ carefully chosen -expressions. - -_prisca, obsoleta_ (opp. _usitata_), _ambigua verba_—obsolete, -ambiguous expressions. - -_locutio_ (Brut. 74. 258)—a phrase. - -_verbo, nomine; re, re quidem vera_—nominally; really. - -_si verba spectas_—literally. - -_verbis alicuius_, e.g. _salutare_ (Liv. 9. 36)—in some one's name; on -some one's behalf (not _nomine alicuius_). - -_haec verba sunt_ (Ter. Phorm. 3. 2. 32)—these are mere empty phrases. - -_inanis verborum sonitus_—mere words; empty sound. - -_inanium verborum flumen_—senseless rant. - -_flosculi, rhetorum pompa_—fine, rhetorical phrases. - -_voces iacere_ (Sall. Iug. 11)—to let fall an expression. - -_nullum (omnino) verbum facere_—to not say a word. - -_ne verbum_ (without _unum_) _quidem de aliquo facere_—to say not a -syllable about a person. - -_verba facere (de aliqua re, apud aliquem)_—to speak on a subject. - -_verbum ex aliquo elicere_—to extract a word from some one. - -_verbis concertare_ or _altercari cum aliquo_ (B. C. 3. 19. 6)—to hold -an altercation with a man. - -_verborum concertatio_—an altercation, debate. - -_pauca dicere_ (_pauca verba dicere_ only of the orator)—to say only a -few words. - -_omnia verba huc redeunt_—all this means to say. - -_nullum verbum ex ore eius excidit_ (or simply _ei_)—no word escaped -him. - -_verbo parum valere_ (Tusc. 3. 5. 11)—to unable to find a suitable -expression. - -_verbum prorsus nullum intellegere_—not to understand a single word. - -_huic rei deest apud nos vocabulum_—we have no expression for that. - -_inducere novum verbum in latinam linguam_—to introduce a new word -into the Latin language. - -_verba parere, fingere, facere_—to invent, form words. - -_nominum interpretatio_—etymology (not _etymologia_). - -_vocabulum,_[1] _verbum, nomen ducere ab, ex..._—to form, derive a -word from... (used of the man who first creates the word). - -_verbum ductum esse a...putare_—to derive a word from... (used of an -etymologist). - -_originem verbi repetere a..._—to derive a word from... (used of an -etymologist). - -_nomina enodare_ or _verborum origines quaerere, indagare_—to give the -etymological explanation of words. - -_nomen amicitiae_ (or simply _amicitia_) _dicitur ab amando_—the word -_amicitia_ comes from _amare_. - -_in aliqua re dici_—to be used in speaking _of_ a thing. - -_quid significat, sonat haec vox?_—what is the meaning, the original -sense of this word? - -_quae est vis huius verbi?_—what is the meaning, the original sense of -this word? - -_quae notio_ or _sententia subiecta est huic voci?_—what is the -meaning, the original sense of this word? - -_vis et notio verbi, vocabuli_—the fundamental meaning of a word. - -_vox, nomen carendi_ or simply _carere hoc significat_ (Tusc. 1. 36. -88)—the word _carere_ means... - -_quem intellegimus sapientem?_—what do we understand by "a wise man"? - -_quae intellegitur virtus_—what do we mean by "virtue"? - -_quid est virtus?_—what do we mean by "virtue"? - -_idem valere, significare, declarare_—to have the same meaning. - -_vocabula idem fere declarantia_—synonyms. - -_vocabulum latius patet_—the word has a more extended signification. - -_vocabulum angustius valet_—the word has a narrow meaning. - -_iracundiam sic (ita) definiunt, ut ulciscendi libidinem esse dicant_ -or _ut u. libido sit_ or _iracundiam sic definiunt, ulc. -libidinem_—anger is defined as a passionate desire for revenge. - -_in bonam (malam) partem accipere aliquid_—to take a thing in good -(bad) part. - -_aemulatio dupliciter dicitur, ut et in laude et in vitio hoc nomen -sit_—the word _aemulatio_ is employed with two meanings, in a good and -a bad sense. - -_verba ac litteras_ or _scriptum (legis) sequi_ (opp. _sententia_ the -spirit)—to hold by the letter (of the law). - -_hoc vocabulum generis neutri_ (not _neutrius_) _est_)—this word is -neuter. - -_ordo verborum_ (Or. 63. 214)—the order of words. - -_vocabulum proprium_—the proper term; a word used strictly. - -_verbum translatum_ (Or. 27. 92)—a figurative expression; a word used -metaphorically. - -_translatio_—a metaphor. - -_verba composita_[2]—well-arranged words. - -_verborum immutatio_—a trope; metonymy. - -_continua translatio_ (Or. 27. 94)—an allegory; continuous metaphor. - -_simili uti_—to employ a comparison, simile. - -_dissimulatio_ (Off. 1. 30. 108)—irony. - -_vetus (verbum) est_ (c. Acc. c. Inf.)—it was said long ago that... - -_ut est in proverbio_—as the proverb says. - -_ut_ or _quod_ or _quomodo aiunt, ut_ or _quemadmodum dicitur_—as the -proverb says. - -_in proverbii consuetudinem_ or simply _in proverbium venire_—to pass -into a proverb. - -_proverbii locum obtinere_ (Tusc. 4. 16. 36)—to be used as a proverb. - -_hoc est Graecis hominibus in proverbio_—this is a proverb among the -Greeks. - -_bene illo Graecorum proverbio praecipitur_—that Greek proverb -contains an excellent lesson. - -_vetamur vetere proverbio_—an old proverb tells us not to... - -_proverbium vetustate_ or _sermone tritum_ (_vid._ sect. II. 3, note -_tritus..._)—an old proverb which every one knows. - -_syllabam, litteram producere_ (opp. _corripere_) (Quintil. 9. 4. -89)—to lengthen the pronunciation of a syllable or letter. - -_haec vox longa syllaba terminatur, in longam syllabam cadit, -exit_—this word ends in a long syllable. - -_oriri a longa_ (De Or. 1. 55. 236)—to begin with a long syllable. - -_syllabarum auceps_—a verbal, petty critic; a caviller. - -_verborum aucupium_ or _captatio_—minute, pedantic carping at words. - -_litteras exprimere_ (opp. _obscurare_)—to pronounce the syllables -distinctly. - -_ad litteram, litterate_—to the letter; literally. - -_litterarum_[3] _ordo_—the alphabet. - -_litterae, elementa_—the alphabet. - -_ad litteram_ or _litterarum ordine digerere_—to arrange in -alphabetical order. - - -[1] _verbum derivare_ means to form new words from words which exist -already, e.g. by adding a syllable, _Atrides_ from _Atreus_. For -word-building, cf. Cic. De Or. 3. 37 and 38; Hor. A. P. 46. - -[2] Compound words = _verba copulata, iuncta_ (Or. 48. 159), -_coniuncta_, cf. Cic. De Or. 3. 38. 154. - -[3] Cf. _quarta elementorum littera_, the fourth letter of the -alphabet (Suet. Iul. 56). - - - - -9. Writing—Writers—Books - - -_litteris mandare_ or _consignare aliquid_ (Acad. 2. 1. 2)—to put down -in writing. - -_litteris persequi_ (_vid._ sect. VIII. 2, note _persequi..._) -_aliquid_—to treat in writing. - -_scriptor_ (not _auctor_ = guarantor)—the writer, author. - -_scribere_—to take to writing, become an author. - -_ad scribendum_ or _ad scribendi studium se conferre_—to become a -writer, embrace a literary career. - -_animum ad scribendum appellere, applicare_—to become a writer, -embrace a literary career. - -_librum scribere, conscribere_—to write a book. - -_librum conficere, componere_ (De Sen. 1. 2)—to compose, compile a book. - -_librum edere_ (Div. 1. 3. 6)—to publish a book. - -_librum evolvere, volvere_—to open a book. - -_volumen explicare_—to open a book. - -_librum mittere ad aliquem_ (Fin. 1. 3. 8)—to dedicate a book to some -one. - -_index, inscriptio_[1] _libri_—the title of a book. - -_liber inscribitur_[2] _Laelius_ (Off. 2. 9. 30)—the book is entitled -"Laelius". - -_Cicero dicit in Laelio (suo)_ or _in eo_ (not _suo_) _libro, qui -inscribitur Laelius_—Cicero says in his "Laelius." - -_est liber de..._—there exists a book on... - -_exstat liber_ (notice the order of the words)—the book is still extant. - -_liber intercidit, periit_—the book has been lost. - -_liber deperditus_—a book which has been entirely lost sight of. - -_liber perditus_—a lost book of which fragments (_relliquiae_, not -_fragmenta_) remain. - -_liber qui fertur alicuius_—a book which is attributed to some one. - -_nescio quis_—an anonymous writer. - -_liber refertur ad nescio quem auctorem_—the book is attributed to an -unknown writer. - -_hic liber est de amicitia_ (not _agit_) or _hoc libro agitur de -am._—the book treats of friendship. - -_libro continetur aliquid_—the book contains something... (not -_continet aliquid_). - -_libro scriptor complexus est aliquid_—the book contains something... -(not _continet aliquid_). - -_in extremo libro_ (Q. Fr. 2. 7. 1)—at the end of the book. - -_liber mihi est in manibus_—to be engaged on a book. - -_librum in manibus habere_ (Acad. 1. 1. 2)—to be engaged on a book. - -_liber, oratio in manibus est_—the book, speech can easily be obtained. - -_librum in manus sumere_—to take up a book in one's hands. - -_librum de manibus ponere_[3]—to lay down a book (_vid._ sect. XII. 3, -note _vestem deponere..._). - -_perpolire, limare diligenter librum, opus_—to polish, finish a work -with the greatest care. - -_extrema manus accēdit operi_ (active _extremam manum imponere -operi_)—to put the finishing touch to a work. - -_liber accurate, diligenter scriptus_—a carefully written book. - -_aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere_ (not _excerpere -librum_)—to make extracts from Cicero's writings. - -_aliquid in commentarios suos referre_ (Tusc. 3. 22. 54)—to enter a -thing in one's note-book. - -_librum annotare, interpolare, distinguere_—to furnish a book with -notes, additional extracts, marks of punctuation. - -_se abdere in bibliothecam suam_—to bury oneself in one's library. - -_Platonem legere, lectitare_—to read Plato. - -_locum Platonis afferre, proferre_ (not _citare_)—to quote a passage -of Plato. - -_scriptor hoc loco dicit_—our (not _noster_) author tells us at this -point. - -_Cicero loco quodam haec dicit_—Cicero says this somewhere. - -_Platonem legere et cognoscere_—to study Plato. - -_legendo percurrere aliquid_—to read cursorily. - -_apud Platonem scriptum videmus,_[4] _scriptum est_ or simply _est_—we -read in Plato. - -_in Platonis Phaedone scriptum est_—in Plato's "Phaedo" we read. - -_verba, oratio, exemplum scriptoris_—the text of the author (not -_textus_). - -_legentes, ii qui legunt_[5]—the reader. - -_languorem, molestiam legentium animis afferre_—to weary, bore the -reader. - -_liber plenus delectationis_—a very charming book. - -_alicuius mens in scriptis spirat_—a man's soul breathes through his -writings. - -_mendum (scripturae)_ (Fam. 6. 7. 1)—a clerical error, copyist's -mistake. - -_mendose scriptum_—full of orthographical errors. - -_labi in scribendo_—to make a mistake in writing. - -_mendosum esse_ (Verr. 2. 4. 77)—(1) to make frequent mistakes in -writing; (2) to be full of mistakes (speaking of a passage). - -_inducere verbum_ (Phil. 13. 19. 43)—to strike out, delete a word. - - -[1] Not _titulus_ which means—(1) an inscription on a tomb, monument; -(2) public notice, e.g. an advertisement of a sale, _sub titulum misit -lares_ (Ov.); (3) metaph. title, honour, e.g. _consulatus, coniugis_. -It is only in very late writers that it = a title of a book. - -[2] The perfect _inscriptus est_ is only used when the writer himself -is speaking of his book, e.g. _de senectute disputavi eo libro, qui -Cato maior inscriptus est_, "...which I have entitled _Cato maior_." - -[3] Distinguish the two verbs _ponere_ = to set down for a moment -temporarily, and _deponere_ to lay aside, abandon altogether. Cf. -_vincere_ and _devincere_, _perdere_ and _deperdere_. - -[4] _legere_ in this connection only in the perfect. - -[5] Not _lector_, which means a professional reader, cf. De Or. 2. 55. -223. Similarly "audience" = _ii qui audiunt_ or _audientes_ (usually -in oblique cases). Words in _-tor_ and _-trix_ always denote those who -do something habitually or for some permanent object. Thus of -functionaries—_censor, dictator, quaestor_; of artisans—_fictor_ -sculptor, _institor_ retail dealer, _mercator_ wholesale merchant, -_structor_ mason; of people who are always showing some distinguishing -quality or defect—_calumniator, ratiocinator_; of those who have -performed a feat so remarkable as to confer on them a durable -characteristic—_creator urbis_ (Romulus), _servator Graeciae_ -(Themistocles), _Cimbrorum victor_ (Marius), etc. - - - - -10. Letters - - -_epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem_—to write a -letter to some one. - -_epistula ad Atticum data, scripta, missa_ or _quae ad A. scripta -est_—a letter to Atticus. - -_epistulam dare alicui ad aliquem_—to charge some one with a letter -for some one else. - -_epistulam reddere alicui_ (Att. 5. 21. 4)—to deliver a letter to some -one (used of the messenger). - -_epistularum commercium_—correspondence. - -_litterae missae et allatae_—correspondence. - -_colloqui cum aliquo per litteras_—to correspond with some one. - -_litteras inter se dare et accipere_—to be in correspondence with... - -_litteras perferre aliquo_—to take a letter somewhere. - -_epistulam signare, obsignare_—to seal, fasten a letter. - -_epistulam solvere, aperire, resignare_ (of Romans also _linum -incīdere_)—to open a letter. - -_epistulam intercipere_ (Att. 1. 13. 2)—to intercept a letter. - -_epistulam deprehendere_—to take forcible possession of a letter. - -_litteras recitare_ (Att. 8. 9. 2)—to read a letter aloud (in public). - -_litterae hoc exemplo_ (Att. 9. 6. 3)—a letter, the tenor of which is... - -_litterae in hanc sententiam_ or _his verbis scriptae sunt_—the terms, -contents of the letter are as follows. - -_Kalendis Ianuariis Romā (dabam)_—Rome, January 1st. - -_dies_ (fem. in this sense)—the date. - -_pater optime_[1] or _carissime, mi pater_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 10)—my -dear father. - -_litteras reddere datas a. d. Kal. X. Octob._—to deliver a letter -dated September 21st. - - -[1] Neither _amatus_ nor _dilectus_ can be used in this connection. - - - - -IX. The Emotions - - -1. Disposition—Emotion in General - - -_animi affectio_ or _habitus_ (De Inv. 2. 5)—humour; disposition. - -_ita_[1] _animo affectum esse_—to be so disposed. - -_animos tentare_ (Cluent. 63. 176)—to try to divine a person's -disposition. - -_animum alicuius_ or simply _aliquem flectere_—to make a person change -his intention. - -_animi motus, commotio, permotio_—the emotions, feelings. - -_aliqua re moveri, commoveri_—to be moved by a thing. - -_alicuius animum commovere_—to touch a person's heart, move him. - -_alicuius animum pellere_—to make an impression on a person's mind. - -_motus excitare in animo_ (opp. _sedare, exstinguere_)—to excite -emotion. - -_commotum_ or _concitatum esse_—to be moved, agitated. - -_commotum perturbatumque esse_—to be greatly agitated. - -_alicuius mentem turbare, conturbare, perturbare_—to upset a person. - -_quid tibi animi est?_—what sort of humour are you in? - - -[1] But not _magno, laeto,_ etc., _animo affici_. - - - - -2. Joy—Pain - - -_afficere aliquem gaudio, laetitia_—to give pleasure to some one. - -_afferre alicui laetitiam_—to give pleasure to some one. - -_laetitiam capere_ or _percipere ex aliqua re_—to take pleasure in a -thing. - -_delectari aliqua re_—to take pleasure in a thing. - -_in sinu gaudere_ (Tusc. 3. 21. 51)—to rejoice in secret. - -_gaudio perfundi_[1]—to be filled with delight. - -_cumulum gaudii alicui afferre_ (_vid._ sect. V. 6) (Fam. 16. 21. -1)—to add the crowning point to a person's joy. - -_gaudio, laetitia exsultare_—to utter cries of joy. - -_laetitia gestire_ (Tusc. 4. 6. 13)—to be transported with joy. - -_effusa_[2] _laetitia_—a transport of joy. - -_laetitia gestiens_—a transport of joy. - -_gaudio, laetitia efferri_—to be beside oneself with joy. - -_animum alicuius ad laetitiam excitare_—to put a man in a pleasurable -frame of mind. - -_nimio gaudio paene desipere_—to almost lose one's reason from excess -of joy. - -_doleo aliquid, aliqua re, de_ and _ex aliqua re_—I am pained, vexed, -sorry. - -_aegre, graviter, moleste fero aliquid_ (or with Acc. c. Inf. or -_quod_)—I am pained, vexed, sorry. - -_tuam vicem_[3] _doleo_—I am sorry for you. - -_dolore affici_—to feel pain. - -_dolorem capere (percipere) ex aliqua re_—to be vexed about a thing. - -_doloribus premi, angi, ardere, cruciari, distineri et divelli_—to -feel acute pain. - -_dolorem alicui facere, afferre, commovere_—to cause a person pain. - -_acerbum dolorem alicui inurere_—to cause any one very acute pain. - -_acer morsus doloris est_ (Tusc. 2. 22. 53)—the pain is very severe. - -_dolorem in lacrimas effundere_—to find relief in tears. - -_dolori indulgere_—to give way to grief. - -_dolor infixus animo haeret_ (Phil. 2. 26)—grief has struck deep into -his soul. - -_dolore confici, tabescere_—to be wasted with grief; to die of grief. - -_dolores remittunt, relaxant_—the pain grows less. - -_dolori resistere_—to struggle against grief. - -_callum obducere_[4] _dolori_ (Tusc. 2. 15. 36)—to render insensible -to pain. - -_animus meus ad dolorem obduruit_ (Fam. 2. 16. 1)—I have become -callous to all pain. - -_dolorem abicere, deponere, depellere_—to banish grief. - -_dolorem alicui eripere_ (Att. 9. 6. 4)—to free a person from his pain. - -_cum magno meo dolore_—to my sorrow. - - -[1] _gaudio compleri_ (Fin. 5. 14. 69) is rare in Cicero; _gaudio -impleri_ does not occur. Speaking generally, _complere, implere, -replere_, should not be used of emotions. - -[2] Cf. _effusa fuga_, headlong flight; _effusi sumptus_, lavish -expenditure (Rosc. Am. 24. 68); _cursus effusus_ (Liv. 9. 41. 17). - -[3] _vicem_ with a genitive or a possessive pronoun has the meaning -"on account of," "with regard to," especially with verbs expressing -the emotions, e.g. _doleo, timeo, irascor_. - -[4] Note too _consuetudo callum obduxit stomacho meo_ (Fam. 9. 2. 3), -habit has made me callous. _callum_ properly is the thic nerveless -skin which covers the bodies of animals. - - - - -3. Vexation—Care—Equanimity—Contentment—Affliction - - -_in aegritudine, sollicitudine esse_—to be vexed, mortified, anxious. - -_aegritudine, sollicitudine affici_—to be vexed, mortified, anxious. - -_sollicitum esse_—to be vexed, mortified, anxious. - -_nihil omnino curare_—not to trouble oneself about a thing. - -_non laborare de aliqua re_—not to trouble oneself about a thing. - -_aliquid me sollicitat, me sollicitum habet, mihi sollicitudini est, -mihi sollicitudinem affert_—something harasses me, makes me anxious. - -_aegritudo exest animum planeque conficit_ (Tusc. 3. 13. 27)—anxiety -gnaws at the heart and incapacitates it. - -_aegritudine, curis confici_—to be wasting away with grief. - -_aegritudine afflictum, debilitatum esse, iacēre_—to be bowed down, -prostrated by grief. - -_aegritudinem alicuius elevare_—to comfort another in his trouble. - -_aliquem aegritudine levare_—to comfort another in his trouble. - -_quieto, tranquillo, securo animo esse_—to enjoy peace of mind. - -_rebus suis, sorte sua contentum esse_—to be contented. - -_satis habeo, satis mihi est_ c. Inf.—I am content to... - -_paucis, parvo contentum esse_—to be satisfied with a little. - -_fortunae meae me paenitet_[1]—I am discontented with my lot. - -_non me paenitet, quantum profecerim_—I am not dissatisfied with my -progress. - -_in luctu esse_ (Sest. 14. 32)—to suffer affliction. - -_in sordibus luctuque iacēre_—to be in great trouble, affliction. - -_mors alicuius luctum mihi attulit_—some one's death has plunged me in -grief. - -_in maximos luctus incidere_—to be overwhelmed by a great affliction. - -_magnum luctum haurire_ (without _ex-_)—to undergo severe trouble, -trials. - -_luctum percipere ex aliqua re_—to feel sorrow about a thing. - -_omnem luctum plane abstergere_—to banish all sad thoughts. - -_luctum deponere_ (Phil. 14. 13. 34)—to lay aside one's grief. - -_vel maximos luctus vetustate tollit diuturnitas_ (Fam. 5. 16. 5)—time -assuages the most violent grief. - - -[1] The evidence of inscriptions and the best MSS. seems to point to -the derivation of _paenitet_, not from _poena_ (cf. _punire, -impunis_), but from the root contained in _penes, penetrare, penitus_; -its original meaning would thus be, "to be touched, affected within, -at heart" (Bréal). - - - - -4. Fear—Terror—Anxiety - - -_timorem, terrorem alicui inicere_, more strongly _incutere_—to -inspire fear, terror. - -_timor aliquem occupat_ (B. G. 1. 39)—fear comes upon some one. - -_in timore esse, versari_—to be in fear. - -_in timorem venire, pervenire_—to become frightened. - -_metus aliquem exanimat_ (Mil. 24. 65)—a man is paralysed with fear. - -_exalbescere metu_—to grow pale with fear. - -_metu fractum et debilitatum, perculsum esse_—to be completely -prostrated by fear. - -_abicere, omittere timorem_—to banish one's fears. - -_a metu respirare_ (Cluent. 70. 200)—to recover from one's fright. - -_ex metu se recreare, se colligere_—to recover from one's fright. - -_respirandi spatium dare_—to give time for recovery. - -_terror incidit alicui_—terror, panic seizes some one. - -_terror invadit in aliquem_ (rarely _alicui_, after Livy -_aliquem_)—terror, panic seizes some one. - -_in terrorem conicere aliquem_—to overwhelm some one with terror. - -_(animo) angi_ (Brut. 27)—to be very uneasy; to fret. - -_cura sollicitat angitque aliquem_—anxiety troubles and torments one. - -_angoribus premi_—to be tormented with anxiety. - -_angoribus confici_ (Phil. 2. 15. 37)—to be worn out, almost dead with -anxiety. - - - - -5. Courage—Discouragement—Pusillanimity—Pride—Arrogance—Insolence - - -_bono animo esse_—to be brave, courageous. - -_bonum animum habere_—to be brave, courageous. - -_animus alicui accedit, crescit_—to take courage. - -_animum capere, colligere_—to take courage. - -_animum recipere_ (Liv. 2. 50)—to take courage again. - -_animo forti esse_—to be brave by nature. - -_fortem te praebe_—be brave! - -_alacri et erecto animo esse_—to show a brisk and cheerful spirit. - -_animum facere, addere alicui_—to succeed in encouraging a person. - -_animum alicuius confirmare_—to strengthen, confirm a person's courage. - -_animum alicui augere_ (B. G. 7. 70)—to increase a person's courage. - -_animum alicuius redintegrare_—to re-inspire courage. - -_animus frangitur, affligitur, percellitur, debilitatur_—their spirits -are broken. - -_animos militum accendere_—to fire with courage. - -_animi cadunt_—their courage is ebbing. - -_animo cadere, deficere_—to lose courage; to despair. - -_animum demittere_—to lose courage; to despair. - -_erigere alicuius animum_ or _aliquem_—to encourage a person. - -_excitare animum iacentem et afflictum_ (opp. _frangere animum_)—to -inspire the spiritless and prostrate with new vigour. - -_animo esse humili, demisso_ (more strongly _animo esse fracto, -perculso et abiecto_) (Att. 3. 2)—to be cast down, discouraged, in -despair. - -_inflatum, elatum esse aliqua re_—to be proud, arrogant by reason of -something. - -_insolentia, superbia inflatum esse_—to be puffed up with pride. - -_magnos spiritus sibi sumere_ (B. G. 1. 33)—to be haughty. - -_spiritus alicuius reprimere_—to lower a person's pride. - -_insolentius se efferre_—to behave arrogantly. - -_elatius se gerere_—to give oneself airs. - -_sibi sumere aliquid_ (Planc. 1. 3)—to take upon oneself. - -_contumacius se gerere_—to display a proud obstinacy. - -_libera contumacia Socratis_ (Tusc. 1. 29. 71)—the frank but defiant -demeanour of Socrates (before his judges). - - - - -6. Presence of Mind—Composure—Despair - - -_praesenti animo uti_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 8, note _uti..._)—to possess -presence of mind. - -_aequo (aequissimo) animo ferre aliquid_—to endure a thing with (the -greatest) sang-froid. - -_humane, modice, moderate, sapienter, constanter ferre aliquid_—to -bear a thing with resignation, composure. - -_(animo) paratum esse ad aliquid_—to be resigned to a thing. - -_omnia perpeti paratum esse_—to be ready to endure anything. - -_ad omnes casus se comparare_—to prepare oneself for all contingencies. - -_animum alicuius de statu, de gradu demovere_ (more strongly -_depellere, deturbare_)—to disconcert a person. - -_de statu suo_ or _mentis deici_ (Att. 16. 15)—to lose one's -composure; to be disconcerted. - -_de gradu deici, ut dicitur_[1]—to lose one's composure; to be -disconcerted. - -_perturbari (animo)_—to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted. - -_sui (mentis) compotem non esse_—to lose one's head, be beside oneself. - -_non esse apud se_[2] (Plaut. Mil. 4. 8. 26)—to lose one's head, be -beside oneself. - -_mente vix constare_ (Tusc. 4. 17. 39)—to compose oneself with -difficulty. - -_animo adesse_ (Sull. 11. 33)—to be quite unconcerned. - -_ad se redire_—to regain one's self-possession. - -_constantiam servare_—to be calm, self-possessed. - -_mente consistere_—to be calm, self-possessed. - -_desperare_[3] _suis rebus_—to despair of one's position. - -_ad (summam) desperationem pervenire, adduci_ (B. C. 2. 42)—to be -plunged into the depths of despair. - -_desperatio rerum (omnium)_ (Catil. 2. 11. 25)—absolute despair; a -hopeless situation. - -_quid (de) me fiet?_ (Ter. Heaut. 4. 3. 37)—what will become of me? - -_actum est de me_—it's all over with me; I'm a lost man. - - -[1] These expressions are metaphors from the fencing-school. _gradus_ -is the position taken up by a combatant, so _gradu depelli, deici_ = -to be driven out of one's ground. - -[2] Used especially in the comic poets. - -[3] _desperare_ is used, generally with _de_, more rarely with the -accusative, in the meaning "to no longer count upon a thing," e.g. -_reditum, pacem_; or with the dative, especially with _sibi, suis -rebus, saluti, fortunae suae_. Note the use of _desperatus_, -"abandoned," "given up," "despaired of," e.g. _desperati morbi_ -(Cic.), _aegrota ac paene desperata res publica_ (Cic.) - - - - -7. Hope—Expectation - - -_spem habere_—to cherish a hope. - -_spe duci, niti, teneri_—to cherish a hope. - -_magna me spes tenet_ (with Acc. c. Inf.) (Tusc. 1. 41. 97)—I have -great hopes that... - -_sperare videor_—I flatter myself with the hope... - -_bene, optime (meliora) sperare de aliquo_ (Nep. Milt. 1. 1)—to hope -well of a person. - -_in spem venire, ingredi, adduci_—to conceive a hope. - -_spem concipere animo_—to conceive a hope. - -_spem redintegrare_ (B. G. 7. 25)—to revive a hope. - -_spem alicui facere, afferre, inicere_—to inspire any one with hope. - -_ad spem aliquem excitare, erigere_—to awaken new hope in some one. - -_in maximam spem aliquem adducere_ (Att. 2. 22. 3)—to inspire some one -with the most brilliant hopes. - -_in meliorem spem, cogitationem aliquem inducere_ (Off. 2. 15. 53)—to -induce some one to take a brighter view of things. - -_spem proponere alicui_—to lead some one to expect... - -_spes affulget_ (Liv. 27. 28)—a ray of hope shines on us. - -_spem falsam alicui ostendere_—to rouse a vain, groundless hope in -some one's mind. - -_spem alicui adimere, tollere, auferre, eripere_—to deprive a person -of hope. - -_spem praecīdere, incidere_ (Liv. 2. 15)—to cut off all hope. - -_spem perdere_—to lose hope. - -_spe deici, depelli, deturbari_—to lose hope. - -_spes ad irritum cadit, ad irritum redigitur_—expectation is overthrown. - -_spem abicere, deponere_—to give up hoping. - -_inani, falsa spe duci, induci_—to be misled by a vain hope. - -_spes me frustratur_—hope has played me false. - -_spes extenuatur et evanescit_—hope is vanishing by degrees. - -_spem alicuius fallere_ (Catil. 4. 11. 23)—to deceive a person's hope. - -_spem alicui_ or _alicuius minuere_—to weaken, diminish a person's hope. - -_spem alicuius confirmare_—to strengthen a person in his hopes. - -_spem alere_—to entertain a hope. - -_spem habere in aliquo_—to set one's hope on some one. - -_spem suam ponere, collocare in aliquo_—to set one's hope on some one. - -_inter spem metumque suspensum animi esse_—to hover between hope and -fear. - -_praeter spem, exspectationem_—contrary to expectation. - -_exspectationem_[1] _sui facere, commovere_—to cause oneself to be -expected. - -_exspectationem explere_ (De Or. 1. 47. 205)—to fulfil expectation. - -_exspectationi satisfacere, respondere_—to respond to expectations. - -_exspectatione alicuius rei pendēre (animi)_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 25. 66)—to -be in suspense, waiting for a thing. - -_exspectatione torqueri, cruciari_—to suffer torments of expectation, -delay. - -_suspenso animo exspectare aliquid_—to be waiting in suspense for... - -_aliquem in summam exspectationem adducere_ (Tusc. 1. 17. 39)—to rouse -a person's expectation, curiosity to the highest pitch. - - -[1] Att. 1. 4. 5 _crebras exspectationes tui commoves_—i.e. you are -leading us to expect your arrival. - - - - -8. Pity—Pardon—Want of Feeling—Cruelty - - -_misericordiam alicui commovere_—to excite some one's pity. - -_misericordiam alicuius concitare_—to excite some one's pity. - -_ad misericordiam aliquem allicere, adducere, inducere_—to arouse -feelings of compassion in some one. - -_misericordia moveri, capi_ (De Or. 2. 47)—to be touched with pity. - -_misericordiam implorare_—to implore a person's sympathy, pity. - -_indulgere vitiis alicuius_—to be indulgent to a person's faults. - -_alicui veniam dare (alicuius rei)_—to pardon some one. - -_omnem humanitatem exuisse, abiecisse_ (Lig. 5. 14)—to be quite -insensible to all feelings of humanity. - -_omnem humanitatis sensum amisisse_—to be quite insensible of all -feelings to humanity. - -_omnis humanitatis expertem esse_—to be absolutely wanting in sympathy. - -_omnem humanitatem ex animo exstirpare_ (Amic. 13. 48)—to stifle, -repress all humane sentiments in one's mind. - -_nullam partem sensus habere_—to possess not the least spark of feeling. - -_crudelitate uti_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 8, note _uti..._)—to behave with -cruelty. - -_crudelitatem exercere in aliquo_—to exercise one's cruelty on some one. - -_crudelitatem adhibere in aliquem_—to exercise one's cruelty on some -one. - -_animadvertere in aliquem_—to inflict punishment on a person. - - - - -9. Love—Longing—Admiration—Enthusiasm - - -_carum habere aliquem_—to feel affection for a person. - -_in amore habere aliquem_—to feel affection for a person. - -_amore prosequi, amplecti aliquem_—to feel affection for a person. - -_carum esse alicui_—to be dear to some one. - -_carum atque iucundum esse alicui_—to be dear to some one. - -_adamasse aliquem_ (only in Perf. and Plup.) (Nep. Dion 2. 3)—to -become devoted to some one. - -_aliquem toto pectore,_[1] _ut dicitur, amare_ (Leg. 18. 49)—to love -some one very dearly, with all one's heart. - -_aliquem ex animo_ or _ex animi sententia amare_ (Q. Fr. 1. 1. 5)—to -love deeply. - -_amore captum, incensum, inflammatum esse, ardere_—to be fired with -love. - -_amorem ex animo eicere_—to banish love from one's mind. - -_mel ac deliciae alicuius_ (Fam. 8. 8. 1)—somebody's darling. - -_amores et deliciae alicuius_—somebody's darling. - -_in amore et deliciis esse alicui_ (active _in deliciis habere -aliquem_)—to be some one's favourite. - -_aliquem in sinu gestare (aliquis est in sinu alicuius)_ (Ter. Ad. 4. -5. 75)—to love and make a bosom friend of a person. - -_aliquis, aliquid mihi curae_ or _cordi_[2] _est_—somebody, something -is never absent from my thoughts. - -_curae habere aliquid_—to have laid something to heart; to take an -interest in a thing. - -_nihil antiquius_ or _prius habeo quam ut_ (_nihil mihi antiquius_ or -_potius est, quam ut_)—there is nothing I am more interested in than... - -_desiderio alicuius rei teneri, affici_ (more strongly _flagrare, -incensum esse_)—to long for a thing, yearn for it. - -_desiderio exardescere_—to be consumed with longing. - -_admirationi esse_—to be admired. - -_admiratione affici_[3]—to be admired. - -_admirationem habere_ (Quintil. 8. 2. 6)—to be admired. - -_magna est admiratio alicuius_—some one is the object of much -admiration. - -_admirationem alicui movere_—to fill a person with astonishment. - -_admiratione incensum esse_—to be fired with admiration. - -_admirabilia_ (= παράδοξα)—paradoxes; surprising things. - -_studio ardere alicuius_ or _alicuius rei_ (De Or. 2. 1. 1)—to have -enthusiasm for a person or thing. - -_studio alicuius rei aliquem incendere_—to make some one enthusiastic -for a thing. - -_ardor, inflammatio animi, incitatio mentis, mentis vis -incitatior_—enthusiasm. - -_ardorem animi restinguere_—to damp, chill enthusiasm. - -_ardor animi resēdit, consedit_—his enthusiasm has abated, cooled down. - - -[1] _pectus_ metaphorically only occurs in isolated phrases, e.g. -_toto pectore, cogitare, tremere_. Its commonest substitute is -_animus_. Similarly _cor_ metaphorically is only used in the phrase -_cordi est_. - -[2] _pectus_ metaphorically only occurs in isolated phrases, e.g. -_toto pectore, cogitare, tremere_. Its commonest substitute is -_animus_. Similarly _cor_ metaphorically is only used in the phrase -_cordi est_. - -[3] _admiratione affici_ also means "to be filled with admiration." - - - - -10. Belief—Confidence—Loyalty—Protection—Promise—Veracity (_fides,_ -_fiducia_) - - -_fidem_[1] _habere alicui_—to believe a person. - -_fidem alicuius rei facere alicui_—to make some one believe a thing. - -_fidem tribuere, adiungere alicui rei_—to believe in, trust in a thing. - -_fidem abrogare, derogare alicui_—to rob a person of his credit. - -_fidem alicuius imminuere, infirmare_ (opp. _confirmare_)—to weaken, -destroy a man's credit. - -_fiduciam in aliquo ponere, collocare_—to put confidence in some one. - -_confidere alicui_ (but _aliqua re_)—to put confidence in some one. - -_fiduciam (alicuius rei) habere_—to have great confidence in a thing. - -_fiducia sui_ (Liv. 25. 37)—self-confidence. - -_committere aliquid alicui_ or _alicuius fidei_—to entrust a thing to -a person's good faith. - -_totum se committere, tradere alicui_—to put oneself entirely in some -one's hands. - -_fidem colere, servare_—to preserve one's loyalty. - -_fidem praestare alicui_—to keep faith with a person, keep one's word. - -_in fide manere_ (B. G. 7. 4. 5)—to remain loyal. - -_fidem laedere, violare, frangere_—to break one's word. - -_fidem alicuius labefactare_ (Cluent. 60. 194)—to make a person waver -in his loyalty. - -_de fide deducere_ or _a fide abducere aliquem_—to undermine a -person's loyalty. - -_fide data et accepta_ (Sall. Iug. 81. 1)—having exchanged pledges, -promises. - -_se conferre, se tradere, se permittere in alicuius fidem_—to put -oneself under some one's protection. - -_confugere ad aliquem, ad fidem alicuius_—to flee for refuge to some -one. - -_in fidem recipere aliquem_ (B. G. 2. 15. 1)—to take a person under -one's protection. - -_fidem alicuius obsecrare, implorare_—to implore some one's protection. - -_fidem addere alicui rei_—to confirm, ratify, sanction something. - -_fidem publicam dare, interponere_ (Sall. Iug. 32. 1)—to guarantee the -protection of the state; to promise a safe-conduct. - -_fidem dare alicui_ (opp. _accipere_) (c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to give one's -word that... - -_fidem servare_ (opp. _fallere_)—to keep one's word (not _tenere_). - -_fidem persolvere_—to fulfil a promise. - -_fidem (promissum) praestare_—to fulfil a promise. - -_fidem interponere_ (Sall. Iug. 32. 5)—to pledge one's word to... - -_fidem prodere_—to break one's word. - -_fidem frangere_—to break one's word. - -_promisso stare_—to abide by one's undertaking. - -_fide obstrictum teneri_ (Pis. 13. 29)—to be bound by one's word; to -be on one's honour. - -_fidem facere, afferre alicui rei_ (opp. _demere, de-, abrogare -fidem_)—to make a thing credible. - -_aliquid fidem habet_ (_vid._ also _fides_ under sect. VII., -History)—a thing finds credence, is credible. - -_sponsionem facere, sponsorem esse pro aliquo_—to be security for some -one. - -_praestare aliquem, aliquid, de aliqua re_ or Acc. c. Inf.—to be -answerable for a person, a thing. - - -[1] _fides_ has six principal meanings. A. subjectively—(1) in an -active sense, belief, confidence, which some one holds; (2) passive, -veracity, credit which one enjoys; (3) neutral, good faith, sincerity, -loyalty, conscientiousness, and especially of the protection which one -expects by appealing to a man's loyalty. B. (4) active, ratification, -sanction; (5) passive, the thing promised, surety, guarantee; (6) -neutral, authenticity, certitude, truth of a thing. Cf. Haacke, Lat -Stil. 40-41. - - - - -11. Suspicion—Presentiment - - -_suspicionem movere, excitare, inicere, dare alicui_—to rouse a -person's suspicions. - -_suspicionem habere de aliquo_—to suspect a person. - -_suspicionem alicuius rei habere_—to be suspected of a thing. - -_suspicio (alicuius rei) cadit in aliquem, pertinet ad aliquem_—a -suspicion falls on some one. - -_aliquem in suspicionem adducere (alicui), aliquem suspectum -reddere_—to make a person suspected. - -_in suspicionem vocari, cadere_—to become the object of suspicion. - -_in suspicionem alicui venire_—to be suspected by some one. - -_suspicionem a se removere, depellere, propulsare_ (Verr. 3. 60. -140)—to clear oneself of a suspicion. - -_suspicionem ex animo delere_—to banish all feeling of prejudice from -the mind. - -_suspicio insidet in animo ejus_—he is in a suspicious mood. - -_suspicio ei penitus inhaeret_—he is in a suspicious mood. - -_suspicio tenuissima, minima_—the faintest suspicion. - -_a suspicione alicuius rei abhorrere_—to have no presentiment of a -thing. - -_animus praesāgit malum_—my mind forebodes misfortune. - -_animo praesagio malum_—my mind forebodes misfortune. - - - - -12. Hatred—Jealousy—Envy - - -_invisum esse alicui_—to be hated by some one. - -_odio, invidiae esse alicui_—to be hated by some one. - -_in invidia esse alicui_—to be hated by some one. - -_in odio esse apud aliquem_—to be hated by some one. - -_invidia flagrare, premi_—to be detested. - -_in odium, in invidiam venire alicui_—to incur a person's hatred. - -_invidiam colligere (aliqua re)_—to incur a person's hatred. - -_alicuius odium subire, suscipere, in se convertere, sibi conflare_—to -incur a person's hatred. - -_in alicuius odium incurrere_—to incur a person's hatred. - -_in invidiam, odium (alicuius) vocare aliquem_—to make a person -odious, unpopular. - -_in invidiam adducere aliquem_—to make a person odious, unpopular. - -_invidiam alicui conflare_ (Catil. 1. 9. 23)—to make a person odious, -unpopular. - -_invidiam, odium ex-, concitare alicui, in aliquem_—to make a person -odious, unpopular. - -_capitali odio dissidere ab aliquo_ (De Am. 1. 2)—to be separated by a -deadly hatred. - -_odium explere aliqua re_ (Liv. 4. 32)—to glut one's hatred. - -_odium implacabile suscipere in aliquem_—to conceive an implacable -hatred against a man. - -_odio_ or _invidia alicuius ardere_—to be consumed with hatred. - -_odium inveteratum habere in aliquem_ (Vat. 3. 6)—to cherish an -inveterate animosity against some one. - -_odio inflammatum, accensum esse_—to be fired with a passionate hatred. - -_odium alicuius inflammare_—to kindle hatred in a person's heart; to -fill some one with hatred (not _implere_, _vid._ sect. IX. 2, note -_gaudio..._). - -_odium restinguere, exstinguere_—to stifle, drown one's hatred. - - - - -13. Discontent—Anger—Revenge—Fury - - -_aegre, graviter, moleste, indigne ferre aliquid_—to be discontented, -vexed at a thing; to chafe. - -_indignitas, atrocitas rei_ (Mur. 25. 51)—the revolting nature of an -action. - -_o facinus indignum!_ (Ter. Andr. 1. 1. 118)—monstrous! - -_ira incensum esse_—to be fired with rage. - -_iracundia inflammatum esse_—to be fired with rage. - -_ira ardere_ (Flacc. 35. 88)—to be fired with rage. - -_iracundia exardescere, effervescere_—to be transported with passion. - -_iracundia efferri_—to be carried away by one's anger. - -_ira defervescit_ (Tusc. 4. 36. 78)—his anger cools. - -_virus acerbitatis suae effundere in aliquem_ (De Amic. 23. 87)—to -vent one's anger, spite on some one. - -_iram in aliquem effundere_—to vent one's anger, spite on some one. - -_iram, bilem evomere in aliquem_—to vent one's anger, spite on some one. - -_irae indulgere_ (Liv. 23. 3)—to give free play to one's anger. - -_praecipitem in iram esse_ (Liv. 23. 7)—to be short-tempered; to be -prone to anger. - -_animum explere_—to cool one's anger. - -_iracundiam continere, cohibere, reprimere_—to restrain, master one's -passion. - -_iram restinguere, sedare_—to calm one's anger. - -_animum alicuius ab iracundia revocare_—to prevent some one from -growing angry, appease his anger. - -_stomachum, bilem alicui movere_—to excite a person's wrath. - -_ulcisci aliquem,_[1] _poenas expetere ab aliquo_—to revenge oneself -on some one. - -_ulcisci aliquid, poenas alicuius rei expetere_—to revenge oneself for -a thing. - -_ulcisci aliquem pro aliquo_ or _pro aliqua re_—to revenge oneself on -another for a thing or on some one's behalf. - -_poenas alicuius_ or _alicuius rei repetere ab aliquo_—to revenge -oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf. - -_iniurias persequi_ (Verr. 2. 3. 9)—to avenge an insult. - -_impellere aliquem in furorem_—to make some one furious. - -_furore inflammari, incendi_—to become furious. - -_furore incensus, abreptus, impulsus_—in a transport of rage. - -_indignatio aliquem incedit_—to be filled with indignation. - -_indignationes_ (Liv. 25. 1. 9)—signs of irritation, of discontent. - - -[1] _ulcisci aliquem_ also means to avenge some one; to exact -satisfaction on his behalf. - - - - -X. Virtues and Vices - - -1. Virtue—Morality - - -_vita honesta (turpis)_—a virtuous (immoral) life. - -_honesta expetere; turpia fugere_—to follow virtue; to flee from vice. - -_virtute praeditum, ornatum esse_ (opp. _vitiis obrutum esse_)—to be -virtuous. - -_viam virtutis ingredi_ (Off. 1. 32. 118)—to walk in the ways of virtue. - -_omnia consilia et facta ad virtutem referre_[1] (Phil. 10. 10. 20)—to -make virtue the standard in every thought and act. - -_virtutem sequi, virtutis studiosum esse_—to strive to attain virtue. - -_virtutis perfectae perfecto munere fungi_ (Tusc. 1. 45. 109)—to live -a perfect life. - -_virtutem pristinam retinere_—to live as scrupulously moral a life as -ever. - -_nihil ex pristina virtute remittere_—to live as scrupulously moral a -life as ever. - -_summum bonum_[2] _in virtute ponere_—to consider virtue the highest -good. - -_virtus hoc habet, ut..._—this is a characteristic of virtue, it... - -_a virtute discedere_ or _deficere_—to deviate from the path of virtue. - -_honestatem deserere_—to deviate from the path of virtue. - -_a maiorum virtute desciscere, degenerare, deflectere_—to deteriorate. - -_a parentibus degenerare_—to degenerate (from one's ancestors). - -_corrumpi, depravari_—to be demoralised, corrupted. - -_excitare aliquem ad virtutem_—to rouse in some one an enthusiasm for -virtue. - -_bonitas_ (Fin. 5. 29. 65)—kindheartedness. - -_naturae bonitas_ (Off. 1. 32. 118)—innate goodness, kindness. - -_naturae bona_—natural advantages. - - -[1] For "thoughts and deeds," cf. Or. 3. 43. 182 _mores instituta et -facta_; Prov. Cons. 8. 20 _consilia et facta_; Fin. 2. 14. 5 _studia -et facta_; Verr. 5. 14. 35 _mentes hominum et cogitationes_. - -[2] Note too _finis bonorum et malorum_ = the highest good and the -greatest evil. - - - - -2. Vice—Crime - - -_omni vitio carere_—to be free from faults. - -_vitia erumpunt (in aliquem)_ (De Amic. 21. 76)—his vices betray -themselves. - -_animum vitiis dedere_—to abandon oneself to vice. - -_vitiis, sceleribus contaminari_ or _se contaminare_ (Off. 3. 8. -37)—to be tainted with vice. - -_vitiis, sceleribus inquinatum, contaminatum, obrutum esse_—to be -vicious, criminal. - -_vitia exstirpare et funditus tollere_—to eradicate vice. - -_vita omnibus flagitiis,_[1] _vitiis dedita_—a life defiled by every -crime. - -_vita omnibus flagitiis inquinata_—a life defiled by every crime. - -_natura proclivem esse ad vitia_—to have a natural propensity to vice. - -_scelera moliri_ (Att. 7. 11)—to meditate crime. - -_scelus facere, committere_—to commit crime. - -_facinus facere, committere_—to do a criminal deed. - -_scelere se devincire, se obstringere, astringi_—to commit a crime and -so make oneself liable to the consequences of it. - -_scelus (in se) concipere, suscipere_—to commit a crime and so make -oneself liable to the consequences of it. - -_scelus edere in aliquem_ (Sest. 26. 58)—to commit a crime against -some one. - -_scelus scelere cumulare_ (Catil. 1. 6. 14)—to heap crime on crime. - -_scelus_[2] _supplicio expiare_—to expiate a crime by punishment. - - -[1] _flagitium_ is a crime against oneself, e.g. drunkenness. _scelus_ -is a sin against society at large, e.g. theft, murder. _nefas_ a sin -against God, e.g. sacrilege, parricide. _facinus_ any unusual action, -then generally a crime, outrage. - -[2] _flagitium_ is a crime against oneself, e.g. drunkenness. _scelus_ -is a sin against society at large, e.g. theft, murder. _nefas_ a sin -against God, e.g. sacrilege, parricide. _facinus_ any unusual action, -then generally a crime, outrage. - - - - -3. Desire—Passion—Self-Control - - -_cupiditate alicuius rei accensum, inflammatum esse_—to be fired with -desire of a thing. - -_cupiditate alicuius rei ardere, flagrare_—to have an ardent longing -for a thing. - -_cupiditatem alicuius accendere_—to rouse a person's interest, cupidity. - -_aliquem ad cupiditatem incitare_—to rouse a person's interest, -cupidity. - -_aliquem cupiditate inflammare_—to rouse a person's interest, cupidity. - -_cupiditatibus occaecari_ (Fin. 1. 10. 33)—to be blinded by passions. - -_libidine ferri_—to be carried away by one's passions. - -_se (totum) libidinibus dedere_—to abandon oneself (entirely) to -debauchery. - -_cupiditatibus servire, pārēre_—to be the slave of one's desires. - -_praecipitem ferri aliqua re_ (Verr. 5. 46. 121)—to be carried away by -something. - -_homo impotens sui_—a man of no self-control, self-indulgent. - -_homo effrenatus, intemperans_—a man of no self-control, self-indulgent. - -_sibi imperare_ or _continere et coercere se ipsum_—to have -self-control; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations. - -_animum regere, coercere, cohibere_—to have self-control; to restrain -oneself, master one's inclinations. - -_animum vincere_ (Marcell. 3. 8)—to have self-control; to restrain -oneself, master one's inclinations. - -_imperare cupiditatibus_—to overcome one's passions. - -_coercere, cohibere, continere, domitas habere cupiditates_—to -overcome one's passions. - -_refrenare cupiditates, libidines_—to bridle one's desires. - -_effrenatae cupiditates_—unrestrained, unbridled lust. - -_indomitae animi cupiditates_—unrestrained, unbridled lust. - -_cupiditates explere, satiare_—to satisfy one's desires. - -_libidinem alicuius excitare_—to arouse some one's lust. - -_libido dominatur_ (Or. 65. 219)—the passions win the day. - -_libido consēdit_—the storm of passion has abated. - -_cupiditates deferbuerunt_ (Cael. 18. 43)—the passions have cooled down. - -_animi perturbationes exstirpare_—to eradicate passion from the mind. - - - - -4. Wrong—Insult—Outrage—Offence - - -_iniuriam inferre, facere alicui_—to wrong a person. - -_iniuria afficere aliquem_—to wrong a person. - -_iniuria lacessere aliquem_—to provoke a person by a gratuitous insult. - -_iniuria abstinere_ (Off. 3. 17. 72)—to refrain from doing a wrong, an -injustice. - -_iniuriam accipere_—to be the victim of an injustice. - -_iniuriam ferre, pati_—to suffer wrong. - -_iniurias defendere, repellere, propulsare_—to repel an injury. - -_iniurias neglegere_—to leave a wrong unpunished, to ignore it. - -_ab iniuria aliquem defendere_—to protect any one from wrong. - -_satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis_—to give some one satisfaction -for an injury. - -_contumelia aliquem afficere_—to insult some one. - -_voces (verba) contumeliosae_—insulting expressions. - -_verborum contumeliae_—insulting expressions. - -_contumeliosis vocibus prosequi aliquem_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 11, note -_Prosequi..._)—to use insulting expressions to any one. - -_maledictis aliquem onerare, lacerare_—to heap abuse on some one. - -_offendere aliquem, alicuius animum_—to hurt some one's feelings. - -_offendere apud aliquem_ (Cluent. 23. 63)—to hurt some one's feelings. - -_in offensionem alicuius incurrere_ (Verr. 1. 12. 35)—to hurt some -one's feelings. - -_offendi aliqua re (animus offenditur)_—to feel hurt by something. - -_offendere in aliquo_ (Mil. 36. 99)—to have something to say against a -person, to object to him. - -_offendere_[1] _in aliqua re_ (Cluent. 36. 98)—to take a false step in -a thing; to commit an indiscretion. - -_offensionem habere_—to give offense to, to shock a person (used of -things, _vid._ sect. V. 18). - -_res habet aliquid offensionis_—there is something repulsive about the -thing. - - -[1] Notice too _offendere caput_ (Quintil. 6. 3. 67), _pedem_ (B. -Hisp. 23), to strike one's head, foot against anything; _offendere -aliquem imparatum_ (Fam. 2. 3), to find some one unprepared, cf. -καταλαμßάνειν. - - - - -5. Violence—Ambuscade—Threats - - -_vim adhibere, facere alicui_—to use violence against some one. - -_vim inferre alicui_—to do violence to a person. - -_vim et manus afferre alicui_ (Catil. 1. 8. 21)—to kill with violence. - -_vim vi depellere_—to meet force by force. - -_vi vim illatam defendere_—to meet force by force. - -_insidias collocare, locare_ (Mil. 10. 27)—to set an ambuscade. - -_insidias alicui parare, facere, struere, instruere, tendere_—to -waylay a person. - -_aliquem in insidiis locare, collocare, ponere_—to place some one in -ambush. - -_aliquem in insidias elicere, inducere_—to draw some one into an ambush. - -_subsidere in insidiis_ (Mil. 19. 49)—to place oneself in ambush. - -_minitari (minari) alicui mortem, crucem et tormenta, bellum_—to -threaten some one with death, crucifixion, torture, war. - -_minitari alicui igni ferroque_ (Phil. 13. 9. 21)—to threaten with -fire and sword. - -_denuntiare_[1] _bellum, caedem_ (Sest. 20. 46)—to threaten war, -carnage. - -_minas iacere, iactare_—to use threats. - -_minis uti_—to use threats. - - -[1] "Threaten" in the sense of to be at hand, to be imminent, is -rendered by some such word as _imminere, impendere, instare_, e.g. -_bellum imminet_. For the meaning to seem likely, to promise, cf. -_coniuratio rem publicam perversura videtur_, the conspiracy threatens -to overthrow the state. - - - - -6. Appearance—Deceit—Falsehood—Derision - - -_speciem alicuius rei habere_—to have the appearance of something. - -_speciem alicuius rei praebere_—to give the impression of...; have the -outward aspect of... - -_speciem prae se ferre_[1]—to give the impression of...; have the -outward aspect of... - -_in speciem_—apparently; to look at. - -_specie_ (De Amic. 13. 47)—apparently; to look at. - -_per speciem (alicuius rei)_—apparently; to look at. - -_per simulationem, simulatione alicuius rei_—under pretext, pretence -of... - -_simulare morbum_—to pretend to be ill. - -_dissimulare_[2] _morbum_—to pretend not to be ill. - -_aliquis simulat aegrum_ or _se esse aegrum_—some one feigns illness. - -_aliter sentire ac loqui (aliud sentire, aliud loqui)_—to think one -thing, say another; to conceal one's opinions. - -_per dolum_ (B. G. 4. 13)—by craft. - -_dolis et fallaciis_ (Sall. Cat. 11. 2)—by the aid of fraud and lies. - -_sine fuco ac fallaciis_ (Att. 1. 1. 1)—without any disguise, frankly. - -_verba dare alicui_ (Att. 15. 16)—to deceive a person, throw dust in -his eyes. - -_mendacium dicere_—to tell lies. - -_falsa (pro veris) dicere_—to tell lies. - -_ludere, irridere, deridere aliquem_—to make sport of, rally a person. - -_illudere alicui_ or _in aliquem_ (more rarely _aliquem_)—to make -sport of, rally a person. - -_ludibrio esse alicui_—to serve as some one's butt. - -_in ludibrium verti_ (Tac. Ann. 12. 26)—to become an object of -ridicule; to be laughed at. - -_omnibus artibus aliquem ludificari, eludere_—to fool a person -thoroughly. - -_per ludibrium_—in sport, mockery. - - -[1] _prae se ferre_ followed by Acc. and Inf. = to manifest, display, -e.g. _Romanum esse semper prae me tuli_. - -[2] _simulo_ = I pretend to be what I am not, cf. ἀλαζών, a braggart; -_dissimulo_ = I pretend not to be what I am, cf. εἴρων, a mock-modest -person. _Quae non sunt simulo, quae sunt ea dissimulantur_. - - - - -7. Duty—Inclination - - -_officium suum facere, servare, colere, tueri, exsequi, praestare_—to -do one's duty. - -_officio suo satisfacere_ (Div. in Caec. 14. 47)—to do one's duty. - -_officio suo fungi_—to do one's duty. - -_omnes officii partes exsequi_—to fulfil one's duty in every detail. - -_nullam officii partem deserere_—to fulfil one's duty in every detail. - -_diligentem esse in retinendis officiis_—to be exact, punctual in the -performance of one's duty. - -_officium suum deserere, neglegere_—to neglect one's duty. - -_ab officio discedere_—to neglect one's duty. - -_de, ab officio decedere_—to neglect one's duty. - -_officio suo deesse_ (Fam. 7. 3)—to neglect one's duty. - -_ad officium redire_—to return to one's duties. - -_in officio manere_ (Att. 1. 3)—to remain faithful to one's duty. - -_contra officium est_ c. Inf.—it is a breach of duty to... - -_ab officio abduci, avocari_—to let oneself be perverted from one's -duty. - -_salvo_[1] _officio_ (Off. 3. 1. 4)—without violating, neglecting -one's duty. - -_multa et magna inter nos officia_[2] _intercedunt_ (Fam. 13. 65)—we -are united by many mutual obligations. - -_in aliquem officia conferre_—to be courteous, obliging to some one. - -_aliquem officiis suis complecti, prosequi_—to be courteous, obliging -to some one. - -_officiosum esse in aliquem_—to be courteous, obliging to some one. - -_litterae officii_ or _humanitatis plenae_—a most courteous letter. - -_studere alicui rei, studiosum esse alicuius rei_—to have an -inclination for a thing. - -_studio alicuius rei teneri_—to have an inclination for a thing. - -_propensum, proclivem esse ad aliquid_ (opp. _alienum, aversum esse, -abhorrere ab aliqua re_)—to have an inclination for a thing. - -_studiis suis obsequi_ (De Or. 1. 1. 3)—to follow one's inclinations. - -_sibi_ or _ingenio suo indulgere_ (Nep. Chabr. 3)—to indulge one's -caprice. - - -[1] Notice _salvis legibus_ (Fam. 1. 4), without breaking the law; -_salva fide_ (Off. 3. 4. 44), without breaking one's word. - -[2] _officium_ is used of anything which one feels bound to do, either -on moral grounds or from a desire to please others (especially those -in authority). Thus the word denotes not merely duty, sense of duty, -faithful performance of duty, submissiveness (cf. sect. xvi. 13), but -also courteous, obliging behaviour, complaisance, mark of respect. -Objectively it has the meaning of an office, service, command, e.g. -_officium maritimum_. - - - - -8. Reason—Conscience—Remorse - - -_rationis participem_ (opp. _expertem_) _esse_—to be endowed with -reason. - -_ratione praeditum esse, uti_—to be endowed with reason. - -_prudenter, considerate, consilio agere_ (opp. _temere, nullo -consilio, nulla ratione_)—to act reasonably, judiciously. - -_sapere_ (Off. 2. 14. 48)—to be a man of sense, judgment. - -_resipiscere_ (Att. 4. 5. 2)—to recover one's reason, be reasonable -again. - -_ad sanitatem reverti, redire_—to recover one's reason, be reasonable -again. - -_ad bonam frugem se recipere_—to recover one's reason, be reasonable -again. - -_ad sanitatem adducere, revocare aliquem_—to bring some one back to -his senses. - -_satin (= satisne) sanus es?_—are you in your right mind? - -_rationi repugnare_—to be contrary to all reason. - -_conscientia recta, recte facti (factorum), virtutis, bene actae -vitae, rectae voluntatis_—a good conscience. - -_mens bene sibi conscia_—a good conscience. - -_conscientia mala_ or _peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti_—a guilty -conscience. - -_animus male sibi conscius_—a guilty conscience. - -_nullius culpae sibi conscium esse_—to be conscious of no ill deed. - -_conscientia morderi_ (Tusc. 4. 20. 45)—to be conscience-stricken. - -_conscientiae maleficiorum stimulant aliquem_—his guilty conscience -gives him no rest. - -_conscientia mala angi, excruciari_—to be tormented by remorse. - -_(mens scelerum furiis agitatur_)—to be tormented by remorse. - -_conscientia recte factorum erigi_—to congratulate oneself on one's -clear conscience. - -_Furiae agitant et vexant aliquem_—the Furies harass and torment some -one. - - - - -9. Measure—Standard—Limit—Moderation - - -_modum tenere, retinere_[1]_, servare, adhibere_—to observe -moderation, be moderate. - -_omnia modice agere_—to be moderate in all things, commit no excess. - -_modum facere, statuere, constituere alicui rei_ or _alicuius rei_—to -set a limit to a thing. - -_modum transire_—to pass the limit. - -_extra modum prodire_—to pass the limit. - -_ultra modum_[2] _progredi_—to pass the limit. - -_metiri, ponderare, aestimare, iudicare aliquid (ex) aliqua re_—to -measure something by the standard of something else; to make something -one's criterion. - -_dirigere_ or _referre aliquid ad aliquam rem_—to measure something by -the standard of something else; to make something one's criterion. - -_fines certos terminosque constituere_—to impose fixed limitations. - -_terminis circumscribere aliquid_—to set bounds to a thing, limit it. - -_moderatum, continentem esse_—to behave with moderation. - -_moderatum se praebere_—to behave with moderation. - -_temperantia uti_—to behave with moderation. - -_moderationem, modum adhibere in aliqua re_—to show moderation in a -matter. - -_moderari aliquid_ (Flacc. 5. 12)—to show moderation in a matter. - -_modice ac sapienter_—with moderation and judgment. - -_sine modo; nullo modo adhibito_—with no moderation. - -_extra, praeter modum_—beyond all measure. - -_mediocritatem tenere_ (Off. 1. 25. 89)—to observe the golden mean. - - -[1] In the original book is _retineri_. I transcribed this as -_retinere_, following the Latin text of the French edition -(_Phraséologie Latine_, translatation by Charles Pascal, 5th ed., -1942, Librairie C. Klincksieck, p. 212). - -[2] Only Livy and subsequent writers use _modum excedere_, and in the -same way _supra modum_. - - - - -10. Morals—Immorality—Principles—Character - - -_homo bene (male) moratus_—a moral (immoral) man. - -_homo perditus_—a depraved, abandoned character. - -_praecepta de moribus_ or _de virtute_—moral precepts. - -_morum praecepta tradere alicui_—to give moral advice, rules of conduct. - -_de virtute praecipere alicui_—to give moral advice, rules of conduct. - -_mores corrupti_ or _perditi_—moral corruption (not _corruptela morum_). - -_tam perditis_ or _corruptis moribus_—amongst such moral depravity. - -_mores in dies magis labuntur_ (also with _ad_, e.g. _ad -mollitiem_)—immorality is daily gaining ground. - -_severus morum castigator_—a stern critic of morals. - -_aliquid abhorret a meis moribus_ (opp. _insitum [atque innatum] est -animo_ or _in animo alicuius_)—something is contrary to my moral -sense, goes against my principles. - -_consilia et facta_ (cf. sect. X. 1, note _For "thoughts and -deeds"..._)—thought and deed. - -_institutum tenere_—to remain true to one's principles. - -_ratione; animi quodam iudicio_—on principle. - -_vitae ratio bene ac sapienter instituta_—a sound and sensible system -of conduct. - -_meae vitae rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae_ (Imp. Pomp. 1. -1.)—the principles which I have followed since I came to man's estate. - -_certas rationes in agendo_[1] _sequi_—to follow fixed principles of -conduct. - -_omnia temere agere, nullo iudicio uti_—to have no principles. - -_caeco impetu ferri_—to have no principles. - -_natura et mores; vita moresque; indoles animi ingeniique_; or simply -_ingenium, indoles, natura, mores_—character. - -_vir constans, gravis_ (opp. _homo inconstans, levis_)—a man of -character, with a strong personality. - -_sibi constare, constantem esse_—to be consistent. - -_animo mobili esse_ (Fam. 5. 2. 10)—to be inconsistent, changeable. - -_aliquid est proprium alicuius_—something is a characteristic of a man. - -_mobilitas et levitas animi_—inconsistency; changeability. - - -[1] Do not translate "to act, behave, conduct oneself" by _agere_ -without an object or an accompanying adverb, e.g. _bene, recte agere_; -however, with the gerundive the adverb may be omitted, e.g _agendum -est, tempus agendi, celeritas in agendo_. - - - - -XI. Religion - - -1. God—Worship - - -_numen (deorum) divinum_—the sovereign power of the gods. - -_dei propitii_ (opp. _irati_)—the favour of heaven. - -_superi; inferi_—the gods of the upper, lower world. - -_inferi_ (_Orcus_ and _Tartarus_ only poetical)—the world below. - -_ad inferos descendere_—to descend to the world below. - -_apud inferos esse_—to be in the lower world. - -_aliquem ab inferis_ or _a mortuis evocare, excitare_ (passive _ab -inferis exsistere_)—to summon some one from the dead. - -_deos sancte, pie venerari_—to be an earnest worshipper of the gods. - -_deum rite (summa religione) colere_—to honour the gods with all due -ceremonial (very devoutly). - -_cultus dei, deorum_ (N. D. 2. 3. 8)—worship of the gods; divine -service. - -_sacra, res divinae, religiones, caerimoniae_—ritual; ceremonial. - -_rebus divinis interesse_ (B. G. 6. 13)—to take part in divine service -(of the priest). - -_sacris adesse_—to be present at divine service (of the people). - -_sacris initiari_ (Quintil. 12. 10. 14)—to be initiated into the -mysteries of a cult. - -_templa deorum adire_—to make a pilgrimage to the shrines of the gods. - -_numerum deorum obtinere_ (N. D. 3. 20)—to be regarded as a god. - -_aliquem in deorum numerum referre, reponere_—to deify a person. - -_aliquem in deorum numero referre_—to consider as a god. - -_aliquem divino honere colere_—to pay divine honours to some one. - -_alicui divinos honores tribuere, habere_—to pay divine honours to -some one. - -_propius ad deos accedere_ (Mil. 22. 59)—to approach the gods. - -_supera et caelestia; humana et citerioria_—heavenly things; earthly -things. - -_divinitus_ (De Or. 1. 46. 202)—by divine inspiration (often = -marvellously, excellently). - -_divinitus accidit_—it happened miraculously. - - - - -2. Religion—Religious Scruple—Oath - - -_imbuere_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 7, note _imbuere..._) _pectora -religione_[1]—to inspire with religious feeling, with the fear of God. - -_audientium animos religione perfundere_ (Liv. 10. 388)—to fill the -souls of one's audience with devotion. - -_religionem ex animis extrahere_ (N. D. 1. 43. 121)—to banish devout -sentiment from the minds of others. - -_omnem religionem tollere, delere_—to annihilate all religious feeling. - -_religionem labefactare_ (_vid._ sect. V. 7, note _In Latin -metaphor..._)—to shake the foundations of religion. - -_religione obstrictos habere multitudinis animos_ (Liv. 6. 1. 10)—to -have power over the people by trading on their religious scruples. - -_religionem alicui afferre, inicere, incutere_—to inspire some one -with religious scruples. - -_aliquid religioni habere_ or _in religionem vertere_—to make a thing -a matter of conscience, be scrupulous about a thing. - -_aliquid in religionem alicui venit_—to make a thing a matter of -conscience, be scrupulous about a thing. - -_nulla religio_—absence of scruples, unconscientiousness. - -_religionem externam suscipere_—to embrace a strange religion. - -_novas religiones instituere_—to introduce a new religion, a new cult. - -_bellum pro religionibus susceptum_—a religious war. - -_violatas caerimonias inexpiabili religione sancire_ (Tusc. 1. 12. -27)—to invoke an irrevocable curse on the profanation of sacred rites. - -_iusiurandum dare alicui_[2]—to swear an oath to a person. - -_ex animi mei sententia iuro_—I swear on my conscience. - -_iureiurando aliquem astringere_—to bind some one by an oath. - -_iureiurando aliquem adigere_—to make some one take an oath. - -_iureiurando ac fide se obstringere, ut_—to promise an oath to... - -_iureiurando teneri_ (Off. 3. 27. 100)—to be bound by oath. - -_iusiurandum (religionem) servare, conservare_—to keep one's oath. - -_periurium facere; peierare_—to commit perjury, perjure oneself. - -_iusiurandum violare_—to break one's oath. - - -[1] _religio_ (original meaning probably that which binds down, cf. -_religo, leges, lictor_, etc.) denotes, subjectively, religious -feeling, devotion, fear of God, religious scruple, conscientiousness. -Objectively it means the object of religious fear, a sacred thing or -place, also that which is contrary to the gods' will, a crime, sin, -curse; lastly in an active sense a religious obligation, an oath. - -[2] _sacramentum dicere alicui_ and _apud aliquem_ = to take in some -one's presence an oath to the standard, a military oath. - - - - -3. Belief—Unbelief—Superstition - - -_opinio dei_—belief in god. - -_deum esse credimus_—we believe in the existence of a God. - -_deos esse negare_—to deny the existence of the gods. - -_insitas (innatas) dei cognitiones habere_ (N. D. 1. 17. 44)—to have -innate ideas of the Godhead; to believe in the Deity by intuition. - -_omnibus innatum est et in animo quasi insculptum esse deum_—belief in -God is part of every one's nature. - -_natura in omnium animis notionem dei impressit_ (N. D. 1. 16. -43)—Nature has implanted in all men the idea of a God. - -_impietas_—unbelief. - -_qui deum esse negat_—an atheist. - -_superstitio mentes occupavit_ (Verr. 4. 51. 113)—superstition has -taken possession of their souls. - -_superstitione imbutum esse_—to be tinged with superstition. - -_superstitione teneri, constrictum esse, obligatum esse_—to be the -slave of superstition. - -_superstitionem funditus tollere_—to absolutely annihilate superstition. - -_superstitionem radicitus_ or _penitus evellere_—to destroy -superstition root and branch. - -_formidines_—superstitious fears; phantoms. - - - - -4. Prayers—Wishes—Vows - - -_precari aliquid a deo_—to pray to God. - -_precari deum, deos_—to pray to God. - -_supplicare deo_ (Sall. Iug. 63. 1)—to pray to God. - -_adhibere deo preces_—to pray to God. - -_praeire verba (carmen)_ (Liv. 31. 17)—to read prayers for the -congregation to repeat. - -_(supinas) manus_[1] _ad caelum tendere_—to raise the hands to heaven -(attitude of prayer). - -_favete ore, linguis_ = εὐφημειτε—maintain a devout silence (properly, -utter no ill-omened word). - -_preces facere_—to pray. - -_grates, laudes agere dis immortalibus_—to thank, glorify the immortal -gods. - -_testari deos_ (Sull. 31. 86)—to call the gods to witness. - -_contestari deos hominesque_—to call gods and men to witness. - -_dis bene iuvantibus_ (Fam. 7. 20. 2)—with the help of the gods. - -_quod deus bene vertat!_[2]—and may God grant success! - -_quod di immortales omen avertant!_ (Phil. 44. 11)—and may heaven -avert the omen! heaven preserve us from this! - -_quod abominor! (procul absit!)_—God forbid! - -_di prohibeant, di meliora!_—heaven forfend! - -_quod bonum, faustum, felix, fortunatumque sit!_[3] (Div. 1. 45. -102)—may heaven's blessing rest on it. - -_precari alicui bene (male)_ or _omnia bona (mala), salutem_—to bless -(curse) a person. - -_vota facere, nuncupare, suscipere, concipere_—to make a vow. - -_vota solvere, persolvere, reddere_—to accomplish, pay a vow. - -_voti damnari, compotem fieri_—to have to pay a vow; to obtain one's -wish. - - -[1] _supinus_ = ὕπτιος, bent backwards; _supinae manus_, with the -palms turned up. The opposite of _supinus_ is _pronus_, e.g. _puerum -imponere equo pronum in ventrem, postea sedentem_ (Varr.); _pecora -quae natura prona finxit_ (Sall.) - -[2] Note that these clauses with _quod_ are parenthetical. - -[3] Sometimes abbreviated q. b. f. f. f. s. - - - - -5. Sacrifice—Festival - - -_sacra, sacrificium facere (ἱερὰ ῥέζειν), sacrificare_—to sacrifice. - -_rem divinam facere (dis)_—to sacrifice. - -_ture et odoribus incensis_—with incense and perfumes. - -_rebus divinis (rite) perpetratis_—after having performed the -sacrifice (with due ritual). - -_sacrificium statum (solemne)_ (Tusc. 1. 47. 113)—a periodically -recurring (annual) sacrifice. - -_sacra polluere et violare_—to profane sacred rites. - -_victimas_ (oxen), _hostias_ (smaller animals, especially sheep) -_immolare, securi ferire, caedere, mactare_—to slaughter victims. - -_deos placare_ (B. G. 6. 15)—to appease the anger of the gods. - -_manes expiare_ (Pis. 7. 16)—to appease the manes, make sacrifice for -departed souls. - -_pro victimis homines immolare_—to sacrifice human victims. - -_parentare_ (Leg. 2. 21. 54)—to make a sacrifice on the tomb of one's -ancestors. - -_libare_—to offer libations. - -_diem festum agere_ (of an individual)—to keep, celebrate a festival. - -_diem festum celebrare_ (of a larger number)—to keep, celebrate a -festival. - -_supplicationem indicere ad omnia pulvinaria_ (Liv. 27. 4)—to proclaim -a public thanksgiving at all the street-shrines of the gods. - -_supplicationem quindecim dierum decernere_ (Phil. 14. 14. 37)—to -decree a public thanksgiving for fifteen days. - -_supplicationem habere_ (Liv. 22. 1. 15)—to celebrate a festival of -thanksgiving. - -_lectisternium facere, habere_ (Liv. 22. 1. 18)—to hold a lectisternium. - - - - -6. Oracle—Prodigies—Auspices—Presage - - -_oraculum consulere_—to consult an oracle. - -_oraculum petere (ab aliquo)_—to ask for an oracular response. - -_mittere Delphos consultum_—to send and consult the oracle at Delphi. - -_oraculum dare, edere_—to give an oracular response. - -_responsum dare_ (_vid._ sect. VIII. 5, note _Note to answer..._), -_respondere_—to give an oracular response. - -_oraculum Pythium (Pythicum)_—an oracle given by the Delphian Apollo -(Apollo Pythius). - -_vox Pythia (Pythica)_ (Liv. 1. 56)—an oracle given by the Delphian -Apollo (Apollo Pythius). - -_prodigia procurare_[1] (Liv. 22. 1)—to avert by expiatory sacrifices -the effect of ominous portents. - -_libros Sibyllinos adire, consulere, inspicere_—to consult the -Sibylline books. - -_augurium agere,_[2] _auspicari_ (N. D. 2. 4. 11)—to take the -auspices, observe the flight of birds. - -_de caelo servare_ (Att. 4. 3. 3)—to observe the sky (_i.e._ the -flight of birds, lightning, thunder, etc.) - -_aves (alites, oscines)_[3] _addīcunt alicui_ (opp. _abdicunt -aliquid_)—the omens are favourable to some one. - -_augures obnuntiant (consuli)_ (Phil. 2. 33. 83)—the augurs announce -an unfavourable sign. - -_auspicato (rem gerere, urbem condere)_—after having duly taken the -auspices. - -_omen accipere_ (opp. _improbare_)—to accept as a happy omen. - -_accipere, vertere aliquid in omen_—to interpret something as an omen. - -_faustis ominibus_—with favourable omens. - -_omen infaustum, triste_—an evil omen; presage of ill. - - -[1] _procurare_, a technical term of religious ceremonial = to avert -by expiation; to take the necessary measures, observe the proper -ceremony for appeasing the anger of the gods. - -[2] Not _auspicia habere_, which means to have the right to take the -auspices. As this right was usually combined with the right to -command, we find such phrases as _ponere auspicia_, to give up a -command; _imperio auspicioque alicuius, auspiciis alicuius_, under -some one's command. - -[3] In the science of augury, _alites_ denoted birds which gave omens -by their flight; _oscines_ those which gave them by their cries. - - - - -XII. Domestic Life - - -1. The House and its different Parts - - -_domus necessariis rebus instructa_—a comfortably-furnished house. - -_domus ruina_[1] _impendet_—the house threatens to fall in (_vid._ -sect. X. 5, note _"Threaten"..._). - -_domus collapsura, corruitura (esse) videtur_—the house threatens to -fall in (_vid._ sect. X. 5, note _"Threaten"..._). - -_domus subita ruina collapsa est_—the house suddenly fell in ruins. - -_domum demoliri_ (Top. 4. 22)—to demolish, raze a house. - -_domus non omnes capit_[2] (χωρειν)—the house is not large enough for -all. - -_domum frequentare_ (Sall. Cat. 14. 7)—to be a regular visitor at a -house. - -_domus rimas agit_—the house walls are beginning to crack. - -_apud eum sic fui tamquam domi meae_ (Fam. 13. 69)—I felt quite at -home in his house. - -_apud aliquem esse_—to be at some one's house. - -_tectum subire_—to enter the house. - -_tecto, (in) domum suam aliquem recipere_ (opp. _prohibere aliquem -tecto, domo_)—to welcome to one's house (opp. to shut one's door -against some one). - -_domo pedem non efferre_—to never set foot out of doors. - -_pedem limine efferre_—to cross the threshold. - -_foras exire_ (Plaut. Amph. 1. 2. 35)—to go out of the house. - -_foras mittere aliquem_—to turn some one out of the house. - -_in publico_—in the streets. - -_in publicum prodire_ (Verr. 2. 1. 31)—to show oneself in the streets, -in public. - -_publico carere, se abstinere_—to never appear in public. - -_domi se tenere_—to never appear in public. - -_deducere_[3] _aliquem de domo_—to escort a person from his house. - -_pro aris_[4] _et focis pugnare, certare, dimicare_—to fight for -hearth and home. - -_domi_ (opp. _foris_)—at home; in one's native country. - -_ostium, fores pulsare_—to knock at the door. - -_ostium, fores aperire, claudere_—to open, shut the door. - -_fores obserare_—to bolt the door. - -_ianuam effringere, revellere_—to burst open the door. - -_valvas (portam) obstruere_—to barricade a door (a city-gate). - - -[1] _ruina_ = fall, overthrow (metaphor. e.g. _ruina rei publicae, -ruinae fortunarum_, Catil. 1. 6. 14). In plur. it is used of the -ruins, débris resulting from an overthrow, e.g. _urbs strata ruinis_, -a town in ruins; _fumantes ruinae urbis_. For "ruins" in the sense of -remains of old buildings use _parietinae_. - -[2] Also metaph. e.g. _Macedonia te no capit_. - -[3] Notice too _deducere coloniam_; _deducere naves_, to launch ships, -opposed to _subducere_ = to beach a boat; _deducere adulescentes ad -virum clarissimum_ (De Am. 1. 1); _deducere de sententia aliquem_; -_rem in eum locum deducere, ut..._; _de capite deducere_ (opp. -_addere_) _quod pernumeratum est_ = to subtract from the capital the -amount paid; _deducere aliquem_, to escort a person from his province -to Rome. - -[4] At Rome there were altars not only in the temples but also in the -streets and in private houses. In a house there were usually two—one -in the court, the altar of the _Penates_; another in the _atrium_ on a -small hearth (_focus_), this was the altar of the _Lares_. Hence _arae -focique_ = the altars and hearths of the _Lares_ and _Penates_. - - - - -2. Domestic Matters—Property - - -_rem domesticam, familiarem administrare, regere, curare_—to keep house. - -_rem_ or _opes habere, bona possidere, in bonis esse_—to possess -means, to be well off. - -_opibus, divitiis, bonis, facultatibus abundare_—to be very rich. - -_rem bene (male) gerere_[1] (_vid._ sect. XVI. 10a)—to manage one's -affairs, household, property well or ill. - -_rem familiarem tueri_—to manage one's affairs, household, property -well or ill. - -_rem familiarem neglegere_—to neglect, mismanage one's household -matters. - -_diligentem, frugi esse_—to be economical. - -_diligens paterfamilias_—a careful master of the house. - -_frugi_[2] (opp. _nequam_) _servus_—a good, useful slave. - -_severum imperium in suis exercere, tenere_ (De Sen. 11. 37)—to be a -strict disciplinarian in one's household. - -_in possessionem alicuius rei venire_—to come into the possession of -something. - -_in possessionem alicuius rei invadere_—to take forcible possession of -a thing. - -_expellere aliquem domo, possessionibus pellere_—to turn a person out -of his house, his property. - -_demovere, deicere aliquem de possessione_—to dispossess a person. - -_exturbare aliquem omnibus fortunis, e possessionibus_—to drive a -person out of house and home. - -_evertere aliquem bonis, fortunis patriis_—to drive a person out of -house and home. - -_possessione alicuius rei cedere alicui_ (Mil. 27. 75)—to give up a -thing to some one else. - -_res, quae moveri possunt; res moventes_[3] (Liv. 5. 25. 6)—movable, -personal property. - -_fundi_—property in land; real property. - - -[1] _rem gerere_= generally to manage one's affairs. Then -specially—(1) to do business (of commercial men); (2) to administer -one's estate; (3) to hold a command (of a general in the field). _res -gerere_ plur. = to carry out, accomplish undertakings, used specially -of political activity. - -[2] _frugi_ is an old case-form (either locative or dative) from an -obsolete nominative _frux_. Cf. _bonae frugi esse_, to be useful; _ad -bonam frugem se recipere_, to come to one's senses (Cael. 12. 28). - -[3] _res moventes_; _movere_ is apparently sometimes used -intransitively, e.g. _terra movet_ (Liv. 35. 40; 40. 59), but here -_moventes_ is probably the participle of the middle _moveri_ (cf. _res -quae MOVERI possunt_). For parallel examples of a middle verb with a -participle present or a gerundive cf. Fin. 2. 10. 31 _utra voluptate -stante an movente?_ Suet. Claud. 28 _lecticam per urbem vehendi ius_; -Or. 2. 71. 287 _ceteris in campo exercentibus_, etc. - - - - -3. Habitation—Clothing - - -_habitare_[1] _in domo alicuius, apud aliquem_ (Acad. 2. 36. 115)—to -live in some one's house. - -_domicilium (sedem ac domicilium) habere in aliquo loco_—to dwell in a -certain place. - -_sedem collocare alicubi_ (Rep. 2. 19. 34)—to take up one's abode in a -place, settle down somewhere. - -_sedem ac domicilium (fortunas suas) constituere alicubi_—to take up -one's abode in a place, settle down somewhere. - -_considere alicubi_ (Att. 5. 14. 1)—to take up one's abode in a place, -settle down somewhere. - -_multitudinem in agris collocare_—to settle a large number of people -in a country. - -_domo emigrare_ (B. G. 1. 31)—to emigrate. - -_domo profugus_ (Liv. 1. 1)—homeless. - -_induere vestem_ (without _sibi_)—to dress oneself. - -_vestem mutare_ (opp. _ad vestitum suum redire_) (Planc. 12. 29)—to go -into mourning. - -_vestimenta (et calceos) mutare_—to change one's clothes (and shoes). - -_vestitus obsoletus, tritus_—cast-off clothing. - -_vestis stragula_ or simply _vestis_—drapery. - -_togatus,_[2] _palliatus_—with a toga, cloak on. - -_pannis obsitus_—in rags - -_paludatus, sagatus_—in a military cloak (_paludamentum_, of a -general; _sagum_, of soldiers). - -_togam virilem (puram) sumere_—to assume the _toga virilis_. - -_vestem ponere_[3] _(exuere)_—to undress. - - -[1] _habitare locum_ is not used, _locus habitatur_ is. On the other -hand, we find _incolere Asiam_, etc., or with preps. _cis, trans, -inter, prope, circum—incolere_ being used intransitively, e.g. B. G. -1. 1. 4 _Germani qui trans Rhenum incolunt_. _incolere_ is used of a -number of people, _habitare_ of individuals. - -[2] _togatus_ = a Roman citizen as opposed to—(1) a foreigner, (2) a -soldier, (3) _tunicatus_, which is used of the lower classes who -actually had no _toga_ but simply _tunica_, cf. Hor. Ep. 1. 7. 65 -_tunicatus popellus_. - -[3] _vestem deponere_ = to give up wearing a garment, never use it -again. Notice too _ponere arma_, to put down one's weapons; _ponere -librum (de manibus)_, to lay aside a book (not _deponere_, which would -mean to lay aside for good. Cf. viii. 9). - - - - -4. Food—Drink - - -_cibum sumere, capere_—to take food. - -_cibum concoquere, conficere_—to digest food. - -_multi cibi esse, edacem esse_—to be a great eater. - -_cibum apponere, ponere alicui_—to set food before a person. - -_corpus curare (cibo, vino, somno)_—to refresh oneself, minister to -one's bodily wants. - -_ventri deditum esse_—to be the slave of one's appetite. - -_cibo se abstinere_—to abstain from all nourishment. - -_ieiunium servare_—to fast. - -_tantum cibi et potionis adhibere quantum satis est_—to take only -enough food to support life. - -_cibus delicatus_—delicacies. - -_panis cibarius_—ordinary bread. - -_vino deditum esse, indulgere_—to be given to drink. - -_potare_—to drink to excess; to be a drunkard. - -_alicui bibere dare_[1]—to give some one to drink. - -_alicui bibere ministrare_—to serve some one with drink. - -_propīno tibi hoc (poculum, salutem)_—I drink your health. - -_bene tibi_ or _te!_—your health! - -_inter pocula_—whilst drinking; at table. - -_exhaurire poculum_—to empty a cup at a draught. - - -[1] These forms _dare bibere_, etc., are not Graecisms but old usages -which have survived in conversational language. For the infinitive -(the dative of the verbal noun) used in this way compare Verg. Aen. 1. -527 _non nos aut ferro Libycos populare penates venimus_; Plaut. Bacc. -iv. 3. 18 _parasitus modo venerat aurum petere._ - - - - -5. Subsistence in General - - -_victus cotidianus_—daily bread. - -_victus tenuis_ (Fin. 2. 28. 90)—meagre diet. - -_res ad vitam necessariae_—the necessaries of life. - -_quae ad victum pertinent_—the necessaries of life. - -_res ad victum cultumque necessariae_—things indispensable to a life -of comfort. - -_vitae commoditas iucunditasque_—comfort - -_omnes ad vitam copias suppeditare alicui_—to provide some one with a -livelihood. - -_quae suppeditant ad victum_ (Off. 1. 4. 12)—a livelihood. - -_copiae cotidianis sumptibus suppetunt_ (_vid._ sect. IV. 2, note -_suppeditare..._)—his means suffice to defray daily expenses. - -_victum aliqua re quaerere_—to earn a livelihood by something. - -_vivere carne, piscibus, rapto_ (Liv. 7. 25)—to live on meat, fish, by -plunder. - -_de suo_ (opp. _alieno_) _vivere_—to live on one's means. - -_vitam (inopem) tolerare_ (B. G. 7. 77)—to endure a life of privation. - -_non habeo, qui (unde) vivam_—I have no means, no livelihood. - -_laute vivere_[1] (Nep. Chab. 3. 2)—to live well. - - -[1] Not _bene vivere_, which is used of leading a moral life. - - - - -6. Expenditure—Luxury—Prodigality - - -_sumptum facere, insumere in aliquid_—to spend money on an object. - -_sumptus effusi_ (_vid._ sect. IX. 2, note _Cf. effusa fuga..._) or -_profusi_—prodigal expenditure. - -_sumptui parcere_ (Fam. 16. 4)—to incur few expenses. - -_sumptibus modum statuere_—to limit one's expenditure. - -_sumptum minuere_—to retrench. - -_sumptus perpetui_ (Off. 2. 12. 42)—current expenses. - -_sumptus liberales_ (Off. 2. 12. 42)—munificence. - -_delicate ac molliter vivere_—to live a luxurious and effeminate life. - -_luxuria diffluere_ (Off. 1. 30. 106)—to be abandoned to a life of -excess. - -_omnium rerum copia diffluere_—to be abandoned to a life of excess. - -_in luxuriam effundi_—to plunge into excesses, a career of excess. - -_effundere, profundere pecuniam, patrimonium_—to squander one's money, -one's patrimony. - -_dissipare rem familiarem (suam)_—to squander all one's property. - -_lacerare bona sua_ (Verr. 3. 70. 164)—to squander all one's property. - - - - -7. Hospitality - - -_convivium instruere, apparare, ornare (magnifice, splendide)_—to -prepare, give a feast, dinner. - -_mensas exquisitissimis epulis instruere_ (Tusc. 5. 21. 62)—to load -the tables with the most exquisite viands. - -_mensae exstructae_—a table bountifully spread. - -_caput cenae_ (Fin. 2. 8. 25)—the main dish. - -_secunda mensa_ (Att. 14. 6. 2)—the dessert. - -_ab ovo usque ad mala_ (proverb.)[1]—from beginning to end. - -_aliquem vocare, invitare ad cenam_—to invite some one to dinner. - -_promittere (ad cenam)_ (Off. 3. 14. 58)—to accept an invitiation to -dinner. - -_inter cenam, inter epulas_—during dinner; at table. - -_promittere ad aliquem_—to promise to dine with a person. - -_condicere alicui (ad cenam)_—to invite oneself to some one's house -for dinner. - -_adhibere aliquem cenae_ or _ad cenam, convivio_ or _in convivium_—to -welcome some one to one's table. - -_cenam alicui apponere_—to set a repast before a person. - -_convivia tempestiva_ (Arch. 6. 13)—a repast which begins in good time. - -_accipere aliquem (bene, copiose, laute, eleganter, regio apparatu, -apparatis epulis)_—to entertain, regale a person. - -_deverti ad aliquem (ad [in] villam)_—to go to a man's house as his -guest. - -_deversari apud aliquem_ (Att. 6. 1. 25)—to stop with a person, be his -guest for a short time when travelling. - -_mihi cum illo hospitium est, intercedit_—my relations with him are -most hospitable. - -_hospitio alicuius uti_—to enjoy a person's hospitality. - -_hospitium cum aliquo facere, (con-)iungere_—to become a friend and -guest of a person. - -_hospitio aliquem accipere_ or _excipere (domum ad se)_—to welcome a -man as a guest in one's house. - -_hospitium renuntiare_ (Liv. 25. 18)—to sever (previous) hospitable -relations. - -_domus patet, aperta est mihi_—I am always welcome at his house. - -_invitare aliquem tecto ac domo_ or _domum suam_ (Liv. 3. 14. 5)—to -invite some one to one's house. - - -[1] Lit. "from the egg to the apples," i.e. throughout the dinner; cf. -_integram famem ad ovum affero_ (Fam. 9. 20. 1). - - - - -8. Sociability—Intercourse—Isolation - - -_vitae societas_[1]—social life. - -_facilitas, faciles mores_ (De Am. 3. 11)—a sociable, affable -disposition. - -_societatem inire, facere cum aliquo_—to associate with some one. - -_dissipatos homines in (ad) societatem vitae convocare_ (Tusc. 1. 25. -62)—to unite isolated individuals into a society. - -_socium se adiungere alicui_—to attach oneself to a person's society. - -_aliquem socium admittere_—to admit a person into one's society. - -_assiduum esse cum aliquo_—to be always in some one's company. - -_uti aliquo (familiariter)_—to be on intimate terms with some one. - -_alicuius familiaritate uti_—to be on intimate terms with some one. - -_usu, familiaritate, consuetudine coniunctum esse cum aliquo_—to be on -friendly terms with a person. - -_est mihi consuetudo_, or _usus cum aliquo_—to be on friendly terms -with a person. - -_vivere cum aliquo_—to be on friendly terms with a person. - -_vetus usus inter nos intercedit_—we have known each other well for -several years. - -_devincire aliquem consuetudine_—to attach a person to oneself. - -_se dare in consuetudinem alicuius_—to devote oneself to a person's -society. - -_se insinuare in consuetudinem alicuius_ (Fam. 4. 13. 6)—to insinuate -oneself into a person's society. - -_summa necessitudine aliquem contingere_—to stand in very intimate -relations to some one. - -_in simultate cum aliquo sum_—relations are strained between us. - -_hominum coetus, congressus fugere_—to shun society. - -_in solitudine vivere_ (Fin. 3. 20. 65)—to live in solitude. - -_secum vivere_—to live to oneself. - -_vitam solitariam agere_—to live a lonely life. - - -[1] The adj. _socialis_ in the sense of "sociable" only occurs in late -Latin, e.g. _homo sociale animal_ (Sen.) - - - - -9. Conversation—Audience—Conference - - -_sermonem conferre_,[1] _instituere, ordiri cum aliquo_—to enter into -conversation with some one. - -_se dare in sermonem cum aliquo_—to enter into conversation with some -one. - -_sermonem inferre de aliqua re_—to turn the conversation on to a -certain subject. - -_in eum sermonem_[2] _incidere, qui tum fere multis erat in ore_—to -talk of a subject which was then the common topic of conversation. - -_sermo incidit de aliqua re_—the conversation turned on... - -_in sermonem ingredi_—to begin a conversation. - -_sermo ortus est ab aliqua re_—the conversation began with... - -_sermonem alio transferre_—to turn the conversation to another topic. - -_medium sermonem abrumpere_ (Verg. Aen. 4. 388)—to break off in the -middle of the conversation. - -_sermonem producere in multam noctem_ (Rep. 6. 10. 10)—to prolong a -conversation far into the night. - -_sermonem habere cum aliquo de aliqua re_ (De Am. 1. 3)—to converse, -talk with a person on a subject. - -_hinc sermo ductus est_—the conversation began in this way. - -_sermo inductus a tali exordio_—the conversation began in this way. - -_multus sermo_—a long conversation. - -_narratio, fabula_—a narrative, tale, story. - -_narratiuncula, fabella_ (Fin. 5. 15)—an anecdote. - -_haec fabula docet_—this fable teaches us (without _nos_). - -_convenire aliquem_—to meet a person (accidentally or intentionally) -and talk with him. - -_congredi cum aliquo_—to meet a person by arrangement, interview him. - -_sui potestatem facere, praebere alicui_—to give audience to some one. - -_colloquendi copiam facere, dare_—to give audience to some one. - -_conveniendi aditum_[3] _dare alicui_—to give audience to some one. - -_aditum conveniendi_ or _colloquium_[4] _petere_—to ask a hearing, -audience, interview. - -_(ad colloquium) admitti_ (B. C. 3. 57)—to obtain an audience of some -one. - -_in congressum alicuius venire_—to obtain an audience of some one. - -_velle aliquem_ (Plaut. Capt. 5. 2. 24)—to wish to speak to some one. - -_paucis te volo_—a word with you. - -_tribus verbis te volo_—a word with you. - -_sermo cotidianus_, or simply _sermo_—conversational language. - -_coram loqui (cum aliquo)_—to speak personally to... - -_commercium loquendi et audiendi_—interchange of ideas; conversation. - -_capita conferre_ (Liv. 2. 45)—to put our heads together. - -_remotis arbitris_ or _secreto_—in private; tête-à-tête. - -_intra parietes_ (Brut. 8. 32)—within four walls. - - -[1] _sermonem conserere_ in late Latin. - -[2] Distinguish from such phrases as _incidere in sermonem (hominum)_, -to become common talk. - -[3] _audientia_ is not used in this connection, but only in such -phrases as _audientiam facere alicui_ or _orationi alicuius_, to -listen to a person.[TR1] - -[4] _colloquium_ as opposed to _sermo_ means an interview specially -arranged, usually for transaction of some business. - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text has indeed "to listen to a -person". The French edition gives "prêter l'oreille, écouter -quelqu'un". Both seem to be wrong because the original German footnote -says: "Es ist nicht hierfür _audientia_ zu gebrauchen, welches Wort -nur in der Redensart _audientiam facere alicui_ oder _orationi -alicuius_ einem 'Gehör verschaffen', vorkommt." Compare also Lewis & -Short, "A Latin Dictionary", entry "audientia". - - - - -10. Greeting—Farewell - - -_salutem alicui dicere, impertire, nuntiare_—to greet a person. - -_aliquem salvere iubere_ (Att. 4. 14)—to greet a person. - -_quid agis?_[1]—how are you? - -_quid agitur? quid fit?_—what is going on? how are you getting on? - -_Cicero Attico_[2] _S.D.P. (salutem dicit plurimam)_—Cicero sends -cordial greetings to Atticus. - -_tibi plurimam salutem_—my best wishes for your welfare. - -_nuntia fratri tuo salutem verbis meis_ (Fam. 7. 14)—remember me to -your brother. - -_adscribere alicui salutem_ (Att. 5. 20. 9)—to add to one's letter -good wishes to some one. - -_salute data (accepta) redditaque_—after mutual greeting. - -_inter se consalutare_ (De Or. 2. 3. 13)—to exchange greetings. - -_dextram alicui porrigere, dare_—to give one's right hand to some one. - -_dextram iungere cum aliquo, dextras inter se iungere_—to shake hands -with a person. - -_te valere_[3] _iubeo_—I bid you good-bye, take my leave. - -_vale_ or _cura ut valeas_—good-bye; farewell. - -_bene ambula et redambula_—a safe journey to you. - -_gratulari alicui aliquid_ or _de aliqua re_—to congratulate a person -on something. - - -[1] _quid agis?_ is also used as an expression of surprise, "what are -you thinking of?" - -[2] This and the following phrase only epistolary. - -[3] _valedicere alicui_ is poetical. - - - - -11. Betrothal—Marriage—Divorce - - -_filiam alicui despondere_—to betroth one's daughter to some one. - -_sibi (aliquam) despondere_ (of the man)—to betroth oneself, get -engaged. - -_nuptias conciliare_ (Nep. Att. 5. 3)—to arrange a marriage. - -_nuptias parare_—to make preparations for a marriage. - -_condicio (uxoria)_ (Phil. 2. 38. 99)—a match. - -_ducere uxorem_—to marry (of the man). - -_ducere aliquam in matrimonium_—to marry (of the man). - -_nubere alicui_—to marry (of the woman). - -_nuptam esse cum aliquo_ or _alicui_—to be married to some one. - -_uxorem habere_ (Verr. 3. 33. 76)—to be a married man. - -_dotem filiae dare_—to give a dowry to one's daughter. - -_filiam alicui in matrimonio_ or _in matrimonium collocare_ or simply -_filiam alicui collocare_—to give one's daughter in marriage to -some-one. - -_filiam alicui in matrimonium dare_—to give one's daughter in marriage -to some-one. - -_filiam alicui nuptum dare_—to give one's daughter in marriage to -some-one. - -_nuntium remittere alicui_ (De Or. 1. 40)—to separate, be divorced -(used of man or woman). - -_repudium dicere_ or _scribere alicui_—to separate, be divorced (used -of man or woman). - -_divortium facere cum uxore_—to separate from, divorce (of the man). - -_aliquam suas res sibi habere_[1] _iubere_ (Phil. 2. 28. 69)—to -separate from, divorce (of the man). - -_repudium_[2] _remittere viro_ (Dig. 24. 3)—to separate (of the woman). - - -[1] The formula of divorce used by the man was _tuas res tibi habeto_, -cf. Plaut. Trin. 266. - -[2] Cicero uses _divortium_ not _repudium_. _divortium_ (_dis, -vertere_) is a separation by mutual consent, _divortium est, quod in -diversas partes eunt, qui discedunt_ (Paul. Dig. L. 16. 1. 161). In -_repudium_ one party takes the initiative, usually the husband. The -formula commonly used was _tua condicione non utar_. - - - - -12. Will—Inheritance - - -_testamentum facere, conscribere_—to make a will. - -_testamentum obsignare_ (B. G. 1. 39)—to sign a will. - -_testamentum resignare_—to open a will. - -_testamentum rescindere_—to declare a will to be null and void. - -_testamentum subicere, supponere_—to produce a false will. - -_testamentum irritum facere, rumpere_—to annul, revoke a will. - -_testamento aliquid cavere_ (Fin. 2. 31)—to prescribe in one's will. - -_pecuniam alicui legare_—to leave money to a person in one's will. - -_aliquem heredem testamento scribere, facere_—to appoint some one as -heir in one's will. - -_alicuius mortui voluntas (suprema)_—the last wishes of a deceased -person. - -_heredem esse alicui_—to be some one's heir. - -_hereditate aliquid accipere_—to inherit something. - -_exheres paternorum bonorum_ (De Or. 1. 38. 175)—disinherited. - -_exheredari a patre_—to be disinherited. - -_hereditate aliquid relictum est ab aliquo_—something has been left as -a legacy by some one. - -_hereditas ad me_ or _mihi venit ab aliquo_ (Verr. 2. 1. 10)—I have -received a legacy from a person. - -_hereditatem adire, cernere_—to take possession of an inheritance. - -_heres ex asse, ex dodrante_—sole heir; heir to three-quarters of the -estate. - -_heres ex besse_—heir to two-thirds of the property. - - - - -13. Custom—Usage - - -_assuefactus_[1] or _assuetus aliqua re_—accustomed to a thing. - -_in consuetudinem_ or _morem venire_—to become customary, the fashion. - -_in nostros mores inducere aliquid_ (De Or. 2. 28)—to introduce a -thing into our customs; to familiarise us with a thing. - -_consuetudinem suam tenere, retinere,[TR1] servare_—to keep up a usage. - -_consuetudo inveterascit_ (B. G. 5. 41. 5)—a custom is taking root, -growing up. - -_res obsolescit_—a thing is going out of use, becoming obsolete. - -_a vetere consuetudine discedere_—to give up old customs. - -_a pristina consuetudine deflectere_—to give up old customs. - -_in pristinam consuetudinem revocare aliquid_—to return to ancient -usage. - -_aliquid est meae consuetudinis_—it is my custom. - -_aliquid cadit in meam consuetudinem_—it is my custom. - -_mos (moris) est, ut_ (Brut. 21. 84)—it is customary to... - -_more, usu receptum est_—it is traditional usage. - -_ut fit, ita ut fit, ut fere fit_—as usually happens. - -_ut solet, ut fieri solet_—as usually happens. - -_ita fert consuetudo_—so custom, fashion prescribes. - -_ex consuetudine mea_ (opp. _praeter consuetudinem_)—according to my -custom. - -_more institutoque maiorum_ (Mur. 1. 1)—according to the custom and -tradition of my fathers. - -_ex instituto_ (Liv. 6. 10. 6)—according to traditional usage. - - -[1] Note _assuescere_, to accustom oneself to .... and _assuefacere -aliquem_, to accustom some one else to... - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: The original text has _retineri_. But that -is wrong as can be seen from the French edition using _retinere_. - - - - -XIII. Commerce and Agriculture - - -1. Commerce in General—Purchase—Price - - -_negotiatores_[1] (Verr. 2. 69. 168)—business-men. - -_homines negotii_ (always in sing.) _gerentes_—business-men. - -_negotii bene gerentes_ (Quint. 19. 62)—good men of business. - -_negotium obire_ or _exsequi_—to be engaged upon a transaction, carry -it out. - -_negotium (rem) conficere, absolvere_—to settle, finish a transaction. - -_mercaturam facere_—to be engaged in commerce, wholesale business. - -_negotia habere (in Sicilia)_—to have commercial interests in Sicily. - -_contrahere rem_ or _negotium cum aliquo_ (Cluent. 14. 41)—to have -business relations with some one. - -_transigere aliquid (de aliqua re) cum aliquo_ or _inter se_—to -transact, settle a matter with some one. - -_nihil cum aliquo contrahere_—to do no business with a man. - -_quaestum facere_ (Fam. 15. 14)—to make money. - -_quaestui aliquid habere_ (Off. 2. 3. 13)—to make a profit out of -something. - -_res, quae importantur et exportantur_—imports and exports. - -_exponere, proponere merces (venales)_—to set out goods for sale. - -_parvo, vili pretio_ or _bene emere_—to buy cheaply. - -_magno_ or _male emere_—to buy dearly. - -_aliquid magno, parvo stat, constat_—a thing costs much, little. - -_aliquid nihilo_ or _gratis constat_—a thing costs nothing. - -_pretium alicui rei statuere, constituere_ (Att. 13. 22)—to fix a -price for a thing. - - -[1] The usual term for men of business are _negotiator, mercator, -caupo, institor_. The first two are used of merchants, wholesale -dealers, _negotiator_ especially when talking of the transactions -(_negotia_) of business, _mercator_ with reference to the profits -(_merces_). _caupo_ is a retail dealer, tradesman, shopkeeper; -_institor_, a pedlar, commercial traveller. - - - - -2. Money—Interest—Loans - - -_pecunia magna_,[1] _grandis (multum pecuniae)_—much money. - -_pecunia exigua_ or _tenuis_—little money. - -_pecunia praesens_ (_vid._ sect. V. 9, note _Notice too..._) or -_numerata_—cash; ready money. - -_aes (argentum) signatum_—coined money; bullion. - -_argentum (factum)_ (Verr. 5. 25. 63)—silver plate. - -_nummi adulterini_—bad money; base coin. - -_pecuniam erogare (in classem)_—to spend money. - -_pecuniam insumere in aliquid_ or _consumere in aliqua re_—to devote -money to a purpose. - -_pecuniam numerare alicui_ (Att. 16. 16)—to pay cash. - -_pecuniam solvere_—to pay money. - -_pecuniam alicui debere_—to owe some one money. - -_pecuniam alicui credere (sine fenore, usuris)_—to lend some one money -(without interest). - -_pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo_—to lend, -borrow money at interest. - -_pecuniam fenore occupare_ (Flacc. 21. 54)—to put out money at interest. - -_pecuniam collocare_[2] _in aliqua re_—to put money in an undertaking. - -_pecunia iacet otiosa_—the money is bringing in no interest, lies idle. - -_pecuniam mutuari_ or _sumere mutuam ab aliquo_—to borrow money from -some one. - -_pecuniam alicui mutuam dare_—to lend money to some one. - -_pecuniam creditam solvere_—to repay a loan. - -_non solvendo_[3] _esse_ (Phil. 2. 2. 4)—to be bankrupt. - -_pecuniam exigere (acerbe)_—to demand payment. - -_magnas pecunias ex aliqua re_ (e.g. _ex metallis_) _facere_—to have a -large income from a thing (e.g. from mines). - -_nummus iactatur_ (Off. 3. 20. 80)—the bank-rate varies. - -_versuram facere_ (Att. 5. 21. 12)—to transfer a debt. - -_nummulis acceptis_ (Att. 1. 16. 6)—for a trifle, a beggarly pittance. - - -[1] In plur. _magnae, multae pecuniae_ = large sums of money. - -[2] Sometimes absolutely, e.g. Cic. Off. 2. 25. 90 _pecuniam collocare_. - -[3] _solvendo_ is a predicative dative. For the development of such -uses cf. _nulli rei erimus postea_ (Plaut. Stich. 718); Ovid Met. 15. -403 _dedit huic aetas vires onerique ferendo est_; Liv. 4. 35 -_experiunda res est sitne aliqui plebeius ferendo magno honori_. - - - - -3. Money-Matters—Accounts—Audit - - -_res nummaria_ or _pecuniaria_—finance; money-matters. - -_ratio pecuniarum_—finance; money-matters. - -_argentariam facere_ (Verr. 5. 59. 155)—to be a banker. - -_argentariam dissolvere_ (Caecin. 4. 11)—to close one's bank, give up -banking. - -_codex_ or _tabulae ratio accepti et expensi_—account-book; ledger. - -_nomina facere_ or _in tabulas referre_—to book a debt. - -_pecunia in nominibus_[1] _est_—money is outstanding, unpaid. - -_pecuniam in nominibus habeo_—I have money owing me. - -_alicui expensum ferre aliquid_—to put a thing down to a man's account. - -_alicui acceptum referre aliquid_[2] (Verr. 2. 70. 170)—to put down to -a man's credit. - -_rationem alicuius rei inire, subducere_—to go through accounts, make -a valuation of a thing. - -_ad calculos vocare aliquid_ (Amic. 16. 58)—to go through accounts, -make a valuation of a thing. - -_inita subductaque ratione aliquid facere_—to do something after -careful calculation. - -_rationes putare_[3] _cum aliquo_—to balance accounts with some one. - -_ratio alicuius rei constat (convenit, par est)_—the accounts balance. - -_ratio acceptorum et datorum (accepti et expensi)_ (Amic. 16. 58)—the -account of receipts and expenditure. - -_rationem diligenter conficere_—to keep the accounts (day-book) -carefully. - -_summam facere alicuius rei_—to compute the total of anything. - -_de capite deducere_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 1, note _Notice too..._) -_aliquid_—to subtract something from the capital. - -_rationem alicuius rei reddere_—to render count of a matter; to pass -it for audit. - -_rationem alicuius rei reposcere aliquem_ or _ab aliquo_—to demand an -account, an audit of a matter. - -_rationem ab aliquo reptere de aliqua re_ (Cluent. 37. 104)—to demand -an account, an audit of a matter. - - -[1] _nomina_ are properly the sums entered in the ledger as due from a -person. Hence _nomen solvere, dissolvere_, to pay a debt.; _nomen -expedire, exsolvere_, to get rid of a debt; _bonum nomen_, a safe -investment (Cic. Fam. 5. 6. 2). - -[2] Also used metaphorically to "owe a thing to another's -instrumentality," e.g. _quod vivo tibi acceptum refero_. - -[3] The original meaning of _putare_ is to prune (cf. _purus, -amputare_), cleanse by cutting off, then make clear, calculate, -reckon. By a transference it became used of calculation, i.e. -thinking, believing. Compare the history of the French _raisonner_ and -the Italian _ragioneria_. - - - - -4. Rate of Interest - - -_centesimae_ (sc. _usurae_) (Att. 5. 21. 11)—interest at 1 per cent -per month, 12 per cent per annum. - -_binis centesimis fenerari_—to lend at 24 per cent.[TR1] - -_ternae centesimae_—36 per cent per annum. - -_quaternas centesimas postulare_ (Att. 5. 21. 11)—to demand 48 per cent. - -_semisses_—6 per cent (i.e. if for 100 denarii, asses, one pays half a -denarius, half an as per month). - -_semissibus magna copia est_—money is plentiful at 6 per cent. - -_usurae semissium_ (Colum.)—6 per cent. - -_usurae semisses_ (Jurists)—6 per cent. - -_quadrantes usurae_—3 per cent (a quarter of centesima). - -_trientes_ or _trientariae usurae_ (Att. 4. 15)—4 per cent. - -_quincunx_ (Pers. 5. 149)—5 per cent. - -_quincunces usurae_—5 per cent. - -_fenus ex triente Id. Quint. factum erat bessibus_ (Att. 4. 15. 7)—the -rate of interest has gone up from 4 per cent to 8 per cent. - -_perpetuum fenus_ (Att. 5. 21. 13)—simple interests. - -_fenus renovatum_—compound interest. - -_anatocismus_ (ἀνατοκισμός) (Att. 5. 21. 11)—compound interest. - -_fenus iniquissimum, grande, grave_—exorbitant rate of interest. - -_usura menstrua_—monthly interest. - -_centesimis cum anatocismo contentum esse_ (Att. 5. 21. 12)—to be -content with 12 per cent at compound interest. - - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: The Latin expression means _at 2 percent per -month_ which amounts to 24 percent per year (Cp. French edition). - - - -5. Profit—Credit—Debt - - -_lucrum facere_ (opp. _damnum facere_) _ex aliqua re_—to make profit -out of a thing. - -_in lucro ponere aliquid_ (Flacc. 17. 40)—to consider a thing as profit. - -_debitor_, or _is qui debet_—the debtor. - -_creditor_, or _is cui debeo_—the creditor. - -_fides et ratio pecuniarum_—credit and financial position. - -_fides_ (_vid._ sect. IX. 10, note _fides has six..._) -_concidit_—credit is going down. - -_fidem derogare alicui_—to rob a person of his credit. - -_fides aliquem deficere coepit_—a man's credit begins to go down. - -_fides (de foro) sublata est_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 3. 8)—credit has -disappeared. - -_fides tota Italia est angusta_—credit is low throughout Italy. - -_fidem moliri_ (Liv. 6. 11. 8)—to shake credit. - -_laborare de pecunia_—to have pecuniary difficulties. - -_in summa difficultate nummaria versari_ (Verr. 2. 28. 69)—to be in -severe pecuniary straits. - -_in maximas angustias (pecuniae) adduci_—to be reduced to extreme -financial embarrassment. - -_aes alienum_ (always in sing.) _facere, contrahere_—to incur debts. - -_grande, magnum_ (opp. _exiguum_) _aes alienum conflare_—to incur -debts on a large scale. - -_incidere in aes alienum_—to get into debt. - -_aes alienum habere_—to be in debt. - -_in aere alieno esse_—to be in debt. - -_in suis nummis versari_ (Verr. 4. 6. 11)—to have no debts. - -_aere alieno obrutum, demersum esse_—to be deeply in debt. - -_aere alieno oppressum esse_—to have pressing debts. - -_aes alienum dissolvere, exsolvere_—to pay one's debts. - -_nomina_ (cf. sect. XIII. 3) _solvere, dissolvere, exsolvere_—to pay -one's debts. - -_nomina exigere_ (Verr. 3. 10. 28)—to demand payment of, recover debts. - -_ex aere alieno exire_—to get out of debt. - -_aere alieno liberari_—to get out of debt. - -_versurā solvere, dissolvere_ (Att. 5. 15. 2)—to pay one's old debts -by making new. - - - - -6. Building - - -_opus locare_—to contract for the building of something. - -_opus redimere, conducere_—to undertake the contract for a work. - -_domum aedificandam locare, conducere_—to give, undertake a contract -for building a house. - -_aedificatorem esse_ (Nep. Att. 13. 1)—to be fond of building. - -_exstruere aedificium, monumentum_—to erect a building, a monument. - -_fundamenta iacere, agere_—to lay the foundations. - -_turrim excitare, erigere, facere_—to build a tower. - -_oppidum constituere, condere_—to build, found a city. - -_pontem facere in flumine_—to build a bridge over a river. - -_inicere pontem_—to build a bridge over a river. - -_flumen ponte iungere_—to build a bridge over a river. - -_pons est in flumine_—there is a bridge over the river. - -_pontem dissolvere, rescindere, interscindere_ (B. G. 2. 9. 4)—to -break down a bridge. - -_luminibus alicuius obstruere, officere_[1]—to obstruct a person's -view, shut out his light by building. - - -[1] Also used metaphorically to overshadow, eclipse a person, cf. vi. 1. - - - - -7. Agriculture—Management of Stock - - -_agrum colere_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 25. 67)—to till the ground. - -_agros fertiles deserere_—to leave fertile ground untilled. - -_agriculturae studere_ (opp. _agriculturam deserere_)—to have a taste -for agriculture. - -_opus rusticum_—tillage; cultivation. - -_in agris esse, habitare_—to live in the country. - -_serere; semen spargere_—to sow. - -_sementem facere_ (B. G. 1. 3. 1)—to look after the sowing. - -_ut sementem feceris, ita metes_ (proverb.) (De Or. 2. 65)—as you sow, -so will you reap. - -_laetae segetes_—the laughing cornfields. - -_laetissimi flores_ (Verr. 4. 48. 107)—a glorious expanse of flowers. - -_odores, qui efflantur e floribus_—the perfume exhaled by flowers. - -_messis in herbis est_ (Liv. 25. 15)—the crop is in the blade. - -_adhuc tua messis in herba est_ (proverb.)—your crop is still green, -_i.e._ you are still far from your ambition. - -_frumenta in agris matura non sunt_ (B. G. 1. 16. 2)—the corn is not -yet ripe. - -_messem facere_—to reap. - -_fructus demetere_ or _percipere_—to reap. - -_fructus condere_ (N. D. 2. 62. 156)—to harvest crops. - -_messis opīma_ (opp. _ingrata_)—a good harvest. - -_arbores serere_ (De Sen. 7. 24)—to plant trees. - -_arbores caedere_—to fell trees. - -_inopia_ (opp. _copia_) _rei frumentariae_—want of corn; scarcity in -the corn-market. - -_difficultas annonae_ (Imp. Pomp. 15. 44)—want of corn; scarcity in -the corn-market. - -_annona ingravescit, crescit_—the price of corn is going up. - -_annona laxatur, levatur, vilior fit_—the price of corn is going down. - -_caritas annonae_ (opp. _vilitas_), also simply _annona_—dearth of -corn; high prices. - -_ad denarios_[1] _L in singulos modios annona pervenerat_—corn had -gone up to 50 denarii the bushel. - -_annona cara est_—corn is dear. - -_hac annona_ (Plaut. Trin. 2. 4. 83)—when corn is as dear as it is. - -_rem pecuariam facere, exercere_ (cf. Varr R. R. 2. 1)—to rear stock. - -_pastum agere_—to drive to pasture. - -_pastum ire_—to go to pasture. - -_pascere gregem_—to feed a flock (of goats). - -_greges pascuntur_[2] (Verg. G. 3. 162)—the herds are grazing. - -_alere equos, canes_—to keep horses, dogs. - -_animalia quae nobiscum degunt_ (Plin. 8. 40)—domestic animals. - - -[1] _denarius_ = about 9-1/2 d., _vid._ Gow, Companion to School -Classics, p. 149. - -[2] _pascere_ and _pasci_ are also used metaphorically, _vid._ iii. s. -v. _oculi_. - - - - -XIV. The State - - -1. Constitution—Administration—Government - - -_forma rei publicae_—the constitution. - -_descriptio civitatis_—the constitution. - -_instituta et leges_—the constitution. - -_rem publicam constituere_[1]—to give the state a constitution. - -_rem publicam legibus et institutis temperare_ (Tusc. 1. 1. 2)—to give -the state a constitution. - -_civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere_—to give the state a -constitution. - -_suis legibus utitur_ (B. G. 1. 45. 3)—(a state) has its own laws, is -autonomous. - -_nullam habere rem publicam_—to have no constitution, be in anarchy. - -_rem publicam in pristinum statum restituere_—to restore the ancient -constitution. - -_optima re publica_—at the time of a most satisfactory government. - -_libera res publica, liber populus_—the Republic. - -_rem publicam gerere, administrare, regere, tractare, gubernare_—to -govern, administer the state. - -_rei publicae praeesse_—to have the management of the state. - -_ad gubernacula_ (metaph. only in plur.) _rei publicae sedere_—to hold -the reins of government. - -_clavum rei publicae tenere_—to hold the reins of government. - -_gubernacula rei publicae tractare_—to hold the reins of government. - -_principem civitatis esse_—to be the chief man in the state. - -_principem in re publica locum obtinere_—to hold the first position in -the state. - -_negotia publica_ (Off. 1. 20. 69)—public affairs. - -_vita occupata_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 2)—the busy life of a statesman. - -_accedere, se conferre ad rem publicam_—to devote oneself to politics, -a political career. - -_rem publicam capessere_ (Off. 1. 21. 71)—to devote oneself to -politics, a political career. - -_in re publica_ or _in rebus publicis versari_—to take part in politics. - -_rei publicae deesse_ (opp. _adesse_)—to take no part in politics. - -_a negotiis publicis se removere_—to retire from public life. - -_a re publica recedere_—to retire from public life. - -_in otium se referre_ (Fam. 99)—to retire into private life. - -_vita privata_ (Senect. 7. 22)—private life. - -_publico carere, forum ac lucem fugere_—to shun publicity. - -_forensi luce carere_—to shun publicity. - -_rem publicam tueri, stabilire_—to defend, strengthen the state. - -_res publica stat_ (opp. _iacet_)—the state is secure. - -_rem publicam augere, amplificare_—to aggrandise, extend the power of -the state. - -_saluti rei publicae non deesse_—to further the common weal. - -_rei publicae_[2] _causa_ (Sest. 47. 101)—for political reasons. - -_e re publica_ (opp. _contra rem p._)—for the advantage of the state; -in the interests of the state. - -_summa res publica_ (or _summa rei publicae_)—the welfare of the state. - -_commoda publica_ or _rei publicae rationes_—the interests of the state. - -_rei publicae rationibus_ or simply _rei publicae consulere_—to -further the public interests. - -_ad rei publicae rationes aliquid referre_—to consider a thing from a -political point of view. - -_in rem publicam omni cogitatione curaque incumbere_ (Fam. 10. 1. -2)—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare. - -_omnes curas et cogitationes in rem publicam conferre_—to devote one's -every thought to the state's welfare. - -_omnes curas in rei publicae salute defigere_ (Phil. 14. 5. 13)—to -devote one's every thought to the state's welfare. - -_totum et animo et corpore in salutem rei publicae se conferre_—to -devote oneself body and soul to the good of the state. - -_bene, optime sentire de re publica_—to have the good of the state at -heart. - -_omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentire_—to have the good -of the state at heart. - -_rector civitatis_ (De Or. 1. 48. 211)—the head of the state. - -_viri rerum civilium, rei publicae gerendae periti_ or _viri in re -publica prudentes_—statesmen. - -_auctores consilii publici_—statesmen. - -_principes rem publicam administrantes_ or simply _principes_—statesmen. - -_prudentia (civilis)_ (De Or. 1. 19. 85)—statesmanship; political -wisdom. - -_homo in re publica exercitatus_—an experienced politician. - -_res civiles_—political questions. - -_plus in re publica videre_—to possess great political insight. - -_longe prospicere futuros casus rei publicae_ (De Amic. 12. 40)—to -foresee political events long before. - -_alicuius in re publica_ or _capessendae rei publicae consilia eo -spectant, ut..._—a man's policy is aiming at, directed towards... - -_rei publicae muneribus orbatus_—banished from public life. - -_gerendis negotiis orbatus_ (Fin. 5. 20. 57)—banished from public life. - - -[1] Cf. _tres viri rei publicae constituendae_. - -[2] There being no adjective in Latin for "political," we have to make -use of periphrasis with such words as _res publica, civilis, -popularis_, etc. - - - - -2. Civil Rights—Rank - - -_civitate donare aliquem_ (Balb. 3. 7)—to make a man a citizen. - -_in civitatem recipere, ascribere, asciscere aliquem_—to enroll as a -citizen, burgess. - -_civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire_—to present a person with -the freedom of the city. - -_civitatem mutare_ (Balb. 11. 27)—to naturalise oneself as a citizen -of another country. - -_generis antiquitate florere_—to be of noble family. - -_nobilitati favere_ (Sest. 9. 21)—to be a friend of the aristocracy. - -_nobilitatis fautorem, studiosum esse_—to be a friend of the -aristocracy. - -_homo novus_[1]—a parvenu (a man no member of whose family has held -curule office). - -_ordo senatorius (amplissimus)_—the senatorial order. - -_ordo equester (splendidissimus)_—the equestrian order; the knights. - -_summo loco natus_—of high rank. - -_nobili, honesto, illustri loco_ or _genere natus_—of illustrious -family. - -_humili, obscuro loco natus_—of humble, obscure origin. - -_humilibus (obscuris) parentibus natus_—of humble, obscure origin. - -_infimo loco natus_—from the lowest classes. - -_equestri loco natus_ or _ortus_—a knight by birth. - -_summi (et) infimi_ (Rep. 1. 34. 53)—high and low. - -_homines omnis generis_—people of every rank. - -_homines omnium ordinum et aetatum_—people of every rank and age. - -_homo plebeius, de plebe_—one of the people. - -_traduci ad plebem_ (Att. 1. 18. 4)—to get oneself admitted as a -plebeian. - -_transitio ad plebem_ (Brut. 16. 62)—to transfer oneself from the -patrician to the plebeian order. - -_traductio ad plebem_—to transfer oneself from the patrician to the -plebeian order. - -_unus de_ or _e multis_—one of the crowd; a mere individual. - -_faex populi, plebis, civitatis_—the dregs of the people. - -_infima fortuna_ or _condicio servorum_—a degraded, servile condition. - -_unus e togatorum numero_—an ordinary, average Roman citizen. - - -[1] A _novus homo_ by taking office becomes for his descendants -_princeps nobilitatis_ (Cic. Brut. 14) or _auctor generis_ (Leg. Agr. -2. 35). - - - - -3. Dignity—Position—Honours—Pre-Eminence—(cf. v. 17) - - -_dignitatem suam tueri, defendere, retinere, obtinere_—to guard, -maintain one's dignity. - -_dignitati suae servire, consulere_—to be careful of one's dignity. - -_aliquem ad summam dignitatem perducere_ (B. G. 7. 39)—to elevate to -the highest dignity. - -_principem (primum), secundum locum dignitatis obtinere_—to occupy the -first, second position in the state. - -_in altissimo dignitatis gradu collocatum, locatum, positum esse_—to -occupy a very high position in the state. - -_aliquem ex altissimo dignitatis gradu praecipitare_ (Dom. 37. 98)—to -depose, bring down a person from his elevated position. - -_aliquem de dignitatis gradu demovere_—to overthrow a person (cf. -sect. IX. 6). - -_aliquem gradu movere, depellere_ or _de gradu (statu) deicere_—to -overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6). - -_dignitatis gradum ascendere_—to attain a position of dignity. - -_ad honores ascendere_—to rise, mount to the honours of office. - -_amplissimos honorum gradus assequi, adipisci_—to reach the highest -grade of office. - -_ad summos honores pervenire_ (cf. also sect. V. 17)—to attain to the -highest offices. - -_vir defunctus honoribus_—a man who has held every office (up to the -consulship). - -_principatum tenere, obtinere_—to occupy the leading position. - -_de principatu deiectus_ (B. G. 7. 63)—deposed from one's high position. - -_contendere cum aliquo de principatu_ (Nep. Arist. 1)—to contend with -some one for the pre-eminence. - -_primas_ (e.g. _sapientiae_) _alicui deferre, tribuere, concedere_—to -give the palm, the first place (for wisdom) to some one. - - - - -4. Public Meetings—Suffrage - - -_convocare populi concilium_ and _populum ad concilium_—to summon an -assembly of the people. - -_contionem advocare_ (Sall. Iug. 33. 3)—to summon an assembly of the -people. - -_agere cum populo_[1] (Leg. 3. 4. 10)—to submit a formal proposition -to the people. - -_concilium indicere, habere, dimittere_—to fix the day for, to hold, -to dismiss a meeting. - -_comitia habere_—to hold a meeting of the people. - -_comitia magistratibus creandis_—meetings for the election of officers. - -_comitiis_ (Abl.) _convenire_—to meet for elections. - -_comitiis consulem creari_—to be chosen consul at the elections. - -_suffragium ferre_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 4, note _Not sententiam..._)—to -vote (in the popular assembly). - -_multitudinis suffragiis rem permittere_—to leave a matter to be -decided by popular vote. - - -[1] Aulus Gellius (13. 16. 3) explains the difference between _cum -populo agere_ and _contionem habere_; the former = _rogare quid -populum quod suffragiis suis aut iubeat aut vetet_. Cf. Liv. 22. 10. 2 -_velitis iubeatisne haec sic fieri?_ also 21. 17. 4. _habere contionem -(conventio = countio = contio)_ is equivalent to _verba facere ad -populum sine ulla rogatione_. - - - - -5. Laws—Bills - - -_legem, rogationem_[1] _promulgare_ (Liv. 33. 46)—to bring a bill -before the notice of the people. - -_legem ferre_ or simply _ferre ad populum, ut..._—to propose a law in -the popular assembly. - -_legem suadere_ (opp. _dissuadere_)—to support a bill (before the -people). - -_pro lege dicere_—to support a bill (before the people). - -_legem rogare_ or _rogare populum_ (cf. sect. XVI. 4, note _Aulus -Gellius..._)—to formally propose a law to the people. - -_legem perferre_ (Liv. 33. 46)—to carry a law (said of the magistrate). - -_lex perfertur_—a law is adopted. - -_legem antiquare_[2] (opp. _accipere, iubere_)—to reject a bill. - -_legem sciscere_ (Planc. 14. 35)—to vote for a law. - -_legem iubere_—to ratify a law (used of the people). - -_legem sancire_—to let a bill become law (of the people and senate). - -_Solo lege sanxit, ut_ or _ne_—Solo ordained by law that... - -_Solonis legibus sanctum erat, ut_ or _ne_—the laws of Solon ordained -that... - -_legem abrogare_[3] (Att. 3. 23. 2)—to replace an old law by a new. - -_legem tollere_ (Leg. 2. 12. 31)—to abolish a law. - -_legi intercedere_—to protest against a law (used of the veto, -_intercessio_, of plebeian tribunes). - -_legem proponere in publicum_—to bring a law before the notice of the -people. - -_edictum proponere_ (Att. 2. 21. 4)—to publish, post up an edict. - -_legem in aes incīdere_—to engrave a law upon a brazen tablet. - -_lex rata est_ (opp. _irrita_)—a law is valid. - -_legem ratam esse iubere_—to declare a law valid. - -_a lege discedere_—to transgress a law. - -_salvis legibus_ (_vid._ sect. X. 7, note _Notice..._)—without -breaking the law. - -_lex_[4] _iubet, vetat (dilucide, planissime)_—the law orders, forbids -(expressly, distinctly). - -_in lege scriptum est_, or simply _est_—the law says... - -_sententia_ or _voluntas legis_—the spirit of the law. - -_leges scribere, facere, condere, constituere_ (not _dare_)—to make -laws (of a legislator). - -_legum scriptor, conditor, inventor_—a legislator. - -_qui leges scribit_ (not _legum lator_)[5]—a legislator. - -_in legem iurare_ (Sest. 16. 37)—to swear obedience to a law. - -_lege teneri_—to be bound by a law. - -_legibus solvere_—to free from legal obligations. - -_ea lege, ut_—on condition of... - -_aliquid contra legem est_—a thing is illegal. - -_acta rescindere, dissolvere_ (Phil. 13. 3. 5)—to declare a -magistrate's decisions null and void. - -_in album referre_ (De Or. 2. 12. 52)—to record in the official -tablets (_Annales maximi_). - - -[1] A _rogatio_ had to be posted up in some public place for _trinum -nundinum (tempus)_ (Phil. 5. 3. 8), i.e. for seventeen days, _nundinae -(novem, dies)_ being a holiday, fair, held every ninth day. - -[2] On the voting-tablets (_tabellae_) used in the _comitia_ was -written either A (_antiquo_) to reject the bill, V * R (_uti rogas_) -to pass it; in judicial questions A (_absolvo_), C (_condemno_), N * L -(_non liquet_). - -[3] _legi_ or _de lege derogare_ = to reject a clause in it; _legem -abrogare_, to nullify a law by passing another which contradicts it; -_multam, poenam inrogare alicui_, to inflict a fine on some one with -the approval of the people; _pecuniam erogare (ex aerario in -classem)_, to draw money from the treasury and distribute it according -to the wishes of the people. - -[4] _lex_ is often personified in this way. - -[5] _legis lator_ = the man who proposes a law. - - - - -6. Popular Favour—Influence—Unpopularity - - -_aura favoris popularis_ (Liv. 22. 26)—popular favour; popularity. - -_populi favor, gratia popularis_—popular favour; popularity. - -_aura popularis_ (Harusp. 18. 43)—popular favour; popularity. - -_auram popularem captare_ (Liv. 3. 33)—to court popularity. - -_gratiam populi quaerere_—to court popularity. - -_aurae popularis homo_ (Liv. 42. 30)—a popular man. - -_ventum popularem quendam (in aliqua re) quaerere_—to strive to gain -popular favour by certain means. - -_gratiosum esse_ (opp. _invisum esse_)—to be popular, influential. - -_opibus, gratia, auctoritate valere, florere_—to have great influence. - -_opes, gratiam, potentiam consequi_—to acquire influence. - -_gratiam inire apud aliquem, ab aliquo_ (cf. sect. V. 12)—to gain some -one's favour. - -_crescere ex aliquo_—to raise oneself by another's fall. - -_crescere ex invidia senatoria_—to profit by the unpopularity of the -senate to gain influence oneself. - -_iacēre_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 1, note _iacēre..._)—to be politically -annihilated. - -_existimatio populi, hominum_—public opinion. - -_multum communi hominum opinioni tribuere_—to be always considering -what people think. - -_invidia_—unpopularity. - -_offensio populi, popularis_—unpopularity. - -_offensa populi voluntas_—unpopularity. - -_invidia dictatoria_ (Liv. 22. 26)—the feeling against the dictator. - -_ex invidia alicuius auram popularem petere_ (Liv. 22. 26)—to use some -one's unpopularity as a means of making oneself popular. - - - - -7. Party-Spirit—Neutrality—Politics—Aristocracy—Democracy - - -_partes_ (usually of plebeians)—a party; faction. - -_factio_ (of aristocrats)—a party; faction. - -_partium studium_, also simply _studia_—party-spirit. - -_partium studiosum esse_—to be a strong partisan. - -_certamen partium_—party-strife. - -_contentio partium_ (Phil. 5. 12. 32)—party-strife. - -_partium studiis divisum esse_—to be torn by faction. - -_consiliorum in re publica socius_—a political ally. - -_alicuius partes (causam)_ or simply _aliquem sequi_—to embrace the -cause of..., be a partisan of... - -_alicuius partibus studere_—to embrace the cause of..., be a partisan -of... - -_ab (cum) aliquo stare_ (Brut. 79. 273)—to be on a person's side (not -_ab alicuius partibus_). - -_alicuius studiosum esse_—to be a follower of some one. - -_cum aliquo facere_ (Sull. 13. 36)—to take some one's side. - -_nullius_ or _neutrius_ (of two) _partis esse_—to be neutral. - -_in neutris partibus esse_—to be neutral. - -_neutram partem sequi_—to be neutral. - -_medium esse_—to be neutral. - -_medium se gerere_—to be neutral. - -_a partibus rei publicae animus liber_ (Sall. Cat. 4. 2)—an -independent spirit. - -_idem de re publica sentire_—to have the same political opinions. - -_ab aliquo in re publica dissentire_—to hold different views in -politics. - -_ex rei publicae dissensione_—owing to political dissension. - -_in duas partes discedere_ (Sall. Iug. 13. 1)—to divide into two -factions. - -_studio ad rem publicam ferri_—to throw oneself heart and soul into -politics. - -_se civilibus fluctibus committere_—to enter the whirlpool of -political strife. - -_imperium singulare, unius dominatus, regium imperium_—monarchy. - -_optimatium dominatus_—aristocracy (as a form of government). - -_civitas, quae optimatium arbitrio regitur_—aristocracy (as a form of -government). - -_boni cives, optimi, optimates_, also simply _boni_ (opp. _improbi_); -_illi, qui optimatium causam agunt_—the aristocracy (as a party in -politics). - -_principes_ or _primores_—the aristocracy (as a leading class in -government). - -_nobiles; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt_—the aristocracy -(as a social class). - -_paucorum dominatio_ or _potentia_—oligarchy. - -_multitudinis dominatus_ or _imperium_—government by the mob. - -_spiritus patricii_ (Liv. 4. 42)—patrician arrogance; pride of caste. - -_homines graves_ (opp. _leves_)—men of sound opinions. - -_homo popularis_—a democrat. - -_homo vere popularis_ (Catil. 4. 5. 9)—a man who genuinely wishes the -people's good. - -_homo florens in populari ratione_—a democratic leader. - -_imperium populi_ or _populare, civitas_ or _res publica -popularis_—democracy. - -_causam popularem suscipere_ or _defendere_—to take up the cause of -the people, democratic principles. - -_populi causam agere_—to be a leading spirit of the popular cause. - -_patriae amantem (amantissimum) esse_ (Att. 9. 22)—to be (very) -patriotic. - -_mundanus, mundi civis et incola_ (Tusc. 5. 37)—a citizen of the -world; cosmopolitan. - - - - -8. Demagogy—Revolution—Rebellion—Anarchy - - -_plebis dux, vulgi turbator, civis turbulentus, civis rerum novarum -cupidus_—a demagogue, agitator. - -_iactatio, concitatio popularis_—popular agitation. - -_artes populares_—tricks of a demagogue. - -_populariter agere_—to play the demagogue. - -_conversio rei publicae_ (Div. 2. 2. 6)—revolution. - -_homines seditiosi, turbulenti_ or _novarum rerum -cupidi_—revolutionists. - -_novis rebus studere_—to hold revolutionary opinions. - -_novarum rerum cupidum esse_—to hold revolutionary opinions. - -_novas res moliri_ (Verr. 2. 125)—to plot a revolution. - -_contra rem publicam sentire_—to foster revolutionary projects. - -_contra rem publicam facere_—to be guilty of high treason. - -_a re publica deficere_—to betray the interests of the state. - -_plebem concitare, sollicitare_—to stir up the lower classes. - -_seditionem facere, concitare_—to cause a rebellion. - -_seditio erumpit_[1]—a rebellion breaks out. - -_coniurare (inter se) de_ c. Gerund. or _ut..._—to form a conspiracy. - -_coniurationem facere_ (Catil. 2. 4. 6)—to form a conspiracy. - -_conspirare cum aliquo (contra aliquem)_—to conspire with some one. - -_rem publicam labefactare_—to shake the stability of the state. - -_rem publicam perturbare_—to throw the state into confusion. - -_statum rei publicae convellere_—to endanger the existence of the state. - -_rem publicam vexare_—to damage the state. - -_rem publicam funditus evertere_—to completely overthrow the -government, the state. - -_omnes leges confundere_—to upset the whole constitution. - -_omnia turbare ac miscere_—to cause universal disorder. - -_perturbatio omnium rerum_ (Flacc. 37)—general confusion; anarchy. - -_omnia divina humanaque iura permiscentur_ (B. C. 1. 6. 8)—anarchy -reigns supreme. - -_leges nullae_—lawlessness; anarchy. - -_iudicia nulla_—lawlessness; anarchy. - -_res fluit ad interregnum_—things seem tending towards an interregnum. - -_non nullus odor est dictaturae_ (Att. 4. 18)—there are whispers of -the appointment of a dictator. - -_tumultum sedare_ (B. C. 3. 18. 3)—to quell an outbreak. - -_concitatam multitudinem reprimere_—to allay the excitement of the mob. - -_plebem continere_—to hold the people in one's power, in check. - - -[1] But _bellum exardescit_, war breaks out. - - - - -9. Proscription—Confiscation—Banishment—Amnesty - - -_proscribere aliquem_ or _alicuius possessiones_—to proscribe a -person, declare him an outlaw. - -_aqua et igni interdicere alicui_—to proscribe a person, declare him -an outlaw. - -_in proscriptorum numerum referre aliquem_ (Rosc. Am. 11. 32)—to place -a person's name on the list of the proscribed. - -_e proscriptorum numero eximere aliquem_—to erase a person's name from -the list of the proscribed. - -_bona alicuius publicare_ (B. G. 5. 54)—to confiscate a person's -property. - -_bona alicui restituere_—to restore to a person his confiscated -property. - -_in exsilium eicere_ or _expellere aliquem_—to banish a person, send -him into exile. - -_ex urbe (civitate) expellere, pellere aliquem_—to banish a person, -send him into exile. - -_de, e civitate aliquem eicere_—to banish a person, send him into exile. - -_exterminare (ex) urbe, de civitate aliquem_ (Mil. 37. 101)—to expel a -person from the city, country. - -_e patria exire iubere aliquem_—to banish a man from his native land. - -_patria carere_—to be in exile. - -_interdicere alicui Italiā_—to banish a person from Italy. - -_aliquem exsilio afficere, multare_—to punish by banishment. - -_in exsilium ire, pergere, proficisci_—to go into exile. - -_exsulatum ire_ or _abire_—to go into exile. - -_solum vertere, mutare_ (Caecin. 34. 100)—to leave one's country (only -used of exiles). - -_exsulare_ (Div. 2. 24. 52)—to live in exile. - -_in exsilio esse, exsulem esse_—to live in exile. - -_aliquem (in patriam) restituere_—to recall from exile. - -_in patriam redire_—to return from exile. - -_ante actarum (praeteritarum) rerum oblivio_ or simply -_oblivio_—amnesty (ἀμνηρτία). - -_omnem memoriam discordiarum oblivione sempiterna delere_ (Phil. 1. 1. -1)—to proclaim a general amnesty. - -_postliminium_ (De Or. 1. 40. 181)—a returning from exile to one's -former privileges. - - - - -10. Power—Monarchy—Royalty - - -_imperium, rerum summam deferre alicui_[1]—to confer supreme power on -a person. - -_rem publicam alicui permittere_—to give some one unlimited power in -state affairs. - -_imperium tenere (in aliquem)_—to have power over some one. - -_imperium obtinere_—to maintain power, authority. - -_principatu deici_ (B. G. 7. 63)—to be deposed from one's leading -position. - -_cum imperio esse_ (cf. XVI. 3)—to have unlimited power; to be -invested with _imperium_. - -_in imperio esse_—to hold a high office (such as conferred _imperium_, -i.e. _consulatus, dictatura, praetura_). - -_imperium in annum prorogare_—to prolong the command for a year. - -_imperium deponere_ (Rep. 2. 12. 23)—to lay down one's power. - -_imperium singulare_[2]—absolute power; autocracy. - -_dominari in aliquem_—to have unlimited power over a person. - -_imperium, regnum, tyrannidem_[3] _occupare_—to take upon oneself -absolute power. - -_rerum potiri_—(1) to usurp supreme power, (2) to be in a position of -power. - -_dominatio impotens_—despotic, tyrannous rule. - -_potestas immoderata, infinita_—despotic, tyrannous rule. - -_tyrannidem concupiscere_—to aspire to a despotism. - -_tyrannidem sibi parere aliqua re_—to establish oneself as despot, -tyrant by some means. - -_regnum appetere_ (B. G. 7. 4)—to aspire to the sovereignty. - -_regnum adipisci_—to obtain the sovereignty, kingly office. - -_alicui regnum deferre, tradere_—to invest some one with royal power. - -_aliquem regem, tyrannum constituere_—to establish some one as king, -tyrant. - -_regem restituere_—to restore a king to his throne (not _in solium_). - -_aliquem in regnum restituere_—to restore a king to his throne (not -_in solium_). - -_aliquem regno spoliare_ or _expellere_ (Div. 1. 22. 74)—to depose a -king. - -_regios spiritus sibi sumere_—to assume a despotic tone. - - -[1] _deferre_ in the sense "confer," "attribute," is also constructed -with _ad_; when it means to bring news, give information it always -takes _ad_. - -[2] Cf. _certamen singulare_, a fight of one individual with another, -a duel (cf. xvi. 10a). _singularis_ also has the meaning "unique," -"pre-eminent," e.g. _singularis virtus_. - -[3] _tyrannus, tyrannis, tyrannicus_ are rarely used in the Greek -sense, irresponsible sovereign, etc., but usually mean despot, -despotic, etc. The pure Latin equivalents are _rex, dominus, -dominatio, imperium, regius_, or if there is emphasis on the cruelty -of despots, _dominus saevus, crudelis et superba dominatio_, etc. - - - - -11. Slavery—Freedom - - -_servitute premi_ (Phil. 4. 1. 3)—to languish in slavery. - -_liberum populum servitute afficere_—to enslave a free people. - -_aliquem in servitutem redigere_—to reduce to slavery. - -_alicui servitutem iniungere, imponere_—to lay the yoke of slavery on -some one. - -_civitatem servitute oppressam tenere_ (Dom. 51. 131)—to keep the -citizens in servile subjection. - -_libertatem populo eripere_—to rob a people of its freedom. - -_populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati_—to grant a -people its independence. - -_aliquem in servitutem abducere, abstrahere_—to carry off into slavery. - -_aliquem sub corona vendere_ (B. G. 3. 16)—to sell a prisoner of war -as a slave. - -_iugum servitutis accipere_—to submit to the yoke of slavery. - -_libertas, libertatis studium_—independent spirit. - -_imperium oppugnare, percellere_—to attack, overthrow a tyranny. - -_ad libertatem conclamare_—to summon to liberty. - -_ad arma conclamare_ (Liv. 3. 50)—to call to arms. - -_vincula rumpere_—to burst one's chains. - -_iugum servitutis excutere_—to shake off the yoke of slavery. - -_iugum servile a cervicibus deicere_ (Phil. 1. 2. 6)—to shake off the -yoke of slavery. - -_servitutem exuere_ (Liv. 34. 7)—to shake off the yoke of slavery. - -_iugum servile alicui demere_—to deliver some one from slavery. - -_ab aliquo servitutem_ or _servitutis iugum depellere_—to deliver some -one from slavery. - -_dominationem_ or _dominatum refringere_—to destroy a despotism, -tyranny. - -_regios spiritus reprimere_ (Nep. Dion. 5. 5)—to destroy a despotism, -tyranny. - -_libertatem recuperare_—to recover liberty. - -_rem publicam in libertatem vindicare a_ or _ex dominatione_—to -deliver the state from a tyranny. - - - - -12. Revenue—Colonies—Provinces - - -_vectigalia redimere, conducere_—to farm the revenues. - -_vectigalia exercere_ (_vid._ sect. V. 7, note _The first..._)—to -collect the taxes. - -_vectigalia exigere (acerbe)_—to exact the taxes (with severity). - -_pecuniam cogere a civitatibus_—to extort money from the communities. - -_vectigalia, tributa_[1] _pendere_—to pay taxes. - -_immunis (tributorum)_ (Verr. 5. 21. 51)—exempt from taxation. - -_immunitatem omnium rerum habere_—to enjoy absolute immunity. - -_vectigalia, tributa alicui imponere_—to impose tribute on some one. - -_tributorum multitudine premi_—to be crushed by numerous imposts. - -_ager publicus_—public land; state domain. - -_agros assignare_ (Leg. Agr. 1. 6. 17)—to allot land. - -_pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redit_—the public income from the -mines. - -_avertere pecuniam_ (Verr. 2. 1. 4)—to embezzle money. - -_peculatum facere_ (Rab. Perd. 3. 8)—to embezzle money. - -_rem publicam quaestui habere_—to enrich oneself at the expense of the -state. - -_coloniam deducere in aliquem locum_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 1, note -_Notice too..._)—to found a colony somewhere. - -_colōnos mittere_ (Div. 1. 1. 3)—to send out colonists. - -_coloniam constituere_ (Leg. Agr. 1. 5. 16)—to found a colony. - -_provinciam_[2] _alicui decernere, mandare_—to entrust some one with -an official duty, a province. - -_provincias sortiri_ (Liv. 38. 35)—to draw lots for the provinces. - -_alicui Syria (sorte) obvēnit, obtigit_—the province of Syria has -fallen to some one's lot. - -_provincias inter se comparant_—(the magistrates) arrange among -themselves the administration of the provinces, the offical spheres of -duty. - -_in provinciam proficisci_ (Liv. 38. 35)—to set out for one's province. - -_provincias permutare_—to exchange provinces. - -_provinciam administrare, obtinere_—to manage, govern a province. - -_provinciam obire_—to visit, traverse a province. - -(_de_ or _ex_) _provincia decedere_ or simply _decedere_ (_vid._ sect. -II. 4, note _Cf. especially..._)—to leave a province (at the -termination of one's term of office). - - -[1] _vectigalia_ = indirect taxes, including, for example, _decumae_, -the tenth, tithe of corn; _scriptura_, the duty on pasturage; -_portorium_, harbour-toll. _tributum_ = direct tax on incomes. - -[2] _provincia_ originally means a sphere of activity, an employ, -especially of magistrates; it then means the administration of a -country outside Italy conquered in war, and lastly the country itself, -a province. The senate each year determined on the countries to which -magistrates were to be sent (_provincias nominare, decernere_). - - - - -13. Magistracies - - - - -(a) Candidature—Election - - -_petere magistratum, honores_—to seek office. - -_ambire_[1] _aliquem_ (always with Acc. of person)—to solicit the vote -or favour of some one. - -_nomen profiteri_ or simply _profiteri_—to become a candidate. - -_manus prensare_[2] (De Or. 1. 24. 112)—to shake hands with voters in -canvassing. - -_nomina appellat (nomenclator)_—the agent (_nomenclator_) mentions the -names of constituents to the canvasser. - -_competītor_ (Brut. 30. 113)—a rival candidate. - -_multa (pauca) puncta in centuria (tribu) aliqua ferre_[3]—to obtain -many (few) votes in a century or tribe. - -_centuriam, tribum ferre_ (Planc. 49)—to gain the vote of a century or -tribe. - -_omnes centurias ferre_ or _omnium suffragiis, cunctis centuriis -creari_—to be elected unanimously - -_repulsam ferre consulatus (a populo)_ (Tusc. 5. 19. 54)—to fail in -one's candidature for the consulship. - -_magistratus vitio creati_—magistrates elected irregularly (_i.e._ -either when the auspices have been unfavourable or when some formality -has been neglected). - -_sufficere aliquem in alicuius locum_ or _alicui_—to elect a man to -fill the place of another who has died whilst in office. - -_alicui_ or _in alicuius locum succedere_—to succeed a person in an -office. - -_alicui imperatori succedere_—to succeed some one as general. - -_suo (legitimo) anno creari_ (opp. _ante annum_)—to be elected at the -age required by law (_lex Villia annalis_). - -_continuare magistratum_ (Sall. Iug. 37. 2)—to continue one's office -for another year. - -_continuare alicui magistratum_—to prolong some one's office for -another year. - -_prorogare alicui imperium (in annum)_—to prolong a person's command. - -_magistratus et imperia_ (Sall. Iug. 3. 1)—civil and military offices. - -_inire magistratum_—to enter into office. - -_munus administrare, gerere_—to perform official duties. - -_munere fungi, muneri praeesse_—to perform official duties. - -_honores alicui mandare, deferre_—to invest a person with a position -of dignity. - -_muneri aliquem praeficere, praeponere_—to appoint some one to an -office. - -_munus explere, sustinere_—to fulfil the duties of one's position. - -_abdicare se magistratu_ (Div. 2. 35)—to resign one's post (before the -expiry of the term of office). - -_deponere_[4] _magistratum_—to give up, lay down office (usually at -the end of one's term of office). - -_abire magistratu_—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of -one's term of office). - -_de potestate decedere_—to give up, lay down office (usually at the -end of one's term of office). - -_res ad interregnum venit_ or _adducitur_—an interregnum ensues. - -_abrogare alicui munus_ (Verr. 2. 57)—to remove a person from his -office. - -_abrogare alicui imperium_—to deprive a person of his position as -commandant. - -_viri clari et honorati_ (De Sen. 7. 22)—men of rank and dignity. - -_honoribus ac reipublicae muneribus perfunctus_ (De Or. 1. 45)—a man -who has held many offices. - -_amplis honoribus usus_ (Sall. Iug. 25. 4)—a man who has held many -offices. - - -[1] Hence _ambitio_, legitimate canvassing; _ambitus_, illegal -canvassing. - -[2] Under the head _ambitionis occupatio_ (De Or. 1. 1. 1) are -enumerated _salutare, rogare, supplicare, manus prensare, invitare ad -prandium_, and sometimes _convivia tributim data_. For the whole -subject _vid._ Q. Cicero's book _de petitione consulatus ad M. fratrem_. - -[3] In counting the votes polled, a dot or mark was put opposite a -candidate's name as often as a tablet (_tabella_) with his name on it -came up. Hence _punctum ferre_, to be successful, e.g. Hor. A. P. 343 -_omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci_. - -[4] But _deponere_ is also found in the sense of _abdicare_, e.g. B. -G. 7. 33. 4; N. D. 2. 11; Liv. 2. 28. 9. - - - - -(b) Particular Magistracies - - -_consulem creare_[1]—to elect a consul. - -_aliquem consulem declarare_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 2. 4)—to declare a person -consul-elect. - -_aliquem consulem renuntiare_ (De Or. 2. 64. 260)—to offically -proclaim (by the _praeco_, herald) a man elected consul; to return a -man consul. - -_bis consul_—twice consul. - -_iterum, tertium consul_—consul for the second, third time. - -_sextum_ (Pis. 9. 20), _septimum consul_—consul for the sixth, seventh -time. - -_videant_ or _dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti -capiat_[2] (Catil. 1. 2. 4)—let the consuls take measures for the -protection of the state. - -_in hoc praeclaro consulatu_—during this brilliant consulship. - -_aetas consularis_—the consular age (43 years). - -_pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci_—to go to Cilicia as pro-consul. - -_superiore consulatu_—in his former consulship. - -_dictatorem dicere (creare)_—to name a person dictator. - -_dictaturam gerere_—to be dictator. - -_dictator dicit (legit) magistrum equitum_—a dictator appoints a -_magister equitum_. - -_potestatem habet in aliquem vitae necisque_ (B. G. 1. 16. 5)—he has -power over life and death. - -_lictores summovent turbam_ (Liv. 4. 50)—the lictors clear the way. - -_fasces praeferre, summittere_—to walk before with the fasces; to -lower the fasces. - -_censores censent populum_—the censors hold a census of the people. - -_censum habere, agere_ (Liv. 3. 22)—to hold the census. - -_censuram agere, gerere_—to perform the censors' duties. - -_locare aedes, vias faciendas_ (Phil. 9. 7. 16)—to receive tenders for -the construction of temples, highroads. - -_locare opera publica_—to let out public works to contract. - -_redimere, conducere porticum aedificandam_ (Div. 2. 21. 47)—to -undertake a contract for building a portico. - -_nota, animadversio censoria_—the reprimand of a censor. - -_notare aliquem ignominia_ (Cluent. 43. 119)—to brand a person with -infamy. - -_censu prohibere, excludere_—to strike off the burgess-roll. - -_tribu movere aliquem_—to expel some one from his tribe. - -_e senatu eicere_—to expel from the senate. - -_senatu movere_—to expel from the senate. - -_lustrum condere_ (Liv. 1. 44. 2)—to complete the censorship (by -certain formal purificatory ceremonies = _lustro faciendo_). - -_tribuni plebis sacrosancti_ (Liv. 3. 19. 10)—the plebeian tribunes, -whose persons are inviolable. - -_appellare_[3] _tribunos plebis (in aliqua re a praetore)_ (Liv. 2. -55)—to appeal to the plebeian tribunes against a praetor's decision. - -_provocare_[4] _ad populum_ (Liv. 2. 55)—to appeal to the people. - -_intercessio tribunicia_ (cf. sect. XIV. 5)—the tribunicial veto. - - -[1] _creare_ is used of any magistrate regularly elected. The _locus -classicus_ on this subject is Cic. De Leg. 3. 3. 6-12. - -[2] This formula conferred absolute power on the consuls. This was -done only in cases of great emergency, and was somewhat similar to our -"declaration of martial law." - -[3] _appellare_ as a legal technical term only occurs in classical -Latin in the formula _te, vos appello_. - -[4] _provocare_ only with proper names, e.g. _ad Catonem provocare_. -To appeal to some one's pity, etc. = _implorare alicuius -misericordiam, fidem_, etc. - - - - -14. The Senate - - -_publicum consilium_ (Phil. 7.7. 19)—the council of the nation; the -senate. - -_in senatum legere,_[1] _eligere_—to elect to the senate. - -_senatum vocare, convocare_—to call a meeting of the senate. - -_senatum cogere_ (Liv. 3. 39)—to assemble the senate. - -_edicere,_[2] _ut senatus frequens adsit_ (Fam. 11. 6. 2)—to issue a -proclamation calling on the senators to assemble in full force. - -_senatum habere_—to hold a sitting of the senate. - -_ad senatum referre_[4] (Cic. Dom. 53. 136)—to bring a question before -the senate (of the presiding magistrate). - -_patres (senatum) consulere de aliqua re_ (Sall. Iug. 28)—to consult -the senators on a matter. - -_sententiam rogare, interrogare_—to ask the opinion of... - -_sententiam dicere_—to give an opinion (also used of a judge, cf. -sect. VI. 4). - -_senatus sententia inclīnat ad..._ (De Sen. 6. 16)—the senate inclines -to the opinion, decides for... - -_sententia vincit_ (Liv. 2. 4. 3)—the majority were of the opinion... - -_maior pars_—the majority. - -_quid censes? quid tibi videtur?_—what is your opinion? - -_quid de ea re fieri placet?_—what is your opinion? - -_discessionem facere_ (Sest. 34. 74)—to take the vote (by division). - -_discedere (pedibus), ire in alicuius sententiam_[5] (Liv. 23. 10)—to -vote for some one's motion. - -_senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut_—the senate decreed (and the -people ratified the decree) that... - -_senatus consultum fit_ (Att. 2. 24. 3)—a resolution of the senate -(not opposed by a tribunicial veto) was made. - -_senatus auctoritas_—the opinion of the senate in general. - -_senatum alicui dare_ (Q. Fr. 2. 11. 2)—to give a man audience before -the senate. - -_a senatu res ad populum reicitur_—a matter is referred (for decision) -from the senate to the people. - -_dicendi mora diem extrahere, eximere, tollere_—to pass the whole day -in discussion. - -_dimittere senatum_[5]—to dismiss the senate. - -_nox senatum dirimit_—night breaks up the sitting. - - -[1] Distinct from _senatum legere_ = to read over and revise the list -of senators (used of the censors). The head of the list was called -_princeps senatus_. - -[2] _edicere, edictum_, technical terms; _edicere_ is used of the -praetor deciding how a case is to be tried, cf. Verr. 2. 1. 41; Flacc. -28. 67. Then more generally of an order, declaration, proclamation. -The senate was convened by the _praeco_ or by means of a notice posted -in some public place (_edictum_). - -[3] A meeting of the senate opened by a declaration of the agenda by -the presiding magistrate, a consul, praetor, or tribune. This was -called _referre ad senatum_. - -[4] After the _rogatio sententiarum_ came the voting, usually by -division (_per discessionem, pedibus ire in sententiam_), but in cases -of doubt each member was asked his opinion (_per singulorum sententias -exquisitas_). The presiding officer then dismissed the meeting with -the words _nihil vos moramur, patres conscripti_, "I need not detain -you any longer." From this formula probably came the colloquial -uses—(1) "I do not care for...," "I have no interest in..." (with the -Acc.); (2) "I have nothing against...," "you have my consent to..." -(with the Acc. and Inf. or _quominus_). - -[5] id. - - - - -XV. Law and Justice - - -1. Law in General - - -_ius dicere_—to administer justice (said of the praetor). - -_ius reddere_ (Liv. 3. 33)—to administer justice (said of the praetor). - -_ius suum persequi_—to assert one's right. - -_ius suum adipisci_ (Liv. 1. 32. 10)—to obtain justice. - -_ius suum tenere, obtinere_—to maintain one's right. - -_de iure suo decedere_ or _cedere_—to waive one's right. - -_(ex) iure, lege agere cum aliquo_—to go to law with a person. - -_summo iure agere cum aliquo_ (cf. _summum ius, summa iniuria_)—to -proceed against some one with the utmost rigour of the law; to strain -the law in one's favour. - -_in ius, in iudicium vocare aliquem_—to summon some one before the -court. - -_diem dicere alicui_—to summon some one to appear on a given day; to -accuse a person. - -_in iudicium venire, in iudicio adesse_—to appear in court. - -_iudicia administrare_—to have charge of the administration of justice. - -_iudicium exercere_ (_vid._ sect. V. 7, note _The first..._)—to -administer justice; to judge (used of criminal cases before the -praetor). - -_iudicio praeesse_—to be president of a court. - -_conventus agere_ (B. G. 1. 54)—to convene the assizes (used of a -provincial governor). - -_quaestiones perpetuae_ (Brut. 27. 106)—the standing commissions of -inquiry. - -_aliquem in integrum_ (_vid._ sect. V. 4, note _The proper..._) -_restituere_—to reinstate a person in his right. - -(1) _respondere_[1] (_de iure_ or _ius_)—to give a legal opinion, -decision on points of law. - -(2) _cavere (in iure)_ (Off. 2. 65)—to point out what precautions, -what formal steps must be taken to insure immunity. - -(3) _agere_—to be energetic in the conduct of the case; to plead -before the judge. - -_aequum iudicem se alicui praebere_—to judge some one equitably. - -_ex aequo et bono_ (Caecin. 23. 65)—justly and equitably. - -_iudex incorruptus_—an impartial judge. - -_ratio iudiciorum_—judicial organisation. - -_aequa iuris descriptio_ (Off. 2. 4. 15)—a sound judicial system. - -_aequo iure vivere cum aliquo_—to live with some one on an equal -footing. - -_iustitium indicere, edicere_ (Phil. 5. 12)—to proclaim that the -courts are closed, a cessation of legal business. - -_iustitium remittere_—to re-open the courts. - -_ius ad artem redigere_—to reduce law to a system. - -_ius nullum_—absence of justice. - -_ius ac fas omne delere_—to trample all law under foot. - -_omnia iura pervertere_—to trample all law under foot. - -_contra ius fasque_—against all law, human and divine. - -_optimo iure_—with full right. - -_ius praecipuum, beneficium, donum_, also _immunitas_[2] c. -Gen.—prerogative, privilege. - - -[1] In full _consulenti respondere_. From this consultation lawyers -got the title _iuris_ or _iure consulti_. In these three points, -_respondere, cavere, agere_, consisted the practical duty of a jurist. -Cicero, however (De Or. 1. 48), adds _scribere_ = to draw up legal -instruments such as wills, contracts, etc. - -[2] _privilegium_ in this sense is post-classical. In classical prose -it denotes a law passed for or against an individual (_privus_), e.g. -_privilegium ferre, irrogare de aliquo_ (Cic.) - - - - -2. Inquiry—Testimony—Torture - - -_aliquid, causam cognoscere_—to hold an inquiry into a matter. - -_quaerere aliquid_ or _de aliqua re_—to hold an inquiry into a matter. - -_quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re_ or _in aliquem_—to -examine a person, a matter. - -_quaestioni praeesse_—to preside over an inquiry. - -_quaesītor_—the examining judge. - -_incognita causa_ (cf. sect. XV. 3, _indicta causa_)—without any -examination. - -_in tabulas publicas referre aliquid_—to enter a thing in the public -records. - -_deprehendere aliquem (in aliqua re)_—to catch a person, find him out. - -_deprehendere aliquem in manifesto scelere_—to take a person in the act. - -_testis gravis_—an important witness. - -_testis locuples_—a witness worthy of all credit. - -_testis incorruptus atque integer_—an impartial witness. - -_aliquem testem alicuius rei (in aliquid) citare_—to cite a person to -give evidence on a matter. - -_aliquem testem adhibere_—to use some one's evidence. - -_aliquo teste uti_—to use some one's evidence. - -_aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre_—to produce as a witness. - -_aliquem testem producere_—to produce as a witness. - -_testem prodire (in aliquem)_—to appear as witness against a person. - -_testimonium dicere pro aliquo_—to give evidence on some one's behalf. - -_pro testimonio dicere_—to state as evidence. - -_testibus teneri, convictum esse_—to be convicted by some one's -evidence. - -_alicui admovere tormenta_—to have a person tortured. - -_quaerere tormentis de aliquo_—to have a person tortured. - -_de servis quaerere (in dominum)_—to examine slaves by torture. - -_cruciatūs tormentorum_—the pains of torture. - -_aliquem a ceteris separare et in arcam conicere ne quis cum eo -colloqui possit_ (Mil. 22. 60)—to isolate a witness. - - - - -3. Process—Defence - - -_causa privata_—a civil case. - -_causa publica_ (Brut. 48. 178)—a criminal case. - -_causam alicuius agere (apud iudicem)_—to conduct a person's case -(said of an agent, solicitor). - -_causam dicere, orare_ (Brut. 12. 47)—to address the court (of the -advocate). - -_causam dicere_—to defend oneself before the judge (of the accused). - -_causam dicere pro aliquo_—to defend a person. - -_causam alicuius defendere_—to conduct some one's defence in a case. - -_causam optimam habere_ (Lig. 4. 10)—to have a good case. - -_causam inferiorem dicendo reddere superiorem_ (λόγον κρείττω ποιειν) -(Brut. 8. 30)—to gain a weak case by clever pleading. - -_patronus_[1] _(causae)_ (De Or. 2. 69)—counsel; advocate. - -_causam suscipere_—to undertake a case. - -_ad causam aggredi_ or _accedere_—to undertake a case. - -_indicta causa_ (opp. _cognita causa_)—without going to law. - -_litem alicui intendere_—to go to law with, sue a person. - -_adhuc sub iudice lis est_ (Hor. A. P. 77)—the case is still undecided. - -_lites componere_ (Verg. Ecl. 3. 108)—to arrange a dispute (by -arbitration). - -_causam_ or _litem obtinere_—to win a case. - -_causā_ or _iudicio vincere_—to win a case. - -_causam_ or _litem amittere, perdere_—to lose one's case. - -_causā_ or _lite cadere_ (owing to some informality)—to lose one's case. - -_calumniae litium_ (Mil. 27. 74)—chicanery (specially of wrongfully -accusing an innocent man). - - -[1] They were not called _advocati_ till under the Empire. In Augustan -Latin _advocatus_ = _amicus qui adest alicui (in iudicio)_, i.e. a man -who supported his friend by his presence and influence. - - - - -4. Accusation—Verdict—Decision - - -_accusatio_ (Cael. 3. 6)—a criminal accusation. - -_actio, petitio_—a private, civil prosecution. - -_nomen alicuius deferre (apud praetorem)_ (Verr. 2. 38. 94)—to accuse, -denounce a person. - -_referre in reos aliquem_—to put some one on the list of the accused. - -_eximere de reis aliquem_—to strike a person's name off the list of -the accused. - -_aliquis reus fit_ (Fam. 13. 54)—some one is accused. - -_iudices reicere_ (Verr. 3. 11. 28)—to challenge, reject jurymen. - -_crimina diluere, dissolvere_—to refute charges. - -_accusare aliquem rei capitalis (rerum capitalium)_—to charge some one -with a capital offence. - -_caput alicuius agitur_ (_vid._ sect. V. 8)—a person's life is in -jeopardy. - -_accusare aliquem peculatus, pecuniae publicae_—to accuse some one of -malversation, embezzlement of public money. - -_accusare aliquem falsarum tabularum_[1]—to accuse a person of forging -the archives. - -_postulare aliquem repetundarum_[2] or _de repetundis_—to accuse a -person of extortion (to recover the sums extorted). - -_accusare aliquem perduellionis_—to charge a person with treason -(hostile conduct against the state generally). - -_accusare aliquem maiestatis_—to accuse a person of high treason (more -specific than the preceding). - -_accusare aliquem ambitus, de ambitu_—to accuse some one of illegal -canvassing. - -_accusare aliquem de vi, de veneficiis_—to accuse a person of -violence, poisoning. - -_accusare aliquem inter sicarios_ (Rosc. Am. 32. 90)—to accuse a -person of assassination. - -_sententiae iudicum_—the finding of the jury. - -_sententiam ferre, dicere_ (Off. 3. 16. 66)—to give sentence (of the -judge, cf. sect. VI. 4, note _Not..._). - -_iudicare causam (de aliqua re)_—to decide on the conduct of the case. - -_iudicium rescindere_—to rescind a decision. - -_res iudicatas rescindere_ (Cic. Sull. 22. 63)—to rescind a decision. - -_lege Plautia damnari_ (Sall. Cat. 31. 4)—to be condemned under the -Lex Plautia. - - -[1] Cf. _tabulas publicas corrumpere_ (Rosc. Am. 128); _commutare_, to -falsify public records. - -[2] Extortion generally can be rendered by _violenta exactio -pecuniarum_, or some verbal periphrasis (e.g. _per vim capere -pecunias_, etc.) - - - - -5. Guilt - - -_in culpa esse_—to be at fault; to blame; culpable. - -_culpa alicuius rei est in aliquo_—some one is to blame in a matter; -it is some one's fault. - -_mea culpa est_—it is my fault. - -_culpa carere, vacare_—to be free from blame. - -_extra culpam esse_—to be free from blame. - -_abesse a culpa_—to be free from blame. - -_prope abesse a culpa_—to be almost culpable. - -_affinem esse culpae_—to be almost culpable. - -_culpam in aliquem conferre, transferre, conicere_—to put the blame on -another. - -_culpam alicui attribuere, assignare_—to attribute the fault to some -one. - -_aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere_ (Verr. 5. 50)—to -reproach, blame a person for... - -_culpam committere, contrahere_—to commit some blameworthy action. - -_facinus, culpam in se admittere_—to commit some blameworthy action. - -_non committere, ut..._—to take care not to... - -_culpam alicuius rei sustinere_—to bear the blame of a thing. - -_culpam a se amovere_[1]—to exonerate oneself from blame. - -_veniam dare alicui_—to pardon a person. - - -[1] Note _purgare aliquid_, to justify oneself in a matter; _se alicui -purgare de aliqua re_ (Fam. 12. 25); _alicui purgatum esse_ (B. G. 1. -28). - - - - -6. Punishment—Acquittal - - -_poena afficere aliquem_ (Off. 2. 5. 18)—to punish some one. - -_animadvertere in aliquem_—to punish some one. - -_punire aliquem_—to punish some one. - -_ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re)_—to punish some one. - -_poenas alicuius persequi_—to exact a penalty from some one. - -_poenam petere, repetere ab aliquo_—to exact a penalty from some one. - -_poenas expetere ab aliquo_—to exact a penalty from some one. - -_supplicium sumere de aliquo_—to exact a penalty from some one. - -_hanc poenam constituere in aliquem, ut..._—to ordain as punishment -that... - -_graviter consulere in aliquem_ (Liv. 8. 13)—to deal severely with a -person. - -_poenas (graves) dare alicui_—to be (heavily) punished by some one. - -_poenas alicui pendere (alicuius rei)_—to be punished by some one (on -account of a thing). - -_poenas dependere, expendere, solvere, persolvere_—to suffer punishment. - -_poenam (alicuius rei) ferre, perferre_—to suffer punishment. - -_poenam luere (alicuius rei)_ (Sull. 27. 76)—to be punished for a -thing, expiate it. - -_luere_[1] _aliquid aliqua re_ (De Sen. 20)—to atone for something by... - -_poenam subire_—to submit to a punishment. - -_pecunia multare aliquem_—to condemn some one to a fine. - -_multam irrogare alicui_ (Cic. Dom. 17. 45)—to impose a fine (used of -the prosecutor or the _tribunus plebis_ proposing a fine to be -ratified by the people). - -_decem milibus aeris damnari_—to be fined 10,000 asses. - -_in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem_—to put some one in irons, chains. - -_in vincula, in catenas conicere aliquem_—to put some one in irons, -chains. - -_in carcerem conicere aliquem_—to throw some one into prison. - -_capitis_ or _capite damnare aliquem_—to condemn some one to death. - -_capitis absolvere aliquem_—to repeal a death-sentence passed on a -person. - -_supplicium alicui decernere, in aliquem constituere_—to decree the -penalty of death. - -_Solo capite sanxit, si quis..._ (Att. 10. 1)—Solon made it a capital -offence to... - -_morte multare aliquem_ (Catil. 1. 11. 28)—to punish any one with death. - -_supplicium sumere de aliquo_—to execute the death-sentence on a person. - -_supplicio (capitis) affici_—to suffer capital punishment. - -_ad palum deligare_ (Liv. 2. 5)—to bind to the stake. - -_virgis caedere_—to beat with rods. - -_securi percutere, ferire aliquem_—to execute a person, cut off his -head. - -_in crucem agere, tollere aliquem_—to crucify. - -_cruci suffigere aliquem_—to crucify. - -_impune fecisse, tulisse aliquid_—to go unpunished. - -_impunitum aliquem dimittere_—to let a person go scot-free. - -_mortem_[2] _deprecari_ (B. G. 7. 40. 6)—to beg for life. - - -[1] To express the passive use _expiari_, e.g. _scelus supplicio -expiatum_. - -[2] One can also say _vitam, salutem deprecari_, as _deprecari_ means -(1) to obtain by supplication, (2) to avert by supplication. - - - - -XVI. War - - -1. Levies—Military Oath—Armies in General - - -_aetas militaris_—military age. - -_qui arma ferre possunt_ or _iuventus_—men of military age. - -_qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt_ or _aetate ad bellum -inutiles_—men exempt from service owing to age. - -_exercitum conficere_ (Imp. Pomp. 21. 61)—to raise an army. - -_milites (exercitum) scribere, conscribere_—to levy troops. - -_dilectum habere_—to hold a levy. - -_imperare milites civitatibus_—to compel communities to provide troops. - -_nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri_—to enlist oneself. - -_ad nomen non respondere_ (Liv. 7. 4)—to fail to answer one's name. - -_militiam_ (only in the sing.) _capessere_—to take service in the army. - -_militiam detrectare, subterfugere_—to try to avoid military service. - -_excusare morbum, valetudinem_—to plead ill-health as an excuse for -absence. - -_militiae vacationem habere_—to be excused military duty. - -_equo, pedibus merere_ (Liv. 27. 11)—to serve in the cavalry, infantry. - -_sacramentum (o) dicere_ (_vid._ sect. XI. 2, note -_sacramentum..._)—to take the military oath. - -_milites sacramento rogare, adigere_—to make soldiers take the -military oath. - -_evocare undique copias_—to call up troops from all sides. - -_evocati, voluntarii_ (B. G. 5. 56)—the volunteers. - -_omnes ad arma convocare_—to issue a general call to arms. - -_efficere duas legiones_—to form two legions. - -_complere legiones_ (B. C. 1. 25)—to fill up the numbers of the legions. - -_supplementum cogere, scribere, legere_—to levy recruits to fill up -the strength. - -_auxilia_[1] _arcessere_—to summon auxiliary troops. - -_copias (arma) cum aliquo iungere_ or _se cum aliquo iungere_—to join -forces with some one. - -_conducere, contrahere copias_—to concentrate troops. - -_cogere omnes copias in unum locum_—to concentrate all the troops at -one point. - -_parare exercitum, copias_—to equip an army, troops. - -_alere exercitum_ (Off. 1. 8. 25)—to support an army. - -_recensere, lustrare, recognoscere exercitum_ (Liv. 42. 31)—to review -an army. - -_dimittere exercitum_—to disband an army. - -_commeatum militibus dare_ (opp. _petere_)—to give furlough, leave of -absence to soldiers. - -_magnae copiae_ (not _multae_)—a large force, many troops. - -_exiguae copiae_ (Fam. 3. 3. 2)—a small force. - -_ingens, maximus exercitus_ (not _numerosus_)—a numerous army. - -_robora peditum_—the flower of the infantry. - -_milites levis armaturae_—light infantry. - -_vetus miles, veteranus miles_—veterans; experienced troops. - -_qui magnum in castris usum habent_—veterans; experienced troops. - -_expeditus_ (opp. _impeditus_) _miles_—a soldier lightly armed, ready -for battle. - -_exercitatus in armis_—practised in arms. - -_milites tumultuarii_[2] (opp. _exercitus iustus_) (Liv. 35. -2)—soldiers collected in haste; irregulars. - -_tirones_—recruits. - - -[1] _auxilia_ = auxiliary troops raised in the provinces, usually -light cavalry. In Caesar's army the cavalry consisted of Gaulish, -Spanish, and German auxiliaries. A thousand of these were attached to -each legion and were usually commanded by a Roman officer. - -[2] _tumultus_ is used of a sudden rising, rebellion, to repress which -all able-bodied men were called to arms. Such risings were -particularly common in Gaul, but cf. _tumultus servilis_ (B. G. 1. -10)—; _tumultus Istricus_ (Liv. 41. 6. 1). - - - - -2. Pay—Service—Commissariat - - -_stipendium_[1] _dare, numerare, persolvere militibus_—to pay the -troops. - -_stipendia facere, merere_—to serve. - -_emeritis stipendiis_ (Sall. Iug. 84. 2)—after having completed one's -service. - -_militia functum, perfunctum esse_—to retire from service. - -_rude donatum esse_[2] (Phil. 2. 29)—to retire from service. - -_milites mercennarii_ or _exercitus conducticius_—mercenary troops. - -_rem frumentariam comparare, providere_—to look after the commissariat. - -_rei frumentariae prospicere_ (B. G. 1. 23)—to look after the -commissariat. - -_frumentum providere exercitui_—to provide corn-supplies for the troops. - -_frumenti vim maximam comparare_—to procure a very large supply of corn. - -_intercludere commeatum_—to cut off the supplies, intercept them. - -_intercludere, prohibere hostes commeatu_—to cut off all supplies of -the enemy. - - -[1] _stipendium_ first established in 406 B.C.; it was paid at the end -of the campaign, hence _stipendia_ often = campaigns, years of service. - -[2] Used originally of gladiators, who on their retirement received a -staff or wooden sword (_rudis_), hence they were called _rudiarii_. -Cf. Ov. Tr. 4. 8. 24 _me quoque donari iam rude tempus erat_. - - - - -3. Command—Discipline - - -_praeficere aliquem exercitui_—to place some one at the head of an -army, give him the command. - -_praeficere aliquem bello gerendo_—to charge some one with the conduct -of a war. - -_praeesse exercitui_—to be at the head of an army. - -_magnum usum in re militari habere_ (Sest. 5. 12)—to possess great -experience in military matters. - -_rei militaris rudem esse_—to have had no experience in war. - -_vir fortissimus_—a hero. - -_magnas res gerere_—to perform heroic exploits. - -_res fortiter feliciterque gesta_—a success; a glorious feat of arms. - -_res bene gesta_—a success; a glorious feat of arms. - -_res gestae_[1]—exploits in war; brilliant actions. - -_summa belli, imperii_ (B. G. 2. 4. 7)—the command-in-chief. - -_cum imperio esse_—to hold a high command. - -_imperii summam tenere_ (Rep. 2. 28)—to be commander-in-chief. - -_imperii summae praeesse_—to be commander-in-chief. - -_imperii summam deferre alicui_ or _ad aliquem, tradere alicui_—to -appoint some one commander-in-chief. - -_imperium transfertur ad aliquem_ (not _transit_)—the command is -transferred, passes to some one. - -_imperium alicui abrogare_ (Off.3. 10)—to depose a person from his -command. - -_modestia_[2] (opp. _immodestia_)—discipline (insubordination). - -_dicto audientem esse alicui_—to obey a person's orders. - -_milites disciplina coercere_—to keep good discipline amongst one's men. - -_milites coercere et in officio continere_ (B. C. 1. 67. 4)—to keep -good discipline amongst one's men. - - -[1] Thus _magnae, memorabiles, praestantissimae res gestae_, and also -_meae, tuae, suae_, etc. The phrase _rem gerere_ can be used either of -the combat (_proelium_) or the whole war (_bellum_), cf. B. G. 5. 44. -11; Off. 3. 108. - -[2] _modestia_, the character of the man who observes a mean (_qui -servat modum_), is used morally of self-restraint, moderation -(σωφροσύνη). In politics it means loyalty; in the army, discipline. - - - - -4. Weapons - - -_arma capere, sumere_—to take up one's arms. - -_arma expedire_ (Tusc. 2. 16. 37)—to make ready for battle. - -_galeam induere_—to put on one's helmet. - -_armis (castris) exuere aliquem_—to disarm a person. - -_arma ponere_ (not _deponere_)—to pile arms (cf. sect. XII. 3, note -_vestem deponere..._). - -_ab armis discedere_ (Phil. 11. 33)—to lay down arms. - -_in armis esse_—to be under arms. - -_cum telo esse_—to be armed. - -_extorquere arma e manibus_—to wrest weapons from some one's hands. - -_res ad arma venit_—matters have reached the fighting-stage. - -_tela iacere, conicere, mittere_—to discharge missiles. - -_extra teli iactum, coniectum esse_—to be out of range. - -_ad teli coniectum venire_ (Liv. 2. 31)—to come within javelin-range. - -_se obicere telis_—to expose oneself to missiles. - -_eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti_—to use javelins at a distance, -swords at close quarters. - -_gladium educere (e vagīna)_—to draw one's sword (from the scabbard). - -_gladium in vaginam recondere_—to sheath one's sword. - -_gladium stringere, destringere_—to draw one's sword. - -_gladium alicui in pectus infigere_—to plunge one's sword in some -one's breast. - -_gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere_ (Liv. 2. 46)—to transfix, -pierce a man's breast with one's sword. - -_sicam, cultrum in corde alicuius defigere_[1] (Liv. 1. 58)—to plunge -a dagger, knife in some one's heart. - -_decurrere (in armis)_—to manœuvre. - -_vi et armis_—by force of arms. - - -[1] _defigere_ is also used metaphorically, e.g. _defigere omnes -curas, cogitationes in rei publicae salute_ (Phil. 14. 5. 13). - - - - -5. War - - -_bellum parare_—to make preparations for war. - -_apparatus_ (rare in plur.) _belli_—preparations for war; war-material. - -_bellum indīcere, denuntiare_—to make formal declaration of war. - -_res repetere (ab aliquo)_ (Off. 1. 11. 36)—to demand satisfaction, -restitution. - -_res reddere (alicui)_ (cf. sect. V. 11)—to make restitution. - -_bellum iustum (pium)_—a regular, formal war. - -_bellum intestinum, domesticum_ (opp. _bellum externum_)—a civil war. - -_bellum facere, movere, excitare_—to cause a war. - -_bellum conflare_ (Fam. 5. 2. 8)—to kindle a war. - -_bellum moliri_—to meditate war. - -_bellum incipere, belli initium facere_ (B. G. 7. 1. 5)—to commence -hostilities. - -_bello se interponere_ (Liv. 35. 48)—to interfere in a war. - -_bello implicari_—to be involved in a war. - -_bellum cum aliquo inire_—to begin a war with some one. - -_bellum impendet, imminet, instat_—a war is imminent. - -_bellum oritur, exardescit_—war breaks out. - -_omnia bello flagrant_ or _ardent_ (Fam. 4. 1. 2)—everywhere the torch -of war is flaming. - -_bellum gerere cum aliquo_—to make war on a person. - -_bellum coniungere_ (Imp. Pomp. 9. 26)—to wage war in conjunction with -some one. - -_bellum ducere, trahere, extrahere_—to protract, prolong a war. - -_omni studio in (ad) bellum incumbere_—to carry on a war energetically. - -_bellum inferre alicui_ (Att. 9. 1. 3)—to invade. - -_bellum_ or _arma ultro inferre_—to be the aggressor in a war; to act -on the offensive. - -_bellum (inlatum) defendere_—to act on the defensive. - -_proficisci ad bellum, in expeditionem_ (Sall. Iug. 103)—to go to war, -commence a campaign. - -_mittere ad bellum_—to send to the war. - -_bellum administrare_—to have the control of the war. - -_bello persequi aliquem, lacessere_—to harass with war. - -_belli finem facere, bellum finire_—to put an end to war. - -_bellum conficere, perficere_—to terminate a war (by force of arms and -defeat of one's opponents). - -_bellum componere_ (Fam. 10. 33)—to terminate a war (by a treaty, etc.) - -_bellum transferre alio, in..._—to transfer the seat of war elsewhere. - -_belli sedes_ (Liv. 4. 31)—the seat of war, theatre of operations. - -_rationem belli gerendi mutare_ (Liv. 32. 31)—to change one's tactics. - - - - -6. The Army on the March - - -_agmen medium_ (Liv. 10. 41)—the centre of the marching column. - -_agmen primum_—the vanguard. - -_agmen novissimum (extremum)_—the rearguard. - -_agmen claudere, cogere_—to bring up the rear. - -_signa_[1] _ferre, tollere_—to begin the march, break up the camp. - -_castra movere_—to begin the march, break up the camp. - -_agmen agere_—to set the army in motion. - -_procedere cum exercitu_—to advance with the army. - -_magnis itineribus_ (Sall. Iug. 37)—by forced marches. - -_quam maximis itineribus (potest)_—by the longest possible forced -marches. - -_citatum agmen rapere_—to lead the army with forced marches. - -_raptim agmen ducere_—to lead the army with forced marches. - -_citato gradu incedere_ (cf. sect. II. 5)—to advance rapidly. - -_loca, regiones, loci naturam explorare_—to reconnoitre the ground. - -_iter facere_—to march. - -_iter conficere_ (B. C. 1. 70)—to traverse a route. - -_iter maturare, accelerare_—to quicken the pace of marching. - -_iter continuare_ (B. C. 3. 11)—to march without interruption. - -_iter non intermittere_—not to interrupt the march. - -_iter flectere, convertere, avertere_—to deviate, change the direction. - -_signa convertere_ (B. G. 1. 25)—to deviate, change the direction. - -_averso itinere contendere in..._—to change one's route and march -towards... - -_iter tentare per vim_ (cf. sect. II. 3)—to force a way, a passage. - -_agmen, exercitum demittere in..._—to march down on to... - -_exercitum admovere, adducere ad..._—to advance on... - -_signa sequi_ (opp. _a signis discedere, signa relinquere_)—to follow -the standards. - -_ordines servare_ (B. G. 4. 26)—to keep the ranks. - -_confertis, solutis ordinibus_—with close ranks; with ranks in disorder. - -_raris ordinibus_—in open order. - -_ordines turbare, perrumpere_—to break the ranks. - -_agmine quadrato incedere, ire_—to march with closed ranks, in order -of battle. - -_agmine duplici, triplici_—in two, three columns. - -_novissimos premere_—to press the rearguard. - -_novissimos turbare_—to throw the rearguard into confusion. - -_novissimos carpere_—to harass the rear. - -_novissimis praesidio esse_—to protect the troops in the rear. - -_opprimere hostes (imprudentes, incautos, inopinantes)_—to surprise -and defeat the enemy. - -_subsistere, consistere_—to halt. - -_gradum sistere_—to halt. - -_capere, occupare locum_—to occupy a position (with troops). - -_occupare loca superiora_—to occupy the high ground. - -_praeoccupare locum_ (Liv. 35. 27)—to occupy a place beforehand. - -_tenere montem_ (B. G. 1. 22)—to hold a mountain. - -_consistere in monte_—to take up one's position on a mountain. - -_considere sub monte (sub montis radicibus)_—to occupy the foot of a -hill. - -_praesidiis firmare urbem_—to garrison a town. - -_praesidium collocare in urbe_—to garrison a town. - -_praesidia, custodias disponere_—to station posts, pickets, at -intervals. - -_vigilias crebras ponere_ (Sall. Iug. 45. 2)—to place a close line of -sentry-posts. - - -[1] _signa_ = standards of a maniple, cohort, or legion. Since Marius' -time the _signum_ of a legion was an eagle, those of the maniples -different animals, wolf, horse, etc. In the camp the standards were -fixed in the ground, in action they were carried in the front rank, -hence several phrases—_signa convellere, tollere, efferre_, to break -up camp; _signa proferre, promovere_, to advance in battle-order; -_signa inferre_, to attack; _signa conferre_, to come to close -quarters; _signa statuere_, to halt; _signa convertere_, to change -one's route; _signa referre_, to retire; _signa relinquere_, to -desert, etc. - - - - -7. The Camp - - -_castra stativa_ (Sall. Iug. 44)—a permanent camp. - -_castra hiberna, aestiva_—winter-quarters, summer-quarters. - -_castra ponere, locare_—to encamp. - -_idoneo, aequo, suo_ (opp. _iniquo_) _loco_—in a favourable position. - -_castra metari_ (B. C. 3. 13)—to mark out a camp. - -_milites in hibernis collocare, in hiberna deducere_—to take the -troops to their winter-quarters. - -_castra munire_—to make a fortified, entrenched camp. - -_castra munire vallo (aggere)_—to fortify the camp with a rampart. - -_fossam ducere_—to make a ditch, a fosse. - -_vallum iacere, exstruere, facere_—to raise a rampart, earthwork. - -_castra praesidiis firmare_—to strengthen the camp by outposts. - -_praesidio castris milites relinquere_—to leave troops to guard the -camp. - -_castra coniungere, iungere_ (B. C. 1. 63)—to make a camp in common. - -_castra nudare_ (B. G. 7. 70)—to leave the camp undefended. - -_cohors, quae in statione est_—the cohort on guard-duty. - -_vigilias agere in castris_ (Verr. 4. 43)—to mount guard in the camp. - -_custodias agere in vallo_—to keep watch on the rampart. - -_stationes agere pro portis_—to be on duty before the gates. - -_circumvenire vigilias_ (Sall. Iug. 45. 2)—to make the round of the -sentries. - -_tesseram dare_ (Liv. 28. 14)—to give the watchword, countersign. - -_copias castris continere_—to keep the troops in camp. - -_se (quietum) tenere castris_—to remain inactive in camp. - -_excursionem in hostium agros facere_—to make an inroad into hostile -territory. - -_praedatum ire_—to go in search of plunder, booty. - -_ferre atque agere_[1] _praedam_—to carry off booty. - -_capere equos_—to capture horses. - -_lignatum, aquatum ire_—to go to fetch wood, water. - -_pabulatum, frumentatum ire_—to forage. - -_pabulatione premi_ (B. C. 1. 78)—to suffer from want of forage. - -_omnia ferro ignique, ferro atque igni_ or _ferro flammaque -vastare_—to ravage with fire and sword. - -_classicum_ or _tuba canit ad praetorium_—the bugle, trumpet sounds -before the general's tent. - -_vasa conclamare_ (B. C. 3. 37)—to give the signal for breaking up the -camp, collecting baggage. - -_vasa colligere_ (Liv. 21. 47)—to pack the baggage (for marching). - -_signa convellere_ (_vid._ sect. XVI. 6, note _signa..._)—to pluck up -the standards out of the ground (to begin the march). - -_consilium habere, convocare_—to hold a council of war. - -_rem ad consilium deferre_—to refer a matter to a council of war. - - -[1] _ferre_ of things inanimate, _agere_ of cattle. Cf. φέρειν καὶ -ἄγειν. - - - - -8. A Siege - - -_oppidum natura loci munitum_ (B. G. 1. 38)—a town with a strong -natural position. - -_oppidum manu (opere) munitum_—a town artificially fortified. - -_oppidum obsidere_—to besiege a city. - -_oppidum obsidione claudere_—to besiege a city. - -_oppidum in obsidione tenere_—to keep a town in a state of siege. - -_oppidum fame domare_—to starve a town into surrender. - -_oppidum oppugnare_—to storm a town. - -_oppidum cingere vallo et fossa_—to surround a town with a rampart and -fosse. - -_opera facere_—to raise siege-works. - -_vineas agere_ (B. G. 3. 21)—to advance pent-houses, mantlets. - -_turres instituere, exstruere_—to raise towers. - -_testudine facta moenia subire_ (B. G. 2. 6)—to advance to the walls -protected by a covering of shields. - -_scalas admovere_ (B. C. 3. 63)—to apply scaling-ladders. - -_positis scalis muros ascendere_—to scale the walls by means of ladders. - -_aries murum attingit, percutit_—the battering-ram strikes the wall. - -_iter ruina patefactum_—a breach. - -_patentia ruinis_ (_vid._ XII. 1, note _ruina..._)—a breach. - -_cuniculos agere_ (B. G. 3. 21)—to make mines, subterraneous passages. - -_oppidum tormentis verberare_—to rain missiles on a town, bombard it. - -_tela ingerere, conicere_—to discharge showers of missiles. - -_murum nudare defensoribus_—to drive the defenders from the walls. - -_eruptionem facere ex oppido_—to make a sally, sortie from the town. - -_crebras ex oppido excursiones facere_ (B. G. 2. 30)—to make a sally, -sortie from the town. - -_ignem inferre operibus_ (B. C. 2. 14)—to set fire to the siege-works. - -_subsidium alicui summittere_—to send relief to some one. - -_munitiones perrumpere_—to break through the lines (and relieve a town). - -_urbis obsidionem liberare_—to raise a siege (used of the army of -relief). - -_oppidum obsidione liberare_—to raise a siege (used of the army of -relief). - -_obsidionem quattuor menses sustinere_—to hold out for four months. - -_oppugnationem, obsidionem relinquere_—to give up an assault, a siege. - -_portas obstruere_ (B. G. 5. 50)—to barricade the gates. - -_portas refringere_—to break down the gates. - -_claustra portarum revellere_—to break down the gates. - -_in oppidum irrumpere_—to break into the town. - -_in oppidum irruptionem facere_—to break into the town. - -_oppidum capere, expugnare_—to take, storm a town. - -_oppidum recipere_—to retake a town. - -_oppidum incendere_—to fire a town. - -_oppidum diripere_—to plunder a town. - -_oppidum evertere, excīdere_—to completely destroy a town. - -_oppidum solo aequare_—to raze a town to the ground. - -_deditione facta_ (Sall. Iug. 26)—after capitulation. - -_arma tradere_—to surrender weapons. - -_salutem petere a victore_—to beg for mercy from the conqueror. - -_se suaque omnia dedere victori_—to give up one's person and all one's -possessions to the conqueror. - -_se suaque omnia permittere victoris potestati_—to give up one's -person and all one's possessions to the conqueror. - -_se permittere in fidem atque in potestatem alicuius_ (B. G. 2. 3)—to -surrender oneself to the discretion of some one. - -_in fidem recipere aliquem_ (Fam. 13. 16)—to deal mercifully with some -one. - -_libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt_ (B. G. 3. 16. 4)—the free -men are sold as slaves. - -_cum uxoribus et liberis_—with wife and child. - -_aliquem (incolumem) conservare_—to grant a man his life. - - - - -9. Before the Fight - - -_potestatem, copiam pugnandi hostibus facere_—to offer battle to the -enemy. - -_potestatem sui facere (alicui)_ (cf. sect. XII. 9, note -_audientia..._)—to accept battle. - -_proelio (ad pugnam) hostes lacessere, provocare_—to provoke the enemy -to battle. - -_pugnam detrectare_ (Liv. 3. 60)—to decline battle. - -_supersedere proelio_—to refrain from fighting. - -_hostem e manibus non dimittere_—to not let the enemy escape. - -_locum ad pugnam idoneum deligere_—to choose suitable ground for an -engagement. - -_diem pugnae constituere_ (B. G. 3. 24)—to fix a day for the engagement. - -_signum proelii (committendi) exposcere_ (B. G. 7. 19)—to demand -loudly the signal to engage. - -_signum proelii dare_—to give the signal to engage. - -_vexillum proponere_ (Liv. 22. 3)—to fix the ensign on the general's -tent (as a signal to commence the engagement). - -_ad arma concurrere_—to rush to arms. - -_exercitum educere_ or _producere in aciem_—to lead the army to the -fight. - -_ad vim et arma descendere_ (_vid._ sect. V. 9, note -_Similarly..._)—to have recourse to force of arms. - -_in certamen descendere_—to engage in the fight. - -_in aciem descendere_ (Liv. 8. 8)—to enter the field of battle. - -_aciem (copias, exercitum) instruere_ or _in acie constituere_—to draw -up forces in battle-order. - -_aciem triplicem instruere_ (B. G. 1. 24)—to draw up the army in three -lines. - -_aciem explicare_ or _dilatare_—to extend the line of battle, deploy -the battalions. - -_media acies_—the centre. - -_subsidia collocare_—to station reserve troops. - -_equites ad latera disponere_ (B. G. 6. 8)—to place the cavalry on the -wings. - -_contionari apud milites_ (B. C. 1. 7)—to harangue the soldiers. - -_contionem habere apud milites_—to harangue the soldiers. - -_ad virtutem excitare, cohortari_ (or simply _adhortari, -cohortari_)—to incite to valour. - -_animos militum confirmare_ (B. G. 5. 49)—to encourage, embolden the -soldiery. - - - - -10. The Fight - - - - -(a) The Fight in General - - -_proelium committere_—(1) to begin the battle, (2) to give battle. - -_proelium inire_ (Liv. 2. 14)—to engage. - -_proelium facere_—to give battle. - -_proelio equestri contendere_—to give battle with a cavalry-division. - -_proelium equestre facere_—to give battle with a cavalry-division. - -_proelium facere secundum_—to fight successfully. - -_proeliis secundis uti_—to fight successfully. - -_rem (bene, male) gerere_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 2, note _rem -gerere..._)—to win, lose a fight (of the commander). - -_proelium intermittere_—to interrupt the battle. - -_proelium dirimere_ (B. C. 1. 40)—to break off the fight. - -_proelium restituere_—to renew the battle with success. - -_proelium renovare, redintegrare_—to begin the fight again. - -_proelium deserere_—to give up the fight. - -_proelio, armis decertare_ (B. G. 1. 50)—to fight a decisive battle. - -_acie (armis, ferro) decernere_—to fight a pitched battle. - -_in acie dimicare_—to fight a pitched battle. - -_proelio interesse_—to take part in the engagement. - -_ex equo pugnare_—to fight on horseback. - -_certamen singulare_—single combat. - -_povocare aliquem ad certamen singulare_—to challenge some one to -single combat. - -_proelium cruentum, atrox_—a bloody battle. - -_proelium iustum_ (opp. _tumultuarium_)—a pitched battle. - - - - -(b) The Attack - - -_classicum canit_ (B. C. 3. 82)—the trumpet sounds for the attack. - -_gradum inferre in hostem_—to march on the enemy. - -_aggredi hostem_—to attack the enemy. - -_invadere, impetum_[1] _facere in hostem_—to attack the enemy. - -_signa inferre in hostem_—to attack the enemy. - -_impetum sustinere_ (B. G. 1. 26)—to resist the attack, onset. - -_impetum excipere_[2] (Liv. 6. 12)—to parry the attack. - -_in medios hostes se inicere_—to rush into the midst of the foe. - -_per medios hostes (mediam hostium aciem) perrumpere_—to break through -the enemy's centre. - -_manum (us) conserere cum hoste_—to come to close quarters. - -_signa conferre cum hoste_[3]—to come to close quarters. - -_proelio concurritur_ (Sall. Iug. 59)—the lines charge in battle one -on another. - -_adversis hostibus occurrere_—to attack the enemy in the front. - -_aversos hostes aggredi_—to attack the enemy in the rear. - -_hostes a tergo adoriri_—to attack the enemy in the rear. - -_iusto_ (opp. _tumultuario_) _proelio confligere cum hoste_ (Liv. 35. -4)—to fight a pitched, orderly battle with an enemy. - -_acies inclīnat_ or _inclīnatur_ (Liv. 7. 33)—the line of battle gives -way. - -_proelium anceps est_—the issue of the battle is undecided. - -_ancipiti Marte pugnatur_—the issue of the battle is undecided. - -_diu anceps stetit pugna_—the issue of the day was for a long time -uncertain. - -_res est in periculo, in summo discrimine_—the position is critical. - -_res ad triarios_[4] _redit_ (Liv. 8. 8)—the triarii must now fight -(proverbially = we are reduced to extremities). - - -[1] _impetus_ is not used in the dative sing. or in the plur.; these -cases are supplied by _incursio_. - -[2] Caesar's method of attack was usually this: the troops drawn up on -rising ground charged at the double (_concursus_); when within range -came _emissio telorum_ or _pilorum_. This was followed up by a -hand-to-hand _mêlée (impetus gladiorum)_. - -[3] _signa conferre cum aliquo_ also sometimes means to join forces. - -[4] The _triarii_ were the veterans who made up the third line behind -the _principes_ and _hastati_. If these first two lines were beaten or -in difficulties (_laborare_), the _triarii_, who were in a kneeling -posture (_dextro genu innixi_, Liv. 8. 9), stood up (_consurgebant_, -Liv. 8. 10) and continued the fight. Hence this proverb (_inde rem ad -triarios redisse cum laboratur proverbio increbuit_). For the -organisation of the legion in general _vid._ Liv. book 8. - - - - -(c) Close Quarters - - -_collatis signis (viribus) pugnare_—to fight hand-to-hand, at close -quarters. - -_tum pes cum pede collatus est_ (Liv. 28. 2)—a hand-to-hand engagement -ensued. - -_collato pede_ (Liv. 6. 12)—hand to hand. - -_gladio comminus_ (opp. _eminus_) _rem gerere_—to fight with swords at -close quarters. - -_omissis pilis gladiis rem gerere_—to throw down the javelins (_pila_) -and fight with the sword. - -_res ad gladios vēnit_—swords must now decide the day. - -_res gladiis geri coepta est_—swords must now decide the day. - -_strictis gladiis in hostem ferri_—to throw oneself on the enemy with -drawn sword. - -_res ad manus venit_—the fighting is now at close quarters. - -_laxatis_ (opp. _confertis_) _ordinibus pugnare_—to fight in open order. - -_ferarum_[1] _ritu pugnare_—to fight like lions. - -_manu fortis_—personally brave. - - -[1] The Latin language uses the general term (_fera_) where we use the -special (lion). Similarly _pecorum modo fugiunt_ (Liv. 40. 27), where -we translate "they flee like deer." - - - - -(d) Tactics—Reinforcements - - -_in latus hostium incurrere_—to fall upon the enemy's flank. - -_circumvenire hostem aversum_ or _a tergo_ (B. G. 2. 26)—to surround -the enemy from the rear. - -_multitudine hostium cingi_—to be surrounded by the superior force of -the enemy. - -_equitatu superiorem esse_—to have the advantage in cavalry. - -_parem_ (opp. _imparem_) _esse hosti_—to be a match for the enemy. - -_orbem_[1] _facere_ (Sall. Iug. 97. 5)—to form a square. - -_in orbem consistere_—to form a square. - -_cuneum facere_ (Liv. 22. 47)—to draw up troops in a wedge-formation. - -_phalangem facere_ (B. G. 1. 24)—to form a phalanx. - -_phalangem perfringere_—to break through the phalanx. - -_subsidia summittere_—to send up reserves. - -_integros defatigatis summittere_—to send fresh troops to take the -place of those wearied with fighting. - -_rari dispersique pugnare_ (B. C. 1. 44)—to fight in skirmishing order. - -_integri et recentes defatigatis succedunt_—fresh troops relieve the -tired men. - - -[1] _orbis_ properly a circle, but corresponding almost exactly in its -objects to our square-formation (_vid._ B. G. 4. 37, 5. 33; Sall. Iug. -97. 5). For a good account of Roman military formation see Kraner, -_Uebersicht des Kriegswesens bei Caesar_, in his edition of the -_Bellum Gallicum_. - - - - -(e) Successful Attack - - -_pellere hostem_—to repulse the enemy. - -_acies hostium impellitur_—the enemy's line is repulsed. - -_loco movere, depellere, deicere hostem_ (B. G. 7. 51)—to drive the -enemy from his position. - -_summovere_ or _reicere hostium equites_—to repel the attack of the -enemy's cavalry. - -_repellere, propulsare hostem_—to repulse an attack. - -_undique premi, urgeri_ (B. G. 2. 26)—to be pressed on all sides. - -_prosternere, profligare hostem_—to rout the enemy. - - - - -(f) Retreat—Flight—Pursuit - - -_signa receptui canunt_—the retreat is sounded. - -_receptui canitur_ (B. G. 7. 47)—the retreat is sounded. - -_pedem referre_—to retire (without turning one's back on the enemy). - -_equitatus tutum receptum dat_—the cavalry covers the retreat. - -_se recipere_ (B. G. 7. 20)—to withdraw one's forces. - -_loco excedere_—to abandon one's position. - -_in fugam dare, conicere hostem_—to put the enemy to flight. - -_fugare hostem_—to put the enemy to flight. - -_fundere hostium copias_—to rout the enemy's forces. - -_caedere et fundere hostem_—to utterly rout the enemy. - -_fundere et fugare hostem_—to utterly rout the enemy. - -_prae se agere hostem_—to drive the enemy before one. - -_fugam facere_ (Sall. Iug. 53)—(1) to put to flight, (2) to take to -flight. - -_terga vertere_ or _dare_—to flee, run away. - -_terga dare hosti_—to run away from the enemy. - -_fugae se mandare_ (B. G. 2. 24)—to take to flight. - -_fugam capessere, capere_—to take to flight. - -_se dare in fugam, fugae_—to take to flight. - -_se conicere, se conferre in fugam_—to take to flight. - -_fuga salutem petere_—to seek safety in flight. - -_fuga effusa, praeceps_ (Liv. 30. 5)—headlong flight. - -_pecorum modo fugere_ (Liv. 40. 27)—to flee like deer, sheep. - -_arma abicere_—to throw away one's arms. - -_praecipitem se fugae mandare_—to flee headlong. - -_ex (in) fuga dissipati_ or _dispersi_ (B. G. 2. 24)—soldiers routed -and dispersed. - -_hostes insequi, prosequi_—to pursue the enemy. - -_hostes (fusos) persequi_—to follow up and harass the enemy when in -flight. - -_hostes assequi, consequi_—to overtake the enemy. - -_fugientibus instare_—to press the fugitives. - -_tergis hostium inhaerere_—to be on the heels of the enemy. - -_fugam hostium reprimere_ (B. G. 3. 14)—to bring the flying enemy to a -stand. - -_excipere aliquem fugientem_—to cut off some one's flight. - -_magna caedes hostium fugientium facta est_—there was great slaughter -of fugitives. - -_capere aliquem vivum_—to take a person alive. - -_effugere, elābi e manibus hostium_—to escape from the hands of the -enemy. - -_dimittere e manibus hostes_—to let the enemy escape. - -_eripere aliquem e manibus hostium_—to rescue some one from the hands -of the enemy. - -_se fuga recipere_ (B. G. 1. 11)—to save oneself by flight. - - - - -(g) Defeat—Massacre—Wounds—Losses - - -_proelio vinci, superari, inferiorem, victum discedere_—to be defeated -in fight, lose the battle. - -_cladem hostibus afferre, inferre_—to inflict a defeat on the enemy. - -_cladem accipere_—to suffer a defeat. - -_ingentem caedem edere_ (Liv. 5. 13)—to cause great slaughter, carnage. - -_stragem edere, facere_—to massacre. - -_omnia strata sunt ferro_—all have perished by the sword. - -_hostes, exercitum delere, concīdere_—to annihilate, cut up the enemy, -an army. - -_hostes ad internecionem caedere, delere_ (Liv. 9. 26)—to absolutely -annihilate the enemy. - -_hostium copias occidione occīdere_ (Liv. 2. 51)—to absolutely -annihilate the enemy. - -_vulnus infligere alicui_—to wound a person (also used metaphorically). - -_mortiferam plagam alicui infligere_—to inflict a mortal wound on some -one. - -_vulnus (grave, mortiferum) accipere, excipere_—to be (seriously, -mortally) wounded. - -_multis et illatis et acceptis vulneribus_ (B. G. 1. 50)—after many -had been wounded on both sides. - -_vulneribus confectus_—weakened by wounds. - -_vulnera (cicatrices) adversa_ (opp. _aversa_)—wounds (scars) on the -breast. - -_vulnera adverso corpore accepta_—wounds (scars) on the breast. - -_refricare_[1] _vulnus, cicatricem obductam_—to open an old wound. - -_ex vulnere mori_ (Fam. 10. 33)—to die of wounds. - -_magno cum detrimento_—with great loss. - -_nostri circiter centum ceciderunt_—about a hundred of our men fell. - -_ad unum omnes_[2] _perierunt_—they perished to a man. - - -[1] _refricare_ is also used metaphorically in the sense of renewing, -recalling, e.g. _dolorem_ (De Or. 2. 48); _memoriam_ (Phil. 3. 7. 18); -_desiderium_ (Fam. 5. 17. 4). - -[2] The phrase _ad unum omnes_, to a man, without exception, occurs De -Am. 23. 86; Fam. 12. 14; Liv. 2. 55; and without _omnes_, Fam. 10. 16; -B. C. 3. 14. - - - - -11. Victory—Triumph - - -_exercitus victor_—the victorious army. - -_superiorem_ (opp. _inferiorem_), _victorem (proelio, pugna) -discedere_—to come off victorious. - -_victoriam adipisci, parere_—to gain a victory, win a battle. - -_victoriam ferre, referre_—to gain a victory, win a battle. - -_proelio vincere_—to gain a victory, win a battle. - -_victoriam reportare ab hoste_—to gain a victory over the enemy. - -_victoriam praecipere (animo)_ (Liv. 10. 26)—to consider oneself -already victor. - -_victoriam exploratam dimittere_—to let a sure victory slip through -one's hands. - -_sicut parta iam atque explorata victoria_—as if the victory were -already won. - -_victoriam conclamare_ (B. G. 5. 37)—to raise a shout of victory. - -_victoriam_ or _de victoria gratulari alicui_—to congratulate a person -on his victory. - -_victoria multo sanguine ac vulneribus stetit_ (Liv. 23. 30)—the -victory cost much blood and many wounds, was very dearly bought. - -_triumphare de aliquo (ex bellis)_—to triumph over some one. - -_triumphum_[1] _agere de_ or _ex aliquo_ or c. Gen. (_victoriae, -pugnae_)—to triumph over some one. - -_per triumphum (in triumpho) aliquem ducere_—to lead some one in -triumph. - -_triumphum senatus Africano decernit_ (Fin. 4. 9. 22)—the senate -decrees to Africanus the honours of a triumph. - - -[1] E.g. _triumphum agere Boiorum_ (Liv.); _Pharsaliae pugnae_ (Cic.); -_de Liguribus_ (Liv.); _ex Aequis_ (Liv.) For other phrases cf. -_triumphum postulare, imperare; triumphum tertium deportare; triumphum -consulis celebrare_. - - - - -12. Truce—Peace—Treaties—Alliance - - -_indutias facere_ (Phil. 8. 7)—to make a truce. - -_indutias violare_—to break a truce. - -_ius gentium violare_—to violate the law of nations. - -_agere cum aliquo de pace_—to treat with some one about peace. - -_pacem conciliare_ (Fam. 10. 27)—to bring about a peace. - -_pacem facere cum aliquo_—to make peace with some one. - -_pacem dirimere, frangere_—to break the peace. - -_his condicionibus_—on these terms. - -_pacis condiciones ferre_ (not _proponere_)—to propose terms of peace. - -_pacis condiciones dare, dicere alicui_ (Liv. 29. 12)—to dictate the -terms of peace to some one. - -_pacis condiciones accipere, subire_ (opp. _repudiare, respuere_)—to -accept the terms of the peace. - -_pax convenit in eam condicionem, ut..._—peace is concluded on -condition that... - -_summa pax_—deep peace. - -_captivos permutare, commutare_—to exchange prisoners. - -_captivos redimere_ (Off. 2. 18)—to ransom prisoners. - -_captivos sine pretio reddere_—to restore prisoners without ransom. - -_obsides dare_—to give hostages. - -_obsides civitatibus imperare_—to compel communities to provide -hostages. - -_pactionem facere cum aliquo_ (Sall. Iug. 40)—to conclude a treaty -with some one. - -_ex pacto, ex foedere_—according to treaty. - -_foedus facere (cum aliquo), icere, ferire_—to conclude a treaty, an -alliance. - -_foedus frangere, rumpere, violare_—to violate a treaty, terms of -alliance. - -_socium aliquem asciscere_ (B. G. 1. 5)—to make some one one's ally. - -_in amicitia populi Romani esse_ (Liv. 22. 37)—to be on friendly terms -with the Roman people. - -_a senatu amicus_[1] _appellatus est_ (B. G. 1. 3)—he received from -the senate the title of friend. - - -[1] _amicus_, the friend of the Roman people, distinct from _socius_, -an ally; a _socius_ was always _amicus_, but not necessarily _vice -versa_. The title _amicus populi Romani_ was granted by the senate to -foreign princes in recognition of some signal service. - - - - -13. Conquest—Submission - - -_terra potiri_—to conquer a country. - -_terram suae dicionis facere_—to reduce a country to subjection to -oneself. - -_populum in potestatem suam redigere_ (B. G. 2. 34)—to reduce a -country to subjection to oneself. - -_populum in deditionem venire cogere_—to reduce a country to -subjection to oneself. - -_populum in deditionem accipere_—to accept the submission of a people. - -_populum perdomare, subigere_—to subjugate a nation. - -_populum, terram suo imperio, suae potestati subicere_ (not _sibi_ by -itself)—to make oneself master of a people, country. - -_se imperio alicuius subicere_ (not _alicui_)—to make one's submission -to some one. - -_in deditionem venire_ (without _alicui_)—to make one's submission to -some one. - -_in alicuius potestatem se permittere_—to make one's submission to -some one. - -_sub imperio et dicione alicuius esse_—to be subject to some one, -under some one's dominion. - -_subiectum esse, obnoxium esse imperio_ or _dicioni alicuius_ (not -simply _alicui_)—to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion. - -_in potestate, in dicione alicuius esse_—to be subject to some one, -under some one's dominion. - -_qui imperio subiecti sunt_—subjects. - -_aliquem ad officium_ (cf. sect. X. 7, note _officium..._) _reducere_ -(Nep. Dat. 2. 3)—to reduce a people to their former obedience. - -_aliquem in officio continere_—to keep some one in subjection. - -_in officio manere, permanere_—to remain in subjection. - -_Asiam in provinciae formam (in provinciam) redigere_ (B. G. 1. 45)—to -make Asia into a Roman province. - -_Asia populi Romani facta est_—Asia was made subject to Rome. - -_gentem ad internecionem redigere_ or _adducere_ (B. G. 2. 28)—to -completely annihilate a nation. - - - - -XVII. Shipping - - -1. Naval Affairs in General - - -_navis actuaria_—a cutter. - -_navis longa_—a man-of-war. - -_navis oneraria_—a transport or cargo-boat. - -_navis mercatoria_—a merchantman. - -_oppidum maritimum_—a seaport town. - -_navibus plurimum posse_—to have a powerful navy. - -_rebus maritimis multum valere_—to have a powerful navy. - -_navem, classem aedificare, facere, efficere, instituere_—to build a -ship, a fleet. - -_navem (classem) armare, ornare, instruere_—to equip a boat, a fleet. - -_navem deducere_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 1, note _Notice too..._)—to launch -a boat. - -_navem subducere (in aridum)_—to haul up a boat. - -_navem reficere_—to repair a boat. - -_navem conscendere, ascendere_—to embark. - -_exercitum in naves imponere_ (Liv. 22. 19)—to embark an army. - -_milites in terram, in terra exponere_—to disembark troops. - -_classiarii_[1] (B. C. 3. 100)—marines. - -_nautae, remiges_—sailors, rowers. - -_vectores_ (Phil. 7. 9. 27)—passengers. - -_naves annotinae_—ships of last year. - - -[1] Also _classici milites, classica legio_ (Liv. 21. 41; 22. 19). The -marines were recruited from the lowest classes (_capite censi_) and -from the _liberti_. The rowers were slaves; the ordinary sailors were -_socii navales_. - - - - -2. Voyage—Shipwreck—Landing - - -_solvere_ (B. G. 4. 28)—to weigh anchor, sail. - -_navem (naves) solvere_—to weigh anchor, sail. - -_ancoram (ancoras) tollere_—to weigh anchor, sail. - -_naves ex portu solvunt_—the ships sail from the harbour. - -_malacia et tranquillitas_ (B. G. 3. 15)—a dead calm. - -_vela in altum dare_ (Liv. 25. 27)—to put to sea. - -_ventum (tempestatem) nancti idoneum ex portu exeunt_—the ships sail -out on a fair wind. - -_vela facere, pandere_—to set the sails. - -_vela dare_—to set the sails. - -_vela contrahere_ (also metaph.)—to furl the sails. - -_oram legere_ (Liv. 21. 51)—to hug the coast. - -_superare insulam, promunturium_—to double an island, cape. - -_ventis reflantibus_ (Tusc. 1. 49)—with the wind against one. - -_cursum dirigere aliquo_—to set one's course for a place. - -_cursum tenere_ (opp. _commutare_ and _deferri_)—to hold on one's -course. - -_cursum conficere_ (Att. 5. 12. 1)—to finish one's voyage. - -_gubernaculum tractare_—to steer. - -_clavum tenere_—to steer. - -_navem remis agere_ or _propellere_—to row. - -_remis contendere_—to row hard. - -_navem remis concitare, incitare_—to row hard. - -_sustinere, inhibere remos_ (De Or. 1. 33)—to stop rowing; to easy. - -_navem retro inhibere_ (Att. 13. 21)—to back water. - -_naufragium facere_—to be shipwrecked. - -_navis ad scopulos alliditur_ (B. C. 3. 27)—the ship strikes on the -rocks. - -_vento se dare_—to run before the wind. - -_in litus eici_ (B. G. 5. 10)—to be stranded. - -_deferri, deici aliquo_—to be driven out of one's course; to drift. - -_tempestate abripi_—to be driven out of one's course; to drift. - -_procella (tempestas) aliquem ex alto ad ignotas terras (oras) -defert_—the storm drives some one on an unknown coast. - -_naufragium colligere_ (Sest. 6. 15)—to collect the wreckage. - -_appellere navem (ad terram, litus)_—to land (of people). - -_appelli (ad oram)_ (Att. 13. 21)—to land (of ships). - -_ancoras iacere_—to drop anchor. - -_ancoras tollere_—to weigh anchor. - -_naves ad ancoras deligare_ (B. G. 4. 29)—to make fast boats to anchors. - -_naves (classem) constituere (in alto)_—to make fast boats to anchors. - -_ad ancoram consistere_—to ride at anchor. - -_ad ancoras deligari_—to ride at anchor. - -_in ancoris esse, stare, consistere_—to ride at anchor. - -_exire ex, de navi_—to land, disembark. - -_exire, egredi in terram_—to land, disembark. - -_escensionem facere_ (of troops)—to land, disembark. - -_portu, terra prohiberi_ (B. C. 3. 15)—to be unable to land. - -_litora ac portus custodia clausos tenere_—to keep the coast and -harbours in a state of blockade. - -_deperire_—to founder, go down. - -_aestu incitato_—at high tide. - - - - -3. A Naval Battle - - -_navis praetoria_ (Liv. 21. 49)—the admiral's ship; the flagship. - -_pugnam navalem facere_[1]—to fight a battle at sea. - -_navem expedire_—to clear for action. - -_navem rostro percutere_—to charge, ram a boat. - -_navem expugnare_—to board and capture a boat. - -_navem, classem deprimere, mergere_—to sink a ship, a fleet. - -_classes concurrunt_ (Liv. 26. 39)—the fleets charge. - -_copulas, manus ferreas (in navem) inicere_—to throw grappling irons -on board; to board. - -_in navem (hostium) transcendere_—to throw grappling irons on board; -to board. - -_navem capere, intercipere, deprehendere_—to capture a boat. - -_vela armamentaque_—sails and rigging. - -_ex eo navium concursu magnum incommodum est acceptum_—much damage was -done by this collision. - -_navigia speculatoria_—reconnoitring-vessels. - - -[1] For a description of a sea-fight _vid._ B. G. iii. 13-16. - - - - -APPENDIX - - -_ut ait Cicero_ (always in this order)—as Cicero says. - -_ut Ciceronis verbis utar_—to use Cicero's expression; to say with -Cicero (not _ut cum Cicerone loquar_). - -_ut ita dicam_—so to speak (used to modify a figurative expression). - -_ut non (nihil) dicam de..._—not to mention... - -_ut plura non dicam_—to say nothing further on... - -_ne dicam_—not to say... (used in avoiding a stronger expression). - -_ne (quid) gravius dicam_—to say the least... - -_ut breviter dicam_—to put it briefly. - -_denique_—in short; to be brief. - -_ne multa, quid plura? sed quid opus est plura?_—in short; to be brief. - -_ut paucis (rem) absolvam_—in short; to be brief. - -_ut paucis (brevi, breviter) complectar_—in short; to be brief. - -_ut brevi comprehendam_—in short; to be brief. - -_ut brevi praecīdam_—in short; to be brief. - -_ut eorum, quae dixi, summam faciam_—to sum up... - -_ne longum sit_—not to be prolix. - -_ne longus, multus sim_—not to be prolix. - -_ne diutius vos demorer_—not to be prolix. - -_ne in re nota et pervulgata multus sim_—not to be diffuse on such a -well-known subject. - -_ut levissime dicam_ (opp. _ut gravissimo verbo utar_)—to use the -mildest expression. - -_ut planius dicam_—to express myself more plainly. - -_ut verius dicam_—to put it more exactly. - -_ut semel_ or _in perpetuum dicam_—to say once for all. - -_ut in eodem simili verser_—to use the same simile, illustration. - -_ut hoc utar_ or _afferam_—to use this example. - -_dicam quod sentio_—I will give you my true opinion. - -_tantum_ or _unum illud_ or _hoc dico_—I will only say this much... - -_non nego, non infitior_—I do not deny. - -_hoc dici potest de aliqua re_—this can be said of..., applies to... - -_hoc cadit in aliquid_—this can be said of..., applies to... - -_hoc transferri potest in aliquid_—this can be said of..., applies to... - -_dixi quasi praeteriens_ or _in transitu_—I said _en passant_, by the -way. - -_sexcenties, millies dixi_—I have said it a thousand times. - -_ut supra_ (opp. _infra_) _diximus, dictum est_—as I said above. - -_dici vix (non) potest_ or _vix potest dici_ (_vix_ like _non_ always -before _potest_)—I cannot find words for... - -_incredibile dictu est_—it sounds incredible. - -_supersedeo oratione_ (not _dicere_)—I avoid mentioning...; I prefer -not to touch upon... - -_omitto dicere_—I avoid mentioning...; I prefer not to touch upon... - -_haec habeo dicere_ or _habeo quae dicam_—this I have to say. - -_haec (fere) dixit_—he spoke (very much) as follows. - -_hanc in sententiam dixit_—the tenor of his speech was this... - -_mihi quaedam dicenda sunt de hac re_—I have a few words to say on this. - -_quod vere praedicare possum_—without wishing to boast, yet... - -_quod non arroganter dixerim_—which I can say without offence, -arrogance. - -_pace tua dixerim_ or _dicere liceat_—allow me to say. - -_bona (cum) venia tua dixerim_—allow me to say. - -_non est huius loci_ c. Inf.—this is not the place to... - -_non est hic locus, ut..._—this is not the place to... - -_sed de hoc alias pluribus_—more of this another time. - -_atque_ or _sed haec (quidem) hactenus_—so much for this subject...; -enough has been said on... - -_atque haec quidem de..._—so much for this subject...; enough has been -said on... - -_ac (sed) de ... satis dixi, dictum est_—so much for this subject...; -enough has been said on... - -_haec (quidem) ille_—this much he said. - -_haec Ciceronis fere_—this is very much what Cicero said. - -_atque etiam hoc animadvertendum est_—there is this also to notice. - -_ad reliqua pergamus, progrediamur_—to pass on. - -_hic (ille) locus obscurus est_—this passage is obscure. - -_hoc in medio relinquamus_—let us leave that undecided. - -_sed lābor longius_—but that takes us too far. - -_non id ad vivum reseco_ (Lael. 5. 8)—I do not take that too strictly. - -_nonnulla praedīcam_—I wish to say a few words in preface. - -_ut omittam_ c. Accus.—putting aside, except. - -_cum discessi, -eris, -eritis ab_—putting aside, except. - -_praeter_ c. Accus.—putting aside, except. - -_ut praetermittam_ c. Acc. c. Inf.—to except the fact that... - -_praeterquam quod_ or _nisi quod_—to except the fact that... - -_hoc in promptu est_—it is clear, evident. - -_hoc in aperto est_—it is clear, evident. - -_hoc est luce (sole ipso) clarius_—this is as clear as daylight. - -_hoc facile intellegi potest_—that is self-evident, goes without saying. - -_hoc per se intellegitur_—that is self-evident, goes without saying. - -_hoc sua sponte appāret_—that is self-evident, goes without saying. - -_ex quo intellegitur_ or _intellegi potest, debet_—from this it -appears, is apparent. - -_ex quo perspicuum est_—from this it appears, is apparent. - -_inde patet, appāret_—from this it appears, is apparent. - -_apparet et exstat_—it is quite manifest. - -_exstat atque eminet_—it is quite manifest. - -_si quaeris, si verum quaerimus_—to put it exactly. - -_id quod maximum, gravissimum est_—the main point. - -_quod caput est_—the main point. - -_quod maius est_—what is more important. - -_testis est, testatur, declarat_—this shows, proves... - -_documento, indicio est_ (without demonstr. pron. but _cui rei -documento, indicio est_)—this shows, proves... - -_sed hoc nihil (sane) ad rem_—but this is not to the point. - -_aliquid (τι) dicis_ (opp. _nihil dicis_)—there is something in what -you say; you are more or less right. - -_est istuc quidem aliquid_—there is something in what you say; you are -more or less right. - -_audio, fateor_—I admit it, say on. - -_ain tu?_—do you think so? are you in earnest? - -_nonne?_—is it not so? - -_quorsum haec (dicis)?_—what do you mean? - -_male_ (opp. _bene_) _narras (de)_—I am sorry to hear... - -_monstra dicis, narras_—it is incredible. - -_clarius loquere_—speak up, please. - -_mihi crede_ (not _crede mihi_)—believe me. - -_per me licet_—I have no objection. - -_rem acu tetigisti_—you have hit the nail on the head. - -_ita prorsus existimo_—that is exactly what I think. - -_ita res est_—it is so. - -_res ita (aliter) se habet_—the matter stands so (otherwise). - -_nec mirum, minime mirum (id quidem), quid mirum?_—no wonder. - -_neque id mirum est_ or _videri debet_—there is nothing strange in that. - -_et recte (iure, merito)_—quite rightly. - -_et recte (iure) quidem_—quite rightly. - -_recte, iure id quidem_—quite rightly. - -_neque immerito (iniuria)_—and rightly too. - -_neque id immerito (iniuria)_—and rightly too. - -_meo (tuo, suo) iure_—with perfect right. - -_iusto iure_—with perfect right. - -_iustissime, rectissime_—legitimately; with the fullest right. - -_optimo iure_ (cf. _summo iure_, sect. XV. 1).—legitimately; with the -fullest right. - -_macte virtute_ (_esto_ or _te esse iubeo_)—good luck to you. - -_sed manum de tabula!_—but enough! - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Latin Phrase-Book, by -Carl Meissner and Henry William Auden - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN PHRASE-BOOK *** - -***** This file should be named 50280-0.txt or 50280-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/2/8/50280/ - -Produced by Carolus Raeticus - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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