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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses
+by Chester A. Arthur
+(#19 in our series of US Presidential State of the Union Addresses)
+
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+Title: State of the Union Addresses of Chester A. Arthur
+
+Author: Chester A. Arthur
+
+Release Date: February, 2004  [EBook #5028]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 11, 2002]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY CHESTER A. ARTHUR ***
+
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by James Linden.
+
+The addresses are separated by three asterisks: ***
+
+Dates of addresses by Chester A. Arthur in this eBook:
+  December 6, 1881
+  December 4, 1882
+  December 4, 1883
+  December 1, 1884
+
+
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Chester A. Arthur
+December 6, 1881
+
+To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
+
+An appalling calamity has befallen the American people since their chosen
+representatives last met in the halls where you are now assembled. We might
+else recall with unalloyed content the rare prosperity with which
+throughout the year the nation has been blessed. Its harvests have been
+plenteous; its varied industries have thriven; the health of its people has
+been preserved; it has maintained with foreign governments the undisturbed
+relations of amity and peace. For these manifestations of His favor we owe
+to Him who holds our destiny in His hands the tribute of our grateful
+devotion.
+
+To that mysterious exercise of His will which has taken from us the loved
+and illustrious citizen who was but lately the head of the nation we bow in
+sorrow and submission.
+
+The memory of his exalted character, of his noble achievements, and of his
+patriotic life will be treasured forever as a sacred possession of the
+whole people.
+
+The announcement of his death drew from foreign governments and peoples
+tributes of sympathy and sorrow which history will record as signal tokens
+of the kinship of nations and the federation of mankind.
+
+The feeling of good will between our own Government and that of Great
+Britain was never more marked than at present. In recognition of this
+pleasing fact I directed, on the occasion of the late centennial
+celebration at Yorktown, that a salute be given to the British flag.
+
+Save for the correspondence to which I shall refer hereafter in relation to
+the proposed canal across the Isthmus of Panama, little has occurred worthy
+of mention in the diplomatic relations of the two countries.
+
+Early in the year the Fortune Bay claims were satisfactorily settled by the
+British Government paying in full the sum of 15,000 pounds, most of which
+has been already distributed. As the terms of the settlement included
+compensation for injuries suffered by our fishermen at Aspee Bay, there has
+been retained from the gross award a sum which is deemed adequate for those
+claims.
+
+The participation of Americans in the exhibitions at Melbourne and Sydney
+will be approvingly mentioned in the reports of the two exhibitions, soon
+to be presented to Congress. They will disclose the readiness of our
+countrymen to make successful competition in distant fields of enterprise.
+
+Negotiations for an international copyright convention are in hopeful
+progress.
+
+The surrender of Sitting Bull and his forces upon the Canadian frontier has
+allayed apprehension, although bodies of British Indians still cross the
+border in quest of sustenance. Upon this subject a correspondence has been
+opened which promises an adequate understanding. Our troops have orders to
+avoid meanwhile all collisions with alien Indians.
+
+The presence at the Yorktown celebration of representatives of the French
+Republic and descendants of Lafayette and of his gallant compatriots who
+were our allies in the Revolution has served to strengthen the spirit of
+good will which has always existed between the two nations.
+
+You will be furnished with the proceedings of the Bimetallic Conference
+held during the summer at the city of Paris. No accord was reached, but a
+valuable interchange of views was had, and the conference will next year be
+renewed.
+
+At the Electrical Exhibition and Congress, also held at Paris, this country
+was creditably represented by eminent specialists, who, in the absence of
+an appropriation, generously lent their efficient aid at the instance of
+the State Department. While our exhibitors in this almost distinctively
+American field of achievement have won several valuable awards, I recommend
+that Congress provide for the repayment of the personal expenses incurred
+in the public interest by the honorary commissioners and delegates.
+
+No new questions respecting the status of our naturalized citizens in
+Germany have arisen during the year, and the causes of complaint,
+especially in Alsace and Lorraine, have practically ceased through the
+liberal action of the Imperial Government in accepting our often-expressed
+views on the subject. The application of the treaty of 1868 to the lately
+acquired Rhenish provinces has received very earnest attention, and a
+definite and lasting agreement on this point is confidently expected. The
+participation of the descendants of Baron von Steuben in the Yorktown
+festivities, and their subsequent reception by their American kinsmen,
+strikingly evinced the ties of good will which unite the German people and
+our own.
+
+Our intercourse with Spain has been friendly. An agreement concluded in
+February last fixes a term for the labors of the Spanish and American
+Claims Commission. The Spanish Government has been requested to pay the
+late awards of that Commission, and will, it is believed, accede to the
+request as promptly and courteously as on former occasions.
+
+By recent legislation onerous fines have been imposed upon American
+shipping in Spanish and colonial ports for slight irregularities in
+manifests. One ease of hardship is specially worthy of attention. The bark
+Masonic, bound for Japan, entered Manila in distress, and is there sought
+to be confiscated under Spanish revenue laws for an alleged shortage in her
+transshipped cargo. Though efforts for her relief have thus far proved
+unavailing, it is expected that the whole matter will be adjusted in a
+friendly spirit.
+
+The Senate resolutions of condolence on the assassination of the Czar
+Alexander II were appropriately communicated to the Russian Government,
+which in turn has expressed its sympathy in our late national bereavement.
+It is desirable that our cordial relations with Russia should be
+strengthened by proper engagements assuring to peaceable Americans who
+visit the Empire the consideration which is due to them as citizens of a
+friendly state. This is especially needful with respect to American
+Israelites, whose classification with the native Hebrews has evoked
+energetic remonstrances from this Government.
+
+A supplementary consular agreement with Italy has been sanctioned and
+proclaimed, which puts at rest conflicts of jurisdiction in the case of
+crimes on shipboard.
+
+Several important international conferences have been held in Italy during
+the year. At the Geographical Congress of Venice, the Beneficence Congress
+of Milan, and the Hygienic Congress of Turin this country was represented
+by delegates from branches of the public service or by private citizens
+duly accredited in an honorary capacity. It is hoped that Congress will
+give such prominence to the results of their participation as they may seem
+to deserve.
+
+The abolition of all discriminating duties against such colonial
+productions of the Dutch East Indies as are imported hither from Holland
+has been already considered by Congress. I trust that at the present
+session the matter may be favorably concluded.
+
+The insecurity of life and property in many parts of Turkey has given rise
+to correspondence with the Porte looking particularly to the better
+protection of American missionaries in the Empire. The condemned murderer
+of the eminent missionary Dr. Justin W. Parsons has not yet been executed,
+although this Government has repeatedly demanded that exemplary justice be
+done.
+
+The Swiss Government has again solicited the good offices of our diplomatic
+and consular agents for the protection of its citizens in countries where
+it is not itself represented. This request has, within proper limits, been
+granted.
+
+Our agents in Switzerland have been instructed to protest against the
+conduct of the authorities of certain communes in permitting the emigration
+to this country of criminals and other objectionable persons. Several such
+persons, through the cooperation of the commissioners of emigration at New
+York, have been sent back by the steamers which brought them. A continuance
+of this course may prove a more effectual remedy than diplomatic
+remonstrance.
+
+Treaties of commerce and navigation and for the regulation of consular
+privileges have been concluded with Roumania and Servia since their
+admission into the family of European States.
+
+As is natural with contiguous states having like institutions and like aims
+of advancement and development, the friendship of the United States and
+Mexico has been constantly maintained. This Government has lost no occasion
+of encouraging the Mexican Government to a beneficial realization of the
+mutual advantages which will result from more intimate commercial
+intercourse and from the opening of the rich interior of Mexico to railway
+enterprise. I deem it important that means be provided to restrain the
+lawlessness unfortunately so common on the frontier and to suppress the
+forays of the reservation Indians on either side of the Rio Grande.
+
+The neighboring States of Central America have preserved internal peace,
+and their outward relations toward us have been those of intimate
+friendship. There are encouraging signs of their growing disposition to
+subordinate their local interests to those which are common to them by
+reason of their geographical relations.
+
+The boundary dispute between Guatemala and Mexico has afforded this
+Government an opportunity to exercise its good offices for preventing a
+rupture between those States and for procuring a peaceable solution of the
+question. I cherish strong hope that in view of our relations of amity with
+both countries our friendly counsels may prevail.
+
+A special envoy of Guatemala has brought to me the condolences of his
+Government and people on the death of President Garfield.
+
+The Costa Rican Government lately framed an engagement with Colombia for
+settling by arbitration the boundary question between those countries,
+providing that the post of arbitrator should be offered successively to the
+King of the Belgians, the King of Spain, and the President of the Argentine
+Confederation. The King of the Belgians has declined to act, but I am not
+as yet advised of the action of the King of Spain. As we have certain
+interests in the disputed territory which are protected by our treaty
+engagements with one of the parties, it is important that the arbitration
+should not without our consent affect our rights, and this Government has
+accordingly thought proper to make its views known to the parties to the
+agreement, as well as to intimate them to the Belgian and Spanish
+Governments.
+
+The questions growing out of the proposed interoceanic waterway across the
+Isthmus of Panama are of grave national importance. This Government has not
+been unmindful of the solemn obligations imposed upon it by its compact of
+1846 with Colombia, as the independent and sovereign mistress of the
+territory crossed by the canal, and has sought to render them effective by
+fresh engagements with the Colombian Republic looking to their practical
+execution. The negotiations to this end, after they had reached what
+appeared to be a mutually satisfactory solution here, were met in Colombia
+by a disavowal of the powers which its envoy had assumed and by a proposal
+for renewed negotiation on a modified basis.
+
+Meanwhile this Government learned that Colombia had proposed to the
+European powers to join in a guaranty of the neutrality of the proposed
+Panama canal--a guaranty which would be in direct contravention of our
+obligation as the sole guarantor of the integrity of Colombian territory
+and of the neutrality of the canal itself. My lamented predecessor felt it
+his duty to place before the European powers the reasons which make the
+prior guaranty of the United States indispensable, and for which the
+interjection of any foreign guaranty might be regarded as a superfluous and
+unfriendly act.
+
+Foreseeing the probable reliance of the British Government on the
+provisions of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty of 1850 as affording room for a
+share in the guaranties which the United States covenanted with Colombia
+four years before, I have not hesitated to supplement the action of my
+predecessor by proposing to Her Majesty's Government the modification of
+that instrument and the abrogation of such clauses thereof as do not
+comport with the obligations of the United States toward Colombia or with
+the vital needs of the two friendly parties to the compact.
+
+This Government sees with great concern the continuance of the hostile
+relations between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. An early peace between these
+Republics is much to be desired, not only that they may themselves be
+spared further misery and bloodshed, but because their continued antagonism
+threatens consequences which are, in my judgment, dangerous to the
+interests of republican government on this continent and calculated to
+destroy the best elements of our free and peaceful civilization.
+
+As in the present excited condition of popular feeling in these countries
+there has been serious misapprehension of the position of the United
+States, and as separate diplomatic intercourse with each through
+independent ministers is sometimes subject, owing to the want of prompt
+reciprocal communication, to temporary misunderstanding, I have deemed it
+judicious at the present time to send a special envoy accredited to all and
+each of them, and furnished with general instructions which will, I trust,
+enable him to bring these powers into friendly relations.
+
+The Government of Venezuela maintains its attitude of warm friendship and
+continues with great regularity its payment of the monthly quota of the
+diplomatic debt. Without suggesting the direction in which Congress should
+act, I ask its attention to the pending questions affecting the
+distribution of the sums thus far received.
+
+The relations between Venezuela and France growing out of the same debt
+have been for some time past in an unsatisfactory state, and this
+Government, as the neighbor and one of the largest creditors of Venezuela,
+has interposed its influence with the French Government with the view of
+producing a friendly and honorable adjustment.
+
+I regret that the commercial interests between the United States and
+Brazil, from which great advantages were hoped a year ago, have suffered
+from the withdrawal of the American lines of communication between the
+Brazilian ports and our own.
+
+Through the efforts of our minister resident at Buenos Ayres and the United
+States minister at Santiago, a treaty has been concluded between the
+Argentine Republic and Chile, disposing of the long-pending Patagonian
+boundary question. It is a matter of congratulation that our Government has
+been afforded the opportunity of successfully exerting its good influence
+for the prevention of disagreements between these Republics of the American
+continent.
+
+I am glad to inform you that the treaties lately negotiated with China have
+been duly ratified on both sides and the exchange made at Peking.
+Legislation is necessary to carry their provisions into effect. The prompt
+and friendly spirit with which the Chinese Government, at the request of
+the United States, conceded the modification of existing treaties should
+secure careful regard for the interests and susceptibilities of that
+Government in the enactment of any laws relating to Chinese immigration.
+
+Those clauses of the treaties which forbid the participation of citizens or
+vessels of the United States in the opium trade will doubtless receive your
+approval. They will attest the sincere interest which our people and
+Government feel in the commendable efforts of the Chinese Government to put
+a stop to this demoralizing and destructive traffic.
+
+In relation both to China and Japan some changes are desirable in our
+present system of consular jurisdiction. I hope at some future time to lay
+before you a scheme for its improvement in the entire East.
+
+The intimacy between our own country and Japan, the most advanced of the
+Eastern nations, continues to be cordial. I am advised that the Emperor
+contemplates the establishment of full constitutional government, and that
+he has already summoned a parliamentary congress for the purpose of
+effecting the change. Such a remarkable step toward complete assimilation
+with the Western system can not fail to bring Japan into closer and more
+beneficial relationship with ourselves as the chief Pacific power.
+
+A question has arisen in relation to the exercise in that country of the
+judicial functions conferred upon our ministers and consuls. The
+indictment, trial, and conviction in the consular court at Yokohama of John
+Ross, a merchant seaman on board an American vessel, have made it necessary
+for the Government to institute a careful examination into the nature and
+methods of this jurisdiction.
+
+It appeared that Ross was regularly shipped under the flag of the United
+States, but was by birth a British subject. My predecessor felt it his duty
+to maintain the position that during his service as a regularly shipped
+seaman on board an American merchant vessel Ross was subject to the laws of
+that service and to the jurisdiction of the United States consular
+authorities.
+
+I renew the recommendation which has been heretofore urged by the Executive
+upon the attention of Congress, that after the deduction of such amount as
+may be found due to American citizens the balance of the indemnity funds
+heretofore obtained from China and Japan, and which are now in the hands of
+the State Department, be returned to the Governments of those countries.
+
+The King of Hawaii, in the course of his homeward return after a journey
+around the world, has lately visited this country. While our relations with
+that Kingdom are friendly, this Government has viewed with concern the
+efforts to seek replenishment of the diminishing population of the islands
+from outward sources, to a degree which may impair the native sovereignty
+and independence, in which the United States was among the first to testify
+a lively interest.
+
+Relations of unimpaired amity have been maintained throughout the year with
+the respective Governments of Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Hayti,
+Paraguay and Uruguay, Portugal, and Sweden and Norway. This may also be
+said of Greece and Ecuador, although our relations with those States have
+for some years been severed by the withdrawal of appropriations for
+diplomatic representatives at Athens and Quito. It seems expedient to
+restore those missions, even on a reduced scale, and I decidedly recommend
+such a course with respect to Ecuador, which is likely within the near
+future to play an important part among the nations of the Southern
+Pacific.
+
+At its last extra session the Senate called for the text of the Geneva
+convention for the relief of the wounded in war. I trust that this action
+foreshadows such interest in the subject as will result in the adhesion of
+the United States to that humane and commendable engagement.
+
+I invite your attention to the propriety of adopting the new code of
+international rules for the prevention of collisions on the high seas and
+of conforming the domestic legislation of the United States thereto, so
+that no confusion may arise from the application of conflicting rules in
+the case of vessels of different nationalities meeting in tidal waters.
+These international rules differ but slightly from our own. They have been
+adopted by the Navy Department for the governance of the war ships of the
+United States on the high seas and in foreign waters, and, through the
+action of the State Department in disseminating the rules and in
+acquainting shipmasters with the option of conforming to them without the
+jurisdictional waters of the United States, they are now very generally
+known and obeyed.
+
+The State Department still continues to publish to the country the trade
+and manufacturing reports received from its officers abroad. The success of
+this course warrants its continuance and such appropriation as may be
+required to meet the rapidly increasing demand for these publications. With
+special reference to the Atlanta Cotton Exposition, the October number of
+the reports was devoted to a valuable collection of papers on the
+cotton-goods trade of the world.
+
+The International Sanitary Conference for which, in 1879, Congress made
+provision assembled in this city early in January last, and its sessions
+were prolonged until March. Although it reached no specific conclusions
+affecting the future action of the participant powers, the interchange of
+views proved to be most valuable. The full protocols of the sessions have
+been already presented to the Senate.
+
+As pertinent to this general subject, I call your attention to the
+operations of the National Board of Health. Established by act of Congress
+approved March 3, 1879, its sphere of duty was enlarged by the act of June
+2 in the same year. By the last-named act the board was required to
+institute such measures as might be deemed necessary for preventing the
+introduction of contagious or infectious diseases from foreign countries
+into the United States or from one State into another.
+
+The execution of the rules and regulations prepared by the board and
+approved by my predecessor has done much to arrest the progress of epidemic
+disease, and has thus rendered substantial service to the nation.
+
+The International Sanitary Conference, to which I have referred, adopted a
+form of a bill of health to be used by all vessels seeking to enter the
+ports of the countries whose representatives participated in its
+deliberations. This form has since been prescribed by the National Board of
+Health and incorporated with its rules and regulations, which have been
+approved by me in pursuance of law.
+
+The health of the people is of supreme importance. All measures looking to
+their protection against the spread of contagious diseases and to the
+increase of our sanitary knowledge for such purposes deserve attention of
+Congress.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Treasury presents in detail a highly
+satisfactory exhibit of the state of the finances and the condition of the
+various branches of the public service administered by that Department.
+
+The ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year ending June 30,
+1881, were:
+
+From customs - $198,159,676.02
+
+From internal revenue - 135,264,385.51
+
+From sales of public lands - 2,201,863.17
+
+From tax on circulation and deposits of national banks - 8,116,115.72
+
+From repayment of interest by Pacific Railway companies - 810,833.80
+
+From sinking fund for Pacific Railway companies - 805,180.54
+
+From customs fees, fines, penalties, etc - 1,225,514.86
+
+From fees--consular, letters patent, and lands - 2,244,983.98
+
+From proceeds of sales of Government property - 262,174.00
+
+From profits on coinage - 3,468,485.61
+
+From revenues of the District of Columbia - 2,016,199.23
+
+From miscellaneous sources - 6,206,880.13
+
+Total ordinary receipts - 360,782,292.57
+
+The ordinary expenditures for the same period were:
+
+For civil expenses - $17,941,177.19
+
+For foreign intercourse - 1,093,954.92
+
+For Indians - 6,514,161.09
+
+For pensions - 50,059,279.62
+
+For the military establishment, including river and harbor improvements
+
+and arsenals - 40,466,460.55
+
+For the naval establishment, including vessels, machinery, and
+
+improvements at navy-yards - 15,686,671.66
+
+For miscellaneous expenditures, including public buildings,
+
+light-houses, and collecting the revenue - 41,837,280.57
+
+For expenditures on account of the District of Columbia - 3,543,912.03
+
+For interest on the public debt - 82,508,741.18
+
+For premium on bonds purchased - 1,061,248.78
+
+Total ordinary expenditures - 260,712,887.59
+
+Leaving a surplus revenue of $100,069,404.98, which was applied as
+follows:
+
+To the redemption of-- -
+
+Bonds for the sinking fund - $74,371,200.00
+
+Fractional currency for the sinking fund - 109,001.05
+
+Loan of February, 1861 - 7,418,000.00
+
+Ten-forties of 1864 - 2,016,150.00
+
+Five-twenties of 1862 - 18,300.00
+
+Five-twenties of 1864 - 3,400.00
+
+Five-twenties of 1865 - 37,300.00
+
+Consols of 1865 - 143,150.00
+
+Consols of 1867 - 959,150.00
+
+Consols of 1868 - 337,400.00
+
+Texan indemnity stock - 1,000.00
+
+Old demand, compound-interest, and other notes - 18,330.00
+
+And to the increase of cash in the Treasury - 14,637,023.93 -
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Chester A. Arthur
+December 4, 1882
+
+To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
+
+It is provided by the Constitution that the President shall from time to
+time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union and
+recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary
+and expedient.
+
+In reviewing the events of the year which has elapsed since the
+commencement of your sessions, I first call your attention to the
+gratifying condition of our foreign affairs. Our intercourse with other
+powers has continued to be of the most friendly character.
+
+Such slight differences as have arisen during the year have been already
+settled or are likely to reach an early adjustment. The arrest of citizens
+of the United States in Ireland under recent laws which owe their origin to
+the disturbed condition of that country has led to a somewhat extended
+correspondence with the Government of Great Britain. A disposition to
+respect our rights has been practically manifested by the release of the
+arrested parties.
+
+The claim of this nation in regard to the supervision and control of any
+interoceanic canal across the American Isthmus has continued to be the
+subject of conference.
+
+It is likely that time will be more powerful than discussion in removing
+the divergence between the two nations whose friendship is so closely
+cemented by the intimacy of their relations and the community of their
+interests.
+
+Our long-established friendliness with Russia has remained unshaken. It has
+prompted me to proffer the earnest counsels of this Government that
+measures be adopted for suppressing the proscription which the Hebrew race
+in that country has lately suffered. It has not transpired that any
+American citizen has been subjected to arrest or injury, but our courteous
+remonstrance has nevertheless been courteously received. There is reason to
+believe that the time is not far distant when Russia will be able to secure
+toleration to all faiths within her borders.
+
+At an international convention held at Paris in 1880, and attended by
+representatives of the United States, an agreement was reached in respect
+to the protection of trade-marks, patented articles, and the rights of
+manufacturing firms and corporations. The formulating into treaties of the
+recommendations thus adopted is receiving the attention which it merits.
+
+The protection of submarine cables is a subject now under consideration by
+an international conference at Paris. Believing that it is clearly the true
+policy of this Government to favor the neutralization of this means of
+intercourse, I requested our minister to France to attend the convention as
+a delegate. I also designated two of our eminent scientists to attend as
+our representatives at the meeting of an international committee at Paris
+for considering the adoption of a common unit to measure electric force.
+
+In view of the frequent occurrence of conferences for the consideration of
+important matters of common interest to civilized nations, I respectfully
+suggest that the Executive be invested by Congress with discretionary
+powers to send delegates to such conventions, and that provision be made to
+defray the expenses incident thereto.
+
+The difference between the United States and Spain as to the effect of a
+judgment and certificate of naturalization has not yet been adjusted, but
+it is hoped and believed that negotiations now in progress will result in
+the establishment of the position which seems to this Government so
+reasonable and just.
+
+I have already called the attention of Congress to the fact that in the
+ports of Spain and its colonies onerous fines have lately been imposed upon
+vessels of the United States for trivial technical offenses against local
+regulations. Efforts for the abatement of these exactions have thus far
+proved unsuccessful.
+
+I regret to inform you also that the fees demanded by Spanish consuls in
+American ports are in some cases so large, when compared with the value of
+the cargo, as to amount in effect to a considerable export duty, and that
+our remonstrances in this regard have not as yet received the attention
+which they seem to deserve.
+
+The German Government has invited the United States to participate in an
+international exhibition of domestic cattle to be held at Hamburg in July,
+1883. If this country is to be represented, it is important that in the
+early days of this session Congress should make a suitable appropriation
+for that purpose.
+
+The death of Mr. Marsh, our late minister to Italy, has evoked from that
+Government expressions of profound respect for his exalted character and
+for his honorable career in the diplomatic service of his country. The
+Italian Government has raised a question as to the propriety of recognizing
+in his dual capacity the representative of this country recently accredited
+both as secretary of legation and as consul-general at Rome. He has been
+received as secretary, but his exequatur as consul-general has thus far
+been withheld.
+
+The extradition convention with Belgium, which has been in operation since
+1874, has been lately supplanted by another. The Senate has signified its
+approval, and ratifications have been duly exchanged between the
+contracting countries. To the list of extraditable crimes has been added
+that of the assassination or attempted assassination of the chief of the
+State.
+
+Negotiations have been opened with Switzerland looking to a settlement by
+treaty of the question whether its citizens can renounce their allegiance
+and become citizens of the United States without obtaining the consent of
+the Swiss Government.
+
+I am glad to inform you that the immigration of paupers and criminals from
+certain of the Cantons of Switzerland has substantially ceased and is no
+longer sanctioned by the authorities.
+
+The consideration of this subject prompts the suggestion that the act of
+August 3, 1882, which has for its object the return of foreign convicts to
+their own country, should be so modified as not to be open to the
+interpretation that it affects the extradition of criminals on preferred
+charges of crime.
+
+The Ottoman Porte has not yet assented to the interpretation which this
+Government has put upon the treaty of 1830 relative to its jurisdictional
+rights in Turkey. It may well be, however, that this difference will be
+adjusted by a general revision of the system of jurisdiction of the United
+States in the countries of the East, a subject to which your attention has
+been already called by the Secretary of State.
+
+In the interest of justice toward China and Japan, I trust that the
+question of the return of the indemnity fund to the Governments of those
+countries will reach at the present session the satisfactory solution which
+I have already recommended, and which has recently been foreshadowed by
+Congressional discussion.
+
+The treaty lately concluded with Korea awaits the action of the Senate.
+During the late disturbance in Egypt the timely presence of American
+vessels served as a protection to the persons and property of many of our
+own citizens and of citizens of other countries, whose governments have
+expressed their thanks for this assistance.
+
+The recent legislation restricting immigration of laborers from China has
+given rise to the question whether Chinese proceeding to or from another
+country may lawfully pass through our own.
+
+Construing the act of May 6, 1882, in connection with the treaty of
+November 7, 1880, the restriction would seem to be limited to Chinese
+immigrants coming to the United States as laborers, and would not forbid a
+mere transit across our territory. I ask the attention of Congress to the
+subject, for such action, if any, as may be deemed advisable.
+
+This Government has recently had occasion to manifest its interest in the
+Republic of Liberia by seeking to aid the amicable settlement of the
+boundary dispute now pending between that Republic and the British
+possession of Sierra Leone.
+
+The reciprocity treaty with Hawaii will become terminable after September
+9, 1883, on twelve months' notice by either party. While certain provisions
+of that compact may have proved onerous, its existence has fostered
+commercial relations which it is important to preserve. I suggest,
+therefore, that early consideration be given to such modifications of the
+treaty as seem to be demanded by the interests of our people.
+
+In view of our increasing trade with both Hayti and Santo Domingo, I advise
+that provision be made for diplomatic intercourse with the latter by
+enlarging the scope of the mission at Port au Prince.
+
+I regret that certain claims of American citizens against the Government of
+Hayti have thus far been urged unavailingly.
+
+A recent agreement with Mexico provides for the crossing of the frontier by
+the armed forces of either country in pursuit of hostile Indians. In my
+message of last year I called attention to the prevalent lawlessness upon
+the borders and to the necessity of legislation for its suppression. I
+again invite the attention of Congress to the subject.
+
+A partial relief from these mischiefs has been sought in a convention,
+which now awaits the approval of the Senate, as does also another touching
+the establishment of the international boundary between the United States
+and Mexico. If the latter is ratified, the action of Congress will be
+required for establishing suitable commissions of survey. The boundary
+dispute between Mexico and Guatemala, which led this Government to proffer
+its friendly counsels to both parties, has been amicably settled.
+
+No change has occurred in our relations with Venezuela. I again invoke your
+action in the matter of the pending awards against that Republic, to which
+reference was made by a special message from the Executive at your last
+session.
+
+An invitation has been received from the Government of Venezuela to send
+representatives in July, 1883, to Caracas for participating in the
+centennial celebration of the birth of Bolivar, the founder of South
+American independence. In connection with this event it is designed to
+commence the erection at Caracas of a statue of Washington and to conduct
+an industrial exhibition which will be open to American products. I
+recommend that the United States be represented and that suitable provision
+be made therefor.
+
+The elevation of the grade of our mission in Central America to the
+plenipotentiary rank, which was authorized by Congress at its late session,
+has been since effected.
+
+The war between Peru and Bolivia on the one side and Chile on the other
+began more than three years ago. On the occupation by Chile in 1880 of all
+the littoral territory of Bolivia, negotiations for peace were conducted
+under the direction of the United States. The allies refused to concede any
+territory, but Chile has since become master of the whole coast of both
+countries and of the capital of Peru. A year since, as you have already
+been advised by correspondence transmitted to you in January last, this
+Government sent a special mission to the belligerent powers to express the
+hope that Chile would be disposed to accept a money indemnity for the
+expenses of the war and to relinquish her demand for a portion of the
+territory of her antagonist.
+
+This recommendation, which Chile declined to follow, this Government did
+not assume to enforce; nor can it be enforced without resort to measures
+which would be in keeping neither with the temper of our people nor with
+the spirit of our institutions.
+
+The power of Peru no longer extends over its whole territory, and in the
+event of our interference to dictate peace would need to be supplemented by
+the armies and navies of the United States. Such interference would almost
+inevitably lead to the establishment of a protectorate--a result utterly at
+odds with our past policy, injurious to our present interests, and full of
+embarrassments for the future.
+
+For effecting the termination of hostilities upon terms at once just to the
+victorious nation and generous to its adversaries, this Government has
+spared no efforts save such as might involve the complications which I have
+indicated.
+
+It is greatly to be deplored that Chile seems resolved to exact such
+rigorous conditions of peace and indisposed to submit to arbitration the
+terms of an amicable settlement. No peace is likely to be lasting that is
+not sufficiently equitable and just to command the approval of other
+nations.
+
+About a year since invitations were extended to the nations of this
+continent to send representatives to a peace congress to assemble at
+Washington in November, 1882. The time of meeting was fixed at a period
+then remote, in the hope, as the invitation itself declared, that in the
+meantime the disturbances between the South American Republics would be
+adjusted. As that expectation seemed unlikely to be realized, I asked in
+April last for an expression of opinion from the two Houses of Congress as
+to the advisability of holding the proposed convention at the time
+appointed. This action was prompted in part by doubts which mature
+reflection had suggested whether the diplomatic usage and traditions of the
+Government did not make it fitting that the Executive should consult the
+representatives of the people before pursuing a line of policy somewhat
+novel in its character and far reaching in its possible consequences. In
+view of the fact that no action was taken by Congress in the premises and
+that no provision had been made for necessary expenses, I subsequently
+decided to postpone the convocation, and so notified the several
+Governments which had been invited to attend.
+
+I am unwilling to dismiss this subject without assuring you of my support
+of any measures the wisdom of Congress may devise for the promotion of
+peace on this continent and throughout the world, and I trust that the time
+is nigh when, with the universal assent of civilized peoples, all
+international differences shall be determined without resort to arms by the
+benignant processes of arbitration.
+
+Changes have occurred in the diplomatic representation of several foreign
+powers during the past year. New ministers from the Argentine Republic,
+Austria-Hungary, Brazil, Chile, China, France, Japan, Mexico, the
+Netherlands, and Russia have presented their credentials. The missions of
+Denmark and Venezuela at this capital have been raised in grade.
+Switzerland has created a plenipotentiary mission to this Government, and
+an embassy from Madagascar and a minister from Siam will shortly arrive.
+
+Our diplomatic intercourse has been enlarged by the establishment of
+relations with the new Kingdom of Servia, by the creation of a mission to
+Siam, and by the restoration of the mission to Greece. The Shah of Persia
+has expressed his gratification that a charge' d'affaires will shortly be
+sent to that country, where the rights of our citizens have been hitherto
+courteously guarded by the representatives of Great Britain.
+
+I renew my recommendation of such legislation as will place the United
+States in harmony with other maritime powers with respect to the
+international rules for the prevention of collisions at sea.
+
+In conformity with your joint resolution of the 3d of August last, I have
+directed the Secretary of State to address foreign governments in respect
+to a proposed conference for considering the subject of the universal
+adoption of a common prime meridian to be used in the reckoning of
+longitude and in the regulation of time throughout the civilized world.
+Their replies will in due time be laid before you.
+
+An agreement was reached at Paris in 1875 between the principal powers for
+the interchange of official publications through the medium of their
+respective foreign departments.
+
+The admirable system which has been built up by the enterprise of the
+Smithsonian Institution affords a practical basis for our cooperation in
+this scheme, and an arrangement has been effected by which that institution
+will perform the' necessary labor, under the direction of the Department of
+State. A reasonable compensation therefor should be provided by law.
+
+A clause in the act making appropriations for the diplomatic and consular
+service contemplates the reorganization of both branches of such service on
+a salaried basis, leaving fees to inure to the benefit of the Treasury. I
+cordially favor such a project, as likely to correct abuses in the present
+system. The Secretary of State will present to you at an early day a plan
+for such reorganization.
+
+A full and interesting exhibit of the operations of the Treasury Department
+is afforded by the report of the Secretary.
+
+It appears that the ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year
+ended June 30, 1882, were as follows:
+
+From customs - $220,410,730.25
+
+From internal revenue - 146,497,595.45
+
+From sales of public lands - 4,753,140.37
+
+From tax on circulation and deposits of national banks - 8,956,794.45
+
+From repayment of interest by Pacific Railway companies - 840,554.37
+
+From sinking fund for Pacific Railway companies - 796,271.42
+
+From customs fees, fines, penalties, etc - 1,343,348.00
+
+From fees--consular, letters patent, and lands - 2,638,990.97
+
+From proceeds of sales of Government property - 314,959.85
+
+From profits on coinage, bullion deposits, and assays - 4,116,693.73
+
+From Indian trust funds - 5,705,243.22
+
+From deposits by individuals for surveying public lands - 2,052,306.36
+
+From revenues of the District of Columbia - 1,715,176.41
+
+From miscellaneous sources - 3,383,445.43
+
+Total ordinary receipts - 403,525,250.28
+
+The ordinary expenditures for the same period were--
+
+For civil expenses - $18,042,386.42
+
+For foreign intercourse - 1,307,583.19
+
+For Indians - 9,736,747.40
+
+For pensions - 61,345,193.95
+
+For the military establishment, including river and harbor improvements,
+
+and arsenals - 43,570,494.19
+
+For the naval establishment, including vessels, machinery, and
+
+improvements at navy-yards - 15,032,046.26
+
+For miscellaneous expenditures, including public buildings, light-houses,
+
+and collecting the revenue - 34,539,237.50
+
+For expenditures on account of the District of Columbia - 3,330,543.87
+
+For interest on the public debt - 71,077,206.79
+
+Total ordinary expenditures - 257,981,439.57
+
+Leaving a surplus revenue of $145,543,810.71, which, with an amount drawn
+from the cash balance in the Treasury of $20,737,694.84, making
+$166,281,505.55, was applied to the redemption--
+
+Of bonds for the sinking fund - $60,079,150.00
+
+Of fractional currency for the sinking fund - 58,705.55
+
+Of loan of July and August, 1861 - 62,572,050.00
+
+Of loan of March, 1863 - 4,472,900.00
+
+Of funded loan of 1881 - 37,194,450.00
+
+Of loan of 1858 - 303,000.00
+
+Of loan of February, 1861 - 1,000.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1862 - 2,100.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1864 - 7,400.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1865 - 6,500.00
+
+Of ten-forties of 1864 - 254,550.00
+
+Of consols of 1865 - 86,450.00
+
+Of consols of 1867 - 408,250.00
+
+Of consols of 1868 - 141,400.00
+
+Of Oregon War debt - 675,250.00
+
+Of old demand, compound-interest, and other notes - 18,350.00 -
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Chester A. Arthur
+December 4, 1883
+
+To the Congress of the United States:
+
+At the threshold of your deliberations I congratulate you upon the
+favorable aspect of the domestic and foreign affairs of this Government.
+
+Our relations with other countries continue to be upon a friendly footing.
+With the Argentine Republic, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Hayti,
+Italy, Santo Domingo, and Sweden and Norway no incident has occurred which
+cars for special comment. The recent opening of new lines of telegraphic
+communication with Central America and Brazil permitted the interchange of
+messages of friendship with the Governments of those countries.
+
+During the year there have been perfected and proclaimed consular and
+commercial treaties with Servia and a consular treaty with Roumania, thus
+extending our intercourse with the Danubian countries, while our Eastern
+relations have been put upon a wider basis by treaties with Korea and
+Madagascar. The new boundary-survey treaty with Mexico, a trade-marks
+convention and a supplementary treaty of extradition with Spain, and
+conventions extending the duration of the Franco-American Claims Commission
+have also been proclaimed.
+
+Notice of the termination of the fisheries articles of the treaty of
+Washington was duly given to the British Government, and the reciprocal
+privileges and exemptions of the treaty will accordingly cease on July 1,
+1885. The fisheries industries, pursued by a numerous class of our citizens
+on the northern coasts, both of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, are worthy
+of the fostering care of Congress. Whenever brought into competition with
+the like industries of other countries, our fishermen, as well as our
+manufacturers of fishing appliances and preparers of fish products, have
+maintained a foremost place. I suggest that Congress create a commission to
+consider the general question of our rights in the fisheries and the means
+of opening to our citizens, under just and enduring conditions, the richly
+stocked fishing waters and sealing grounds of British North America.
+
+Question has arisen touching the deportation to the United States from the
+British Islands, by governmental or municipal aid, of persons unable there
+to gain a living and equally a burden on the community here. Such of these
+persons as fall under the pauper class as defined by law have been sent
+back in accordance with the provisions of our statutes. Her Majesty's
+Government has insisted that precautions have been taken before shipment to
+prevent these objectionable visitors from coming hither without guaranty of
+support by their relatives in this country. The action of the British
+authorities in applying measures for relief has, however, in so many cases
+proved ineffectual, and especially so in certain recent instances of needy
+emigrants reaching our territory through Canada, that a revision of our
+legislation upon this subject may be deemed advisable.
+
+Correspondence relative to the Clayton-Bulwer treaty has been continued and
+will be laid before Congress.
+
+The legislation of France against the importation of prepared swine
+products from the United States has been repealed. That result is due no
+less to the friendly representations of this Government than to a growing
+conviction in France that the restriction was not demanded by any real
+danger to health.
+
+Germany still prohibits the introduction of all swine products from
+America. I extended to the Imperial Government a friendly invitation to
+send experts to the United States to inquire whether the use of those
+products was dangerous to health. This invitation was declined. I have
+believed it of such importance, however, that the exact facts should be
+ascertained and promulgated that I have appointed a competent commission to
+make a thorough investigation of the subject. Its members have shown their
+public spirit by accepting their trust without pledge of compensation, but
+I trust that Congress will see in the national and international bearings
+of the matter a sufficient motive for providing at least for reimbursement
+of such expenses as they may necessarily incur.
+
+The coronation of the Czar at Moscow afforded to this Government an
+occasion for testifying its continued friendship by sending a special envoy
+and a representative of the Navy to attend the ceremony.
+
+While there have arisen during the year no grave questions affecting the
+status in the Russian Empire of American citizens of other faith than that
+held by the national church, this Government remains firm in its conviction
+that the rights of its citizens abroad should be in no wise affected by
+their religious belief.
+
+It is understood that measures for the removal of the restrictions which
+now burden our trade with Cuba and Puerto Rico are under consideration by
+the Spanish Government.
+
+The proximity of Cuba to the United States and the peculiar methods of
+administration which there prevail necessitate constant discussion and
+appeal on our part from the proceedings of the insular authorities. I
+regret to say that the just protests of this Government have not as yet
+produced satisfactory results.
+
+The commission appointed to decide certain claims of our citizens against
+the Spanish Government, after the recognition of a satisfactory rule as to
+the validity and force of naturalization in the United States, has finally
+adjourned. Some of its awards, though made more than two years ago, have
+not yet been paid. Their speedy payment is expected.
+
+Claims to a large amount which were held by the late commission to be
+without its jurisdiction have been diplomatically presented to the Spanish
+Government. As the action of the colonial authorities which has given rise
+to these claims was admittedly illegal, full reparation for the injury
+sustained by our citizens should be no longer delayed.
+
+The case of the Masonic has not yet reached a settlement. Manila court has
+found that the proceedings of which this Government has complained were
+unauthorized, and it is hoped that the Government of Spain will not
+withhold the speedy reparation which its sense of justice should impel it
+to offer for the unusual severity and unjust action of its subordinate
+colonial officers in the case of this vessel.
+
+The Helvetian Confederation has proposed the inauguration of a class of
+international treaties for the referment to arbitration of grave questions
+between nations. This Government has assented to the proposed negotiation
+of such a treaty with Switzerland.
+
+Under the treaty of Berlin liberty of conscience and civil rights are
+assured to all strangers in Bulgaria. As the United States have no distinct
+conventional relations with that country and are not a party to the treaty,
+they should, in my opinion, maintain diplomatic representation at Sofia for
+the improvement of intercourse and the proper protection of the many
+American citizens who resort to that country as missionaries and teachers.
+I suggest that I be given authority to establish an agency and
+consulate-general at the Bulgarian capital.
+
+The United States are now participating in a revision of the tariffs of the
+Ottoman Empire. They have assented to the application of a license tax to
+foreigners doing business in Turkey, but have opposed the oppressive
+storage tax upon petroleum entering the ports of that country.
+
+The Government of the Khedive has proposed that the authority of the mixed
+judicial tribunals in Egypt be extended so as to cover citizens of the
+United States accused of crime, who are now triable before consular courts.
+This Government is not indisposed to accept the change, but believes that
+its terms should be submitted for criticism to the commission appointed to
+revise the whole subject.
+
+At no time in our national history has there been more manifest need of
+close and lasting relations with a neighboring state than now exists with
+respect to Mexico. The rapid influx of our capital and enterprise into that
+country shows, by what has already been accomplished, the vast reciprocal
+advantages which must attend the progress of its internal development. The
+treaty of commerce and navigation of 1848 has been terminated by the
+Mexican Government, and in the absence of conventional engagements the
+rights of our citizens in Mexico now depend upon the domestic statutes of
+that Republic. There have been instances of harsh enforcement of the laws
+against our vessels and citizens in Mexico and of denial of the diplomatic
+resort for their protection. The initial step toward a better understanding
+has been taken in the negotiation by the commission authorized by Congress
+of a treaty which is still before the Senate awaiting its approval.
+
+The provisions for the reciprocal crossing of the frontier by the troops in
+pursuit of hostile Indians have been prolonged for another year. The
+operations of the forces of both Governments against these savages have
+been successful, and several of their most dangerous bands have been
+captured or dispersed by the skill and valor of United States and Mexican
+soldiers fighting in a common cause.
+
+The convention for the resurvey of the boundary from the Rio Grande to the
+Pacific having been ratified and exchanged, the preliminary reconnoissance
+therein stipulated has been effected. It now rests with Congress to make
+provision for completing the survey and relocating the boundary monuments.
+
+A convention was signed with Mexico on July 13, 1882, providing for the
+rehearing of the cases of Benjamin Well and the Abra Silver Mining Company,
+in whose favor awards were made by the late American and Mexican Claims
+Commission. That convention still awaits the consent of the Senate.
+Meanwhile, because of those charges of fraudulent awards which have made a
+new commission necessary, the Executive has directed the suspension of
+payments of the distributive quota received from Mexico.
+
+Our geographical proximity to Central America and our political and
+commercial relations with the States of that country justify, in my
+judgment, such a material increase of our consular corps as will place at
+each capital a consul-general.
+
+The contest between Bolivia, Chile, and Peru has passed from the stage of
+strategic hostilities to that of negotiation, in which the counsels of this
+Government have been exercised. The demands of Chile for absolute cession
+of territory have been maintained and accepted by the party of General
+Iglesias to the extent of concluding a treaty of peace with the Government
+of Chile in general conformity with the terms of the protocol signed in May
+last between the Chilean commander and General Iglesias. As a result of the
+conclusion of this treaty General Iglesias has been formally recognized by
+Chile as President of Peru and his government installed at Lima, which has
+been evacuated by the Chileans. A call has been issued by General Iglesias
+for a representative assembly, to be elected on the 13th of January, and to
+meet at Lima on the 1st of March next. Meanwhile the provisional government
+of General Iglesias has applied for recognition to the principal powers of
+America and Europe. When the will of the Peruvian people shall be
+manifested, I shall not hesitate to recognize the government approved by
+them.
+
+Diplomatic and naval representatives of this Government attended at Caracas
+the centennial celebration of the birth of the illustrious Bolivar. At the
+same time the inauguration of the statue of Washington in the Venezuelan
+capital testified to the veneration in which his memory is there held.
+
+Congress at its last session authorized the Executive to propose to
+Venezuela a reopening of the awards of the mixed commission of Caracas. The
+departure from this country of the Venezuelan minister has delayed the
+opening of negotiations for reviving the commission. This Government holds
+that until the establishment of a treaty upon this subject the Venezuelan
+Government must continue to make the payments provided for in the
+convention of 1866.
+
+There is ground for believing that the dispute growing out of the unpaid
+obligations due from Venezuela to France will be satisfactorily adjusted.
+The French cabinet has proposed a basis of settlement which meets my
+approval, but as it involves a recasting of the annual quotas of the
+foreign debt it has been deemed advisable to submit the proposal to the
+judgment of the cabinets of Berlin, Copenhagen, The Hague, London, and
+Madrid.
+
+At the recent coronation of His Majesty King Kalakaua this Government was
+represented both diplomatically and by the formal visit of a vessel of
+war.
+
+The question of terminating or modifying the existing reciprocity treaty
+with Hawaii is now before Congress. I am convinced that the charges of
+abuses and frauds under that treaty have been exaggerated, and I renew the
+suggestion of last year's message that the treaty be modified wherever its
+provisions have proved onerous to legitimate trade between the two
+countries. I am not disposed to favor the entire cessation of the treaty
+relations which have fostered good will between the countries and
+contributed toward the equality of Hawaii in the family of nations.
+
+In pursuance of the policy declared by ibis Government of extending our
+intercourse with the Eastern nations, legations have during the past year
+been established in Persia, Siam, and Korea. It is probable that permanent
+missions of those countries will ere long be maintained in the United
+States. A special embassy from Siam is now on its way hither.
+
+Treaty relations with Korea were perfected by the exchange at Seoul, on the
+19th of May last, of the ratifications of the lately concluded convention,
+and envoys from the King of Tab Chosen have visited this country and
+received a cordial welcome. Korea, as yet unacquainted with the methods of
+Western civilization, now invites the attention of those interested in the
+advancement of our foreign trade, as it needs the implements and products
+which the United States are ready to supply. We seek no monopoly of its
+commerce and no advantages over other nations, but as the Chosenese, in
+reaching for a higher civilization, have confided in this Republic, we can
+not regard with indifference any encroachment on their rights.
+
+China, by the payment of a money indemnity, has settled certain of the
+long-pending claims of our citizens, and I have strong hopes that the
+remainder will soon be adjusted.
+
+Questions have arisen teaching the rights of American and other foreign
+manufacturers in China under the provisions of treaties which permit aliens
+to exercise their industries in that country. On this specific point our
+own treaty is silent, but under the operation of the most-favored-nation
+clause we have like privileges with those of other powers. While it is the
+duty of the Government to see that our citizens have the full enjoyment of
+every benefit secured by treaty, I doubt the expediency of leading in a
+movement to constrain China to admit an interpretation which we have only
+an indirect treaty right to exact. The transference to China of American
+capital for the employment there of Chinese labor would in effect
+inaugurate a competition for the control of markets now supplied by our
+home industries.
+
+There is good reason to believe that the law restricting the immigration of
+Chinese has been violated, intentionally or otherwise, by the officials of
+China upon whom is devolved the duty of certifying that the immigrants
+belong to the excepted classes.
+
+Measures have been taken to ascertain the facts incident to this supposed
+infraction, and it is believed that the Government of China will cooperate
+with the United States in securing the faithful observance of the law.
+
+The same considerations which prompted Congress at its last session to
+return to Japan the Simonoseki indemnity seem to me to require at its hands
+like action in respect to the Canton indemnity fund, now amounting to
+$300,000.
+
+The question of the general revision of the foreign treaties of Japan has
+been considered in an international conference held at Tokyo, but without
+definite result as yet. This Government is disposed to concede the requests
+of Japan to determine its own tariff duties, to provide such proper
+judicial tribunals as may commend themselves to the Western powers for the
+trial of causes to which foreigners are parties, and to assimilate the
+terms and duration of its treaties to those of other civilized states.
+
+Through our ministers at London and at Monrovia this Government has
+endeavored to aid Liberia in its differences with Great Britain touching
+the northwestern boundary of that Republic. There is a prospect of
+adjustment of the dispute by the adoption of the Mannah River as the line.
+This arrangement is a compromise of the conflicting territorial claims and
+takes from Liberia no country over which it has maintained effective
+jurisdiction.
+
+The rich and populous valley of the Kongo is being opened to commerce by a
+society called the International African Association, of which the King of
+the Belgians is the president and a citizen of the United States the chief
+executive officer. Large tracts of territory have been ceded to the
+association by native chiefs, roads have been opened, steamboats placed on
+the river, and the nuclei of states established at twenty-two stations
+under one flag which offers freedom to commerce and prohibits the slave
+trade. The objects of the society are philanthropic. It does not aim at
+permanent political control, but seeks the neutrality of the valley. The
+United States can not be indifferent to this work nor to the interests of
+their citizens involved in it. It may become advisable for us to cooperate
+with other commercial powers in promoting the rights of trade and residence
+in the Kongo Valley free from the interference or political control of any
+one nation.
+
+In view of the frequency of invitations from foreign governments to
+participate in social and scientific congresses for the discussion of
+important matters of general concern, I repeat the suggestion of my last
+message that provision be made for the exercise of discretionary power by
+the Executive in appointing delegates to such convocations. Able
+specialists are ready to serve the national interests in such capacity
+without personal profit or other compensation than the defrayment of
+expenses actually incurred, and this a comparatively small annual
+appropriation would suffice to meet.
+
+I have alluded in my previous messages to the injurious and vexatious
+restrictions suffered by our trade in the Spanish West Indies. Brazil,
+whose natural outlet for its great national staple, coffee, is in and
+through the United States, imposes a heavy export duty upon that product.
+Our petroleum exports are hampered in Turkey and in other Eastern ports by
+restrictions as to storage and by onerous taxation. For these mischiefs
+adequate relief is not always afforded by reciprocity treaties like that
+with Hawaii or that lately negotiated with Mexico and now awaiting the
+action of the Senate. Is it not advisable to provide some measure of
+equitable retaliation in our relations with governments which discriminate
+against our own? If, for example, the Executive were empowered to apply to
+Spanish vessels and cargoes from Cuba and Puerto Rico the same rules of
+treatment and scale of penalties for technical faults which are applied to
+our vessels and cargoes in the Antilles, a resort to that course might not
+be barren of good results.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Treasury gives a full and interesting
+exhibit of the financial condition of the country.
+
+It shows that the ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year
+ended June 30, 1883, amounted to $398,287,581.95, whereof there was
+received--
+
+From customs - $214,706,496.93
+
+From internal revenue - 144,720,368.98
+
+From sales of public lands - 7,955,864.42
+
+From tax on circulation and deposits of national banks - 9,111,008.85
+
+From profits on coinage, bullion deposits, and assays - 4,460,205.17
+
+From other sources - 17,333,637.60
+
+Total - 398,287,581.95
+
+For the same period the ordinary expenditures were:
+
+For civil expenses - $22,343,285.76
+
+For foreign intercourse - 2,419,275.24
+
+For Indians - 7,362,590.34
+
+For Pensions - 66,012,573.64
+
+For the military establishment, including river and harbor
+
+improvements and arsenals - 48,911,382.93
+
+For the naval establishment, including vessels, machinery,
+
+and improvements at navy-yards - 15,283,437.17
+
+For miscellaneous expenditures, including public buildings,
+
+light-houses, and collecting the revenue - 40,098,432.73
+
+For expenditures on account of the District of Columbia - 3,817,028.48
+
+For interest on the public debt - 59,160,131.25
+
+Total - 265,408,137.54
+
+Leaving a surplus revenue of $132,879,444.41, which, with an amount drawn
+from the cash balance in the Treasury of $1,299,312.55, making
+$134,178,756.96, was applied to the redemption--
+
+Of bonds for the sinking fund - $44,850,700.00
+
+Of fractional currency for the sinking fund - 46,556.96
+
+Of funded loan of 1881, continued at 3 1\2 per cent - 65,380,250.00
+
+Of loan of July and August, 1861, continued at 3 1/2 per cent -
+20,594,600.00
+
+Of funded loan of 1907 - 1,418,850.00
+
+Of funded loan of 1881 - 719,150.00
+
+Of loan of February, 1861 - 18,000.00
+
+Of loan of July and August, 1861 - 266,600.00
+
+Of loan of March, 1863 - 116,850.00
+
+Of loan of July, 1882 - 47,650.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1862 - 10,300.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1864 - 7,050.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1865 - 9,600.00
+
+Of ten-forties of 1864 - 133,550.00
+
+Of consols of 1865 - 40,800.00
+
+Of consols of 1867 - 235,700.00
+
+Of consols of 1868 - 154,650.00
+
+Of Oregon War debt - 5,450.00
+
+Of refunding certificates - 109,150.00
+
+Of old demand, compound-interest and other notes - 13,300.00
+
+Total - 134,178,756.96
+
+The revenue for the present fiscal year, actual and estimated, is as
+follows:
+
+Source - For the quarter ended September 30, 1883 (actual) - For the
+remaining three quarters of the year (estimated)
+
+From customs - $57,402,975.67 - $137,597,024.33
+
+From internal revenue - 29,662,078.60 - 90,337,921.40
+
+From sales of public lands - 2,932,635.17 - 5,067,634.83
+
+From tax on circulation and deposits of national banks - 1,557,800.88 -
+1,542,199.12
+
+From repayment of interest and sinking fund, Pacific
+
+Railway companies - 521,059.51 - 1,478,940.49
+
+From customs fees, fines, penalties, etc - 298,696.78 - 901,303.22
+
+From fees--consular, letters patent, and lands - 863,209.80 - 2,436,790.20
+
+From proceeds of sales of Government property - 112,562.23 - 167,437.77
+
+From profits on coinage, etc - 950,229.46 - 3,149,770.54
+
+From deposits for surveying public lands - 172,461.31 - 327,538.69
+
+From revenues of the District of Columbia - 256,017.99 - 1,643,982.01
+
+From miscellaneous sources - 1,237,189.63 - 2,382,810.37
+
+Total receipts - 95,966,917.03 - 247,033,082.97
+
+The actual and estimated expenses for the same period are:
+
+Object - For the quarter ended September 30, 1883 (actual) - For the
+remaining three quarters of the year (estimated)
+
+For civil and miscellaneous expenses, including public buildings,
+light-houses, and collecting the revenue - $15,385,799.42 - $51,114,200.58
+
+For Indians - 2,623,390.54 - 4,126,609.46
+
+For pensions - 16,285,261.98 - 53,714,738.02
+
+For military establishment, including fortifications, river and harbor
+improvements, and arsenals - 13,512,204.33 - 26,487,795.67
+
+For naval establishment, including vessels and machinery, and improvements
+at navy-yards - 4,199,299.69 - 12,300,700.31
+
+For expenditures on account of the District of Columbia - 1,138,836.41 -
+2,611,163.59
+
+For interest on the public debt - 14,797,297.96 - 39,702,702.04
+
+Total ordinary expenditures - 67,942,090.33 - 190,057,909.67
+
+Total receipts, actual and estimated - $343,000,000.00
+
+Total expenditures, actual and estimated - 258,000,000.00 -
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Chester A. Arthur
+December 1, 1884
+
+To the Congress of the United States:
+
+Since the close of your last session the American people, in the exercise
+of their highest right of suffrage, have chosen their Chief Magistrate for
+the four years ensuing.
+
+When it is remembered that at no period in the country's history has the
+long political contest which customarily precedes the day of the national
+election been waged with greater fervor and intensity, it is a subject of
+general congratulation that after the controversy at the polls was over,
+and while the slight preponderance by which the issue had been determined
+was as yet unascertained, the public peace suffered no disturbance, but the
+people everywhere patiently and quietly awaited the result.
+
+Nothing could more strikingly illustrate the temper of the American
+citizen, his love of order, and his loyalty to law. Nothing could more
+signally demonstrate the strength and wisdom of our political
+institutions.
+
+Eight years have passed since a controversy concerning the result of a
+national election sharply called the attention of the Congress to the
+necessity of providing more precise and definite regulations for counting
+the electoral vote.
+
+It is of the gravest importance that this question be solved before
+conflicting claims to the Presidency shall again distract the country, and
+I am persuaded that by the people at large any of the measures of relief
+thus far proposed would be preferred to continued inaction.
+
+Our relations with all foreign powers continue to be amicable.
+
+With Belgium a convention has been signed whereby the scope of present
+treaties has been so enlarged as to secure to citizens of either country
+within the jurisdiction of the other equal rights and privileges in the
+acquisition and alienation of property. A trade-marks treaty has also been
+concluded.
+
+The war between Chile and Peru is at an end. For the arbitration of the
+claims of American citizens who during its continuance suffered through the
+acts of the Chilean authorities a convention will soon be negotiated.
+
+The state of hostilities between France and China continues to be an
+embarrassing feature of our Eastern relations. The Chinese Government has
+promptly adjusted and paid the claims of American citizens whose property
+was destroyed in the recent riots at Canton. I renew the recommendation of
+my last annual message, that the Canton indemnity fund be returned to
+China.
+
+The true interpretation of the recent treaty with that country permitting
+the restriction of Chinese immigration is likely to be again the subject of
+your deliberations. It may be seriously questioned whether the statute
+passed at the last session does not violate the treaty rights of certain
+Chinese who left this country with return certificates valid under the old
+law, and who now seem to be debarred from relanding for lack of the
+certificates required by the new.
+
+The recent purchase by citizens of the United States of a large trading
+fleet heretofore under the Chinese flag has considerably enhanced our
+commercial importance in the East. In view of the large number of vessels
+built or purchased by American citizens in other countries and exclusively
+employed in legitimate traffic between foreign ports under the recognized
+protection of our flag, it might be well to provide a uniform rule for
+their registration and documentation, so that the bona fide property rights
+of our citizens therein shall be duly evidenced and properly guarded.
+
+Pursuant to the advice of the Senate at the last session, I recognized the
+flag of the International Association of the Kongo as that of a friendly
+government, avoiding in so doing any prejudgment of conflicting territorial
+claims in that region. Subsequently, in execution of the expressed wish of
+the Congress, I appointed a commercial agent for the Kongo basin.
+
+The importance of the rich prospective trade of the Kongo Valley has led to
+the general conviction that it should be open to all nations upon equal
+terms. At an international conference for the consideration of this subject
+called by the Emperor of Germany, and now in session at Berlin, delegates
+are in attendance on behalf of the United States. Of the results of the
+conference you will be duly advised.
+
+The Government of Korea has generously aided the efforts of the United
+States minister to secure suitable premises for the use of the legation. As
+the conditions of diplomatic intercourse with Eastern nations demand that
+the legation premises be owned by the represented power, I advise that an
+appropriation be made for the acquisition of this property by the
+Government. The United States already possess valuable premises at Tangier
+as a gift from the Sultan of Morocco. As is stated hereafter, they have
+lately received a similar gift from the Siamese Government. The Government
+of Japan stands ready to present to us extensive grounds at Tokyo whereon
+to erect a suitable building for the legation, court-house, and jail, and
+similar privileges can probably be secured in China and Persia. The owning
+of such premises would not only effect a large saving of the present
+rentals, but would permit of the due assertion of extraterritorial rights
+in those countries, and would the better serve to maintain the dignity of
+the United States.
+
+The failure of Congress to make appropriation for our representation at the
+autonomous court of the Khedive has proved a serious embarrassment in our
+intercourse with Egypt; and in view of the necessary intimacy of diplomatic
+relationship due to the participation of this Government as one of the
+treaty powers in all matters of administration there affecting the rights
+of foreigners, I advise the restoration of the agency and consulate-general
+at Cairo on its former basis. I do not conceive it to be the wish of
+Congress that the United States should withdraw altogether from the
+honorable position they have hitherto held with respect to the Khedive, or
+that citizens of this Republic residing or sojourning in Egypt should
+hereafter be without the aid and protection of a competent representative.
+
+With France the traditional cordial relationship continues. The colossal
+statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, the generous gift of the people
+of France, is expected to reach New York in May next. I suggest that
+Congressional action be taken in recognition of the spirit which has
+prompted this gift and in aid of the timely completion of the pedestal upon
+which it is to be placed.
+
+Our relations with Germany, a country which contributes to our own some of
+the best elements of citizenship, continue to be cordial. The United States
+have extradition treaties with several of the German States, but by reason
+of the confederation of those States under the imperial rule the
+application of such treaties is not as uniform and comprehensive as the
+interests of the two countries require. I propose, therefore, to open
+negotiations for a single convention of extradition to embrace all the
+territory of the Empire.
+
+It affords me pleasure to say that our intercourse with Great Britain
+continues to be of a most friendly character.
+
+The Government of Hawaii has indicated its willingness to continue for
+seven years the provisions of the existing reciprocity treaty. Such
+continuance, in view of the relations of that country to the American
+system of States, should, in my judgment, be favored.
+
+The revolution in Hayti against the established Government has terminated.
+While it was in progress it became necessary to enforce our neutrality laws
+by instituting proceedings against individuals and vessels charged with
+their infringement. These prosecutions were in all cases successful.
+
+Much anxiety has lately been displayed by various European Governments, and
+especially by the Government of Italy, for the abolition of our import
+duties upon works of art. It is well to consider whether the present
+discrimination in favor of the productions of American artists abroad is
+not likely to result, as they themselves seem very generally to believe it
+may, in the practical exclusion of our painters and sculptors from the rich
+fields for observation, study, and labor which they have hitherto enjoyed.
+
+There is prospect that the long-pending revision of the foreign treaties of
+Japan may be concluded at a new conference to be held at Tokyo. While this
+Government fully recognizes the equal and independent station of Japan in
+the community of nations, it would not oppose the general adoption of such
+terms of compromise as Japan may be disposed to offer in furtherance of a
+uniform policy of intercourse with Western nations.
+
+During the past year the increasing good will between our own Government
+and that of Mexico has been variously manifested. The treaty of commercial
+reciprocity concluded January 20, 1883, has been ratified and awaits the
+necessary tariff legislation of Congress to become effective. This
+legislation will, I doubt not, be among the first measures to claim your
+attention.
+
+A full treaty of commerce, navigation, and consular rights is much to be
+desired, and such a treaty I have reason to believe that the Mexican
+Government stands ready to conclude.
+
+Some embarrassment has been occasioned by the failure of Congress at its
+last session to provide means for the due execution of the treaty of July
+29, 1882, for the resurvey of the Mexican boundary and the relocation of
+boundary monuments.
+
+With the Republic of Nicaragua a treaty has been concluded which authorizes
+the construction by the United States of a canal, railway, and telegraph
+line across the Nicaraguan territory.
+
+By the terms of this treaty 60 miles of the river San Juan, as well as Lake
+Nicaragua, an inland sea 40 miles in width, are to constitute a part of the
+projected enterprise.
+
+This leaves for actual canal construction 17 miles on the Pacific side and
+36 miles on the Atlantic. To the United States, whose rich territory on the
+Pacific is for the ordinary purposes of commerce practically cut off from
+communication by water with the Atlantic ports, the political and
+commercial advantages of such a project can scarcely be overestimated.
+
+It is believed that when the treaty is laid before you the justice and
+liberality of its provisions will command universal approval at home and
+abroad.
+
+The death of our representative at Russia while at his post at St.
+Petersburg afforded to the Imperial Government a renewed opportunity to
+testify its sympathy in a manner befitting the intimate friendliness which
+has ever marked the intercourse of the two countries.
+
+The course of this Government in raising its representation at Bangkok to
+the diplomatic rank has evoked from Siam evidences of warm friendship and
+augurs well for our enlarged intercourse. The Siamese Government has
+presented to the United States a commodious mansion and grounds for the
+occupancy of the legation, and I suggest that by joint resolution Congress
+attest its appreciation of this generous gift.
+
+This government has more than once been called upon of late to take action
+in fulfillment of its international obligations toward Spain. Agitation in
+the island of Cuba hostile to the Spanish Crown having been fomented by
+persons abusing the sacred rights of hospitality which our territory
+affords, the officers of this Government have been instructed to exercise
+vigilance to prevent infractions of our neutrality laws at Key West and at
+other points near the Cuban coast. I am happy to say that in the only
+instance where these precautionary measures were successfully eluded the
+offenders, when found in our territory, were subsequently tried and
+convicted.
+
+The growing need of close relationship of intercourse and traffic between
+the Spanish Antilles and their natural market in the United States led to
+the adoption in January last of a commercial agreement looking to that end.
+This agreement has since been superseded by a more carefully framed and
+comprehensive convention, which I shall submit to the Senate for approval.
+It has been the aim of this negotiation to open such a favored reciprocal
+exchange of productions carried under the flag of either country as to make
+the intercourse between Cuba and Puerto Rico and ourselves scarcely less
+intimate than the commercial movement between our domestic ports, and to
+insure a removal of the burdens on shipping in the Spanish Indies, of which
+in the past our shipowners and shipmasters have so often had cause to
+complain.
+
+The negotiation of this convention has for a time postponed the prosecution
+of certain claims of our citizens which were declared to be without the
+jurisdiction of the late Spanish-American Claims Commission, and which are
+therefore remitted to diplomatic channels for adjustment. The speedy
+settlement of these claims will now be urged by this Government.
+
+Negotiations for a treaty of commercial reciprocity with the Dominican
+Republic have been successfully concluded, and the result will shortly be
+laid before the Senate.
+
+Certain questions between the United States and the Ottoman Empire still
+remain unsolved. Complaints on behalf of our citizens are not
+satisfactorily adjusted. The Porte has sought to withhold from our commerce
+the right of favored treatment to which we are entitled by existing
+conventional stipulations, and the revision of the tariffs is
+unaccomplished.
+
+The final disposition of pending questions with Venezuela has not as yet
+been reached, but I have good reason to expect an early settlement which
+will provide the means of reexamining the Caracas awards in conformity with
+the expressed desire of Congress, and which will recognize the justice of
+certain claims preferred against Venezuela.
+
+The Central and South American Commission appointed by authority of the act
+of July 7, 1884, will soon proceed to Mexico. It has been furnished with
+instructions which will be laid before you. They contain a statement of the
+general policy of the Government for enlarging its commercial intercourse
+with American States. The commissioners have been actively preparing for
+their responsible task by holding conferences in the principal cities with
+merchants and others interested in Central and South American trade.
+
+The International Meridian Conference lately convened in Washington upon
+the invitation of the Government of the United States was composed of
+representatives from twenty-five nations. The conference concluded its
+labors on the 1st of November, having with substantial unanimity agreed
+upon the meridian of Greenwich as the starting point whence longitude is to
+be computed through 180 degrees eastward and westward, and upon the
+adoption, for all purposes for which it may be found convenient, of a
+universal day which shall begin at midnight on the initial meridian and
+whose hours shall be counted from zero up to twenty-four.
+
+The formal report of the transactions of this conference will be hereafter
+transmitted to the Congress.
+
+This Government is in frequent receipt of invitations from foreign states
+to participate in international exhibitions, often of great interest and
+importance. Occupying, as we do, an advanced position in the world's
+production, and aiming to secure a profitable share for our industries in
+the general competitive markets, it is a matter of serious concern that the
+want of means for participation in these exhibitions should so often
+exclude our producers from advantages enjoyed by those of other countries.
+During the past year the attention of Congress was drawn to the formal
+invitations in this regard tendered by the Governments of England, Holland,
+Belgium, Germany, and Austria. The Executive has in some instances
+appointed honorary commissioners. This is, however, a most unsatisfactory
+expedient, for without some provision to meet the necessary working
+expenses of a commission it can effect little or nothing in behalf of
+exhibitors. An International Inventions Exhibition is to be held in London
+next May. This will cover a field of special importance, in which our
+country holds a foremost rank; but the Executive is at present powerless to
+organize a proper representation of our vast national interests in this
+direction.
+
+I have in several previous messages referred to this subject. It seems to
+me that a statute giving to the Executive general discretionary authority
+to accept such invitations and to appoint honorary commissioners, without
+salary, and placing at the disposal of the Secretary of State a small fund
+for defraying their reasonable expenses, would be of great public utility.
+
+This Government has received official notice that the revised international
+regulations for preventing collisions at sea have been adopted by all the
+leading maritime powers except the United States, and came into force on
+the 1st of September last. For the due protection of our shipping interests
+the provisions of our statutes should at once be brought into conformity
+with these regulations.
+
+The question of securing to authors, composers, and artists copyright
+privileges in this country in return for reciprocal rights abroad is one
+that may justly challenge your attention. It is true that conventions will
+be necessary for fully accomplishing this result; but until Congress shall
+by statute fix the extent to which foreign holders of copyright shall be
+here privileged it has been deemed inadvisable to negotiate such
+conventions. For this reason the United States were not represented at the
+recent conference at Berne.
+
+I recommend that the scope of the neutrality laws of the United States be
+so enlarged as to cover all patent acts of hostility committed in our
+territory and aimed against the peace of a friendly nation. Existing
+statutes prohibit the fitting out of armed expeditions and restrict the
+shipment of explosives, though the enactments in the latter respect were
+not framed with regard to international obligations, but simply for the
+protection of passenger travel. All these statutes were intended to meet
+special emergencies that had already arisen. Other emergencies have arisen
+since, and modern ingenuity supplies means for the organization of
+hostilities without open resort to armed vessels or to filibustering
+parties.
+
+I see no reason why overt preparations in this country for the commission
+of criminal acts such as are here under consideration should not be alike
+punishable whether such acts are intended to be committed in our own
+country or in a foreign country with which we are at peace.
+
+The prompt and thorough treatment of this question is one which intimately
+concerns the national honor.
+
+Our existing naturalization laws also need revision. Those sections
+relating to persons residing within the limits of the United States in 1795
+and 1798 have now only a historical interest. Section 2172, recognizing the
+citizenship of the children of naturalized parents, is ambiguous in its
+terms and partly obsolete. There are special provisions of law favoring the
+naturalization of those who serve in the Army or in merchant vessels, while
+no similar privileges are granted those who serve in the Navy or the Marine
+Corps.
+
+"An uniform rule of naturalization" such as the Constitution contemplates
+should, among other things, clearly define the status of persons born
+within the United States subject to a foreign power (section 1992) and of
+minor children of fathers who have declared their intention to become
+citizens but have failed to perfect their naturalization. It might be wise
+to provide for a central bureau of registry, wherein should be filed
+authenticated transcripts of every record of naturalization in the several
+Federal and State courts, and to make provision also for the vacation or
+cancellation of such record in cases where fraud had been practiced upon
+the court by the applicant himself or where he had renounced or forfeited
+his acquired citizenship. A just and uniform law in this respect would
+strengthen the hands of the Government in protecting its citizens abroad
+and would pave the way for the conclusion of treaties of naturalization
+with foreign countries.
+
+The legislation of the last session effected in the diplomatic and consular
+service certain changes and reductions which have been productive of
+embarrassment. The population and commercial activity of our country are
+steadily on the increase, and are giving rise to new, varying, and often
+delicate relationships with other countries. Our foreign establishment now
+embraces nearly double the area of operations that it occupied twenty years
+ago. The confinement of such a service within the limits of expenditure
+then established is not, it seems to me, in accordance with true economy. A
+community of 60,000,000 people should be adequately represented in its
+intercourse with foreign nations.
+
+A project for the reorganization of the consular service and for recasting
+the scheme of extraterritorial jurisdiction is now before you. If the
+limits of a short session will not allow of its full consideration, I trust
+that you will not fail to make suitable provision for the present needs of
+the service.
+
+It has been customary to define in the appropriation acts the rank of each
+diplomatic office to which a salary is attached. I suggest that this course
+be abandoned and that it be left to the President, with the advice and
+consent Of the Senate, to fix from time to time the diplomatic grade of the
+representatives of this Government abroad as may seem advisable, provision
+being definitely made, however, as now, for the amount of salary attached
+to the respective stations.
+
+The condition of our finances and the operations of the various branches of
+the public service which are connected with the Treasury Department are
+very fully discussed in the report of the Secretary.
+
+It appears that the ordinary revenues for the fiscal year ended June 30,
+1884, were:
+
+From customs - $195,067,489.76
+
+From internal revenue - 121,586,072.51
+
+From all other sources - 31,866,307.65
+
+Total ordinary revenues - 348,519,869.92
+
+The public expenditures during the same period were:
+
+For civil expenses - $22,312,907.71
+
+For foreign intercourse - 1,260,766.37
+
+For Indians - 6,475,999.29
+
+For pensions - 55,429,228.06
+
+For the military establishment, including river and harbor
+
+improvements and arsenals - 39,429,603.36
+
+For the naval establishment, including vessels, machinery,
+
+and improvements at navy-yards - 17,292,601.44
+
+For miscellaneous expenditures, including public buildings,
+
+light-houses, and collecting the revenue - 43,939,710.00
+
+For expenditures on account of the District of Columbia - 3,407,049.62
+
+For interest on the public debt - 54,578,378.48
+
+For the sinking fund - 46,790,229.50
+
+Total ordinary expenditures - 290,926,473.83
+
+Leaving a surplus of - 57,603,396.09
+
+As compared with the preceding fiscal year, there was a net decrease of
+over $21,000,000 in the amount of expenditures. The aggregate receipts were
+less than those of the year previous by about $54,000,000. The falling off
+in revenue from customs made up nearly $20,000,000 of this deficiency, and
+about $23,000,000 of the remainder was due to the diminished receipts from
+internal taxation.
+
+The Secretary estimates the total receipts for the fiscal year which will
+end June 30, 1885, at $330,000,000 and the total expenditures at
+$290,620,201.16, in which sum are included the interest on the debt and the
+amount payable to the sinking fund. This would leave a surplus for the
+entire year of about $39,000,000.
+
+The value of exports from the United States to foreign countries during the
+year ending June 30, 1884, was as follows:
+
+Domestic merchandise - $724,964,852
+
+Foreign merchandise - 15,548,757
+
+Total merchandise - 740,513,609
+
+Specie - 67,133,383
+
+Total exports of merchandise and specie - 807,646,992
+
+The cotton and cotton manufactures included in this statement were valued
+at $208,900,415; the breadstuffs at $162,544,715; the provisions at
+$114,416,547, and the mineral oils at $47,103,248.
+
+During the same period the imports were as follows:
+
+Merchandise - $667,697,693
+
+Gold and silver - 37,426,262
+
+Total - 705,123,955
+
+More than 63 per cent of the entire value of imported merchandise consisted
+of the following articles:
+
+Sugar and molasses - $103,884,274
+
+Wool and woolen manufactures - 53,842,292
+
+Silk and its manufactures - 49,949,128
+
+Coffee - 49,686,705
+
+Iron and steel and manufactures thereof - 41,464,599
+
+Chemicals - 38,464,965
+
+Flax, hemp, jute, and like substances, and manufactures thereof -
+33,463,398
+
+Cotton and manufactures of cotton - 30,454,476
+
+Hides and skins other than fur skins - 22,350,906
+
+I concur with the Secretary of the Treasury in recommending the immediate
+suspension of the coinage of silver dollars and of the issuance of silver
+certificates. This is a matter to which in former communications I have
+more than once invoked the attention of the National Legislature.
+
+It appears that annually for the past six years there have been coined, in
+Compliance with the requirements of the act of February 28, 1878, more than
+27,000,000 silver dollars.
+
+The number now outstanding is reported by the Secretary to be nearly
+185,000,000, whereof but little more than 40,000,000, or less than 22 per
+cent, are in actual circulation. The mere existence of this fact seems to
+me to furnish of itself a cogent argument for the repeal of the statute
+which has made such fact possible.
+
+But there are other and graver considerations that tend in the same
+direction.
+
+The Secretary avows his conviction that unless this coinage and the
+issuance of silver certificates be suspended silver is likely at no distant
+day to become our sole metallic standard. The commercial disturbance and
+the impairment of national credit that would be thus occasioned can
+scarcely be overestimated.
+
+I hope that the Secretary's suggestions respecting the withdrawal from
+circulation of the $1 and $2 notes will receive your approval. It is likely
+that a considerable portion of the silver now encumbering the vaults of the
+Treasury might thus find its way into the currency.
+
+While trade dollars have ceased, for the present at least, to be an element
+of active disturbance in our currency system, some provision should be made
+for their surrender to the Government. In view of the circumstances under
+which they were coined and of the fact that they have never had a
+legal-tender quality, there should be offered for them only a slight
+advance over their bullion value.
+
+The Secretary in the course of his report considers the propriety of
+beautifying the designs of our subsidiary silver coins and of so increasing
+their weight that they may bear their due ratio of value to the standard
+dollar. His conclusions in this regard are cordially approved.
+
+In my annual message of 1882 I recommended the abolition of all excise
+taxes except those relating to distilled spirits. This recommendation is
+now renewed. In case these taxes shall be abolished the revenues that will
+still remain to the Government will, in my opinion, not only suffice to
+meet its reasonable expenditures, but will afford a surplus large enough to
+permit such tariff reduction as may seem to be advisable when the results
+of recent revenue laws and commercial treaties shall have shown in what
+quarters those reductions can be most judiciously effected.
+
+One of the gravest of the problems which appeal to the wisdom of Congress
+for solution is the ascertainment of the most effective means for
+increasing our foreign trade and thus relieving the depression under which
+our industries are now languishing. The Secretary of the Treasury advises
+that the duty of investigating this subject be intrusted in the first
+instance to a competent commission. While fully recognizing the
+considerations that may be urged against this course, I am nevertheless of
+the opinion that upon the whole no other would be likely to effect speedier
+or better results.
+
+That portion of the Secretary's report which concerns the condition of our
+shipping interests can not fail to command your attention. He emphatically
+recommends that as an incentive to the investment of American capital in
+American steamships the Government shall, by liberal payments for mail
+transportation or otherwise, lend its active assistance to individual
+enterprise, and declares his belief that unless that course be pursued our
+foreign carrying trade must remain, as it is to-day, almost exclusively in
+the hands of foreigners.
+
+One phase of this subject is now especially prominent in view of the repeal
+by the act of June 26, 1884, of all statutory provisions arbitrarily
+compelling American vessels to carry the mails to and from the United
+States. As it is necessary to make provision to compensate the owners of
+such vessels for performing that service after April, 1885, it is hoped
+that the whole subject will receive early consideration that will lead to
+the enactment of such measures for the revival of our merchant marine as
+the wisdom of Congress may devise
+
+The 3 per cent bonds of the Government to the amount of more than
+$100,000,000 have since my last annual message been redeemed by the
+Treasury. The bonds of that issue still outstanding amount to little over
+$200,000,000, about one-fourth of which will be retired through the
+operations of the sinking fund during the coming year. As these bonds still
+constitute the chief basis for the circulation of the national banks, the
+question how to avert the contraction of the currency caused by their
+retirement is one of constantly increasing importance.
+
+It seems to be generally conceded that the law governing this matter exacts
+from the banks excessive security, and that upon their present bond
+deposits a larger circulation than is now allowed may be granted with
+safety. I hope that the bill which passed the Senate at the last session,
+permitting the issue of notes equal to the face value of the deposited
+bonds, will commend itself to the approval of the House of
+Representatives.
+
+In the expenses of the War Department the Secretary reports a decrease of
+more than $9,000,000. Of this reduction $5,600,000 was effected in the
+expenditures for rivers and harbors and $2,700,000 in expenditures for the
+Quartermaster's Department.
+
+Outside of that Department the annual expenses of all the Army bureaus
+proper (except possibly the Ordnance Bureau) are substantially fixed
+charges, which can not be materially diminished without a change in the
+numerical strength of the Army. The expenditures in the Quartermaster's
+Department can readily be subjected to administrative discretion, and it is
+reported by the Secretary of War that as a result of exercising such
+discretion in reducing the number of draft and pack animals in the Army the
+annual cost of supplying and caring for such animals is now $1,108,085.90
+less than it was in 1881.
+
+The reports of military commanders show that the last year has been notable
+for its entire freedom from Indian outbreaks.
+
+In defiance of the President's proclamation of July 1, 1884, certain
+intruders sought to make settlements in the Indian Territory. They were
+promptly removed by a detachment of troops.
+
+During the past session of Congress a bill to provide a suitable fire-proof
+building for the Army Medical Museum and the library of the
+Surgeon-General's Office received the approval of the Senate. A similar
+bill, reported favorably to the House of Representatives by one of its
+committees, is still pending before that body. It is hoped that during the
+coming session the measure may become a law, and that thereafter immediate
+steps may be taken to secure a place of safe deposit for these valuable
+collections, now in a state of insecurity.
+
+The funds with which the works for the improvement of rivers and harbors
+were prosecuted during the past year were derived from the appropriations
+of the act of August 2, 1882, together with such few balances as were on
+hand from previous appropriations. The balance in the Treasury subject to
+requisition July 1, 1883, was $10,021,649.55. The amount appropriated
+during the fiscal year 1884 was $1,319,634.62 and the amount drawn from the
+Treasury during the fiscal year was $8,228,703.54, leaving a balance of
+$3,112,580.63 in the Treasury subject to requisition July 1, 1884.
+
+The Secretary of War submits the report of the Chief of Engineers as to the
+practicability of protecting our important cities on the seaboard by
+fortifications and other defenses able to repel modern methods of attack.
+The time has now come when such defenses can be prepared with confidence
+that they will not prove abortive, and when the possible result of delay in
+making such preparation is seriously considered delay seems inexcusable.
+For the most important cities--those whose destruction or capture would be
+a national humiliation--adequate defenses, inclusive of guns, may be made
+by the gradual expenditure of $60,000,000--a sum much less than a
+victorious enemy could levy as a contribution. An appropriation of about
+one-tenth of that amount is asked to begin the work, and I concur with the
+Secretary of War in urging that it be granted.
+
+The War Department is proceeding with the conversion of 10-inch smoothbore
+guns into 8-inch rifles by lining the former with tubes of forged steel or
+of coil wrought iron. Fifty guns will be thus converted within the year.
+This, however, does not obviate the necessity of providing means for the
+construction of guns of the highest power both for the purposes of coast
+defense and for the armament of war vessels.
+
+The report of the Gun Foundry Board, appointed April 2, 1883, in pursuance
+of the act of March 3, 1883, was transmitted to Congress in a special
+message of February 18, 1884. In my message of March 26, 1884, I called
+attention to the recommendation of the board that the Government should
+encourage the production at private steel works of the required material
+for heavy cannon, and that two Government factories, one for the Army and
+one for the Navy, should be established for the fabrication of guns from
+such material. No action having been taken, the board was subsequently
+reconvened to determine more fully the plans and estimates necessary for
+carrying out its recommendation. It has received information which
+indicates that there are responsible steel manufacturers in this country
+who, although not provided at present with the necessary plant, are willing
+to construct the same and to make bids for contracts with the Government
+for the supply of the requisite material for the heaviest guns adapted to
+modern warfare if a guaranteed order of sufficient magnitude, accompanied
+by a positive appropriation extending over a series of years, shall be made
+by Congress. All doubts as to the feasibility of the plan being thus
+removed, I renew my recommendation that such action be taken by Congress as
+will enable the Government to construct its own ordnance upon its own
+territory, and so to provide the armaments demanded by considerations of
+national safety and honor.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy exhibits the progress which has
+been made on the new steel cruisers authorized by the acts of August 5,
+1882, and March 3, 1883. Of the four vessels under contract, one, the
+Chicago, of 4,500 tons, is more than half finished; the Atlanta, of 3,000
+tons, has been successfully launched, and her machinery is now fitting; the
+Boston, also of 3,000 tons, is ready for launching, and the Dolphin, a
+dispatch steamer of 1,500 tons, is ready for delivery.
+
+Certain adverse criticisms upon the designs of these cruisers are discussed
+by the Secretary, who insists that the correctness of the conclusions
+reached by the Advisory Board and by the Department has been demonstrated
+by recent developments in shipbuilding abroad.
+
+The machinery of the double-turreted monitors Puritan, Terror, and
+Amphitrite, contracted for under the act of March 3, 1883, is in process of
+construction. No work has been done during the past year on their armor for
+lack of the necessary appropriations. A fourth monitor, the Monadnock,
+still remains unfinished at the navy-yard in California. It is recommended
+that early steps be taken to complete these vessels and to provide also an
+armament for the monitor Miantonomoh.
+
+The recommendations of the Naval Advisory Board, approved by the
+Department, comprise the construction of one steel cruiser of 4,500 tons,
+one cruiser of 3,000 tons, two heavily armed gunboats, one light cruising
+gunboat, one dispatch vessel armed with Hotchkiss cannon, one armored ram,
+and three torpedo boats. The general designs, all of which are calculated
+to meet the existing wants of the service, are now well advanced, and the
+construction of the vessels can be undertaken as soon as you shall grant
+the necessary authority.
+
+The act of Congress approved August 7, 1882, authorized the removal to the
+United States of the bodies of Lieutenant-Commander George W. De Long and
+his companions of the Jeannette expedition. This removal has been
+successfully accomplished by Lieutenants Harber and Schuetze. The remains
+were taken from their grave in the Lena Delta in March, 1883, and were
+retained at Yakutsk until the following winter, the season being too far
+advanced to admit of their immediate transportation. They arrived at New
+York February 20, 1884, where they were received with suitable honors.
+
+In pursuance of the joint resolution of Congress approved February 13,
+1884, a naval expedition was fitted out for the relief of Lieutenant A. W.
+Greely, United States Army, and of the party who had been engaged under his
+command in scientific observations at Lady Franklin Bay. The fleet
+consisted of the steam sealer Thetis, purchased in England; the Bear,
+purchased at St. Johns, Newfoundland, and the Alert, which was generously
+provided by the British Government. Preparations for the expedition were
+promptly made by the Secretary of the Navy, with the active cooperation of
+the Secretary of War. Commander George W. Coffin was placed in command of
+the Alert and Lieutenant William H. Emory in command of the Bear. The
+Thetis was intrusted to Commander Winfield S. Schley, to whom also was
+assigned the superintendence of the entire expedition.
+
+Immediately upon its arrival at Upernavik the fleet began the dangerous
+navigation of Melville Bay, and in spite of every obstacle reached
+Littleton Island on June 22, a fortnight earlier than any vessel had before
+attained that point. On the same day it crossed over to Cape Sabine, where
+Lieutenant Greely and the other survivors of his party were discovered.
+After taking on board the living and the bodies of the dead, the relief
+ships sailed for St. Johns, where they arrived on July 17. They were
+appropriately received at Portsmouth, N. H., on August 1 and at New York on
+August 8. One of the bodies was landed at the former place. The others were
+put on shore at Governors Island, and, with the exception of one, which was
+interred in the national cemetery, were forwarded thence to the
+destinations indicated by friends. The organization and conduct of this
+relief expedition reflects great credit upon all who contributed to its
+success.
+
+In this the last of the stated messages that I shall have the honor to
+transmit to the Congress of the United States I can not too strongly urge
+upon its attention the duty of restoring our Navy as rapidly as possible to
+the high state of efficiency which formerly characterized it. As the long
+peace that has lulled us into a sense of fancied security may at any time
+be disturbed, it is plain that the policy of strengthening this arm of the
+service is dictated by considerations of wise economy, of just regard for
+our future tranquillity, and of true appreciation of the dignity and honor
+of the Republic.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General acquaints you with the present
+condition and needs of the postal service.
+
+It discloses the gratifying fact that the loss of revenue from the
+reduction in the rate of letter postage recommended in my message of
+December 4, 1882, and effected by the act of March 3, 1883, has been much
+less than was generally anticipated. My recommendation of this reduction
+was based upon the belief that the actual falling off in receipts from
+letter postages for the year immediately succeeding the change of rate
+would be $3,000,000. It has proved to be only $2,275,000.
+
+This is a trustworthy indication that the revenue will soon be restored to
+its former volume by the natural increase of sealed correspondence.
+
+I confidently repeat, therefore, the recommendation of my last annual
+message that the single-rate postage upon drop letters be reduced to 1 cent
+wherever the payment of 2 cents is now required by law. The double rate is
+only exacted at offices where the carrier system is in operation, and it
+appears that at those offices the increase in the tax upon local letters
+defrays the cost not only of its own collection and delivery, but of the
+collection and delivery of all other mail matter. This is an inequality
+that ought no longer to exist.
+
+I approve the recommendation of the Postmaster-General that the unit of
+weight in the rating of first-class matter should be 1 ounce instead of
+one-half ounce, as it now is. In view of the statistics furnished by the
+Department, it may well be doubted whether the change would result in any
+loss of revenue. That it would greatly promote the convenience of the
+public is beyond dispute.
+
+The free-delivery system has been lately applied to five cities, and the
+total number of offices in which it is now in operation is 159. Experience
+shows that its adoption, under proper conditions, is equally an
+accommodation to the public and an advantage to the postal service. It is
+more than self-sustaining, and for the reasons urged by the
+Postmaster-General may properly be extended.
+
+In the opinion of that officer it is important to provide means whereby
+exceptional dispatch in dealing with letters in free-delivery offices may
+be secured by payment of extraordinary postage. This scheme might be made
+effective by employment of a special stamp whose cost should be
+commensurate with the expense of the extra service.
+
+In some of the large cities private express companies have undertaken to
+outstrip the Government mail carriers by affording for the prompt
+transmission of letters better facilities than have hitherto been at the
+command of the Post-Office.
+
+It has always been the policy of the Government to discourage such
+enterprises, and in no better mode can that policy be maintained than in
+supplying the public with the most efficient mail service that, with due
+regard to its own best interests, can be furnished for its accommodation.
+
+The Attorney-General renews the recommendation contained in his report of
+last year touching the fees of witnesses and jurors.
+
+He favors radical changes in the fee bill, the adoption of a system by
+which attorneys and marshals of the United States shall be compensated
+solely by salaries, and the erection by the Government of a penitentiary
+for the confinement of offenders against its laws.
+
+Of the varied governmental concerns in charge of the Interior Department
+the report of its Secretary presents an interesting summary. Among the
+topics deserving particular attention I refer you to his observations
+respecting our Indian affairs, the preemption and timber-culture acts, the
+failure of railroad companies to take title to lands granted by the
+Government, and the operations of the Pension Office, the Patent Office,
+the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Education.
+
+Allusion has been made already to the circumstance that, both as between
+the different Indian tribes and as between the Indians and the whites, the
+past year has been one of unbroken peace.
+
+In this circumstance the President is glad to find justification for the
+policy of the Government in its dealing with the Indian question and
+confirmation of the views which were fully expressed in his first
+communication to the Forty-seventh Congress.
+
+The Secretary urges anew the enactment of a statute for the punishment of
+crimes committed on the Indian reservations, and recommends the passage of
+the bill now pending in the House of Representatives for the purchase of a
+tract of 18,000 square miles from the Sioux Reservation. Both these
+measures are worthy of approval.
+
+I concur with him also in advising the repeal of the preemption law, the
+enactment of statutes resolving the present legal complications touching
+lapsed grants to railroad companies, and the funding of the debt of the
+several Pacific railroads under such guaranty as shall effectually secure
+its ultimate payment.
+
+The report of the Utah Commission will be read with interest.
+
+It discloses the results of recent legislation looking to the prevention
+and punishment of polygamy in that Territory. I still believe that if that
+abominable practice can be suppressed by law it can only be by the most
+radical legislation consistent with the restraints of the Constitution.
+
+I again recommend, therefore, that Congress assume absolute political
+control of the Territory of Utah and provide for the appointment of
+commissioners with such governmental powers as in its judgment may justly
+and wisely be put into their hands.
+
+In the course of this communication reference has more than once been made
+to the policy of this Government as regards the extension of our foreign
+trade. It seems proper to declare the general principles that should, in my
+opinion, underlie our national efforts in this direction.
+
+The main conditions of the problem may be thus stated:
+
+We are a people apt in mechanical pursuits and fertile in invention. We
+cover a vast extent of territory rich in agricultural products and in
+nearly all the raw materials necessary for successful manufacture. We have
+a system of productive establishments more than sufficient to supply our
+own demands. The wages of labor are nowhere else so great. The scale of
+living of our artisan classes is such as tends to secure their personal
+comfort and the development of those higher moral and intellectual
+qualities that go to the making of good citizens. Our system of tax and
+tariff legislation is yielding a revenue which is in excess of the present
+needs of the Government.
+
+These are the elements from which it is sought to devise a scheme by which,
+without unfavorably changing the condition of the workingman, our merchant
+marine shall be raised from its enfeebled condition and new markets
+provided for the sale beyond our borders of the manifold fruits of our
+industrial enterprises.
+
+The problem is complex and can be solved by no single measure of innovation
+or reform.
+
+The countries of the American continent and the adjacent islands are for
+the United States the natural marts of supply and demand. It is from them
+that we should obtain what we do not produce or do not produce in
+sufficiency, and it is to them that the surplus productions of our fields,
+our mills, and our workshops should flow, under conditions that will
+equalize or favor them in comparison with foreign competition.
+
+Four paths of policy seem to point to this end:
+
+First. A series of reciprocal commercial treaties with the countries of
+America which shall foster between us and them an unhampered movement of
+trade. The conditions of these treaties should be the free admission of
+such merchandise as this country does not produce, in return for the
+admission free or under a favored scheme of duties of our own products, the
+benefits of such exchange to apply only to goods carried under the flag of
+the parties to the contract; the removal on both sides from the vessels so
+privileged of all tonnage dues and national imposts, so that those vessels
+may ply unhindered between our ports and those of the other contracting
+parties, though without infringing on the reserved home coasting trade; the
+removal or reduction of burdens on the exported products of those countries
+coming within the benefits of the treaties, and the avoidance of the
+technical restrictions and penalties by which our intercourse with those
+countries is at present hampered.
+
+Secondly. The establishment of the consular service of the United States on
+a salaried footing, thus permitting the relinquishment of consular fees not
+only as respects vessels under the national flag, but also as respects
+vessels of the treaty nations carrying goods entitled to the benefits of
+the treaties.
+
+Thirdly. The enactment of measures to favor the construction and
+maintenance of a steam carrying marine under the flag of the United
+States.
+
+Fourthly. The establishment of an uniform currency basis for the countries
+of America, so that the coined products of our mines may circulate on equal
+terms throughout the Whole system of commonwealths. This would require a
+monetary union of America, whereby the output of the bullion-producing
+countries and the circulation of those which yield neither gold nor silver
+could be adjusted in conformity with the population, wealth, and commercial
+needs of each. As many of the countries furnish no bullion to the common
+stock, the surplus production of our mines and mints might thus be utilized
+and a step taken toward the general remonetization of silver.
+
+To the accomplishment of these ends, so far as they can be attained by
+separate treaties, the negotiations already concluded and now in progress
+have been directed; and the favor which this enlarged policy has thus far
+received warrants the belief that its operations will ere long embrace all,
+or nearly all, the countries of this hemisphere.
+
+It is by no means desirable, however, that the policy under consideration
+should be applied to these countries alone. The healthful enlargement of
+our trade with Europe, Asia, and Africa should be sought by reducing tariff
+burdens on such of their wares as neither we nor the other American States
+are fitted to produce, and thus enabling ourselves to obtain in return a
+better market for our supplies of food, of raw materials, and of the
+manufactures in which we excel.
+
+It seems to me that many of the embarrassing elements in the great national
+conflict between protection and free trade may thus be turned to good
+account; that the revenue may be reduced so as no longer to overtax the
+people; that protective duties may be retained without becoming burdensome;
+that our shipping interests may be judiciously encouraged, the currency
+fixed on firm bases, and, above all, such an unity of interests established
+among the States of the American system as will be of great and
+ever-increasing advantage to them all.
+
+All treaties in the line of this policy which have been negotiated or are
+in process of negotiation contain a provision deemed to be requisite under
+the clause of the Constitution limiting to the House of Representatives the
+authority to originate bills for raising revenue.
+
+On the 29th of February last I transmitted to the Congress the first annual
+report of the Civil Service Commission, together with communications from
+the heads of the several Executive Departments of the Government respecting
+the practical workings of the law under which the Commission had been
+acting. The good results therein foreshadowed have been more than
+realized.
+
+The system has fully answered the expectations of its friends in securing
+competent and faithful public servants and in protecting the appointing
+officers of the Government from the pressure of personal importunity and
+from the labor of examining the claims and pretensions of rival candidates
+for public employment.
+
+The law has had the unqualified support of the President and of the heads
+of the several Departments, and the members of the Commission have
+performed their duties with zeal and fidelity. Their report will shortly be
+submitted, and will be accompanied by such recommendations for enlarging
+the scope of the existing statute as shall commend themselves to the
+Executive and the Commissioners charged with its administration.
+
+In view of the general and persistent demand throughout the commercial
+community for a national bankrupt law, I hope that the differences of
+sentiment which have hitherto prevented its enactment may not outlast the
+present session.
+
+The pestilence which for the past two years has been raging in the
+countries of the East recently made its appearance in European ports with
+which we are in constant communication.
+
+The then Secretary of the Treasury, in pursuance of a proclamation of the
+President, issued certain regulations restricting and for a time
+prohibiting the importation of rags and the admission of baggage of
+immigrants and of travelers arriving from infected quarters. Lest this
+course may have been without strict warrant of law, I approve the
+recommendation of the present Secretary that the Congress take action in
+the premises, and I also recommend the immediate adoption of such measures
+as will be likely to ward off the dreaded epidemic and to mitigate its
+severity in case it shall unhappily extend to our shores.
+
+The annual report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia reviews
+the operations of the several departments of its municipal government. I
+ask your careful consideration of its suggestions in respect to
+legislation, especially commending such as relate to a revision of the
+civil and criminal code, the performance of labor by persons sentenced to
+imprisonment in the jail, the construction and occupation of wharves along
+the river front, and the erection of a suitable building for District
+offices.
+
+I recommend that in recognition of the eminent services of Ulysses S.
+Grant, late General of the armies of the United States and twice President
+of this nation, the Congress confer upon him a suitable pension.
+
+Certain of the measures that seem to me necessary and expedient I have now,
+in obedience to the Constitution, recommended for your adoption.
+
+As respects others of no less importance I shall content myself with
+renewing the recommendations already made to the Congress, without
+restating the grounds upon which such recommendations were based.
+
+The preservation of forests on the public domain, the granting of
+Government aid for popular education, the amendment of the Federal
+Constitution so as to make effective the disapproval by the President of
+particular items in appropriation bills, the enactment of statutes in
+regard to the filling of vacancies in the Presidential office, and the
+determining of vexed questions respecting Presidential inability are
+measures which may justly receive your serious consideration.
+
+As the time draws nigh when I am to retire from the public service, I can
+not refrain from expressing to the members of the National Legislature with
+whom I have been brought into personal and official intercourse my sincere
+appreciation of their unfailing courtesy and of their harmonious
+cooperation with the Executive in so many measures calculated to promote
+the best interests of the nation.
+
+And to my fellow-citizens generally I acknowledge a deep sense of
+obligation for the support which they have accorded me in my administration
+of the executive department of this Government.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY CHESTER A. ARTHUR ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses
+by Chester A. Arthur
+(#19 in our series of US Presidential State of the Union Addresses)
+
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+Title: State of the Union Addresses of Chester A. Arthur
+
+Author: Chester A. Arthur
+
+Release Date: February, 2004  [EBook #5028]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 11, 2002]
+[Date last updated: December 16, 2004]
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+Edition: 11
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY CHESTER A. ARTHUR ***
+
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by James Linden.
+
+The addresses are separated by three asterisks: ***
+
+Dates of addresses by Chester A. Arthur in this eBook:
+  December 6, 1881
+  December 4, 1882
+  December 4, 1883
+  December 1, 1884
+
+
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Chester A. Arthur
+December 6, 1881
+
+To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
+
+An appalling calamity has befallen the American people since their chosen
+representatives last met in the halls where you are now assembled. We might
+else recall with unalloyed content the rare prosperity with which
+throughout the year the nation has been blessed. Its harvests have been
+plenteous; its varied industries have thriven; the health of its people has
+been preserved; it has maintained with foreign governments the undisturbed
+relations of amity and peace. For these manifestations of His favor we owe
+to Him who holds our destiny in His hands the tribute of our grateful
+devotion.
+
+To that mysterious exercise of His will which has taken from us the loved
+and illustrious citizen who was but lately the head of the nation we bow in
+sorrow and submission.
+
+The memory of his exalted character, of his noble achievements, and of his
+patriotic life will be treasured forever as a sacred possession of the
+whole people.
+
+The announcement of his death drew from foreign governments and peoples
+tributes of sympathy and sorrow which history will record as signal tokens
+of the kinship of nations and the federation of mankind.
+
+The feeling of good will between our own Government and that of Great
+Britain was never more marked than at present. In recognition of this
+pleasing fact I directed, on the occasion of the late centennial
+celebration at Yorktown, that a salute be given to the British flag.
+
+Save for the correspondence to which I shall refer hereafter in relation to
+the proposed canal across the Isthmus of Panama, little has occurred worthy
+of mention in the diplomatic relations of the two countries.
+
+Early in the year the Fortune Bay claims were satisfactorily settled by the
+British Government paying in full the sum of 15,000 pounds, most of which
+has been already distributed. As the terms of the settlement included
+compensation for injuries suffered by our fishermen at Aspee Bay, there has
+been retained from the gross award a sum which is deemed adequate for those
+claims.
+
+The participation of Americans in the exhibitions at Melbourne and Sydney
+will be approvingly mentioned in the reports of the two exhibitions, soon
+to be presented to Congress. They will disclose the readiness of our
+countrymen to make successful competition in distant fields of enterprise.
+
+Negotiations for an international copyright convention are in hopeful
+progress.
+
+The surrender of Sitting Bull and his forces upon the Canadian frontier has
+allayed apprehension, although bodies of British Indians still cross the
+border in quest of sustenance. Upon this subject a correspondence has been
+opened which promises an adequate understanding. Our troops have orders to
+avoid meanwhile all collisions with alien Indians.
+
+The presence at the Yorktown celebration of representatives of the French
+Republic and descendants of Lafayette and of his gallant compatriots who
+were our allies in the Revolution has served to strengthen the spirit of
+good will which has always existed between the two nations.
+
+You will be furnished with the proceedings of the Bimetallic Conference
+held during the summer at the city of Paris. No accord was reached, but a
+valuable interchange of views was had, and the conference will next year be
+renewed.
+
+At the Electrical Exhibition and Congress, also held at Paris, this country
+was creditably represented by eminent specialists, who, in the absence of
+an appropriation, generously lent their efficient aid at the instance of
+the State Department. While our exhibitors in this almost distinctively
+American field of achievement have won several valuable awards, I recommend
+that Congress provide for the repayment of the personal expenses incurred
+in the public interest by the honorary commissioners and delegates.
+
+No new questions respecting the status of our naturalized citizens in
+Germany have arisen during the year, and the causes of complaint,
+especially in Alsace and Lorraine, have practically ceased through the
+liberal action of the Imperial Government in accepting our often-expressed
+views on the subject. The application of the treaty of 1868 to the lately
+acquired Rhenish provinces has received very earnest attention, and a
+definite and lasting agreement on this point is confidently expected. The
+participation of the descendants of Baron von Steuben in the Yorktown
+festivities, and their subsequent reception by their American kinsmen,
+strikingly evinced the ties of good will which unite the German people and
+our own.
+
+Our intercourse with Spain has been friendly. An agreement concluded in
+February last fixes a term for the labors of the Spanish and American
+Claims Commission. The Spanish Government has been requested to pay the
+late awards of that Commission, and will, it is believed, accede to the
+request as promptly and courteously as on former occasions.
+
+By recent legislation onerous fines have been imposed upon American
+shipping in Spanish and colonial ports for slight irregularities in
+manifests. One case of hardship is specially worthy of attention. The bark
+Masonic, bound for Japan, entered Manila in distress, and is there sought
+to be confiscated under Spanish revenue laws for an alleged shortage in her
+transshipped cargo. Though efforts for her relief have thus far proved
+unavailing, it is expected that the whole matter will be adjusted in a
+friendly spirit.
+
+The Senate resolutions of condolence on the assassination of the Czar
+Alexander II were appropriately communicated to the Russian Government,
+which in turn has expressed its sympathy in our late national bereavement.
+It is desirable that our cordial relations with Russia should be
+strengthened by proper engagements assuring to peaceable Americans who
+visit the Empire the consideration which is due to them as citizens of a
+friendly state. This is especially needful with respect to American
+Israelites, whose classification with the native Hebrews has evoked
+energetic remonstrances from this Government.
+
+A supplementary consular agreement with Italy has been sanctioned and
+proclaimed, which puts at rest conflicts of jurisdiction in the case of
+crimes on shipboard.
+
+Several important international conferences have been held in Italy during
+the year. At the Geographical Congress of Venice, the Beneficence Congress
+of Milan, and the Hygienic Congress of Turin this country was represented
+by delegates from branches of the public service or by private citizens
+duly accredited in an honorary capacity. It is hoped that Congress will
+give such prominence to the results of their participation as they may seem
+to deserve.
+
+The abolition of all discriminating duties against such colonial
+productions of the Dutch East Indies as are imported hither from Holland
+has been already considered by Congress. I trust that at the present
+session the matter may be favorably concluded.
+
+The insecurity of life and property in many parts of Turkey has given rise
+to correspondence with the Porte looking particularly to the better
+protection of American missionaries in the Empire. The condemned murderer
+of the eminent missionary Dr. Justin W. Parsons has not yet been executed,
+although this Government has repeatedly demanded that exemplary justice be
+done.
+
+The Swiss Government has again solicited the good offices of our diplomatic
+and consular agents for the protection of its citizens in countries where
+it is not itself represented. This request has, within proper limits, been
+granted.
+
+Our agents in Switzerland have been instructed to protest against the
+conduct of the authorities of certain communes in permitting the emigration
+to this country of criminals and other objectionable persons. Several such
+persons, through the cooperation of the commissioners of emigration at New
+York, have been sent back by the steamers which brought them. A continuance
+of this course may prove a more effectual remedy than diplomatic
+remonstrance.
+
+Treaties of commerce and navigation and for the regulation of consular
+privileges have been concluded with Roumania and Servia since their
+admission into the family of European States.
+
+As is natural with contiguous states having like institutions and like aims
+of advancement and development, the friendship of the United States and
+Mexico has been constantly maintained. This Government has lost no occasion
+of encouraging the Mexican Government to a beneficial realization of the
+mutual advantages which will result from more intimate commercial
+intercourse and from the opening of the rich interior of Mexico to railway
+enterprise. I deem it important that means be provided to restrain the
+lawlessness unfortunately so common on the frontier and to suppress the
+forays of the reservation Indians on either side of the Rio Grande.
+
+The neighboring States of Central America have preserved internal peace,
+and their outward relations toward us have been those of intimate
+friendship. There are encouraging signs of their growing disposition to
+subordinate their local interests to those which are common to them by
+reason of their geographical relations.
+
+The boundary dispute between Guatemala and Mexico has afforded this
+Government an opportunity to exercise its good offices for preventing a
+rupture between those States and for procuring a peaceable solution of the
+question. I cherish strong hope that in view of our relations of amity with
+both countries our friendly counsels may prevail.
+
+A special envoy of Guatemala has brought to me the condolences of his
+Government and people on the death of President Garfield.
+
+The Costa Rican Government lately framed an engagement with Colombia for
+settling by arbitration the boundary question between those countries,
+providing that the post of arbitrator should be offered successively to the
+King of the Belgians, the King of Spain, and the President of the Argentine
+Confederation. The King of the Belgians has declined to act, but I am not
+as yet advised of the action of the King of Spain. As we have certain
+interests in the disputed territory which are protected by our treaty
+engagements with one of the parties, it is important that the arbitration
+should not without our consent affect our rights, and this Government has
+accordingly thought proper to make its views known to the parties to the
+agreement, as well as to intimate them to the Belgian and Spanish
+Governments.
+
+The questions growing out of the proposed interoceanic waterway across the
+Isthmus of Panama are of grave national importance. This Government has not
+been unmindful of the solemn obligations imposed upon it by its compact of
+1846 with Colombia, as the independent and sovereign mistress of the
+territory crossed by the canal, and has sought to render them effective by
+fresh engagements with the Colombian Republic looking to their practical
+execution. The negotiations to this end, after they had reached what
+appeared to be a mutually satisfactory solution here, were met in Colombia
+by a disavowal of the powers which its envoy had assumed and by a proposal
+for renewed negotiation on a modified basis.
+
+Meanwhile this Government learned that Colombia had proposed to the
+European powers to join in a guaranty of the neutrality of the proposed
+Panama canal--a guaranty which would be in direct contravention of our
+obligation as the sole guarantor of the integrity of Colombian territory
+and of the neutrality of the canal itself. My lamented predecessor felt it
+his duty to place before the European powers the reasons which make the
+prior guaranty of the United States indispensable, and for which the
+interjection of any foreign guaranty might be regarded as a superfluous and
+unfriendly act.
+
+Foreseeing the probable reliance of the British Government on the
+provisions of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty of 1850 as affording room for a
+share in the guaranties which the United States covenanted with Colombia
+four years before, I have not hesitated to supplement the action of my
+predecessor by proposing to Her Majesty's Government the modification of
+that instrument and the abrogation of such clauses thereof as do not
+comport with the obligations of the United States toward Colombia or with
+the vital needs of the two friendly parties to the compact.
+
+This Government sees with great concern the continuance of the hostile
+relations between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. An early peace between these
+Republics is much to be desired, not only that they may themselves be
+spared further misery and bloodshed, but because their continued antagonism
+threatens consequences which are, in my judgment, dangerous to the
+interests of republican government on this continent and calculated to
+destroy the best elements of our free and peaceful civilization.
+
+As in the present excited condition of popular feeling in these countries
+there has been serious misapprehension of the position of the United
+States, and as separate diplomatic intercourse with each through
+independent ministers is sometimes subject, owing to the want of prompt
+reciprocal communication, to temporary misunderstanding, I have deemed it
+judicious at the present time to send a special envoy accredited to all and
+each of them, and furnished with general instructions which will, I trust,
+enable him to bring these powers into friendly relations.
+
+The Government of Venezuela maintains its attitude of warm friendship and
+continues with great regularity its payment of the monthly quota of the
+diplomatic debt. Without suggesting the direction in which Congress should
+act, I ask its attention to the pending questions affecting the
+distribution of the sums thus far received.
+
+The relations between Venezuela and France growing out of the same debt
+have been for some time past in an unsatisfactory state, and this
+Government, as the neighbor and one of the largest creditors of Venezuela,
+has interposed its influence with the French Government with the view of
+producing a friendly and honorable adjustment.
+
+I regret that the commercial interests between the United States and
+Brazil, from which great advantages were hoped a year ago, have suffered
+from the withdrawal of the American lines of communication between the
+Brazilian ports and our own.
+
+Through the efforts of our minister resident at Buenos Ayres and the United
+States minister at Santiago, a treaty has been concluded between the
+Argentine Republic and Chile, disposing of the long-pending Patagonian
+boundary question. It is a matter of congratulation that our Government has
+been afforded the opportunity of successfully exerting its good influence
+for the prevention of disagreements between these Republics of the American
+continent.
+
+I am glad to inform you that the treaties lately negotiated with China have
+been duly ratified on both sides and the exchange made at Peking.
+Legislation is necessary to carry their provisions into effect. The prompt
+and friendly spirit with which the Chinese Government, at the request of
+the United States, conceded the modification of existing treaties should
+secure careful regard for the interests and susceptibilities of that
+Government in the enactment of any laws relating to Chinese immigration.
+
+Those clauses of the treaties which forbid the participation of citizens or
+vessels of the United States in the opium trade will doubtless receive your
+approval. They will attest the sincere interest which our people and
+Government feel in the commendable efforts of the Chinese Government to put
+a stop to this demoralizing and destructive traffic.
+
+In relation both to China and Japan some changes are desirable in our
+present system of consular jurisdiction. I hope at some future time to lay
+before you a scheme for its improvement in the entire East.
+
+The intimacy between our own country and Japan, the most advanced of the
+Eastern nations, continues to be cordial. I am advised that the Emperor
+contemplates the establishment of full constitutional government, and that
+he has already summoned a parliamentary congress for the purpose of
+effecting the change. Such a remarkable step toward complete assimilation
+with the Western system can not fail to bring Japan into closer and more
+beneficial relationship with ourselves as the chief Pacific power.
+
+A question has arisen in relation to the exercise in that country of the
+judicial functions conferred upon our ministers and consuls. The
+indictment, trial, and conviction in the consular court at Yokohama of John
+Ross, a merchant seaman on board an American vessel, have made it necessary
+for the Government to institute a careful examination into the nature and
+methods of this jurisdiction.
+
+It appeared that Ross was regularly shipped under the flag of the United
+States, but was by birth a British subject. My predecessor felt it his duty
+to maintain the position that during his service as a regularly shipped
+seaman on board an American merchant vessel Ross was subject to the laws of
+that service and to the jurisdiction of the United States consular
+authorities.
+
+I renew the recommendation which has been heretofore urged by the Executive
+upon the attention of Congress, that after the deduction of such amount as
+may be found due to American citizens the balance of the indemnity funds
+heretofore obtained from China and Japan, and which are now in the hands of
+the State Department, be returned to the Governments of those countries.
+
+The King of Hawaii, in the course of his homeward return after a journey
+around the world, has lately visited this country. While our relations with
+that Kingdom are friendly, this Government has viewed with concern the
+efforts to seek replenishment of the diminishing population of the islands
+from outward sources, to a degree which may impair the native sovereignty
+and independence, in which the United States was among the first to testify
+a lively interest.
+
+Relations of unimpaired amity have been maintained throughout the year with
+the respective Governments of Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Hayti,
+Paraguay and Uruguay, Portugal, and Sweden and Norway. This may also be
+said of Greece and Ecuador, although our relations with those States have
+for some years been severed by the withdrawal of appropriations for
+diplomatic representatives at Athens and Quito. It seems expedient to
+restore those missions, even on a reduced scale, and I decidedly recommend
+such a course with respect to Ecuador, which is likely within the near
+future to play an important part among the nations of the Southern
+Pacific.
+
+At its last extra session the Senate called for the text of the Geneva
+convention for the relief of the wounded in war. I trust that this action
+foreshadows such interest in the subject as will result in the adhesion of
+the United States to that humane and commendable engagement.
+
+I invite your attention to the propriety of adopting the new code of
+international rules for the prevention of collisions on the high seas and
+of conforming the domestic legislation of the United States thereto, so
+that no confusion may arise from the application of conflicting rules in
+the case of vessels of different nationalities meeting in tidal waters.
+These international rules differ but slightly from our own. They have been
+adopted by the Navy Department for the governance of the war ships of the
+United States on the high seas and in foreign waters, and, through the
+action of the State Department in disseminating the rules and in
+acquainting shipmasters with the option of conforming to them without the
+jurisdictional waters of the United States, they are now very generally
+known and obeyed.
+
+The State Department still continues to publish to the country the trade
+and manufacturing reports received from its officers abroad. The success of
+this course warrants its continuance and such appropriation as may be
+required to meet the rapidly increasing demand for these publications. With
+special reference to the Atlanta Cotton Exposition, the October number of
+the reports was devoted to a valuable collection of papers on the
+cotton-goods trade of the world.
+
+The International Sanitary Conference for which, in 1879, Congress made
+provision assembled in this city early in January last, and its sessions
+were prolonged until March. Although it reached no specific conclusions
+affecting the future action of the participant powers, the interchange of
+views proved to be most valuable. The full protocols of the sessions have
+been already presented to the Senate.
+
+As pertinent to this general subject, I call your attention to the
+operations of the National Board of Health. Established by act of Congress
+approved March 3, 1879, its sphere of duty was enlarged by the act of June
+2 in the same year. By the last-named act the board was required to
+institute such measures as might be deemed necessary for preventing the
+introduction of contagious or infectious diseases from foreign countries
+into the United States or from one State into another.
+
+The execution of the rules and regulations prepared by the board and
+approved by my predecessor has done much to arrest the progress of epidemic
+disease, and has thus rendered substantial service to the nation.
+
+The International Sanitary Conference, to which I have referred, adopted a
+form of a bill of health to be used by all vessels seeking to enter the
+ports of the countries whose representatives participated in its
+deliberations. This form has since been prescribed by the National Board of
+Health and incorporated with its rules and regulations, which have been
+approved by me in pursuance of law.
+
+The health of the people is of supreme importance. All measures looking to
+their protection against the spread of contagious diseases and to the
+increase of our sanitary knowledge for such purposes deserve attention of
+Congress.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Treasury presents in detail a highly
+satisfactory exhibit of the state of the finances and the condition of the
+various branches of the public service administered by that Department.
+
+The ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year ending June 30,
+1881, were:
+
+From customs - $198,159,676.02
+
+From internal revenue - 135,264,385.51
+
+From sales of public lands - 2,201,863.17
+
+From tax on circulation and deposits of national banks - 8,116,115.72
+
+From repayment of interest by Pacific Railway companies - 810,833.80
+
+From sinking fund for Pacific Railway companies - 805,180.54
+
+From customs fees, fines, penalties, etc. - 1,225,514.86
+
+From fees--consular, letters patent, and lands - 2,244,983.98
+
+From proceeds of sales of Government property - 262,174.00
+
+From profits on coinage - 3,468,485.61
+
+From revenues of the District of Columbia - 2,016,199.23
+
+From miscellaneous sources - 6,206,880.13
+
+Total ordinary receipts - 360,782,292.57
+
+The ordinary expenditures for the same period were:
+
+For civil expenses - $17,941,177.19
+
+For foreign intercourse - 1,093,954.92
+
+For Indians - 6,514,161.09
+
+For pensions - 50,059,279.62
+
+For the military establishment, including river and harbor improvements
+and arsenals - 40,466,460.55
+
+For the naval establishment, including vessels, machinery, and
+improvements at navy-yards - 15,686,671.66
+
+For miscellaneous expenditures, including public buildings,
+light-houses, and collecting the revenue - 41,837,280.57
+
+For expenditures on account of the District of Columbia - 3,543,912.03
+
+For interest on the public debt - 82,508,741.18
+
+For premium on bonds purchased - 1,061,248.78
+
+Total ordinary expenditures - 260,712,887.59
+
+Leaving a surplus revenue of $100,069,404.98, which was applied as
+follows:
+
+To the redemption of--
+
+Bonds for the sinking fund - $74,371,200.00
+
+Fractional currency for the sinking fund - 109,001.05
+
+Loan of February, 1861 - 7,418,000.00
+
+Ten-forties of 1864 - 2,016,150.00
+
+Five-twenties of 1862 - 18,300.00
+
+Five-twenties of 1864 - 3,400.00
+
+Five-twenties of 1865 - 37,300.00
+
+Consols of 1865 - 143,150.00
+
+Consols of 1867 - 959,150.00
+
+Consols of 1868 - 337,400.00
+
+Texan indemnity stock - 1,000.00
+
+Old demand, compound-interest, and other notes - 18,330.00
+
+And to the increase of cash in the Treasury - 14,637,023.93 -
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Chester A. Arthur
+December 4, 1882
+
+To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
+
+It is provided by the Constitution that the President shall from time to
+time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union and
+recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary
+and expedient.
+
+In reviewing the events of the year which has elapsed since the
+commencement of your sessions, I first call your attention to the
+gratifying condition of our foreign affairs. Our intercourse with other
+powers has continued to be of the most friendly character.
+
+Such slight differences as have arisen during the year have been already
+settled or are likely to reach an early adjustment. The arrest of citizens
+of the United States in Ireland under recent laws which owe their origin to
+the disturbed condition of that country has led to a somewhat extended
+correspondence with the Government of Great Britain. A disposition to
+respect our rights has been practically manifested by the release of the
+arrested parties.
+
+The claim of this nation in regard to the supervision and control of any
+interoceanic canal across the American Isthmus has continued to be the
+subject of conference.
+
+It is likely that time will be more powerful than discussion in removing
+the divergence between the two nations whose friendship is so closely
+cemented by the intimacy of their relations and the community of their
+interests.
+
+Our long-established friendliness with Russia has remained unshaken. It has
+prompted me to proffer the earnest counsels of this Government that
+measures be adopted for suppressing the proscription which the Hebrew race
+in that country has lately suffered. It has not transpired that any
+American citizen has been subjected to arrest or injury, but our courteous
+remonstrance has nevertheless been courteously received. There is reason to
+believe that the time is not far distant when Russia will be able to secure
+toleration to all faiths within her borders.
+
+At an international convention held at Paris in 1880, and attended by
+representatives of the United States, an agreement was reached in respect
+to the protection of trade-marks, patented articles, and the rights of
+manufacturing firms and corporations. The formulating into treaties of the
+recommendations thus adopted is receiving the attention which it merits.
+
+The protection of submarine cables is a subject now under consideration by
+an international conference at Paris. Believing that it is clearly the true
+policy of this Government to favor the neutralization of this means of
+intercourse, I requested our minister to France to attend the convention as
+a delegate. I also designated two of our eminent scientists to attend as
+our representatives at the meeting of an international committee at Paris
+for considering the adoption of a common unit to measure electric force.
+
+In view of the frequent occurrence of conferences for the consideration of
+important matters of common interest to civilized nations, I respectfully
+suggest that the Executive be invested by Congress with discretionary
+powers to send delegates to such conventions, and that provision be made to
+defray the expenses incident thereto.
+
+The difference between the United States and Spain as to the effect of a
+judgment and certificate of naturalization has not yet been adjusted, but
+it is hoped and believed that negotiations now in progress will result in
+the establishment of the position which seems to this Government so
+reasonable and just.
+
+I have already called the attention of Congress to the fact that in the
+ports of Spain and its colonies onerous fines have lately been imposed upon
+vessels of the United States for trivial technical offenses against local
+regulations. Efforts for the abatement of these exactions have thus far
+proved unsuccessful.
+
+I regret to inform you also that the fees demanded by Spanish consuls in
+American ports are in some cases so large, when compared with the value of
+the cargo, as to amount in effect to a considerable export duty, and that
+our remonstrances in this regard have not as yet received the attention
+which they seem to deserve.
+
+The German Government has invited the United States to participate in an
+international exhibition of domestic cattle to be held at Hamburg in July,
+1883. If this country is to be represented, it is important that in the
+early days of this session Congress should make a suitable appropriation
+for that purpose.
+
+The death of Mr. Marsh, our late minister to Italy, has evoked from that
+Government expressions of profound respect for his exalted character and
+for his honorable career in the diplomatic service of his country. The
+Italian Government has raised a question as to the propriety of recognizing
+in his dual capacity the representative of this country recently accredited
+both as secretary of legation and as consul-general at Rome. He has been
+received as secretary, but his exequatur as consul-general has thus far
+been withheld.
+
+The extradition convention with Belgium, which has been in operation since
+1874, has been lately supplanted by another. The Senate has signified its
+approval, and ratifications have been duly exchanged between the
+contracting countries. To the list of extraditable crimes has been added
+that of the assassination or attempted assassination of the chief of the
+State.
+
+Negotiations have been opened with Switzerland looking to a settlement by
+treaty of the question whether its citizens can renounce their allegiance
+and become citizens of the United States without obtaining the consent of
+the Swiss Government.
+
+I am glad to inform you that the immigration of paupers and criminals from
+certain of the Cantons of Switzerland has substantially ceased and is no
+longer sanctioned by the authorities.
+
+The consideration of this subject prompts the suggestion that the act of
+August 3, 1882, which has for its object the return of foreign convicts to
+their own country, should be so modified as not to be open to the
+interpretation that it affects the extradition of criminals on preferred
+charges of crime.
+
+The Ottoman Porte has not yet assented to the interpretation which this
+Government has put upon the treaty of 1830 relative to its jurisdictional
+rights in Turkey. It may well be, however, that this difference will be
+adjusted by a general revision of the system of jurisdiction of the United
+States in the countries of the East, a subject to which your attention has
+been already called by the Secretary of State.
+
+In the interest of justice toward China and Japan, I trust that the
+question of the return of the indemnity fund to the Governments of those
+countries will reach at the present session the satisfactory solution which
+I have already recommended, and which has recently been foreshadowed by
+Congressional discussion.
+
+The treaty lately concluded with Korea awaits the action of the Senate.
+During the late disturbance in Egypt the timely presence of American
+vessels served as a protection to the persons and property of many of our
+own citizens and of citizens of other countries, whose governments have
+expressed their thanks for this assistance.
+
+The recent legislation restricting immigration of laborers from China has
+given rise to the question whether Chinese proceeding to or from another
+country may lawfully pass through our own.
+
+Construing the act of May 6, 1882, in connection with the treaty of
+November 7, 1880, the restriction would seem to be limited to Chinese
+immigrants coming to the United States as laborers, and would not forbid a
+mere transit across our territory. I ask the attention of Congress to the
+subject, for such action, if any, as may be deemed advisable.
+
+This Government has recently had occasion to manifest its interest in the
+Republic of Liberia by seeking to aid the amicable settlement of the
+boundary dispute now pending between that Republic and the British
+possession of Sierra Leone.
+
+The reciprocity treaty with Hawaii will become terminable after September
+9, 1883, on twelve months' notice by either party. While certain provisions
+of that compact may have proved onerous, its existence has fostered
+commercial relations which it is important to preserve. I suggest,
+therefore, that early consideration be given to such modifications of the
+treaty as seem to be demanded by the interests of our people.
+
+In view of our increasing trade with both Hayti and Santo Domingo, I advise
+that provision be made for diplomatic intercourse with the latter by
+enlarging the scope of the mission at Port au Prince.
+
+I regret that certain claims of American citizens against the Government of
+Hayti have thus far been urged unavailingly.
+
+A recent agreement with Mexico provides for the crossing of the frontier by
+the armed forces of either country in pursuit of hostile Indians. In my
+message of last year I called attention to the prevalent lawlessness upon
+the borders and to the necessity of legislation for its suppression. I
+again invite the attention of Congress to the subject.
+
+A partial relief from these mischiefs has been sought in a convention,
+which now awaits the approval of the Senate, as does also another touching
+the establishment of the international boundary between the United States
+and Mexico. If the latter is ratified, the action of Congress will be
+required for establishing suitable commissions of survey. The boundary
+dispute between Mexico and Guatemala, which led this Government to proffer
+its friendly counsels to both parties, has been amicably settled.
+
+No change has occurred in our relations with Venezuela. I again invoke your
+action in the matter of the pending awards against that Republic, to which
+reference was made by a special message from the Executive at your last
+session.
+
+An invitation has been received from the Government of Venezuela to send
+representatives in July, 1883, to Caracas for participating in the
+centennial celebration of the birth of Bolivar, the founder of South
+American independence. In connection with this event it is designed to
+commence the erection at Caracas of a statue of Washington and to conduct
+an industrial exhibition which will be open to American products. I
+recommend that the United States be represented and that suitable provision
+be made therefor.
+
+The elevation of the grade of our mission in Central America to the
+plenipotentiary rank, which was authorized by Congress at its late session,
+has been since effected.
+
+The war between Peru and Bolivia on the one side and Chile on the other
+began more than three years ago. On the occupation by Chile in 1880 of all
+the littoral territory of Bolivia, negotiations for peace were conducted
+under the direction of the United States. The allies refused to concede any
+territory, but Chile has since become master of the whole coast of both
+countries and of the capital of Peru. A year since, as you have already
+been advised by correspondence transmitted to you in January last, this
+Government sent a special mission to the belligerent powers to express the
+hope that Chile would be disposed to accept a money indemnity for the
+expenses of the war and to relinquish her demand for a portion of the
+territory of her antagonist.
+
+This recommendation, which Chile declined to follow, this Government did
+not assume to enforce; nor can it be enforced without resort to measures
+which would be in keeping neither with the temper of our people nor with
+the spirit of our institutions.
+
+The power of Peru no longer extends over its whole territory, and in the
+event of our interference to dictate peace would need to be supplemented by
+the armies and navies of the United States. Such interference would almost
+inevitably lead to the establishment of a protectorate--a result utterly at
+odds with our past policy, injurious to our present interests, and full of
+embarrassments for the future.
+
+For effecting the termination of hostilities upon terms at once just to the
+victorious nation and generous to its adversaries, this Government has
+spared no efforts save such as might involve the complications which I have
+indicated.
+
+It is greatly to be deplored that Chile seems resolved to exact such
+rigorous conditions of peace and indisposed to submit to arbitration the
+terms of an amicable settlement. No peace is likely to be lasting that is
+not sufficiently equitable and just to command the approval of other
+nations.
+
+About a year since invitations were extended to the nations of this
+continent to send representatives to a peace congress to assemble at
+Washington in November, 1882. The time of meeting was fixed at a period
+then remote, in the hope, as the invitation itself declared, that in the
+meantime the disturbances between the South American Republics would be
+adjusted. As that expectation seemed unlikely to be realized, I asked in
+April last for an expression of opinion from the two Houses of Congress as
+to the advisability of holding the proposed convention at the time
+appointed. This action was prompted in part by doubts which mature
+reflection had suggested whether the diplomatic usage and traditions of the
+Government did not make it fitting that the Executive should consult the
+representatives of the people before pursuing a line of policy somewhat
+novel in its character and far reaching in its possible consequences. In
+view of the fact that no action was taken by Congress in the premises and
+that no provision had been made for necessary expenses, I subsequently
+decided to postpone the convocation, and so notified the several
+Governments which had been invited to attend.
+
+I am unwilling to dismiss this subject without assuring you of my support
+of any measures the wisdom of Congress may devise for the promotion of
+peace on this continent and throughout the world, and I trust that the time
+is nigh when, with the universal assent of civilized peoples, all
+international differences shall be determined without resort to arms by the
+benignant processes of arbitration.
+
+Changes have occurred in the diplomatic representation of several foreign
+powers during the past year. New ministers from the Argentine Republic,
+Austria-Hungary, Brazil, Chile, China, France, Japan, Mexico, the
+Netherlands, and Russia have presented their credentials. The missions of
+Denmark and Venezuela at this capital have been raised in grade.
+Switzerland has created a plenipotentiary mission to this Government, and
+an embassy from Madagascar and a minister from Siam will shortly arrive.
+
+Our diplomatic intercourse has been enlarged by the establishment of
+relations with the new Kingdom of Servia, by the creation of a mission to
+Siam, and by the restoration of the mission to Greece. The Shah of Persia
+has expressed his gratification that a charge d'affaires will shortly be
+sent to that country, where the rights of our citizens have been hitherto
+courteously guarded by the representatives of Great Britain.
+
+I renew my recommendation of such legislation as will place the United
+States in harmony with other maritime powers with respect to the
+international rules for the prevention of collisions at sea.
+
+In conformity with your joint resolution of the 3d of August last, I have
+directed the Secretary of State to address foreign governments in respect
+to a proposed conference for considering the subject of the universal
+adoption of a common prime meridian to be used in the reckoning of
+longitude and in the regulation of time throughout the civilized world.
+Their replies will in due time be laid before you.
+
+An agreement was reached at Paris in 1875 between the principal powers for
+the interchange of official publications through the medium of their
+respective foreign departments.
+
+The admirable system which has been built up by the enterprise of the
+Smithsonian Institution affords a practical basis for our cooperation in
+this scheme, and an arrangement has been effected by which that institution
+will perform the necessary labor, under the direction of the Department of
+State. A reasonable compensation therefor should be provided by law.
+
+A clause in the act making appropriations for the diplomatic and consular
+service contemplates the reorganization of both branches of such service on
+a salaried basis, leaving fees to inure to the benefit of the Treasury. I
+cordially favor such a project, as likely to correct abuses in the present
+system. The Secretary of State will present to you at an early day a plan
+for such reorganization.
+
+A full and interesting exhibit of the operations of the Treasury Department
+is afforded by the report of the Secretary.
+
+It appears that the ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year
+ended June 30, 1882, were as follows:
+
+From customs - $220,410,730.25
+
+From internal revenue - 146,497,595.45
+
+From sales of public lands - 4,753,140.37
+
+From tax on circulation and deposits of national banks - 8,956,794.45
+
+From repayment of interest by Pacific Railway companies - 840,554.37
+
+From sinking fund for Pacific Railway companies - 796,271.42
+
+From customs fees, fines, penalties, etc. - 1,343,348.00
+
+From fees--consular, letters patent, and lands - 2,638,990.97
+
+From proceeds of sales of Government property - 314,959.85
+
+From profits on coinage, bullion deposits, and assays - 4,116,693.73
+
+From Indian trust funds - 5,705,243.22
+
+From deposits by individuals for surveying public lands - 2,052,306.36
+
+From revenues of the District of Columbia - 1,715,176.41
+
+From miscellaneous sources - 3,383,445.43
+
+Total ordinary receipts - 403,525,250.28
+
+The ordinary expenditures for the same period were--
+
+For civil expenses - $18,042,386.42
+
+For foreign intercourse - 1,307,583.19
+
+For Indians - 9,736,747.40
+
+For pensions - 61,345,193.95
+
+For the military establishment, including river and harbor improvements,
+and arsenals - 43,570,494.19
+
+For the naval establishment, including vessels, machinery, and
+improvements at navy-yards - 15,032,046.26
+
+For miscellaneous expenditures, including public buildings, light-houses,
+and collecting the revenue - 34,539,237.50
+
+For expenditures on account of the District of Columbia - 3,330,543.87
+
+For interest on the public debt - 71,077,206.79
+
+Total ordinary expenditures - 257,981,439.57
+
+Leaving a surplus revenue of $145,543,810.71, which, with an amount drawn
+from the cash balance in the Treasury of $20,737,694.84, making
+$166,281,505.55, was applied to the redemption--
+
+Of bonds for the sinking fund - $60,079,150.00
+
+Of fractional currency for the sinking fund - 58,705.55
+
+Of loan of July and August, 1861 - 62,572,050.00
+
+Of loan of March, 1863 - 4,472,900.00
+
+Of funded loan of 1881 - 37,194,450.00
+
+Of loan of 1858 - 303,000.00
+
+Of loan of February, 1861 - 1,000.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1862 - 2,100.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1864 - 7,400.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1865 - 6,500.00
+
+Of ten-forties of 1864 - 254,550.00
+
+Of consols of 1865 - 86,450.00
+
+Of consols of 1867 - 408,250.00
+
+Of consols of 1868 - 141,400.00
+
+Of Oregon War debt - 675,250.00
+
+Of old demand, compound-interest, and other notes - 18,350.00 -
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Chester A. Arthur
+December 4, 1883
+
+To the Congress of the United States:
+
+At the threshold of your deliberations I congratulate you upon the
+favorable aspect of the domestic and foreign affairs of this Government.
+
+Our relations with other countries continue to be upon a friendly footing.
+With the Argentine Republic, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Hayti,
+Italy, Santo Domingo, and Sweden and Norway no incident has occurred which
+calls for special comment. The recent opening of new lines of telegraphic
+communication with Central America and Brazil permitted the interchange of
+messages of friendship with the Governments of those countries.
+
+During the year there have been perfected and proclaimed consular and
+commercial treaties with Servia and a consular treaty with Roumania, thus
+extending our intercourse with the Danubian countries, while our Eastern
+relations have been put upon a wider basis by treaties with Korea and
+Madagascar. The new boundary-survey treaty with Mexico, a trade-marks
+convention and a supplementary treaty of extradition with Spain, and
+conventions extending the duration of the Franco-American Claims Commission
+have also been proclaimed.
+
+Notice of the termination of the fisheries articles of the treaty of
+Washington was duly given to the British Government, and the reciprocal
+privileges and exemptions of the treaty will accordingly cease on July 1,
+1885. The fisheries industries, pursued by a numerous class of our citizens
+on the northern coasts, both of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, are worthy
+of the fostering care of Congress. Whenever brought into competition with
+the like industries of other countries, our fishermen, as well as our
+manufacturers of fishing appliances and preparers of fish products, have
+maintained a foremost place. I suggest that Congress create a commission to
+consider the general question of our rights in the fisheries and the means
+of opening to our citizens, under just and enduring conditions, the richly
+stocked fishing waters and sealing grounds of British North America.
+
+Question has arisen touching the deportation to the United States from the
+British Islands, by governmental or municipal aid, of persons unable there
+to gain a living and equally a burden on the community here. Such of these
+persons as fall under the pauper class as defined by law have been sent
+back in accordance with the provisions of our statutes. Her Majesty's
+Government has insisted that precautions have been taken before shipment to
+prevent these objectionable visitors from coming hither without guaranty of
+support by their relatives in this country. The action of the British
+authorities in applying measures for relief has, however, in so many cases
+proved ineffectual, and especially so in certain recent instances of needy
+emigrants reaching our territory through Canada, that a revision of our
+legislation upon this subject may be deemed advisable.
+
+Correspondence relative to the Clayton-Bulwer treaty has been continued and
+will be laid before Congress.
+
+The legislation of France against the importation of prepared swine
+products from the United States has been repealed. That result is due no
+less to the friendly representations of this Government than to a growing
+conviction in France that the restriction was not demanded by any real
+danger to health.
+
+Germany still prohibits the introduction of all swine products from
+America. I extended to the Imperial Government a friendly invitation to
+send experts to the United States to inquire whether the use of those
+products was dangerous to health. This invitation was declined. I have
+believed it of such importance, however, that the exact facts should be
+ascertained and promulgated that I have appointed a competent commission to
+make a thorough investigation of the subject. Its members have shown their
+public spirit by accepting their trust without pledge of compensation, but
+I trust that Congress will see in the national and international bearings
+of the matter a sufficient motive for providing at least for reimbursement
+of such expenses as they may necessarily incur.
+
+The coronation of the Czar at Moscow afforded to this Government an
+occasion for testifying its continued friendship by sending a special envoy
+and a representative of the Navy to attend the ceremony.
+
+While there have arisen during the year no grave questions affecting the
+status in the Russian Empire of American citizens of other faith than that
+held by the national church, this Government remains firm in its conviction
+that the rights of its citizens abroad should be in no wise affected by
+their religious belief.
+
+It is understood that measures for the removal of the restrictions which
+now burden our trade with Cuba and Puerto Rico are under consideration by
+the Spanish Government.
+
+The proximity of Cuba to the United States and the peculiar methods of
+administration which there prevail necessitate constant discussion and
+appeal on our part from the proceedings of the insular authorities. I
+regret to say that the just protests of this Government have not as yet
+produced satisfactory results.
+
+The commission appointed to decide certain claims of our citizens against
+the Spanish Government, after the recognition of a satisfactory rule as to
+the validity and force of naturalization in the United States, has finally
+adjourned. Some of its awards, though made more than two years ago, have
+not yet been paid. Their speedy payment is expected.
+
+Claims to a large amount which were held by the late commission to be
+without its jurisdiction have been diplomatically presented to the Spanish
+Government. As the action of the colonial authorities which has given rise
+to these claims was admittedly illegal, full reparation for the injury
+sustained by our citizens should be no longer delayed.
+
+The case of the Masonic has not yet reached a settlement. Manila court has
+found that the proceedings of which this Government has complained were
+unauthorized, and it is hoped that the Government of Spain will not
+withhold the speedy reparation which its sense of justice should impel it
+to offer for the unusual severity and unjust action of its subordinate
+colonial officers in the case of this vessel.
+
+The Helvetian Confederation has proposed the inauguration of a class of
+international treaties for the referment to arbitration of grave questions
+between nations. This Government has assented to the proposed negotiation
+of such a treaty with Switzerland.
+
+Under the treaty of Berlin liberty of conscience and civil rights are
+assured to all strangers in Bulgaria. As the United States have no distinct
+conventional relations with that country and are not a party to the treaty,
+they should, in my opinion, maintain diplomatic representation at Sofia for
+the improvement of intercourse and the proper protection of the many
+American citizens who resort to that country as missionaries and teachers.
+I suggest that I be given authority to establish an agency and
+consulate-general at the Bulgarian capital.
+
+The United States are now participating in a revision of the tariffs of the
+Ottoman Empire. They have assented to the application of a license tax to
+foreigners doing business in Turkey, but have opposed the oppressive
+storage tax upon petroleum entering the ports of that country.
+
+The Government of the Khedive has proposed that the authority of the mixed
+judicial tribunals in Egypt be extended so as to cover citizens of the
+United States accused of crime, who are now triable before consular courts.
+This Government is not indisposed to accept the change, but believes that
+its terms should be submitted for criticism to the commission appointed to
+revise the whole subject.
+
+At no time in our national history has there been more manifest need of
+close and lasting relations with a neighboring state than now exists with
+respect to Mexico. The rapid influx of our capital and enterprise into that
+country shows, by what has already been accomplished, the vast reciprocal
+advantages which must attend the progress of its internal development. The
+treaty of commerce and navigation of 1848 has been terminated by the
+Mexican Government, and in the absence of conventional engagements the
+rights of our citizens in Mexico now depend upon the domestic statutes of
+that Republic. There have been instances of harsh enforcement of the laws
+against our vessels and citizens in Mexico and of denial of the diplomatic
+resort for their protection. The initial step toward a better understanding
+has been taken in the negotiation by the commission authorized by Congress
+of a treaty which is still before the Senate awaiting its approval.
+
+The provisions for the reciprocal crossing of the frontier by the troops in
+pursuit of hostile Indians have been prolonged for another year. The
+operations of the forces of both Governments against these savages have
+been successful, and several of their most dangerous bands have been
+captured or dispersed by the skill and valor of United States and Mexican
+soldiers fighting in a common cause.
+
+The convention for the resurvey of the boundary from the Rio Grande to the
+Pacific having been ratified and exchanged, the preliminary reconnoissance
+therein stipulated has been effected. It now rests with Congress to make
+provision for completing the survey and relocating the boundary monuments.
+
+A convention was signed with Mexico on July 13, 1882, providing for the
+rehearing of the cases of Benjamin Well and the Abra Silver Mining Company,
+in whose favor awards were made by the late American and Mexican Claims
+Commission. That convention still awaits the consent of the Senate.
+Meanwhile, because of those charges of fraudulent awards which have made a
+new commission necessary, the Executive has directed the suspension of
+payments of the distributive quota received from Mexico.
+
+Our geographical proximity to Central America and our political and
+commercial relations with the States of that country justify, in my
+judgment, such a material increase of our consular corps as will place at
+each capital a consul-general.
+
+The contest between Bolivia, Chile, and Peru has passed from the stage of
+strategic hostilities to that of negotiation, in which the counsels of this
+Government have been exercised. The demands of Chile for absolute cession
+of territory have been maintained and accepted by the party of General
+Iglesias to the extent of concluding a treaty of peace with the Government
+of Chile in general conformity with the terms of the protocol signed in May
+last between the Chilean commander and General Iglesias. As a result of the
+conclusion of this treaty General Iglesias has been formally recognized by
+Chile as President of Peru and his government installed at Lima, which has
+been evacuated by the Chileans. A call has been issued by General Iglesias
+for a representative assembly, to be elected on the 13th of January, and to
+meet at Lima on the 1st of March next. Meanwhile the provisional government
+of General Iglesias has applied for recognition to the principal powers of
+America and Europe. When the will of the Peruvian people shall be
+manifested, I shall not hesitate to recognize the government approved by
+them.
+
+Diplomatic and naval representatives of this Government attended at Caracas
+the centennial celebration of the birth of the illustrious Bolivar. At the
+same time the inauguration of the statue of Washington in the Venezuelan
+capital testified to the veneration in which his memory is there held.
+
+Congress at its last session authorized the Executive to propose to
+Venezuela a reopening of the awards of the mixed commission of Caracas. The
+departure from this country of the Venezuelan minister has delayed the
+opening of negotiations for reviving the commission. This Government holds
+that until the establishment of a treaty upon this subject the Venezuelan
+Government must continue to make the payments provided for in the
+convention of 1866.
+
+There is ground for believing that the dispute growing out of the unpaid
+obligations due from Venezuela to France will be satisfactorily adjusted.
+The French cabinet has proposed a basis of settlement which meets my
+approval, but as it involves a recasting of the annual quotas of the
+foreign debt it has been deemed advisable to submit the proposal to the
+judgment of the cabinets of Berlin, Copenhagen, The Hague, London, and
+Madrid.
+
+At the recent coronation of His Majesty King Kalakaua this Government was
+represented both diplomatically and by the formal visit of a vessel of
+war.
+
+The question of terminating or modifying the existing reciprocity treaty
+with Hawaii is now before Congress. I am convinced that the charges of
+abuses and frauds under that treaty have been exaggerated, and I renew the
+suggestion of last year's message that the treaty be modified wherever its
+provisions have proved onerous to legitimate trade between the two
+countries. I am not disposed to favor the entire cessation of the treaty
+relations which have fostered good will between the countries and
+contributed toward the equality of Hawaii in the family of nations.
+
+In pursuance of the policy declared by this Government of extending our
+intercourse with the Eastern nations, legations have during the past year
+been established in Persia, Siam, and Korea. It is probable that permanent
+missions of those countries will ere long be maintained in the United
+States. A special embassy from Siam is now on its way hither.
+
+Treaty relations with Korea were perfected by the exchange at Seoul, on the
+19th of May last, of the ratifications of the lately concluded convention,
+and envoys from the King of Chosen have visited this country and
+received a cordial welcome. Korea, as yet unacquainted with the methods of
+Western civilization, now invites the attention of those interested in the
+advancement of our foreign trade, as it needs the implements and products
+which the United States are ready to supply. We seek no monopoly of its
+commerce and no advantages over other nations, but as the Chosenese, in
+reaching for a higher civilization, have confided in this Republic, we can
+not regard with indifference any encroachment on their rights.
+
+China, by the payment of a money indemnity, has settled certain of the
+long-pending claims of our citizens, and I have strong hopes that the
+remainder will soon be adjusted.
+
+Questions have arisen touching the rights of American and other foreign
+manufacturers in China under the provisions of treaties which permit aliens
+to exercise their industries in that country. On this specific point our
+own treaty is silent, but under the operation of the most-favored-nation
+clause we have like privileges with those of other powers. While it is the
+duty of the Government to see that our citizens have the full enjoyment of
+every benefit secured by treaty, I doubt the expediency of leading in a
+movement to constrain China to admit an interpretation which we have only
+an indirect treaty right to exact. The transference to China of American
+capital for the employment there of Chinese labor would in effect
+inaugurate a competition for the control of markets now supplied by our
+home industries.
+
+There is good reason to believe that the law restricting the immigration of
+Chinese has been violated, intentionally or otherwise, by the officials of
+China upon whom is devolved the duty of certifying that the immigrants
+belong to the excepted classes.
+
+Measures have been taken to ascertain the facts incident to this supposed
+infraction, and it is believed that the Government of China will cooperate
+with the United States in securing the faithful observance of the law.
+
+The same considerations which prompted Congress at its last session to
+return to Japan the Simonoseki indemnity seem to me to require at its hands
+like action in respect to the Canton indemnity fund, now amounting to
+$300,000.
+
+The question of the general revision of the foreign treaties of Japan has
+been considered in an international conference held at Tokyo, but without
+definite result as yet. This Government is disposed to concede the requests
+of Japan to determine its own tariff duties, to provide such proper
+judicial tribunals as may commend themselves to the Western powers for the
+trial of causes to which foreigners are parties, and to assimilate the
+terms and duration of its treaties to those of other civilized states.
+
+Through our ministers at London and at Monrovia this Government has
+endeavored to aid Liberia in its differences with Great Britain touching
+the northwestern boundary of that Republic. There is a prospect of
+adjustment of the dispute by the adoption of the Mannah River as the line.
+This arrangement is a compromise of the conflicting territorial claims and
+takes from Liberia no country over which it has maintained effective
+jurisdiction.
+
+The rich and populous valley of the Kongo is being opened to commerce by a
+society called the International African Association, of which the King of
+the Belgians is the president and a citizen of the United States the chief
+executive officer. Large tracts of territory have been ceded to the
+association by native chiefs, roads have been opened, steamboats placed on
+the river, and the nuclei of states established at twenty-two stations
+under one flag which offers freedom to commerce and prohibits the slave
+trade. The objects of the society are philanthropic. It does not aim at
+permanent political control, but seeks the neutrality of the valley. The
+United States can not be indifferent to this work nor to the interests of
+their citizens involved in it. It may become advisable for us to cooperate
+with other commercial powers in promoting the rights of trade and residence
+in the Kongo Valley free from the interference or political control of any
+one nation.
+
+In view of the frequency of invitations from foreign governments to
+participate in social and scientific congresses for the discussion of
+important matters of general concern, I repeat the suggestion of my last
+message that provision be made for the exercise of discretionary power by
+the Executive in appointing delegates to such convocations. Able
+specialists are ready to serve the national interests in such capacity
+without personal profit or other compensation than the defrayment of
+expenses actually incurred, and this a comparatively small annual
+appropriation would suffice to meet.
+
+I have alluded in my previous messages to the injurious and vexatious
+restrictions suffered by our trade in the Spanish West Indies. Brazil,
+whose natural outlet for its great national staple, coffee, is in and
+through the United States, imposes a heavy export duty upon that product.
+Our petroleum exports are hampered in Turkey and in other Eastern ports by
+restrictions as to storage and by onerous taxation. For these mischiefs
+adequate relief is not always afforded by reciprocity treaties like that
+with Hawaii or that lately negotiated with Mexico and now awaiting the
+action of the Senate. Is it not advisable to provide some measure of
+equitable retaliation in our relations with governments which discriminate
+against our own? If, for example, the Executive were empowered to apply to
+Spanish vessels and cargoes from Cuba and Puerto Rico the same rules of
+treatment and scale of penalties for technical faults which are applied to
+our vessels and cargoes in the Antilles, a resort to that course might not
+be barren of good results.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Treasury gives a full and interesting
+exhibit of the financial condition of the country.
+
+It shows that the ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year
+ended June 30, 1883, amounted to $398,287,581.95, whereof there was
+received--
+
+From customs - $214,706,496.93
+
+From internal revenue - 144,720,368.98
+
+From sales of public lands - 7,955,864.42
+
+From tax on circulation and deposits of national banks - 9,111,008.85
+
+From profits on coinage, bullion deposits, and assays - 4,460,205.17
+
+From other sources - 17,333,637.60
+
+Total - 398,287,581.95
+
+For the same period the ordinary expenditures were:
+
+For civil expenses - $22,343,285.76
+
+For foreign intercourse - 2,419,275.24
+
+For Indians - 7,362,590.34
+
+For Pensions - 66,012,573.64
+
+For the military establishment, including river and harbor
+improvements and arsenals - 48,911,382.93
+
+For the naval establishment, including vessels, machinery,
+and improvements at navy-yards - 15,283,437.17
+
+For miscellaneous expenditures, including public buildings,
+light-houses, and collecting the revenue - 40,098,432.73
+
+For expenditures on account of the District of Columbia - 3,817,028.48
+
+For interest on the public debt - 59,160,131.25
+
+Total - 265,408,137.54
+
+Leaving a surplus revenue of $132,879,444.41, which, with an amount drawn
+from the cash balance in the Treasury of $1,299,312.55, making
+$134,178,756.96, was applied to the redemption--
+
+Of bonds for the sinking fund - $44,850,700.00
+
+Of fractional currency for the sinking fund - 46,556.96
+
+Of funded loan of 1881, continued at 3 1\2 per cent - 65,380,250.00
+
+Of loan of July and August, 1861, continued at 3 1/2 per cent -
+20,594,600.00
+
+Of funded loan of 1907 - 1,418,850.00
+
+Of funded loan of 1881 - 719,150.00
+
+Of loan of February, 1861 - 18,000.00
+
+Of loan of July and August, 1861 - 266,600.00
+
+Of loan of March, 1863 - 116,850.00
+
+Of loan of July, 1882 - 47,650.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1862 - 10,300.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1864 - 7,050.00
+
+Of five-twenties of 1865 - 9,600.00
+
+Of ten-forties of 1864 - 133,550.00
+
+Of consols of 1865 - 40,800.00
+
+Of consols of 1867 - 235,700.00
+
+Of consols of 1868 - 154,650.00
+
+Of Oregon War debt - 5,450.00
+
+Of refunding certificates - 109,150.00
+
+Of old demand, compound-interest and other notes - 13,300.00
+
+Total - 134,178,756.96
+
+The revenue for the present fiscal year, actual and estimated, is as
+follows:
+
+Source - For the quarter ended September 30, 1883 (actual) - For the
+remaining three quarters of the year (estimated)
+
+From customs - $57,402,975.67 - $137,597,024.33
+
+From internal revenue - 29,662,078.60 - 90,337,921.40
+
+From sales of public lands - 2,932,635.17 - 5,067,634.83
+
+From tax on circulation and deposits of national banks - 1,557,800.88 -
+1,542,199.12
+
+From repayment of interest and sinking fund, Pacific Railway companies -
+521,059.51 - 1,478,940.49
+
+From customs fees, fines, penalties, etc. - 298,696.78 - 901,303.22
+
+From fees--consular, letters patent, and lands - 863,209.80 - 2,436,790.20
+
+From proceeds of sales of Government property - 112,562.23 - 167,437.77
+
+From profits on coinage, etc. - 950,229.46 - 3,149,770.54
+
+From deposits for surveying public lands - 172,461.31 - 327,538.69
+
+From revenues of the District of Columbia - 256,017.99 - 1,643,982.01
+
+From miscellaneous sources - 1,237,189.63 - 2,382,810.37
+
+Total receipts - 95,966,917.03 - 247,033,082.97
+
+The actual and estimated expenses for the same period are:
+
+Object - For the quarter ended September 30, 1883 (actual) - For the
+remaining three quarters of the year (estimated)
+
+For civil and miscellaneous expenses, including public buildings,
+light-houses, and collecting the revenue - $15,385,799.42 - $51,114,200.58
+
+For Indians - 2,623,390.54 - 4,126,609.46
+
+For pensions - 16,285,261.98 - 53,714,738.02
+
+For military establishment, including fortifications, river and harbor
+improvements, and arsenals - 13,512,204.33 - 26,487,795.67
+
+For naval establishment, including vessels and machinery, and improvements
+at navy-yards - 4,199,299.69 - 12,300,700.31
+
+For expenditures on account of the District of Columbia - 1,138,836.41 -
+2,611,163.59
+
+For interest on the public debt - 14,797,297.96 - 39,702,702.04
+
+Total ordinary expenditures - 67,942,090.33 - 190,057,909.67
+
+Total receipts, actual and estimated - $343,000,000.00
+
+Total expenditures, actual and estimated - 258,000,000.00 -
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Chester A. Arthur
+December 1, 1884
+
+To the Congress of the United States:
+
+Since the close of your last session the American people, in the exercise
+of their highest right of suffrage, have chosen their Chief Magistrate for
+the four years ensuing.
+
+When it is remembered that at no period in the country's history has the
+long political contest which customarily precedes the day of the national
+election been waged with greater fervor and intensity, it is a subject of
+general congratulation that after the controversy at the polls was over,
+and while the slight preponderance by which the issue had been determined
+was as yet unascertained, the public peace suffered no disturbance, but the
+people everywhere patiently and quietly awaited the result.
+
+Nothing could more strikingly illustrate the temper of the American
+citizen, his love of order, and his loyalty to law. Nothing could more
+signally demonstrate the strength and wisdom of our political
+institutions.
+
+Eight years have passed since a controversy concerning the result of a
+national election sharply called the attention of the Congress to the
+necessity of providing more precise and definite regulations for counting
+the electoral vote.
+
+It is of the gravest importance that this question be solved before
+conflicting claims to the Presidency shall again distract the country, and
+I am persuaded that by the people at large any of the measures of relief
+thus far proposed would be preferred to continued inaction.
+
+Our relations with all foreign powers continue to be amicable.
+
+With Belgium a convention has been signed whereby the scope of present
+treaties has been so enlarged as to secure to citizens of either country
+within the jurisdiction of the other equal rights and privileges in the
+acquisition and alienation of property. A trade-marks treaty has also been
+concluded.
+
+The war between Chile and Peru is at an end. For the arbitration of the
+claims of American citizens who during its continuance suffered through the
+acts of the Chilean authorities a convention will soon be negotiated.
+
+The state of hostilities between France and China continues to be an
+embarrassing feature of our Eastern relations. The Chinese Government has
+promptly adjusted and paid the claims of American citizens whose property
+was destroyed in the recent riots at Canton. I renew the recommendation of
+my last annual message, that the Canton indemnity fund be returned to
+China.
+
+The true interpretation of the recent treaty with that country permitting
+the restriction of Chinese immigration is likely to be again the subject of
+your deliberations. It may be seriously questioned whether the statute
+passed at the last session does not violate the treaty rights of certain
+Chinese who left this country with return certificates valid under the old
+law, and who now seem to be debarred from relanding for lack of the
+certificates required by the new.
+
+The recent purchase by citizens of the United States of a large trading
+fleet heretofore under the Chinese flag has considerably enhanced our
+commercial importance in the East. In view of the large number of vessels
+built or purchased by American citizens in other countries and exclusively
+employed in legitimate traffic between foreign ports under the recognized
+protection of our flag, it might be well to provide a uniform rule for
+their registration and documentation, so that the bona fide property rights
+of our citizens therein shall be duly evidenced and properly guarded.
+
+Pursuant to the advice of the Senate at the last session, I recognized the
+flag of the International Association of the Kongo as that of a friendly
+government, avoiding in so doing any prejudgment of conflicting territorial
+claims in that region. Subsequently, in execution of the expressed wish of
+the Congress, I appointed a commercial agent for the Kongo basin.
+
+The importance of the rich prospective trade of the Kongo Valley has led to
+the general conviction that it should be open to all nations upon equal
+terms. At an international conference for the consideration of this subject
+called by the Emperor of Germany, and now in session at Berlin, delegates
+are in attendance on behalf of the United States. Of the results of the
+conference you will be duly advised.
+
+The Government of Korea has generously aided the efforts of the United
+States minister to secure suitable premises for the use of the legation. As
+the conditions of diplomatic intercourse with Eastern nations demand that
+the legation premises be owned by the represented power, I advise that an
+appropriation be made for the acquisition of this property by the
+Government. The United States already possess valuable premises at Tangier
+as a gift from the Sultan of Morocco. As is stated hereafter, they have
+lately received a similar gift from the Siamese Government. The Government
+of Japan stands ready to present to us extensive grounds at Tokyo whereon
+to erect a suitable building for the legation, court-house, and jail, and
+similar privileges can probably be secured in China and Persia. The owning
+of such premises would not only effect a large saving of the present
+rentals, but would permit of the due assertion of extraterritorial rights
+in those countries, and would the better serve to maintain the dignity of
+the United States.
+
+The failure of Congress to make appropriation for our representation at the
+autonomous court of the Khedive has proved a serious embarrassment in our
+intercourse with Egypt; and in view of the necessary intimacy of diplomatic
+relationship due to the participation of this Government as one of the
+treaty powers in all matters of administration there affecting the rights
+of foreigners, I advise the restoration of the agency and consulate-general
+at Cairo on its former basis. I do not conceive it to be the wish of
+Congress that the United States should withdraw altogether from the
+honorable position they have hitherto held with respect to the Khedive, or
+that citizens of this Republic residing or sojourning in Egypt should
+hereafter be without the aid and protection of a competent representative.
+
+With France the traditional cordial relationship continues. The colossal
+statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, the generous gift of the people
+of France, is expected to reach New York in May next. I suggest that
+Congressional action be taken in recognition of the spirit which has
+prompted this gift and in aid of the timely completion of the pedestal upon
+which it is to be placed.
+
+Our relations with Germany, a country which contributes to our own some of
+the best elements of citizenship, continue to be cordial. The United States
+have extradition treaties with several of the German States, but by reason
+of the confederation of those States under the imperial rule the
+application of such treaties is not as uniform and comprehensive as the
+interests of the two countries require. I propose, therefore, to open
+negotiations for a single convention of extradition to embrace all the
+territory of the Empire.
+
+It affords me pleasure to say that our intercourse with Great Britain
+continues to be of a most friendly character.
+
+The Government of Hawaii has indicated its willingness to continue for
+seven years the provisions of the existing reciprocity treaty. Such
+continuance, in view of the relations of that country to the American
+system of States, should, in my judgment, be favored.
+
+The revolution in Hayti against the established Government has terminated.
+While it was in progress it became necessary to enforce our neutrality laws
+by instituting proceedings against individuals and vessels charged with
+their infringement. These prosecutions were in all cases successful.
+
+Much anxiety has lately been displayed by various European Governments, and
+especially by the Government of Italy, for the abolition of our import
+duties upon works of art. It is well to consider whether the present
+discrimination in favor of the productions of American artists abroad is
+not likely to result, as they themselves seem very generally to believe it
+may, in the practical exclusion of our painters and sculptors from the rich
+fields for observation, study, and labor which they have hitherto enjoyed.
+
+There is prospect that the long-pending revision of the foreign treaties of
+Japan may be concluded at a new conference to be held at Tokyo. While this
+Government fully recognizes the equal and independent station of Japan in
+the community of nations, it would not oppose the general adoption of such
+terms of compromise as Japan may be disposed to offer in furtherance of a
+uniform policy of intercourse with Western nations.
+
+During the past year the increasing good will between our own Government
+and that of Mexico has been variously manifested. The treaty of commercial
+reciprocity concluded January 20, 1883, has been ratified and awaits the
+necessary tariff legislation of Congress to become effective. This
+legislation will, I doubt not, be among the first measures to claim your
+attention.
+
+A full treaty of commerce, navigation, and consular rights is much to be
+desired, and such a treaty I have reason to believe that the Mexican
+Government stands ready to conclude.
+
+Some embarrassment has been occasioned by the failure of Congress at its
+last session to provide means for the due execution of the treaty of July
+29, 1882, for the resurvey of the Mexican boundary and the relocation of
+boundary monuments.
+
+With the Republic of Nicaragua a treaty has been concluded which authorizes
+the construction by the United States of a canal, railway, and telegraph
+line across the Nicaraguan territory.
+
+By the terms of this treaty 60 miles of the river San Juan, as well as Lake
+Nicaragua, an inland sea 40 miles in width, are to constitute a part of the
+projected enterprise.
+
+This leaves for actual canal construction 17 miles on the Pacific side and
+36 miles on the Atlantic. To the United States, whose rich territory on the
+Pacific is for the ordinary purposes of commerce practically cut off from
+communication by water with the Atlantic ports, the political and
+commercial advantages of such a project can scarcely be overestimated.
+
+It is believed that when the treaty is laid before you the justice and
+liberality of its provisions will command universal approval at home and
+abroad.
+
+The death of our representative at Russia while at his post at St.
+Petersburg afforded to the Imperial Government a renewed opportunity to
+testify its sympathy in a manner befitting the intimate friendliness which
+has ever marked the intercourse of the two countries.
+
+The course of this Government in raising its representation at Bangkok to
+the diplomatic rank has evoked from Siam evidences of warm friendship and
+augurs well for our enlarged intercourse. The Siamese Government has
+presented to the United States a commodious mansion and grounds for the
+occupancy of the legation, and I suggest that by joint resolution Congress
+attest its appreciation of this generous gift.
+
+This government has more than once been called upon of late to take action
+in fulfillment of its international obligations toward Spain. Agitation in
+the island of Cuba hostile to the Spanish Crown having been fomented by
+persons abusing the sacred rights of hospitality which our territory
+affords, the officers of this Government have been instructed to exercise
+vigilance to prevent infractions of our neutrality laws at Key West and at
+other points near the Cuban coast. I am happy to say that in the only
+instance where these precautionary measures were successfully eluded the
+offenders, when found in our territory, were subsequently tried and
+convicted.
+
+The growing need of close relationship of intercourse and traffic between
+the Spanish Antilles and their natural market in the United States led to
+the adoption in January last of a commercial agreement looking to that end.
+This agreement has since been superseded by a more carefully framed and
+comprehensive convention, which I shall submit to the Senate for approval.
+It has been the aim of this negotiation to open such a favored reciprocal
+exchange of productions carried under the flag of either country as to make
+the intercourse between Cuba and Puerto Rico and ourselves scarcely less
+intimate than the commercial movement between our domestic ports, and to
+insure a removal of the burdens on shipping in the Spanish Indies, of which
+in the past our shipowners and shipmasters have so often had cause to
+complain.
+
+The negotiation of this convention has for a time postponed the prosecution
+of certain claims of our citizens which were declared to be without the
+jurisdiction of the late Spanish-American Claims Commission, and which are
+therefore remitted to diplomatic channels for adjustment. The speedy
+settlement of these claims will now be urged by this Government.
+
+Negotiations for a treaty of commercial reciprocity with the Dominican
+Republic have been successfully concluded, and the result will shortly be
+laid before the Senate.
+
+Certain questions between the United States and the Ottoman Empire still
+remain unsolved. Complaints on behalf of our citizens are not
+satisfactorily adjusted. The Porte has sought to withhold from our commerce
+the right of favored treatment to which we are entitled by existing
+conventional stipulations, and the revision of the tariffs is
+unaccomplished.
+
+The final disposition of pending questions with Venezuela has not as yet
+been reached, but I have good reason to expect an early settlement which
+will provide the means of reexamining the Caracas awards in conformity with
+the expressed desire of Congress, and which will recognize the justice of
+certain claims preferred against Venezuela.
+
+The Central and South American Commission appointed by authority of the act
+of July 7, 1884, will soon proceed to Mexico. It has been furnished with
+instructions which will be laid before you. They contain a statement of the
+general policy of the Government for enlarging its commercial intercourse
+with American States. The commissioners have been actively preparing for
+their responsible task by holding conferences in the principal cities with
+merchants and others interested in Central and South American trade.
+
+The International Meridian Conference lately convened in Washington upon
+the invitation of the Government of the United States was composed of
+representatives from twenty-five nations. The conference concluded its
+labors on the 1st of November, having with substantial unanimity agreed
+upon the meridian of Greenwich as the starting point whence longitude is to
+be computed through 180 degrees eastward and westward, and upon the
+adoption, for all purposes for which it may be found convenient, of a
+universal day which shall begin at midnight on the initial meridian and
+whose hours shall be counted from zero up to twenty-four.
+
+The formal report of the transactions of this conference will be hereafter
+transmitted to the Congress.
+
+This Government is in frequent receipt of invitations from foreign states
+to participate in international exhibitions, often of great interest and
+importance. Occupying, as we do, an advanced position in the world's
+production, and aiming to secure a profitable share for our industries in
+the general competitive markets, it is a matter of serious concern that the
+want of means for participation in these exhibitions should so often
+exclude our producers from advantages enjoyed by those of other countries.
+During the past year the attention of Congress was drawn to the formal
+invitations in this regard tendered by the Governments of England, Holland,
+Belgium, Germany, and Austria. The Executive has in some instances
+appointed honorary commissioners. This is, however, a most unsatisfactory
+expedient, for without some provision to meet the necessary working
+expenses of a commission it can effect little or nothing in behalf of
+exhibitors. An International Inventions Exhibition is to be held in London
+next May. This will cover a field of special importance, in which our
+country holds a foremost rank; but the Executive is at present powerless to
+organize a proper representation of our vast national interests in this
+direction.
+
+I have in several previous messages referred to this subject. It seems to
+me that a statute giving to the Executive general discretionary authority
+to accept such invitations and to appoint honorary commissioners, without
+salary, and placing at the disposal of the Secretary of State a small fund
+for defraying their reasonable expenses, would be of great public utility.
+
+This Government has received official notice that the revised international
+regulations for preventing collisions at sea have been adopted by all the
+leading maritime powers except the United States, and came into force on
+the 1st of September last. For the due protection of our shipping interests
+the provisions of our statutes should at once be brought into conformity
+with these regulations.
+
+The question of securing to authors, composers, and artists copyright
+privileges in this country in return for reciprocal rights abroad is one
+that may justly challenge your attention. It is true that conventions will
+be necessary for fully accomplishing this result; but until Congress shall
+by statute fix the extent to which foreign holders of copyright shall be
+here privileged it has been deemed inadvisable to negotiate such
+conventions. For this reason the United States were not represented at the
+recent conference at Berne.
+
+I recommend that the scope of the neutrality laws of the United States be
+so enlarged as to cover all patent acts of hostility committed in our
+territory and aimed against the peace of a friendly nation. Existing
+statutes prohibit the fitting out of armed expeditions and restrict the
+shipment of explosives, though the enactments in the latter respect were
+not framed with regard to international obligations, but simply for the
+protection of passenger travel. All these statutes were intended to meet
+special emergencies that had already arisen. Other emergencies have arisen
+since, and modern ingenuity supplies means for the organization of
+hostilities without open resort to armed vessels or to filibustering
+parties.
+
+I see no reason why overt preparations in this country for the commission
+of criminal acts such as are here under consideration should not be alike
+punishable whether such acts are intended to be committed in our own
+country or in a foreign country with which we are at peace.
+
+The prompt and thorough treatment of this question is one which intimately
+concerns the national honor.
+
+Our existing naturalization laws also need revision. Those sections
+relating to persons residing within the limits of the United States in 1795
+and 1798 have now only a historical interest. Section 2172, recognizing the
+citizenship of the children of naturalized parents, is ambiguous in its
+terms and partly obsolete. There are special provisions of law favoring the
+naturalization of those who serve in the Army or in merchant vessels, while
+no similar privileges are granted those who serve in the Navy or the Marine
+Corps.
+
+"An uniform rule of naturalization" such as the Constitution contemplates
+should, among other things, clearly define the status of persons born
+within the United States subject to a foreign power (section 1992) and of
+minor children of fathers who have declared their intention to become
+citizens but have failed to perfect their naturalization. It might be wise
+to provide for a central bureau of registry, wherein should be filed
+authenticated transcripts of every record of naturalization in the several
+Federal and State courts, and to make provision also for the vacation or
+cancellation of such record in cases where fraud had been practiced upon
+the court by the applicant himself or where he had renounced or forfeited
+his acquired citizenship. A just and uniform law in this respect would
+strengthen the hands of the Government in protecting its citizens abroad
+and would pave the way for the conclusion of treaties of naturalization
+with foreign countries.
+
+The legislation of the last session effected in the diplomatic and consular
+service certain changes and reductions which have been productive of
+embarrassment. The population and commercial activity of our country are
+steadily on the increase, and are giving rise to new, varying, and often
+delicate relationships with other countries. Our foreign establishment now
+embraces nearly double the area of operations that it occupied twenty years
+ago. The confinement of such a service within the limits of expenditure
+then established is not, it seems to me, in accordance with true economy. A
+community of 60,000,000 people should be adequately represented in its
+intercourse with foreign nations.
+
+A project for the reorganization of the consular service and for recasting
+the scheme of extraterritorial jurisdiction is now before you. If the
+limits of a short session will not allow of its full consideration, I trust
+that you will not fail to make suitable provision for the present needs of
+the service.
+
+It has been customary to define in the appropriation acts the rank of each
+diplomatic office to which a salary is attached. I suggest that this course
+be abandoned and that it be left to the President, with the advice and
+consent of the Senate, to fix from time to time the diplomatic grade of the
+representatives of this Government abroad as may seem advisable, provision
+being definitely made, however, as now, for the amount of salary attached
+to the respective stations.
+
+The condition of our finances and the operations of the various branches of
+the public service which are connected with the Treasury Department are
+very fully discussed in the report of the Secretary.
+
+It appears that the ordinary revenues for the fiscal year ended June 30,
+1884, were:
+
+From customs - $195,067,489.76
+
+From internal revenue - 121,586,072.51
+
+From all other sources - 31,866,307.65
+
+Total ordinary revenues - 348,519,869.92
+
+The public expenditures during the same period were:
+
+For civil expenses - $22,312,907.71
+
+For foreign intercourse - 1,260,766.37
+
+For Indians - 6,475,999.29
+
+For pensions - 55,429,228.06
+
+For the military establishment, including river and harbor
+improvements and arsenals - 39,429,603.36
+
+For the naval establishment, including vessels, machinery,
+and improvements at navy-yards - 17,292,601.44
+
+For miscellaneous expenditures, including public buildings,
+light-houses, and collecting the revenue - 43,939,710.00
+
+For expenditures on account of the District of Columbia - 3,407,049.62
+
+For interest on the public debt - 54,578,378.48
+
+For the sinking fund - 46,790,229.50
+
+Total ordinary expenditures - 290,926,473.83
+
+Leaving a surplus of - 57,603,396.09
+
+As compared with the preceding fiscal year, there was a net decrease of
+over $21,000,000 in the amount of expenditures. The aggregate receipts were
+less than those of the year previous by about $54,000,000. The falling off
+in revenue from customs made up nearly $20,000,000 of this deficiency, and
+about $23,000,000 of the remainder was due to the diminished receipts from
+internal taxation.
+
+The Secretary estimates the total receipts for the fiscal year which will
+end June 30, 1885, at $330,000,000 and the total expenditures at
+$290,620,201.16, in which sum are included the interest on the debt and the
+amount payable to the sinking fund. This would leave a surplus for the
+entire year of about $39,000,000.
+
+The value of exports from the United States to foreign countries during the
+year ending June 30, 1884, was as follows:
+
+Domestic merchandise - $724,964,852
+
+Foreign merchandise - 15,548,757
+
+Total merchandise - 740,513,609
+
+Specie - 67,133,383
+
+Total exports of merchandise and specie - 807,646,992
+
+The cotton and cotton manufactures included in this statement were valued
+at $208,900,415; the breadstuffs at $162,544,715; the provisions at
+$114,416,547, and the mineral oils at $47,103,248.
+
+During the same period the imports were as follows:
+
+Merchandise - $667,697,693
+
+Gold and silver - 37,426,262
+
+Total - 705,123,955
+
+More than 63 per cent of the entire value of imported merchandise consisted
+of the following articles:
+
+Sugar and molasses - $103,884,274
+
+Wool and woolen manufactures - 53,842,292
+
+Silk and its manufactures - 49,949,128
+
+Coffee - 49,686,705
+
+Iron and steel and manufactures thereof - 41,464,599
+
+Chemicals - 38,464,965
+
+Flax, hemp, jute, and like substances, and manufactures thereof -
+33,463,398
+
+Cotton and manufactures of cotton - 30,454,476
+
+Hides and skins other than fur skins - 22,350,906
+
+I concur with the Secretary of the Treasury in recommending the immediate
+suspension of the coinage of silver dollars and of the issuance of silver
+certificates. This is a matter to which in former communications I have
+more than once invoked the attention of the National Legislature.
+
+It appears that annually for the past six years there have been coined, in
+Compliance with the requirements of the act of February 28, 1878, more than
+27,000,000 silver dollars.
+
+The number now outstanding is reported by the Secretary to be nearly
+185,000,000, whereof but little more than 40,000,000, or less than 22 per
+cent, are in actual circulation. The mere existence of this fact seems to
+me to furnish of itself a cogent argument for the repeal of the statute
+which has made such fact possible.
+
+But there are other and graver considerations that tend in the same
+direction.
+
+The Secretary avows his conviction that unless this coinage and the
+issuance of silver certificates be suspended silver is likely at no distant
+day to become our sole metallic standard. The commercial disturbance and
+the impairment of national credit that would be thus occasioned can
+scarcely be overestimated.
+
+I hope that the Secretary's suggestions respecting the withdrawal from
+circulation of the $1 and $2 notes will receive your approval. It is likely
+that a considerable portion of the silver now encumbering the vaults of the
+Treasury might thus find its way into the currency.
+
+While trade dollars have ceased, for the present at least, to be an element
+of active disturbance in our currency system, some provision should be made
+for their surrender to the Government. In view of the circumstances under
+which they were coined and of the fact that they have never had a
+legal-tender quality, there should be offered for them only a slight
+advance over their bullion value.
+
+The Secretary in the course of his report considers the propriety of
+beautifying the designs of our subsidiary silver coins and of so increasing
+their weight that they may bear their due ratio of value to the standard
+dollar. His conclusions in this regard are cordially approved.
+
+In my annual message of 1882 I recommended the abolition of all excise
+taxes except those relating to distilled spirits. This recommendation is
+now renewed. In case these taxes shall be abolished the revenues that will
+still remain to the Government will, in my opinion, not only suffice to
+meet its reasonable expenditures, but will afford a surplus large enough to
+permit such tariff reduction as may seem to be advisable when the results
+of recent revenue laws and commercial treaties shall have shown in what
+quarters those reductions can be most judiciously effected.
+
+One of the gravest of the problems which appeal to the wisdom of Congress
+for solution is the ascertainment of the most effective means for
+increasing our foreign trade and thus relieving the depression under which
+our industries are now languishing. The Secretary of the Treasury advises
+that the duty of investigating this subject be intrusted in the first
+instance to a competent commission. While fully recognizing the
+considerations that may be urged against this course, I am nevertheless of
+the opinion that upon the whole no other would be likely to effect speedier
+or better results.
+
+That portion of the Secretary's report which concerns the condition of our
+shipping interests can not fail to command your attention. He emphatically
+recommends that as an incentive to the investment of American capital in
+American steamships the Government shall, by liberal payments for mail
+transportation or otherwise, lend its active assistance to individual
+enterprise, and declares his belief that unless that course be pursued our
+foreign carrying trade must remain, as it is to-day, almost exclusively in
+the hands of foreigners.
+
+One phase of this subject is now especially prominent in view of the repeal
+by the act of June 26, 1884, of all statutory provisions arbitrarily
+compelling American vessels to carry the mails to and from the United
+States. As it is necessary to make provision to compensate the owners of
+such vessels for performing that service after April, 1885, it is hoped
+that the whole subject will receive early consideration that will lead to
+the enactment of such measures for the revival of our merchant marine as
+the wisdom of Congress may devise.
+
+The 3 per cent bonds of the Government to the amount of more than
+$100,000,000 have since my last annual message been redeemed by the
+Treasury. The bonds of that issue still outstanding amount to little over
+$200,000,000, about one-fourth of which will be retired through the
+operations of the sinking fund during the coming year. As these bonds still
+constitute the chief basis for the circulation of the national banks, the
+question how to avert the contraction of the currency caused by their
+retirement is one of constantly increasing importance.
+
+It seems to be generally conceded that the law governing this matter exacts
+from the banks excessive security, and that upon their present bond
+deposits a larger circulation than is now allowed may be granted with
+safety. I hope that the bill which passed the Senate at the last session,
+permitting the issue of notes equal to the face value of the deposited
+bonds, will commend itself to the approval of the House of
+Representatives.
+
+In the expenses of the War Department the Secretary reports a decrease of
+more than $9,000,000. Of this reduction $5,600,000 was effected in the
+expenditures for rivers and harbors and $2,700,000 in expenditures for the
+Quartermaster's Department.
+
+Outside of that Department the annual expenses of all the Army bureaus
+proper (except possibly the Ordnance Bureau) are substantially fixed
+charges, which can not be materially diminished without a change in the
+numerical strength of the Army. The expenditures in the Quartermaster's
+Department can readily be subjected to administrative discretion, and it is
+reported by the Secretary of War that as a result of exercising such
+discretion in reducing the number of draft and pack animals in the Army the
+annual cost of supplying and caring for such animals is now $1,108,085.90
+less than it was in 1881.
+
+The reports of military commanders show that the last year has been notable
+for its entire freedom from Indian outbreaks.
+
+In defiance of the President's proclamation of July 1, 1884, certain
+intruders sought to make settlements in the Indian Territory. They were
+promptly removed by a detachment of troops.
+
+During the past session of Congress a bill to provide a suitable fire-proof
+building for the Army Medical Museum and the library of the
+Surgeon-General's Office received the approval of the Senate. A similar
+bill, reported favorably to the House of Representatives by one of its
+committees, is still pending before that body. It is hoped that during the
+coming session the measure may become a law, and that thereafter immediate
+steps may be taken to secure a place of safe deposit for these valuable
+collections, now in a state of insecurity.
+
+The funds with which the works for the improvement of rivers and harbors
+were prosecuted during the past year were derived from the appropriations
+of the act of August 2, 1882, together with such few balances as were on
+hand from previous appropriations. The balance in the Treasury subject to
+requisition July 1, 1883, was $10,021,649.55. The amount appropriated
+during the fiscal year 1884 was $1,319,634.62 and the amount drawn from the
+Treasury during the fiscal year was $8,228,703.54, leaving a balance of
+$3,112,580.63 in the Treasury subject to requisition July 1, 1884.
+
+The Secretary of War submits the report of the Chief of Engineers as to the
+practicability of protecting our important cities on the seaboard by
+fortifications and other defenses able to repel modern methods of attack.
+The time has now come when such defenses can be prepared with confidence
+that they will not prove abortive, and when the possible result of delay in
+making such preparation is seriously considered delay seems inexcusable.
+For the most important cities--those whose destruction or capture would be
+a national humiliation--adequate defenses, inclusive of guns, may be made
+by the gradual expenditure of $60,000,000--a sum much less than a
+victorious enemy could levy as a contribution. An appropriation of about
+one-tenth of that amount is asked to begin the work, and I concur with the
+Secretary of War in urging that it be granted.
+
+The War Department is proceeding with the conversion of 10-inch smoothbore
+guns into 8-inch rifles by lining the former with tubes of forged steel or
+of coil wrought iron. Fifty guns will be thus converted within the year.
+This, however, does not obviate the necessity of providing means for the
+construction of guns of the highest power both for the purposes of coast
+defense and for the armament of war vessels.
+
+The report of the Gun Foundry Board, appointed April 2, 1883, in pursuance
+of the act of March 3, 1883, was transmitted to Congress in a special
+message of February 18, 1884. In my message of March 26, 1884, I called
+attention to the recommendation of the board that the Government should
+encourage the production at private steel works of the required material
+for heavy cannon, and that two Government factories, one for the Army and
+one for the Navy, should be established for the fabrication of guns from
+such material. No action having been taken, the board was subsequently
+reconvened to determine more fully the plans and estimates necessary for
+carrying out its recommendation. It has received information which
+indicates that there are responsible steel manufacturers in this country
+who, although not provided at present with the necessary plant, are willing
+to construct the same and to make bids for contracts with the Government
+for the supply of the requisite material for the heaviest guns adapted to
+modern warfare if a guaranteed order of sufficient magnitude, accompanied
+by a positive appropriation extending over a series of years, shall be made
+by Congress. All doubts as to the feasibility of the plan being thus
+removed, I renew my recommendation that such action be taken by Congress as
+will enable the Government to construct its own ordnance upon its own
+territory, and so to provide the armaments demanded by considerations of
+national safety and honor.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy exhibits the progress which has
+been made on the new steel cruisers authorized by the acts of August 5,
+1882, and March 3, 1883. Of the four vessels under contract, one, the
+Chicago, of 4,500 tons, is more than half finished; the Atlanta, of 3,000
+tons, has been successfully launched, and her machinery is now fitting; the
+Boston, also of 3,000 tons, is ready for launching, and the Dolphin, a
+dispatch steamer of 1,500 tons, is ready for delivery.
+
+Certain adverse criticisms upon the designs of these cruisers are discussed
+by the Secretary, who insists that the correctness of the conclusions
+reached by the Advisory Board and by the Department has been demonstrated
+by recent developments in shipbuilding abroad.
+
+The machinery of the double-turreted monitors Puritan, Terror, and
+Amphitrite, contracted for under the act of March 3, 1883, is in process of
+construction. No work has been done during the past year on their armor for
+lack of the necessary appropriations. A fourth monitor, the Monadnock,
+still remains unfinished at the navy-yard in California. It is recommended
+that early steps be taken to complete these vessels and to provide also an
+armament for the monitor Miantonomoh.
+
+The recommendations of the Naval Advisory Board, approved by the
+Department, comprise the construction of one steel cruiser of 4,500 tons,
+one cruiser of 3,000 tons, two heavily armed gunboats, one light cruising
+gunboat, one dispatch vessel armed with Hotchkiss cannon, one armored ram,
+and three torpedo boats. The general designs, all of which are calculated
+to meet the existing wants of the service, are now well advanced, and the
+construction of the vessels can be undertaken as soon as you shall grant
+the necessary authority.
+
+The act of Congress approved August 7, 1882, authorized the removal to the
+United States of the bodies of Lieutenant-Commander George W. De Long and
+his companions of the Jeannette expedition. This removal has been
+successfully accomplished by Lieutenants Harber and Schuetze. The remains
+were taken from their grave in the Lena Delta in March, 1883, and were
+retained at Yakutsk until the following winter, the season being too far
+advanced to admit of their immediate transportation. They arrived at New
+York February 20, 1884, where they were received with suitable honors.
+
+In pursuance of the joint resolution of Congress approved February 13,
+1884, a naval expedition was fitted out for the relief of Lieutenant A. W.
+Greely, United States Army, and of the party who had been engaged under his
+command in scientific observations at Lady Franklin Bay. The fleet
+consisted of the steam sealer Thetis, purchased in England; the Bear,
+purchased at St. Johns, Newfoundland, and the Alert, which was generously
+provided by the British Government. Preparations for the expedition were
+promptly made by the Secretary of the Navy, with the active cooperation of
+the Secretary of War. Commander George W. Coffin was placed in command of
+the Alert and Lieutenant William H. Emory in command of the Bear. The
+Thetis was intrusted to Commander Winfield S. Schley, to whom also was
+assigned the superintendence of the entire expedition.
+
+Immediately upon its arrival at Upernavik the fleet began the dangerous
+navigation of Melville Bay, and in spite of every obstacle reached
+Littleton Island on June 22, a fortnight earlier than any vessel had before
+attained that point. On the same day it crossed over to Cape Sabine, where
+Lieutenant Greely and the other survivors of his party were discovered.
+After taking on board the living and the bodies of the dead, the relief
+ships sailed for St. Johns, where they arrived on July 17. They were
+appropriately received at Portsmouth, N. H., on August 1 and at New York on
+August 8. One of the bodies was landed at the former place. The others were
+put on shore at Governors Island, and, with the exception of one, which was
+interred in the national cemetery, were forwarded thence to the
+destinations indicated by friends. The organization and conduct of this
+relief expedition reflects great credit upon all who contributed to its
+success.
+
+In this the last of the stated messages that I shall have the honor to
+transmit to the Congress of the United States I can not too strongly urge
+upon its attention the duty of restoring our Navy as rapidly as possible to
+the high state of efficiency which formerly characterized it. As the long
+peace that has lulled us into a sense of fancied security may at any time
+be disturbed, it is plain that the policy of strengthening this arm of the
+service is dictated by considerations of wise economy, of just regard for
+our future tranquillity, and of true appreciation of the dignity and honor
+of the Republic.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General acquaints you with the present
+condition and needs of the postal service.
+
+It discloses the gratifying fact that the loss of revenue from the
+reduction in the rate of letter postage recommended in my message of
+December 4, 1882, and effected by the act of March 3, 1883, has been much
+less than was generally anticipated. My recommendation of this reduction
+was based upon the belief that the actual falling off in receipts from
+letter postages for the year immediately succeeding the change of rate
+would be $3,000,000. It has proved to be only $2,275,000.
+
+This is a trustworthy indication that the revenue will soon be restored to
+its former volume by the natural increase of sealed correspondence.
+
+I confidently repeat, therefore, the recommendation of my last annual
+message that the single-rate postage upon drop letters be reduced to 1 cent
+wherever the payment of 2 cents is now required by law. The double rate is
+only exacted at offices where the carrier system is in operation, and it
+appears that at those offices the increase in the tax upon local letters
+defrays the cost not only of its own collection and delivery, but of the
+collection and delivery of all other mail matter. This is an inequality
+that ought no longer to exist.
+
+I approve the recommendation of the Postmaster-General that the unit of
+weight in the rating of first-class matter should be 1 ounce instead of
+one-half ounce, as it now is. In view of the statistics furnished by the
+Department, it may well be doubted whether the change would result in any
+loss of revenue. That it would greatly promote the convenience of the
+public is beyond dispute.
+
+The free-delivery system has been lately applied to five cities, and the
+total number of offices in which it is now in operation is 159. Experience
+shows that its adoption, under proper conditions, is equally an
+accommodation to the public and an advantage to the postal service. It is
+more than self-sustaining, and for the reasons urged by the
+Postmaster-General may properly be extended.
+
+In the opinion of that officer it is important to provide means whereby
+exceptional dispatch in dealing with letters in free-delivery offices may
+be secured by payment of extraordinary postage. This scheme might be made
+effective by employment of a special stamp whose cost should be
+commensurate with the expense of the extra service.
+
+In some of the large cities private express companies have undertaken to
+outstrip the Government mail carriers by affording for the prompt
+transmission of letters better facilities than have hitherto been at the
+command of the Post-Office.
+
+It has always been the policy of the Government to discourage such
+enterprises, and in no better mode can that policy be maintained than in
+supplying the public with the most efficient mail service that, with due
+regard to its own best interests, can be furnished for its accommodation.
+
+The Attorney-General renews the recommendation contained in his report of
+last year touching the fees of witnesses and jurors.
+
+He favors radical changes in the fee bill, the adoption of a system by
+which attorneys and marshals of the United States shall be compensated
+solely by salaries, and the erection by the Government of a penitentiary
+for the confinement of offenders against its laws.
+
+Of the varied governmental concerns in charge of the Interior Department
+the report of its Secretary presents an interesting summary. Among the
+topics deserving particular attention I refer you to his observations
+respecting our Indian affairs, the preemption and timber-culture acts, the
+failure of railroad companies to take title to lands granted by the
+Government, and the operations of the Pension Office, the Patent Office,
+the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Education.
+
+Allusion has been made already to the circumstance that, both as between
+the different Indian tribes and as between the Indians and the whites, the
+past year has been one of unbroken peace.
+
+In this circumstance the President is glad to find justification for the
+policy of the Government in its dealing with the Indian question and
+confirmation of the views which were fully expressed in his first
+communication to the Forty-seventh Congress.
+
+The Secretary urges anew the enactment of a statute for the punishment of
+crimes committed on the Indian reservations, and recommends the passage of
+the bill now pending in the House of Representatives for the purchase of a
+tract of 18,000 square miles from the Sioux Reservation. Both these
+measures are worthy of approval.
+
+I concur with him also in advising the repeal of the preemption law, the
+enactment of statutes resolving the present legal complications touching
+lapsed grants to railroad companies, and the funding of the debt of the
+several Pacific railroads under such guaranty as shall effectually secure
+its ultimate payment.
+
+The report of the Utah Commission will be read with interest.
+
+It discloses the results of recent legislation looking to the prevention
+and punishment of polygamy in that Territory. I still believe that if that
+abominable practice can be suppressed by law it can only be by the most
+radical legislation consistent with the restraints of the Constitution.
+
+I again recommend, therefore, that Congress assume absolute political
+control of the Territory of Utah and provide for the appointment of
+commissioners with such governmental powers as in its judgment may justly
+and wisely be put into their hands.
+
+In the course of this communication reference has more than once been made
+to the policy of this Government as regards the extension of our foreign
+trade. It seems proper to declare the general principles that should, in my
+opinion, underlie our national efforts in this direction.
+
+The main conditions of the problem may be thus stated:
+
+We are a people apt in mechanical pursuits and fertile in invention. We
+cover a vast extent of territory rich in agricultural products and in
+nearly all the raw materials necessary for successful manufacture. We have
+a system of productive establishments more than sufficient to supply our
+own demands. The wages of labor are nowhere else so great. The scale of
+living of our artisan classes is such as tends to secure their personal
+comfort and the development of those higher moral and intellectual
+qualities that go to the making of good citizens. Our system of tax and
+tariff legislation is yielding a revenue which is in excess of the present
+needs of the Government.
+
+These are the elements from which it is sought to devise a scheme by which,
+without unfavorably changing the condition of the workingman, our merchant
+marine shall be raised from its enfeebled condition and new markets
+provided for the sale beyond our borders of the manifold fruits of our
+industrial enterprises.
+
+The problem is complex and can be solved by no single measure of innovation
+or reform.
+
+The countries of the American continent and the adjacent islands are for
+the United States the natural marts of supply and demand. It is from them
+that we should obtain what we do not produce or do not produce in
+sufficiency, and it is to them that the surplus productions of our fields,
+our mills, and our workshops should flow, under conditions that will
+equalize or favor them in comparison with foreign competition.
+
+Four paths of policy seem to point to this end:
+
+First. A series of reciprocal commercial treaties with the countries of
+America which shall foster between us and them an unhampered movement of
+trade. The conditions of these treaties should be the free admission of
+such merchandise as this country does not produce, in return for the
+admission free or under a favored scheme of duties of our own products, the
+benefits of such exchange to apply only to goods carried under the flag of
+the parties to the contract; the removal on both sides from the vessels so
+privileged of all tonnage dues and national imposts, so that those vessels
+may ply unhindered between our ports and those of the other contracting
+parties, though without infringing on the reserved home coasting trade; the
+removal or reduction of burdens on the exported products of those countries
+coming within the benefits of the treaties, and the avoidance of the
+technical restrictions and penalties by which our intercourse with those
+countries is at present hampered.
+
+Secondly. The establishment of the consular service of the United States on
+a salaried footing, thus permitting the relinquishment of consular fees not
+only as respects vessels under the national flag, but also as respects
+vessels of the treaty nations carrying goods entitled to the benefits of
+the treaties.
+
+Thirdly. The enactment of measures to favor the construction and
+maintenance of a steam carrying marine under the flag of the United
+States.
+
+Fourthly. The establishment of an uniform currency basis for the countries
+of America, so that the coined products of our mines may circulate on equal
+terms throughout the whole system of commonwealths. This would require a
+monetary union of America, whereby the output of the bullion-producing
+countries and the circulation of those which yield neither gold nor silver
+could be adjusted in conformity with the population, wealth, and commercial
+needs of each. As many of the countries furnish no bullion to the common
+stock, the surplus production of our mines and mints might thus be utilized
+and a step taken toward the general remonetization of silver.
+
+To the accomplishment of these ends, so far as they can be attained by
+separate treaties, the negotiations already concluded and now in progress
+have been directed; and the favor which this enlarged policy has thus far
+received warrants the belief that its operations will ere long embrace all,
+or nearly all, the countries of this hemisphere.
+
+It is by no means desirable, however, that the policy under consideration
+should be applied to these countries alone. The healthful enlargement of
+our trade with Europe, Asia, and Africa should be sought by reducing tariff
+burdens on such of their wares as neither we nor the other American States
+are fitted to produce, and thus enabling ourselves to obtain in return a
+better market for our supplies of food, of raw materials, and of the
+manufactures in which we excel.
+
+It seems to me that many of the embarrassing elements in the great national
+conflict between protection and free trade may thus be turned to good
+account; that the revenue may be reduced so as no longer to overtax the
+people; that protective duties may be retained without becoming burdensome;
+that our shipping interests may be judiciously encouraged, the currency
+fixed on firm bases, and, above all, such an unity of interests established
+among the States of the American system as will be of great and
+ever-increasing advantage to them all.
+
+All treaties in the line of this policy which have been negotiated or are
+in process of negotiation contain a provision deemed to be requisite under
+the clause of the Constitution limiting to the House of Representatives the
+authority to originate bills for raising revenue.
+
+On the 29th of February last I transmitted to the Congress the first annual
+report of the Civil Service Commission, together with communications from
+the heads of the several Executive Departments of the Government respecting
+the practical workings of the law under which the Commission had been
+acting. The good results therein foreshadowed have been more than
+realized.
+
+The system has fully answered the expectations of its friends in securing
+competent and faithful public servants and in protecting the appointing
+officers of the Government from the pressure of personal importunity and
+from the labor of examining the claims and pretensions of rival candidates
+for public employment.
+
+The law has had the unqualified support of the President and of the heads
+of the several Departments, and the members of the Commission have
+performed their duties with zeal and fidelity. Their report will shortly be
+submitted, and will be accompanied by such recommendations for enlarging
+the scope of the existing statute as shall commend themselves to the
+Executive and the Commissioners charged with its administration.
+
+In view of the general and persistent demand throughout the commercial
+community for a national bankrupt law, I hope that the differences of
+sentiment which have hitherto prevented its enactment may not outlast the
+present session.
+
+The pestilence which for the past two years has been raging in the
+countries of the East recently made its appearance in European ports with
+which we are in constant communication.
+
+The then Secretary of the Treasury, in pursuance of a proclamation of the
+President, issued certain regulations restricting and for a time
+prohibiting the importation of rags and the admission of baggage of
+immigrants and of travelers arriving from infected quarters. Lest this
+course may have been without strict warrant of law, I approve the
+recommendation of the present Secretary that the Congress take action in
+the premises, and I also recommend the immediate adoption of such measures
+as will be likely to ward off the dreaded epidemic and to mitigate its
+severity in case it shall unhappily extend to our shores.
+
+The annual report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia reviews
+the operations of the several departments of its municipal government. I
+ask your careful consideration of its suggestions in respect to
+legislation, especially commending such as relate to a revision of the
+civil and criminal code, the performance of labor by persons sentenced to
+imprisonment in the jail, the construction and occupation of wharves along
+the river front, and the erection of a suitable building for District
+offices.
+
+I recommend that in recognition of the eminent services of Ulysses S.
+Grant, late General of the armies of the United States and twice President
+of this nation, the Congress confer upon him a suitable pension.
+
+Certain of the measures that seem to me necessary and expedient I have now,
+in obedience to the Constitution, recommended for your adoption.
+
+As respects others of no less importance I shall content myself with
+renewing the recommendations already made to the Congress, without
+restating the grounds upon which such recommendations were based.
+
+The preservation of forests on the public domain, the granting of
+Government aid for popular education, the amendment of the Federal
+Constitution so as to make effective the disapproval by the President of
+particular items in appropriation bills, the enactment of statutes in
+regard to the filling of vacancies in the Presidential office, and the
+determining of vexed questions respecting Presidential inability are
+measures which may justly receive your serious consideration.
+
+As the time draws nigh when I am to retire from the public service, I can
+not refrain from expressing to the members of the National Legislature with
+whom I have been brought into personal and official intercourse my sincere
+appreciation of their unfailing courtesy and of their harmonious
+cooperation with the Executive in so many measures calculated to promote
+the best interests of the nation.
+
+And to my fellow-citizens generally I acknowledge a deep sense of
+obligation for the support which they have accorded me in my administration
+of the executive department of this Government.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY CHESTER A. ARTHUR ***
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