initial commit of ebook 5027HEADmain

4 files changed, 7494 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/old/suhay10.txt b/old/suhay10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b629346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/suhay10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3746 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses
+by Rutherford B. Hayes
+(#18 in our series of US Presidential State of the Union Addresses)
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
+this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
+
+This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project
+Gutenberg file.  Please do not remove it.  Do not change or edit the
+header without written permission.
+
+Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the
+eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file.  Included is
+important information about your specific rights and restrictions in
+how the file may be used.  You can also find out about how to make a
+donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.
+
+
+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
+
+**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
+
+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: State of the Union Addresses of Rutherford B. Hayes
+
+Author: Rutherford B. Hayes
+
+Release Date: February, 2004  [EBook #5027]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 11, 2002]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY RUTHERFORD B. HAYES ***
+
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by James Linden.
+
+The addresses are separated by three asterisks: ***
+
+Dates of addresses by Rutherford B. Hayes in this eBook:
+  December 3, 1877
+  December 2, 1878
+  December 1, 1879
+  December 6, 1880
+
+
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Rutherford B. Hayes
+December 3, 1877
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+With devout gratitude to the bountiful Giver of All Good, I congratulate
+you that at the beginning of your first regular session you find our
+country blessed with health and peace and abundant harvests, and with
+encouraging prospects of an early return of general prosperity.
+
+To complete and make permanent the pacification of the country continues to
+be, and until it is fully accomplished must remain, the most important of
+all our national interests. The earnest purpose of good citizens generally
+to unite their efforts in this endeavor is evident. It found decided
+expression in the resolutions announced in 1876 by the national conventions
+of the leading political parties of the country. There was a widespread
+apprehension that the momentous results in our progress as a nation marked
+by the recent amendments to the Constitution were in imminent jeopardy;
+that the good understanding which prompted their adoption, in the interest
+of a loyal devotion to the general welfare, might prove a barren truce, and
+that the two sections of the country, once engaged in civil strife, might
+be again almost as widely severed and disunited as they were when arrayed
+in arms against each other.
+
+The course to be pursued, which, in my judgment, seemed wisest in the
+presence of this emergency, was plainly indicated in my inaugural address.
+It pointed to the time, which all our people desire to see, when a genuine
+love of our whole country and of all that concerns its true welfare shall
+supplant the destructive forces of the mutual animosity of races and of
+sectional hostility. Opinions have differed widely as to the measures best
+calculated to secure this great end. This was to be expected. The measures
+adopted by the Administration have been subjected to severe and varied
+criticism. Any course whatever which might have been entered upon would
+certainly have encountered distrust and opposition. These measures were, in
+my judgment, such as were most in harmony with the Constitution and with
+the genius of our people, and best adapted, under all the circumstances, to
+attain the end in view. Beneficent results, already apparent, prove that
+these endeavors are not to be regarded as a mere experiment, and should
+sustain and encourage us in our efforts. Already, in the brief period which
+has elapsed, the immediate effectiveness, no less than the justice, of the
+course pursued is demonstrated, and I have an abiding faith that time will
+furnish its ample vindication in the minds of the great majority of my
+fellow-citizens. The discontinuance of the use of the Army for the purpose
+of upholding local governments in two States of the Union was no less a
+constitutional duty and requirement, under the circumstances existing at
+the time, than it was a much-needed measure for the restoration of local
+self-government and the promotion of national harmony. The withdrawal of
+the troops from such employment was effected deliberately, and with
+solicitous care for the peace and good order of society and the protection
+of the property and persons and every right of all classes of citizens.
+
+The results that have followed are indeed significant and encouraging. All
+apprehension of danger from remitting those States to local self-government
+is dispelled, and a most salutary change in the minds of the people has
+begun and is in progress in every part of that section of the country once
+the theater of unhappy civil strife, substituting for suspicion, distrust,
+and aversion, concord, friendship, and patriotic attachment to the Union.
+No unprejudiced mind will deny that the terrible and often fatal collisions
+which for several years have been of frequent occurrence and have agitated
+and alarmed the public mind have almost entirely ceased, and that a spirit
+of mutual forbearance and hearty national interest has succeeded. There has
+been a general reestablishment of order and of the orderly administration
+of justice. Instances of remaining lawlessness have become of rare
+occurrence; political turmoil and turbulence have disappeared; useful
+industries have been resumed; public credit in the Southern States has been
+greatly strengthened, and the encouraging benefits of a revival of commerce
+between the sections of the country lately embroiled in civil war are fully
+enjoyed. Such are some of the results already attained, upon which the
+country is to be congratulated. They are of such importance that we may
+with confidence patiently await the desired consummation that will surely
+come with the natural progress of events.
+
+It may not be improper here to say that it should be our fixed and
+unalterable determination to protect by all available and proper means
+under the Constitution and the laws the lately emancipated race in the
+enjoyment of their rights and privileges; and I urge upon those to whom
+heretofore the colored people have sustained the relation of bondmen the
+wisdom and justice of humane and liberal local legislation with respect to
+their education and general welfare. A firm adherence to the laws, both
+national and State, as to the civil and political rights of the colored
+people, now advanced to full and equal citizenship; the immediate
+repression and sure punishment by the national and local authorities,
+within their respective jurisdictions, of every instance of lawlessness and
+violence toward them, is required for the security alike of both races, and
+is justly demanded by the public opinion of the country and the age. In
+this way the restoration of harmony and good will and the complete
+protection of every citizen in the full enjoyment of every constitutional
+right will surely be attained. Whatever authority rests with me to this end
+I shall not hesitate to put forth.
+
+Whatever belongs to the power of Congress and the jurisdiction of the
+courts of the Union, they may confidently be relied upon to provide and
+perform; and to the legislatures, the courts, and the executive authorities
+of the several States I earnestly appeal to secure, by adequate,
+appropriate, and seasonable means, Within their borders, these common and
+uniform rights of a united people which loves liberty, abhors oppression,
+and reveres justice. These objects are very dear to my heart. I shall
+continue most earnestly to strive for their attainment. The cordial
+cooperation of all classes, of all sections of the country and of both
+races, is required for this purpose; and with these blessings assured, and
+not otherwise, we may safely hope to hand down our free institutions of
+government unimpaired to the generations that will succeed us.
+
+Among the other subjects of great and general importance to the people of
+this country, I can not be mistaken, I think, in regarding as preeminent
+the policy and measures which are designed to secure the restoration of the
+currency to that normal and healthful condition in which, by the resumption
+of specie payments, our internal trade and foreign commerce may be brought
+into harmony with the system of exchanges which is based upon the precious
+metals as the intrinsic money of the world. In the public judgment that
+this end should be sought and compassed as speedily and securely as the
+resources of the people and the wisdom of their Government can accomplish,
+there is a much greater degree of unanimity than is found to concur in the
+specific measures which will bring the country to this desired end or the
+rapidity of the steps by which it can be safely reached.
+
+Upon a most anxious and deliberate examination, which I have felt it my
+duty to give to the subject, I am but the more confirmed in the opinion
+which I expressed in accepting the nomination for the Presidency, and again
+upon my inauguration, that the policy of resumption should be pursued by
+every suitable means, and that no legislation would be wise that should
+disparage the importance or retard the attainment of that result. I have no
+disposition, and certainly no right, to question the sincerity or the
+intelligence of opposing opinions, and would neither conceal nor undervalue
+the considerable difficulties, and even occasional distresses, which may
+attend the progress of the nation toward this primary condition to its
+general and permanent prosperity. I must, however, adhere to my most
+earnest conviction that any wavering in purpose or unsteadiness in methods,
+so far from avoiding or reducing the inconvenience inseparable from the
+transition from an irredeemable to a redeemable paper currency, would only
+tend to increased and prolonged disturbance in values, and unless retrieved
+must end in serious disorder, dishonor, and disaster in the financial
+affairs of the Government and of the people.
+
+The mischiefs which I apprehend and urgently deprecate are confined to no
+class of the people, indeed, but seem to me most certainly to threaten the
+industrious masses, whether their occupations are of skilled or common
+labor. To them, it seems to me, it is of prime importance that their labor
+should be compensated in money which is itself fixed in exchangeable value
+by being irrevocably measured by the labor necessary to its production.
+This permanent quality of the money of the people is sought for, and can
+only be gained by the resumption of specie payments. The rich, the
+speculative, the operating, the money-dealing classes may not always feel
+the mischiefs of, or may find casual profits in, a variable currency, but
+the misfortunes of such a currency to those who are paid salaries or wages
+are inevitable and remediless.
+
+Closely connected with this general subject of the resumption of specie
+payments is one of subordinate, but still of grave, importance; I mean the
+readjustment of our coinage system by the renewal of the silver dollar as
+an element in our specie currency, endowed by legislation with the quality
+of legal tender to a greater or less extent.
+
+As there is no doubt of the power of Congress under the Constitution "to
+coin money and regulate the value thereof," and as this power covers the
+whole range of authority applicable to the metal, the rated value and the
+legal-tender quality which shall be adopted for the coinage, the
+considerations which should induce or discourage a particular measure
+connected with the coinage, belong clearly to the province of legislative
+discretion and of public expediency. Without intruding upon this province
+of legislation in the least, I have yet thought the subject of such
+critical importance, in the actual condition of our affairs, as to present
+an occasion for the exercise of the duty imposed by the Constitution on the
+President of recommending to the consideration of Congress "such measures
+as he shall judge necessary and expedient."
+
+Holding the opinion, as I do, that neither the interests of the Government
+nor of the people of the United States would be promoted by disparaging
+silver as one of the two precious metals which furnish the coinage of the
+world, and that legislation which looks to maintaining the volume of
+intrinsic money to as full a measure of both metals as their relative
+commercial values will permit would be neither unjust nor inexpedient, I
+must ask your indulgence to a brief and definite statement of certain
+essential features in any such legislative measure which I feel it my duty
+to recommend.
+
+I do not propose to enter the debate, represented on both sides by such
+able disputants in Congress and before the people and in the press, as to
+the extent to which the legislation of any one nation can control this
+question, even within its own borders, against the unwritten laws of trade
+or the positive laws of other governments. The wisdom of Congress in
+shaping any particular law that may be presented for my approval may wholly
+supersede the necessity of my entering into these considerations, and I
+willingly avoid either vague or intricate inquiries. It is only certain
+plain and practical traits of such legislation that I desire to recommend
+to your attention.
+
+In any legislation providing for a silver coinage, regulating its value,
+and imparting to it the quality of legal tender, it seems to me of great
+importance that Congress should not lose sight of its action as operating
+in a twofold capacity and in two distinct directions. If the United States
+Government were free from a public debt, its legislative dealing with the
+question of silver coinage would be purely sovereign and governmental,
+under no restraints but those of constitutional power and the public good
+as affected by the proposed legislation. But in the actual circumstances of
+the nation, with a vast public debt distributed very widely among our own
+citizens and held in great amounts also abroad, the nature of the
+silver-coinage measure, as affecting this relation of the Government to the
+holders of the public debt, becomes an element, in any proposed
+legislation, of the highest concern. The obligation of the public faith
+transcends all questions of profit or public advantage otherwise. Its
+unquestionable maintenance is the dictate as well of the highest expediency
+as of the most necessary duty, and will ever be carefully guarded by
+Congress and people alike.
+
+The public debt of the United States to the amount of $729,000,000 bears
+interest at the rate of 6 per cent, and $708,000,000 at the rate of 5 per
+cent, and the only way in which the country can be relieved from the
+payment of these high rates of interest is by advantageously refunding the
+indebtedness. Whether the debt is ultimately paid in gold or in silver coin
+is of but little moment compared with the possible reduction of interest
+one-third by refunding it at such reduced rate. If the United States had
+the unquestioned right to pay its bonds in silver coin, the little benefit
+from that process would be greatly overbalanced by the injurious effect of
+such payment if made or proposed against the honest convictions of the
+public creditors.
+
+All the bonds that have been issued since February 12, 1873, when gold
+became the only unlimited legal-tender metallic currency of the country,
+are justly payable in gold coin or in coin of equal value. During the time
+of these issues the only dollar that could be or was received by the
+Government in exchange for bonds was the gold dollar. To require the public
+creditors to take in repayment any dollar of less commercial value would be
+regarded by them as a repudiation of the full obligation assumed. The bonds
+issued prior to 1873 were issued at a time when the gold dollar was the
+only coin in circulation or contemplated by either the Government or the
+holders of the bonds as the coin in which they were to be paid. It is far
+better to pay these bonds in that coin than to seem to take advantage of
+the unforeseen fall in silver bullion to pay in a new issue of silver coin
+thus made so much less valuable. The power of the United States to coin
+money and to regulate the value thereof ought never to be exercised for the
+purpose of enabling the Government to pay its obligations in a coin of less
+value than that contemplated by the parties when the bonds were issued. Any
+attempt to pay the national indebtedness in a coinage of less commercial
+value than the money of the world would involve a violation of the public
+faith and work irreparable injury to the public credit.
+
+It was the great merit of the act of March, 1869, in strengthening the
+public credit, that it removed all doubt as to the purpose of the United
+States to pay their bonded debt in coin. That act was accepted as a pledge
+of public faith. The Government has derived great benefit from it in the
+progress thus far made in refunding the public debt at low rates of
+interest. An adherence to the wise and just policy of an exact observance
+of the public faith will enable the Government rapidly to reduce the burden
+of interest on the national debt to an amount exceeding $20,000,000 per
+annum, and effect an aggregate saving to the United States of more than
+$300,000,000 before the bonds can be fully paid.
+
+In adapting the new silver coinage to the ordinary uses of currency in the
+everyday transactions of life and prescribing the quality of legal tender
+to be assigned to it, a consideration of the first importance should be so
+to adjust the ratio between the silver and the gold coinage, which now
+constitutes our specie currency, as to accomplish the desired end of
+maintaining the circulation of the two metallic currencies and keeping up
+the volume of the two precious metals as our intrinsic money. It is a mixed
+question, for scientific reasoning and historical experience to determine,
+how far and by what methods a practical equilibrium can be maintained which
+will keep both metals in circulation in their appropriate spheres of common
+use.
+
+An absolute equality of commercial value, free from disturbing
+fluctuations, is hardly attainable, and without it an unlimited legal
+tender for private transactions assigned to both metals would irresistibly
+tend to drive out of circulation the clearer coinage and disappoint the
+principal object proposed by the legislation in view. I apprehend,
+therefore, that the two conditions of a near approach to equality of
+commercial value between the gold and silver coinage of the same
+denomination and of a limitation of the amounts for which the silver
+coinage is to be a legal tender are essential to maintaining both in
+circulation. If these conditions can be successfully observed, the issue
+from the mint of silver dollars would afford material assistance to the
+community in the transition to redeemable paper money, and would facilitate
+the resumption of specie payment and its permanent establishment. Without
+these conditions I fear that only mischief and misfortune would flow from a
+coinage of silver dollars with the quality of unlimited legal tender, even
+in private transactions.
+
+Any expectation of temporary ease from an issue of silver coinage to pass
+as a legal tender at a rate materially above its commercial value is, I am
+persuaded, a delusion. Nor can I think that there is any substantial
+distinction between an original issue of silver dollars at a nominal value
+materially above their commercial value and the restoration of the silver
+dollar at a rate which once was, but has ceased to be, its commercial
+value. Certainly the issue of our gold coinage, reduced in weight
+materially below its legal-tender value, would not be any the less a
+present debasement of the coinage by reason of its equaling, or even
+exceeding, in weight a gold coinage which at some past time had been
+commercially equal to the legal-tender value assigned to the new issue.
+
+In recommending that the regulation of any silver coinage which may be
+authorized by Congress should observe these conditions of commercial value
+and limited legal tender, I am governed by the feeling that every possible
+increase should be given to the volume of metallic money which can be kept
+in circulation, and thereby every possible aid afforded to the people in
+the process of resuming specie payments. It is because of my firm
+conviction that a disregard of these conditions would frustrate the good
+results which are desired from the proposed coinage, and embarrass with new
+elements of confusion and uncertainty the business of the country, that I
+urge upon your attention these considerations.
+
+I respectfully recommend to Congress that in any legislation providing for
+a silver coinage and imparting to it the quality of legal tender there be
+impressed upon the measure a firm provision exempting the public debt
+heretofore issued and now outstanding from payment, either of principal or
+interest, in any coinage of less commercial value than the present gold
+coinage of the country.
+
+The organization of the civil service of the country has for a number of
+years attracted more and more of the public attention. So general has
+become the opinion that the methods of admission to it and the conditions
+of remaining in it are unsound that both the great political parties have
+agreed in the most explicit declarations of the necessity of reform and in
+the most emphatic demands for it. I have fully believed these declarations
+and demands to be the expression of a sincere conviction of the intelligent
+masses of the people upon the subject, and that they should be recognized
+and followed by earnest and prompt action on the part of the legislative
+and executive departments of the Government, in pursuance of the purpose
+indicated.
+
+Before my accession to office I endeavored to have my own views distinctly
+understood, and upon my inauguration my accord with the public opinion was
+stated in terms believed to be plain and unambiguous. My experience in the
+executive duties has strongly confirmed the belief in the great advantage
+the country would find in observing strictly the plan of the Constitution,
+which imposes upon the Executive the sole duty and responsibility of the
+selection of those Federal officers who by law are appointed, not elected,
+and which in like manner assigns to the Senate the complete right to advise
+and consent to or to reject the nominations so made, whilst the House of
+Representatives stands as the public censor of the performance of official
+duties, with the prerogative of investigation and prosecution in all cases
+of dereliction. The blemishes and imperfections in the civil service may,
+as I think, be traced in most cases to a practical confusion of the duties
+assigned to the several Departments of the Government. My purpose in this
+respect has been to return to the system established by the fundamental
+law, and to do this with the heartiest cooperation and most cordial
+understanding with the Senate and House of Representatives.
+
+The practical difficulties in the selection of numerous officers for posts
+of widely varying responsibilities and duties are acknowledged to be very
+great. No system can be expected to secure absolute freedom from mistakes,
+and the beginning of any attempted change of custom is quite likely to be
+more embarrassed in this respect than any subsequent period. It is here
+that the Constitution seems to me to prove its claim to the great wisdom
+accorded to it. It gives to the Executive the assistance of the knowledge
+and experience of the Senate, which, when acting upon nominations as to
+which they may be disinterested and impartial judges, secures as strong a
+guaranty of freedom from errors of importance as is perhaps possible in
+human affairs.
+
+In addition to this, I recognize the public advantage of making all
+nominations, as nearly as possible, impersonal, in the sense of being free
+from mere caprice or favor in the selection; and in those offices in which
+special training is of greatly increased value I believe such a rule as to
+the tenure of office should obtain as may induce men of proper
+qualifications to apply themselves industriously to the task of becoming
+proficients. Bearing these things in mind, I have endeavored to reduce the
+number of changes in subordinate places usually made upon the change of the
+general administration, and shall most heartily cooperate with Congress in
+the better systematizing of such methods and rules of admission to the
+public service and of promotion within it as, may promise to be most
+successful in making thorough competency, efficiency, and character the
+decisive tests in these matters.
+
+I ask the renewed attention of Congress to what has already been done by
+the Civil Service Commission, appointed, in pursuance of an act of
+Congress, by my predecessor, to prepare and revise civil-service rules. In
+regard to much of the departmental service, especially at Washington, it
+may be difficult to organize a better system than that which has thus been
+provided, and it is now being used to a considerable extent under my
+direction. The Commission has still a legal existence, although for several
+years no appropriation has been made for defraying its expenses. Believing
+that this Commission has rendered valuable service and will be a most
+useful agency in improving the administration of the civil service, I
+respectfully recommend that a suitable appropriation, to be immediately
+available, be made to enable it to continue its labors.
+
+It is my purpose to transmit to Congress as early as practicable a report
+by the chairman of the Commission, and to ask your attention to such
+measures on this subject as in my opinion will further promote the
+improvement of the civil service.
+
+During the past year the United States have continued to maintain peaceful
+relations with foreign powers.
+
+The outbreak of war between Russia and Turkey, though at one time attended
+by grave apprehension as to its effect upon other European nations, has had
+no tendency to disturb the amicable relations existing between the United
+States and each of the two contending powers. An attitude of just and
+impartial neutrality has been preserved, and I am gratified to state that
+in the midst of their hostilities both the Russian and the Turkish
+Governments have shown an earnest disposition to adhere to the obligations
+of all treaties with the United States and to give due regard to the rights
+of American citizens.
+
+By the terms of the treaty defining the rights, immunities, and privileges
+of consuls, between Italy and the United States, ratified in 1868, either
+Government may, after the lapse of ten years, terminate the existence of
+the treaty by giving twelve months' notice of its intention. The Government
+of Italy, availing itself of this faculty, has now given the required
+notice, and the treaty will accordingly end on the 17th of September, 1878.
+It is understood, however, that the Italian Government wishes to renew it
+in its general scope, desiring only certain modifications in some of its
+articles. In this disposition I concur, and shall hope that no serious
+obstacles may intervene to prevent or delay the negotiation of a
+satisfactory treaty.
+
+Numerous questions in regard to passports, naturalization, and exemption
+from military service have continued to arise in cases of emigrants from
+Germany who have returned to their native country. The provisions of the
+treaty of February 22, 1868, however, have proved to be so ample and so
+judicious that the legation of the United States at Berlin has been able to
+adjust all claims arising under it, not only without detriment to the
+amicable relations existing between the two Governments, but, it is
+believed, without injury or injustice to any duly naturalized American
+citizen. It is desirable that the treaty originally made with the North
+German Union in 1868 should now be extended so as to apply equally to all
+the States of the Empire of Germany.
+
+The invitation of the Government of France to participate in the Exposition
+of the Products of Agriculture, Industry, and the Fine Arts to be held at
+Paris during the coming year was submitted for your consideration at the
+extra session. It is not doubted that its acceptance by the United States,
+and a well-selected exhibition of the products of American industry on that
+occasion, will tend to stimulate international commerce and emigration, as
+well as to promote the traditional friendship between the two countries.
+
+A question arose some time since as to the proper meaning of the
+extradition articles of the treaty of 1842 between the United States and
+Great Britain. Both Governments, however, are now in accord in the belief
+that the question is not one that should be allowed to frustrate the ends
+of justice or to disturb the friendship between the two nations. No serious
+difficulty has arisen in accomplishing the extradition of criminals when
+necessary. It is probable that all points of disagreement will in due time
+be settled, and, if need be, more explicit declarations be made in a new
+treaty.
+
+The Fishery Commission under Articles XVIII to XXV of the treaty of
+Washington has concluded its session at Halifax. The result of the
+deliberations of the commission, as made public by the commissioners, will
+be communicated to Congress.
+
+A treaty for the protection of trade-marks has been negotiated with Great
+Britain, which has been submitted to the Senate for its consideration.
+
+The revolution which recently occurred in Mexico was followed by the
+accession of the successful party to power and the installation of its
+chief, General Porfirio Diaz, in the Presidential office. It has been the
+custom of the United States, when such changes of government have
+heretofore occurred in Mexico, to recognize and enter into official
+relations with the de facto government as soon as it should appear to have
+the approval of the Mexican people and should manifest a disposition to
+adhere to the obligations of treaties and international friendship. In the
+present case such official recognition has been deferred by the occurrences
+on the Rio Grande border, the records of which have been already
+communicated to each House of Congress in answer to their respective
+resolutions of inquiry. Assurances have been received that the authorities
+at the seat of the Mexican Government have both the disposition and the
+power to prevent and punish such unlawful invasions and depredations. It is
+earnestly to be hoped that events may prove these assurances to be well
+rounded. The best interests of both countries require the maintenance of
+peace upon the border and the development of commerce between the two
+Republics.
+
+It is gratifying to add that this temporary interruption of official
+relations has not prevented due attention by the representatives of the
+United States in Mexico to the protection of American citizens, so far as
+practicable; nor has it interfered with the prompt payment of the amounts
+due from Mexico to the United States under the treaty of July 4, 1868, and
+the awards of the joint commission. While I do not anticipate an
+interruption of friendly relations with Mexico, yet I can not but look with
+some solicitude upon a continuance of border disorders as exposing the two
+countries to initiations of popular feeling and mischances of action which
+are naturally unfavorable to complete amity. Firmly determined that nothing
+shall be wanting on my part to promote a good understanding between the two
+nations, I yet must ask the attention of Congress to the actual occurrences
+on the border, that the lives and property of our citizens may be
+adequately protected and peace preserved.
+
+Another year has passed without bringing to a close the protracted contest
+between the Spanish Government and the insurrection in the island of Cuba.
+While the United States have sedulously abstained from any intervention in
+this contest, it is impossible not to feel that it is attended with
+incidents affecting the rights and interests of American citizens. Apart
+from the effect of the hostilities upon trade between the United States and
+Cuba, their progress is inevitably accompanied by complaints, having more
+or less foundation, of searches, arrests, embargoes, and oppressive taxes
+upon the property of American residents, and of unprovoked interference
+with American vessels and commerce. It is due to the Government of Spain to
+say that during the past year it has promptly disavowed and offered
+reparation for any unauthorized acts of unduly zealous subordinates
+whenever such acts have been brought to its attention. Nevertheless, such
+occurrences can not but tend to excite feelings of annoyance, suspicion,
+and resentment. which are greatly to be deprecated, between the respective
+subjects and citizens of two friendly powers.
+
+Much delay (consequent upon accusations of fraud in some of the awards) has
+occurred in respect to the distribution of the limited amounts received
+from Venezuela under the treaty of April 25, 1866, applicable to the awards
+of the joint commission created by that treaty. So long as these matters
+are pending in Congress the Executive can not assume either to pass upon
+the questions presented or to distribute the fund received. It is eminently
+desirable that definite legislative action should be taken, either
+affirming the awards to be final or providing some method for reexamination
+of the claims. Our relations with the Republics of Central and South
+America and with the Empire of Brazil have continued without serious
+change, further than the temporary interruption of diplomatic intercourse
+with Venezuela and with Guatemala. Amicable relations have already been
+fully restored with Venezuela, and it is not doubted that all grounds of
+misunderstanding with Guatemala will speedily be removed. From all these
+countries there are favorable indications of a disposition on the part of
+their Governments and people to reciprocate our efforts in the direction of
+increased commercial intercourse.
+
+The Government of the Samoan Islands has sent an envoy, in the person of
+its secretary of state, to invite the Government of the United States to
+recognize and protect their independence, to establish commercial relations
+with their people, and to assist them in their steps toward regulated and
+responsible government. The inhabitants of these islands, having made
+considerable progress in Christian civilization and the development of
+trade, are doubtful of their ability to maintain peace and independence
+without the aid of some stronger power. The subject is deemed worthy of
+respectful attention, and the claims upon our assistance by this distant
+community will be carefully considered.
+
+The long commercial depression in the United States has directed attention
+to the subject of the possible increase of our foreign trade and the
+methods for its development, not only with Europe, but with other
+countries, and especially with the States and sovereignties of the Western
+Hemisphere. Instructions from the Department of State were issued to the
+various diplomatic and consular officers of the Government, asking them to
+devote attention to the question of methods by which trade between the
+respective countries of their official residence and the United States
+could be most judiciously fostered. In obedience to these instructions,
+examinations and reports upon this subject have been made by many of these
+officers and transmitted to the Department, and the same are submitted to
+the consideration of Congress.
+
+The annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the
+finances presents important questions for the action of Congress, upon some
+of which I have already remarked.
+
+The revenues of the Government during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1877,
+were $269,000,586.62; the total expenditures for the same period were
+$238,660,008.93, leaving a surplus revenue of $30,340,577.69. This has
+substantially supplied the requirements of the sinking fund for that year.
+The estimated revenues of the current fiscal year are $265,500,000, and the
+estimated expenditures for the same period are $232,430,643.72. If these
+estimates prove to be correct, there will be a surplus revenue of
+$33,069,356.28--an amount nearly sufficient for the sinking fund for that
+year. The estimated revenues for the next fiscal year are $269,250,000. It
+appears from the report that during the last fiscal year the revenues of
+the Government, compared with the previous year, have largely decreased.
+This decrease, amounting to the sum of $18,481,452.54, was mainly in
+customs duties, caused partly by a large falling off of the amount of
+imported dutiable goods and partly by the general fall of prices in the
+markets of production of such articles as pay ad valorem taxes.
+
+While this is felt injuriously in the diminution of the revenue, it has
+been accompanied with a very large increase of exportations. The total
+exports during the last fiscal year, including coin, have been
+$658,637,457, and the imports have been $492,097,540, leaving a balance of
+trade in favor of the United States amounting to the sum of $166,539,917,
+the beneficial effects of which extend to all branches of business.
+
+The estimated revenue for the next fiscal year will impose upon Congress
+the duty of strictly limiting appropriations, including the requisite sum
+for the maintenance of the sinking fund, within the aggregate estimated
+receipts.
+
+While the aggregate of taxes should not be increased, amendments might be
+made to the revenue laws that would, without diminishing the revenue,
+relieve the people from unnecessary burdens. A tax on tea and coffee is
+shown by the experience not only of our own country, but of other
+countries, to be easily collected, without loss by undervaluation or fraud,
+and largely borne in the country of production. A tax of 10 cents a pound
+on tea and 2 cents a pound on coffee would produce a revenue exceeding
+$12,000,000, and thus enable Congress to repeal a multitude of annoying
+taxes yielding a revenue not exceeding that sum. The internal-revenue
+system grew out of the necessities of the war, and most of the legislation
+imposing taxes upon domestic products under this system has been repealed.
+By the substitution of a tax on tea and coffee all forms of internal
+taxation may be repealed, except that on whisky, spirits, tobacco, and
+beer. Attention is also called to the necessity of enacting more vigorous
+laws for the protection of the revenue and for the punishment of frauds and
+smuggling. This can best be done by judicious provisions that will induce
+the disclosure of attempted fraud by undervaluation and smuggling. All
+revenue laws should be simple in their provisions and easily understood. So
+far as practicable, the rates of taxation should be in the form of specific
+duties, and not ad valorem, requiring the judgment of experienced men to
+ascertain values and exposing the revenue to the temptation of fraud.
+
+My attention has been called during the recess of Congress to abuses
+existing in the collection of the customs, and strenuous efforts have been
+made for their correction by Executive orders. The recommendations
+submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury by a commission appointed to
+examine into the collection of customs duties at the port of New York
+contain many suggestions for the modification of the customs laws, to which
+the attention of Congress is invited.
+
+It is matter of congratulation that notwithstanding the severe burdens
+caused by the war the public faith with all creditors has been preserved,
+and that as the result of this policy the public credit has continuously
+advanced and our public securities are regarded with the highest favor in
+the markets of the world. I trust that no act of the Government will cast a
+shadow upon its credit.
+
+The progress of refunding the public debt has been rapid and satisfactory.
+Under the contract existing when I entered upon the discharge of the duties
+of my office, bonds bearing interest at the rate of 4 1/2 per cent were
+being rapidly sold, and within three months the aggregate sales of these
+bonds had reached the sum of $200,000,000. With my sanction the Secretary
+of the Treasury entered into a new contract for the sale of 4 per cent
+bonds, and within thirty days after the popular subscription for such bonds
+was opened subscriptions were had amounting to $75,496,550, which were paid
+for within ninety days after the date of subscription. By this process,
+within but little more than one year, the annual interest on the public
+debt was reduced in the sum of $3,775,000.
+
+I recommended that suitable provision be made to enable the people to
+easily convert their savings into Government securities, as the best mode
+in which small savings may be well secured and yield a moderate interest.
+It is an object of public policy to retain among our own people the
+securities of the United States. In this way our country is guarded against
+their sudden return from foreign countries, caused by war or other
+disturbances beyond our limits.
+
+The commerce of the United States with foreign nations, and especially the
+export of domestic productions, has of late years largely increased; but
+the greater portion of this trade is conducted in foreign vessels. The
+importance of enlarging our foreign trade, and especially by direct and
+speedy interchange with countries on this continent, can not be
+overestimated; and it is a matter of great moment that our own shipping
+interest should receive, to the utmost practical extent, the benefit of our
+commerce with other lands. These considerations are forcibly urged by all
+the large commercial cities of the country, and public attention is
+generally and wisely attracted to the solution of the problems they
+present. It is not doubted that Congress will take them up in the broadest
+spirit of liberality and respond to the public demand by practical
+legislation upon this important subject.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War shows that the Army has been actively
+employed during the year, and has rendered very important service in
+suppressing hostilities in the Indian country and in preserving peace and
+protecting life and property in the interior as well as along the Mexican
+border. A long and arduous campaign has been prosecuted, with final
+complete success, against a portion of the Nez Perce' tribe of Indians. A
+full account of this campaign will be found in the report of the General of
+the Army. It will be seen that in its course several severe battles were
+fought, in which a number of gallant officers and men lost their lives. I
+join with the Secretary of War and the General of the Army in awarding to
+the officers and men employed in the long and toilsome pursuit and in the
+final capture of these Indians the honor and praise which are so justly
+their due.
+
+The very serious riots which occurred in several of the States in July last
+rendered necessary the employment of a considerable portion of the Army to
+preserve the peace and maintain order. In the States of West Virginia,
+Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Illinois these disturbances were so formidable
+as to defy the local and State authorities, and the National Executive was
+called upon, in the mode provided by the Constitution and laws, to furnish
+military aid. I am gratified to be able to state that the troops sent in
+response to these calls for aid in the suppression of domestic violence
+were able, by the influence of their presence in the disturbed regions, to
+preserve the peace and restore order without the use of force. In the
+discharge of this delicate and important duty both officers and men acted
+with great prudence and courage, and for their services deserve the thanks
+of the country.
+
+Disturbances along the Rio Grande in Texas, to which I have already
+referred, have rendered necessary the constant employment of a military
+force in that vicinity. A full report of all recent military operations in
+that quarter has been transmitted to the House of Representatives in answer
+to a resolution of that body, and it will therefore not be necessary to
+enter into details. I regret to say that these lawless incursions into our
+territory by armed bands from the Mexican side of the line, for the purpose
+of robbery, have been of frequent occurrence, and in spite of the most
+vigilant efforts of the commander of our forces the marauders have
+generally succeeded in escaping into Mexico with their plunder. In May last
+I gave orders for the exercise of the utmost vigilance on the part of our
+troops for the suppression of these raids and the punishment of the guilty
+parties, as well as the recapture of property stolen by them. General Ord,
+commanding in Texas, was directed to invite the cooperation of the Mexican
+authorities in efforts to this end, and to assure them that I was anxious
+to avoid giving the least offense to Mexico. At the same time, he was
+directed to give notice of my determination to put an end to the invasion
+of our territory by lawless bands intent upon the plunder of our peaceful
+citizens, even if the effectual punishment of the outlaws should make the
+crossing of the border by our troops in their pursuit necessary. It is
+believed that this policy has had the effect to check somewhat these
+depredations, and that with a considerable increase of our force upon that
+frontier and the establishment of several additional military posts along
+the Rio Grande, so as more effectually to guard that extensive border,
+peace may be preserved and the lives and property of our citizens in Texas
+fully protected.
+
+Prior to the 1st day of July last the Army was, in accordance with law,
+reduced to the maximum of 25,000 enlisted men, being a reduction of 2,500
+below the force previously authorized. This reduction was made, as required
+by law, entirely from the infantry and artillery branches of the service,
+without any reduction of the cavalry. Under the law as it now stands it is
+necessary that the cavalry regiments be recruited to 100 men in each
+company for service on the Mexican and Indian frontiers. The necessary
+effect of this legislation is to reduce the infantry and artillery arms of
+the service below the number required for efficiency, and I concur with the
+Secretary of War in recommending that authority be given to recruit all
+companies of infantry to at least 50 men and all batteries of artillery to
+at least 75 men, with the power, in case of emergency, to increase the
+former to 100 and the latter to 122 men each.
+
+I invite your special attention to the following recommendations of the
+Secretary of War:
+
+First. That provision be made for supplying to the Army a more abundant and
+better supply of reading matter.
+
+Second. That early action be taken by Congress looking to a complete
+revision and republication of the Army Regulations.
+
+Third. That section 1258 of the Revised Statutes, limiting the number of
+officers on the retired list, be repealed.
+
+Fourth. That the claims arising under the act of July 4, 1864, for supplies
+taken by the Army during the war, be taken from the offices of the
+Quartermaster and Commissary Generals and transferred to the Southern
+Claims Commission, or some other tribunal having more time and better
+facilities for their prompt investigation and decision than are possessed
+by these officers.
+
+Fifth. That Congress provide for an annuity fund for the families of
+deceased soldiers, as recommended by the paymaster-General of the Army.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows that we have six squadrons
+now engaged in the protection of our foreign commerce and other duties
+pertaining to the naval service. The condition and operations of the
+Department are also shown. The total expenditures for the fiscal year
+ending June 30, 1877, were $16,077,974.54. There are unpaid claims against
+the Department chargeable to the last year, which are presented to the
+consideration of Congress by the report of the Secretary. The estimates for
+the fiscal year commencing July 1, 1878, are $16,233,234.40, exclusive of
+the sum of $2,314,231 submitted for new buildings, repairs, and
+improvements at the several navy-yards. The appropriations for the present
+fiscal year, commencing July 1, 1877, are $13,592,932.90. The amount drawn
+from the Treasury from July 1 to November 1, 1877, is $5,343,037.40, of
+which there is estimated to be yet available $1,029,528.30, showing the
+amount of actual expenditure during the first four months of the present
+fiscal year to have been $4,313,509.10.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General contains a full and clear statement of
+the operations and condition of the Post-Office Department. The ordinary
+revenues of the Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1877,
+including receipts from the money-order business and from official stamps
+and stamped envelopes, amounted to the sum of $27,531,585.26. The
+additional sum of $7,013,000 was realized from appropriations from the
+general Treasury for various purposes, making the receipts from all sources
+$34,544,885.26. The total expenditures during the fiscal year amounted to
+$33,486,322.44, leaving an excess of total receipts over total expenditures
+of $1,058,562.82, and an excess of total expenditures over ordinary
+receipts of $5,954,737.18. Deducting from the total receipts the sum of
+$63,261.84, received from international money orders of the preceding
+fiscal year, and deducting from the total expenditures the sum of
+$1,163,818.20, paid on liabilities incurred in previous fiscal years, the
+expenditures and receipts appertaining to the business of the last fiscal
+year were as follows:
+
+Expenditures - $32,322,504.24
+
+Receipts (ordinary, from money-order business and
+
+from official postage stamps) - 27,468,323,420 -
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Rutherford B. Hayes
+December 2, 1878
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+Our heartfelt gratitude is due to the Divine Being who holds in His hands
+the destinies of nations for the continued bestowal during the last year of
+countless blessings upon our country.
+
+We are at peace with all other nations. Our public credit has greatly
+improved, and is perhaps now stronger than ever before. Abundant harvests
+have rewarded the labors of those who till the soil, our manufacturing
+industries are reviving, and it is believed that general prosperity, which
+has been so long anxiously looked for, is at last within our reach.
+
+The enjoyment of health by our people generally has, however, been
+interrupted during the past season by the prevalence of a fatal pestilence
+(the yellow fever) in some portions of the Southern States, creating an
+emergency which called for prompt and extraordinary measures of relief. The
+disease appeared as an epidemic at New Orleans and at other places on the
+Lower Mississippi soon after midsummer. It was rapidly spread by fugitives
+from the infected cities and towns, and did not disappear until early in
+November. The States of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee have suffered
+severely. About 100,000 cases are believed to have occurred, of which about
+20,000, according to intelligent estimates, proved fatal. It is impossible
+to estimate with any approach to accuracy the loss to the country
+occasioned by this epidemic It is to be reckoned by the hundred millions of
+dollars. The suffering and destitution that resulted excited the deepest
+sympathy in all parts of the Union. Physicians and nurses hastened from
+every quarter to the assistance of the afflicted communities. Voluntary
+contributions of money and supplies, in every needed form, were speedily
+and generously furnished. The Government was able to respond in some
+measure to the call for help, by providing tents, medicines, and food for
+the sick and destitute, the requisite directions for the purpose being
+given in the confident expectation that this action of the Executive would
+receive the sanction of Congress. About 1,800 tents, and rations of the
+value of about $25,000, were sent to cities and-towns which applied for
+them, full details of which will be furnished to Congress by the proper
+Department.
+
+The fearful spread of this pestilence has awakened a very general public
+sentiment in favor of national sanitary administration, which shall not
+only control quarantine, but have the sanitary supervision of internal
+commerce in times of epidemics, and hold an advisory relation to the State
+and municipal health authorities, with power to deal with whatever
+endangers the public health, and which the municipal and State authorities
+are unable to regulate. The national quarantine act approved April 29,
+1878, which was passed too late in the last session of Congress to provide
+the means for carrying it into practical operation during the past season,
+is a step in the direction here indicated. In view of the necessity for the
+most effective measures, by quarantine and otherwise, for the protection of
+our seaports and the country generally from this and other epidemics, it is
+recommended that Congress give to the whole subject early and careful
+consideration.
+
+The permanent pacification of the country by the complete protection of all
+citizens in every civil and political right continues to be of paramount
+interest with the great body of our people. Every step in this direction is
+welcomed with public approval, and every interruption of steady and uniform
+progress to the desired consummation awakens general uneasiness and
+widespread condemnation. The recent Congressional elections have furnished
+a direct and trustworthy test of the advance thus far made in the practical
+establishment of the right of suffrage secured by the Constitution to the
+liberated race in the Southern States. All disturbing influences, real or
+imaginary, had been removed from all of these States.
+
+The three constitutional amendments which conferred freedom and equality of
+civil and political rights upon the colored people of the South were
+adopted by the concurrent action of the great body of good citizens who
+maintained the authority of the National Government and the integrity and
+perpetuity of the Union at such a cost of treasure and life, as a wise and
+necessary embodiment in the organic law of the just results of the war. The
+people of the former slaveholding States accepted these results, and gave
+in every practicable form assurances that the thirteenth, fourteenth, and
+fifteenth amendments, and laws passed in pursuance thereof, should in good
+faith be enforced, rigidly and impartially, in letter and spirit, to the
+end that the humblest citizen, without distinction of race or color, should
+under them receive full and equal protection in person and property and in
+political rights and privileges. By these constitutional amendments the
+southern section of the Union obtained a large increase of political power
+in Congress and in the electoral college, and the country justly expected
+that elections would proceed, as to the enfranchised race, upon the same
+circumstances of legal and constitutional freedom and protection which
+obtained in all the other States of the Union. The friends of law and order
+looked forward to the conduct of these elections as offering to the general
+judgment of the country an important opportunity to measure the degree in
+which the right of suffrage could be exercised by the colored people and
+would be respected by their fellow-citizens; but a more general enjoyment
+of freedom of suffrage by the colored people and a more just and generous
+protection of that freedom by the communities of which they form a part
+were generally anticipated than the record of the elections discloses. In
+some of those States in which the colored people have been unable to make
+their opinions felt in the elections the result is mainly due to influences
+not easily measured or remedied by legal protection; but in the States of
+Louisiana and South Carolina at large, and in some particular Congressional
+districts outside of those States, the records of the elections seem to
+compel the conclusion that the rights of the colored voters have been
+overridden and their participation in the elections not permitted to be
+either general or free.
+
+It will be for the Congress for which these elections were held to make
+such examinations into their conduct as may be appropriate to determine the
+validity of the claims of members to their seats. In the meanwhile it
+becomes the duty of the executive and judicial departments of the
+Government, each in its province, to inquire into and punish violations of
+the laws of the United States which have occurred. I can but repeat what I
+said in this connection in my last message, that whatever authority rests
+with me to this end I shall not hesitate to put forth; and I am unwilling
+to forego a renewed appeal to the legislatures, the courts, the executive
+authorities, and the people of the States where these wrongs have been
+perpetrated to give their assistance toward bringing to justice the
+offenders and preventing a repetition of the crimes. No means within my
+power will be spared to obtain a full and fair investigation of the alleged
+crimes and to secure the conviction and just punishment of the guilty.
+
+It is to be observed that the principal appropriation made for the
+Department of Justice at the last session contained the following clause:
+And for defraying the expenses which may be incurred in the enforcement of
+the act approved February 28, 1871, entitled "An act to amend an act
+approved May 31, 1870, entitled 'An act to enforce the rights of citizens
+of the United States to vote in the several States of this Union, and for
+other purposes,'" or any acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto.
+It is the opinion of the Attorney-General that the expenses of these
+proceedings will largely exceed the amount which was thus provided, and I
+rely confidently upon Congress to make adequate appropriations to enable
+the executive department to enforce the laws.
+
+I respectfully urge upon your attention that the Congressional elections,
+in every district, in a very important sense, are justly a matter of
+political interest and concern throughout the whole country. Each State,
+every political party, is entitled to the share of power which is conferred
+by the legal and constitutional suffrage. It is the right of every citizen
+possessing the qualifications prescribed by law to east one unintimidated
+ballot and to have his ballot honestly counted. So long as the exercise of
+this power and the enjoyment of this right are common and equal,
+practically as well as formally, submission to the results of the suffrage
+will be accorded loyally and cheerfully, and all the departments of
+Government will feel the true vigor of the popular will thus expressed. No
+temporary or administrative interests of Government, however urgent or
+weighty, will ever displace the zeal of our people in defense of the
+primary rights of citizenship. They understand that the protection of
+liberty requires the maintenance in full vigor of the manly methods of free
+speech, free press, and free suffrage, and will sustain the full authority
+of Government to enforce the laws which are framed to preserve these
+inestimable rights. The material progress and welfare of the States depend
+on the protection afforded to their citizens. There can be no peace without
+such protection, no prosperity without peace, and the whole country is
+deeply interested in the growth and prosperity of all its parts.
+
+While the country has not yet reached complete unity of feeling and
+reciprocal confidence between the communities so lately and so seriously
+estranged, I feel an absolute assurance that the tendencies are in that
+direction, and with increasing force. The power of public opinion will
+override all political prejudices and all sectional or State attachments in
+demanding that all over our wide territory the name and character of
+citizen of the United States shall mean one and the same thing and carry
+with them unchallenged security and respect.
+
+Our relations with other countries continue peaceful. Our neutrality in
+contests between foreign powers has been maintained and respected.
+
+The Universal Exposition held at Paris during the past summer has been
+attended by large numbers of our citizens. The brief period allowed for the
+preparation and arrangement of the contributions of our citizens to this
+great exposition was well employed in energetic and judicious efforts to
+overcome this disadvantage. These efforts, led and directed by the
+commissioner-general, were remarkably successful, and the exhibition of the
+products of American industry was creditable and gratifying in scope and
+character. The reports of the United States commissioners, giving its
+results in detail, will be duly laid before you. Our participation in this
+international competition for the favor and the trade of the world may be
+expected to produce useful and important results--in promoting intercourse,
+friendship, and commerce with other nations.
+
+In accordance with the provisions of the act of February 28, 1878, three
+commissioners were appointed to an international conference on the subject
+of adopting a common ratio between gold and silver, for the purpose of
+establishing internationally the use of bimetallic money and securing
+fixity of relative value between those metals.
+
+Invitations were addressed to the various governments which had expressed a
+willingness to participate in its deliberations. The conference held its
+meetings in Paris in August last. The report of the commissioners, herewith
+submitted, will show its results. No common ratio between gold and silver
+could be agreed upon by the conference. The general conclusion was reached
+that it is necessary to maintain in the world the monetary functions of
+silver as well as of gold, leaving the selection of the use of one or the
+other of these two metals, or of both, to be made by each state.
+
+Congress having appropriated at its last session the sum of $5,500,000 to
+pay the award of the joint commission at Halifax, if, after correspondence
+with the British Government on the subject of the conformity of the award
+to the requirements of the treaty and to the terms of the question thereby
+submitted to the commission, the President shall deem it his duty to make
+the payment, communications upon these points were addressed to the British
+Government through the legation of the United States at London. Failing to
+obtain the concurrence of the British Government in the views of this
+Government respecting the award, I have deemed it my duty to tender the sum
+named within the year fixed by the treaty, accompanied by a notice of the
+grounds of the payment and a protest against any other construction of the
+same. The correspondence upon this subject will be laid before you.
+
+The Spanish Government has officially announced the termination of the
+insurrection in Cuba and the restoration of peace throughout that island.
+Confident expectations are expressed of a revival of trade and prosperity,
+which it is earnestly hoped may prove well rounded. Numerous claims of
+American citizens for relief for injuries or restoration of property have
+been among the incidents of the long-continued hostilities. Some of these
+claims are in process of adjustment by Spain, and the others are promised
+early and careful consideration.
+
+The treaty made with Italy in regard to reciprocal consular privileges has
+been duly ratified and proclaimed.
+
+No questions of grave importance have arisen with any other of the European
+powers.
+
+The Japanese Government has been desirous of a revision of such parts of
+its treaties with foreign powers as relate to commerce, and it is
+understood has addressed to each of the treaty powers a request to open
+negotiations with that view. The United States Government has been inclined
+to regard the matter favorably. Whatever restrictions upon trade with Japan
+are found injurious to that people can not but affect injuriously nations
+holding commercial intercourse with them. Japan, after a long period of
+seclusion, has within the past few years made rapid strides in the path of
+enlightenment and progress, and, not unreasonably, is looking forward to
+the time when her relations with the nations of Europe and America shall be
+assimilated to those which they hold with each other. A treaty looking to
+this end has been made, which will be submitted for the consideration of
+the Senate.
+
+After an interval of several years the Chinese Government has again sent
+envoys to the United States. They have been received, and a permanent
+legation is now established here by that Government. It is not doubted that
+this step will be of advantage to both nations in promoting friendly
+relations and removing causes of difference.
+
+The treaty with the Samoan Islands, having been duly ratified and accepted
+on the part of both Governments, is now in operation, and a survey and
+soundings of the harbor of Pago-Pago have been made by a naval vessel of
+the United States, with a view of its occupation as a naval station if
+found desirable to the service.
+
+Since the resumption of diplomatic relations with Mexico correspondence has
+been opened and still continues between the two Governments upon the
+various questions which at one time seemed to endanger their relations.
+While no formal agreement has been reached as to the troubles on the
+border, much has been done to repress and diminish them. The effective
+force of United States troops on the Rio Grande, by a strict and faithful
+compliance with instructions, has done much to remove the sources of
+dispute, and it is now understood that a like force of Mexican troops on
+the other side of the river is also making an energetic movement against
+the marauding Indian tribes. This Government looks with the greatest
+satisfaction upon every evidence of strength in the national authority of
+Mexico, and upon every effort put forth to prevent or to punish incursions
+upon our territory. Reluctant to assume any action or attitude in the
+control of these incursions by military movements across the border not
+imperatively demanded for the protection of the lives and property of our
+own citizens, I shall take the earliest opportunity consistent with the
+proper discharge of this plain duty to recognize the ability of the Mexican
+Government to restrain effectively violations of our territory. It is
+proposed to hold next year an international exhibition in Mexico, and it is
+believed that the display of the agricultural and manufacturing products of
+the two nations will tend to better understanding and increased commercial
+intercourse between their people.
+
+With Brazil and the Republics of Central and South America some steps have
+been taken toward the development of closer commercial intercourse.
+Diplomatic relations have been resumed with Colombia and with Bolivia. A
+boundary question between the Argentine Republic and Paraguay has been
+submitted by those Governments for arbitration to the President of the
+United States, and I have, after careful examination, given a decision upon
+it.
+
+A naval expedition up the Amazon and Madeira rivers has brought back
+information valuable both for scientific and commercial purposes. A like
+expedition is about visiting the coast of Africa and the Indian Ocean. The
+reports of diplomatic and consular officers in relation to the development
+of our foreign commerce have furnished many facts that have proved of
+public interest and have stimulated to practical exertion the enterprise of
+our people.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Treasury furnishes a detailed statement
+of the operations of that Department of the Government and of the condition
+of the public finances.
+
+The ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year ended June 30,
+1878, were $257,763,878.70; the ordinary expenditures for the same period
+were $236,964,326.80, leaving a surplus revenue for the year of
+$20,799,551.90. The receipts for the present fiscal year, ending June 30,
+1879, actual and estimated, are as follows: Actual receipts for the first
+quarter, commencing July 1, 1878, $73,389,743.43; estimated receipts for
+the remaining three quarters of the year, $191,110,256.57; total receipts
+for the current fiscal year, actual and estimated, $264,500,000. The
+expenditures for the same period will be, actual and estimated, as follows:
+For the quarter commencing July 1, 1878, actual expenditures,
+$73,344,573.27; and for the remaining three quarters of the year the
+expenditures are estimated at $166,755,426.73, making the total
+expenditures $240,100,000, and leaving an estimated surplus revenue for the
+year ending June 30, 1879, of $24,400,000. The total receipts during the
+next fiscal year, ending June 30, 1880, estimated according to existing
+laws, will be $264,500,000, and the estimated ordinary expenditures for the
+same period will be $236,320,412.68, leaving a surplus of $28,179,587.32
+for that year.
+
+In the foregoing statements of expenditures, actual and estimated, no
+amount is allowed for the sinking fund provided for by the act approved
+February 25, 1862, which requires that 1 per cent of the entire debt of the
+United States shall be purchased or paid within each fiscal year, to be set
+apart as a sinking fund. There has been, however, a substantial compliance
+with the conditions of the law. By its terms the public debt should have
+been reduced between 1862 and the close of the last fiscal year
+$518,361,806.28; the actual reduction of the ascertained debt in that
+period has been $720,644,739.61, being in excess of the reduction required
+by the sinking fund act $202,282,933.33.
+
+The amount of the public debt, less cash in the Treasury, November 1, 1878,
+was $2,024,200,083.18 a reduction since the same date last year of
+$23,150,617.39.
+
+The progress made during the last year in refunding the public debt at
+lower rates of interest is very gratifying. The amount of 4 per cent bonds
+sold during the present year prior to November 23, 1878, is $100,270,900,
+and 6 per cent bonds, commonly known as five-twenties, to an equal amount,
+have been or will be redeemed as calls mature.
+
+It has been the policy of the Department to place the 4 per cent bonds
+within easy reach of every citizen who desires to invest his savings,
+whether small or great, in these securities. The Secretary of the Treasury
+recommends that the law be so modified that small sums may be invested, and
+that through the post-offices or other agents of the Government the freest
+opportunity may be given in all parts of the country for such investments.
+
+The best mode suggested is that the Department be authorized to issue
+certificates of deposit, of the denomination of $10, bearing interest at
+the rate of 3.65 per cent per annum and convertible at any time within one
+year after their issue into the 4 per cent bonds authorized by the
+refunding act, and to be issued only in exchange for United States notes
+sent to the Treasury by mail or otherwise. Such a provision of law,
+supported by suitable regulations, would enable any person readily, without
+cost or risk, to convert his money into an interest-bearing security of the
+United States, and the money so received could be applied to the redemption
+of 6 per cent bonds.
+
+The coinage of gold during the last fiscal year was $52,798,980. The
+coinage of silver dollars under the act passed February 28, 1878, amounted
+on the 23d of November, 1878, to $19,814,550, of which amount $4,984,947
+are in circulation, and the balance, $14,829.,603, is still in the
+possession of the Government.
+
+With views unchanged with regard to the act under which the coinage of
+silver proceeds, it has been the purpose of the Secretary faithfully to
+execute the law and to afford a fair trial to the measure.
+
+In the present financial condition of the country I am persuaded that the
+welfare of legitimate business and industry of every description will be
+best promoted by abstaining from all attempts to make radical changes in
+the existing financial legislation. Let it be understood that during the
+coming year the business of the country will be undisturbed by governmental
+interference with the laws affecting it, and we may confidently expect that
+the resumption of specie payments, which will take place at the appointed
+time, will be successfully and easily maintained, and that it will be
+followed by a healthful and enduring revival of business prosperity.
+
+Let the healing influence of time, the inherent energies of our people, and
+the boundless resources of our country have a fair opportunity, and relief
+from present difficulties will surely follow.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War shows that the Army has been well and
+economically supplied; that our small force has been actively employed and
+has faithfully performed all the service required of it. The morale of the
+Army has improved and the number of desertions has materially decreased
+during the year.
+
+The Secretary recommends--
+
+1. That a pension be granted to the widow of the late Lieutenant Henry H.
+Benner, Eighteenth Infantry, who lost his life by yellow fever while in
+command of the steamer. J.M. Chambers, sent with supplies for the relief of
+sufferers in the South from that disease.
+
+2. The establishment of the annuity scheme for the benefit of the heirs of
+deceased officers, as suggested by the Paymaster-General.
+
+3. The adoption by Congress of a plan for the publication of the records of
+the War of the Rebellion, now being prepared for that purpose.
+
+4. The increase of the extra per diem of soldier teachers employed in post
+schools, and liberal appropriations for the erection of buildings for
+schools and libraries at the different posts.
+
+5. The repeal or amendment of the act of June 18, 1878, forbidding the use
+of the Army "as a posse comitatus, or otherwise, for the purpose of
+executing the laws, except in such cases and under such circumstances as
+such employment of said force may be expressly authorized by the
+Constitution or by act of Congress."
+
+6. The passage of a joint resolution of Congress legalizing the issues of
+rations, tents, and medicines which were made for the relief of sufferers
+from yellow fever.
+
+7. That provision be made for the erection of a fireproof building for the
+preservation of certain valuable records, now constantly exposed to
+destruction by fire.
+
+These recommendations are all commended to your favorable consideration.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows that the Navy has improved
+during the last fiscal year. Work has been done on seventy-five vessels,
+ten of which have been thoroughly repaired and made ready for sea. Two
+others are in rapid progress toward completion. The total expenditures of
+the year, including the amount appropriated for the deficiencies of the
+previous year, were $17,468,392.65. The actual expenses chargeable to the
+year, exclusive of these deficiencies, were $13,306,914.09, or $767,199.18
+less than those of the previous year, and $4,928,677.74 less than the
+expenses including the deficiencies. The estimates for the fiscal year
+ending June 30, 1880, are $14,562,381.45, exceeding the appropriations of
+the present year only $33,949.75, which excess is occasioned by the demands
+of the Naval Academy and the Marine Corps, as explained in the Secretary's
+report. The appropriations for the present fiscal year are $14,528,431.70,
+which, in the opinion of the Secretary, will be ample for all the current
+expenses of the Department during the year. The amount drawn from the
+Treasury from July 1 to November 1, 1878, is $4,740,544.14, of which
+$70,980.75 has been refunded, leaving as the expenditure for that period
+$4,669,563.39, or $520,899.24 less than the corresponding period of the
+last fiscal year.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General embraces a detailed statement of the
+operations of the Post-Office Department. The expenditures of that
+Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1878, were $34,165,084.49.
+The receipts, including sales of stamps, money-order business, and official
+stamps, were $29,277,516.95. The sum of $290,436.90, included in the
+foregoing statement of expenditures, is chargeable to preceding years, so
+that the actual expenditures for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1878, are
+$33,874,647.59. The amount drawn from the Treasury on appropriations, in
+addition to the revenues of the Department, was $5,307,652.82. The
+expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1880, are estimated at
+$36,571,900 and the receipts from all sources at $30,664,023.90, leaving a
+deficiency to be appropriated out of the Treasury of $5,907,876.10. The
+report calls attention to the fact that the compensation of postmasters and
+of railroads for carrying the mail is regulated by law, and that the
+failure of Congress to appropriate the amounts required for these purposes
+does not relieve the Government of responsibility, but necessarily
+increases the deficiency bills which Congress will be called upon to pass.
+
+In providing for the postal service the following questions are presented:
+Should Congress annually appropriate a sum for its expenses largely in
+excess of its revenues, or should such rates of postage be established as
+will make the Department self-sustaining? Should the postal service be
+reduced by excluding from the mails matter which does not pay its way?
+Should the number of post routes be diminished? Should other methods be
+adopted which will increase the revenues or diminish the expenses of the
+postal service?
+
+The International Postal Congress which met at Paris May 1, 1878, and
+continued in session until June 4 of the same year, was composed of
+delegates from nearly all the civilized countries of the world. It adopted
+a new convention (to take the place of the treaty concluded at Berne
+October 9, 1874), which goes into effect on the 1st of April, 1879, between
+the countries whose delegates have signed it. It was ratified and approved,
+by and with the consent of the President, August 13, 1878. A synopsis of
+this Universal Postal Convention will be found in the report of the
+Postmaster-General, and the full text in the appendix thereto. In its
+origin the Postal Union comprised twenty-three countries, having a
+population of 350,000,000 people. On the 1st of April next it will comprise
+forty-three countries and colonies, with a population of more than
+650,000,000 people, and will soon, by the accession of the few remaining
+countries and colonies which maintain organized postal services, constitute
+in fact as well as in name, as its new title indicates, a universal union,
+regulating, upon a uniform basis of cheap postage rates, the postal
+intercourse between all civilized nations.
+
+Some embarrassment has arisen out of the conflict between the customs laws
+of this country and the provisions of the Postal Convention in regard to
+the transmission of foreign books and newspapers to this country by mail.
+It is hoped that Congress will be able to devise some means of reconciling
+the difficulties which have thus been created, so as to do justice to all
+parties involved.
+
+The business of the Supreme Court and of the courts in many of the circuits
+has increased to such an extent during the past year that additional
+legislation is imperative to relieve and prevent the delay of justice and
+possible oppression to suitors which is thus occasioned. The encumbered
+condition of these dockets is presented anew in the report of the
+Attorney-General, and the remedy suggested is earnestly urged for
+Congressional action. The creation of additional circuit judges, as
+proposed, would afford a complete remedy, and would involve an expense, at
+the present rate of salaries of not more than $60,000 a year.
+
+The annual reports of the Secretary of the Interior and of the Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs present an elaborate account of the present condition of
+the Indian tribes and of that branch of the public service which ministers
+to their interests. While the conduct of the Indians generally has been
+orderly and their relations with their neighbors friendly and peaceable,
+two local disturbances have occurred, which were deplorable in their
+character, but remained, happily, confined to a comparatively small number
+of Indians. The discontent among the Bannocks, which led first to some acts
+of violence on the part of some members of the tribe and finally to the
+outbreak, appears to have been caused by an insufficiency of food on the
+reservation, and this insufficiency to have been owing to the inadequacy of
+the appropriations made by Congress to the wants of the Indians at a time
+when the Indians were prevented from supplying the deficiency by hunting.
+After an arduous pursuit by the troops of the United States, and several
+engagements, the hostile Indians were reduced to subjection, and the larger
+part of them surrendered themselves as prisoners. In this connection I
+desire to call attention to the recommendation made by the Secretary of the
+Interior, that a sufficient fund be placed at the disposal of the
+Executive, to be used, with proper accountability, at discretion, in sudden
+emergencies of the Indian service.
+
+The other case of disturbance was that of a band of Northern Cheyennes, who
+suddenly left their reservation in the Indian Territory and marched rapidly
+through the States of Kansas and Nebraska in the direction of their old
+hunting grounds, committing murders and other crimes on their way. From
+documents accompanying the report of the Secretary of the Interior it
+appears that this disorderly band was as fully supplied with the
+necessaries of life as the 4,700 other Indians who remained quietly on the
+reservation, and that the disturbance was caused by men of a restless and
+mischievous disposition among the Indians themselves. Almost the whole of
+this band have surrendered to the military authorities; and it is a
+gratifying fact that when some of them had taken refuge in the camp of the
+Red Cloud Sioux, with whom they had been in friendly relations, the Sioux
+held them as prisoners and readily gave them up to the officers of the
+United States, thus giving new proof of the loyal spirit which, alarming
+rumors to the contrary notwithstanding, they have uniformly shown ever
+since the wishes they expressed at the council of September, 1877, had been
+complied with.
+
+Both the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of War unite in the
+recommendation that provision be made by Congress for the organization of a
+corps of mounted "Indian auxiliaries," to be under the control of the Army
+and to be used for the purpose of keeping the Indians on their reservations
+and preventing or repressing disturbance on their part. I earnestly concur
+in this recommendation. It is believed that the organization of such a body
+of Indian cavalry, receiving a moderate pay from the Government, would
+considerably weaken the restless element among the Indians by withdrawing
+from it a number of young men and giving them congenial employment under
+the Government, it being a matter of experience that Indians in our service
+almost without exception are faithful in the performance of the duties
+assigned to them. Such an organization would materially aid the Army in the
+accomplishment of a task for which its numerical strength is sometimes
+found insufficient.
+
+But while the employment of force for the prevention or repression of
+Indian troubles is of occasional necessity, and wise preparation should be
+made to that end, greater reliance must be placed on humane and civilizing
+agencies for the ultimate solution of what is called the Indian problem. It
+may be very difficult and require much patient effort to curb the unruly
+spirit of the savage Indian to the restraints of civilized life, but
+experience shows that it is not impossible. Many of the tribes which are
+now quiet and orderly and self-supporting were once as savage as any that
+at present roam over the plains or in the mountains of the far West, and
+were then considered inaccessible to civilizing influences. It may be
+impossible to raise them fully up to the level of the white population of
+the United States; but we should not forget that they are the aborigines of
+the country, and called the soil their own on which our people have grown
+rich, powerful, and happy. We owe it to them as a moral duty to help them
+in attaining at least that degree of civilization which they may be able to
+reach. It is not only our duty, it is also our interest to do so. Indians
+who have become agriculturists or herdsmen, and feel an interest in
+property, will thenceforth cease to be a warlike and disturbing element. It
+is also a well-authenticated fact that Indians are apt to be peaceable and
+quiet when their children are at school, and I am gratified to know, from
+the expressions of Indians themselves and from many concurring reports,
+that there is a steadily increasing desire, even among Indians belonging to
+comparatively wild tribes, to have their children educated. I invite
+attention to the reports of the Secretary of the Interior and the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs touching the experiment recently
+inaugurated, in taking fifty Indian children, boys and girls, from
+different tribes, to the Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute in Virginia,
+where they are to receive an elementary English education and training in
+agriculture and other useful works, to be returned to their tribes, after
+the completed course, as interpreters, instructors, and examples. It is
+reported that the officer charged with the selection of those children
+might have had thousands of young Indians sent with him had it been
+possible to make provision for them. I agree with the Secretary of the
+Interior in saying that "the result of this interesting experiment, if
+favorable, may be destined to become an important factor in the advancement
+of civilization among the Indians."
+
+The question whether a change in the control of the Indian service should
+be made was at the last session of Congress referred to a committee for
+inquiry and report. Without desiring to anticipate that report, I venture
+to express the hope that in the decision of so important a question the
+views expressed above may not be lost sight of, and that the decision,
+whatever it may be, will arrest further agitation of this subject, such
+agitation being apt to produce a disturbing effect upon the service, as
+well as on the Indians themselves.
+
+In the enrollment of the bill making appropriations for sundry civil
+expenses, at the last session of Congress, that portion which provided for
+the continuation of the Hot Springs Commission was omitted. As the
+commission had completed the work of taking testimony on the many
+conflicting claims, the suspension of their labors, before determining the
+rights of claimants, threatened for a time to embarrass the interests, not
+only of the Government, but also of a large number of the citizens of Hot
+Springs, who were waiting for final action on their claims before beginning
+contemplated improvements. In order to prevent serious difficulties, which
+were apprehended, and at the solicitation of many leading citizens of Hot
+Springs and others interested in the welfare of the town, the Secretary of
+the Interior was authorized to request the late commissioners to take
+charge of the records of their proceedings and to perform such work as
+could properly be done by them under such circumstances to facilitate the
+future adjudication of the claims at an early day and to preserve the
+status of the claimants until their rights should be finally determined.
+The late commissioners complied with that request, and report that the
+testimony in all the cases has been written out, examined, briefed, and so
+arranged as to facilitate an early settlement when authorized by law. It is
+recommended that the requisite authority be given at as early a day in the
+session as possible, and that a fair compensation be allowed the late
+commissioners for the expense incurred and the labor performed by them
+since the 25th of June last.
+
+I invite the attention of Congress to the recommendations made by the
+Secretary of the Interior with regard to the preservation of the timber on
+the public lands of the United States. The protection of the public
+property is one of the first duties of the Government. The Department of
+the Interior should therefore be enabled by sufficient appropriations to
+enforce the laws in that respect. But this matter appears still more
+important as a question of public economy. The rapid destruction of our
+forests is an evil fraught with the gravest consequences, especially in the
+mountainous districts, where the rocky slopes, once denuded of their trees,
+will remain so forever. There the injury, once done, can not be repaired. I
+fully concur with the Secretary of the Interior in the opinion that for
+this reason legislation touching the public timber in the mountainous
+States and Territories of the West should be especially well considered,
+and that existing laws in which the destruction of the forests is not
+sufficiently guarded against should be speedily modified. A general law
+concerning this important subject appears to me to be a matter of urgent
+public necessity.
+
+From the organization of the Government the importance of encouraging by
+all possible means the increase of our agricultural productions has been
+acknowledged and urged upon the attention of Congress and the people as the
+surest and readiest means of increasing our substantial and enduring
+prosperity.
+
+The words of Washington are as applicable to-day as when, in his eighth
+annual message, he said: It will not be doubted that, with reference either
+to individual or national welfare, agriculture is of primary importance. In
+proportion as nations advance in population and other circumstances of
+maturity this truth becomes more apparent, and renders the cultivation of
+the soil more and more an object of public patronage. Institutions for
+promoting it grow up, supported by the public purse; and to what object can
+it be dedicated with greater propriety? Among the means which have been
+employed to this end none have been attended with greater success than the
+establishment of boards (composed of proper characters) charged with
+collecting and diffusing information, and enabled by premiums and small
+pecuniary aids to encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and
+improvement. This species of establishment contributes doubly to the
+increase of improvement, by stimulating to enterprise and experiment, and
+by drawing to a common center the results everywhere of individual skill
+and observation and spreading them thence over the whole nation. Experience
+accordingly hath shewn that they are very cheap instruments of immense
+national benefits. The preponderance of the agricultural over any other
+interest in the United States entitles it to all the consideration claimed
+for it by Washington. About one-half of the population of the United States
+is engaged in agriculture. The value of the agricultural products of the
+United States for the year 1878 is estimated at $3,000,000,000. The exports
+of agricultural products for the year 1877, as appears from the report of
+the Bureau of Statistics, were $524,000,000. The great extent of our
+country, with its diversity of soil and climate, enables us to produce
+within our own borders and by our own labor not only the necessaries, but
+most of the luxuries, that are consumed in civilized countries. Yet,
+notwithstanding our advantages of soil, climate, and inter-communication,
+it appears from the statistical statements in the report of the
+Commissioner of Agriculture that we import annually from foreign lands many
+millions of dollars worth of agricultural products which could be raised in
+our own country.
+
+Numerous questions arise in the practice of advanced agriculture which can
+only be answered by experiments, often costly and sometimes fruitless,
+which are beyond the means of private individuals and are a just and proper
+charge on the whole nation for the benefit of the nation. It is good
+policy, especially in times of depression and uncertainty in other business
+pursuits, with a vast area of uncultivated, and hence unproductive,
+territory, wisely opened to homestead settlement, to encourage by every
+proper and legitimate means the occupation and tillage of the soil. The
+efforts of the Department of Agriculture to stimulate old and introduce new
+agricultural industries, to improve the quality and increase the quantity
+of our products, to determine the value of old or establish the importance
+of new methods of culture, are worthy of your careful and favorable
+consideration, and assistance by such appropriations of money and
+enlargement of facilities as may seem to be demanded by the present
+favorable conditions for the growth and rapid development of this important
+interest.
+
+The abuse of animals in transit is widely attracting public attention. A
+national convention of societies specially interested in the subject has
+recently met at Baltimore, and the facts developed, both in regard to
+cruelties to animals and the effect of such cruelties upon the public
+health, would seem to demand the careful consideration of Congress and the
+enactment of more efficient laws for the prevention of these abuses.
+
+The report of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Education shows very
+gratifying progress throughout the country in all the interests committed
+to the care of this important office. The report is especially encouraging
+with respect to the extension of the advantages of the common-school system
+in sections of the country where the general enjoyment of the privilege of
+free schools is not yet attained.
+
+To education more than to any other agency we are to look as the resource
+for the advancement of the people in the requisite knowledge and
+appreciation of their rights and responsibilities as citizens, and I desire
+to repeat the suggestion contained in my former message in behalf of the
+enactment of appropriate measures by Congress for the purpose of
+supplementing with national aid the local systems of education in the
+several States.
+
+Adequate accommodations for the great library, which is overgrowing the
+capacity of the rooms now occupied at the Capitol, should be provided
+without further delay. This invaluable collection of books, manuscripts,
+and illustrative art has grown to such proportions, in connection with the
+copyright system of the country, as to demand the prompt and careful
+attention of Congress to save it from injury in its present crowded and
+insufficient quarters. As this library is national in its character, and
+must from the nature of the case increase even more rapidly in the future
+than in the past, it can not be doubted that the people will sanction any
+wise expenditure to preserve it and to enlarge its usefulness.
+
+The appeal of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the means to
+organize, exhibit, and make available for the public benefit the articles
+now stored away belonging to the National Museum I heartily recommend to
+your favorable consideration.
+
+The attention of Congress is again invited to the condition of the river
+front of the city of Washington. It is a matter of vital importance to the
+health of the residents of the national capital, both temporary and
+permanent, that the lowlands in front of the city, now subject to tidal
+overflow, should be reclaimed. In their present condition these flats
+obstruct the drainage of the city and are a dangerous source of malarial
+poison. The reclamation will improve the navigation of the river by
+restricting, and consequently deepening, its channel, and is also of
+importance when considered in connection with the extension of the public
+ground and the enlargement of the park west and south of the Washington
+Monument. The report of the board of survey, heretofore ordered by act of
+Congress, on the improvement of the harbor of Washington and Georgetown, is
+respectfully commended to consideration.
+
+The report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia presents a
+detailed statement of the affairs of the District.
+
+The relative expenditures by the United States and the District for local
+purposes is contrasted, showing that the expenditures by the people of the
+District greatly exceed those of the General Government. The exhibit is
+made in connection with estimates for the requisite repair of the defective
+pavements and sewers of the city, which is a work of immediate necessity;
+and in the same connection a plan is presented for the permanent funding of
+the outstanding securities of the District.
+
+The benevolent, reformatory, and penal institutions of the District are all
+entitled to the favorable attention of Congress. The Reform School needs
+additional buildings and teachers. Appropriations which will place all of
+these institutions in a condition to become models of usefulness and
+beneficence will be regarded by the country as liberality wisely bestowed.
+
+The Commissioners, with evident justice, request attention to the
+discrimination made by Congress against the District in the donation of
+land for the support of the public schools, and ask that the same
+liberality that has been shown to the inhabitants of the various States and
+Territories of the United States may be extended to the District of
+Columbia.
+
+The Commissioners also invite attention to the damage inflicted upon public
+and private interests by the present location of the depots and switching
+tracks of the several railroads entering the city, and ask for legislation
+looking to their removal. The recommendations and suggestions contained in
+the report will, I trust, receive the careful consideration of Congress.
+
+Sufficient time has, perhaps, not elapsed since the reorganization of the
+government of the District under the recent legislation of Congress for the
+expression of a confident opinion as to its successful operation, but the
+practical results already attained are so satisfactory that the friends of
+the new government may well urge upon Congress the wisdom of its
+continuance, without essential modification, until by actual experience its
+advantages and defects may be more fully ascertained. R. B. HAYES
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Rutherford B. Hayes
+December 1, 1879
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+The members of the Forty-sixth Congress have assembled in their first
+regular session under circumstances calling for mutual congratulation and
+grateful acknowledgment to the Giver of All Good for the large and unusual
+measure of national prosperity which we now enjoy.
+
+The most interesting events which have occurred in our public affairs since
+my last annual message to Congress are connected with the financial
+operations of the Government, directly affecting the business interests of
+the country. I congratulate Congress on the successful execution of the
+resumption act. At the time fixed, and in the manner contemplated by law,
+United States notes began to be redeemed in coin. Since the 1st of January
+last they have been promptly redeemed on presentation, and in all business
+transactions, public and private, in all parts of the country, they are
+received and paid out as the equivalent of coin. The demand upon the
+Treasury for gold and silver in exchange for United States notes has been
+comparatively small, and the voluntary deposit of coin and bullion in
+exchange for notes has been very large. The excess of the precious metals
+deposited or exchanged for United States notes over the amount of United
+States notes redeemed is about $40,000,000.
+
+The resumption of specie payments has been followed by a very great revival
+of business. With a currency equivalent in value to the money of the
+commercial world, we are enabled to enter upon an equal competition with
+other nations in trade and production. The increasing foreign demand for
+our manufactures and agricultural products has caused a large balance of
+trade in our favor, which has been paid in gold, from the 1st of July last
+to November 15, to the amount of about $59,000,000. Since the resumption of
+specie payments there has also been a marked and gratifying improvement of
+the public credit. The bonds of the Government bearing only 4 per cent
+interest have been sold at or above par, sufficient in amount to pay off
+all of the national debt which was redeemable under present laws. The
+amount of interest saved annually by the process of refunding the debt
+since March 1, 1877, is $14,297,177. The bonds sold were largely in small
+sums, and the number of our citizens now holding the public securities is
+much greater than ever before. The amount of the national debt which
+matures within less than two years is $792,121,700, of which $500,000,000
+bear interest at the rate of 5 per cent, and the balance is in bonds
+bearing 6 per cent interest. It is believed that this part of the public
+debt can be refunded by the issue of 4 per cent bonds, and, by the
+reduction of interest which will thus be effected, about $11,000,000 can be
+annually saved to the Treasury. To secure this important reduction of
+interest to be paid by the United States further legislation is required,
+which it is hoped will be provided by Congress during its present session.
+
+The coinage of gold by the mints of the United States during the last
+fiscal year was $40,986,912. The coinage of silver dollars since the
+passage of the act for that purpose up to November 1, 1879, was
+$45,000,850, of which $12,700,344 have been issued from the Treasury and
+are now in circulation, and $32,300,506 are still in the possession of the
+Government.
+
+The pendency of the proposition for unity of action between the United
+States and the principal commercial nations of Europe to effect a permanent
+system for the equality of gold and silver in the recognized money of the
+world leads me to recommend that Congress refrain from new legislation on
+the general subject. The great revival of trade, internal and foreign, will
+supply during the coming year its own instructions, which may well be
+awaited before attempting further experimental measures with the coinage. I
+would, however, strongly urge upon Congress the importance of authorizing
+the Secretary of the Treasury to suspend the coinage of silver dollars upon
+the present legal ratio. The market value of the silver dollar being
+uniformly and largely less than the market value of the gold dollar, it is
+obviously impracticable to maintain them at par with each other if both are
+coined without limit. If the cheaper coin is forced into circulation, it
+will, if coined without limit, soon become the sole standard of value, and
+thus defeat the desired object, which is a currency of both gold and silver
+which shall be of equivalent value, dollar for dollar, with the universally
+recognized money of the world.
+
+The retirement from circulation of United States notes with the capacity of
+legal tender in private contracts is a step to be taken in our progress
+toward a safe and stable currency which should be accepted as the policy
+and duty of the Government and the interest and security of the people. It
+is my firm conviction that the issue of legal-tender paper money based
+wholly upon the authority and credit of the Government, except in extreme
+emergency, is without warrant in the Constitution and a violation of sound
+financial principles. The issue of United States notes during the late
+civil war with the capacity of legal tender between private individuals was
+not authorized except as a means of rescuing the country from imminent
+peril. The circulation of these notes as paper money for any protracted
+period of time after the accomplishment of this purpose was not
+contemplated by the framers of the law under which they were issued. They
+anticipated the redemption and withdrawal of these notes at the earliest
+practicable period consistent with the attainment of the object for which
+they were provided.
+
+The policy of the United States, steadily adhered to from the adoption of
+the Constitution, has been to avoid the creation of a national debt; and
+when, from necessity in time of war, debts have been created, they have
+been paid off, on the return of peace, as rapidly as possible. With this
+view, and for this purpose, it is recommended that the existing laws for
+the accumulation of a sinking fund sufficient to extinguish the public debt
+within a limited period be maintained. If any change of the objects or
+rates of taxation is deemed necessary by Congress, it is suggested that
+experience has shown that a duty can be placed on tea and coffee which will
+not enhance the price of those articles to the consumer, and which will add
+several millions of dollars annually to the Treasury.
+
+The continued deliberate violation by a large number of the prominent and
+influential citizens of the Territory of Utah of the laws of the United
+States for the prosecution and punishment of polygamy demands the attention
+of every department of the Government. This Territory has a population
+sufficient to entitle it to admission as a State, and the general interests
+of the nation, as well as the welfare of the citizens of the Territory,
+require its advance from the Territorial form of government to the
+responsibilities and privileges of a State. This important change will not,
+however, be approved by the country while the citizens of Utah in very
+considerable number uphold a practice which is condemned as a crime by the
+laws of all civilized communities throughout the world.
+
+The law for the suppression of this offense was enacted with great
+unanimity by Congress more than seventeen years ago, but has remained until
+recently a dead letter in the Territory of Utah, because of the peculiar
+difficulties attending its enforcement. The opinion widely prevailed among
+the citizens of Utah that the law was in contravention of the
+constitutional guaranty of religious freedom. This objection is now
+removed. The Supreme Court of the United States has decided the law to be
+within the legislative power of Congress and binding as a rule of action
+for all who reside within the Territories. There is no longer any reason
+for delay or hesitation in its enforcement. It should be firmly and
+effectively executed. If not sufficiently stringent in its provisions, it
+should be amended; and in aid of the purpose in view I recommend that more
+comprehensive and more searching methods for preventing as well as
+punishing this crime be provided. If necessary to secure obedience to the
+law, the enjoyment and exercise of the rights and privileges of citizenship
+in the Territories of the United States may be withheld or withdrawn from
+those who violate or oppose the enforcement of the law on this subject.
+
+The elections of the past year, though occupied only with State officers,
+have not failed to elicit in the political discussions which attended them
+all over the country new and decisive evidence of the deep interest which
+the great body of citizens take in the progress of the country toward a
+more general and complete establishment, at whatever cost, of universal
+security and freedom in the exercise of the elective franchise. While many
+topics of political concern demand great attention from our people, both in
+the sphere of national and State authority, I find no reason to qualify the
+opinion I expressed in my last annual message, that no temporary or
+administrative interests of government, however urgent or weighty, will
+ever displace the zeal of our people in defense of the primary rights of
+citizenship, and that the power of public opinion will override all
+political prejudices, and all sectional and State attachments in demanding
+that all over our wide territory the name and character of citizen of the
+United States shall mean one and the same thing and carry with them
+unchallenged security and respect. I earnestly appeal to the intelligence
+and patriotism of all good citizens of every part of the country, however
+much they maybe divided in opinions on other political subjects, to unite
+in compelling obedience to existing laws aimed at the protection of the
+right of suffrage. I respectfully urge upon Congress to supply any defects
+in these laws which experience has shown and which it is within its power
+to remedy. I again invoke the cooperation of the executive and legislative
+authorities of the States in this great purpose. I am fully convinced that
+if the public mind can be set at rest on this paramount question of popular
+rights no serious obstacle will thwart or delay the complete pacification
+of the country or retard the general diffusion of prosperity.
+
+In a former message I invited the attention of Congress to the subject of
+the reformation of the civil service of the Government, and expressed the
+intention of transmitting to Congress as early as practicable a report upon
+this subject by the chairman of the Civil Service Commission.
+
+In view of the facts that during a considerable period the Government of
+Great Britain has been dealing with administrative problems and abuses in
+various particulars analogous to those presented in this country, and that
+in recent years the measures adopted were understood to have been effective
+and in every respect highly satisfactory, I thought it desirable to have
+fuller information upon the subject, and accordingly requested the chairman
+of the Civil Service Commission to make a thorough investigation for this
+purpose. The result has been an elaborate and comprehensive report.
+
+The report sets forth the history of the partisan spoils system in Great
+Britain, and of the rise and fall of the parliamentary patronage, and of
+official interference with the freedom of elections. It shows that after
+long trials of various kinds of examinations those which are competitive
+and open on equal terms to all, and which are carried on under the
+superintendence of a single commission, have, with great advantage, been
+established as conditions of admission to almost every official place in
+the subordinate administration of that country and of British India. The
+completion of the report, owing to the extent of the labor involved in its
+preparation and the omission of Congress to make any provision either for
+the compensation or the expenses of the Commission, has been postponed
+until the present time. It is herewith transmitted to Congress.
+
+While the reform measures of another government are of no authority for us,
+they are entitled to influence to the extent to which their intrinsic
+wisdom and their adaptation to our institutions and social life may commend
+them to our consideration. The views I have heretofore expressed concerning
+the defects and abuses in our civil administration remain unchanged, except
+in so far as an enlarged experience has deepened my sense of the duty both
+of officers and of the people themselves to cooperate for their removal.
+The grave evils and perils of a partisan spoils system of appointment to
+office and of office tenure are now generally recognized. In the
+resolutions of the great parties, in the reports of Departments, in the
+debates and proceedings of Congress, in the messages of Executives, the
+gravity of these evils has been pointed out and the need of their reform
+has been admitted.
+
+To command the necessary support, every measure of reform must be based on
+common right and justice, and must be compatible with the healthy existence
+of great parties, which are inevitable and essential in a free state.
+
+When the people have approved a policy at a national election, confidence
+on the part of the officers they have selected and of the advisers who, in
+accordance with our political institutions, should be consulted in the
+policy which it is their duty to carry into effect is indispensable. It is
+eminently proper that they should explain it before the people, as well as
+illustrate its spirit in the performance of their official duties.
+
+Very different considerations apply to the greater number of those who fill
+the subordinate places in the civil service. Their responsibility is to
+their superiors in official position. It is their duty to obey the legal
+instructions of those upon whom that authority is devolved, and their best
+public service consists in the discharge of their functions irrespective of
+partisan politics. Their duties are the same whatever party is in power and
+whatever policy prevails. As a consequence it follows that their tenure of
+office should not depend on the prevalence of any policy or the supremacy
+of any party, but should be determined by their capacity to serve the
+people most usefully quite irrespective of partisan interests. The same
+considerations that should govern the tenure should also prevail in the
+appointment, discipline, and removal of these subordinates. The authority
+of appointment and removal is not a perquisite, which may be used to aid a
+friend or reward a partisan, but is a trust, to be exercised in the public
+interest under all the sanctions which attend the obligation to apply the
+public funds only for public purposes.
+
+Every citizen has an equal right to the honor and profit of entering the
+public service of his country. The only just ground of discrimination is
+the measure of character and capacity he has to make that service most
+useful to the people. Except in cases where, upon just and recognized
+principles--as upon the theory of pensions--offices and promotions are
+bestowed as rewards for past services, their bestowal upon any theory which
+disregards personal merit is an act of injustice to the citizen, as well as
+a breach of that trust subject to which the appointing power is held.
+
+In the light of these principles it becomes of great importance to provide
+just and adequate means, especially for every Department and large
+administrative office, where personal discrimination on the part of its
+head is not practicable, for ascertaining those qualifications to which
+appointments and removals should have reference. To fail to provide such
+means is not only to deny the opportunity of ascertaining the facts upon
+which the most righteous claim to office depends, but of necessity to
+discourage all worthy aspirants by handing over appointments and removals
+to mere influence and favoritism. If it is the right of the worthiest
+claimant to gain the appointment and the interest of the people to bestow
+it upon him, it would seem clear that a wise and just method of
+ascertaining personal fitness for office must be an important and permanent
+function of every just and wise government. It has long since become
+impossible in the great offices for those having the duty of nomination and
+appointment to personally examine into the individual qualifications of
+more than a small proportion of those seeking office, and with the
+enlargement of the civil service that proportion must continue to become
+less.
+
+In the earlier years of the Government the subordinate offices were so few
+in number that it was quite easy for those making appointments and
+promotions to personally ascertain the merits of candidates. Party managers
+and methods had not then become powerful agencies of coercion, hostile to
+the free and just exercise of the appointing power.
+
+A large and responsible part of the duty of restoring the civil service to
+the desired purity and efficiency rests upon the President, and it is my
+purpose to do what is within my power to advance such prudent and gradual
+measures of reform as will most surely and rapidly bring about that radical
+change of system essential to make our administrative methods satisfactory
+to a free and intelligent people. By a proper exercise of authority it is
+in the power of the Executive to do much to promote such a reform. But it
+can not be too clearly understood that nothing adequate can be accomplished
+without cooperation on the part of Congress and considerate and intelligent
+support among the people. Reforms which challenge the generally accepted
+theories of parties and demand changes in the methods of Departments are
+not the work of a day. Their permanent foundations must be laid in sound
+principles and in an experience which demonstrates their wisdom and exposes
+the errors of their adversaries. Every worthy officer desires to make his
+official action a gain and an honor to his country; but the people
+themselves, far more than their officers in public station, are interested
+in a pure, economical, and vigorous administration.
+
+By laws enacted in 1853 and 1855, and now in substance incorporated in the
+Revised Statutes, the practice of arbitrary appointments to the several
+subordinate grades in the great Departments was condemned, and examinations
+as to capacity, to be conducted by departmental boards of examiners, were
+provided for and made conditions of admission to the public service. These
+statutes are a decision by Congress that examinations of some sort as to
+attainments and capacity are essential to the well-being of the public
+service. The important questions since the enactment of these laws have
+been as to the character of these examinations, and whether official favor
+and partisan influence or common right and merit were to control the access
+to the examinations. In practice these examinations have not always been
+open to worthy persons generally who might wish to be examined. Official
+favoritism and partisan influence, as a rule, appear to have designated
+those who alone were permitted to go before the examining boards,
+subjecting even the examiners to a pressure from the friends of the
+candidates very difficult to resist. As a consequence the standard of
+admission fell below that which the public interest demanded. It was also
+almost inevitable that a system which provided for various separate boards
+of examiners, with no common supervision or uniform method of procedure,
+should result in confusion, inconsistency, and inadequate tests of
+capacity, highly detrimental to the public interest. A further and more
+radical change was obviously required.
+
+In the annual message of December, 1870, my predecessor declared that--
+There is no duty which so much embarrasses the Executive and heads of
+Departments as that of appointments, nor is there any such arduous and
+thankless labor imposed on Senators and Representatives as that of finding
+places for constituents. The present system does not secure the best men,
+and often not even fit men, for public place. The elevation and
+purification of the civil service of the Government will be hailed with
+approval by the whole people of the United States. Congress accordingly
+passed the act approved March 3, 1871, "to regulate the civil service of
+the United States and promote the efficiency thereof," giving the necessary
+authority to the Executive to inaugurate a civil-service reform.
+
+Acting under this statute, which was interpreted as intended to secure a
+system of just and effectual examinations under uniform supervision, a
+number of eminently competent persons were selected for the purpose, who
+entered with zeal upon the discharge of their duties, prepared with an
+intelligent appreciation of the requirements of the service the regulations
+contemplated, and took charge of the examinations, and who in their
+capacity as a board have been known as the "Civil Service Commission."
+Congress for two years appropriated the money needed for the compensation
+and for the expense of carrying on the work of the Commission.
+
+It appears from the report of the Commission submitted to the President in
+April, 1874, that examinations had been held in various sections of the
+country, and that an appropriation of about $25,000 would be required to
+meet the annual expenses, including salaries, involved in discharging the
+duties of the Commission. The report was transmitted to Congress by special
+message of April 18, 1874, with the following favorable comment upon the
+labors of the Commission: If sustained by Congress, I have no doubt the
+rules can, after the experience gained, be so improved and enforced as to
+still more materially benefit the public service and relieve the Executive,
+members of Congress, and the heads of Departments from influences
+prejudicial to good administration. The rules, as they have hitherto been
+enforced, have resulted beneficially, as is shown by the opinions of the
+members of the Cabinet and their subordinates in the Departments, and in
+that opinion I concur. And in the annual message of December of the same
+year similar views are expressed and an appropriation for continuing the
+work of the Commission again advised.
+
+The appropriation was not made, and as a consequence the active work of the
+Commission was suspended, leaving the Commission itself still in existence.
+Without the means, therefore, of causing qualifications to be tested in any
+systematic manner or of securing for the public service the advantages of
+competition upon any extensive plan, I recommended in my annual message of
+December, 1877, the making of an appropriation for the resumption of the
+work of the Commission.
+
+In the meantime, however, competitive examinations, under many
+embarrassments, have been conducted within limited spheres in the Executive
+Departments in Washington and in a number of the custom-houses and
+post-offices of the principal cities of the country, with a view to further
+test their effects, and in every instance they have been found to be as
+salutary as they are stated to have been under the Administration of my
+predecessor. I think the economy, purity, and efficiency of the public
+service would be greatly promoted by their systematic introduction,
+wherever practicable, throughout the entire civil service of the
+Government, together with ample provision for their general supervision in
+order to secure consistency and uniform justice.
+
+Reports from the Secretary of the Interior, from the Postmaster-General,
+from the postmaster in the city of New York, where such examinations have
+been some time on trial, and also from the collector of the port, the naval
+officer, and the surveyor in that city, and from the postmasters and
+collectors in several of the other large cities, show that the competitive
+system, where applied, has in various ways contributed to improve the
+public service.
+
+The reports show that the results have been salutary in a marked degree,
+and that the general application of similar rules can not fail to be of
+decided benefit to the service.
+
+The reports of the Government officers, in the city of New York especially,
+bear decided testimony to the utility of open competitive examinations in
+their respective offices, showing that-- These examinations and the
+excellent qualifications of those admitted to the service through them have
+had a marked incidental effect upon the persons previously in the service,
+and particularly upon those aspiring to promotion. There has been on the
+part of these latter an increased interest in the work and a desire to
+extend acquaintance with it beyond the particular desk occupied, and thus
+the morale of the entire force has been raised. The examinations have been
+attended by many citizens, who have had an opportunity to thoroughly
+investigate the scope and character of the tests and the method of
+determining the results, and those visitors have without exception approved
+the methods employed, and several of them have publicly attested their
+favorable opinion. Upon such considerations I deem it my duty to renew the
+recommendation contained in my annual message of December, 1877, requesting
+Congress to make the necessary appropriation for the resumption of the work
+of the Civil Service Commission. Economy will be promoted by authorizing a
+moderate compensation to persons in the public service who may perform
+extra labor upon or under the Commission, as the Executive may direct.
+
+I am convinced that if a just and adequate test of merit is enforced for
+admission to the public service and in making promotions such abuses as
+removals without good cause and partisan and official interference with the
+proper exercise of the appointing power will in large measure disappear.
+
+There are other administrative abuses to which the attention of Congress
+should be asked in this connection. Mere partisan appointments and the
+constant peril of removal without cause very naturally lead to an absorbing
+and mischievous political activity on the part of those thus appointed,
+which not only interferes with the due discharge of official duty, but is
+incompatible with the freedom of elections. Not without warrant in the
+views of several of my predecessors in the Presidential office, and
+directly within the law of 1871, already cited, I endeavored, by regulation
+made on the 22d day of June, 1877, to put some reasonable limits to such
+abuses. It may not be easy, and it may never perhaps be necessary, to
+define with precision the proper limit of political action on the part of
+Federal officers. But while their right to hold and freely express their
+opinions can not be questioned, it is very plain that they should neither
+be allowed to devote to other subjects the time needed for the proper
+discharge of their official duties nor to use the authority of their office
+to enforce their own opinions or to coerce the political action of those
+who hold different opinions.
+
+Reasons of justice and public policy quite analogous to those which forbid
+the use of official power for the oppression of the private citizen impose
+upon the Government the duty of protecting its officers and agents from
+arbitrary exactions. In whatever aspect considered, the practice of making
+levies for party purposes upon the salaries of officers is highly
+demoralizing to the public service and discreditable to the country. Though
+an officer should be as free as any other citizen to give his own money in
+aid of his opinions or his party, he should also be as free as any other
+citizen to refuse to make such gifts. If salaries are but a fair
+compensation for the time and labor of the officer, it is gross injustice
+to levy a tax upon them. If they are made excessive in order that they may
+bear the tax, the excess is an indirect robbery of the public funds.
+
+I recommend, therefore, such a revision and extension of present statutes
+as shall secure to those in every grade of official life or public
+employment the protection with which a great and enlightened nation should
+guard those who are faithful in its service.
+
+Our relations with foreign countries have continued peaceful.
+
+With Great Britain there are still unsettled questions, growing out of the
+local laws of the maritime provinces and the action of provincial
+authorities deemed to be in derogation of rights secured by treaty to
+American fishermen. The United States minister in London has been
+instructed to present a demand for $105,305.02 in view of the damages
+received by American citizens at Fortune Bay on the 6th day of January,
+1878. The subject has been taken into consideration by the British
+Government, and an early reply is anticipated.
+
+Upon the completion of the necessary preliminary examinations the subject
+of our participation in the provincial fisheries, as regulated by treaty,
+will at once be brought to the attention of the British Government, with a
+view to an early and permanent settlement of the whole question, which was
+only temporarily adjusted by the treaty of Washington.
+
+Efforts have been made to obtain the removal of restrictions found
+injurious to the exportation of cattle to the United Kingdom.
+
+Some correspondence has also occurred with regard to the rescue and saving
+of life and property upon the Lakes, which has resulted in important
+modifications of the previous regulations of the Dominion government on the
+subject in the interest of humanity and commerce.
+
+In accordance with the joint resolution of the last session of Congress,
+commissioners were appointed to represent the United States at the two
+international exhibitions in Australia, one of which is now in progress at
+Sydney, and the other to be held next year at Melbourne. A desire has been
+expressed by our merchants and manufacturers interested in the important
+and growing trade with Australia that an increased provision should be made
+by Congress for the representation of our industries at the Melbourne
+exhibition of next year, and the subject is respectfully submitted to your
+favorable consideration.
+
+The assent of the Government has been given to the landing on the coast of
+Massachusetts of a new and independent transatlantic cable between France,
+by way of the French island of St. Pierre, and this country, subject to any
+future legislation of Congress on the subject. The conditions imposed
+before allowing this connection with our shores to be established are such
+as to secure its competition with any existing or future lines of marine
+cable and preclude amalgamation therewith, to provide for entire equality
+of rights to our Government and people with those of France in the use of
+the cable, and prevent any exclusive possession of the privilege as
+accorded by France to the disadvantage of any future cable communication
+between France and the United States which may be projected and
+accomplished by our citizens. An important reduction of the present rates
+of cable communication with Europe, felt to be too burdensome to the
+interests of our commerce, must necessarily flow from the establishment of
+this competing line.
+
+The attention of Congress was drawn to the propriety of some general
+regulation by Congress of the whole subject of transmarine cables by my
+predecessor in his message of December 7, 1875, and I respectfully submit
+to your consideration the importance of Congressional action in the
+matter.
+
+The questions of grave importance with Spain growing out of the incidents
+of the Cuban insurrection have been for the most part happily and honorably
+settled. It may reasonably be anticipated that the commission now sitting
+in Washington for the decision of private cases in this connection will
+soon be able to bring its labors to a conclusion.
+
+The long-standing question of East Florida claims has lately been renewed
+as a subject of correspondence, and may possibly require Congressional
+action for its final disposition.
+
+A treaty with the Netherlands with respect to consular rights and
+privileges similar to those with other powers has been signed and ratified,
+and the ratifications were exchanged on the 31st of July last. Negotiations
+for extradition treaties with the Netherlands and with Denmark are now in
+progress.
+
+Some questions with Switzerland in regard to pauper and convict emigrants
+have arisen, but it is not doubted that they will be arranged upon a just
+and satisfactory basis. A question has also occurred with respect to an
+asserted claim by Swiss municipal authorities to exercise tutelage over
+persons and property of Swiss citizens naturalized in this country. It is
+possible this may require adjustment by treaty.
+
+With the German Empire frequent questions arise in connection with the
+Subjects of naturalization and expatriation, but the Imperial Government
+has constantly manifested a desire to strictly maintain and comply with all
+treaty stipulations in regard to them.
+
+In consequence of the omission of Congress to provide for a diplomatic
+representative at Athens, the legation to Greece has been withdrawn. There
+is now no channel of diplomatic communication between the two countries,
+and the expediency of providing for one in some form is submitted to
+Congress.
+
+Relations with Austria, Russia, Italy, Portugal, Turkey, and Belgium
+continue amicable, and marked by no incident of especial importance.
+
+A change of the personal head of the Government of Egypt has taken place.
+No change, however, has occurred in the relations between Egypt and the
+United States. The action of the Egyptian Government in presenting to the
+city of New York one of the ancient obelisks, which possess such historic
+interest, is highly appreciated as a generous mark of international regard.
+If prosperity should attend the enterprise of its transportation across the
+Atlantic, its erection in a conspicuous position in the chief commercial
+city of the nation will soon be accomplished.
+
+The treaty recently made between Japan and the United States in regard to
+the revision of former commercial treaties it is now believed will be
+followed by similar action on the part of other treaty powers. The
+attention of Congress is again invited to the subject of the indemnity
+funds received some years since from Japan and China, which, with their
+accumulated interest, now amount to considerable sums. If any part of these
+funds is justly due to American citizens, they should receive it promptly;
+and whatever may have been received by this Government in excess of
+strictly just demands should in some form be returned to the nations to
+whom it equitably belongs.
+
+The Government of China has signified its willingness to consider the
+question of the emigration of its subjects to the United States with a
+dispassionate fairness and to cooperate in such measures as may tend to
+prevent injurious consequences to the United States. The negotiations are
+still proceeding, and will be pressed with diligence.
+
+A question having arisen between China and Japan about the Lew Chew
+Islands, the United States Government has taken measures to inform those
+powers of its readiness to extend its good offices for the maintenance of
+peace if they shall mutually deem it desirable and find it practicable to
+avail themselves of the proffer.
+
+It is a gratification to be able to announce that, through the judicious
+and energetic action of the military commanders of the two nations on each
+side of the Rio Grande, under the instructions of their respective
+Governments, raids and depredations have greatly decreased, and in the
+localities where formerly most destructive have now almost wholly ceased.
+In view of this result, I entertain a confident expectation that the
+prevalence of quiet on the border will soon become so assured as to justify
+a modification of the present orders to our military commanders as to
+crossing the border, without encouraging such disturbances as would
+endanger the peace of the two countries.
+
+The third installment of the award against Mexico under the claims
+commission of July 4, 1868, was duly paid, and has been put in course of
+distribution in pursuance of the act of Congress providing for the same.
+This satisfactory situation between the two countries leads me to
+anticipate an expansion of our trade with Mexico and an increased
+contribution of capital and industry by our people to the development of
+the great resources of that country. I earnestly commend to the wisdom of
+Congress the provision of suitable legislation looking to this result.
+
+Diplomatic intercourse with Colombia is again fully restored by the arrival
+of a minister from that country to the United States. This is especially
+fortunate in view of the fact that the question of an inter-oceanic canal
+has recently assumed a new and important aspect and is now under discussion
+with the Central American countries through whose territory the canal, by
+the Nicaragua route, would have to pass. It is trusted that enlightened
+statesmanship on their part will see that the early prosecution of such a
+work will largely inure to the benefit, not only of their own citizens and
+those of the United States, but of the commerce of the civilized world. It
+is not doubted that should the work be undertaken under the protective
+auspices of the United States, and upon satisfactory concessions for the
+right of way and its security by the Central American Governments, the
+capital for its completion would be readily furnished from this country and
+Europe, which might, failing such guaranties, prove inaccessible.
+
+Diplomatic relations with Chile have also been strengthened by the
+reception of a minister from that country.
+
+The war between Peru, Bolivia, and Chile still continues. The United States
+have not deemed it proper to interpose in the matter further than to convey
+to all the Governments concerned the assurance that the friendly offices of
+the Government of the United States for the restoration of peace upon an
+honorable basis will be extended in case the belligerents shall exhibit a
+readiness to accept them.
+
+Cordial relations continue with Brazil and the Argentine Republic, and
+trade with those countries is improving. A provision for regular and more
+frequent mail communication, in our own ships, between the ports of this
+country and the nations of South America seems to me to deserve the
+attention of Congress as an essential precursor of an enlargement of our
+commerce with them and an extension of our carrying trade.
+
+A recent revolution in Venezuela has been followed by the establishment of
+a provisional government. This government has not yet been formally
+recognized, and it is deemed desirable to await the proposed action of the
+people which is expected to give it the sanction of constitutional forms.
+
+A naval vessel has been sent to the Samoan Islands to make surveys and take
+possession of the privileges ceded to the United States by Samoa in the
+harbor of Pago-Pago. A coaling station is to be established there, which
+will be convenient and useful to United States vessels.
+
+The subject of opening diplomatic relations with Roumania and Servia, now
+become independent sovereignties, is at present under consideration, and is
+the subject of diplomatic correspondence.
+
+There is a gratifying increase of trade with nearly all European and
+American countries, and it is believed that with judicious action in regard
+to its development it can and will be still more enhanced and that American
+products and manufactures will find new and expanding markets. The reports
+of diplomatic and consular officers upon this subject, under the system now
+adopted, have resulted in obtaining much valuable information, which has
+been and will continue to be laid before Congress and the public from time
+to time.
+
+The third article of the treaty with Russia of March 30, 1867, by which
+Alaska was ceded to the United States, provides that the inhabitants of the
+ceded territory, with the exception of the uncivilized native tribes, shall
+be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United
+States and shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their
+liberty, property, and religion. The uncivilized tribes are subject to such
+laws and regulations as the United States may from time to time adopt in
+regard to the aboriginal tribes of that country.
+
+Both the obligations of this treaty and the necessities of the people
+require that some organized form of government over the Territory of Alaska
+be adopted.
+
+There appears to be no law for the arrest of persons charged with
+common-law offenses, such as assault, robbery, and murder, and no
+magistrate authorized to issue or execute process in such cases. Serious
+difficulties have already arisen from offenses of this character, not only
+among the original inhabitants, but among citizens of the United States and
+other countries who have engaged in mining, fishing, and other business
+operations within the territory. A bill authorizing the appointment of
+justices of the peace and constables and the arrest and detention of
+persons charged with criminal offenses, and providing for an appeal to
+United States courts for the district of Oregon in suitable cases, will at
+a proper time be submitted to Congress.
+
+The attention of Congress is called to the annual report of the Secretary
+of the Treasury on the condition of the public finances.
+
+The ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year ended June 30,
+1879, were $273,827,184.46; the ordinary expenditures for the same period
+were $266,947,883.53, leaving a surplus revenue for the year of
+$6,879,300.93.
+
+The receipts for the present fiscal year, ending June 30, 1880, actual and
+estimated, are as follows: Actual receipts for the first quarter,
+commencing July 1, 1879, $79,843,663.61; estimated receipts for the
+remaining three quarters of the year, $208,156,336.39; total receipts for
+the current fiscal year, actual and estimated, $288,000,000.
+
+The expenditures for the same period will be, actual and estimated, as
+follows: For the quarter commencing July 1, 1879, actual expenditures,
+$91,683,385.10; and for the remaining three quarters of the year the
+expenditures are estimated at $172,316,614.90, making the total
+expenditures $264,000,000, and leaving an estimated surplus revenue for the
+year ending June 30, 1880, of $24,000,000. The total receipts during the
+next fiscal year, ending June 30, 1881, estimated according to existing
+laws, will be $288,000,000, and the estimated ordinary expenditures for the
+same period will be $278,097,364.39, leaving a surplus of $9,902,635.61 for
+that year.
+
+The large amount expended for arrears of pensions during the last and the
+present fiscal year, amounting to $21,747,249.60, has prevented the
+application of the full amount required by law to the sinking fund for the
+current year; but these arrears having been substantially paid, it is
+believed that the sinking fund can hereafter be maintained without any
+change of existing law.
+
+The Secretary of War reports that the War Department estimates for the
+fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, are $40,380,428.93, the same being for a
+less sum of money than any annual estimate rendered to Congress from that
+Department during a period of at least twelve years.
+
+He concurs with the General of the Army in recommending such legislation as
+will authorize the enlistment of the full number of 25,000 men for the line
+of the Army, exclusive of the 3,463 men required for detached duty, and
+therefore not available for service in the field.
+
+He also recommends that Congress be asked to provide by law for the
+disposition of a large number of abandoned military posts and reservations,
+which, though very valuable in themselves, have been rendered useless for
+military purposes by the advance of civilization and settlement.
+
+He unites with the Quartermaster-General in recommending that an
+appropriation be made for the construction of a cheap and perfectly
+fireproof building for the safe storage of a vast amount of money accounts,
+vouchers, claims, and other valuable records now in the
+Quartermaster-General's Office, and exposed to great risk of total
+destruction by fire.
+
+He also recommends, in conformity with the views of the
+Judge-Advocate-General, some declaratory legislation in reference to the
+military statute of limitations as applied to the crime of desertion. In
+these several recommendations I concur.
+
+The Secretary of War further reports that the work for the improvement of
+the South Pass of the Mississippi River, under contract with Mr. James B.
+Eads, made in pursuance of an act of Congress, has been prosecuted during
+the past year with a greater measure of success in the attainment of
+results than during any previous year. The channel through the South Pass,
+which at the beginning of operations in June, 1875, had a depth of only 7
+1/2 feet of water, had on the 8th of July, 1879, a minimum depth of 26
+feet, having a width of not less than 200 feet and a central depth of 30
+feet. Payments have been made in accordance with the statute, as the work
+progressed, amounting in the aggregate to $4,250,000; and further payments
+will become due, as provided by the statute, in the event of success in
+maintaining the channel now secured.
+
+The reports of the General of the Army and of his subordinates present a
+full and detailed account of the military operations for the suppression of
+hostilities among the Indians of the Ute and Apache tribes, and praise is
+justly awarded to the officers and troops engaged for promptness, skill,
+and courage displayed.
+
+The past year has been one of almost unbroken peace and quiet on the
+Mexican frontier, and there is reason to believe that the efforts of this
+Government and of Mexico to maintain order in that region will prove
+permanently successful.
+
+This Department was enabled during the past year to find temporary, though
+crowded, accommodations and a safe depository for a portion of its records
+in the completed east wing of the building designed for the State, War, and
+Navy Departments. The construction of the north wing of the building, a
+part of the structure intended for the use of the War Department, is being
+carried forward with all possible dispatch, and the work should receive
+from Congress such liberal appropriations as will secure its speedy
+completion.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows continued improvement in that
+branch of the service during the last fiscal year. Extensive repairs have
+been made upon vessels, and two new ships have been completed and made
+ready for sea.
+
+The total expenditures of the year ended June 30, 1879, including specific
+appropriations not estimated for by the Department, were $13,555,710.09.
+The expenses chargeable to the year, after deducting the amount of these
+specific appropriations, were $13,343,317.79; but this is subject to a
+reduction of $283,725.99, that amount having been drawn upon warrants, but
+not paid out during the year. The amount of appropriations applicable to
+the last fiscal year was $14,538,646.17. There was, therefore, a balance of
+$1,479,054.37 remaining unexpended and to the credit of the Department on
+June 30, 1879. The estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, are
+$14,864,147.95, which exceeds the appropriations for the present fiscal
+year $361,897.28. The reason for this increase is explained in the
+Secretary's report. The appropriations available for the present fiscal
+year are $14,502,250.67, which will, in the opinion of the Secretary,
+answer all the ordinary demands of the service. The amount drawn from the
+Treasury from July 1 to November 1, 1879 was $5,770,404.12, of which
+$1,095,440.33 has been refunded, leaving as the expenditure for that period
+$4,674,963.79. If the expenditures of the remaining two-thirds of the year
+do not exceed the proportion for these four months, there will remain
+unexpended at the end of the year $477,359.30 of the current
+appropriations. The report of the Secretary shows the gratifying fact that
+among all the disbursing officers of the Pay Corps of the Navy there is not
+one who is a defaulter to the extent of a single dollar. I unite with him
+in recommending the removal of the observatory to a more healthful
+location. That institution reflects credit upon the nation, and has
+obtained the approbation of scientific men in all parts of the world. Its
+removal from its present location would not only be conducive to the health
+of its officers and professors, but would greatly increase its usefulness.
+
+The appropriation for judicial expenses, which has heretofore been made for
+the Department of Justice in gross, was subdivided at the last session of
+Congress, and no appropriation whatever was made for the payment of the
+fees of marshals and their deputies, either in the service of process or
+for the discharge of other duties; and since June 30 these officers have
+continued the performance of their duties without compensation from the
+Government, taking upon themselves the necessary incidental outlays, as
+well as rendering their own services. In only a few unavoidable instances
+has the proper execution of the process of the United States failed by
+reason of the absence of the requisite appropriation. This course of
+official conduct on the part of these officers, highly creditable to their
+fidelity, was advised by the Attorney-General, who informed them, however,
+that they would necessarily have to rely for their compensation upon the
+prospect of future legislation by Congress. I therefore especially
+recommend that immediate appropriation be made by Congress for this
+purpose.
+
+The act making the principal appropriation for the Department of Justice at
+previous sessions has uniformly contained the following clause: And for
+defraying the expenses which my be incurred in the enforcement of the act
+approved February 28, 1871, entitled "An act to amend an act approved May
+31, 1870, entitled 'An act to enforce the rights of citizens of the United
+States to vote in the several States of this Union, and for other
+purposes,'" or any acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto. No
+appropriation was made for this purpose for the current year. As no general
+election for Members of Congress occurred, the omission was a matter of
+little practical importance. Such election will, however, take place during
+the ensuing year, and the appropriation made for the pay of marshals and
+deputies should be sufficient to embrace compensation for the services they
+may be required to perform at such elections.
+
+The business of the Supreme Court is at present largely in arrears. It can
+not be expected that more causes can be decided than are now disposed of in
+its annual session, or that by any assiduity the distinguished magistrates
+who compose the court can accomplish more than is now done. In the courts
+of many of the circuits also the business has increased to such an extent
+that the delay of justice will call the attention of Congress to an
+appropriate remedy. It is believed that all is done in each circuit which
+can fairly be expected from its judicial force. The evils arising from
+delay are less heavily felt by the United States than by private suitors,
+as its causes are advanced by the courts when it is seen that they involve
+the discussion of questions of a public character.
+
+The remedy suggested by the Attorney-General is the appointment of
+additional circuit judges and the creation of an intermediate court of
+errors and appeals, which shall relieve the Supreme Court of a part of its
+jurisdiction, while a larger force is also obtained for the performance of
+circuit duties.
+
+I commend this suggestion to the consideration of Congress. It would seem
+to afford a complete remedy, and would involve, if ten additional circuit
+judges are appointed, an expenditure, at the present rate of salaries, of
+not more than $60,000 a year, which would certainly be small in comparison
+with the objects to be attained.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General bears testimony to the general revival
+of business throughout the country. The receipts of the Post-Office
+Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1879, were $30,041,982.86,
+being $764,465.91 more than the revenues of the preceding year. The amount
+realized from the sale of postage stamps, stamped envelopes, and postal
+cards was $764,465.91 more than in the preceding year, and $2,387,559.23
+more than in 1877. The expenditures of the Department were $33,449,899.45,
+of which the sum of $376,461.63 was paid on liabilities incurred in
+preceding years.
+
+The expenditures during the year were $801,209.77 less than in the
+preceding year. This reduction is to be attributed mainly to the operation
+of the law passed June 17, 1878, changing the compensation of postmasters
+from a commission on the value of stamps sold to a commission on stamps
+canceled.
+
+The amount drawn from the Treasury on appropriations, in addition to the
+revenues of the Department, was $3,031,454.96, being $2,276,197.86 less
+than in the preceding year.
+
+The expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, are estimated at
+$39,920,900 and the receipts from all sources at $32,210,000, leaving a
+deficiency to be appropriated for out of the Treasury of $7,710,900.
+
+The relations of the Department with railroad companies have been
+harmonized, notwithstanding the general reduction by Congress of their
+compensation by the appropriation for special facilities, and the railway
+post-office lines have been greatly extended, especially in the Southern
+States. The interests of the Railway Mail Service and of the public would
+be greatly promoted and the expenditures could be more readily controlled
+by the classification of the employees of the Railway Mail Service as
+recommended by the Postmaster-General, the appropriation for salaries, with
+respect to which the maximum limit is already fixed by law, to be made in
+gross.
+
+The Postmaster-General recommends an amendment of the law regulating the
+increase of compensation for increased service and increased speed on star
+routes, so as to enable him to advertise for proposals for such increased
+service and speed. He also suggests the advantages to accrue to the
+commerce of the country from the enactment of a general law authorizing
+contracts with American-built steamers, carrying the American flag, for
+transporting the mail between ports of the United States and ports of the
+West Indies and South America, at a fixed maximum price per mile, the
+amount to be expended being regulated by annual appropriations, in like
+manner with the amount paid for the domestic star service.
+
+The arrangement made by the Postmaster-General and the Secretary of the
+Treasury for the collection of duty upon books received in the mail from
+foreign countries has proved so satisfactory in its practical operation
+that the recommendation is now made that Congress shall extend the
+provisions of the act of March 3, 1879, under which this arrangement was
+made, so as to apply to all other dutiable articles received in the mails
+from foreign countries.
+
+The reports of the Secretary of the Interior and of the Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, setting forth the present state of our relations with the
+Indian tribes on our territory, the measures taken to advance their
+civilization and prosperity, and the progress already achieved by them,
+will be found of more than ordinary interest. The general conduct of our
+Indian population has been so satisfactory that the occurrence of two
+disturbances, which resulted in bloodshed and destruction of property, is
+all the more to be lamented.
+
+The history of the outbreak on the White River Ute Reservation, in western
+Colorado, has become so familiar by elaborate reports in the public press
+that its remarkable incidents need not be stated here in detail. It is
+expected that the settlement of this difficulty will lead to such
+arrangements as will prevent further hostile contact between the Indians
+and the border settlements in western Colorado.
+
+The other disturbance occurred at the Mescalero Agency, in New Mexico,
+where Victoria, at the head of a small band of marauders, after committing
+many atrocities, being vigorously chased by a military force, made his way
+across the Mexican border and is now on foreign soil.
+
+While these occurrences, in which a comparatively small number of Indians
+were engaged, are most deplorable, a vast majority of our Indian population
+have fully justified the expectations of those who believe that by humane
+and peaceful influences the Indian can be led to abandon the habits of
+savage life and to develop a capacity for useful and civilized occupations.
+What they have already accomplished in the pursuit of agricultural and
+mechanical work, the remarkable success which has attended the experiment
+of employing as freighters a class of Indians hitherto counted among the
+wildest and most intractable, and the general and urgent desire expressed
+by them for the education of their children may be taken as sufficient
+proof that they will be found capable of accomplishing much more if they
+continue to be wisely and fairly guided. The "Indian policy" sketched in
+the report of the Secretary of the Interior, the object of which is to make
+liberal provision for the education of Indian youth, to settle the Indians
+upon farm lots in severalty, to give them title in fee to their farms,
+inalienable for a certain number of years, and when their wants are thus
+provided for to dispose by sale of the lands on their reservations not
+occupied and used by them, a fund to be formed out of the proceeds for the
+benefit of the Indians, which will gradually relieve the Government of the
+expenses now provided for by annual appropriations, must commend itself as
+just and beneficial to the Indians, and as also calculated to remove those
+obstructions which the existence of large reservations presents to the
+settlement and development of the country. I therefore earnestly recommend
+the enactment of a law enabling the Government to give Indians a title in
+fee, inalienable for twenty-five years, to the farm lands assigned to them
+by allotment. I also repeat the recommendation made in my first annual
+message, that a law be passed admitting Indians who can give satisfactory
+proof of having by their own labor supported their families for a number of
+years, and who are willing to detach themselves from their tribal
+relations, to the benefit of the homestead act, and to grant them patents
+containing the same provision of inalienability for a certain period.
+
+The experiment of sending a number of Indian children of both sexes to the
+Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, in Virginia, to receive an
+elementary English education and practical instruction in farming and other
+useful industries, has led to results so promising that it was thought
+expedient to turn over the cavalry barracks at Carlisle, in Pennsylvania,
+to the Interior Department for the establishment of an Indian school on a
+larger scale. This school has now 158 pupils, selected from various tribes,
+and is in full operation. Arrangements are also made for the education of a
+number of Indian boys and girls belonging to tribes on the Pacific Slope in
+a similar manner, at Forest Grove, in Oregon. These institutions will
+commend themselves to the liberality of Congress and to the philanthropic
+munificence of the American people.
+
+Last spring information was received of the organization of an extensive
+movement in the Western States, the object of which was the occupation by
+unauthorized persons of certain lands in the Indian Territory ceded by the
+Cherokees to the Government for the purpose of settlement by other Indian
+tribes.
+
+On the 26th of April I issued a proclamation warning all persons against
+participation in such an attempt, and by the cooperation of a military
+force the invasion was promptly checked. It is my purpose to protect the
+rights of the Indian inhabitants of that Territory to the full extent of
+the executive power; but it would be unwise to ignore the fact that a
+territory so large and so 'fertile, with a population so sparse and with so
+great a wealth of unused resources, will be found more exposed to the
+repetition of such attempts as happened this year when the surrounding
+States are more densely settled and the westward movement of our population
+looks still more eagerly for fresh lands to occupy. Under such
+circumstances the difficulty of maintaining the Indian Territory in its
+present state will greatly increase, and the Indian tribes inhabiting it
+would do well to prepare for such a contingency. I therefore fully approve
+of the advice given to them by the Secretary of the Interior on a recent
+occasion, to divide among themselves in severalty as large a quantity of
+their lands as they can cultivate; to acquire individual title in fee
+instead of their present tribal ownership in common, and to consider in
+what manner the balance of their lands may be disposed of by the Government
+for their benefit. By adopting such a policy they would more certainly
+secure for themselves the value of their possessions, and at the same time
+promote their progress in civilization and prosperity, than by endeavoring
+to perpetuate the present state of things in the Territory.
+
+The question whether a change in the control of the Indian service should
+be made was in the Forty-fifth Congress referred to a joint committee of
+both Houses for inquiry and report. In my last annual message I expressed
+the hope that the decision of that question, then in prospect, would
+"arrest further agitation of this subject, such agitation being apt to
+produce a disturbing effect upon the service as well as on the Indians
+themselves." Since then, the committee having reported, the question has
+been decided in the negative by a vote in the House of Representatives.
+
+For the reasons here stated, and in view of the fact that further
+uncertainty on this point will be calculated to obstruct other much-needed
+legislation, to weaken the discipline of the service, and to unsettle
+salutary measures now in progress for the government and improvement of the
+Indians, I respectfully recommend that the decision arrived at by Congress
+at its last session be permitted to stand.
+
+The efforts made by the Department of the Interior to arrest the
+depredations on the timber lands of the United States have been continued,
+and have met with considerable success. A large number of cases of trespass
+have been prosecuted in the courts of the United States; others have been
+settled, the trespassers offering to make payment to the Government for the
+value of the timber taken by them. The proceeds of these prosecutions and
+settlements turned into the Treasury far exceed in amount the sums
+appropriated by Congress for this purpose. A more important result,
+however, consists in the fact that the destruction of our public forests by
+depredation, although such cases still occur, has been greatly reduced in
+extent, and it is probable that if the present policy is vigorously pursued
+and sufficient provision to that end is made by Congress such trespasses,
+at least those on a large scale, can be entirely suppressed, except in the
+Territories, where timber for the daily requirements of the population can
+not, under the present state of the law, be otherwise obtained. I therefore
+earnestly invite the attention of Congress to the recommendation made by
+the Secretary of the Interior, that a law be enacted enabling the
+Government to sell timber from the public lands without conveying the fee,
+where such lands are principally valuable for the timber thereon, such
+sales to be so regulated as to conform to domestic wants and business
+requirements, while at the same time guarding against a sweeping
+destruction of the forests. The enactment of such a law appears to become a
+more pressing necessity every day.
+
+My recommendations in former messages are renewed in favor of enlarging the
+facilities of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture is the leading
+interest and the permanent industry of our people. It is to the abundance
+of agricultural production, as compared with our home consumption, and the
+largely increased and highly profitable market abroad which we have enjoyed
+in recent years, that we are mainly indebted for our present prosperity as
+a people. We must look for its continued maintenance to the same
+substantial resource. There is no branch of industry in which labor,
+directed by scientific knowledge, yields such increased production in
+comparison with unskilled labor, and no branch of the public service to
+which the encouragement of liberal appropriations can be more appropriately
+extended. The omission to render such aid is not a wise economy, but, on
+the contrary, undoubtedly results in losses of immense sums annually that
+might be saved through well-directed efforts by the Government to promote
+this vital interest.
+
+The results already accomplished with the very limited means heretofore
+placed at the command of the Department of Agriculture is an earnest of
+what may be expected with increased appropriations for the several purposes
+indicated in the report of the Commissioner, with a view to placing the
+Department upon a footing which will enable it to prosecute more
+effectively the objects for which it is established.
+
+Appropriations are needed for a more complete laboratory, for the
+establishment of a veterinary division and a division of forestry, and for
+an increase of force.
+
+The requirements for these and other purposes, indicated in the report of
+the Commissioner under the head of the immediate necessities of the
+Department, will not involve any expenditure of money that the country can
+not with propriety now undertake in the interests of agriculture.
+
+It is gratifying to learn from the Bureau of Education the extent to which
+educational privileges throughout the United States have been advanced
+during the year. No more fundamental responsibility rests upon Congress
+than that of devising appropriate measures of financial aid to education,
+supplemental to local action in the States and Territories and in the
+District of Columbia. The wise forethought of the founders of our
+Government has not only furnished the basis for the support of the
+common-school systems of the newer States, but laid the foundations for the
+maintenance of their universities and colleges of agriculture and the
+mechanic arts. Measures in accordance with this traditional policy, for the
+further benefit of all these interests and the extension of the same
+advantages to every portion of the country, it is hoped will receive your
+favorable consideration.
+
+To preserve and perpetuate the national literature should be among the
+foremost cares of the National Legislature. The library gathered at the
+Capitol still remains unprovided with any suitable accommodations for its
+rapidly increasing stores. The magnitude and importance of the collection,
+increased as it is by the deposits made under the law of copyright, by
+domestic and foreign exchanges, and by the scientific library of the
+Smithsonian Institution, call for building accommodations which shall be at
+once adequate and fireproof. The location of such a public building, which
+should provide for the pressing necessities of the present and for the vast
+increase of the nation's books in the future, is a matter which addresses
+itself to the discretion of Congress. It is earnestly recommended as a
+measure which should unite all suffrages and which should no longer be
+delayed.
+
+The joint commission created by the act of Congress of August 2, 1876, for
+the purpose of supervising and directing the completion of the Washington
+National Monument, of which commission the President is a member, has given
+careful attention to this subject, and already the strengthening of the
+foundation has so far progressed as to insure the entire success of this
+part of the work. A massive layer of masonry has been introduced below the
+original foundation, widening the base, increasing the stability of the
+structure, and rendering it possible to carry the shaft to completion. It
+is earnestly recommended that such further appropriations be made for the
+continued prosecution of the work as may be necessary for the completion of
+this national monument at an early day.
+
+In former messages, impressed with the importance of the subject, I have
+taken occasion to commend to Congress the adoption of a generous policy
+toward the District of Columbia. The report of the Commissioners of the
+District, herewith transmitted, contains suggestions and recommendations,
+to all of which I earnestly invite your careful attention. I ask your early
+and favorable consideration of the views which they express as to the
+urgent need of legislation for the reclamation of the marshes of the
+Potomac and its Eastern Branch within the limits of the city, and for the
+repair of the streets of the capital, heretofore laid with wooden blocks
+and now by decay rendered almost impassable and a source of imminent danger
+to the health of its citizens. The means at the disposal of the
+Commissioners are wholly inadequate for the accomplishment of these
+important works, and should be supplemented by timely appropriations from
+the Federal Treasury.
+
+The filling of the flats in front of the city will add to the adjacent
+lands and parks now owned by the United States a large and valuable domain,
+sufficient, it is thought, to reimburse its entire cost, and will also, as
+an incidental result, secure the permanent improvement of the river for the
+purposes of navigation.
+
+The Constitution having invested Congress with supreme and exclusive
+jurisdiction over the District of Columbia, its citizens must of necessity
+look to Congress alone for all needful legislation affecting their
+interests; and as the territory of this District is the common property of
+the people of the United States, who equally with its resident citizens are
+interested in the prosperity of their capital, I can not doubt that you
+will be amply sustained by the general voice of the country in any measures
+you may adopt for this purpose.
+
+I also invite the favorable consideration of Congress to the wants of the
+public schools of this District, as exhibited in the report of the
+Commissioners. While the number of pupils is rapidly increasing, no
+adequate provision exists for a corresponding increase of school
+accommodation, and the Commissioners are without the means to meet this
+urgent need. A number of the buildings now used for school purposes are
+rented, and are in important particulars unsuited for the purpose. The
+cause of popular education in the District of Columbia is surely entitled
+to the same consideration at the hands of the National Government as in the
+several States and Territories, to which munificent grants of the public
+lands have been made for the endowment of schools and universities.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Rutherford B. Hayes
+December 6, 1880
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+I congratulate you on the continued and increasing prosperity of our
+country. By the favor of Divine Providence we have been blessed during the
+past year with health, with abundant harvests, with profitable employment
+for all our people, and with contentment at home, and with peace and
+friendship with other nations. The occurrence of the twenty-fourth election
+of Chief Magistrate has afforded another opportunity to the people of the
+United States to exhibit to the world a significant example of the peaceful
+and safe transmission of the power and authority of government from the
+public servants whose terms of office are about to expire to their newly
+chosen successors. This example can not fail to impress profoundly
+thoughtful people of other countries with the advantages which republican
+institutions afford. The immediate, general, and cheerful acquiescence of
+all good citizens in the result of the election gives gratifying assurance
+to our country and to its friends throughout the world that a government
+based on the free consent of an intelligent and patriotic people possesses
+elements of strength, stability, and permanency not found in any other form
+of government.
+
+Continued opposition to the full and free enjoyment of the rights of
+citizenship conferred upon the colored people by the recent amendments to
+the Constitution still prevails in several of the late slaveholding States.
+It has, perhaps, not been manifested in the recent election to any large
+extent in acts of violence or intimidation. It has, however, by fraudulent
+practices in connection with the ballots, with the regulations as to the
+places and manner of voting, and with counting, returning, and canvassing
+the votes cast, been successful in defeating the exercise of the right
+preservative of all rights--the right of suffrage--which the Constitution
+expressly confers upon our enfranchised citizens.
+
+It is the desire of the good people of the whole country that sectionalism
+as a factor in our politics should disappear. They prefer that no section
+of the country should be united in solid opposition to any other section.
+The disposition to refuse a prompt and hearty obedience to the equal-rights
+amendments to the Constitution is all that now stands in the way of a
+complete obliteration of sectional lines in our political contests. As long
+as either of these amendments is flagrantly violated or disregarded, it is
+safe to assume that the people who placed them in the Constitution, as
+embodying the legitimate results of the war for the Union, and who believe
+them to be wise and necessary, will continue to act together and to insist
+that they shall be obeyed. The paramount question still is as to the
+enjoyment of the fight by every American citizen who has the requisite
+qualifications to freely cast his vote and to have it honestly counted.
+With this question rightly settled, the country will be relieved of the
+contentions of the past; bygones will indeed be bygones, and political and
+party issues, with respect to economy and efficiency of administration,
+internal improvements, the tariff, domestic taxation, education, finance,
+and other important subjects, will then receive their full share of
+attention; but resistance to and nullification of the results of the war
+will unite together in resolute purpose for their support all who maintain
+the authority of the Government and the perpetuity of the Union, and who
+adequately appreciate the value of the victory achieved. This determination
+proceeds from no hostile sentiment or feeling to any part of the people of
+our country or to any of their interests. The inviolability of the
+amendments rests upon the fundamental principle of our Government. They are
+the solemn expression of the will of the people of the United States.
+
+The sentiment that the constitutional rights of all our citizens must be
+maintained does not grow weaker. It will continue to control the Government
+of the country. Happily, the history of the late election shows that in
+many parts of the country where opposition to the fifteenth amendment has
+heretofore prevailed it is diminishing, and is likely to cease altogether
+if firm and well-considered action is taken by Congress. I trust the House
+of Representatives and the Senate, which have the right to judge of the
+elections, returns, and qualifications of their own members, will see to it
+that every case of violation of the letter or spirit of the fifteenth
+amendment is thoroughly investigated, and that no benefit from such
+violation shall accrue to any person or party. It will be the duty of the
+Executive, with sufficient appropriations for the purpose, to prosecute
+unsparingly all who have been engaged in depriving citizens of the rights
+guaranteed to them by the Constitution.
+
+It is not, however, to be forgotten that the best and surest guaranty of
+the primary rights of citizenship is to be found in that capacity for
+self-protection which can belong only to a people whose right to universal
+suffrage is supported by universal education. The means at the command of
+the local and State authorities are in many cases wholly inadequate to
+furnish free instruction to all who need it. This is especially true where
+before emancipation the education of the people was neglected or prevented,
+in the interest of slavery. Firmly convinced that the subject of popular
+education deserves the earnest attention of the people of the whole
+country, with a view to wise and comprehensive action by the Government of
+the United States, I respectfully recommend that Congress, by suitable
+legislation and with proper safeguards, supplement the local educational
+funds in the several States where the grave duties and responsibilities of
+citizenship have been devolved on uneducated people by devoting to the
+purpose grants of the public lands and, if necessary, by appropriations
+from the Treasury of the United States. Whatever Government can fairly do
+to promote free popular education ought to be done. Wherever general
+education is found, peace, virtue, and social order prevail and civil and
+religious liberty are secure.
+
+In my former annual messages I have asked the attention of Congress to the
+urgent necessity of a reformation of the civil-service system of the
+Government. My views concerning the dangers of patronage, or appointments
+for personal or partisan considerations, have been strengthened by my
+observation and experience in the Executive office, and I believe these
+dangers threaten the stability of the Government. Abuses so serious in
+their nature can not be permanently tolerated. They tend to become more
+alarming with the enlargement of administrative service, as the growth of
+the country in population increases the number of officers and placemen
+employed.
+
+The reasons are imperative for the adoption of fixed rules for the
+regulation of appointments, promotions, and removals, establishing a
+uniform method having exclusively in view in every instance the attainment
+of the best qualifications for the position in question. Such a method
+alone is consistent with the equal rights of all citizens and the most
+economical and efficient administration of the public business.
+
+Competitive examinations in aid of impartial appointments and promotions
+have been conducted for some years past in several of the Executive
+Departments, and by my direction this system has been adopted in the
+custom-houses and post-offices of the larger cities of the country. In the
+city of New York over 2,000 positions in the civil service have been
+subject in their appointments and tenure of place to the operation of
+published rules for this purpose during the past two years. The results of
+these practical trials have been very satisfactory, and have confirmed my
+opinion in favor of this system of selection. All are subjected to the same
+tests, and the result is free from prejudice by personal favor or partisan
+influence. It secures for the position applied for the best qualifications
+attainable among the competing applicants. It is an effectual protection
+from the pressure of importunity, which under any other course pursued
+largely exacts the time and attention of appointing officers, to their
+great detriment in the discharge of other official duties preventing the
+abuse of the service for the mere furtherance of private or party purposes,
+and leaving the employee of the Government, freed from the obligations
+imposed by patronage, to depend solely upon merit for retention and
+advancement, and with this constant incentive to exertion and improvement.
+
+These invaluable results have been attained in a high degree in the offices
+where the rules for appointment by competitive examination have been
+applied.
+
+A method which has so approved itself by experimental tests at points where
+such tests may be fairly considered conclusive should be extended to all
+subordinate positions under the Government. I believe that a strong and
+growing public sentiment demands immediate measures for securing and
+enforcing the highest possible efficiency in the civil service and its
+protection from recognized abuses, and that the experience referred to has
+demonstrated the feasibility of such measures.
+
+The examinations in the custom-houses and post-offices have been held under
+many embarrassments and without provision for compensation for the extra
+labor performed by the officers who have conducted them, and whose
+commendable interest in the improvement of the public service has induced
+this devotion of time and labor without pecuniary reward. A continuance of
+these labors gratuitously ought not to be expected, and without an
+appropriation by Congress for compensation it is not practicable to extend
+the system of examinations generally throughout the civil service. It is
+also highly important that all such examinations should be conducted upon a
+uniform system and under general supervision. Section 1753 of the Revised
+Statutes authorizes the President to prescribe the regulations for
+admission to the civil service of the United States, and for this purpose
+to employ suitable persons to conduct the requisite inquiries with
+reference to "the fitness of each candidate, in respect to age, health,
+character, knowledge, and ability for the branch of service into which he
+seeks to enter;" but the law is practically inoperative for want of the
+requisite appropriation.
+
+I therefore recommend an appropriation of $25,000 per annum to meet the
+expenses of a commission, to be appointed by the President in accordance
+with the terms of this section, whose duty it shall be to devise a just,
+uniform, and efficient system of competitive examinations and to supervise
+the application of the same throughout the entire civil service of the
+Government. I am persuaded that the facilities which such a commission will
+afford for testing the fitness of those who apply for office will not only
+be as welcome a relief to members of Congress as it will be to the
+President and heads of Departments, but that it will also greatly tend to
+remove the causes of embarrassment which now inevitably and constantly
+attend the conflicting claims of patronage between the legislative and
+executive departments. The most effectual check upon the pernicious
+competition of influence and official favoritism in the bestowal of office
+will be the substitution of an open competition of merit between the
+applicants, in which everyone can make his own record with the assurance
+that his success will depend upon this alone.
+
+I also recommend such legislation as, while leaving every officer as free
+as any other citizen to express his political opinions and to use his means
+for their advancement, shall also enable him to feel as safe as any private
+citizen in refusing all demands upon his salary for political purposes. A
+law which should thus guarantee true liberty and justice to all who are
+engaged in the public service, and likewise contain stringent provisions
+against the use of official authority to coerce the political action of
+private citizens or of official subordinates, is greatly to be desired.
+
+The most serious obstacle, however, to an improvement of the civil service,
+and especially to a reform in the method of appointment and removal, has
+been found to be the practice, under what is known as the spoils system, by
+which the appointing power has been so largely encroached upon by members
+of Congress. The first step in the reform of the civil service must be a
+complete divorce between Congress and the Executive in the matter of
+appointments. The corrupting doctrine that "to the victors belong the
+spoils" is inseparable from Congressional patronage as the established rule
+and practice of parties in power. It comes to be understood by applicants
+for office and by the people generally that Representatives and Senators
+are entitled to disburse the patronage of their respective districts and
+States. It is not necessary to recite at length the evils resulting from
+this invasion of the Executive functions. The true principles of Government
+on the subject of appointments to office, as stated in the national
+conventions of the leading parties of the country, have again and again
+been approved by the American people, and have not been called in question
+in any quarter. These authentic expressions of public opinion upon this
+all-important subject are the statement of principles that belong to the
+constitutional structure of the Government. Under the Constitution the
+President and heads of Departments are to make nominations for office. The
+Senate is to advise and consent to appointments, and the House of
+Representatives is to accuse and prosecute faithless officers. The best
+interest of the public service demands that these distinctions be
+respected; that Senators and Representatives, who may be judges and
+accusers, should not dictate appointments to office. To this end the
+cooperation of the legislative department. of the Government is required
+alike by the necessities of the case and by public opinion. Members of
+Congress will not be relieved from the demands made upon them with
+reference to appointments to office until by legislative enactment the
+pernicious practice is condemned and forbidden.
+
+It is therefore recommended that an act be passed defining the relations of
+members of Congress with respect to appointment to office by the President;
+and I also recommend that the provisions of section 1767 and of the
+sections following of the Revised Statutes, comprising the tenure-of-office
+act of March 2, 1867, be repealed.
+
+Believing that to reform the system and methods of the civil service in our
+country is one of the highest and most imperative duties of statesmanship,
+and that it can be permanently done only by the cooperation of the
+legislative and executive departments of the Government, I again commend
+the whole subject to your considerate attention.
+
+It is the recognized duty and purpose of the people of the United States to
+suppress polygamy where it now exists in our Territories and to prevent its
+extension. Faithful and zealous efforts have been made by the United States
+authorities in Utah to enforce the laws against it. Experience has shown
+that the legislation upon this subject, to be effective, requires extensive
+modification and amendment. The longer action is delayed the more difficult
+it will be to accomplish what is desired. Prompt and decided measures are
+necessary. The Mormon sectarian organization which upholds polygamy has the
+whole power of making and executing the local legislation of the Territory.
+By its control of the grand and petit juries it possesses large influence
+over the administration of justice. Exercising, as the heads of this sect
+do, the local political power of the Territory, they are able to make
+effective their hostility to the law of Congress on the subject of
+polygamy, and, in fact, do prevent its enforcement. Polygamy will not be
+abolished if the enforcement of the law depends on those who practice and
+uphold the crime. It can only be suppressed by taking away the political
+power of the sect which encourages and sustains it.
+
+The power of Congress to enact suitable laws to protect the Territories is
+ample. It is not a case for halfway measures. The political power of the
+Mormon sect is increasing. It controls now one of our wealthiest and most
+populous Territories. It is extending steadily into other Territories.
+Wherever it goes it establishes polygamy and sectarian political power. The
+sanctity of marriage and the family relation are the corner stone of our
+American society and civilization. Religious liberty and the separation of
+church and state are among the elementary ideas of free institutions. To
+reestablish the interests and principles which polygamy and Mormonism have
+imperiled, and to fully reopen to intelligent and virtuous immigrants of
+all creeds that part of our domain which has been in a great degree closed
+to general immigration by intolerant and immoral institutions, it is
+recommended that the government of the Territory of Utah be reorganized.
+
+I recommend that Congress provide for the government of Utah by a governor
+and judges, or commissioners, appointed by the President and confirmed by
+the Senate--a government analogous to the provisional government
+established for the territory northwest of the Ohio by the ordinance of
+1787. If, however, it is deemed best to continue the existing form of local
+government, I recommend that the right to vote, hold office, and sit on
+juries in the Territory of Utah be confined to those who neither practice
+nor uphold polygamy. If thorough measures are adopted, it is believed that
+within a few years the evils which now afflict Utah will be eradicated, and
+that this Territory will in good time become one of the most prosperous and
+attractive of the new States of the Union.
+
+Our relations with all foreign countries have been those of undisturbed
+peace, and have presented no occasion for concern as to their continued
+maintenance.
+
+My anticipation of an early reply from the British Government to the demand
+of indemnity to our fishermen for the injuries suffered by that industry at
+Fortune Bay in January, 1878, which I expressed in my last annual message,
+was disappointed. This answer was received only in the latter part of April
+in the present year, and when received exhibited a failure of accord
+between the two Governments as to the measure of the inshore fishing
+privilege secured to our fishermen by the treaty of Washington of so
+serious a character that I made it the subject of a communication to
+Congress, in which I recommended the adoption of the measures which seemed
+to me proper to be taken by this Government in maintenance of the rights
+accorded to our fishermen under the treaty and toward securing an indemnity
+for the injury these interests had suffered. A bill to carry out these
+recommendations was under consideration by the House of Representatives at
+the time of the adjournment of Congress in June last.
+
+Within a few weeks I have received a communication from Her Majesty's
+Government renewing the consideration of the subject, both of the indemnity
+for the injuries at Fortune Bay and of the interpretation of the treaty in
+which the previous correspondence had shown the two Governments to be at
+variance. Upon both these topics the disposition toward a friendly
+agreement is manifested by a recognition of our right to an indemnity for
+the transaction at Fortune Bay, leaving the measure of such indemnity to
+further conference, and by an assent to the view of this Government,
+presented in the previous correspondence, that the regulation of
+conflicting interests of the shore fishery of the provincial seacoasts and
+the vessel fishery of our fishermen should be made the subject of
+conference and concurrent arrangement between the two Governments.
+
+I sincerely hope that the basis may be found for a speedy adjustment of the
+very serious divergence of views in the interpretation of the fishery
+clauses of the treaty of Washington, which, as the correspondence between
+the two Governments stood at the close of the last session of Congress,
+seemed to be irreconcilable.
+
+In the important exhibition of arts and industries which was held last year
+at Sydney, New South Wales, as well as in that now in progress at
+Melbourne, the United States have been efficiently and honorably
+represented. The exhibitors from this country at the former place received
+a large number of awards in some of the most considerable departments, and
+the participation of the United States was recognized by a special mark of
+distinction. In the exhibition at Melbourne the share taken by our country
+is no less notable, and an equal degree of success is confidently
+expected.
+
+The state of peace and tranquillity now enjoyed by all the nations of the
+continent of Europe has its favorable influence upon our diplomatic and
+commercial relations with them. We have concluded and ratified a convention
+with the French Republic for the settlement of claims of the citizens of
+either country against the other. Under this convention a commission,
+presided over by a distinguished publicist, appointed in pursuance of the
+request of both nations by His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, has been
+organized and has begun its sessions in this city. A congress to consider
+means for the protection of industrial property has recently been in
+session in Paris, to which I have appointed the ministers of the United
+States in France and in Belgium as delegates. The International Commission
+upon Weights and Measures also continues its work in Paris. I invite your
+attention to the necessity of an appropriation to be made in time to enable
+this Government to comply with its obligations under the metrical
+convention.
+
+Our friendly relations with the German Empire continue without
+interruption. At the recent International Exhibition of Fish and Fisheries
+at Berlin the participation of the United States, notwithstanding the haste
+with which the commission was forced to make its preparations, was
+extremely successful and meritorious, winning for private exhibitors
+numerous awards of a high class and for the country at large the principal
+prize of honor offered by His Majesty the Emperor. The results of this
+great success can not but be advantageous to this important and growing
+industry. There have been some questions raised between the two Governments
+as to the proper effect and interpretation of our treaties of
+naturalization, but recent dispatches from our minister at Berlin show that
+favorable progress is making toward an understanding in accordance with the
+views of this Government, which makes and admits no distinction whatever
+between the rights of a native and a naturalized citizen of the United
+States. In practice the complaints of molestation suffered by naturalized
+citizens abroad have never been fewer than at present.
+
+There is nothing of importance to note in our unbroken friendly relations
+with the Governments of Austria-Hungary, Russia, Portugal, Sweden and
+Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, and Greece.
+
+During the last summer several vessels belonging to the merchant marine of
+this country, sailing in neutral waters of the West Indies, were fired at,
+boarded, and searched by an armed cruiser of the Spanish Government. The
+circumstances as reported involve not only a private injury to the persons
+concerned, but also seemed too little observant of the friendly relations
+existing for a century between this country and Spain. The wrong was
+brought to the attention of the Spanish Government in a serious protest and
+remonstrance, and the matter is undergoing investigation by the royal
+authorities with a view to such explanation or reparation as may be called
+for by the facts.
+
+The commission sitting in this city for the adjudication of claims of our
+citizens against the Government of Spain is, I hope, approaching the
+termination of its labors.
+
+The claims against the United States under the Florida treaty with Spain
+were submitted to Congress for its action at the late session, and I again
+invite your attention to this long-standing question, with a view to a
+final disposition of the matter.
+
+At the invitation of the Spanish Government, a conference has recently been
+held at the city of Madrid to consider the subject of protection by foreign
+powers of native Moors in the Empire of Morocco. The minister of the United
+States in Spain was directed to take part in the deliberations of this
+conference, the result of which is a convention signed on behalf of all the
+powers represented. The instrument will be laid before the Senate for its
+consideration. The Government of the United States has also lost no
+opportunity to urge upon that of the Emperor of Morocco the necessity, in
+accordance with the humane and enlightened spirit of the age, of putting an
+end to the persecutions, which have been so prevalent in that country, of
+persons of a faith. other than the Moslem, and especially of the Hebrew
+residents of Morocco.
+
+The consular treaty concluded with Belgium has not yet been officially
+promulgated, owing to the alteration of a word in the text by the Senate of
+the United States, which occasioned a delay, during which the time allowed
+for ratification expired. The Senate will be asked to extend the period for
+ratification.
+
+The attempt to negotiate a treaty of extradition with Denmark failed on
+account of the objection of the Danish Government to the usual clause
+providing that each nation should pay the expense of the arrest of the
+persons whose extradition it asks.
+
+The provision made by Congress at its last session for the expense of the
+commission which had been appointed to enter upon negotiations with the
+Imperial Government of China on subjects of great interest to the relations
+of the two countries enabled the commissioners to proceed at once upon
+their mission. The Imperial Government was prepared to give prompt and
+respectful attention to the matters brought under negotiation, and the
+conferences proceeded with such rapidity and success that on the 17th of
+November last two treaties were signed at Peking, one relating to the
+introduction of Chinese into this country and one relating to commerce. Mr.
+Trescot, one of the commissioners, is now on his way home bringing the
+treaties, and it is expected that they will be received in season to be
+laid before the Senate early in January.
+
+Our minister in Japan has negotiated a convention for the reciprocal relief
+of shipwrecked seamen. I take occasion to urge once more upon Congress the
+propriety of making provision for the erection of suitable fireproof
+buildings at the Japanese capital for the use of the American legation and
+the court-house and jail connected with it. The Japanese Government, with
+great generosity and courtesy, has offered for this purpose an eligible
+piece of land.
+
+In my last annual message I invited the attention of Congress to the
+subject of the indemnity funds received some years ago from China and
+Japan. I renew the recommendation then made that whatever portions of these
+funds are due to American citizens should be promptly paid and the residue
+returned to the nations, respectively, to which they justly and equitably
+belong.
+
+The extradition treaty with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Which has been
+for some time in course of negotiation, has during the past year been
+concluded and duly ratified.
+
+Relations of friendship and amity have been established between the
+Government of the United States and that of Roumania. We have sent a
+diplomatic representative to Bucharest, and have received at this capital
+the special envoy who has been charged by His Royal Highness Prince Charles
+to announce the independent sovereignty of Roumania. We hope for a speedy
+development of commercial relations between the two countries.
+
+In my last annual message I expressed the hope that the prevalence of quiet
+on the border between this country and Mexico would soon become so assured
+as to justify the modification of the orders then in force to our military
+commanders in regard to crossing the frontier, without encouraging such
+disturbances as would endanger the peace of the two countries. Events moved
+in accordance with these expectations, and the orders were accordingly
+withdrawn, to the entire satisfaction of our own citizens and the Mexican
+Government. Subsequently the peace of the border was again disturbed by a
+savage foray under the command of the Chief Victoria, but by the combined
+and harmonious action of the military forces of both countries his band has
+been broken up and substantially destroyed.
+
+There is reason to believe that the obstacles which have so long prevented
+rapid and convenient communication between the United States and Mexico by
+railways are on the point of disappearing, and that several important
+enterprises of this character will soon be set on foot, which can not fail
+to contribute largely to the prosperity of both countries.
+
+New envoys from Guatemala, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Nicaragua have
+recently arrived at this capital, whose distinction and enlightenment
+afford the best guaranty of the continuance of friendly relations between
+ourselves and these sister Republics.
+
+The relations between this Government and that of the United States of
+Colombia have engaged public attention during the past year, mainly by
+reason of the project of an interoceanic canal across the Isthmus of
+Panama, to be built by private capital under a concession from the
+Colombian Government for that purpose. The treaty obligations subsisting
+between the United States and Colombia, by which we guarantee the
+neutrality of the transit and the sovereignty and property of Colombia in
+the Isthmus, make it necessary that the conditions under which so
+stupendous a change in the region embraced in this guaranty should be
+effected--transforming, as it would, this Isthmus from a barrier between
+the Atlantic and Pacific oceans into a gateway and thoroughfare between
+them for the navies and the merchant ships of the world--should receive the
+approval of this Government, as being compatible with the discharge of
+these obligations on our part and consistent with our interests as the
+principal commercial power of the Western Hemisphere. The views which I
+expressed in a special message to Congress in March last in relation to
+this project I deem it my duty again to press upon your attention.
+Subsequent consideration has but confirmed the opinion "that it is the
+right and duty of the United States to assert and maintain such supervision
+and authority over any interoceanic canal across the isthmus that connects
+North and South America as will protect our national interest."
+
+The war between the Republic of Chile on the one hand and the allied
+Republics of Peru and Bolivia on the other still continues. This Government
+has not felt called upon to interfere in a contest that is within the
+belligerent rights of the parties as independent states. We have, however,
+always held ourselves in readiness to aid in accommodating their
+difference, and have at different times reminded beth belligerents of our
+willingness to render such service.
+
+Our good offices in this direction were recently accepted by all the
+belligerents, and it was hoped they would prove efficacious; but I regret
+to announce that the measures which the ministers of the United States at
+Santiago and Lima were authorized to take with the view to bring about a
+peace were not successful. In the course of the war some questions have
+arisen affecting neutral rights. In all of these the ministers of the
+United States have, under their instructions, acted with promptness and
+energy in protection of American interests.
+
+The relations of the United States with the Empire of Brazil continue to be
+most cordial, and their commercial intercourse steadily increases, to their
+mutual advantage.
+
+The internal disorders with which the Argentine Republic has for some time
+past been afflicted, and which have more or less influenced its external
+trade, are understood to have been brought to a close. This happy result
+may be expected to redound to the benefit of the foreign commerce of that
+Republic, as well as to the development of its vast interior resources.
+
+In Samoa the Government of King Malietoa, under the support and recognition
+of the consular representatives of the United States, Great Britain, and
+Germany, seems to have given peace and tranquillity to the islands. While
+it does not appear desirable to adopt as a whole the scheme of tripartite
+local government which has been proposed, the common interests of the three
+great treaty powers require harmony in their relations to the native frame
+of government, and this may be best secured by a simple diplomatic
+agreement between them. It would be well if the consular jurisdiction of
+our representative at Apia were increased in extent and importance so as to
+guard American interests in the surrounding and outlying islands of
+Oceanica.
+
+The obelisk generously presented by the Khedive of Egypt to the city of New
+York has safely arrived in this country, and will soon be erected in that
+metropolis. A commission for the liquidation of the Egyptian debt has
+lately concluded its work, and this Government, at the earnest solicitation
+of the Khedive, has acceded to the provisions adopted by it, which will be
+laid before Congress for its information. A commission for the revision of
+the judicial code of the reform tribunal of Egypt is now in session in
+Cairo. Mr. Farman, consul-general, and J. M. Batchelder, esq., have been
+appointed as commissioners to participate in this work. The organization of
+the reform tribunals will probably be continued for another period of five
+years.
+
+In pursuance of the act passed at the last session of Congress, invitations
+have been extended to foreign maritime states to join in a sanitary
+conference in Washington, beginning the 1st of January. The acceptance of
+this invitation by many prominent powers gives promise of success in this
+important measure, designed to establish a system of international
+notification by which the spread of infectious or epidemic diseases may be
+more effectively checked or prevented. The attention of Congress is invited
+to the necessary appropriations for carrying into effect the provisions of
+the act referred to.
+
+The efforts of the Department of State to enlarge the trade and commerce of
+the United States, through the active agency of consular officers and
+through the dissemination of information obtained from them, have been
+unrelaxed. The interest in these efforts, as developed in our commercial
+communities, and the value of the information secured by this means to the
+trade and manufactures of the country were recognized by Congress at its
+last session, and provision was made for the more frequent publication of
+consular and other reports by the Department of State. The first issue of
+this publication has now been prepared, and subsequent issues may regularly
+be expected. The importance and interest attached to the reports of
+consular officers are witnessed by the general demand for them by all
+classes of merchants and manufacturers engaged in our foreign trade. It is
+believed that the system of such publications is deserving of the approval
+of Congress, and that the necessary appropriations for its continuance and
+enlargement will commend itself to your consideration.
+
+The prosperous energies of our domestic industries and their immense
+production of the subjects of foreign commerce invite, and even require, an
+active development of the wishes and interests of our people in that
+direction. Especially important is it that our commercial relations with
+the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America, with the West Indies and
+the Gulf of Mexico, should be direct, and not through the circuit of
+European systems, and should be carried on in our own bottoms. The full
+appreciation of the opportunities which our front on the Pacific Ocean
+gives to commerce with Japan, China, and the East Indies, with Australia
+and the island groups which lie along these routes of navigation, should
+inspire equal efforts to appropriate to our own shipping and to administer
+by our own capital a due proportion of this trade. Whatever modifications
+of our regulations of trade and navigation may be necessary or useful to
+meet and direct these impulses to the enlargement of our exchanges and of
+our carrying trade I am sure the wisdom of Congress will be ready to
+supply. One initial measure, however, seems to me so dearly useful and
+efficient that I venture to press it upon your earnest attention. It seems
+to be very evident that the provision of regular steam postal communication
+by aid from government has been the forerunner of the commercial
+predominance of Great Britain on all these coasts and seas, a greater share
+in whose trade is now the desire and the intent of our people. It is also
+manifest that the efforts of other European nations to contend with Great
+Britain for a share of this commerce have been successful in proportion
+with their adoption of regular steam postal communication with the markets
+whose trade they sought. Mexico and the States of South America are anxious
+to receive such postal communication with this country and to aid in their
+development. Similar cooperation may be looked for in due time from the
+Eastern nations and from Australia. It is difficult to see how the lead in
+this movement can be expected from private interests. In respect of foreign
+commerce quite as much as in internal trade postal communication seems
+necessarily a matter of common and public administration, and thus
+pertaining to Government. I respectfully recommend to your prompt attention
+such just and efficient measures as may conduce to the development of our
+foreign commercial exchanges and the building up of our carrying trade.
+
+In this connection I desire also to suggest the very great service which
+might be expected in enlarging and facilitating our commerce on the Pacific
+Ocean were a transmarine cable laid from San Francisco to the Sandwich
+Islands, and thence to Japan at the north and Australia at the south. The
+great influence of such means of communication on these routes of
+navigation in developing and securing the due share of our Pacific Coast in
+the commerce of the world needs no illustration or enforcement. It may be
+that such an enterprise, useful, and in the end profitable, as it would
+prove to private investment, may need to be accelerated by prudent
+legislation by Congress in its aid, and I submit the matter to your careful
+consideration.
+
+An additional and not unimportant, although secondary, reason for fostering
+and enlarging the Navy may be found in the unquestionable service to the
+expansion of our commerce which would be rendered by the frequent
+circulation of naval ships in the seas and ports of all quarters of the
+globe. Ships of the proper construction and equipment to be of the greatest
+efficiency in case of maritime war might be made constant and active agents
+in time of peace in the advancement and protection of our foreign trade and
+in the nurture and discipline of young seamen, who would naturally in some
+numbers mix with and improve the crews of our merchant ships. Our merchants
+at home and abroad recognize the value to foreign commerce of an active
+movement of our naval vessels, and the intelligence and patriotic zeal of
+our naval officers in promoting every interest of their countrymen is a
+just subject of national pride.
+
+The condition of the financial affairs of the Government, as shown by the
+report of the Secretary of the Treasury, is very satisfactory. It is
+believed that the present financial situation of the United States, whether
+considered with respect to trade, currency, credit, growing wealth, or the
+extent and variety of our resources, is more favorable than that of any
+other country of our time, and has never been surpassed by that of any
+country at any period of its history. All our industries are thriving; the
+rate of interest is low; new railroads are being constructed; a vast
+immigration is increasing our population, capital, and labor; new
+enterprises in great number are in progress, and our commercial relations
+with other countries are improving.
+
+The ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year ended June 30,
+1880, were--
+
+From customs - $186,522,064.60
+
+From internal revenue - 124,009,373.92
+
+From sales of public lands - 1,016,506.60
+
+From tax on circulation and deposits of national banks - 7,014,971.44
+
+From repayment of interest by Pacific Railway companies - 1,707,367.18
+
+From sinking fund for Pacific Railway companies - 786,621.22
+
+From customs fees, fines, penalties, etc - 1,148,800.16
+
+From fees-consular, letters patent, and lands - 2,337,029.00
+
+From proceeds of sales of Government property - 282,616.50
+
+From profits on coinage, etc - 2,792,186.78
+
+From revenues of the District of Columbia - 1,809,469.70
+
+From miscellaneous sources - 4,099,603.88 -
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY RUTHERFORD B. HAYES ***
+
+This file should be named suhay10.txt or suhay10.zip
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, suhay11.txt
+VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, suhay10a.txt
+
+Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we usually do not
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance
+of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing.
+Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections,
+even years after the official publication date.
+
+Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til
+midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
+The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at
+Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.  A
+preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
+and editing by those who wish to do so.
+
+Most people start at our Web sites at:
+http://gutenberg.net or
+http://promo.net/pg
+
+These Web sites include award-winning information about Project
+Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new
+eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!).
+
+
+Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement
+can get to them as follows, and just download by date.  This is
+also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the
+indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an
+announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext04 or
+ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04
+
+Or /etext03, 02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90
+
+Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want,
+as it appears in our Newsletters.
+
+
+Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)
+
+We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work.  The
+time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours
+to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
+searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc.   Our
+projected audience is one hundred million readers.  If the value
+per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
+million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text
+files per month:  1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+
+We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002
+If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total
+will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end.
+
+The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks!
+This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
+which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users.
+
+Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated):
+
+eBooks Year Month
+
+    1  1971 July
+   10  1991 January
+  100  1994 January
+ 1000  1997 August
+ 1500  1998 October
+ 2000  1999 December
+ 2500  2000 December
+ 3000  2001 November
+ 4000  2001 October/November
+ 6000  2002 December*
+ 9000  2003 November*
+10000  2004 January*
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created
+to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people
+and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut,
+Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois,
+Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts,
+Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New
+Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
+Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South
+Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West
+Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
+
+We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones
+that have responded.
+
+As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list
+will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states.
+Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state.
+
+In answer to various questions we have received on this:
+
+We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally
+request donations in all 50 states.  If your state is not listed and
+you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have,
+just ask.
+
+While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are
+not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting
+donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to
+donate.
+
+International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about
+how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made
+deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are
+ways.
+
+Donations by check or money order may be sent to:
+
+Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+PMB 113
+1739 University Ave.
+Oxford, MS 38655-4109
+
+Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment
+method other than by check or money order.
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by
+the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN
+[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154.  Donations are
+tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law.  As fund-raising
+requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be
+made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+You can get up to date donation information online at:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.net/donation.html
+
+
+***
+
+If you can't reach Project Gutenberg,
+you can always email directly to:
+
+Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com>
+
+Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message.
+
+We would prefer to send you information by email.
+
+
+**The Legal Small Print**
+
+
+(Three Pages)
+
+***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START***
+Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers.
+They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
+your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from
+someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
+fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
+disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how
+you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to.
+
+*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK
+By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
+this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive
+a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by
+sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
+you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical
+medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.
+
+ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS
+This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks,
+is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart
+through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project").
+Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
+on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
+distribute it in the United States without permission and
+without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth
+below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook
+under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.
+
+Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market
+any commercial products without permission.
+
+To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable
+efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
+works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any
+medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other
+things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
+disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer
+codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
+But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
+[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may
+receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims
+all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
+legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
+UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
+OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of
+receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
+you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
+time to the person you received it from. If you received it
+on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
+such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
+copy. If you received it electronically, such person may
+choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
+receive it electronically.
+
+THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
+TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
+the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
+above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
+may have other legal rights.
+
+INDEMNITY
+You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation,
+and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated
+with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including
+legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
+following that you do or cause:  [1] distribution of this eBook,
+[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook,
+or [3] any Defect.
+
+DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
+You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by
+disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
+"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
+or:
+
+[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
+     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
+     eBook or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
+     if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable
+     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
+     including any form resulting from conversion by word
+     processing or hypertext software, but only so long as
+     *EITHER*:
+
+     [*]  The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
+          does *not* contain characters other than those
+          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
+          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
+          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
+          author, and additional characters may be used to
+          indicate hypertext links; OR
+
+     [*]  The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at
+          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
+          form by the program that displays the eBook (as is
+          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
+          OR
+
+     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
+          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
+          eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
+          or other equivalent proprietary form).
+
+[2]  Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this
+     "Small Print!" statement.
+
+[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the
+     gross profits you derive calculated using the method you
+     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
+     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
+     payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation"
+     the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were
+     legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent
+     periodic) tax return.  Please contact us beforehand to
+     let us know your plans and to work out the details.
+
+WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
+Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of
+public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
+in machine readable form.
+
+The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time,
+public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses.
+Money should be paid to the:
+"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or
+software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at:
+hart@pobox.com
+
+[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only
+when distributed free of all fees.  Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by
+Michael S. Hart.  Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be
+used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be
+they hardware or software or any other related product without
+express permission.]
+
+*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END*
diff --git a/old/suhay10.zip b/old/suhay10.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..262ff49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/suhay10.zip
diff --git a/old/suhay11.txt b/old/suhay11.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a85852e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/suhay11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3748 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses
+by Rutherford B. Hayes
+(#18 in our series of US Presidential State of the Union Addresses)
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
+this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
+
+This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project
+Gutenberg file.  Please do not remove it.  Do not change or edit the
+header without written permission.
+
+Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the
+eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file.  Included is
+important information about your specific rights and restrictions in
+how the file may be used.  You can also find out about how to make a
+donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.
+
+
+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
+
+**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
+
+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: State of the Union Addresses of Rutherford B. Hayes
+
+Author: Rutherford B. Hayes
+
+Release Date: February, 2004  [EBook #5027]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 11, 2002]
+[Date last updated: December 16, 2004]
+
+Edition: 11
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY RUTHERFORD B. HAYES ***
+
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by James Linden.
+
+The addresses are separated by three asterisks: ***
+
+Dates of addresses by Rutherford B. Hayes in this eBook:
+  December 3, 1877
+  December 2, 1878
+  December 1, 1879
+  December 6, 1880
+
+
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Rutherford B. Hayes
+December 3, 1877
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+With devout gratitude to the bountiful Giver of All Good, I congratulate
+you that at the beginning of your first regular session you find our
+country blessed with health and peace and abundant harvests, and with
+encouraging prospects of an early return of general prosperity.
+
+To complete and make permanent the pacification of the country continues to
+be, and until it is fully accomplished must remain, the most important of
+all our national interests. The earnest purpose of good citizens generally
+to unite their efforts in this endeavor is evident. It found decided
+expression in the resolutions announced in 1876 by the national conventions
+of the leading political parties of the country. There was a widespread
+apprehension that the momentous results in our progress as a nation marked
+by the recent amendments to the Constitution were in imminent jeopardy;
+that the good understanding which prompted their adoption, in the interest
+of a loyal devotion to the general welfare, might prove a barren truce, and
+that the two sections of the country, once engaged in civil strife, might
+be again almost as widely severed and disunited as they were when arrayed
+in arms against each other.
+
+The course to be pursued, which, in my judgment, seemed wisest in the
+presence of this emergency, was plainly indicated in my inaugural address.
+It pointed to the time, which all our people desire to see, when a genuine
+love of our whole country and of all that concerns its true welfare shall
+supplant the destructive forces of the mutual animosity of races and of
+sectional hostility. Opinions have differed widely as to the measures best
+calculated to secure this great end. This was to be expected. The measures
+adopted by the Administration have been subjected to severe and varied
+criticism. Any course whatever which might have been entered upon would
+certainly have encountered distrust and opposition. These measures were, in
+my judgment, such as were most in harmony with the Constitution and with
+the genius of our people, and best adapted, under all the circumstances, to
+attain the end in view. Beneficent results, already apparent, prove that
+these endeavors are not to be regarded as a mere experiment, and should
+sustain and encourage us in our efforts. Already, in the brief period which
+has elapsed, the immediate effectiveness, no less than the justice, of the
+course pursued is demonstrated, and I have an abiding faith that time will
+furnish its ample vindication in the minds of the great majority of my
+fellow-citizens. The discontinuance of the use of the Army for the purpose
+of upholding local governments in two States of the Union was no less a
+constitutional duty and requirement, under the circumstances existing at
+the time, than it was a much-needed measure for the restoration of local
+self-government and the promotion of national harmony. The withdrawal of
+the troops from such employment was effected deliberately, and with
+solicitous care for the peace and good order of society and the protection
+of the property and persons and every right of all classes of citizens.
+
+The results that have followed are indeed significant and encouraging. All
+apprehension of danger from remitting those States to local self-government
+is dispelled, and a most salutary change in the minds of the people has
+begun and is in progress in every part of that section of the country once
+the theater of unhappy civil strife, substituting for suspicion, distrust,
+and aversion, concord, friendship, and patriotic attachment to the Union.
+No unprejudiced mind will deny that the terrible and often fatal collisions
+which for several years have been of frequent occurrence and have agitated
+and alarmed the public mind have almost entirely ceased, and that a spirit
+of mutual forbearance and hearty national interest has succeeded. There has
+been a general reestablishment of order and of the orderly administration
+of justice. Instances of remaining lawlessness have become of rare
+occurrence; political turmoil and turbulence have disappeared; useful
+industries have been resumed; public credit in the Southern States has been
+greatly strengthened, and the encouraging benefits of a revival of commerce
+between the sections of the country lately embroiled in civil war are fully
+enjoyed. Such are some of the results already attained, upon which the
+country is to be congratulated. They are of such importance that we may
+with confidence patiently await the desired consummation that will surely
+come with the natural progress of events.
+
+It may not be improper here to say that it should be our fixed and
+unalterable determination to protect by all available and proper means
+under the Constitution and the laws the lately emancipated race in the
+enjoyment of their rights and privileges; and I urge upon those to whom
+heretofore the colored people have sustained the relation of bondmen the
+wisdom and justice of humane and liberal local legislation with respect to
+their education and general welfare. A firm adherence to the laws, both
+national and State, as to the civil and political rights of the colored
+people, now advanced to full and equal citizenship; the immediate
+repression and sure punishment by the national and local authorities,
+within their respective jurisdictions, of every instance of lawlessness and
+violence toward them, is required for the security alike of both races, and
+is justly demanded by the public opinion of the country and the age. In
+this way the restoration of harmony and good will and the complete
+protection of every citizen in the full enjoyment of every constitutional
+right will surely be attained. Whatever authority rests with me to this end
+I shall not hesitate to put forth.
+
+Whatever belongs to the power of Congress and the jurisdiction of the
+courts of the Union, they may confidently be relied upon to provide and
+perform; and to the legislatures, the courts, and the executive authorities
+of the several States I earnestly appeal to secure, by adequate,
+appropriate, and seasonable means, Within their borders, these common and
+uniform rights of a united people which loves liberty, abhors oppression,
+and reveres justice. These objects are very dear to my heart. I shall
+continue most earnestly to strive for their attainment. The cordial
+cooperation of all classes, of all sections of the country and of both
+races, is required for this purpose; and with these blessings assured, and
+not otherwise, we may safely hope to hand down our free institutions of
+government unimpaired to the generations that will succeed us.
+
+Among the other subjects of great and general importance to the people of
+this country, I can not be mistaken, I think, in regarding as preeminent
+the policy and measures which are designed to secure the restoration of the
+currency to that normal and healthful condition in which, by the resumption
+of specie payments, our internal trade and foreign commerce may be brought
+into harmony with the system of exchanges which is based upon the precious
+metals as the intrinsic money of the world. In the public judgment that
+this end should be sought and compassed as speedily and securely as the
+resources of the people and the wisdom of their Government can accomplish,
+there is a much greater degree of unanimity than is found to concur in the
+specific measures which will bring the country to this desired end or the
+rapidity of the steps by which it can be safely reached.
+
+Upon a most anxious and deliberate examination, which I have felt it my
+duty to give to the subject, I am but the more confirmed in the opinion
+which I expressed in accepting the nomination for the Presidency, and again
+upon my inauguration, that the policy of resumption should be pursued by
+every suitable means, and that no legislation would be wise that should
+disparage the importance or retard the attainment of that result. I have no
+disposition, and certainly no right, to question the sincerity or the
+intelligence of opposing opinions, and would neither conceal nor undervalue
+the considerable difficulties, and even occasional distresses, which may
+attend the progress of the nation toward this primary condition to its
+general and permanent prosperity. I must, however, adhere to my most
+earnest conviction that any wavering in purpose or unsteadiness in methods,
+so far from avoiding or reducing the inconvenience inseparable from the
+transition from an irredeemable to a redeemable paper currency, would only
+tend to increased and prolonged disturbance in values, and unless retrieved
+must end in serious disorder, dishonor, and disaster in the financial
+affairs of the Government and of the people.
+
+The mischiefs which I apprehend and urgently deprecate are confined to no
+class of the people, indeed, but seem to me most certainly to threaten the
+industrious masses, whether their occupations are of skilled or common
+labor. To them, it seems to me, it is of prime importance that their labor
+should be compensated in money which is itself fixed in exchangeable value
+by being irrevocably measured by the labor necessary to its production.
+This permanent quality of the money of the people is sought for, and can
+only be gained by the resumption of specie payments. The rich, the
+speculative, the operating, the money-dealing classes may not always feel
+the mischiefs of, or may find casual profits in, a variable currency, but
+the misfortunes of such a currency to those who are paid salaries or wages
+are inevitable and remediless.
+
+Closely connected with this general subject of the resumption of specie
+payments is one of subordinate, but still of grave, importance; I mean the
+readjustment of our coinage system by the renewal of the silver dollar as
+an element in our specie currency, endowed by legislation with the quality
+of legal tender to a greater or less extent.
+
+As there is no doubt of the power of Congress under the Constitution "to
+coin money and regulate the value thereof," and as this power covers the
+whole range of authority applicable to the metal, the rated value and the
+legal-tender quality which shall be adopted for the coinage, the
+considerations which should induce or discourage a particular measure
+connected with the coinage, belong clearly to the province of legislative
+discretion and of public expediency. Without intruding upon this province
+of legislation in the least, I have yet thought the subject of such
+critical importance, in the actual condition of our affairs, as to present
+an occasion for the exercise of the duty imposed by the Constitution on the
+President of recommending to the consideration of Congress "such measures
+as he shall judge necessary and expedient."
+
+Holding the opinion, as I do, that neither the interests of the Government
+nor of the people of the United States would be promoted by disparaging
+silver as one of the two precious metals which furnish the coinage of the
+world, and that legislation which looks to maintaining the volume of
+intrinsic money to as full a measure of both metals as their relative
+commercial values will permit would be neither unjust nor inexpedient, I
+must ask your indulgence to a brief and definite statement of certain
+essential features in any such legislative measure which I feel it my duty
+to recommend.
+
+I do not propose to enter the debate, represented on both sides by such
+able disputants in Congress and before the people and in the press, as to
+the extent to which the legislation of any one nation can control this
+question, even within its own borders, against the unwritten laws of trade
+or the positive laws of other governments. The wisdom of Congress in
+shaping any particular law that may be presented for my approval may wholly
+supersede the necessity of my entering into these considerations, and I
+willingly avoid either vague or intricate inquiries. It is only certain
+plain and practical traits of such legislation that I desire to recommend
+to your attention.
+
+In any legislation providing for a silver coinage, regulating its value,
+and imparting to it the quality of legal tender, it seems to me of great
+importance that Congress should not lose sight of its action as operating
+in a twofold capacity and in two distinct directions. If the United States
+Government were free from a public debt, its legislative dealing with the
+question of silver coinage would be purely sovereign and governmental,
+under no restraints but those of constitutional power and the public good
+as affected by the proposed legislation. But in the actual circumstances of
+the nation, with a vast public debt distributed very widely among our own
+citizens and held in great amounts also abroad, the nature of the
+silver-coinage measure, as affecting this relation of the Government to the
+holders of the public debt, becomes an element, in any proposed
+legislation, of the highest concern. The obligation of the public faith
+transcends all questions of profit or public advantage otherwise. Its
+unquestionable maintenance is the dictate as well of the highest expediency
+as of the most necessary duty, and will ever be carefully guarded by
+Congress and people alike.
+
+The public debt of the United States to the amount of $729,000,000 bears
+interest at the rate of 6 per cent, and $708,000,000 at the rate of 5 per
+cent, and the only way in which the country can be relieved from the
+payment of these high rates of interest is by advantageously refunding the
+indebtedness. Whether the debt is ultimately paid in gold or in silver coin
+is of but little moment compared with the possible reduction of interest
+one-third by refunding it at such reduced rate. If the United States had
+the unquestioned right to pay its bonds in silver coin, the little benefit
+from that process would be greatly overbalanced by the injurious effect of
+such payment if made or proposed against the honest convictions of the
+public creditors.
+
+All the bonds that have been issued since February 12, 1873, when gold
+became the only unlimited legal-tender metallic currency of the country,
+are justly payable in gold coin or in coin of equal value. During the time
+of these issues the only dollar that could be or was received by the
+Government in exchange for bonds was the gold dollar. To require the public
+creditors to take in repayment any dollar of less commercial value would be
+regarded by them as a repudiation of the full obligation assumed. The bonds
+issued prior to 1873 were issued at a time when the gold dollar was the
+only coin in circulation or contemplated by either the Government or the
+holders of the bonds as the coin in which they were to be paid. It is far
+better to pay these bonds in that coin than to seem to take advantage of
+the unforeseen fall in silver bullion to pay in a new issue of silver coin
+thus made so much less valuable. The power of the United States to coin
+money and to regulate the value thereof ought never to be exercised for the
+purpose of enabling the Government to pay its obligations in a coin of less
+value than that contemplated by the parties when the bonds were issued. Any
+attempt to pay the national indebtedness in a coinage of less commercial
+value than the money of the world would involve a violation of the public
+faith and work irreparable injury to the public credit.
+
+It was the great merit of the act of March, 1869, in strengthening the
+public credit, that it removed all doubt as to the purpose of the United
+States to pay their bonded debt in coin. That act was accepted as a pledge
+of public faith. The Government has derived great benefit from it in the
+progress thus far made in refunding the public debt at low rates of
+interest. An adherence to the wise and just policy of an exact observance
+of the public faith will enable the Government rapidly to reduce the burden
+of interest on the national debt to an amount exceeding $20,000,000 per
+annum, and effect an aggregate saving to the United States of more than
+$300,000,000 before the bonds can be fully paid.
+
+In adapting the new silver coinage to the ordinary uses of currency in the
+everyday transactions of life and prescribing the quality of legal tender
+to be assigned to it, a consideration of the first importance should be so
+to adjust the ratio between the silver and the gold coinage, which now
+constitutes our specie currency, as to accomplish the desired end of
+maintaining the circulation of the two metallic currencies and keeping up
+the volume of the two precious metals as our intrinsic money. It is a mixed
+question, for scientific reasoning and historical experience to determine,
+how far and by what methods a practical equilibrium can be maintained which
+will keep both metals in circulation in their appropriate spheres of common
+use.
+
+An absolute equality of commercial value, free from disturbing
+fluctuations, is hardly attainable, and without it an unlimited legal
+tender for private transactions assigned to both metals would irresistibly
+tend to drive out of circulation the clearer coinage and disappoint the
+principal object proposed by the legislation in view. I apprehend,
+therefore, that the two conditions of a near approach to equality of
+commercial value between the gold and silver coinage of the same
+denomination and of a limitation of the amounts for which the silver
+coinage is to be a legal tender are essential to maintaining both in
+circulation. If these conditions can be successfully observed, the issue
+from the mint of silver dollars would afford material assistance to the
+community in the transition to redeemable paper money, and would facilitate
+the resumption of specie payment and its permanent establishment. Without
+these conditions I fear that only mischief and misfortune would flow from a
+coinage of silver dollars with the quality of unlimited legal tender, even
+in private transactions.
+
+Any expectation of temporary ease from an issue of silver coinage to pass
+as a legal tender at a rate materially above its commercial value is, I am
+persuaded, a delusion. Nor can I think that there is any substantial
+distinction between an original issue of silver dollars at a nominal value
+materially above their commercial value and the restoration of the silver
+dollar at a rate which once was, but has ceased to be, its commercial
+value. Certainly the issue of our gold coinage, reduced in weight
+materially below its legal-tender value, would not be any the less a
+present debasement of the coinage by reason of its equaling, or even
+exceeding, in weight a gold coinage which at some past time had been
+commercially equal to the legal-tender value assigned to the new issue.
+
+In recommending that the regulation of any silver coinage which may be
+authorized by Congress should observe these conditions of commercial value
+and limited legal tender, I am governed by the feeling that every possible
+increase should be given to the volume of metallic money which can be kept
+in circulation, and thereby every possible aid afforded to the people in
+the process of resuming specie payments. It is because of my firm
+conviction that a disregard of these conditions would frustrate the good
+results which are desired from the proposed coinage, and embarrass with new
+elements of confusion and uncertainty the business of the country, that I
+urge upon your attention these considerations.
+
+I respectfully recommend to Congress that in any legislation providing for
+a silver coinage and imparting to it the quality of legal tender there be
+impressed upon the measure a firm provision exempting the public debt
+heretofore issued and now outstanding from payment, either of principal or
+interest, in any coinage of less commercial value than the present gold
+coinage of the country.
+
+The organization of the civil service of the country has for a number of
+years attracted more and more of the public attention. So general has
+become the opinion that the methods of admission to it and the conditions
+of remaining in it are unsound that both the great political parties have
+agreed in the most explicit declarations of the necessity of reform and in
+the most emphatic demands for it. I have fully believed these declarations
+and demands to be the expression of a sincere conviction of the intelligent
+masses of the people upon the subject, and that they should be recognized
+and followed by earnest and prompt action on the part of the legislative
+and executive departments of the Government, in pursuance of the purpose
+indicated.
+
+Before my accession to office I endeavored to have my own views distinctly
+understood, and upon my inauguration my accord with the public opinion was
+stated in terms believed to be plain and unambiguous. My experience in the
+executive duties has strongly confirmed the belief in the great advantage
+the country would find in observing strictly the plan of the Constitution,
+which imposes upon the Executive the sole duty and responsibility of the
+selection of those Federal officers who by law are appointed, not elected,
+and which in like manner assigns to the Senate the complete right to advise
+and consent to or to reject the nominations so made, whilst the House of
+Representatives stands as the public censor of the performance of official
+duties, with the prerogative of investigation and prosecution in all cases
+of dereliction. The blemishes and imperfections in the civil service may,
+as I think, be traced in most cases to a practical confusion of the duties
+assigned to the several Departments of the Government. My purpose in this
+respect has been to return to the system established by the fundamental
+law, and to do this with the heartiest cooperation and most cordial
+understanding with the Senate and House of Representatives.
+
+The practical difficulties in the selection of numerous officers for posts
+of widely varying responsibilities and duties are acknowledged to be very
+great. No system can be expected to secure absolute freedom from mistakes,
+and the beginning of any attempted change of custom is quite likely to be
+more embarrassed in this respect than any subsequent period. It is here
+that the Constitution seems to me to prove its claim to the great wisdom
+accorded to it. It gives to the Executive the assistance of the knowledge
+and experience of the Senate, which, when acting upon nominations as to
+which they may be disinterested and impartial judges, secures as strong a
+guaranty of freedom from errors of importance as is perhaps possible in
+human affairs.
+
+In addition to this, I recognize the public advantage of making all
+nominations, as nearly as possible, impersonal, in the sense of being free
+from mere caprice or favor in the selection; and in those offices in which
+special training is of greatly increased value I believe such a rule as to
+the tenure of office should obtain as may induce men of proper
+qualifications to apply themselves industriously to the task of becoming
+proficients. Bearing these things in mind, I have endeavored to reduce the
+number of changes in subordinate places usually made upon the change of the
+general administration, and shall most heartily cooperate with Congress in
+the better systematizing of such methods and rules of admission to the
+public service and of promotion within it as, may promise to be most
+successful in making thorough competency, efficiency, and character the
+decisive tests in these matters.
+
+I ask the renewed attention of Congress to what has already been done by
+the Civil Service Commission, appointed, in pursuance of an act of
+Congress, by my predecessor, to prepare and revise civil-service rules. In
+regard to much of the departmental service, especially at Washington, it
+may be difficult to organize a better system than that which has thus been
+provided, and it is now being used to a considerable extent under my
+direction. The Commission has still a legal existence, although for several
+years no appropriation has been made for defraying its expenses. Believing
+that this Commission has rendered valuable service and will be a most
+useful agency in improving the administration of the civil service, I
+respectfully recommend that a suitable appropriation, to be immediately
+available, be made to enable it to continue its labors.
+
+It is my purpose to transmit to Congress as early as practicable a report
+by the chairman of the Commission, and to ask your attention to such
+measures on this subject as in my opinion will further promote the
+improvement of the civil service.
+
+During the past year the United States have continued to maintain peaceful
+relations with foreign powers.
+
+The outbreak of war between Russia and Turkey, though at one time attended
+by grave apprehension as to its effect upon other European nations, has had
+no tendency to disturb the amicable relations existing between the United
+States and each of the two contending powers. An attitude of just and
+impartial neutrality has been preserved, and I am gratified to state that
+in the midst of their hostilities both the Russian and the Turkish
+Governments have shown an earnest disposition to adhere to the obligations
+of all treaties with the United States and to give due regard to the rights
+of American citizens.
+
+By the terms of the treaty defining the rights, immunities, and privileges
+of consuls, between Italy and the United States, ratified in 1868, either
+Government may, after the lapse of ten years, terminate the existence of
+the treaty by giving twelve months' notice of its intention. The Government
+of Italy, availing itself of this faculty, has now given the required
+notice, and the treaty will accordingly end on the 17th of September, 1878.
+It is understood, however, that the Italian Government wishes to renew it
+in its general scope, desiring only certain modifications in some of its
+articles. In this disposition I concur, and shall hope that no serious
+obstacles may intervene to prevent or delay the negotiation of a
+satisfactory treaty.
+
+Numerous questions in regard to passports, naturalization, and exemption
+from military service have continued to arise in cases of emigrants from
+Germany who have returned to their native country. The provisions of the
+treaty of February 22, 1868, however, have proved to be so ample and so
+judicious that the legation of the United States at Berlin has been able to
+adjust all claims arising under it, not only without detriment to the
+amicable relations existing between the two Governments, but, it is
+believed, without injury or injustice to any duly naturalized American
+citizen. It is desirable that the treaty originally made with the North
+German Union in 1868 should now be extended so as to apply equally to all
+the States of the Empire of Germany.
+
+The invitation of the Government of France to participate in the Exposition
+of the Products of Agriculture, Industry, and the Fine Arts to be held at
+Paris during the coming year was submitted for your consideration at the
+extra session. It is not doubted that its acceptance by the United States,
+and a well-selected exhibition of the products of American industry on that
+occasion, will tend to stimulate international commerce and emigration, as
+well as to promote the traditional friendship between the two countries.
+
+A question arose some time since as to the proper meaning of the
+extradition articles of the treaty of 1842 between the United States and
+Great Britain. Both Governments, however, are now in accord in the belief
+that the question is not one that should be allowed to frustrate the ends
+of justice or to disturb the friendship between the two nations. No serious
+difficulty has arisen in accomplishing the extradition of criminals when
+necessary. It is probable that all points of disagreement will in due time
+be settled, and, if need be, more explicit declarations be made in a new
+treaty.
+
+The Fishery Commission under Articles XVIII to XXV of the treaty of
+Washington has concluded its session at Halifax. The result of the
+deliberations of the commission, as made public by the commissioners, will
+be communicated to Congress.
+
+A treaty for the protection of trade-marks has been negotiated with Great
+Britain, which has been submitted to the Senate for its consideration.
+
+The revolution which recently occurred in Mexico was followed by the
+accession of the successful party to power and the installation of its
+chief, General Porfirio Diaz, in the Presidential office. It has been the
+custom of the United States, when such changes of government have
+heretofore occurred in Mexico, to recognize and enter into official
+relations with the de facto government as soon as it should appear to have
+the approval of the Mexican people and should manifest a disposition to
+adhere to the obligations of treaties and international friendship. In the
+present case such official recognition has been deferred by the occurrences
+on the Rio Grande border, the records of which have been already
+communicated to each House of Congress in answer to their respective
+resolutions of inquiry. Assurances have been received that the authorities
+at the seat of the Mexican Government have both the disposition and the
+power to prevent and punish such unlawful invasions and depredations. It is
+earnestly to be hoped that events may prove these assurances to be well
+rounded. The best interests of both countries require the maintenance of
+peace upon the border and the development of commerce between the two
+Republics.
+
+It is gratifying to add that this temporary interruption of official
+relations has not prevented due attention by the representatives of the
+United States in Mexico to the protection of American citizens, so far as
+practicable; nor has it interfered with the prompt payment of the amounts
+due from Mexico to the United States under the treaty of July 4, 1868, and
+the awards of the joint commission. While I do not anticipate an
+interruption of friendly relations with Mexico, yet I can not but look with
+some solicitude upon a continuance of border disorders as exposing the two
+countries to initiations of popular feeling and mischances of action which
+are naturally unfavorable to complete amity. Firmly determined that nothing
+shall be wanting on my part to promote a good understanding between the two
+nations, I yet must ask the attention of Congress to the actual occurrences
+on the border, that the lives and property of our citizens may be
+adequately protected and peace preserved.
+
+Another year has passed without bringing to a close the protracted contest
+between the Spanish Government and the insurrection in the island of Cuba.
+While the United States have sedulously abstained from any intervention in
+this contest, it is impossible not to feel that it is attended with
+incidents affecting the rights and interests of American citizens. Apart
+from the effect of the hostilities upon trade between the United States and
+Cuba, their progress is inevitably accompanied by complaints, having more
+or less foundation, of searches, arrests, embargoes, and oppressive taxes
+upon the property of American residents, and of unprovoked interference
+with American vessels and commerce. It is due to the Government of Spain to
+say that during the past year it has promptly disavowed and offered
+reparation for any unauthorized acts of unduly zealous subordinates
+whenever such acts have been brought to its attention. Nevertheless, such
+occurrences can not but tend to excite feelings of annoyance, suspicion,
+and resentment, which are greatly to be deprecated, between the respective
+subjects and citizens of two friendly powers.
+
+Much delay (consequent upon accusations of fraud in some of the awards) has
+occurred in respect to the distribution of the limited amounts received
+from Venezuela under the treaty of April 25, 1866, applicable to the awards
+of the joint commission created by that treaty. So long as these matters
+are pending in Congress the Executive can not assume either to pass upon
+the questions presented or to distribute the fund received. It is eminently
+desirable that definite legislative action should be taken, either
+affirming the awards to be final or providing some method for reexamination
+of the claims. Our relations with the Republics of Central and South
+America and with the Empire of Brazil have continued without serious
+change, further than the temporary interruption of diplomatic intercourse
+with Venezuela and with Guatemala. Amicable relations have already been
+fully restored with Venezuela, and it is not doubted that all grounds of
+misunderstanding with Guatemala will speedily be removed. From all these
+countries there are favorable indications of a disposition on the part of
+their Governments and people to reciprocate our efforts in the direction of
+increased commercial intercourse.
+
+The Government of the Samoan Islands has sent an envoy, in the person of
+its secretary of state, to invite the Government of the United States to
+recognize and protect their independence, to establish commercial relations
+with their people, and to assist them in their steps toward regulated and
+responsible government. The inhabitants of these islands, having made
+considerable progress in Christian civilization and the development of
+trade, are doubtful of their ability to maintain peace and independence
+without the aid of some stronger power. The subject is deemed worthy of
+respectful attention, and the claims upon our assistance by this distant
+community will be carefully considered.
+
+The long commercial depression in the United States has directed attention
+to the subject of the possible increase of our foreign trade and the
+methods for its development, not only with Europe, but with other
+countries, and especially with the States and sovereignties of the Western
+Hemisphere. Instructions from the Department of State were issued to the
+various diplomatic and consular officers of the Government, asking them to
+devote attention to the question of methods by which trade between the
+respective countries of their official residence and the United States
+could be most judiciously fostered. In obedience to these instructions,
+examinations and reports upon this subject have been made by many of these
+officers and transmitted to the Department, and the same are submitted to
+the consideration of Congress.
+
+The annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the
+finances presents important questions for the action of Congress, upon some
+of which I have already remarked.
+
+The revenues of the Government during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1877,
+were $269,000,586.62; the total expenditures for the same period were
+$238,660,008.93, leaving a surplus revenue of $30,340,577.69. This has
+substantially supplied the requirements of the sinking fund for that year.
+The estimated revenues of the current fiscal year are $265,500,000, and the
+estimated expenditures for the same period are $232,430,643.72. If these
+estimates prove to be correct, there will be a surplus revenue of
+$33,069,356.28--an amount nearly sufficient for the sinking fund for that
+year. The estimated revenues for the next fiscal year are $269,250,000. It
+appears from the report that during the last fiscal year the revenues of
+the Government, compared with the previous year, have largely decreased.
+This decrease, amounting to the sum of $18,481,452.54, was mainly in
+customs duties, caused partly by a large falling off of the amount of
+imported dutiable goods and partly by the general fall of prices in the
+markets of production of such articles as pay ad valorem taxes.
+
+While this is felt injuriously in the diminution of the revenue, it has
+been accompanied with a very large increase of exportations. The total
+exports during the last fiscal year, including coin, have been
+$658,637,457, and the imports have been $492,097,540, leaving a balance of
+trade in favor of the United States amounting to the sum of $166,539,917,
+the beneficial effects of which extend to all branches of business.
+
+The estimated revenue for the next fiscal year will impose upon Congress
+the duty of strictly limiting appropriations, including the requisite sum
+for the maintenance of the sinking fund, within the aggregate estimated
+receipts.
+
+While the aggregate of taxes should not be increased, amendments might be
+made to the revenue laws that would, without diminishing the revenue,
+relieve the people from unnecessary burdens. A tax on tea and coffee is
+shown by the experience not only of our own country, but of other
+countries, to be easily collected, without loss by undervaluation or fraud,
+and largely borne in the country of production. A tax of 10 cents a pound
+on tea and 2 cents a pound on coffee would produce a revenue exceeding
+$12,000,000, and thus enable Congress to repeal a multitude of annoying
+taxes yielding a revenue not exceeding that sum. The internal-revenue
+system grew out of the necessities of the war, and most of the legislation
+imposing taxes upon domestic products under this system has been repealed.
+By the substitution of a tax on tea and coffee all forms of internal
+taxation may be repealed, except that on whisky, spirits, tobacco, and
+beer. Attention is also called to the necessity of enacting more vigorous
+laws for the protection of the revenue and for the punishment of frauds and
+smuggling. This can best be done by judicious provisions that will induce
+the disclosure of attempted fraud by undervaluation and smuggling. All
+revenue laws should be simple in their provisions and easily understood. So
+far as practicable, the rates of taxation should be in the form of specific
+duties, and not ad valorem, requiring the judgment of experienced men to
+ascertain values and exposing the revenue to the temptation of fraud.
+
+My attention has been called during the recess of Congress to abuses
+existing in the collection of the customs, and strenuous efforts have been
+made for their correction by Executive orders. The recommendations
+submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury by a commission appointed to
+examine into the collection of customs duties at the port of New York
+contain many suggestions for the modification of the customs laws, to which
+the attention of Congress is invited.
+
+It is matter of congratulation that notwithstanding the severe burdens
+caused by the war the public faith with all creditors has been preserved,
+and that as the result of this policy the public credit has continuously
+advanced and our public securities are regarded with the highest favor in
+the markets of the world. I trust that no act of the Government will cast a
+shadow upon its credit.
+
+The progress of refunding the public debt has been rapid and satisfactory.
+Under the contract existing when I entered upon the discharge of the duties
+of my office, bonds bearing interest at the rate of 4 1/2 per cent were
+being rapidly sold, and within three months the aggregate sales of these
+bonds had reached the sum of $200,000,000. With my sanction the Secretary
+of the Treasury entered into a new contract for the sale of 4 per cent
+bonds, and within thirty days after the popular subscription for such bonds
+was opened subscriptions were had amounting to $75,496,550, which were paid
+for within ninety days after the date of subscription. By this process,
+within but little more than one year, the annual interest on the public
+debt was reduced in the sum of $3,775,000.
+
+I recommended that suitable provision be made to enable the people to
+easily convert their savings into Government securities, as the best mode
+in which small savings may be well secured and yield a moderate interest.
+It is an object of public policy to retain among our own people the
+securities of the United States. In this way our country is guarded against
+their sudden return from foreign countries, caused by war or other
+disturbances beyond our limits.
+
+The commerce of the United States with foreign nations, and especially the
+export of domestic productions, has of late years largely increased; but
+the greater portion of this trade is conducted in foreign vessels. The
+importance of enlarging our foreign trade, and especially by direct and
+speedy interchange with countries on this continent, can not be
+overestimated; and it is a matter of great moment that our own shipping
+interest should receive, to the utmost practical extent, the benefit of our
+commerce with other lands. These considerations are forcibly urged by all
+the large commercial cities of the country, and public attention is
+generally and wisely attracted to the solution of the problems they
+present. It is not doubted that Congress will take them up in the broadest
+spirit of liberality and respond to the public demand by practical
+legislation upon this important subject.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War shows that the Army has been actively
+employed during the year, and has rendered very important service in
+suppressing hostilities in the Indian country and in preserving peace and
+protecting life and property in the interior as well as along the Mexican
+border. A long and arduous campaign has been prosecuted, with final
+complete success, against a portion of the Nez Perce tribe of Indians. A
+full account of this campaign will be found in the report of the General of
+the Army. It will be seen that in its course several severe battles were
+fought, in which a number of gallant officers and men lost their lives. I
+join with the Secretary of War and the General of the Army in awarding to
+the officers and men employed in the long and toilsome pursuit and in the
+final capture of these Indians the honor and praise which are so justly
+their due.
+
+The very serious riots which occurred in several of the States in July last
+rendered necessary the employment of a considerable portion of the Army to
+preserve the peace and maintain order. In the States of West Virginia,
+Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Illinois these disturbances were so formidable
+as to defy the local and State authorities, and the National Executive was
+called upon, in the mode provided by the Constitution and laws, to furnish
+military aid. I am gratified to be able to state that the troops sent in
+response to these calls for aid in the suppression of domestic violence
+were able, by the influence of their presence in the disturbed regions, to
+preserve the peace and restore order without the use of force. In the
+discharge of this delicate and important duty both officers and men acted
+with great prudence and courage, and for their services deserve the thanks
+of the country.
+
+Disturbances along the Rio Grande in Texas, to which I have already
+referred, have rendered necessary the constant employment of a military
+force in that vicinity. A full report of all recent military operations in
+that quarter has been transmitted to the House of Representatives in answer
+to a resolution of that body, and it will therefore not be necessary to
+enter into details. I regret to say that these lawless incursions into our
+territory by armed bands from the Mexican side of the line, for the purpose
+of robbery, have been of frequent occurrence, and in spite of the most
+vigilant efforts of the commander of our forces the marauders have
+generally succeeded in escaping into Mexico with their plunder. In May last
+I gave orders for the exercise of the utmost vigilance on the part of our
+troops for the suppression of these raids and the punishment of the guilty
+parties, as well as the recapture of property stolen by them. General Ord,
+commanding in Texas, was directed to invite the cooperation of the Mexican
+authorities in efforts to this end, and to assure them that I was anxious
+to avoid giving the least offense to Mexico. At the same time, he was
+directed to give notice of my determination to put an end to the invasion
+of our territory by lawless bands intent upon the plunder of our peaceful
+citizens, even if the effectual punishment of the outlaws should make the
+crossing of the border by our troops in their pursuit necessary. It is
+believed that this policy has had the effect to check somewhat these
+depredations, and that with a considerable increase of our force upon that
+frontier and the establishment of several additional military posts along
+the Rio Grande, so as more effectually to guard that extensive border,
+peace may be preserved and the lives and property of our citizens in Texas
+fully protected.
+
+Prior to the 1st day of July last the Army was, in accordance with law,
+reduced to the maximum of 25,000 enlisted men, being a reduction of 2,500
+below the force previously authorized. This reduction was made, as required
+by law, entirely from the infantry and artillery branches of the service,
+without any reduction of the cavalry. Under the law as it now stands it is
+necessary that the cavalry regiments be recruited to 100 men in each
+company for service on the Mexican and Indian frontiers. The necessary
+effect of this legislation is to reduce the infantry and artillery arms of
+the service below the number required for efficiency, and I concur with the
+Secretary of War in recommending that authority be given to recruit all
+companies of infantry to at least 50 men and all batteries of artillery to
+at least 75 men, with the power, in case of emergency, to increase the
+former to 100 and the latter to 122 men each.
+
+I invite your special attention to the following recommendations of the
+Secretary of War:
+
+First. That provision be made for supplying to the Army a more abundant and
+better supply of reading matter.
+
+Second. That early action be taken by Congress looking to a complete
+revision and republication of the Army Regulations.
+
+Third. That section 1258 of the Revised Statutes, limiting the number of
+officers on the retired list, be repealed.
+
+Fourth. That the claims arising under the act of July 4, 1864, for supplies
+taken by the Army during the war, be taken from the offices of the
+Quartermaster and Commissary Generals and transferred to the Southern
+Claims Commission, or some other tribunal having more time and better
+facilities for their prompt investigation and decision than are possessed
+by these officers.
+
+Fifth. That Congress provide for an annuity fund for the families of
+deceased soldiers, as recommended by the paymaster-General of the Army.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows that we have six squadrons
+now engaged in the protection of our foreign commerce and other duties
+pertaining to the naval service. The condition and operations of the
+Department are also shown. The total expenditures for the fiscal year
+ending June 30, 1877, were $16,077,974.54. There are unpaid claims against
+the Department chargeable to the last year, which are presented to the
+consideration of Congress by the report of the Secretary. The estimates for
+the fiscal year commencing July 1, 1878, are $16,233,234.40, exclusive of
+the sum of $2,314,231 submitted for new buildings, repairs, and
+improvements at the several navy-yards. The appropriations for the present
+fiscal year, commencing July 1, 1877, are $13,592,932.90. The amount drawn
+from the Treasury from July 1 to November 1, 1877, is $5,343,037.40, of
+which there is estimated to be yet available $1,029,528.30, showing the
+amount of actual expenditure during the first four months of the present
+fiscal year to have been $4,313,509.10.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General contains a full and clear statement of
+the operations and condition of the Post-Office Department. The ordinary
+revenues of the Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1877,
+including receipts from the money-order business and from official stamps
+and stamped envelopes, amounted to the sum of $27,531,585.26. The
+additional sum of $7,013,000 was realized from appropriations from the
+general Treasury for various purposes, making the receipts from all sources
+$34,544,885.26. The total expenditures during the fiscal year amounted to
+$33,486,322.44, leaving an excess of total receipts over total expenditures
+of $1,058,562.82, and an excess of total expenditures over ordinary
+receipts of $5,954,737.18. Deducting from the total receipts the sum of
+$63,261.84, received from international money orders of the preceding
+fiscal year, and deducting from the total expenditures the sum of
+$1,163,818.20, paid on liabilities incurred in previous fiscal years, the
+expenditures and receipts appertaining to the business of the last fiscal
+year were as follows:
+
+Expenditures - $32,322,504.24
+
+Receipts (ordinary, from money-order business and
+from official postage stamps) - 27,468,323,420 -
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Rutherford B. Hayes
+December 2, 1878
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+Our heartfelt gratitude is due to the Divine Being who holds in His hands
+the destinies of nations for the continued bestowal during the last year of
+countless blessings upon our country.
+
+We are at peace with all other nations. Our public credit has greatly
+improved, and is perhaps now stronger than ever before. Abundant harvests
+have rewarded the labors of those who till the soil, our manufacturing
+industries are reviving, and it is believed that general prosperity, which
+has been so long anxiously looked for, is at last within our reach.
+
+The enjoyment of health by our people generally has, however, been
+interrupted during the past season by the prevalence of a fatal pestilence
+(the yellow fever) in some portions of the Southern States, creating an
+emergency which called for prompt and extraordinary measures of relief. The
+disease appeared as an epidemic at New Orleans and at other places on the
+Lower Mississippi soon after midsummer. It was rapidly spread by fugitives
+from the infected cities and towns, and did not disappear until early in
+November. The States of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee have suffered
+severely. About 100,000 cases are believed to have occurred, of which about
+20,000, according to intelligent estimates, proved fatal. It is impossible
+to estimate with any approach to accuracy the loss to the country
+occasioned by this epidemic It is to be reckoned by the hundred millions of
+dollars. The suffering and destitution that resulted excited the deepest
+sympathy in all parts of the Union. Physicians and nurses hastened from
+every quarter to the assistance of the afflicted communities. Voluntary
+contributions of money and supplies, in every needed form, were speedily
+and generously furnished. The Government was able to respond in some
+measure to the call for help, by providing tents, medicines, and food for
+the sick and destitute, the requisite directions for the purpose being
+given in the confident expectation that this action of the Executive would
+receive the sanction of Congress. About 1,800 tents, and rations of the
+value of about $25,000, were sent to cities and-towns which applied for
+them, full details of which will be furnished to Congress by the proper
+Department.
+
+The fearful spread of this pestilence has awakened a very general public
+sentiment in favor of national sanitary administration, which shall not
+only control quarantine, but have the sanitary supervision of internal
+commerce in times of epidemics, and hold an advisory relation to the State
+and municipal health authorities, with power to deal with whatever
+endangers the public health, and which the municipal and State authorities
+are unable to regulate. The national quarantine act approved April 29,
+1878, which was passed too late in the last session of Congress to provide
+the means for carrying it into practical operation during the past season,
+is a step in the direction here indicated. In view of the necessity for the
+most effective measures, by quarantine and otherwise, for the protection of
+our seaports and the country generally from this and other epidemics, it is
+recommended that Congress give to the whole subject early and careful
+consideration.
+
+The permanent pacification of the country by the complete protection of all
+citizens in every civil and political right continues to be of paramount
+interest with the great body of our people. Every step in this direction is
+welcomed with public approval, and every interruption of steady and uniform
+progress to the desired consummation awakens general uneasiness and
+widespread condemnation. The recent Congressional elections have furnished
+a direct and trustworthy test of the advance thus far made in the practical
+establishment of the right of suffrage secured by the Constitution to the
+liberated race in the Southern States. All disturbing influences, real or
+imaginary, had been removed from all of these States.
+
+The three constitutional amendments which conferred freedom and equality of
+civil and political rights upon the colored people of the South were
+adopted by the concurrent action of the great body of good citizens who
+maintained the authority of the National Government and the integrity and
+perpetuity of the Union at such a cost of treasure and life, as a wise and
+necessary embodiment in the organic law of the just results of the war. The
+people of the former slaveholding States accepted these results, and gave
+in every practicable form assurances that the thirteenth, fourteenth, and
+fifteenth amendments, and laws passed in pursuance thereof, should in good
+faith be enforced, rigidly and impartially, in letter and spirit, to the
+end that the humblest citizen, without distinction of race or color, should
+under them receive full and equal protection in person and property and in
+political rights and privileges. By these constitutional amendments the
+southern section of the Union obtained a large increase of political power
+in Congress and in the electoral college, and the country justly expected
+that elections would proceed, as to the enfranchised race, upon the same
+circumstances of legal and constitutional freedom and protection which
+obtained in all the other States of the Union. The friends of law and order
+looked forward to the conduct of these elections as offering to the general
+judgment of the country an important opportunity to measure the degree in
+which the right of suffrage could be exercised by the colored people and
+would be respected by their fellow-citizens; but a more general enjoyment
+of freedom of suffrage by the colored people and a more just and generous
+protection of that freedom by the communities of which they form a part
+were generally anticipated than the record of the elections discloses. In
+some of those States in which the colored people have been unable to make
+their opinions felt in the elections the result is mainly due to influences
+not easily measured or remedied by legal protection; but in the States of
+Louisiana and South Carolina at large, and in some particular Congressional
+districts outside of those States, the records of the elections seem to
+compel the conclusion that the rights of the colored voters have been
+overridden and their participation in the elections not permitted to be
+either general or free.
+
+It will be for the Congress for which these elections were held to make
+such examinations into their conduct as may be appropriate to determine the
+validity of the claims of members to their seats. In the meanwhile it
+becomes the duty of the executive and judicial departments of the
+Government, each in its province, to inquire into and punish violations of
+the laws of the United States which have occurred. I can but repeat what I
+said in this connection in my last message, that whatever authority rests
+with me to this end I shall not hesitate to put forth; and I am unwilling
+to forego a renewed appeal to the legislatures, the courts, the executive
+authorities, and the people of the States where these wrongs have been
+perpetrated to give their assistance toward bringing to justice the
+offenders and preventing a repetition of the crimes. No means within my
+power will be spared to obtain a full and fair investigation of the alleged
+crimes and to secure the conviction and just punishment of the guilty.
+
+It is to be observed that the principal appropriation made for the
+Department of Justice at the last session contained the following clause:
+And for defraying the expenses which may be incurred in the enforcement of
+the act approved February 28, 1871, entitled "An act to amend an act
+approved May 31, 1870, entitled 'An act to enforce the rights of citizens
+of the United States to vote in the several States of this Union, and for
+other purposes,'" or any acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto.
+It is the opinion of the Attorney-General that the expenses of these
+proceedings will largely exceed the amount which was thus provided, and I
+rely confidently upon Congress to make adequate appropriations to enable
+the executive department to enforce the laws.
+
+I respectfully urge upon your attention that the Congressional elections,
+in every district, in a very important sense, are justly a matter of
+political interest and concern throughout the whole country. Each State,
+every political party, is entitled to the share of power which is conferred
+by the legal and constitutional suffrage. It is the right of every citizen
+possessing the qualifications prescribed by law to east one unintimidated
+ballot and to have his ballot honestly counted. So long as the exercise of
+this power and the enjoyment of this right are common and equal,
+practically as well as formally, submission to the results of the suffrage
+will be accorded loyally and cheerfully, and all the departments of
+Government will feel the true vigor of the popular will thus expressed. No
+temporary or administrative interests of Government, however urgent or
+weighty, will ever displace the zeal of our people in defense of the
+primary rights of citizenship. They understand that the protection of
+liberty requires the maintenance in full vigor of the manly methods of free
+speech, free press, and free suffrage, and will sustain the full authority
+of Government to enforce the laws which are framed to preserve these
+inestimable rights. The material progress and welfare of the States depend
+on the protection afforded to their citizens. There can be no peace without
+such protection, no prosperity without peace, and the whole country is
+deeply interested in the growth and prosperity of all its parts.
+
+While the country has not yet reached complete unity of feeling and
+reciprocal confidence between the communities so lately and so seriously
+estranged, I feel an absolute assurance that the tendencies are in that
+direction, and with increasing force. The power of public opinion will
+override all political prejudices and all sectional or State attachments in
+demanding that all over our wide territory the name and character of
+citizen of the United States shall mean one and the same thing and carry
+with them unchallenged security and respect.
+
+Our relations with other countries continue peaceful. Our neutrality in
+contests between foreign powers has been maintained and respected.
+
+The Universal Exposition held at Paris during the past summer has been
+attended by large numbers of our citizens. The brief period allowed for the
+preparation and arrangement of the contributions of our citizens to this
+great exposition was well employed in energetic and judicious efforts to
+overcome this disadvantage. These efforts, led and directed by the
+commissioner-general, were remarkably successful, and the exhibition of the
+products of American industry was creditable and gratifying in scope and
+character. The reports of the United States commissioners, giving its
+results in detail, will be duly laid before you. Our participation in this
+international competition for the favor and the trade of the world may be
+expected to produce useful and important results--in promoting intercourse,
+friendship, and commerce with other nations.
+
+In accordance with the provisions of the act of February 28, 1878, three
+commissioners were appointed to an international conference on the subject
+of adopting a common ratio between gold and silver, for the purpose of
+establishing internationally the use of bimetallic money and securing
+fixity of relative value between those metals.
+
+Invitations were addressed to the various governments which had expressed a
+willingness to participate in its deliberations. The conference held its
+meetings in Paris in August last. The report of the commissioners, herewith
+submitted, will show its results. No common ratio between gold and silver
+could be agreed upon by the conference. The general conclusion was reached
+that it is necessary to maintain in the world the monetary functions of
+silver as well as of gold, leaving the selection of the use of one or the
+other of these two metals, or of both, to be made by each state.
+
+Congress having appropriated at its last session the sum of $5,500,000 to
+pay the award of the joint commission at Halifax, if, after correspondence
+with the British Government on the subject of the conformity of the award
+to the requirements of the treaty and to the terms of the question thereby
+submitted to the commission, the President shall deem it his duty to make
+the payment, communications upon these points were addressed to the British
+Government through the legation of the United States at London. Failing to
+obtain the concurrence of the British Government in the views of this
+Government respecting the award, I have deemed it my duty to tender the sum
+named within the year fixed by the treaty, accompanied by a notice of the
+grounds of the payment and a protest against any other construction of the
+same. The correspondence upon this subject will be laid before you.
+
+The Spanish Government has officially announced the termination of the
+insurrection in Cuba and the restoration of peace throughout that island.
+Confident expectations are expressed of a revival of trade and prosperity,
+which it is earnestly hoped may prove well rounded. Numerous claims of
+American citizens for relief for injuries or restoration of property have
+been among the incidents of the long-continued hostilities. Some of these
+claims are in process of adjustment by Spain, and the others are promised
+early and careful consideration.
+
+The treaty made with Italy in regard to reciprocal consular privileges has
+been duly ratified and proclaimed.
+
+No questions of grave importance have arisen with any other of the European
+powers.
+
+The Japanese Government has been desirous of a revision of such parts of
+its treaties with foreign powers as relate to commerce, and it is
+understood has addressed to each of the treaty powers a request to open
+negotiations with that view. The United States Government has been inclined
+to regard the matter favorably. Whatever restrictions upon trade with Japan
+are found injurious to that people can not but affect injuriously nations
+holding commercial intercourse with them. Japan, after a long period of
+seclusion, has within the past few years made rapid strides in the path of
+enlightenment and progress, and, not unreasonably, is looking forward to
+the time when her relations with the nations of Europe and America shall be
+assimilated to those which they hold with each other. A treaty looking to
+this end has been made, which will be submitted for the consideration of
+the Senate.
+
+After an interval of several years the Chinese Government has again sent
+envoys to the United States. They have been received, and a permanent
+legation is now established here by that Government. It is not doubted that
+this step will be of advantage to both nations in promoting friendly
+relations and removing causes of difference.
+
+The treaty with the Samoan Islands, having been duly ratified and accepted
+on the part of both Governments, is now in operation, and a survey and
+soundings of the harbor of Pago-Pago have been made by a naval vessel of
+the United States, with a view of its occupation as a naval station if
+found desirable to the service.
+
+Since the resumption of diplomatic relations with Mexico correspondence has
+been opened and still continues between the two Governments upon the
+various questions which at one time seemed to endanger their relations.
+While no formal agreement has been reached as to the troubles on the
+border, much has been done to repress and diminish them. The effective
+force of United States troops on the Rio Grande, by a strict and faithful
+compliance with instructions, has done much to remove the sources of
+dispute, and it is now understood that a like force of Mexican troops on
+the other side of the river is also making an energetic movement against
+the marauding Indian tribes. This Government looks with the greatest
+satisfaction upon every evidence of strength in the national authority of
+Mexico, and upon every effort put forth to prevent or to punish incursions
+upon our territory. Reluctant to assume any action or attitude in the
+control of these incursions by military movements across the border not
+imperatively demanded for the protection of the lives and property of our
+own citizens, I shall take the earliest opportunity consistent with the
+proper discharge of this plain duty to recognize the ability of the Mexican
+Government to restrain effectively violations of our territory. It is
+proposed to hold next year an international exhibition in Mexico, and it is
+believed that the display of the agricultural and manufacturing products of
+the two nations will tend to better understanding and increased commercial
+intercourse between their people.
+
+With Brazil and the Republics of Central and South America some steps have
+been taken toward the development of closer commercial intercourse.
+Diplomatic relations have been resumed with Colombia and with Bolivia. A
+boundary question between the Argentine Republic and Paraguay has been
+submitted by those Governments for arbitration to the President of the
+United States, and I have, after careful examination, given a decision upon
+it.
+
+A naval expedition up the Amazon and Madeira rivers has brought back
+information valuable both for scientific and commercial purposes. A like
+expedition is about visiting the coast of Africa and the Indian Ocean. The
+reports of diplomatic and consular officers in relation to the development
+of our foreign commerce have furnished many facts that have proved of
+public interest and have stimulated to practical exertion the enterprise of
+our people.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Treasury furnishes a detailed statement
+of the operations of that Department of the Government and of the condition
+of the public finances.
+
+The ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year ended June 30,
+1878, were $257,763,878.70; the ordinary expenditures for the same period
+were $236,964,326.80, leaving a surplus revenue for the year of
+$20,799,551.90. The receipts for the present fiscal year, ending June 30,
+1879, actual and estimated, are as follows: Actual receipts for the first
+quarter, commencing July 1, 1878, $73,389,743.43; estimated receipts for
+the remaining three quarters of the year, $191,110,256.57; total receipts
+for the current fiscal year, actual and estimated, $264,500,000. The
+expenditures for the same period will be, actual and estimated, as follows:
+For the quarter commencing July 1, 1878, actual expenditures,
+$73,344,573.27; and for the remaining three quarters of the year the
+expenditures are estimated at $166,755,426.73, making the total
+expenditures $240,100,000, and leaving an estimated surplus revenue for the
+year ending June 30, 1879, of $24,400,000. The total receipts during the
+next fiscal year, ending June 30, 1880, estimated according to existing
+laws, will be $264,500,000, and the estimated ordinary expenditures for the
+same period will be $236,320,412.68, leaving a surplus of $28,179,587.32
+for that year.
+
+In the foregoing statements of expenditures, actual and estimated, no
+amount is allowed for the sinking fund provided for by the act approved
+February 25, 1862, which requires that 1 per cent of the entire debt of the
+United States shall be purchased or paid within each fiscal year, to be set
+apart as a sinking fund. There has been, however, a substantial compliance
+with the conditions of the law. By its terms the public debt should have
+been reduced between 1862 and the close of the last fiscal year
+$518,361,806.28; the actual reduction of the ascertained debt in that
+period has been $720,644,739.61, being in excess of the reduction required
+by the sinking fund act $202,282,933.33.
+
+The amount of the public debt, less cash in the Treasury, November 1, 1878,
+was $2,024,200,083.18 a reduction since the same date last year of
+$23,150,617.39.
+
+The progress made during the last year in refunding the public debt at
+lower rates of interest is very gratifying. The amount of 4 per cent bonds
+sold during the present year prior to November 23, 1878, is $100,270,900,
+and 6 per cent bonds, commonly known as five-twenties, to an equal amount,
+have been or will be redeemed as calls mature.
+
+It has been the policy of the Department to place the 4 per cent bonds
+within easy reach of every citizen who desires to invest his savings,
+whether small or great, in these securities. The Secretary of the Treasury
+recommends that the law be so modified that small sums may be invested, and
+that through the post-offices or other agents of the Government the freest
+opportunity may be given in all parts of the country for such investments.
+
+The best mode suggested is that the Department be authorized to issue
+certificates of deposit, of the denomination of $10, bearing interest at
+the rate of 3.65 per cent per annum and convertible at any time within one
+year after their issue into the 4 per cent bonds authorized by the
+refunding act, and to be issued only in exchange for United States notes
+sent to the Treasury by mail or otherwise. Such a provision of law,
+supported by suitable regulations, would enable any person readily, without
+cost or risk, to convert his money into an interest-bearing security of the
+United States, and the money so received could be applied to the redemption
+of 6 per cent bonds.
+
+The coinage of gold during the last fiscal year was $52,798,980. The
+coinage of silver dollars under the act passed February 28, 1878, amounted
+on the 23d of November, 1878, to $19,814,550, of which amount $4,984,947
+are in circulation, and the balance, $14,829,603, is still in the
+possession of the Government.
+
+With views unchanged with regard to the act under which the coinage of
+silver proceeds, it has been the purpose of the Secretary faithfully to
+execute the law and to afford a fair trial to the measure.
+
+In the present financial condition of the country I am persuaded that the
+welfare of legitimate business and industry of every description will be
+best promoted by abstaining from all attempts to make radical changes in
+the existing financial legislation. Let it be understood that during the
+coming year the business of the country will be undisturbed by governmental
+interference with the laws affecting it, and we may confidently expect that
+the resumption of specie payments, which will take place at the appointed
+time, will be successfully and easily maintained, and that it will be
+followed by a healthful and enduring revival of business prosperity.
+
+Let the healing influence of time, the inherent energies of our people, and
+the boundless resources of our country have a fair opportunity, and relief
+from present difficulties will surely follow.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War shows that the Army has been well and
+economically supplied; that our small force has been actively employed and
+has faithfully performed all the service required of it. The morale of the
+Army has improved and the number of desertions has materially decreased
+during the year.
+
+The Secretary recommends--
+
+1. That a pension be granted to the widow of the late Lieutenant Henry H.
+Benner, Eighteenth Infantry, who lost his life by yellow fever while in
+command of the steamer. J.M. Chambers, sent with supplies for the relief of
+sufferers in the South from that disease.
+
+2. The establishment of the annuity scheme for the benefit of the heirs of
+deceased officers, as suggested by the Paymaster-General.
+
+3. The adoption by Congress of a plan for the publication of the records of
+the War of the Rebellion, now being prepared for that purpose.
+
+4. The increase of the extra per diem of soldier teachers employed in post
+schools, and liberal appropriations for the erection of buildings for
+schools and libraries at the different posts.
+
+5. The repeal or amendment of the act of June 18, 1878, forbidding the use
+of the Army "as a posse comitatus, or otherwise, for the purpose of
+executing the laws, except in such cases and under such circumstances as
+such employment of said force may be expressly authorized by the
+Constitution or by act of Congress."
+
+6. The passage of a joint resolution of Congress legalizing the issues of
+rations, tents, and medicines which were made for the relief of sufferers
+from yellow fever.
+
+7. That provision be made for the erection of a fireproof building for the
+preservation of certain valuable records, now constantly exposed to
+destruction by fire.
+
+These recommendations are all commended to your favorable consideration.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows that the Navy has improved
+during the last fiscal year. Work has been done on seventy-five vessels,
+ten of which have been thoroughly repaired and made ready for sea. Two
+others are in rapid progress toward completion. The total expenditures of
+the year, including the amount appropriated for the deficiencies of the
+previous year, were $17,468,392.65. The actual expenses chargeable to the
+year, exclusive of these deficiencies, were $13,306,914.09, or $767,199.18
+less than those of the previous year, and $4,928,677.74 less than the
+expenses including the deficiencies. The estimates for the fiscal year
+ending June 30, 1880, are $14,562,381.45, exceeding the appropriations of
+the present year only $33,949.75, which excess is occasioned by the demands
+of the Naval Academy and the Marine Corps, as explained in the Secretary's
+report. The appropriations for the present fiscal year are $14,528,431.70,
+which, in the opinion of the Secretary, will be ample for all the current
+expenses of the Department during the year. The amount drawn from the
+Treasury from July 1 to November 1, 1878, is $4,740,544.14, of which
+$70,980.75 has been refunded, leaving as the expenditure for that period
+$4,669,563.39, or $520,899.24 less than the corresponding period of the
+last fiscal year.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General embraces a detailed statement of the
+operations of the Post-Office Department. The expenditures of that
+Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1878, were $34,165,084.49.
+The receipts, including sales of stamps, money-order business, and official
+stamps, were $29,277,516.95. The sum of $290,436.90, included in the
+foregoing statement of expenditures, is chargeable to preceding years, so
+that the actual expenditures for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1878, are
+$33,874,647.59. The amount drawn from the Treasury on appropriations, in
+addition to the revenues of the Department, was $5,307,652.82. The
+expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1880, are estimated at
+$36,571,900 and the receipts from all sources at $30,664,023.90, leaving a
+deficiency to be appropriated out of the Treasury of $5,907,876.10. The
+report calls attention to the fact that the compensation of postmasters and
+of railroads for carrying the mail is regulated by law, and that the
+failure of Congress to appropriate the amounts required for these purposes
+does not relieve the Government of responsibility, but necessarily
+increases the deficiency bills which Congress will be called upon to pass.
+
+In providing for the postal service the following questions are presented:
+Should Congress annually appropriate a sum for its expenses largely in
+excess of its revenues, or should such rates of postage be established as
+will make the Department self-sustaining? Should the postal service be
+reduced by excluding from the mails matter which does not pay its way?
+Should the number of post routes be diminished? Should other methods be
+adopted which will increase the revenues or diminish the expenses of the
+postal service?
+
+The International Postal Congress which met at Paris May 1, 1878, and
+continued in session until June 4 of the same year, was composed of
+delegates from nearly all the civilized countries of the world. It adopted
+a new convention (to take the place of the treaty concluded at Berne
+October 9, 1874), which goes into effect on the 1st of April, 1879, between
+the countries whose delegates have signed it. It was ratified and approved,
+by and with the consent of the President, August 13, 1878. A synopsis of
+this Universal Postal Convention will be found in the report of the
+Postmaster-General, and the full text in the appendix thereto. In its
+origin the Postal Union comprised twenty-three countries, having a
+population of 350,000,000 people. On the 1st of April next it will comprise
+forty-three countries and colonies, with a population of more than
+650,000,000 people, and will soon, by the accession of the few remaining
+countries and colonies which maintain organized postal services, constitute
+in fact as well as in name, as its new title indicates, a universal union,
+regulating, upon a uniform basis of cheap postage rates, the postal
+intercourse between all civilized nations.
+
+Some embarrassment has arisen out of the conflict between the customs laws
+of this country and the provisions of the Postal Convention in regard to
+the transmission of foreign books and newspapers to this country by mail.
+It is hoped that Congress will be able to devise some means of reconciling
+the difficulties which have thus been created, so as to do justice to all
+parties involved.
+
+The business of the Supreme Court and of the courts in many of the circuits
+has increased to such an extent during the past year that additional
+legislation is imperative to relieve and prevent the delay of justice and
+possible oppression to suitors which is thus occasioned. The encumbered
+condition of these dockets is presented anew in the report of the
+Attorney-General, and the remedy suggested is earnestly urged for
+Congressional action. The creation of additional circuit judges, as
+proposed, would afford a complete remedy, and would involve an expense, at
+the present rate of salaries of not more than $60,000 a year.
+
+The annual reports of the Secretary of the Interior and of the Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs present an elaborate account of the present condition of
+the Indian tribes and of that branch of the public service which ministers
+to their interests. While the conduct of the Indians generally has been
+orderly and their relations with their neighbors friendly and peaceable,
+two local disturbances have occurred, which were deplorable in their
+character, but remained, happily, confined to a comparatively small number
+of Indians. The discontent among the Bannocks, which led first to some acts
+of violence on the part of some members of the tribe and finally to the
+outbreak, appears to have been caused by an insufficiency of food on the
+reservation, and this insufficiency to have been owing to the inadequacy of
+the appropriations made by Congress to the wants of the Indians at a time
+when the Indians were prevented from supplying the deficiency by hunting.
+After an arduous pursuit by the troops of the United States, and several
+engagements, the hostile Indians were reduced to subjection, and the larger
+part of them surrendered themselves as prisoners. In this connection I
+desire to call attention to the recommendation made by the Secretary of the
+Interior, that a sufficient fund be placed at the disposal of the
+Executive, to be used, with proper accountability, at discretion, in sudden
+emergencies of the Indian service.
+
+The other case of disturbance was that of a band of Northern Cheyennes, who
+suddenly left their reservation in the Indian Territory and marched rapidly
+through the States of Kansas and Nebraska in the direction of their old
+hunting grounds, committing murders and other crimes on their way. From
+documents accompanying the report of the Secretary of the Interior it
+appears that this disorderly band was as fully supplied with the
+necessaries of life as the 4,700 other Indians who remained quietly on the
+reservation, and that the disturbance was caused by men of a restless and
+mischievous disposition among the Indians themselves. Almost the whole of
+this band have surrendered to the military authorities; and it is a
+gratifying fact that when some of them had taken refuge in the camp of the
+Red Cloud Sioux, with whom they had been in friendly relations, the Sioux
+held them as prisoners and readily gave them up to the officers of the
+United States, thus giving new proof of the loyal spirit which, alarming
+rumors to the contrary notwithstanding, they have uniformly shown ever
+since the wishes they expressed at the council of September, 1877, had been
+complied with.
+
+Both the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of War unite in the
+recommendation that provision be made by Congress for the organization of a
+corps of mounted "Indian auxiliaries," to be under the control of the Army
+and to be used for the purpose of keeping the Indians on their reservations
+and preventing or repressing disturbance on their part. I earnestly concur
+in this recommendation. It is believed that the organization of such a body
+of Indian cavalry, receiving a moderate pay from the Government, would
+considerably weaken the restless element among the Indians by withdrawing
+from it a number of young men and giving them congenial employment under
+the Government, it being a matter of experience that Indians in our service
+almost without exception are faithful in the performance of the duties
+assigned to them. Such an organization would materially aid the Army in the
+accomplishment of a task for which its numerical strength is sometimes
+found insufficient.
+
+But while the employment of force for the prevention or repression of
+Indian troubles is of occasional necessity, and wise preparation should be
+made to that end, greater reliance must be placed on humane and civilizing
+agencies for the ultimate solution of what is called the Indian problem. It
+may be very difficult and require much patient effort to curb the unruly
+spirit of the savage Indian to the restraints of civilized life, but
+experience shows that it is not impossible. Many of the tribes which are
+now quiet and orderly and self-supporting were once as savage as any that
+at present roam over the plains or in the mountains of the far West, and
+were then considered inaccessible to civilizing influences. It may be
+impossible to raise them fully up to the level of the white population of
+the United States; but we should not forget that they are the aborigines of
+the country, and called the soil their own on which our people have grown
+rich, powerful, and happy. We owe it to them as a moral duty to help them
+in attaining at least that degree of civilization which they may be able to
+reach. It is not only our duty, it is also our interest to do so. Indians
+who have become agriculturists or herdsmen, and feel an interest in
+property, will thenceforth cease to be a warlike and disturbing element. It
+is also a well-authenticated fact that Indians are apt to be peaceable and
+quiet when their children are at school, and I am gratified to know, from
+the expressions of Indians themselves and from many concurring reports,
+that there is a steadily increasing desire, even among Indians belonging to
+comparatively wild tribes, to have their children educated. I invite
+attention to the reports of the Secretary of the Interior and the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs touching the experiment recently
+inaugurated, in taking fifty Indian children, boys and girls, from
+different tribes, to the Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute in Virginia,
+where they are to receive an elementary English education and training in
+agriculture and other useful works, to be returned to their tribes, after
+the completed course, as interpreters, instructors, and examples. It is
+reported that the officer charged with the selection of those children
+might have had thousands of young Indians sent with him had it been
+possible to make provision for them. I agree with the Secretary of the
+Interior in saying that "the result of this interesting experiment, if
+favorable, may be destined to become an important factor in the advancement
+of civilization among the Indians."
+
+The question whether a change in the control of the Indian service should
+be made was at the last session of Congress referred to a committee for
+inquiry and report. Without desiring to anticipate that report, I venture
+to express the hope that in the decision of so important a question the
+views expressed above may not be lost sight of, and that the decision,
+whatever it may be, will arrest further agitation of this subject, such
+agitation being apt to produce a disturbing effect upon the service, as
+well as on the Indians themselves.
+
+In the enrollment of the bill making appropriations for sundry civil
+expenses, at the last session of Congress, that portion which provided for
+the continuation of the Hot Springs Commission was omitted. As the
+commission had completed the work of taking testimony on the many
+conflicting claims, the suspension of their labors, before determining the
+rights of claimants, threatened for a time to embarrass the interests, not
+only of the Government, but also of a large number of the citizens of Hot
+Springs, who were waiting for final action on their claims before beginning
+contemplated improvements. In order to prevent serious difficulties, which
+were apprehended, and at the solicitation of many leading citizens of Hot
+Springs and others interested in the welfare of the town, the Secretary of
+the Interior was authorized to request the late commissioners to take
+charge of the records of their proceedings and to perform such work as
+could properly be done by them under such circumstances to facilitate the
+future adjudication of the claims at an early day and to preserve the
+status of the claimants until their rights should be finally determined.
+The late commissioners complied with that request, and report that the
+testimony in all the cases has been written out, examined, briefed, and so
+arranged as to facilitate an early settlement when authorized by law. It is
+recommended that the requisite authority be given at as early a day in the
+session as possible, and that a fair compensation be allowed the late
+commissioners for the expense incurred and the labor performed by them
+since the 25th of June last.
+
+I invite the attention of Congress to the recommendations made by the
+Secretary of the Interior with regard to the preservation of the timber on
+the public lands of the United States. The protection of the public
+property is one of the first duties of the Government. The Department of
+the Interior should therefore be enabled by sufficient appropriations to
+enforce the laws in that respect. But this matter appears still more
+important as a question of public economy. The rapid destruction of our
+forests is an evil fraught with the gravest consequences, especially in the
+mountainous districts, where the rocky slopes, once denuded of their trees,
+will remain so forever. There the injury, once done, can not be repaired. I
+fully concur with the Secretary of the Interior in the opinion that for
+this reason legislation touching the public timber in the mountainous
+States and Territories of the West should be especially well considered,
+and that existing laws in which the destruction of the forests is not
+sufficiently guarded against should be speedily modified. A general law
+concerning this important subject appears to me to be a matter of urgent
+public necessity.
+
+From the organization of the Government the importance of encouraging by
+all possible means the increase of our agricultural productions has been
+acknowledged and urged upon the attention of Congress and the people as the
+surest and readiest means of increasing our substantial and enduring
+prosperity.
+
+The words of Washington are as applicable to-day as when, in his eighth
+annual message, he said: It will not be doubted that, with reference either
+to individual or national welfare, agriculture is of primary importance. In
+proportion as nations advance in population and other circumstances of
+maturity this truth becomes more apparent, and renders the cultivation of
+the soil more and more an object of public patronage. Institutions for
+promoting it grow up, supported by the public purse; and to what object can
+it be dedicated with greater propriety? Among the means which have been
+employed to this end none have been attended with greater success than the
+establishment of boards (composed of proper characters) charged with
+collecting and diffusing information, and enabled by premiums and small
+pecuniary aids to encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and
+improvement. This species of establishment contributes doubly to the
+increase of improvement, by stimulating to enterprise and experiment, and
+by drawing to a common center the results everywhere of individual skill
+and observation and spreading them thence over the whole nation. Experience
+accordingly hath shewn that they are very cheap instruments of immense
+national benefits. The preponderance of the agricultural over any other
+interest in the United States entitles it to all the consideration claimed
+for it by Washington. About one-half of the population of the United States
+is engaged in agriculture. The value of the agricultural products of the
+United States for the year 1878 is estimated at $3,000,000,000. The exports
+of agricultural products for the year 1877, as appears from the report of
+the Bureau of Statistics, were $524,000,000. The great extent of our
+country, with its diversity of soil and climate, enables us to produce
+within our own borders and by our own labor not only the necessaries, but
+most of the luxuries, that are consumed in civilized countries. Yet,
+notwithstanding our advantages of soil, climate, and inter-communication,
+it appears from the statistical statements in the report of the
+Commissioner of Agriculture that we import annually from foreign lands many
+millions of dollars worth of agricultural products which could be raised in
+our own country.
+
+Numerous questions arise in the practice of advanced agriculture which can
+only be answered by experiments, often costly and sometimes fruitless,
+which are beyond the means of private individuals and are a just and proper
+charge on the whole nation for the benefit of the nation. It is good
+policy, especially in times of depression and uncertainty in other business
+pursuits, with a vast area of uncultivated, and hence unproductive,
+territory, wisely opened to homestead settlement, to encourage by every
+proper and legitimate means the occupation and tillage of the soil. The
+efforts of the Department of Agriculture to stimulate old and introduce new
+agricultural industries, to improve the quality and increase the quantity
+of our products, to determine the value of old or establish the importance
+of new methods of culture, are worthy of your careful and favorable
+consideration, and assistance by such appropriations of money and
+enlargement of facilities as may seem to be demanded by the present
+favorable conditions for the growth and rapid development of this important
+interest.
+
+The abuse of animals in transit is widely attracting public attention. A
+national convention of societies specially interested in the subject has
+recently met at Baltimore, and the facts developed, both in regard to
+cruelties to animals and the effect of such cruelties upon the public
+health, would seem to demand the careful consideration of Congress and the
+enactment of more efficient laws for the prevention of these abuses.
+
+The report of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Education shows very
+gratifying progress throughout the country in all the interests committed
+to the care of this important office. The report is especially encouraging
+with respect to the extension of the advantages of the common-school system
+in sections of the country where the general enjoyment of the privilege of
+free schools is not yet attained.
+
+To education more than to any other agency we are to look as the resource
+for the advancement of the people in the requisite knowledge and
+appreciation of their rights and responsibilities as citizens, and I desire
+to repeat the suggestion contained in my former message in behalf of the
+enactment of appropriate measures by Congress for the purpose of
+supplementing with national aid the local systems of education in the
+several States.
+
+Adequate accommodations for the great library, which is overgrowing the
+capacity of the rooms now occupied at the Capitol, should be provided
+without further delay. This invaluable collection of books, manuscripts,
+and illustrative art has grown to such proportions, in connection with the
+copyright system of the country, as to demand the prompt and careful
+attention of Congress to save it from injury in its present crowded and
+insufficient quarters. As this library is national in its character, and
+must from the nature of the case increase even more rapidly in the future
+than in the past, it can not be doubted that the people will sanction any
+wise expenditure to preserve it and to enlarge its usefulness.
+
+The appeal of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the means to
+organize, exhibit, and make available for the public benefit the articles
+now stored away belonging to the National Museum I heartily recommend to
+your favorable consideration.
+
+The attention of Congress is again invited to the condition of the river
+front of the city of Washington. It is a matter of vital importance to the
+health of the residents of the national capital, both temporary and
+permanent, that the lowlands in front of the city, now subject to tidal
+overflow, should be reclaimed. In their present condition these flats
+obstruct the drainage of the city and are a dangerous source of malarial
+poison. The reclamation will improve the navigation of the river by
+restricting, and consequently deepening, its channel, and is also of
+importance when considered in connection with the extension of the public
+ground and the enlargement of the park west and south of the Washington
+Monument. The report of the board of survey, heretofore ordered by act of
+Congress, on the improvement of the harbor of Washington and Georgetown, is
+respectfully commended to consideration.
+
+The report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia presents a
+detailed statement of the affairs of the District.
+
+The relative expenditures by the United States and the District for local
+purposes is contrasted, showing that the expenditures by the people of the
+District greatly exceed those of the General Government. The exhibit is
+made in connection with estimates for the requisite repair of the defective
+pavements and sewers of the city, which is a work of immediate necessity;
+and in the same connection a plan is presented for the permanent funding of
+the outstanding securities of the District.
+
+The benevolent, reformatory, and penal institutions of the District are all
+entitled to the favorable attention of Congress. The Reform School needs
+additional buildings and teachers. Appropriations which will place all of
+these institutions in a condition to become models of usefulness and
+beneficence will be regarded by the country as liberality wisely bestowed.
+
+The Commissioners, with evident justice, request attention to the
+discrimination made by Congress against the District in the donation of
+land for the support of the public schools, and ask that the same
+liberality that has been shown to the inhabitants of the various States and
+Territories of the United States may be extended to the District of
+Columbia.
+
+The Commissioners also invite attention to the damage inflicted upon public
+and private interests by the present location of the depots and switching
+tracks of the several railroads entering the city, and ask for legislation
+looking to their removal. The recommendations and suggestions contained in
+the report will, I trust, receive the careful consideration of Congress.
+
+Sufficient time has, perhaps, not elapsed since the reorganization of the
+government of the District under the recent legislation of Congress for the
+expression of a confident opinion as to its successful operation, but the
+practical results already attained are so satisfactory that the friends of
+the new government may well urge upon Congress the wisdom of its
+continuance, without essential modification, until by actual experience its
+advantages and defects may be more fully ascertained.
+
+R. B. HAYES
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Rutherford B. Hayes
+December 1, 1879
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+The members of the Forty-sixth Congress have assembled in their first
+regular session under circumstances calling for mutual congratulation and
+grateful acknowledgment to the Giver of All Good for the large and unusual
+measure of national prosperity which we now enjoy.
+
+The most interesting events which have occurred in our public affairs since
+my last annual message to Congress are connected with the financial
+operations of the Government, directly affecting the business interests of
+the country. I congratulate Congress on the successful execution of the
+resumption act. At the time fixed, and in the manner contemplated by law,
+United States notes began to be redeemed in coin. Since the 1st of January
+last they have been promptly redeemed on presentation, and in all business
+transactions, public and private, in all parts of the country, they are
+received and paid out as the equivalent of coin. The demand upon the
+Treasury for gold and silver in exchange for United States notes has been
+comparatively small, and the voluntary deposit of coin and bullion in
+exchange for notes has been very large. The excess of the precious metals
+deposited or exchanged for United States notes over the amount of United
+States notes redeemed is about $40,000,000.
+
+The resumption of specie payments has been followed by a very great revival
+of business. With a currency equivalent in value to the money of the
+commercial world, we are enabled to enter upon an equal competition with
+other nations in trade and production. The increasing foreign demand for
+our manufactures and agricultural products has caused a large balance of
+trade in our favor, which has been paid in gold, from the 1st of July last
+to November 15, to the amount of about $59,000,000. Since the resumption of
+specie payments there has also been a marked and gratifying improvement of
+the public credit. The bonds of the Government bearing only 4 per cent
+interest have been sold at or above par, sufficient in amount to pay off
+all of the national debt which was redeemable under present laws. The
+amount of interest saved annually by the process of refunding the debt
+since March 1, 1877, is $14,297,177. The bonds sold were largely in small
+sums, and the number of our citizens now holding the public securities is
+much greater than ever before. The amount of the national debt which
+matures within less than two years is $792,121,700, of which $500,000,000
+bear interest at the rate of 5 per cent, and the balance is in bonds
+bearing 6 per cent interest. It is believed that this part of the public
+debt can be refunded by the issue of 4 per cent bonds, and, by the
+reduction of interest which will thus be effected, about $11,000,000 can be
+annually saved to the Treasury. To secure this important reduction of
+interest to be paid by the United States further legislation is required,
+which it is hoped will be provided by Congress during its present session.
+
+The coinage of gold by the mints of the United States during the last
+fiscal year was $40,986,912. The coinage of silver dollars since the
+passage of the act for that purpose up to November 1, 1879, was
+$45,000,850, of which $12,700,344 have been issued from the Treasury and
+are now in circulation, and $32,300,506 are still in the possession of the
+Government.
+
+The pendency of the proposition for unity of action between the United
+States and the principal commercial nations of Europe to effect a permanent
+system for the equality of gold and silver in the recognized money of the
+world leads me to recommend that Congress refrain from new legislation on
+the general subject. The great revival of trade, internal and foreign, will
+supply during the coming year its own instructions, which may well be
+awaited before attempting further experimental measures with the coinage. I
+would, however, strongly urge upon Congress the importance of authorizing
+the Secretary of the Treasury to suspend the coinage of silver dollars upon
+the present legal ratio. The market value of the silver dollar being
+uniformly and largely less than the market value of the gold dollar, it is
+obviously impracticable to maintain them at par with each other if both are
+coined without limit. If the cheaper coin is forced into circulation, it
+will, if coined without limit, soon become the sole standard of value, and
+thus defeat the desired object, which is a currency of both gold and silver
+which shall be of equivalent value, dollar for dollar, with the universally
+recognized money of the world.
+
+The retirement from circulation of United States notes with the capacity of
+legal tender in private contracts is a step to be taken in our progress
+toward a safe and stable currency which should be accepted as the policy
+and duty of the Government and the interest and security of the people. It
+is my firm conviction that the issue of legal-tender paper money based
+wholly upon the authority and credit of the Government, except in extreme
+emergency, is without warrant in the Constitution and a violation of sound
+financial principles. The issue of United States notes during the late
+civil war with the capacity of legal tender between private individuals was
+not authorized except as a means of rescuing the country from imminent
+peril. The circulation of these notes as paper money for any protracted
+period of time after the accomplishment of this purpose was not
+contemplated by the framers of the law under which they were issued. They
+anticipated the redemption and withdrawal of these notes at the earliest
+practicable period consistent with the attainment of the object for which
+they were provided.
+
+The policy of the United States, steadily adhered to from the adoption of
+the Constitution, has been to avoid the creation of a national debt; and
+when, from necessity in time of war, debts have been created, they have
+been paid off, on the return of peace, as rapidly as possible. With this
+view, and for this purpose, it is recommended that the existing laws for
+the accumulation of a sinking fund sufficient to extinguish the public debt
+within a limited period be maintained. If any change of the objects or
+rates of taxation is deemed necessary by Congress, it is suggested that
+experience has shown that a duty can be placed on tea and coffee which will
+not enhance the price of those articles to the consumer, and which will add
+several millions of dollars annually to the Treasury.
+
+The continued deliberate violation by a large number of the prominent and
+influential citizens of the Territory of Utah of the laws of the United
+States for the prosecution and punishment of polygamy demands the attention
+of every department of the Government. This Territory has a population
+sufficient to entitle it to admission as a State, and the general interests
+of the nation, as well as the welfare of the citizens of the Territory,
+require its advance from the Territorial form of government to the
+responsibilities and privileges of a State. This important change will not,
+however, be approved by the country while the citizens of Utah in very
+considerable number uphold a practice which is condemned as a crime by the
+laws of all civilized communities throughout the world.
+
+The law for the suppression of this offense was enacted with great
+unanimity by Congress more than seventeen years ago, but has remained until
+recently a dead letter in the Territory of Utah, because of the peculiar
+difficulties attending its enforcement. The opinion widely prevailed among
+the citizens of Utah that the law was in contravention of the
+constitutional guaranty of religious freedom. This objection is now
+removed. The Supreme Court of the United States has decided the law to be
+within the legislative power of Congress and binding as a rule of action
+for all who reside within the Territories. There is no longer any reason
+for delay or hesitation in its enforcement. It should be firmly and
+effectively executed. If not sufficiently stringent in its provisions, it
+should be amended; and in aid of the purpose in view I recommend that more
+comprehensive and more searching methods for preventing as well as
+punishing this crime be provided. If necessary to secure obedience to the
+law, the enjoyment and exercise of the rights and privileges of citizenship
+in the Territories of the United States may be withheld or withdrawn from
+those who violate or oppose the enforcement of the law on this subject.
+
+The elections of the past year, though occupied only with State officers,
+have not failed to elicit in the political discussions which attended them
+all over the country new and decisive evidence of the deep interest which
+the great body of citizens take in the progress of the country toward a
+more general and complete establishment, at whatever cost, of universal
+security and freedom in the exercise of the elective franchise. While many
+topics of political concern demand great attention from our people, both in
+the sphere of national and State authority, I find no reason to qualify the
+opinion I expressed in my last annual message, that no temporary or
+administrative interests of government, however urgent or weighty, will
+ever displace the zeal of our people in defense of the primary rights of
+citizenship, and that the power of public opinion will override all
+political prejudices, and all sectional and State attachments in demanding
+that all over our wide territory the name and character of citizen of the
+United States shall mean one and the same thing and carry with them
+unchallenged security and respect. I earnestly appeal to the intelligence
+and patriotism of all good citizens of every part of the country, however
+much they maybe divided in opinions on other political subjects, to unite
+in compelling obedience to existing laws aimed at the protection of the
+right of suffrage. I respectfully urge upon Congress to supply any defects
+in these laws which experience has shown and which it is within its power
+to remedy. I again invoke the cooperation of the executive and legislative
+authorities of the States in this great purpose. I am fully convinced that
+if the public mind can be set at rest on this paramount question of popular
+rights no serious obstacle will thwart or delay the complete pacification
+of the country or retard the general diffusion of prosperity.
+
+In a former message I invited the attention of Congress to the subject of
+the reformation of the civil service of the Government, and expressed the
+intention of transmitting to Congress as early as practicable a report upon
+this subject by the chairman of the Civil Service Commission.
+
+In view of the facts that during a considerable period the Government of
+Great Britain has been dealing with administrative problems and abuses in
+various particulars analogous to those presented in this country, and that
+in recent years the measures adopted were understood to have been effective
+and in every respect highly satisfactory, I thought it desirable to have
+fuller information upon the subject, and accordingly requested the chairman
+of the Civil Service Commission to make a thorough investigation for this
+purpose. The result has been an elaborate and comprehensive report.
+
+The report sets forth the history of the partisan spoils system in Great
+Britain, and of the rise and fall of the parliamentary patronage, and of
+official interference with the freedom of elections. It shows that after
+long trials of various kinds of examinations those which are competitive
+and open on equal terms to all, and which are carried on under the
+superintendence of a single commission, have, with great advantage, been
+established as conditions of admission to almost every official place in
+the subordinate administration of that country and of British India. The
+completion of the report, owing to the extent of the labor involved in its
+preparation and the omission of Congress to make any provision either for
+the compensation or the expenses of the Commission, has been postponed
+until the present time. It is herewith transmitted to Congress.
+
+While the reform measures of another government are of no authority for us,
+they are entitled to influence to the extent to which their intrinsic
+wisdom and their adaptation to our institutions and social life may commend
+them to our consideration. The views I have heretofore expressed concerning
+the defects and abuses in our civil administration remain unchanged, except
+in so far as an enlarged experience has deepened my sense of the duty both
+of officers and of the people themselves to cooperate for their removal.
+The grave evils and perils of a partisan spoils system of appointment to
+office and of office tenure are now generally recognized. In the
+resolutions of the great parties, in the reports of Departments, in the
+debates and proceedings of Congress, in the messages of Executives, the
+gravity of these evils has been pointed out and the need of their reform
+has been admitted.
+
+To command the necessary support, every measure of reform must be based on
+common right and justice, and must be compatible with the healthy existence
+of great parties, which are inevitable and essential in a free state.
+
+When the people have approved a policy at a national election, confidence
+on the part of the officers they have selected and of the advisers who, in
+accordance with our political institutions, should be consulted in the
+policy which it is their duty to carry into effect is indispensable. It is
+eminently proper that they should explain it before the people, as well as
+illustrate its spirit in the performance of their official duties.
+
+Very different considerations apply to the greater number of those who fill
+the subordinate places in the civil service. Their responsibility is to
+their superiors in official position. It is their duty to obey the legal
+instructions of those upon whom that authority is devolved, and their best
+public service consists in the discharge of their functions irrespective of
+partisan politics. Their duties are the same whatever party is in power and
+whatever policy prevails. As a consequence it follows that their tenure of
+office should not depend on the prevalence of any policy or the supremacy
+of any party, but should be determined by their capacity to serve the
+people most usefully quite irrespective of partisan interests. The same
+considerations that should govern the tenure should also prevail in the
+appointment, discipline, and removal of these subordinates. The authority
+of appointment and removal is not a perquisite, which may be used to aid a
+friend or reward a partisan, but is a trust, to be exercised in the public
+interest under all the sanctions which attend the obligation to apply the
+public funds only for public purposes.
+
+Every citizen has an equal right to the honor and profit of entering the
+public service of his country. The only just ground of discrimination is
+the measure of character and capacity he has to make that service most
+useful to the people. Except in cases where, upon just and recognized
+principles--as upon the theory of pensions--offices and promotions are
+bestowed as rewards for past services, their bestowal upon any theory which
+disregards personal merit is an act of injustice to the citizen, as well as
+a breach of that trust subject to which the appointing power is held.
+
+In the light of these principles it becomes of great importance to provide
+just and adequate means, especially for every Department and large
+administrative office, where personal discrimination on the part of its
+head is not practicable, for ascertaining those qualifications to which
+appointments and removals should have reference. To fail to provide such
+means is not only to deny the opportunity of ascertaining the facts upon
+which the most righteous claim to office depends, but of necessity to
+discourage all worthy aspirants by handing over appointments and removals
+to mere influence and favoritism. If it is the right of the worthiest
+claimant to gain the appointment and the interest of the people to bestow
+it upon him, it would seem clear that a wise and just method of
+ascertaining personal fitness for office must be an important and permanent
+function of every just and wise government. It has long since become
+impossible in the great offices for those having the duty of nomination and
+appointment to personally examine into the individual qualifications of
+more than a small proportion of those seeking office, and with the
+enlargement of the civil service that proportion must continue to become
+less.
+
+In the earlier years of the Government the subordinate offices were so few
+in number that it was quite easy for those making appointments and
+promotions to personally ascertain the merits of candidates. Party managers
+and methods had not then become powerful agencies of coercion, hostile to
+the free and just exercise of the appointing power.
+
+A large and responsible part of the duty of restoring the civil service to
+the desired purity and efficiency rests upon the President, and it is my
+purpose to do what is within my power to advance such prudent and gradual
+measures of reform as will most surely and rapidly bring about that radical
+change of system essential to make our administrative methods satisfactory
+to a free and intelligent people. By a proper exercise of authority it is
+in the power of the Executive to do much to promote such a reform. But it
+can not be too clearly understood that nothing adequate can be accomplished
+without cooperation on the part of Congress and considerate and intelligent
+support among the people. Reforms which challenge the generally accepted
+theories of parties and demand changes in the methods of Departments are
+not the work of a day. Their permanent foundations must be laid in sound
+principles and in an experience which demonstrates their wisdom and exposes
+the errors of their adversaries. Every worthy officer desires to make his
+official action a gain and an honor to his country; but the people
+themselves, far more than their officers in public station, are interested
+in a pure, economical, and vigorous administration.
+
+By laws enacted in 1853 and 1855, and now in substance incorporated in the
+Revised Statutes, the practice of arbitrary appointments to the several
+subordinate grades in the great Departments was condemned, and examinations
+as to capacity, to be conducted by departmental boards of examiners, were
+provided for and made conditions of admission to the public service. These
+statutes are a decision by Congress that examinations of some sort as to
+attainments and capacity are essential to the well-being of the public
+service. The important questions since the enactment of these laws have
+been as to the character of these examinations, and whether official favor
+and partisan influence or common right and merit were to control the access
+to the examinations. In practice these examinations have not always been
+open to worthy persons generally who might wish to be examined. Official
+favoritism and partisan influence, as a rule, appear to have designated
+those who alone were permitted to go before the examining boards,
+subjecting even the examiners to a pressure from the friends of the
+candidates very difficult to resist. As a consequence the standard of
+admission fell below that which the public interest demanded. It was also
+almost inevitable that a system which provided for various separate boards
+of examiners, with no common supervision or uniform method of procedure,
+should result in confusion, inconsistency, and inadequate tests of
+capacity, highly detrimental to the public interest. A further and more
+radical change was obviously required.
+
+In the annual message of December, 1870, my predecessor declared that--
+There is no duty which so much embarrasses the Executive and heads of
+Departments as that of appointments, nor is there any such arduous and
+thankless labor imposed on Senators and Representatives as that of finding
+places for constituents. The present system does not secure the best men,
+and often not even fit men, for public place. The elevation and
+purification of the civil service of the Government will be hailed with
+approval by the whole people of the United States. Congress accordingly
+passed the act approved March 3, 1871, "to regulate the civil service of
+the United States and promote the efficiency thereof," giving the necessary
+authority to the Executive to inaugurate a civil-service reform.
+
+Acting under this statute, which was interpreted as intended to secure a
+system of just and effectual examinations under uniform supervision, a
+number of eminently competent persons were selected for the purpose, who
+entered with zeal upon the discharge of their duties, prepared with an
+intelligent appreciation of the requirements of the service the regulations
+contemplated, and took charge of the examinations, and who in their
+capacity as a board have been known as the "Civil Service Commission."
+Congress for two years appropriated the money needed for the compensation
+and for the expense of carrying on the work of the Commission.
+
+It appears from the report of the Commission submitted to the President in
+April, 1874, that examinations had been held in various sections of the
+country, and that an appropriation of about $25,000 would be required to
+meet the annual expenses, including salaries, involved in discharging the
+duties of the Commission. The report was transmitted to Congress by special
+message of April 18, 1874, with the following favorable comment upon the
+labors of the Commission: If sustained by Congress, I have no doubt the
+rules can, after the experience gained, be so improved and enforced as to
+still more materially benefit the public service and relieve the Executive,
+members of Congress, and the heads of Departments from influences
+prejudicial to good administration. The rules, as they have hitherto been
+enforced, have resulted beneficially, as is shown by the opinions of the
+members of the Cabinet and their subordinates in the Departments, and in
+that opinion I concur. And in the annual message of December of the same
+year similar views are expressed and an appropriation for continuing the
+work of the Commission again advised.
+
+The appropriation was not made, and as a consequence the active work of the
+Commission was suspended, leaving the Commission itself still in existence.
+Without the means, therefore, of causing qualifications to be tested in any
+systematic manner or of securing for the public service the advantages of
+competition upon any extensive plan, I recommended in my annual message of
+December, 1877, the making of an appropriation for the resumption of the
+work of the Commission.
+
+In the meantime, however, competitive examinations, under many
+embarrassments, have been conducted within limited spheres in the Executive
+Departments in Washington and in a number of the custom-houses and
+post-offices of the principal cities of the country, with a view to further
+test their effects, and in every instance they have been found to be as
+salutary as they are stated to have been under the Administration of my
+predecessor. I think the economy, purity, and efficiency of the public
+service would be greatly promoted by their systematic introduction,
+wherever practicable, throughout the entire civil service of the
+Government, together with ample provision for their general supervision in
+order to secure consistency and uniform justice.
+
+Reports from the Secretary of the Interior, from the Postmaster-General,
+from the postmaster in the city of New York, where such examinations have
+been some time on trial, and also from the collector of the port, the naval
+officer, and the surveyor in that city, and from the postmasters and
+collectors in several of the other large cities, show that the competitive
+system, where applied, has in various ways contributed to improve the
+public service.
+
+The reports show that the results have been salutary in a marked degree,
+and that the general application of similar rules can not fail to be of
+decided benefit to the service.
+
+The reports of the Government officers, in the city of New York especially,
+bear decided testimony to the utility of open competitive examinations in
+their respective offices, showing that--These examinations and the
+excellent qualifications of those admitted to the service through them have
+had a marked incidental effect upon the persons previously in the service,
+and particularly upon those aspiring to promotion. There has been on the
+part of these latter an increased interest in the work and a desire to
+extend acquaintance with it beyond the particular desk occupied, and thus
+the morale of the entire force has been raised. The examinations have been
+attended by many citizens, who have had an opportunity to thoroughly
+investigate the scope and character of the tests and the method of
+determining the results, and those visitors have without exception approved
+the methods employed, and several of them have publicly attested their
+favorable opinion. Upon such considerations I deem it my duty to renew the
+recommendation contained in my annual message of December, 1877, requesting
+Congress to make the necessary appropriation for the resumption of the work
+of the Civil Service Commission. Economy will be promoted by authorizing a
+moderate compensation to persons in the public service who may perform
+extra labor upon or under the Commission, as the Executive may direct.
+
+I am convinced that if a just and adequate test of merit is enforced for
+admission to the public service and in making promotions such abuses as
+removals without good cause and partisan and official interference with the
+proper exercise of the appointing power will in large measure disappear.
+
+There are other administrative abuses to which the attention of Congress
+should be asked in this connection. Mere partisan appointments and the
+constant peril of removal without cause very naturally lead to an absorbing
+and mischievous political activity on the part of those thus appointed,
+which not only interferes with the due discharge of official duty, but is
+incompatible with the freedom of elections. Not without warrant in the
+views of several of my predecessors in the Presidential office, and
+directly within the law of 1871, already cited, I endeavored, by regulation
+made on the 22d day of June, 1877, to put some reasonable limits to such
+abuses. It may not be easy, and it may never perhaps be necessary, to
+define with precision the proper limit of political action on the part of
+Federal officers. But while their right to hold and freely express their
+opinions can not be questioned, it is very plain that they should neither
+be allowed to devote to other subjects the time needed for the proper
+discharge of their official duties nor to use the authority of their office
+to enforce their own opinions or to coerce the political action of those
+who hold different opinions.
+
+Reasons of justice and public policy quite analogous to those which forbid
+the use of official power for the oppression of the private citizen impose
+upon the Government the duty of protecting its officers and agents from
+arbitrary exactions. In whatever aspect considered, the practice of making
+levies for party purposes upon the salaries of officers is highly
+demoralizing to the public service and discreditable to the country. Though
+an officer should be as free as any other citizen to give his own money in
+aid of his opinions or his party, he should also be as free as any other
+citizen to refuse to make such gifts. If salaries are but a fair
+compensation for the time and labor of the officer, it is gross injustice
+to levy a tax upon them. If they are made excessive in order that they may
+bear the tax, the excess is an indirect robbery of the public funds.
+
+I recommend, therefore, such a revision and extension of present statutes
+as shall secure to those in every grade of official life or public
+employment the protection with which a great and enlightened nation should
+guard those who are faithful in its service.
+
+Our relations with foreign countries have continued peaceful.
+
+With Great Britain there are still unsettled questions, growing out of the
+local laws of the maritime provinces and the action of provincial
+authorities deemed to be in derogation of rights secured by treaty to
+American fishermen. The United States minister in London has been
+instructed to present a demand for $105,305.02 in view of the damages
+received by American citizens at Fortune Bay on the 6th day of January,
+1878. The subject has been taken into consideration by the British
+Government, and an early reply is anticipated.
+
+Upon the completion of the necessary preliminary examinations the subject
+of our participation in the provincial fisheries, as regulated by treaty,
+will at once be brought to the attention of the British Government, with a
+view to an early and permanent settlement of the whole question, which was
+only temporarily adjusted by the treaty of Washington.
+
+Efforts have been made to obtain the removal of restrictions found
+injurious to the exportation of cattle to the United Kingdom.
+
+Some correspondence has also occurred with regard to the rescue and saving
+of life and property upon the Lakes, which has resulted in important
+modifications of the previous regulations of the Dominion government on the
+subject in the interest of humanity and commerce.
+
+In accordance with the joint resolution of the last session of Congress,
+commissioners were appointed to represent the United States at the two
+international exhibitions in Australia, one of which is now in progress at
+Sydney, and the other to be held next year at Melbourne. A desire has been
+expressed by our merchants and manufacturers interested in the important
+and growing trade with Australia that an increased provision should be made
+by Congress for the representation of our industries at the Melbourne
+exhibition of next year, and the subject is respectfully submitted to your
+favorable consideration.
+
+The assent of the Government has been given to the landing on the coast of
+Massachusetts of a new and independent transatlantic cable between France,
+by way of the French island of St. Pierre, and this country, subject to any
+future legislation of Congress on the subject. The conditions imposed
+before allowing this connection with our shores to be established are such
+as to secure its competition with any existing or future lines of marine
+cable and preclude amalgamation therewith, to provide for entire equality
+of rights to our Government and people with those of France in the use of
+the cable, and prevent any exclusive possession of the privilege as
+accorded by France to the disadvantage of any future cable communication
+between France and the United States which may be projected and
+accomplished by our citizens. An important reduction of the present rates
+of cable communication with Europe, felt to be too burdensome to the
+interests of our commerce, must necessarily flow from the establishment of
+this competing line.
+
+The attention of Congress was drawn to the propriety of some general
+regulation by Congress of the whole subject of transmarine cables by my
+predecessor in his message of December 7, 1875, and I respectfully submit
+to your consideration the importance of Congressional action in the
+matter.
+
+The questions of grave importance with Spain growing out of the incidents
+of the Cuban insurrection have been for the most part happily and honorably
+settled. It may reasonably be anticipated that the commission now sitting
+in Washington for the decision of private cases in this connection will
+soon be able to bring its labors to a conclusion.
+
+The long-standing question of East Florida claims has lately been renewed
+as a subject of correspondence, and may possibly require Congressional
+action for its final disposition.
+
+A treaty with the Netherlands with respect to consular rights and
+privileges similar to those with other powers has been signed and ratified,
+and the ratifications were exchanged on the 31st of July last. Negotiations
+for extradition treaties with the Netherlands and with Denmark are now in
+progress.
+
+Some questions with Switzerland in regard to pauper and convict emigrants
+have arisen, but it is not doubted that they will be arranged upon a just
+and satisfactory basis. A question has also occurred with respect to an
+asserted claim by Swiss municipal authorities to exercise tutelage over
+persons and property of Swiss citizens naturalized in this country. It is
+possible this may require adjustment by treaty.
+
+With the German Empire frequent questions arise in connection with the
+Subjects of naturalization and expatriation, but the Imperial Government
+has constantly manifested a desire to strictly maintain and comply with all
+treaty stipulations in regard to them.
+
+In consequence of the omission of Congress to provide for a diplomatic
+representative at Athens, the legation to Greece has been withdrawn. There
+is now no channel of diplomatic communication between the two countries,
+and the expediency of providing for one in some form is submitted to
+Congress.
+
+Relations with Austria, Russia, Italy, Portugal, Turkey, and Belgium
+continue amicable, and marked by no incident of especial importance.
+
+A change of the personal head of the Government of Egypt has taken place.
+No change, however, has occurred in the relations between Egypt and the
+United States. The action of the Egyptian Government in presenting to the
+city of New York one of the ancient obelisks, which possess such historic
+interest, is highly appreciated as a generous mark of international regard.
+If prosperity should attend the enterprise of its transportation across the
+Atlantic, its erection in a conspicuous position in the chief commercial
+city of the nation will soon be accomplished.
+
+The treaty recently made between Japan and the United States in regard to
+the revision of former commercial treaties it is now believed will be
+followed by similar action on the part of other treaty powers. The
+attention of Congress is again invited to the subject of the indemnity
+funds received some years since from Japan and China, which, with their
+accumulated interest, now amount to considerable sums. If any part of these
+funds is justly due to American citizens, they should receive it promptly;
+and whatever may have been received by this Government in excess of
+strictly just demands should in some form be returned to the nations to
+whom it equitably belongs.
+
+The Government of China has signified its willingness to consider the
+question of the emigration of its subjects to the United States with a
+dispassionate fairness and to cooperate in such measures as may tend to
+prevent injurious consequences to the United States. The negotiations are
+still proceeding, and will be pressed with diligence.
+
+A question having arisen between China and Japan about the Lew Chew
+Islands, the United States Government has taken measures to inform those
+powers of its readiness to extend its good offices for the maintenance of
+peace if they shall mutually deem it desirable and find it practicable to
+avail themselves of the proffer.
+
+It is a gratification to be able to announce that, through the judicious
+and energetic action of the military commanders of the two nations on each
+side of the Rio Grande, under the instructions of their respective
+Governments, raids and depredations have greatly decreased, and in the
+localities where formerly most destructive have now almost wholly ceased.
+In view of this result, I entertain a confident expectation that the
+prevalence of quiet on the border will soon become so assured as to justify
+a modification of the present orders to our military commanders as to
+crossing the border, without encouraging such disturbances as would
+endanger the peace of the two countries.
+
+The third installment of the award against Mexico under the claims
+commission of July 4, 1868, was duly paid, and has been put in course of
+distribution in pursuance of the act of Congress providing for the same.
+This satisfactory situation between the two countries leads me to
+anticipate an expansion of our trade with Mexico and an increased
+contribution of capital and industry by our people to the development of
+the great resources of that country. I earnestly commend to the wisdom of
+Congress the provision of suitable legislation looking to this result.
+
+Diplomatic intercourse with Colombia is again fully restored by the arrival
+of a minister from that country to the United States. This is especially
+fortunate in view of the fact that the question of an inter-oceanic canal
+has recently assumed a new and important aspect and is now under discussion
+with the Central American countries through whose territory the canal, by
+the Nicaragua route, would have to pass. It is trusted that enlightened
+statesmanship on their part will see that the early prosecution of such a
+work will largely inure to the benefit, not only of their own citizens and
+those of the United States, but of the commerce of the civilized world. It
+is not doubted that should the work be undertaken under the protective
+auspices of the United States, and upon satisfactory concessions for the
+right of way and its security by the Central American Governments, the
+capital for its completion would be readily furnished from this country and
+Europe, which might, failing such guaranties, prove inaccessible.
+
+Diplomatic relations with Chile have also been strengthened by the
+reception of a minister from that country.
+
+The war between Peru, Bolivia, and Chile still continues. The United States
+have not deemed it proper to interpose in the matter further than to convey
+to all the Governments concerned the assurance that the friendly offices of
+the Government of the United States for the restoration of peace upon an
+honorable basis will be extended in case the belligerents shall exhibit a
+readiness to accept them.
+
+Cordial relations continue with Brazil and the Argentine Republic, and
+trade with those countries is improving. A provision for regular and more
+frequent mail communication, in our own ships, between the ports of this
+country and the nations of South America seems to me to deserve the
+attention of Congress as an essential precursor of an enlargement of our
+commerce with them and an extension of our carrying trade.
+
+A recent revolution in Venezuela has been followed by the establishment of
+a provisional government. This government has not yet been formally
+recognized, and it is deemed desirable to await the proposed action of the
+people which is expected to give it the sanction of constitutional forms.
+
+A naval vessel has been sent to the Samoan Islands to make surveys and take
+possession of the privileges ceded to the United States by Samoa in the
+harbor of Pago-Pago. A coaling station is to be established there, which
+will be convenient and useful to United States vessels.
+
+The subject of opening diplomatic relations with Roumania and Servia, now
+become independent sovereignties, is at present under consideration, and is
+the subject of diplomatic correspondence.
+
+There is a gratifying increase of trade with nearly all European and
+American countries, and it is believed that with judicious action in regard
+to its development it can and will be still more enhanced and that American
+products and manufactures will find new and expanding markets. The reports
+of diplomatic and consular officers upon this subject, under the system now
+adopted, have resulted in obtaining much valuable information, which has
+been and will continue to be laid before Congress and the public from time
+to time.
+
+The third article of the treaty with Russia of March 30, 1867, by which
+Alaska was ceded to the United States, provides that the inhabitants of the
+ceded territory, with the exception of the uncivilized native tribes, shall
+be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United
+States and shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their
+liberty, property, and religion. The uncivilized tribes are subject to such
+laws and regulations as the United States may from time to time adopt in
+regard to the aboriginal tribes of that country.
+
+Both the obligations of this treaty and the necessities of the people
+require that some organized form of government over the Territory of Alaska
+be adopted.
+
+There appears to be no law for the arrest of persons charged with
+common-law offenses, such as assault, robbery, and murder, and no
+magistrate authorized to issue or execute process in such cases. Serious
+difficulties have already arisen from offenses of this character, not only
+among the original inhabitants, but among citizens of the United States and
+other countries who have engaged in mining, fishing, and other business
+operations within the territory. A bill authorizing the appointment of
+justices of the peace and constables and the arrest and detention of
+persons charged with criminal offenses, and providing for an appeal to
+United States courts for the district of Oregon in suitable cases, will at
+a proper time be submitted to Congress.
+
+The attention of Congress is called to the annual report of the Secretary
+of the Treasury on the condition of the public finances.
+
+The ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year ended June 30,
+1879, were $273,827,184.46; the ordinary expenditures for the same period
+were $266,947,883.53, leaving a surplus revenue for the year of
+$6,879,300.93.
+
+The receipts for the present fiscal year, ending June 30, 1880, actual and
+estimated, are as follows: Actual receipts for the first quarter,
+commencing July 1, 1879, $79,843,663.61; estimated receipts for the
+remaining three quarters of the year, $208,156,336.39; total receipts for
+the current fiscal year, actual and estimated, $288,000,000.
+
+The expenditures for the same period will be, actual and estimated, as
+follows: For the quarter commencing July 1, 1879, actual expenditures,
+$91,683,385.10; and for the remaining three quarters of the year the
+expenditures are estimated at $172,316,614.90, making the total
+expenditures $264,000,000, and leaving an estimated surplus revenue for the
+year ending June 30, 1880, of $24,000,000. The total receipts during the
+next fiscal year, ending June 30, 1881, estimated according to existing
+laws, will be $288,000,000, and the estimated ordinary expenditures for the
+same period will be $278,097,364.39, leaving a surplus of $9,902,635.61 for
+that year.
+
+The large amount expended for arrears of pensions during the last and the
+present fiscal year, amounting to $21,747,249.60, has prevented the
+application of the full amount required by law to the sinking fund for the
+current year; but these arrears having been substantially paid, it is
+believed that the sinking fund can hereafter be maintained without any
+change of existing law.
+
+The Secretary of War reports that the War Department estimates for the
+fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, are $40,380,428.93, the same being for a
+less sum of money than any annual estimate rendered to Congress from that
+Department during a period of at least twelve years.
+
+He concurs with the General of the Army in recommending such legislation as
+will authorize the enlistment of the full number of 25,000 men for the line
+of the Army, exclusive of the 3,463 men required for detached duty, and
+therefore not available for service in the field.
+
+He also recommends that Congress be asked to provide by law for the
+disposition of a large number of abandoned military posts and reservations,
+which, though very valuable in themselves, have been rendered useless for
+military purposes by the advance of civilization and settlement.
+
+He unites with the Quartermaster-General in recommending that an
+appropriation be made for the construction of a cheap and perfectly
+fireproof building for the safe storage of a vast amount of money accounts,
+vouchers, claims, and other valuable records now in the
+Quartermaster-General's Office, and exposed to great risk of total
+destruction by fire.
+
+He also recommends, in conformity with the views of the
+Judge-Advocate-General, some declaratory legislation in reference to the
+military statute of limitations as applied to the crime of desertion. In
+these several recommendations I concur.
+
+The Secretary of War further reports that the work for the improvement of
+the South Pass of the Mississippi River, under contract with Mr. James B.
+Eads, made in pursuance of an act of Congress, has been prosecuted during
+the past year with a greater measure of success in the attainment of
+results than during any previous year. The channel through the South Pass,
+which at the beginning of operations in June, 1875, had a depth of only 7
+1/2 feet of water, had on the 8th of July, 1879, a minimum depth of 26
+feet, having a width of not less than 200 feet and a central depth of 30
+feet. Payments have been made in accordance with the statute, as the work
+progressed, amounting in the aggregate to $4,250,000; and further payments
+will become due, as provided by the statute, in the event of success in
+maintaining the channel now secured.
+
+The reports of the General of the Army and of his subordinates present a
+full and detailed account of the military operations for the suppression of
+hostilities among the Indians of the Ute and Apache tribes, and praise is
+justly awarded to the officers and troops engaged for promptness, skill,
+and courage displayed.
+
+The past year has been one of almost unbroken peace and quiet on the
+Mexican frontier, and there is reason to believe that the efforts of this
+Government and of Mexico to maintain order in that region will prove
+permanently successful.
+
+This Department was enabled during the past year to find temporary, though
+crowded, accommodations and a safe depository for a portion of its records
+in the completed east wing of the building designed for the State, War, and
+Navy Departments. The construction of the north wing of the building, a
+part of the structure intended for the use of the War Department, is being
+carried forward with all possible dispatch, and the work should receive
+from Congress such liberal appropriations as will secure its speedy
+completion.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows continued improvement in that
+branch of the service during the last fiscal year. Extensive repairs have
+been made upon vessels, and two new ships have been completed and made
+ready for sea.
+
+The total expenditures of the year ended June 30, 1879, including specific
+appropriations not estimated for by the Department, were $13,555,710.09.
+The expenses chargeable to the year, after deducting the amount of these
+specific appropriations, were $13,343,317.79; but this is subject to a
+reduction of $283,725.99, that amount having been drawn upon warrants, but
+not paid out during the year. The amount of appropriations applicable to
+the last fiscal year was $14,538,646.17. There was, therefore, a balance of
+$1,479,054.37 remaining unexpended and to the credit of the Department on
+June 30, 1879. The estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, are
+$14,864,147.95, which exceeds the appropriations for the present fiscal
+year $361,897.28. The reason for this increase is explained in the
+Secretary's report. The appropriations available for the present fiscal
+year are $14,502,250.67, which will, in the opinion of the Secretary,
+answer all the ordinary demands of the service. The amount drawn from the
+Treasury from July 1 to November 1, 1879 was $5,770,404.12, of which
+$1,095,440.33 has been refunded, leaving as the expenditure for that period
+$4,674,963.79. If the expenditures of the remaining two-thirds of the year
+do not exceed the proportion for these four months, there will remain
+unexpended at the end of the year $477,359.30 of the current
+appropriations. The report of the Secretary shows the gratifying fact that
+among all the disbursing officers of the Pay Corps of the Navy there is not
+one who is a defaulter to the extent of a single dollar. I unite with him
+in recommending the removal of the observatory to a more healthful
+location. That institution reflects credit upon the nation, and has
+obtained the approbation of scientific men in all parts of the world. Its
+removal from its present location would not only be conducive to the health
+of its officers and professors, but would greatly increase its usefulness.
+
+The appropriation for judicial expenses, which has heretofore been made for
+the Department of Justice in gross, was subdivided at the last session of
+Congress, and no appropriation whatever was made for the payment of the
+fees of marshals and their deputies, either in the service of process or
+for the discharge of other duties; and since June 30 these officers have
+continued the performance of their duties without compensation from the
+Government, taking upon themselves the necessary incidental outlays, as
+well as rendering their own services. In only a few unavoidable instances
+has the proper execution of the process of the United States failed by
+reason of the absence of the requisite appropriation. This course of
+official conduct on the part of these officers, highly creditable to their
+fidelity, was advised by the Attorney-General, who informed them, however,
+that they would necessarily have to rely for their compensation upon the
+prospect of future legislation by Congress. I therefore especially
+recommend that immediate appropriation be made by Congress for this
+purpose.
+
+The act making the principal appropriation for the Department of Justice at
+previous sessions has uniformly contained the following clause: And for
+defraying the expenses which my be incurred in the enforcement of the act
+approved February 28, 1871, entitled "An act to amend an act approved May
+31, 1870, entitled 'An act to enforce the rights of citizens of the United
+States to vote in the several States of this Union, and for other
+purposes,'" or any acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto. No
+appropriation was made for this purpose for the current year. As no general
+election for Members of Congress occurred, the omission was a matter of
+little practical importance. Such election will, however, take place during
+the ensuing year, and the appropriation made for the pay of marshals and
+deputies should be sufficient to embrace compensation for the services they
+may be required to perform at such elections.
+
+The business of the Supreme Court is at present largely in arrears. It can
+not be expected that more causes can be decided than are now disposed of in
+its annual session, or that by any assiduity the distinguished magistrates
+who compose the court can accomplish more than is now done. In the courts
+of many of the circuits also the business has increased to such an extent
+that the delay of justice will call the attention of Congress to an
+appropriate remedy. It is believed that all is done in each circuit which
+can fairly be expected from its judicial force. The evils arising from
+delay are less heavily felt by the United States than by private suitors,
+as its causes are advanced by the courts when it is seen that they involve
+the discussion of questions of a public character.
+
+The remedy suggested by the Attorney-General is the appointment of
+additional circuit judges and the creation of an intermediate court of
+errors and appeals, which shall relieve the Supreme Court of a part of its
+jurisdiction, while a larger force is also obtained for the performance of
+circuit duties.
+
+I commend this suggestion to the consideration of Congress. It would seem
+to afford a complete remedy, and would involve, if ten additional circuit
+judges are appointed, an expenditure, at the present rate of salaries, of
+not more than $60,000 a year, which would certainly be small in comparison
+with the objects to be attained.
+
+The report of the Postmaster-General bears testimony to the general revival
+of business throughout the country. The receipts of the Post-Office
+Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1879, were $30,041,982.86,
+being $764,465.91 more than the revenues of the preceding year. The amount
+realized from the sale of postage stamps, stamped envelopes, and postal
+cards was $764,465.91 more than in the preceding year, and $2,387,559.23
+more than in 1877. The expenditures of the Department were $33,449,899.45,
+of which the sum of $376,461.63 was paid on liabilities incurred in
+preceding years.
+
+The expenditures during the year were $801,209.77 less than in the
+preceding year. This reduction is to be attributed mainly to the operation
+of the law passed June 17, 1878, changing the compensation of postmasters
+from a commission on the value of stamps sold to a commission on stamps
+canceled.
+
+The amount drawn from the Treasury on appropriations, in addition to the
+revenues of the Department, was $3,031,454.96, being $2,276,197.86 less
+than in the preceding year.
+
+The expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, are estimated at
+$39,920,900 and the receipts from all sources at $32,210,000, leaving a
+deficiency to be appropriated for out of the Treasury of $7,710,900.
+
+The relations of the Department with railroad companies have been
+harmonized, notwithstanding the general reduction by Congress of their
+compensation by the appropriation for special facilities, and the railway
+post-office lines have been greatly extended, especially in the Southern
+States. The interests of the Railway Mail Service and of the public would
+be greatly promoted and the expenditures could be more readily controlled
+by the classification of the employees of the Railway Mail Service as
+recommended by the Postmaster-General, the appropriation for salaries, with
+respect to which the maximum limit is already fixed by law, to be made in
+gross.
+
+The Postmaster-General recommends an amendment of the law regulating the
+increase of compensation for increased service and increased speed on star
+routes, so as to enable him to advertise for proposals for such increased
+service and speed. He also suggests the advantages to accrue to the
+commerce of the country from the enactment of a general law authorizing
+contracts with American-built steamers, carrying the American flag, for
+transporting the mail between ports of the United States and ports of the
+West Indies and South America, at a fixed maximum price per mile, the
+amount to be expended being regulated by annual appropriations, in like
+manner with the amount paid for the domestic star service.
+
+The arrangement made by the Postmaster-General and the Secretary of the
+Treasury for the collection of duty upon books received in the mail from
+foreign countries has proved so satisfactory in its practical operation
+that the recommendation is now made that Congress shall extend the
+provisions of the act of March 3, 1879, under which this arrangement was
+made, so as to apply to all other dutiable articles received in the mails
+from foreign countries.
+
+The reports of the Secretary of the Interior and of the Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, setting forth the present state of our relations with the
+Indian tribes on our territory, the measures taken to advance their
+civilization and prosperity, and the progress already achieved by them,
+will be found of more than ordinary interest. The general conduct of our
+Indian population has been so satisfactory that the occurrence of two
+disturbances, which resulted in bloodshed and destruction of property, is
+all the more to be lamented.
+
+The history of the outbreak on the White River Ute Reservation, in western
+Colorado, has become so familiar by elaborate reports in the public press
+that its remarkable incidents need not be stated here in detail. It is
+expected that the settlement of this difficulty will lead to such
+arrangements as will prevent further hostile contact between the Indians
+and the border settlements in western Colorado.
+
+The other disturbance occurred at the Mescalero Agency, in New Mexico,
+where Victoria, at the head of a small band of marauders, after committing
+many atrocities, being vigorously chased by a military force, made his way
+across the Mexican border and is now on foreign soil.
+
+While these occurrences, in which a comparatively small number of Indians
+were engaged, are most deplorable, a vast majority of our Indian population
+have fully justified the expectations of those who believe that by humane
+and peaceful influences the Indian can be led to abandon the habits of
+savage life and to develop a capacity for useful and civilized occupations.
+What they have already accomplished in the pursuit of agricultural and
+mechanical work, the remarkable success which has attended the experiment
+of employing as freighters a class of Indians hitherto counted among the
+wildest and most intractable, and the general and urgent desire expressed
+by them for the education of their children may be taken as sufficient
+proof that they will be found capable of accomplishing much more if they
+continue to be wisely and fairly guided. The "Indian policy" sketched in
+the report of the Secretary of the Interior, the object of which is to make
+liberal provision for the education of Indian youth, to settle the Indians
+upon farm lots in severalty, to give them title in fee to their farms,
+inalienable for a certain number of years, and when their wants are thus
+provided for to dispose by sale of the lands on their reservations not
+occupied and used by them, a fund to be formed out of the proceeds for the
+benefit of the Indians, which will gradually relieve the Government of the
+expenses now provided for by annual appropriations, must commend itself as
+just and beneficial to the Indians, and as also calculated to remove those
+obstructions which the existence of large reservations presents to the
+settlement and development of the country. I therefore earnestly recommend
+the enactment of a law enabling the Government to give Indians a title in
+fee, inalienable for twenty-five years, to the farm lands assigned to them
+by allotment. I also repeat the recommendation made in my first annual
+message, that a law be passed admitting Indians who can give satisfactory
+proof of having by their own labor supported their families for a number of
+years, and who are willing to detach themselves from their tribal
+relations, to the benefit of the homestead act, and to grant them patents
+containing the same provision of inalienability for a certain period.
+
+The experiment of sending a number of Indian children of both sexes to the
+Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, in Virginia, to receive an
+elementary English education and practical instruction in farming and other
+useful industries, has led to results so promising that it was thought
+expedient to turn over the cavalry barracks at Carlisle, in Pennsylvania,
+to the Interior Department for the establishment of an Indian school on a
+larger scale. This school has now 158 pupils, selected from various tribes,
+and is in full operation. Arrangements are also made for the education of a
+number of Indian boys and girls belonging to tribes on the Pacific Slope in
+a similar manner, at Forest Grove, in Oregon. These institutions will
+commend themselves to the liberality of Congress and to the philanthropic
+munificence of the American people.
+
+Last spring information was received of the organization of an extensive
+movement in the Western States, the object of which was the occupation by
+unauthorized persons of certain lands in the Indian Territory ceded by the
+Cherokees to the Government for the purpose of settlement by other Indian
+tribes.
+
+On the 26th of April I issued a proclamation warning all persons against
+participation in such an attempt, and by the cooperation of a military
+force the invasion was promptly checked. It is my purpose to protect the
+rights of the Indian inhabitants of that Territory to the full extent of
+the executive power; but it would be unwise to ignore the fact that a
+territory so large and so fertile, with a population so sparse and with so
+great a wealth of unused resources, will be found more exposed to the
+repetition of such attempts as happened this year when the surrounding
+States are more densely settled and the westward movement of our population
+looks still more eagerly for fresh lands to occupy. Under such
+circumstances the difficulty of maintaining the Indian Territory in its
+present state will greatly increase, and the Indian tribes inhabiting it
+would do well to prepare for such a contingency. I therefore fully approve
+of the advice given to them by the Secretary of the Interior on a recent
+occasion, to divide among themselves in severalty as large a quantity of
+their lands as they can cultivate; to acquire individual title in fee
+instead of their present tribal ownership in common, and to consider in
+what manner the balance of their lands may be disposed of by the Government
+for their benefit. By adopting such a policy they would more certainly
+secure for themselves the value of their possessions, and at the same time
+promote their progress in civilization and prosperity, than by endeavoring
+to perpetuate the present state of things in the Territory.
+
+The question whether a change in the control of the Indian service should
+be made was in the Forty-fifth Congress referred to a joint committee of
+both Houses for inquiry and report. In my last annual message I expressed
+the hope that the decision of that question, then in prospect, would
+"arrest further agitation of this subject, such agitation being apt to
+produce a disturbing effect upon the service as well as on the Indians
+themselves." Since then, the committee having reported, the question has
+been decided in the negative by a vote in the House of Representatives.
+
+For the reasons here stated, and in view of the fact that further
+uncertainty on this point will be calculated to obstruct other much-needed
+legislation, to weaken the discipline of the service, and to unsettle
+salutary measures now in progress for the government and improvement of the
+Indians, I respectfully recommend that the decision arrived at by Congress
+at its last session be permitted to stand.
+
+The efforts made by the Department of the Interior to arrest the
+depredations on the timber lands of the United States have been continued,
+and have met with considerable success. A large number of cases of trespass
+have been prosecuted in the courts of the United States; others have been
+settled, the trespassers offering to make payment to the Government for the
+value of the timber taken by them. The proceeds of these prosecutions and
+settlements turned into the Treasury far exceed in amount the sums
+appropriated by Congress for this purpose. A more important result,
+however, consists in the fact that the destruction of our public forests by
+depredation, although such cases still occur, has been greatly reduced in
+extent, and it is probable that if the present policy is vigorously pursued
+and sufficient provision to that end is made by Congress such trespasses,
+at least those on a large scale, can be entirely suppressed, except in the
+Territories, where timber for the daily requirements of the population can
+not, under the present state of the law, be otherwise obtained. I therefore
+earnestly invite the attention of Congress to the recommendation made by
+the Secretary of the Interior, that a law be enacted enabling the
+Government to sell timber from the public lands without conveying the fee,
+where such lands are principally valuable for the timber thereon, such
+sales to be so regulated as to conform to domestic wants and business
+requirements, while at the same time guarding against a sweeping
+destruction of the forests. The enactment of such a law appears to become a
+more pressing necessity every day.
+
+My recommendations in former messages are renewed in favor of enlarging the
+facilities of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture is the leading
+interest and the permanent industry of our people. It is to the abundance
+of agricultural production, as compared with our home consumption, and the
+largely increased and highly profitable market abroad which we have enjoyed
+in recent years, that we are mainly indebted for our present prosperity as
+a people. We must look for its continued maintenance to the same
+substantial resource. There is no branch of industry in which labor,
+directed by scientific knowledge, yields such increased production in
+comparison with unskilled labor, and no branch of the public service to
+which the encouragement of liberal appropriations can be more appropriately
+extended. The omission to render such aid is not a wise economy, but, on
+the contrary, undoubtedly results in losses of immense sums annually that
+might be saved through well-directed efforts by the Government to promote
+this vital interest.
+
+The results already accomplished with the very limited means heretofore
+placed at the command of the Department of Agriculture is an earnest of
+what may be expected with increased appropriations for the several purposes
+indicated in the report of the Commissioner, with a view to placing the
+Department upon a footing which will enable it to prosecute more
+effectively the objects for which it is established.
+
+Appropriations are needed for a more complete laboratory, for the
+establishment of a veterinary division and a division of forestry, and for
+an increase of force.
+
+The requirements for these and other purposes, indicated in the report of
+the Commissioner under the head of the immediate necessities of the
+Department, will not involve any expenditure of money that the country can
+not with propriety now undertake in the interests of agriculture.
+
+It is gratifying to learn from the Bureau of Education the extent to which
+educational privileges throughout the United States have been advanced
+during the year. No more fundamental responsibility rests upon Congress
+than that of devising appropriate measures of financial aid to education,
+supplemental to local action in the States and Territories and in the
+District of Columbia. The wise forethought of the founders of our
+Government has not only furnished the basis for the support of the
+common-school systems of the newer States, but laid the foundations for the
+maintenance of their universities and colleges of agriculture and the
+mechanic arts. Measures in accordance with this traditional policy, for the
+further benefit of all these interests and the extension of the same
+advantages to every portion of the country, it is hoped will receive your
+favorable consideration.
+
+To preserve and perpetuate the national literature should be among the
+foremost cares of the National Legislature. The library gathered at the
+Capitol still remains unprovided with any suitable accommodations for its
+rapidly increasing stores. The magnitude and importance of the collection,
+increased as it is by the deposits made under the law of copyright, by
+domestic and foreign exchanges, and by the scientific library of the
+Smithsonian Institution, call for building accommodations which shall be at
+once adequate and fireproof. The location of such a public building, which
+should provide for the pressing necessities of the present and for the vast
+increase of the nation's books in the future, is a matter which addresses
+itself to the discretion of Congress. It is earnestly recommended as a
+measure which should unite all suffrages and which should no longer be
+delayed.
+
+The joint commission created by the act of Congress of August 2, 1876, for
+the purpose of supervising and directing the completion of the Washington
+National Monument, of which commission the President is a member, has given
+careful attention to this subject, and already the strengthening of the
+foundation has so far progressed as to insure the entire success of this
+part of the work. A massive layer of masonry has been introduced below the
+original foundation, widening the base, increasing the stability of the
+structure, and rendering it possible to carry the shaft to completion. It
+is earnestly recommended that such further appropriations be made for the
+continued prosecution of the work as may be necessary for the completion of
+this national monument at an early day.
+
+In former messages, impressed with the importance of the subject, I have
+taken occasion to commend to Congress the adoption of a generous policy
+toward the District of Columbia. The report of the Commissioners of the
+District, herewith transmitted, contains suggestions and recommendations,
+to all of which I earnestly invite your careful attention. I ask your early
+and favorable consideration of the views which they express as to the
+urgent need of legislation for the reclamation of the marshes of the
+Potomac and its Eastern Branch within the limits of the city, and for the
+repair of the streets of the capital, heretofore laid with wooden blocks
+and now by decay rendered almost impassable and a source of imminent danger
+to the health of its citizens. The means at the disposal of the
+Commissioners are wholly inadequate for the accomplishment of these
+important works, and should be supplemented by timely appropriations from
+the Federal Treasury.
+
+The filling of the flats in front of the city will add to the adjacent
+lands and parks now owned by the United States a large and valuable domain,
+sufficient, it is thought, to reimburse its entire cost, and will also, as
+an incidental result, secure the permanent improvement of the river for the
+purposes of navigation.
+
+The Constitution having invested Congress with supreme and exclusive
+jurisdiction over the District of Columbia, its citizens must of necessity
+look to Congress alone for all needful legislation affecting their
+interests; and as the territory of this District is the common property of
+the people of the United States, who equally with its resident citizens are
+interested in the prosperity of their capital, I can not doubt that you
+will be amply sustained by the general voice of the country in any measures
+you may adopt for this purpose.
+
+I also invite the favorable consideration of Congress to the wants of the
+public schools of this District, as exhibited in the report of the
+Commissioners. While the number of pupils is rapidly increasing, no
+adequate provision exists for a corresponding increase of school
+accommodation, and the Commissioners are without the means to meet this
+urgent need. A number of the buildings now used for school purposes are
+rented, and are in important particulars unsuited for the purpose. The
+cause of popular education in the District of Columbia is surely entitled
+to the same consideration at the hands of the National Government as in the
+several States and Territories, to which munificent grants of the public
+lands have been made for the endowment of schools and universities.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Rutherford B. Hayes
+December 6, 1880
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+I congratulate you on the continued and increasing prosperity of our
+country. By the favor of Divine Providence we have been blessed during the
+past year with health, with abundant harvests, with profitable employment
+for all our people, and with contentment at home, and with peace and
+friendship with other nations. The occurrence of the twenty-fourth election
+of Chief Magistrate has afforded another opportunity to the people of the
+United States to exhibit to the world a significant example of the peaceful
+and safe transmission of the power and authority of government from the
+public servants whose terms of office are about to expire to their newly
+chosen successors. This example can not fail to impress profoundly
+thoughtful people of other countries with the advantages which republican
+institutions afford. The immediate, general, and cheerful acquiescence of
+all good citizens in the result of the election gives gratifying assurance
+to our country and to its friends throughout the world that a government
+based on the free consent of an intelligent and patriotic people possesses
+elements of strength, stability, and permanency not found in any other form
+of government.
+
+Continued opposition to the full and free enjoyment of the rights of
+citizenship conferred upon the colored people by the recent amendments to
+the Constitution still prevails in several of the late slaveholding States.
+It has, perhaps, not been manifested in the recent election to any large
+extent in acts of violence or intimidation. It has, however, by fraudulent
+practices in connection with the ballots, with the regulations as to the
+places and manner of voting, and with counting, returning, and canvassing
+the votes cast, been successful in defeating the exercise of the right
+preservative of all rights--the right of suffrage--which the Constitution
+expressly confers upon our enfranchised citizens.
+
+It is the desire of the good people of the whole country that sectionalism
+as a factor in our politics should disappear. They prefer that no section
+of the country should be united in solid opposition to any other section.
+The disposition to refuse a prompt and hearty obedience to the equal-rights
+amendments to the Constitution is all that now stands in the way of a
+complete obliteration of sectional lines in our political contests. As long
+as either of these amendments is flagrantly violated or disregarded, it is
+safe to assume that the people who placed them in the Constitution, as
+embodying the legitimate results of the war for the Union, and who believe
+them to be wise and necessary, will continue to act together and to insist
+that they shall be obeyed. The paramount question still is as to the
+enjoyment of the fight by every American citizen who has the requisite
+qualifications to freely cast his vote and to have it honestly counted.
+With this question rightly settled, the country will be relieved of the
+contentions of the past; bygones will indeed be bygones, and political and
+party issues, with respect to economy and efficiency of administration,
+internal improvements, the tariff, domestic taxation, education, finance,
+and other important subjects, will then receive their full share of
+attention; but resistance to and nullification of the results of the war
+will unite together in resolute purpose for their support all who maintain
+the authority of the Government and the perpetuity of the Union, and who
+adequately appreciate the value of the victory achieved. This determination
+proceeds from no hostile sentiment or feeling to any part of the people of
+our country or to any of their interests. The inviolability of the
+amendments rests upon the fundamental principle of our Government. They are
+the solemn expression of the will of the people of the United States.
+
+The sentiment that the constitutional rights of all our citizens must be
+maintained does not grow weaker. It will continue to control the Government
+of the country. Happily, the history of the late election shows that in
+many parts of the country where opposition to the fifteenth amendment has
+heretofore prevailed it is diminishing, and is likely to cease altogether
+if firm and well-considered action is taken by Congress. I trust the House
+of Representatives and the Senate, which have the right to judge of the
+elections, returns, and qualifications of their own members, will see to it
+that every case of violation of the letter or spirit of the fifteenth
+amendment is thoroughly investigated, and that no benefit from such
+violation shall accrue to any person or party. It will be the duty of the
+Executive, with sufficient appropriations for the purpose, to prosecute
+unsparingly all who have been engaged in depriving citizens of the rights
+guaranteed to them by the Constitution.
+
+It is not, however, to be forgotten that the best and surest guaranty of
+the primary rights of citizenship is to be found in that capacity for
+self-protection which can belong only to a people whose right to universal
+suffrage is supported by universal education. The means at the command of
+the local and State authorities are in many cases wholly inadequate to
+furnish free instruction to all who need it. This is especially true where
+before emancipation the education of the people was neglected or prevented,
+in the interest of slavery. Firmly convinced that the subject of popular
+education deserves the earnest attention of the people of the whole
+country, with a view to wise and comprehensive action by the Government of
+the United States, I respectfully recommend that Congress, by suitable
+legislation and with proper safeguards, supplement the local educational
+funds in the several States where the grave duties and responsibilities of
+citizenship have been devolved on uneducated people by devoting to the
+purpose grants of the public lands and, if necessary, by appropriations
+from the Treasury of the United States. Whatever Government can fairly do
+to promote free popular education ought to be done. Wherever general
+education is found, peace, virtue, and social order prevail and civil and
+religious liberty are secure.
+
+In my former annual messages I have asked the attention of Congress to the
+urgent necessity of a reformation of the civil-service system of the
+Government. My views concerning the dangers of patronage, or appointments
+for personal or partisan considerations, have been strengthened by my
+observation and experience in the Executive office, and I believe these
+dangers threaten the stability of the Government. Abuses so serious in
+their nature can not be permanently tolerated. They tend to become more
+alarming with the enlargement of administrative service, as the growth of
+the country in population increases the number of officers and placemen
+employed.
+
+The reasons are imperative for the adoption of fixed rules for the
+regulation of appointments, promotions, and removals, establishing a
+uniform method having exclusively in view in every instance the attainment
+of the best qualifications for the position in question. Such a method
+alone is consistent with the equal rights of all citizens and the most
+economical and efficient administration of the public business.
+
+Competitive examinations in aid of impartial appointments and promotions
+have been conducted for some years past in several of the Executive
+Departments, and by my direction this system has been adopted in the
+custom-houses and post-offices of the larger cities of the country. In the
+city of New York over 2,000 positions in the civil service have been
+subject in their appointments and tenure of place to the operation of
+published rules for this purpose during the past two years. The results of
+these practical trials have been very satisfactory, and have confirmed my
+opinion in favor of this system of selection. All are subjected to the same
+tests, and the result is free from prejudice by personal favor or partisan
+influence. It secures for the position applied for the best qualifications
+attainable among the competing applicants. It is an effectual protection
+from the pressure of importunity, which under any other course pursued
+largely exacts the time and attention of appointing officers, to their
+great detriment in the discharge of other official duties preventing the
+abuse of the service for the mere furtherance of private or party purposes,
+and leaving the employee of the Government, freed from the obligations
+imposed by patronage, to depend solely upon merit for retention and
+advancement, and with this constant incentive to exertion and improvement.
+
+These invaluable results have been attained in a high degree in the offices
+where the rules for appointment by competitive examination have been
+applied.
+
+A method which has so approved itself by experimental tests at points where
+such tests may be fairly considered conclusive should be extended to all
+subordinate positions under the Government. I believe that a strong and
+growing public sentiment demands immediate measures for securing and
+enforcing the highest possible efficiency in the civil service and its
+protection from recognized abuses, and that the experience referred to has
+demonstrated the feasibility of such measures.
+
+The examinations in the custom-houses and post-offices have been held under
+many embarrassments and without provision for compensation for the extra
+labor performed by the officers who have conducted them, and whose
+commendable interest in the improvement of the public service has induced
+this devotion of time and labor without pecuniary reward. A continuance of
+these labors gratuitously ought not to be expected, and without an
+appropriation by Congress for compensation it is not practicable to extend
+the system of examinations generally throughout the civil service. It is
+also highly important that all such examinations should be conducted upon a
+uniform system and under general supervision. Section 1753 of the Revised
+Statutes authorizes the President to prescribe the regulations for
+admission to the civil service of the United States, and for this purpose
+to employ suitable persons to conduct the requisite inquiries with
+reference to "the fitness of each candidate, in respect to age, health,
+character, knowledge, and ability for the branch of service into which he
+seeks to enter;" but the law is practically inoperative for want of the
+requisite appropriation.
+
+I therefore recommend an appropriation of $25,000 per annum to meet the
+expenses of a commission, to be appointed by the President in accordance
+with the terms of this section, whose duty it shall be to devise a just,
+uniform, and efficient system of competitive examinations and to supervise
+the application of the same throughout the entire civil service of the
+Government. I am persuaded that the facilities which such a commission will
+afford for testing the fitness of those who apply for office will not only
+be as welcome a relief to members of Congress as it will be to the
+President and heads of Departments, but that it will also greatly tend to
+remove the causes of embarrassment which now inevitably and constantly
+attend the conflicting claims of patronage between the legislative and
+executive departments. The most effectual check upon the pernicious
+competition of influence and official favoritism in the bestowal of office
+will be the substitution of an open competition of merit between the
+applicants, in which everyone can make his own record with the assurance
+that his success will depend upon this alone.
+
+I also recommend such legislation as, while leaving every officer as free
+as any other citizen to express his political opinions and to use his means
+for their advancement, shall also enable him to feel as safe as any private
+citizen in refusing all demands upon his salary for political purposes. A
+law which should thus guarantee true liberty and justice to all who are
+engaged in the public service, and likewise contain stringent provisions
+against the use of official authority to coerce the political action of
+private citizens or of official subordinates, is greatly to be desired.
+
+The most serious obstacle, however, to an improvement of the civil service,
+and especially to a reform in the method of appointment and removal, has
+been found to be the practice, under what is known as the spoils system, by
+which the appointing power has been so largely encroached upon by members
+of Congress. The first step in the reform of the civil service must be a
+complete divorce between Congress and the Executive in the matter of
+appointments. The corrupting doctrine that "to the victors belong the
+spoils" is inseparable from Congressional patronage as the established rule
+and practice of parties in power. It comes to be understood by applicants
+for office and by the people generally that Representatives and Senators
+are entitled to disburse the patronage of their respective districts and
+States. It is not necessary to recite at length the evils resulting from
+this invasion of the Executive functions. The true principles of Government
+on the subject of appointments to office, as stated in the national
+conventions of the leading parties of the country, have again and again
+been approved by the American people, and have not been called in question
+in any quarter. These authentic expressions of public opinion upon this
+all-important subject are the statement of principles that belong to the
+constitutional structure of the Government. Under the Constitution the
+President and heads of Departments are to make nominations for office. The
+Senate is to advise and consent to appointments, and the House of
+Representatives is to accuse and prosecute faithless officers. The best
+interest of the public service demands that these distinctions be
+respected; that Senators and Representatives, who may be judges and
+accusers, should not dictate appointments to office. To this end the
+cooperation of the legislative department of the Government is required
+alike by the necessities of the case and by public opinion. Members of
+Congress will not be relieved from the demands made upon them with
+reference to appointments to office until by legislative enactment the
+pernicious practice is condemned and forbidden.
+
+It is therefore recommended that an act be passed defining the relations of
+members of Congress with respect to appointment to office by the President;
+and I also recommend that the provisions of section 1767 and of the
+sections following of the Revised Statutes, comprising the tenure-of-office
+act of March 2, 1867, be repealed.
+
+Believing that to reform the system and methods of the civil service in our
+country is one of the highest and most imperative duties of statesmanship,
+and that it can be permanently done only by the cooperation of the
+legislative and executive departments of the Government, I again commend
+the whole subject to your considerate attention.
+
+It is the recognized duty and purpose of the people of the United States to
+suppress polygamy where it now exists in our Territories and to prevent its
+extension. Faithful and zealous efforts have been made by the United States
+authorities in Utah to enforce the laws against it. Experience has shown
+that the legislation upon this subject, to be effective, requires extensive
+modification and amendment. The longer action is delayed the more difficult
+it will be to accomplish what is desired. Prompt and decided measures are
+necessary. The Mormon sectarian organization which upholds polygamy has the
+whole power of making and executing the local legislation of the Territory.
+By its control of the grand and petit juries it possesses large influence
+over the administration of justice. Exercising, as the heads of this sect
+do, the local political power of the Territory, they are able to make
+effective their hostility to the law of Congress on the subject of
+polygamy, and, in fact, do prevent its enforcement. Polygamy will not be
+abolished if the enforcement of the law depends on those who practice and
+uphold the crime. It can only be suppressed by taking away the political
+power of the sect which encourages and sustains it.
+
+The power of Congress to enact suitable laws to protect the Territories is
+ample. It is not a case for halfway measures. The political power of the
+Mormon sect is increasing. It controls now one of our wealthiest and most
+populous Territories. It is extending steadily into other Territories.
+Wherever it goes it establishes polygamy and sectarian political power. The
+sanctity of marriage and the family relation are the corner stone of our
+American society and civilization. Religious liberty and the separation of
+church and state are among the elementary ideas of free institutions. To
+reestablish the interests and principles which polygamy and Mormonism have
+imperiled, and to fully reopen to intelligent and virtuous immigrants of
+all creeds that part of our domain which has been in a great degree closed
+to general immigration by intolerant and immoral institutions, it is
+recommended that the government of the Territory of Utah be reorganized.
+
+I recommend that Congress provide for the government of Utah by a governor
+and judges, or commissioners, appointed by the President and confirmed by
+the Senate--a government analogous to the provisional government
+established for the territory northwest of the Ohio by the ordinance of
+1787. If, however, it is deemed best to continue the existing form of local
+government, I recommend that the right to vote, hold office, and sit on
+juries in the Territory of Utah be confined to those who neither practice
+nor uphold polygamy. If thorough measures are adopted, it is believed that
+within a few years the evils which now afflict Utah will be eradicated, and
+that this Territory will in good time become one of the most prosperous and
+attractive of the new States of the Union.
+
+Our relations with all foreign countries have been those of undisturbed
+peace, and have presented no occasion for concern as to their continued
+maintenance.
+
+My anticipation of an early reply from the British Government to the demand
+of indemnity to our fishermen for the injuries suffered by that industry at
+Fortune Bay in January, 1878, which I expressed in my last annual message,
+was disappointed. This answer was received only in the latter part of April
+in the present year, and when received exhibited a failure of accord
+between the two Governments as to the measure of the inshore fishing
+privilege secured to our fishermen by the treaty of Washington of so
+serious a character that I made it the subject of a communication to
+Congress, in which I recommended the adoption of the measures which seemed
+to me proper to be taken by this Government in maintenance of the rights
+accorded to our fishermen under the treaty and toward securing an indemnity
+for the injury these interests had suffered. A bill to carry out these
+recommendations was under consideration by the House of Representatives at
+the time of the adjournment of Congress in June last.
+
+Within a few weeks I have received a communication from Her Majesty's
+Government renewing the consideration of the subject, both of the indemnity
+for the injuries at Fortune Bay and of the interpretation of the treaty in
+which the previous correspondence had shown the two Governments to be at
+variance. Upon both these topics the disposition toward a friendly
+agreement is manifested by a recognition of our right to an indemnity for
+the transaction at Fortune Bay, leaving the measure of such indemnity to
+further conference, and by an assent to the view of this Government,
+presented in the previous correspondence, that the regulation of
+conflicting interests of the shore fishery of the provincial seacoasts and
+the vessel fishery of our fishermen should be made the subject of
+conference and concurrent arrangement between the two Governments.
+
+I sincerely hope that the basis may be found for a speedy adjustment of the
+very serious divergence of views in the interpretation of the fishery
+clauses of the treaty of Washington, which, as the correspondence between
+the two Governments stood at the close of the last session of Congress,
+seemed to be irreconcilable.
+
+In the important exhibition of arts and industries which was held last year
+at Sydney, New South Wales, as well as in that now in progress at
+Melbourne, the United States have been efficiently and honorably
+represented. The exhibitors from this country at the former place received
+a large number of awards in some of the most considerable departments, and
+the participation of the United States was recognized by a special mark of
+distinction. In the exhibition at Melbourne the share taken by our country
+is no less notable, and an equal degree of success is confidently
+expected.
+
+The state of peace and tranquillity now enjoyed by all the nations of the
+continent of Europe has its favorable influence upon our diplomatic and
+commercial relations with them. We have concluded and ratified a convention
+with the French Republic for the settlement of claims of the citizens of
+either country against the other. Under this convention a commission,
+presided over by a distinguished publicist, appointed in pursuance of the
+request of both nations by His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, has been
+organized and has begun its sessions in this city. A congress to consider
+means for the protection of industrial property has recently been in
+session in Paris, to which I have appointed the ministers of the United
+States in France and in Belgium as delegates. The International Commission
+upon Weights and Measures also continues its work in Paris. I invite your
+attention to the necessity of an appropriation to be made in time to enable
+this Government to comply with its obligations under the metrical
+convention.
+
+Our friendly relations with the German Empire continue without
+interruption. At the recent International Exhibition of Fish and Fisheries
+at Berlin the participation of the United States, notwithstanding the haste
+with which the commission was forced to make its preparations, was
+extremely successful and meritorious, winning for private exhibitors
+numerous awards of a high class and for the country at large the principal
+prize of honor offered by His Majesty the Emperor. The results of this
+great success can not but be advantageous to this important and growing
+industry. There have been some questions raised between the two Governments
+as to the proper effect and interpretation of our treaties of
+naturalization, but recent dispatches from our minister at Berlin show that
+favorable progress is making toward an understanding in accordance with the
+views of this Government, which makes and admits no distinction whatever
+between the rights of a native and a naturalized citizen of the United
+States. In practice the complaints of molestation suffered by naturalized
+citizens abroad have never been fewer than at present.
+
+There is nothing of importance to note in our unbroken friendly relations
+with the Governments of Austria-Hungary, Russia, Portugal, Sweden and
+Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, and Greece.
+
+During the last summer several vessels belonging to the merchant marine of
+this country, sailing in neutral waters of the West Indies, were fired at,
+boarded, and searched by an armed cruiser of the Spanish Government. The
+circumstances as reported involve not only a private injury to the persons
+concerned, but also seemed too little observant of the friendly relations
+existing for a century between this country and Spain. The wrong was
+brought to the attention of the Spanish Government in a serious protest and
+remonstrance, and the matter is undergoing investigation by the royal
+authorities with a view to such explanation or reparation as may be called
+for by the facts.
+
+The commission sitting in this city for the adjudication of claims of our
+citizens against the Government of Spain is, I hope, approaching the
+termination of its labors.
+
+The claims against the United States under the Florida treaty with Spain
+were submitted to Congress for its action at the late session, and I again
+invite your attention to this long-standing question, with a view to a
+final disposition of the matter.
+
+At the invitation of the Spanish Government, a conference has recently been
+held at the city of Madrid to consider the subject of protection by foreign
+powers of native Moors in the Empire of Morocco. The minister of the United
+States in Spain was directed to take part in the deliberations of this
+conference, the result of which is a convention signed on behalf of all the
+powers represented. The instrument will be laid before the Senate for its
+consideration. The Government of the United States has also lost no
+opportunity to urge upon that of the Emperor of Morocco the necessity, in
+accordance with the humane and enlightened spirit of the age, of putting an
+end to the persecutions, which have been so prevalent in that country, of
+persons of a faith other than the Moslem, and especially of the Hebrew
+residents of Morocco.
+
+The consular treaty concluded with Belgium has not yet been officially
+promulgated, owing to the alteration of a word in the text by the Senate of
+the United States, which occasioned a delay, during which the time allowed
+for ratification expired. The Senate will be asked to extend the period for
+ratification.
+
+The attempt to negotiate a treaty of extradition with Denmark failed on
+account of the objection of the Danish Government to the usual clause
+providing that each nation should pay the expense of the arrest of the
+persons whose extradition it asks.
+
+The provision made by Congress at its last session for the expense of the
+commission which had been appointed to enter upon negotiations with the
+Imperial Government of China on subjects of great interest to the relations
+of the two countries enabled the commissioners to proceed at once upon
+their mission. The Imperial Government was prepared to give prompt and
+respectful attention to the matters brought under negotiation, and the
+conferences proceeded with such rapidity and success that on the 17th of
+November last two treaties were signed at Peking, one relating to the
+introduction of Chinese into this country and one relating to commerce. Mr.
+Trescot, one of the commissioners, is now on his way home bringing the
+treaties, and it is expected that they will be received in season to be
+laid before the Senate early in January.
+
+Our minister in Japan has negotiated a convention for the reciprocal relief
+of shipwrecked seamen. I take occasion to urge once more upon Congress the
+propriety of making provision for the erection of suitable fireproof
+buildings at the Japanese capital for the use of the American legation and
+the court-house and jail connected with it. The Japanese Government, with
+great generosity and courtesy, has offered for this purpose an eligible
+piece of land.
+
+In my last annual message I invited the attention of Congress to the
+subject of the indemnity funds received some years ago from China and
+Japan. I renew the recommendation then made that whatever portions of these
+funds are due to American citizens should be promptly paid and the residue
+returned to the nations, respectively, to which they justly and equitably
+belong.
+
+The extradition treaty with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Which has been
+for some time in course of negotiation, has during the past year been
+concluded and duly ratified.
+
+Relations of friendship and amity have been established between the
+Government of the United States and that of Roumania. We have sent a
+diplomatic representative to Bucharest, and have received at this capital
+the special envoy who has been charged by His Royal Highness Prince Charles
+to announce the independent sovereignty of Roumania. We hope for a speedy
+development of commercial relations between the two countries.
+
+In my last annual message I expressed the hope that the prevalence of quiet
+on the border between this country and Mexico would soon become so assured
+as to justify the modification of the orders then in force to our military
+commanders in regard to crossing the frontier, without encouraging such
+disturbances as would endanger the peace of the two countries. Events moved
+in accordance with these expectations, and the orders were accordingly
+withdrawn, to the entire satisfaction of our own citizens and the Mexican
+Government. Subsequently the peace of the border was again disturbed by a
+savage foray under the command of the Chief Victoria, but by the combined
+and harmonious action of the military forces of both countries his band has
+been broken up and substantially destroyed.
+
+There is reason to believe that the obstacles which have so long prevented
+rapid and convenient communication between the United States and Mexico by
+railways are on the point of disappearing, and that several important
+enterprises of this character will soon be set on foot, which can not fail
+to contribute largely to the prosperity of both countries.
+
+New envoys from Guatemala, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Nicaragua have
+recently arrived at this capital, whose distinction and enlightenment
+afford the best guaranty of the continuance of friendly relations between
+ourselves and these sister Republics.
+
+The relations between this Government and that of the United States of
+Colombia have engaged public attention during the past year, mainly by
+reason of the project of an interoceanic canal across the Isthmus of
+Panama, to be built by private capital under a concession from the
+Colombian Government for that purpose. The treaty obligations subsisting
+between the United States and Colombia, by which we guarantee the
+neutrality of the transit and the sovereignty and property of Colombia in
+the Isthmus, make it necessary that the conditions under which so
+stupendous a change in the region embraced in this guaranty should be
+effected--transforming, as it would, this Isthmus from a barrier between
+the Atlantic and Pacific oceans into a gateway and thoroughfare between
+them for the navies and the merchant ships of the world--should receive the
+approval of this Government, as being compatible with the discharge of
+these obligations on our part and consistent with our interests as the
+principal commercial power of the Western Hemisphere. The views which I
+expressed in a special message to Congress in March last in relation to
+this project I deem it my duty again to press upon your attention.
+Subsequent consideration has but confirmed the opinion "that it is the
+right and duty of the United States to assert and maintain such supervision
+and authority over any interoceanic canal across the isthmus that connects
+North and South America as will protect our national interest."
+
+The war between the Republic of Chile on the one hand and the allied
+Republics of Peru and Bolivia on the other still continues. This Government
+has not felt called upon to interfere in a contest that is within the
+belligerent rights of the parties as independent states. We have, however,
+always held ourselves in readiness to aid in accommodating their
+difference, and have at different times reminded both belligerents of our
+willingness to render such service.
+
+Our good offices in this direction were recently accepted by all the
+belligerents, and it was hoped they would prove efficacious; but I regret
+to announce that the measures which the ministers of the United States at
+Santiago and Lima were authorized to take with the view to bring about a
+peace were not successful. In the course of the war some questions have
+arisen affecting neutral rights. In all of these the ministers of the
+United States have, under their instructions, acted with promptness and
+energy in protection of American interests.
+
+The relations of the United States with the Empire of Brazil continue to be
+most cordial, and their commercial intercourse steadily increases, to their
+mutual advantage.
+
+The internal disorders with which the Argentine Republic has for some time
+past been afflicted, and which have more or less influenced its external
+trade, are understood to have been brought to a close. This happy result
+may be expected to redound to the benefit of the foreign commerce of that
+Republic, as well as to the development of its vast interior resources.
+
+In Samoa the Government of King Malietoa, under the support and recognition
+of the consular representatives of the United States, Great Britain, and
+Germany, seems to have given peace and tranquillity to the islands. While
+it does not appear desirable to adopt as a whole the scheme of tripartite
+local government which has been proposed, the common interests of the three
+great treaty powers require harmony in their relations to the native frame
+of government, and this may be best secured by a simple diplomatic
+agreement between them. It would be well if the consular jurisdiction of
+our representative at Apia were increased in extent and importance so as to
+guard American interests in the surrounding and outlying islands of
+Oceanica.
+
+The obelisk generously presented by the Khedive of Egypt to the city of New
+York has safely arrived in this country, and will soon be erected in that
+metropolis. A commission for the liquidation of the Egyptian debt has
+lately concluded its work, and this Government, at the earnest solicitation
+of the Khedive, has acceded to the provisions adopted by it, which will be
+laid before Congress for its information. A commission for the revision of
+the judicial code of the reform tribunal of Egypt is now in session in
+Cairo. Mr. Farman, consul-general, and J. M. Batchelder, esq., have been
+appointed as commissioners to participate in this work. The organization of
+the reform tribunals will probably be continued for another period of five
+years.
+
+In pursuance of the act passed at the last session of Congress, invitations
+have been extended to foreign maritime states to join in a sanitary
+conference in Washington, beginning the 1st of January. The acceptance of
+this invitation by many prominent powers gives promise of success in this
+important measure, designed to establish a system of international
+notification by which the spread of infectious or epidemic diseases may be
+more effectively checked or prevented. The attention of Congress is invited
+to the necessary appropriations for carrying into effect the provisions of
+the act referred to.
+
+The efforts of the Department of State to enlarge the trade and commerce of
+the United States, through the active agency of consular officers and
+through the dissemination of information obtained from them, have been
+unrelaxed. The interest in these efforts, as developed in our commercial
+communities, and the value of the information secured by this means to the
+trade and manufactures of the country were recognized by Congress at its
+last session, and provision was made for the more frequent publication of
+consular and other reports by the Department of State. The first issue of
+this publication has now been prepared, and subsequent issues may regularly
+be expected. The importance and interest attached to the reports of
+consular officers are witnessed by the general demand for them by all
+classes of merchants and manufacturers engaged in our foreign trade. It is
+believed that the system of such publications is deserving of the approval
+of Congress, and that the necessary appropriations for its continuance and
+enlargement will commend itself to your consideration.
+
+The prosperous energies of our domestic industries and their immense
+production of the subjects of foreign commerce invite, and even require, an
+active development of the wishes and interests of our people in that
+direction. Especially important is it that our commercial relations with
+the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America, with the West Indies and
+the Gulf of Mexico, should be direct, and not through the circuit of
+European systems, and should be carried on in our own bottoms. The full
+appreciation of the opportunities which our front on the Pacific Ocean
+gives to commerce with Japan, China, and the East Indies, with Australia
+and the island groups which lie along these routes of navigation, should
+inspire equal efforts to appropriate to our own shipping and to administer
+by our own capital a due proportion of this trade. Whatever modifications
+of our regulations of trade and navigation may be necessary or useful to
+meet and direct these impulses to the enlargement of our exchanges and of
+our carrying trade I am sure the wisdom of Congress will be ready to
+supply. One initial measure, however, seems to me so dearly useful and
+efficient that I venture to press it upon your earnest attention. It seems
+to be very evident that the provision of regular steam postal communication
+by aid from government has been the forerunner of the commercial
+predominance of Great Britain on all these coasts and seas, a greater share
+in whose trade is now the desire and the intent of our people. It is also
+manifest that the efforts of other European nations to contend with Great
+Britain for a share of this commerce have been successful in proportion
+with their adoption of regular steam postal communication with the markets
+whose trade they sought. Mexico and the States of South America are anxious
+to receive such postal communication with this country and to aid in their
+development. Similar cooperation may be looked for in due time from the
+Eastern nations and from Australia. It is difficult to see how the lead in
+this movement can be expected from private interests. In respect of foreign
+commerce quite as much as in internal trade postal communication seems
+necessarily a matter of common and public administration, and thus
+pertaining to Government. I respectfully recommend to your prompt attention
+such just and efficient measures as may conduce to the development of our
+foreign commercial exchanges and the building up of our carrying trade.
+
+In this connection I desire also to suggest the very great service which
+might be expected in enlarging and facilitating our commerce on the Pacific
+Ocean were a transmarine cable laid from San Francisco to the Sandwich
+Islands, and thence to Japan at the north and Australia at the south. The
+great influence of such means of communication on these routes of
+navigation in developing and securing the due share of our Pacific Coast in
+the commerce of the world needs no illustration or enforcement. It may be
+that such an enterprise, useful, and in the end profitable, as it would
+prove to private investment, may need to be accelerated by prudent
+legislation by Congress in its aid, and I submit the matter to your careful
+consideration.
+
+An additional and not unimportant, although secondary, reason for fostering
+and enlarging the Navy may be found in the unquestionable service to the
+expansion of our commerce which would be rendered by the frequent
+circulation of naval ships in the seas and ports of all quarters of the
+globe. Ships of the proper construction and equipment to be of the greatest
+efficiency in case of maritime war might be made constant and active agents
+in time of peace in the advancement and protection of our foreign trade and
+in the nurture and discipline of young seamen, who would naturally in some
+numbers mix with and improve the crews of our merchant ships. Our merchants
+at home and abroad recognize the value to foreign commerce of an active
+movement of our naval vessels, and the intelligence and patriotic zeal of
+our naval officers in promoting every interest of their countrymen is a
+just subject of national pride.
+
+The condition of the financial affairs of the Government, as shown by the
+report of the Secretary of the Treasury, is very satisfactory. It is
+believed that the present financial situation of the United States, whether
+considered with respect to trade, currency, credit, growing wealth, or the
+extent and variety of our resources, is more favorable than that of any
+other country of our time, and has never been surpassed by that of any
+country at any period of its history. All our industries are thriving; the
+rate of interest is low; new railroads are being constructed; a vast
+immigration is increasing our population, capital, and labor; new
+enterprises in great number are in progress, and our commercial relations
+with other countries are improving.
+
+The ordinary revenues from all sources for the fiscal year ended June 30,
+1880, were--
+
+From customs - $186,522,064.60
+
+From internal revenue - 124,009,373.92
+
+From sales of public lands - 1,016,506.60
+
+From tax on circulation and deposits of national banks - 7,014,971.44
+
+From repayment of interest by Pacific Railway companies - 1,707,367.18
+
+From sinking fund for Pacific Railway companies - 786,621.22
+
+From customs fees, fines, penalties, etc - 1,148,800.16
+
+From fees-consular, letters patent, and lands - 2,337,029.00
+
+From proceeds of sales of Government property - 282,616.50
+
+From profits on coinage, etc - 2,792,186.78
+
+From revenues of the District of Columbia - 1,809,469.70
+
+From miscellaneous sources - 4,099,603.88 -
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY RUTHERFORD B. HAYES ***
+
+This file should be named suhay11.txt or suhay11.zip
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, suhay12.txt
+VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, suhay10a.txt
+
+Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we usually do not
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance
+of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing.
+Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections,
+even years after the official publication date.
+
+Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til
+midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
+The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at
+Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.  A
+preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
+and editing by those who wish to do so.
+
+Most people start at our Web sites at:
+http://gutenberg.net or
+http://promo.net/pg
+
+These Web sites include award-winning information about Project
+Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new
+eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!).
+
+
+Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement
+can get to them as follows, and just download by date.  This is
+also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the
+indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an
+announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext04 or
+ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04
+
+Or /etext03, 02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90
+
+Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want,
+as it appears in our Newsletters.
+
+
+Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)
+
+We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work.  The
+time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours
+to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
+searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc.   Our
+projected audience is one hundred million readers.  If the value
+per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
+million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text
+files per month:  1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+
+We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002
+If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total
+will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end.
+
+The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks!
+This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
+which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users.
+
+Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated):
+
+eBooks Year Month
+
+    1  1971 July
+   10  1991 January
+  100  1994 January
+ 1000  1997 August
+ 1500  1998 October
+ 2000  1999 December
+ 2500  2000 December
+ 3000  2001 November
+ 4000  2001 October/November
+ 6000  2002 December*
+ 9000  2003 November*
+10000  2004 January*
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created
+to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people
+and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut,
+Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois,
+Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts,
+Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New
+Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
+Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South
+Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West
+Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
+
+We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones
+that have responded.
+
+As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list
+will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states.
+Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state.
+
+In answer to various questions we have received on this:
+
+We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally
+request donations in all 50 states.  If your state is not listed and
+you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have,
+just ask.
+
+While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are
+not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting
+donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to
+donate.
+
+International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about
+how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made
+deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are
+ways.
+
+Donations by check or money order may be sent to:
+
+Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+PMB 113
+1739 University Ave.
+Oxford, MS 38655-4109
+
+Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment
+method other than by check or money order.
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by
+the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN
+[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154.  Donations are
+tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law.  As fund-raising
+requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be
+made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+You can get up to date donation information online at:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.net/donation.html
+
+
+***
+
+If you can't reach Project Gutenberg,
+you can always email directly to:
+
+Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com>
+
+Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message.
+
+We would prefer to send you information by email.
+
+
+**The Legal Small Print**
+
+
+(Three Pages)
+
+***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START***
+Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers.
+They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
+your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from
+someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
+fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
+disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how
+you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to.
+
+*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK
+By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
+this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive
+a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by
+sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
+you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical
+medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.
+
+ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS
+This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks,
+is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart
+through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project").
+Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
+on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
+distribute it in the United States without permission and
+without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth
+below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook
+under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.
+
+Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market
+any commercial products without permission.
+
+To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable
+efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
+works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any
+medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other
+things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
+disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer
+codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
+But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
+[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may
+receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims
+all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
+legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
+UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
+OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of
+receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
+you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
+time to the person you received it from. If you received it
+on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
+such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
+copy. If you received it electronically, such person may
+choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
+receive it electronically.
+
+THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
+TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
+the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
+above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
+may have other legal rights.
+
+INDEMNITY
+You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation,
+and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated
+with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including
+legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
+following that you do or cause:  [1] distribution of this eBook,
+[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook,
+or [3] any Defect.
+
+DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
+You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by
+disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
+"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
+or:
+
+[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
+     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
+     eBook or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
+     if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable
+     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
+     including any form resulting from conversion by word
+     processing or hypertext software, but only so long as
+     *EITHER*:
+
+     [*]  The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
+          does *not* contain characters other than those
+          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
+          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
+          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
+          author, and additional characters may be used to
+          indicate hypertext links; OR
+
+     [*]  The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at
+          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
+          form by the program that displays the eBook (as is
+          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
+          OR
+
+     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
+          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
+          eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
+          or other equivalent proprietary form).
+
+[2]  Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this
+     "Small Print!" statement.
+
+[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the
+     gross profits you derive calculated using the method you
+     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
+     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
+     payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation"
+     the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were
+     legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent
+     periodic) tax return.  Please contact us beforehand to
+     let us know your plans and to work out the details.
+
+WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
+Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of
+public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
+in machine readable form.
+
+The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time,
+public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses.
+Money should be paid to the:
+"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or
+software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at:
+hart@pobox.com
+
+[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only
+when distributed free of all fees.  Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by
+Michael S. Hart.  Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be
+used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be
+they hardware or software or any other related product without
+express permission.]
+
+*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END*
diff --git a/old/suhay11.zip b/old/suhay11.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a5eb89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/suhay11.zip