diff options
Diffstat (limited to '5025.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 5025.txt | 4114 |
1 files changed, 4114 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/5025.txt b/5025.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2095608 --- /dev/null +++ b/5025.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4114 @@ +Project Gutenberg's State of the Union Addresses, by Andrew Johnson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +Title: State of the Union Addresses + +Author: Andrew Johnson + +Posting Date: November 27, 2014 [EBook #5025] +Release Date: February, 2004 +First Posted: April 11, 2002 +Last Updated: December 16, 2004 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESSES *** + + + + +Produced by James Linden. HTML version by Al Haines. + + + + + + + + +State of the Union Addresses of Andrew Johnson + + + +The addresses are separated by three asterisks: *** + +Dates of addresses by Andrew Johnson in this eBook: + + December 4, 1865 + December 3, 1866 + December 3, 1867 + December 9, 1868 + + + +*** + +State of the Union Address +Andrew Johnson +December 4, 1865 + +Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: + +To express gratitude to God in the name of the people for the +preservation of the United States is my first duty in addressing you. +Our thoughts next revert to the death of the late President by an act +of parricidal treason. The grief of the nation is still fresh. It finds +some solace in the consideration that he lived to enjoy the highest +proof of its confidence by entering on the renewed term of the Chief +Magistracy to which he had been elected; that he brought the civil war +substantially to a close; that his loss was deplored in all parts of +the Union, and that foreign nations have rendered justice to his +memory. His removal cast upon me a heavier weight of cares than ever +devolved upon any one of his predecessors. To fulfill my trust I need +the support and confidence of all who are associated with me in the +various departments of Government and the support and confidence of the +people. There is but one way in which I can hope to gain their +necessary aid. It is to state with frankness the principles which guide +my conduct, and their application to the present state of affairs, well +aware that the efficiency of my labors will in a great measure depend +on your and their undivided approbation. + +The Union of the United States of America was intended by its authors +to last as long as the States themselves shall last. "The Union shall +be perpetual" are the words of the Confederation. "To form a more +perfect Union," by an ordinance of the people of the United States, is +the declared purpose of the Constitution. The hand of Divine Providence +was never more plainly visible in the affairs of men than in the +framing and the adopting of that instrument. It is beyond comparison +the greatest event in American history, and, indeed, is it not of all +events in modern times the most pregnant with consequences for every +people of the earth? The members of the Convention which prepared it +brought to their work the experience of the Confederation, of their +several States, and of other republican governments, old and new; but +they needed and they obtained a wisdom superior to experience. And when +for its validity it required the approval of a people that occupied a +large part of a continent and acted separately in many distinct +conventions, what is more wonderful than that, after earnest contention +and long discussion, all feelings and all opinions were ultimately +drawn in one way to its support? The Constitution to which life was +thus imparted contains within itself ample resources for its own +preservation. It has power to enforce the laws, punish treason, and +insure domestic tranquillity. In case of the usurpation of the +government of a State by one man or an oligarchy, it becomes a duty of +the United States to make good the guaranty to that State of a +republican form of government, and so to maintain the homogeneousness +of all. Does the lapse of time reveal defects? A simple mode of +amendment is provided in the Constitution itself, so that its +conditions can always be made to conform to the requirements of +advancing civilization. No room is allowed even for the thought of a +possibility of its coming to an end. And these powers of +self-preservation have always been asserted in their complete integrity +by every patriotic Chief Magistrate by Jefferson and Jackson not less +than by Washington and Madison. The parting advice of the Father of his +Country, while yet President, to the people of the United States was +that the free Constitution, which was the work of their hands, might be +sacredly maintained; and the inaugural words of President Jefferson +held up "the preservation of the General Government in its whole +constitutional vigor as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and +safety abroad." The Constitution is the work of "the people of the +United States," and it should be as indestructible as the people. + +It is not strange that the framers of the Constitution, which had no +model in the past, should not have fully comprehended the excellence of +their own work. Fresh from a struggle against arbitrary power, many +patriots suffered from harassing fears of an absorption of the State +governments by the General Government, and many from a dread that the +States would break away from their orbits. But the very greatness of +our country should allay the apprehension of encroachments by the +General Government. The subjects that come unquestionably within its +jurisdiction are so numerous that it must ever naturally refuse to be +embarrassed by questions that lie beyond it. Were it otherwise the +Executive would sink beneath the burden, the channels of justice would +be choked, legislation would be obstructed by excess, so that there is +a greater temptation to exercise some of the functions of the General +Government through the States than to trespass on their rightful +sphere. The "absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority" +was at the beginning of the century enforced by Jefferson as "the vital +principle of republics;" and the events of the last four years have +established, we will hope forever, that there lies no appeal to force. + +The maintenance of the Union brings with it "the support of the State +governments in all their rights," but it is not one of the rights of +any State government to renounce its own place in the Union or to +nullify the laws of the Union. The largest liberty is to be maintained +in the discussion of the acts of the Federal Government, but there is +no appeal from its laws except to the various branches of that +Government itself, or to the people, who grant to the members of the +legislative and of the executive departments no tenure but a limited +one, and in that manner always retain the powers of redress. + +"The sovereignty of the States" is the language of the Confederacy, and +not the language of the Constitution. The latter contains the emphatic +words--This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall +be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made or which shall be +made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law +of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, +anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary +notwithstanding. Certainly the Government of the United States is a +limited government, and so is every State government a limited +government. With us this idea of limitation spreads through every form +of administration--general, State, and municipal--and rests on the +great distinguishing principle of the recognition of the rights of man. +The ancient republics absorbed the individual in the state--prescribed +his religion and controlled his activity. The American system rests on +the assertion of the equal right of every man to life, liberty, and the +pursuit of happiness, to freedom of conscience, to the culture and +exercise of all his faculties. As a consequence the State government is +limited--as to the General Government in the interest of union, as to +the individual citizen in the interest of freedom. + +States, with proper limitations of power, are essential to the +existence of the Constitution of the United States. At the very +commencement, when we assumed a place among the powers of the earth, +the Declaration of Independence was adopted by States; so also were the +Articles of Confederation: and when "the people of the United States" +ordained and established the Constitution it was the assent of the +States, one by one, which gave it vitality. In the event, too, of any +amendment to the Constitution, the proposition of Congress needs the +confirmation of States. Without States one great branch of the +legislative government would be wanting. And if we look beyond the +letter of the Constitution to the character of our country, its +capacity for comprehending within its jurisdiction a vast continental +empire is due to the system of States. The best security for the +perpetual existence of the States is the "supreme authority" of the +Constitution of the United States. The perpetuity of the Constitution +brings with it the perpetuity of the States; their mutual relation +makes us what we are, and in our political system their connection is +indissoluble. The whole can not exist without the parts, nor the parts +without the whole. So long as the Constitution of the United States +endures, the States will endure. The destruction of the one is the +destruction of the other; the preservation of the one is the +preservation of the other. + +I have thus explained my views of the mutual relations of the +Constitution and the States, because they unfold the principles on +which I have sought to solve the momentous questions and overcome the +appalling difficulties that met me at the very commencement of my +Administration. It has been my steadfast object to escape from the sway +of momentary passions and to derive a healing policy from the +fundamental and unchanging principles of the Constitution. + +I found the States suffering from the effects of a civil war. +Resistance to the General Government appeared to have exhausted itself. +The United States had recovered possession of their forts and arsenals, +and their armies were in the occupation of every State which had +attempted to secede. Whether the territory within the limits of those +States should be held as conquered territory, under military authority +emanating from the President as the head of the Army, was the first +question that presented itself for decision. + +Now military governments, established for an indefinite period, would +have offered no security for the early suppression of discontent, would +have divided the people into the vanquishers and the vanquished, and +would have envenomed hatred rather than have restored affection. Once +established, no precise limit to their continuance was conceivable. +They would have occasioned an incalculable and exhausting expense. +Peaceful emigration to and from that portion of the country is one of +the best means that can be thought of for the restoration of harmony, +and that emigration would have been prevented; for what emigrant from +abroad, what industrious citizen at home, would place himself willingly +under military rule? The chief persons who would have followed in the +train of the Army would have been dependents on the General Government +or men who expected profit from the miseries of their erring +fellow-citizens. The powers of patronage and rule which would have been +exercised under the President, over a vast and populous and naturally +wealthy region are greater than, unless under extreme necessity, I +should be willing to intrust to any one man. They are such as, for +myself, I could never, unless on occasions of great emergency, consent +to exercise. The willful use of such powers, if continued through a +period of years, would have endangered the purity of the general +administration and the liberties of the States which remained loyal. + +Besides, the policy of military rule over a conquered territory would +have implied that the States whose inhabitants may have taken part in +the rebellion had by the act of those inhabitants ceased to exist. But +the true theory is that all pretended acts of secession were from the +beginning null and void. The States can not commit treason nor screen +the individual citizens who may have committed treason any more than +they can make valid treaties or engage in lawful commerce with any +foreign power. The States attempting to secede placed themselves in a +condition where their vitality was impaired, but not extinguished; +their functions suspended, but not destroyed. + +But if any State neglects or refuses to perform its offices there is +the more need that the General Government should maintain all its +authority and as soon as practicable resume the exercise of all its +functions. On this principle I have acted, and have gradually and +quietly, and by almost imperceptible steps, sought to restore the +rightful energy of the General Government and of the States. To that +end provisional governors have been appointed for the States, +conventions called, governors elected, legislatures assembled, and +Senators and Representatives chosen to the Congress of the United +States. At the same time the courts of the United States, as far as +could be done, have been reopened, so that the laws of the United +States may be enforced through their agency. The blockade has been +removed and the custom-houses reestablished in ports of entry, so that +the revenue of the United States may be collected. The Post-Office +Department renews its ceaseless activity, and the General Government is +thereby enabled to communicate promptly with its officers and agents. +The courts bring security to persons and property; the opening of the +ports invites the restoration of industry and commerce; the post-office +renews the facilities of social intercourse and of business. And is it +not happy for us all that the restoration of each one of these +functions of the General Government brings with it a blessing to the +States over which they are extended? Is it not a sure promise of +harmony and renewed attachment to the Union that after all that has +happened the return of the General Government is known only as a +beneficence? + +I know very well that this policy is attended with some risk; that for +its success it requires at least the acquiescence of the States which +it concerns; that it implies an invitation to those States, by renewing +their allegiance to the United States, to resume their functions as +States of the Union. But it is a risk that must be taken. In the choice +of difficulties it is the smallest risk; and to diminish and if +possible to remove all danger, I have felt it incumbent on me to assert +one other power of the General Government--the power of pardon. As no +State can throw a defense over the crime of treason, the power of +pardon is exclusively vested in the executive government of the United +States. In exercising that power I have taken every precaution to +connect it with the clearest recognition of the binding force of the +laws of the United States and an unqualified acknowledgment of the +great social change of condition in regard to slavery which has grown +out of the war. + +The next step which I have taken to restore the constitutional +relations of the States has been an invitation to them to participate +in the high office of amending the Constitution. Every patriot must +wish for a general amnesty at the earliest epoch consistent with public +safety. For this great end there is need of a concurrence of all +opinions and the spirit of mutual conciliation. All parties in the late +terrible conflict must work together in harmony. It is not too much to +ask, in the name of the whole people, that on the one side the plan of +restoration shall proceed in conformity with a willingness to cast the +disorders of the past into oblivion, and that on the other the evidence +of sincerity in the future maintenance of the Union shall be put beyond +any doubt by the ratification of the proposed amendment to the +Constitution, which provides for the abolition of slavery forever +within the limits of our country. So long as the adoption of this +amendment is delayed, so long will doubt and jealousy and uncertainty +prevail. This is the measure which will efface the sad memory of the +past; this is the measure which will most certainly call population and +capital and security to those parts of the Union that need them most. +Indeed, it is not too much to ask of the States which are now resuming +their places in the family of the Union to give this pledge of +perpetual loyalty and peace. Until it is done the past, however much we +may desire it, will not be forgotten, The adoption of the amendment +reunites us beyond all power of disruption; it heals the wound that is +still imperfectly closed: it removes slavery, the element which has so +long perplexed and divided the country; it makes of us once more a +united people, renewed and strengthened, bound more than ever to mutual +affection and support. + +The amendment to the Constitution being adopted, it would remain for +the States whose powers have been so long in abeyance to resume their +places in the two branches of the National Legislature, and thereby +complete the work of restoration. Here it is for you, fellow-citizens +of the Senate, and for you, fellow-citizens of the House of +Representatives, to judge, each of you for yourselves, of the +elections, returns, and qualifications of your own members. + +The full assertion of the powers of the General Government requires the +holding of circuit courts of the United States within the districts +where their authority has been interrupted. In the present posture of +our public affairs strong objections have been urged to holding those +courts in any of the States where the rebellion has existed; and it was +ascertained by inquiry, that the circuit court of the United States +would not be held within the district of Virginia during the autumn or +early winter, nor until Congress should have "an opportunity to +consider and act on the whole subject." To your deliberations the +restoration of this branch of the civil authority of the United States +is therefore necessarily referred, with the hope that early provision +will be made for the resumption of all its functions. It is manifest +that treason, most flagrant in character, has been committed. Persons +who are charged with its commission should have fair and impartial +trials in the highest civil tribunals of the country, in order that the +Constitution and the laws may be fully vindicated, the truth dearly +established and affirmed that treason is a crime, that traitors should +be punished and the offense made infamous, and, at the same time, that +the question may be judicially settled, finally and forever, that no +State of its own will has the right to renounce its place in the Union. + +The relations of the General Government toward the 4,000,000 +inhabitants whom the war has called into freedom have engaged my most +serious consideration. On the propriety of attempting to make the +freedmen electors by the proclamation of the Executive I took for my +counsel the Constitution itself, the interpretations of that instrument +by its authors and their contemporaries, and recent legislation by +Congress. When, at the first movement toward independence, the Congress +of the United States instructed the several States to institute +governments of their own, they left each State to decide for itself the +conditions for the enjoyment of the elective franchise. During the +period of the Confederacy there continued to exist a very great +diversity in the qualifications of electors in the several States, and +even within a State a distinction of qualifications prevailed with +regard to the officers who were to be chosen. The Constitution of the +United States recognizes these diversities when it enjoins that in the +choice of members of the House of Representatives of the United States +"the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for +electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature." After +the formation of the Constitution it remained, as before, the uniform +usage for each State to enlarge the body of its electors according to +its own judgment, and under this system one State after another has +proceeded to increase the number of its electors, until now universal +suffrage, or something very near it, is the general rule. So fixed was +this reservation of power in the habits of the people and so +unquestioned has been the interpretation of the Constitution that +during the civil war the late President never harbored the +purpose--certainly never avowed the purpose--of disregarding it; and in +the acts of Congress during that period nothing can be found which, +during the continuance of hostilities much less after their close, +would have sanctioned any departure by the Executive from a policy +which has so uniformly obtained. Moreover, a concession of the elective +franchise to the freedmen by act of the President of the United States +must have been extended to all colored men, wherever found, and so must +have established a change of suffrage in the Northern, Middle, and +Western States, not less than in the Southern and Southwestern. Such an +act would have created a new class of voters, and would have been an +assumption of power by the President which nothing in the Constitution +or laws of the United States would have warranted. + +On the other hand, every danger of conflict is avoided when the +settlement of the question is referred to the several States. They can, +each for itself, decide on the measure, and whether it is to be adopted +at once and absolutely or introduced gradually and with conditions. In +my judgment the freedmen, if they show patience and manly virtues, will +sooner obtain a participation in the elective franchise through the +States than through the General Government, even if it had power to +intervene. When the tumult of emotions that have been raised by the +suddenness of the social change shall have subsided, it may prove that +they will receive the kindest usage from some of those on whom they +have heretofore most closely depended. + +But while I have no doubt that now, after the close of the war, it is +not competent for the General Government to extend the elective +franchise in the several States, it is equally clear that good faith +requires the security of the freedmen in their liberty and their +property, their right to labor, and their right to claim the just +return of their labor. I can not too strongly urge a dispassionate +treatment of this subject, which should be carefully kept aloof from +all party strife. We must equally avoid hasty assumptions of any +natural impossibility for the two races to live side by side in a state +of mutual benefit and good will. The experiment involves us in no +inconsistency; let us, then, go on and make that experiment in good +faith, and not be too easily disheartened. The country is in need of +labor, and the freedmen are in need of employment, culture, and +protection. While their right of voluntary migration and expatriation +is not to be questioned, I would not advise their forced removal and +colonization. Let us rather encourage them to honorable and useful +industry, where it may be beneficial to themselves and to the country; +and, instead of hasty anticipations of the certainty of failure, let +there be nothing wanting to the fair trial of the experiment. The +change in their condition is the substitution of labor by contract for +the status of slavery. The freedman can not fairly be accused of +unwillingness to work so long as a doubt remains about his freedom of +choice in his pursuits and the certainty of his recovering his +stipulated wages. In this the interests of the employer and the +employed coincide. The employer desires in his workmen spirit and +alacrity, and these can be permanently secured in no other way. And if +the one ought to be able to enforce the contract, so ought the other. +The public interest will be best promoted if the several States will +provide adequate protection and remedies for the freedmen. Until this +is in some way accomplished there is no chance for the advantageous use +of their labor, and the blame of ill success will not rest on them. + +I know that sincere philanthropy is earnest for the immediate +realization of its remotest aims; but time is always an element in +reform. It is one of the greatest acts on record to have brought +4,000,000 people into freedom. The career of free industry must be +fairly opened to them, and then their future prosperity and condition +must, after all, rest mainly on themselves. If they fail, and so perish +away, let us be careful that the failure shall not be attributable to +any denial of justice. In all that relates to the destiny of the +freedmen we need not be too anxious to read the future; many incidents +which, from a speculative point of view, might raise alarm will quietly +settle themselves. Now that slavery is at an end, or near its end, the +greatness of its evil in the point of view of public economy becomes +more and more apparent. Slavery was essentially a monopoly of labor, +and as such locked the States where it prevailed against the incoming +of free industry. Where labor was the property of the capitalist, the +white man was excluded from employment, or had but the second best +chance of finding it; and the foreign emigrant turned away from the +region where his condition would be so precarious. With the destruction +of the monopoly free labor will hasten from all pans of the civilized +world to assist in developing various and immeasurable resources which +have hitherto lain dormant. The eight or nine States nearest the Gulf +of Mexico have a soil of exuberant fertility, a climate friendly to +long life, and can sustain a denser population than is found as yet in +any part of our country. And the future influx of population to them +will be mainly from the North or from the most cultivated nations in +Europe. From the sufferings that have attended them during our late +struggle let us look away to the future, which is sure to be laden for +them with greater prosperity than has ever before been known. The +removal of the monopoly of slave labor is a pledge that those regions +will be peopled by a numerous and enterprising population, which will +vie with any in the Union in compactness, inventive genius, wealth, and +industry. + +Our Government springs from and was made for the people--not the people +for the Government. To them it owes allegiance; from them it must +derive its courage, strength, and wisdom. But while the Government is +thus bound to defer to the people, from whom it derives its existence, +it should, from the very consideration of its origin, be strong in its +power of resistance to the establishment of inequalities. Monopolies, +perpetuities, and class legislation are contrary to the genius of free +government, and ought not to be allowed. Here there is no room for +favored classes or monopolies; the principle of our Government is that +of equal laws and freedom of industry. Wherever monopoly attains a +foothold, it is sure to be a source of danger, discord, and trouble. We +shall but fulfill our duties as legislators by according "equal and +exact justice to all men," special privileges to none. The Government +is subordinate to the people; but, as the agent and representative of +the people, it must be held superior to monopolies, which in themselves +ought never to be granted, and which, where they exist, must be +subordinate and yield to the Government. + +The Constitution confers on Congress the right to regulate commerce +among the several States. It is of the first necessity, for the +maintenance of the Union, that that commerce should be free and +unobstructed. No State can be justified in any device to tax the +transit of travel and commerce between States. The position of many +States is such that if they were allowed to take advantage of it for +purposes of local revenue the commerce between States might be +injuriously burdened, or even virtually prohibited. It is best, while +the country is still young and while the tendency to dangerous +monopolies of this kind is still feeble, to use the power of Congress +so as to prevent any selfish impediment to the free circulation of men +and merchandise. A tax on travel and merchandise in their transit +constitutes one of the worst forms of monopoly, and the evil is +increased if coupled with a denial of the choice of route. When the +vast extent of our country is considered, it is plain that every +obstacle to the free circulation of commerce between the States ought +to be sternly guarded against by appropriate legislation within the +limits of the Constitution. + +The report of the Secretary of the Interior explains the condition of +the public lands, the transactions of the Patent Office and the Pension +Bureau, the management of our Indian affairs, the progress made in the +construction of the Pacific Railroad, and furnishes information in +reference to matters of local interest in the District of Columbia. It +also presents evidence of the successful operation of the homestead +act, under the provisions of which 1,160,533 acres of the public lands +were entered during the last fiscal year--more than one-fourth of the +whole number of acres sold or otherwise disposed of during that period. +It is estimated that the receipts derived from this source are +sufficient to cover the expenses incident to the survey and disposal of +the lands entered under this act, and that payments in cash to the +extent of from 40 to 50 per cent will be made by settlers who may thus +at any time acquire title before the expiration of the period at which +it would otherwise vest. The homestead policy was established only +after long and earnest resistance; experience proves its wisdom. The +lands in the hands of industrious settlers, whose labor creates wealth +and contributes to the public resources, are worth more to the United +States than if they had been reserved as a solitude for future +purchasers. + +The lamentable events of the last four years and the sacrifices made by +the gallant men of our Army and Navy have swelled the records of the +Pension Bureau to an unprecedented extent. On the 30th day of June last +the total number of pensioners was 85,986, requiring for their annual +pay, exclusive of expenses, the sum of $8,023,445. The number of +applications that have been allowed since that date will require a +large increase of this amount for the next fiscal year. The means for +the payment of the stipends due under existing laws to our disabled +soldiers and sailors and to the families of such as have perished in +the service of the country will no doubt be cheerfully and promptly +granted. A grateful people will not hesitate to sanction any measures +having for their object the relief of soldiers mutilated and families +made fatherless in the efforts to preserve our national existence. + +The report of the Postmaster-General presents an encouraging exhibit of +the operations of the Post-Office Department during the year. The +revenues of the past year, from the loyal States alone, exceeded the +maximum annual receipts from all the States previous to the rebellion +in the sum of $6,038,091; and the annual average increase of revenue +during the last four years, compared with the revenues of the four +years immediately preceding the rebellion, was $3,533,845. The revenues +of the last fiscal year amounted to $14,556,158 and the expenditures to +$13,694,728, leaving a surplus of receipts over expenditures of +$861,430. Progress has been made in restoring the postal service in the +Southern States. The views presented by the Postmaster-General against +the policy of granting subsidies to the ocean mail steamship lines upon +established routes and in favor of continuing the present system, which +limits the compensation for ocean service to the postage earnings, are +recommended to the careful consideration of Congress. + +It appears from the report of the Secretary of the Navy that while at +the commencement of the present year there were in commission 530 +vessels of all classes and descriptions, armed with 3,000 guns and +manned by 51,000 men, the number of vessels at present in commission is +117, with 830 guns and 12,128 men. By this prompt reduction of the +naval forces the expenses of the Government have been largely +diminished, and a number of vessels purchased for naval purposes from +the merchant marine have been returned to the peaceful pursuits of +commerce. Since the suppression of active hostilities our foreign +squadrons have been reestablished, and consist of vessels much more +efficient than those employed on similar service previous to the +rebellion. The suggestion for the enlargement of the navy-yards, and +especially for the establishment of one in fresh water for ironclad +vessels, is deserving of consideration, as is also the recommendation +for a different location and more ample grounds for the Naval Academy. + +In the report of the Secretary of War a general summary is given of the +military campaigns of 1864 and 1865, ending in the suppression of armed +resistance to the national authority in the insurgent States. The +operations of the general administrative bureaus of the War Department +during the past year are detailed and an estimate made of the +appropriations that will be required for military purposes in the +fiscal year commencing the 1st day of July, 1866. The national military +force on the 1st of May, 1865, numbered 1,000,516 men. It is proposed +to reduce the military establishment to a peace footing, comprehending +50,000 troops of all arms, organized so as to admit of an enlargement +by filling up the ranks to 82,600 if the circumstances of the country +should require an augmentation of the Army. The volunteer force has +already been reduced by the discharge from service of over 800,000 +troops, and the Department is proceeding rapidly in the work of further +reduction. The war estimates are reduced from $516,240,131 to +$33,814,461, which amount, in the opinion of the Department, is +adequate for a peace establishment. The measures of retrenchment in +each bureau and branch of the service exhibit a diligent economy worthy +of commendation. Reference is also made in the report to the necessity +of providing for a uniform militia system and to the propriety of +making suitable provision for wounded and disabled officers and +soldiers. + +The revenue system of the country is a subject of vital interest to its +honor and prosperity, and should command the earnest consideration of +Congress. The Secretary of the Treasury will lay before you a full and +detailed report of the receipts and disbursements of the last fiscal +year, of the first quarter of the present fiscal year, of the probable +receipts and expenditures for the other three quarters, and the +estimates for the year following the 30th of June, 1866. I might +content myself with a reference to that report, in which you will find +all the information required for your deliberations and decision, but +the paramount importance of the subject so presses itself on my own +mind that I can not but lay before you my views of the measures which +are required for the good character, and I might almost say for the +existence, of this people. The life of a republic lies certainly in the +energy, virtue, and intelligence of its citizens; but it is equally +true that a good revenue system is the life of an organized government. +I meet you at a time when the nation has voluntarily burdened itself +with a debt unprecedented in our annals. Vast as is its amount, it +fades away into nothing when compared with the countless blessings that +will be conferred upon our country and upon man by the preservation of +the nation's life. Now, on the first occasion of the meeting of +Congress since the return of peace, it is of the utmost importance to +inaugurate a just policy, which shall at once be put in motion, and +which shall commend itself to those who come after us for its +continuance. We must aim at nothing less than the complete effacement +of the financial evils that necessarily followed a state of civil war. +We must endeavor to apply the earliest remedy to the deranged state of +the currency, and not shrink from devising a policy which, with-out +being oppressive to the people, shall immediately begin to effect a +reduction of the debt, and, if persisted in, discharge it fully within +a definitely fixed number of years. + +It is our first duty to prepare in earnest for our recovery from the +ever-increasing evils of an irredeemable currency without a sudden +revulsion, and yet without untimely procrastination. For that end we +must each, in our respective positions, prepare the way. I hold it the +duty of the Executive to insist upon frugality in the expenditures, and +a sparing economy is itself a great national resource. Of the banks to +which authority has been given to issue notes secured by bonds of the +United States we may require the greatest moderation and prudence, and +the law must be rigidly enforced when its limits are exceeded. We may +each one of us counsel our active and enterprising countrymen to be +constantly on their guard, to liquidate debts contracted in a paper +currency, and by conducting business as nearly as possible on a system +of cash payments or short credits to hold themselves prepared to return +to the standard of gold and silver. To aid our fellow-citizens in the +prudent management of their monetary affairs, the duty devolves on us +to diminish by law the amount of paper money now in circulation. Five +years ago the bank-note circulation of the country amounted to not much +more than two hundred millions; now the circulation, bank and national, +exceeds seven hundred millions. The simple statement of the fact +recommends more strongly than any words of mine could do the necessity +of our restraining this expansion. The gradual reduction of the +currency is the only measure that can save the business of the country +from disastrous calamities, and this can be almost imperceptibly +accomplished by gradually funding the national circulation in +securities that may be made redeemable at the pleasure of the +Government. + +Our debt is doubly secure--first in the actual wealth and still greater +undeveloped resources of the country, and next in the character of our +institutions. The most intelligent observers among political economists +have not failed to remark that the public debt of a country is safe in +proportion as its people are free; that the debt of a republic is the +safest of all. Our history confirms and establishes the theory, and is, +I firmly believe, destined to give it a still more signal illustration. +The secret of this superiority springs not merely from the fact that in +a republic the national obligations are distributed more widely through +countless numbers in all classes of society; it has its root in the +character of our laws. Here all men contribute to the public welfare +and bear their fair share of the public burdens. During the war, under +the impulses of patriotism, the men of the great body of the people, +without regard to their own comparative want of wealth, thronged to our +armies and filled our fleets of war, and held themselves ready to offer +their lives for the public good. Now, in their turn, the property and +income of the country should bear their just proportion of the burden +of taxation, while in our impost system, through means of which +increased vitality is incidentally imparted to all the industrial +interests of the nation, the duties should be so adjusted as to fall +most heavily on articles of luxury leaving the necessaries of life as +free from taxation as the absolute wants of the Government economically +administered will justify. No favored class should demand freedom from +assessment, and the taxes should be so distributed as not to fall +unduly on the poor, but rather on the accumulated wealth of the +country. We should look at the national debt just as it is--not as a +national blessing, but as a heavy burden on the industry of the +country, to be discharged without unnecessary delay. + +It is estimated by the Secretary of the Treasury that the expenditures +for the fiscal year ending the 30th of June, 1866, will exceed the +receipts $112,194,947. It is gratifying, however, to state that it is +also estimated that the revenue for the year ending the 30th of June, +1867, will exceed the expenditures in the sum of $111,682,818. This +amount, or so much as may be deemed sufficient for the purpose, may be +applied to the reduction of the public debt, which on the 31st day of +October, 1865, was $2,740,854,750. Every reduction will diminish the +total amount of interest to be paid, and so enlarge the means of still +further reductions, until the whole shall be liquidated; and this, as +will be seen from the estimates of the Secretary of the Treasury, may +be accomplished by annual payments even within a period not exceeding +thirty years. I have faith that we shall do all this within a +reasonable time; that as we have amazed the world by the suppression of +a civil war which was thought to be beyond the control of any +government, so we shall equally show the superiority of our +institutions by the prompt and faithful discharge of our national +obligations. + +The Department of Agriculture under its present direction is +accomplishing much in developing and utilizing the vast agricultural +capabilities of the country, and for information respecting the details +of its management reference is made to the annual report of the +Commissioner. + +I have dwelt thus fully on our domestic affairs because of their +transcendent importance. Under any circumstances our great extent of +territory and variety of climate, producing almost everything that is +necessary for the wants and even the comforts of man, make us +singularly independent of the varying policy of foreign powers and +protect us against every temptation to "entangling alliances," while at +the present moment the reestablishment of harmony and the strength that +comes from harmony will be our best security against "nations who feel +power and forget right." For myself, it has been and it will be my +constant aim to promote peace and amity with all foreign nations and +powers, and I have every reason to believe that they all, without +exception, are animated by the same disposition. Our relations with the +Emperor of China, so recent in their origin, are most friendly. Our +commerce with his dominions is receiving new developments, and it is +very pleasing to find that the Government of that great Empire +manifests satisfaction with our policy and reposes just confidence in +the fairness which marks our intercourse. The unbroken harmony between +the United States and the Emperor of Russia is receiving a new support +from an enterprise designed to carry telegraphic lines across the +continent of Asia, through his dominions, and so to connect us with all +Europe by a new channel of intercourse. Our commerce with South America +is about to receive encouragement by a direct line of mail steamships +to the rising Empire of Brazil. The distinguished party of men of +science who have recently left our country to make a scientific +exploration of the natural history and rivers and mountain ranges of +that region have received from the Emperor that generous welcome which +was to have been expected from his constant friendship for the United +States and his well-known zeal in promoting the advancement of +knowledge. A hope is entertained that our commerce with the rich and +populous countries that border the Mediterranean Sea may be largely +increased. Nothing will be wanting on the part of this Government to +extend the protection of our flag over the enterprise of our +fellow-citizens. We receive from the powers in that region assurances +of good will; and it is worthy of note that a special envoy has brought +us messages of condolence on the death of our late Chief Magistrate +from the Bey of Tunis, whose rule includes the old dominions of +Carthage, on the African coast. + +Our domestic contest, now happily ended, has left some traces in our +relations with one at least of the great maritime powers. The formal +accordance of belligerent rights to the insurgent States was +unprecedented, and has not been justified by the issue. But in the +systems of neutrality pursued by the powers which made that concession +there was a marked difference. The materials of war for the insurgent +States were furnished, in a great measure, from the workshops of Great +Britain, and British ships, manned by British subjects and prepared for +receiving British armaments, sallied from the ports of Great Britain to +make war on American commerce under the shelter of a commission from +the insurgent States. These ships, having once escaped from British +ports, ever afterwards entered them in every part of the world to +refit, and so to renew their depredations. The consequences of this +conduct were most disastrous to the States then in rebellion, +increasing their desolation and misery by the prolongation of our civil +contest. It had, moreover, the effect, to a great extent, to drive the +American flag from the sea, and to transfer much of our shipping and +our commerce to the very power whose subjects had created the necessity +for such a change. These events took place before I was called to the +administration of the Government. The sincere desire for peace by which +I am animated led me to approve the proposal, already made, to submit +the question which had thus arisen between the countries to +arbitration. These questions are of such moment that they must have +commanded the attention of the great powers, and are so interwoven with +the peace and interests of every one of them as to have insured an +impartial decision. I regret to inform you that Great Britain declined +the arbitrament, but, on the other hand, invited us to the formation of +a joint commission to settle mutual claims between the two countries, +from which those for the depredations before mentioned should be +excluded. The proposition, in that very unsatisfactory form, has been +declined. + +The United States did not present the subject as an impeachment of the +good faith of a power which was professing the most friendly +dispositions, but as involving questions of public law of which the +settlement is essential to the peace of nations; and though pecuniary +reparation to their injured citizens would have followed incidentally +on a decision against Great Britain, such compensation was not their +primary object. They had a higher motive, and it was in the interests +of peace and justice to establish important principles of international +law. The correspondence will be placed before you. The ground on which +the British minister rests his justification is, substantially, that +the municipal law of a nation and the domestic interpretations of that +law are the measure of its duty as a neutral, and I feel bound to +declare my opinion before you and before the world that that +justification can not be sustained before the tribunal of nations. At +the same time; I do not advise to any present attempt at redress by +acts of legislation. For the future, friendship between the two +countries must rest on the basis of mutual justice. + +From the moment of the establishment of our free Constitution the +civilized world has been convulsed by revolutions in the interests of +democracy or of monarchy, but through all those revolutions the United +States have wisely and firmly refused to become propagandists of +republicanism. It is the only government suited to our condition; but +we have never sought to impose it on others, and we have consistently +followed the advice of Washington to recommend it only by the careful +preservation and prudent use of the blessing. During all the +intervening period the policy of European powers and of the United +States has, on the whole, been harmonious. Twice, indeed, rumors of the +invasion of some parts of America in the interest of monarchy have +prevailed; twice my predecessors have had occasion to announce the +views of this nation in respect to such interference. On both occasions +the remonstrance of the United States was respected from a deep +conviction on the part of European Governments that the system of +noninterference and mutual abstinence from propagandism was the true +rule for the two hemispheres. Since those times we have advanced in +wealth and power, but we retain the same purpose to leave the nations +of Europe to choose their own dynasties and form their own systems of +government. This consistent moderation may justly demand a +corresponding moderation. We should regard it as a great calamity to +ourselves, to the cause of good government, and to the peace of the +world should any European power challenge the American people, as it +were, to the defense of republicanism against foreign interference. We +can not foresee and are unwilling to consider what opportunities might +present themselves, what combinations might offer to protect ourselves +against designs inimical to our form of government. The United States +desire to act in the future as they have ever acted heretofore; they +never will be driven from that course but by the aggression of European +powers, and we rely on the wisdom and justice of those powers to +respect the system of noninterference which has so long been sanctioned +by time, and which by its good results has approved itself to both +continents. + +The correspondence between the United States and France in reference to +questions which have become subjects of discussion between the two +Governments will at a proper time be laid before Congress. + +When, on the organization of our Government under the Constitution, the +President of the United States delivered his inaugural address to the +two Houses of Congress, he said to them, and through them to the +country and to mankind, that--The preservation of the sacred fire of +liberty and the destiny of the republican model of government are +justly considered, perhaps, as deeply, as finally, staked on the +experiment intrusted to the hands of the American people. And the House +of Representatives answered Washington by the voice of Madison: We +adore the Invisible Hand which has led the American people, through so +many difficulties, to cherish a conscious responsibility for the +destiny of republican liberty. More than seventy-six years have glided +away since these words were spoken; the United States have passed +through severer trials than were foreseen; and now, at this new epoch +in our existence as one nation, with our Union purified by sorrows and +strengthened by conflict and established by the virtue of the people, +the greatness of the occasion invites us once more to repeat with +solemnity the pledges of our fathers to hold ourselves answerable +before our fellow-men for the success of the republican form of +government. Experience has proved its sufficiency in peace and in war; +it has vindicated its authority through dangers and afflictions, and +sudden and terrible emergencies, which would have crushed any system +that had been less firmly fixed in the hearts of the people. At the +inauguration of Washington the foreign relations of the country were +few and its trade was repressed by hostile regulations; now all the +civilized nations of the globe welcome our commerce, and their +governments profess toward us amity. Then our country felt its way +hesitatingly along an untried path, with States so little bound +together by rapid means of communication as to be hardly known to one +another, and with historic traditions extending over very few years; +now intercourse between the States is swift and intimate; the +experience of centuries has been crowded into a few generations, and +has created an intense, indestructible nationality. Then our +jurisdiction did not reach beyond the inconvenient boundaries of the +territory which had achieved independence; now, through cessions of +lands, first colonized by Spain and France, the country has acquired a +more complex character, and has for its natural limits the chain of +lakes, the Gulf of Mexico, and on the east and the west the two great +oceans. Other nations were wasted by civil wars for ages before they +could establish for themselves the necessary degree of unity; the +latent conviction that our form of government is the best ever known to +the world has enabled us to emerge from civil war within four years +with a complete vindication of the constitutional authority of the +General Government and with our local liberties and State institutions +unimpaired. + +The throngs of emigrants that crowd to our shores are witnesses of the +confidence of all peoples in our permanence. Here is the great land of +free labor, where industry is blessed with unexampled rewards and the +bread of the workingman is sweetened by the consciousness that the +cause of the country "is his own cause, his own safety, his own +dignity." Here everyone enjoys the free use of his faculties and the +choice of activity as a natural right. Here, under the combined +influence of a fruitful soil, genial climes, and happy institutions, +population has increased fifteen-fold within a century. Here, through +the easy development of boundless resources, wealth has increased with +twofold greater rapidity than numbers, so that we have become secure +against the financial vicissitudes of other countries and, alike in +business and in opinion, are self-centered and truly independent. Here +more and more care is given to provide education for everyone born on +our soil. Here religion, released from political connection with the +civil government, refuses to subserve the craft of statesmen, and +becomes in its independence the spiritual life of the people. Here +toleration is extended to every opinion, in the quiet certainty that +truth needs only a fair field to secure the victory. Here the human +mind goes forth unshackled in the pursuit of science, to collect stores +of knowledge and acquire an ever-increasing mastery over the forces of +nature. Here the national domain is offered and held in millions of +separate freeholds, so that our fellow-citizens, beyond the occupants +of any other part of the earth, constitute in reality a people. Here +exists the democratic form of government; and that form of government, +by the confession of European statesmen, "gives a power of which no +other form is capable, because it incorporates every man with the state +and arouses everything that belongs to the soul." + +Where in past history does a parallel exist to the public happiness +which is within the reach of the people of the United States? Where in +any part of the globe can institutions be found so suited to their +habits or so entitled to their love as their own free Constitution? +Every one of them, then, in whatever part of the land he has his home, +must wish its perpetuity. Who of them will not now acknowledge, in the +words of Washington, that "every step by which the people of the United +States have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems to +have been distinguished by some token of providential agency"? Who will +not join with me in the prayer that the Invisible Hand which has led us +through the clouds that gloomed around our path will so guide us onward +to a perfect restoration of fraternal affection that we of this day may +be able to transmit our great inheritance of State governments in all +their rights, of the General Government in its whole constitutional +vigor, to our posterity, and they to theirs through countless +generations? + +*** + +State of the Union Address +Andrew Johnson +December 3, 1866 + +Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: + +After a brief interval the Congress of the United States resumes its +annual legislative labors. An all-wise and merciful Providence has +abated the pestilence which visited our shores, leaving its calamitous +traces upon some portions of our country. Peace, order, tranquillity, +and civil authority have been formally declared to exist throughout the +whole of the United States. In all of the States civil authority has +superseded the coercion of arms, and the people, by their voluntary +action, are maintaining their governments in full activity and complete +operation. The enforcement of the laws is no longer "obstructed in any +State by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary +course of judicial proceedings," and the animosities engendered by the +war are rapidly yielding to the beneficent influences of our free +institutions and to the kindly effects of unrestricted social and +commercial intercourse. An entire restoration of fraternal feeling must +be the earnest wish of every patriotic heart; and we will have +accomplished our grandest national achievement when, forgetting the sad +events of the past and remembering only their instructive lessons, we +resume our onward career as a free, prosperous, and united people. + +In my message of the 4th of December, 1865, Congress was informed of +the measures which had been instituted by the Executive with a view to +the gradual restoration of the States in which the insurrection +occurred to their relations with the General Government. Provisional +governors had been appointed, conventions called, governors elected, +legislatures assembled, and Senators and Representatives chosen to the +Congress of the United States. Courts had been opened for the +enforcement of laws long in abeyance. The blockade had been removed, +custom-houses reestablished, and the internal-revenue laws put in +force, in order that the people might contribute to the national +income. Postal operations had been renewed, and efforts were being made +to restore them to their former condition of efficiency. The States +themselves had been asked to take Dart in the high function of amending +the Constitution, and of thus sanctioning the extinction of African +slavery as one of the legitimate results of our internecine struggle. + +Having progressed thus far, the executive department found that it had +accomplished nearly all that was within the scope of its constitutional +authority. One thing, however, yet remained to be done before the work +of restoration could be completed, and that was the admission to +Congress of loyal Senators and Representatives from the States whose +people had rebelled against the lawful authority of the General +Government. This question devolved upon the respective Houses, which by +the Constitution are made the judges of the elections, returns, and +qualifications of their own members, and its consideration at once +engaged the attention of Congress. + +In the meantime the executive department--no other plan having been +proposed by Congress--continued its efforts to perfect, as far as was +practicable, the restoration of the proper relations between the +citizens of the respective States, the States, and the Federal +Government, extending from time to time, as the public interests seemed +to require, the judicial, revenue, and postal systems of the country. +With the advice and consent of the Senate, the necessary officers were +appointed and appropriations made by Congress for the payment of their +salaries. The proposition to amend the Federal Constitution, so as to +prevent the existence of slavery within the United States or any place +subject to their jurisdiction, was ratified by the requisite number of +States, and on the 18th day of December, 1865, it was officially +declared to have become valid as a part of the Constitution of the +United States. All of the States in which the insurrection had existed +promptly amended their constitutions so as to make them conform to the +great change thus effected in the organic law of the land; declared +null and void all ordinances and laws of secession; repudiated all +pretended debts and obligations created for the revolutionary purposes +of the insurrection, and proceeded in good faith to the enactment of +measures for the protection and amelioration of the condition of the +colored race. Congress, however, yet hesitated to admit any of these +States to representation, and it was not until toward the close of the +eighth month of the session that an exception was made in favor of +Tennessee by the admission of her Senators and Representatives. + +I deem it a subject of profound regret that Congress has thus far +failed to admit to seats loyal Senators and Representatives from the +other States whose inhabitants, with those of Tennessee, had engaged in +the rebellion. Ten States--more than one-fourth of the whole +number--remain without representation; the seats of fifty members in +the House of Representatives and of twenty members in the Senate are +yet vacant, not by their own consent, not by a failure of election, but +by the refusal of Congress to accept their credentials. Their +admission, it is believed, would have accomplished much toward the +renewal and strengthening of our relations as one people and removed +serious cause for discontent on the part of the inhabitants of those +States. It would have accorded with the great principle enunciated in +the Declaration of American Independence that no people ought to bear +the burden of taxation and yet be denied the right of representation. +It would have been in consonance with the express provisions of the +Constitution that "each State shall have at least one Representative" +and "that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal +suffrage in the Senate." These provisions were intended to secure to +every State and to the people of every State the right of +representation in each House of Congress; and so important was it +deemed by the framers of the Constitution that the equality of the +States in the Senate should be preserved that not even by an amendment +of the Constitution can any State, without its consent, be denied a +voice in that branch of the National Legislature. + +It is true it has been assumed that the existence of the States was +terminated by the rebellious acts of their inhabitants, and that, the +insurrection having been suppressed, they were thenceforward to be +considered merely as conquered territories. The legislative, executive, +and judicial departments of the Government have, however, with Heat +distinctness and uniform consistency, refused to sanction an assumption +so incompatible with the nature of our republican system and with the +professed objects of the war. Throughout the recent legislation of +Congress the undeniable fact makes itself apparent that these ten +political communities are nothing less than States of this Union. At +the very commencement of the rebellion each House declared, with a +unanimity as remarkable as it was significant, that the war was not +"waged upon our part in any spirit of oppression, nor for any purpose +of conquest or subjugation, nor purpose of overthrowing or interfering +with the rights or established institutions of those States, but to +defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution and all laws made +in pursuance thereof, and to preserve the Union, with all the dignity, +equality, and rights of the several States unimpaired; and that as soon +as these objects" were "accomplished the war ought to cease." In some +instances Senators were permitted to continue their legislative +functions, while in other instances Representatives were elected and +admitted to seats after their States had formally declared their right +to withdraw from the Union and were endeavoring to maintain that right +by force of arms. All of the States whose people were in insurrection, +as States, were included in the apportionment of the direct tax of +$20,000,000 annually laid upon the United States by the act approved +5th August, 1861. Congress, by the act of March 4, 1862, and by the +apportionment of representation thereunder also recognized their +presence as States in the Union; and they have, for judicial purposes, +been divided into districts, as States alone can be divided. The same +recognition appears in the recent legislation in reference to +Tennessee, which evidently rests upon the fact that the functions of +the State were not destroyed by the rebellion, but merely suspended; +and that principle is of course applicable to those States which, like +Tennessee, attempted to renounce their places in the Union. + +The action of the executive department of the Government upon this +subject has been equally definite and uniform, and the purpose of the +war was specifically stated in the proclamation issued by my +predecessor on the 22d day of September, 1862. It was then solemnly +proclaimed and declared "that hereafter, as heretofore, the war will be +prosecuted for the object of practically restoring the constitutional +relation between the United States and each of the States and the +people thereof in which States that relation is or may be suspended or +disturbed." + +The recognition of the States by the judicial department of the +Government has also been dear and conclusive in all proceedings +affecting them as States had in the Supreme, circuit, and district +courts. In the admission of Senators and Representatives from any and +all of the States there can be no just ground of apprehension that +persons who are disloyal will be clothed with the powers of +legislation, for this could not happen when the Constitution and the +laws are enforced by a vigilant and faithful Congress. Each House is +made the "judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its +own members," and may, "with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a +member." When a Senator or Representative presents his certificate of +election, he may at once be admitted or rejected; or, should there be +any question as to his eligibility, his credentials may be referred for +investigation to the appropriate committee. If admitted to a seat, it +must be upon evidence satisfactory to the House of which he thus +becomes a member that he possesses the requisite constitutional and +legal qualifications. If refused admission as a member for want of due +allegiance to the Government and returned to his constituents, they are +admonished that none but persons loyal to the United States will be +allowed a voice in the legislative councils of the nation, and the +political power and moral influence of Congress are thus effectively +exerted in the interests of loyalty to the Government and fidelity to +the Union. Upon this question, so vitally affecting the restoration of +the Union and the permanency of our present form of government, my +convictions, heretofore expressed, have undergone no change, but, on +the contrary, their correctness has been confirmed by reflection and +time. If the admission of loyal members to seats in the respective +Houses of Congress was wise and expedient a year ago, it is no less +wise and expedient now. If this anomalous condition is right now--if in +the exact condition of these States at the present time it is lawful to +exclude them from representation--I do not see that the question will +be changed by the efflux of time. Ten years hence, if these States +remain as they are, the right of representation will be no stronger, +the right of exclusion will be no weaker. + +The Constitution of the United States makes it the duty of the +President to recommend to the consideration of Congress "such measures +as he shall judge necessary and expedient." I know of no measure more +imperatively demanded by every consideration of national interest, +sound policy, and equal justice than the admission of loyal members +from the now unrepresented States. This would consummate the work of +restoration and exert a most salutary influence in the reestablishment +of peace, harmony, and fraternal feeling. It would tend greatly to +renew the confidence of the American people in the vigor and stability +of their institutions. It would bind us more closely together as a +nation and enable us to show to the world the inherent and recuperative +power of a government founded upon the will of the people and +established upon the principles of liberty, justice, and intelligence. +Our increased strength and enhanced prosperity would irrefragably +demonstrate the fallacy of the arguments against free institutions +drawn from our recent national disorders by the enemies of republican +government. The admission of loyal members from the States now excluded +from Congress, by allaying doubt and apprehension, would turn capital +now awaiting an opportunity for investment into the channels of trade +and industry. It would alleviate the present troubled condition of +those States, and by inducing emigration aid in the settlement of +fertile regions now uncultivated and lead to an increased production of +those staples which have added so greatly to the wealth of the nation +and commerce of the world. New fields of enterprise would be opened to +our progressive people and soon the devastations of war would be +repaired and all traces of our domestic differences effaced from the +minds of our countrymen. + +In our efforts to preserve "the unity of government which constitutes +as one people" by restoring the States to the condition which they held +prior to the rebellion, we should be cautious, lest, having rescued our +nation from perils of threatened disintegration, we resort to +consolidation, and in the end absolute despotism, as a remedy for the +recurrence of similar troubles. The war having terminated, and with it +all occasion for the exercise of powers of doubtful constitutionality, +we should hasten to bring legislation within the boundaries prescribed +by the Constitution and to return to the ancient landmarks established +by our fathers for the guidance of succeeding generations. The +constitution which at any time exists till changed by an explicit and +authentic act of the whole people is sacredly obligatory upon all. If +in the opinion of the people the distribution or modification of the +constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected +by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates; but let +there be no change by usurpation, for it is the customary weapon by +which free governments are destroyed. Washington spoke these words to +his countrymen when, followed by their love and gratitude, he +voluntarily retired from the cares of public life. "To keep in all +things within the pale of our constitutional powers and cherish the +Federal Union as the only rock of safety" were prescribed by Jefferson +as rules of action to endear to his "countrymen the true principles of +their Constitution and promote a union of sentiment and action, equally +auspicious to their happiness and safety." Jackson held that the action +of the General Government should always be strictly confined to the +sphere of its appropriate duties, and justly and forcibly urged that +our Government is not to be maintained nor our Union preserved "by +invasions of the rights and powers of the several States. In thus +attempting to make our General Government strong we make it weak. Its +true strength consists in leaving individuals and States as much as +possible to themselves; in making itself felt, not in its power, but in +its beneficence; not in its control, but in its protection; not in +binding the States more closely to the center, but leaving each to move +unobstructed in its proper constitutional orbit." These are the +teachings of men whose deeds and services have made them illustrious, +and who, long since withdrawn from the scenes of life, have left to +their country the rich legacy of their example, their wisdom, and their +patriotism. Drawing fresh inspiration from their lessons, let us +emulate them in love of country and respect for the Constitution and +the laws. + +The report of the Secretary of the Treasury affords much information +respecting the revenue and commerce of the country. His views upon the +currency and with reference to a proper adjustment of our revenue +system, internal as well as impost, are commended to the careful +consideration of Congress. In my last annual message I expressed my +general views upon these subjects. I need now only call attention to +the necessity of carrying into every department of the Government a +system of rigid accountability, thorough retrenchment, and wise +economy. With no exceptional nor unusual expenditures, the oppressive +burdens of taxation can be lessened by such a modification of our +revenue laws as will be consistent with the public faith and the +legitimate and necessary wants of the Government. + +The report presents a much more satisfactory condition of our finances +than one year ago the most sanguine could have anticipated. During the +fiscal year ending the 30th June, 1865 (the last year of the war), the +public debt was increased $941,902,537, and on the 31st of October, +1865, it amounted to $2,740,854,750. On the 31st day of October, 1866, +it had been reduced to $2,552,310,006, the diminution during a period +of fourteen months, commencing September 1, 1865, and ending October +31, 1866, having been $206,379,565. In the last annual report on the +state of the finances it was estimated that during the three quarters +of the fiscal year ending the 30th of June last the debt would be +increased $112,194,947. During that period, however, it was reduced +$31,196,387, the receipts of the year having been $89,905,905 more and +the expenditures $200,529,235 less than the estimates. Nothing could +more clearly indicate than these statements the extent and availability +of the national resources and the rapidity and safety with which under +our form of government, great military and naval establishments can be +disbanded and expenses reduced from a war to a peace footing. + +During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1866, the receipts were +$558,032,620 and the expenditures $520,750,940, leaving an available +surplus of $37,281,680. It is estimated that the receipts for the +fiscal year ending the 30th June, 1867, will be $475,061.386, and that +the expenditures will reach the sum of $316,428,078, leaving in the +Treasury a surplus of $158,633,308. For the fiscal year ending June 30, +1886, it is estimated that the receipts will amount to $436,000,000 and +that the expenditures will be $350,247,641, showing an excess of +$85,752,359 in favor of the Government. These estimated receipts may be +diminished by a reduction of excise and import duties, but after all +necessary reductions shall have been made the revenue of the present +and of following years will doubtless be sufficient to cover all +legitimate charges upon the Treasury and leave a large annual surplus +to be applied to the payment of the principal of the debt. There seems +now to be no good reason why taxes may not be reduced as the country +advances in population and wealth, and yet the debt be extinguished +within the next quarter of a century. + +The report of the Secretary of War furnishes valuable and important +information in reference to the operations of his Department during the +past year. Few volunteers now remain in the service, and they are being +discharged as rapidly as they can be replaced by regular troops. The +Army has been promptly paid, carefully provided with medical treatment, +well sheltered and subsisted, and is to be furnished with +breech-loading small arms. The military strength of the nation has been +unimpaired by the discharge of volunteers, the disposition of +unserviceable or perishable stores, and the retrenchment of +expenditure. Sufficient war material to meet any emergency has been +retained, and from the disbanded volunteers standing ready to respond +to the national call large armies can be rapidly organized, equipped, +and concentrated. Fortifications on the coast and frontier have +received or are being prepared for more powerful armaments; lake +surveys and harbor and river improvements are in course of energetic +prosecution. Preparations have been made for the payment of the +additional bounties authorized during the recent session of Congress, +under such regulations as will protect the Government from fraud and +secure to the honorably discharged soldier the well-earned reward of +his faithfulness and gallantry. More than 6,000 maimed soldiers have +received artificial limbs or other surgical apparatus, and 41 national +cemeteries, containing the remains of 104,526 Union soldiers, have +already been established. The total estimate of military appropriations +is $25,205,669. + +It is stated in the report of the Secretary of the Navy that the naval +force at this time consists of 278 vessels, armed with 2,351 guns. Of +these, 115 vessels, carrying 1,029 guns, are in commission, distributed +chiefly among seven squadrons. The number of men in the service is +13,600. Great activity and vigilance have been displayed by all the +squadrons, and their movements have been judiciously and efficiently +arranged in such manner as would best promote American commerce and +protect the rights and interests of our countrymen abroad. The vessels +unemployed are undergoing repairs or are laid up until their services +may be required. Most of the ironclad fleet is at League Island, in the +vicinity of Philadelphia, a place which, until decisive action should +be taken by Congress, was selected by the Secretary of the Navy as the +most eligible location for that class of vessels. It is important that +a suitable public station should be provided for the ironclad fleet. It +is intended that these vessels shall be in proper condition for any +emergency, and it is desirable that the bill accepting League Island +for naval purposes, which passed the House of Representatives at its +last session, should receive final action at an early period, in order +that there may be a suitable public station for this class of vessels, +as well as a navy-yard of area sufficient for the wants of the service +on the Delaware River. The naval pension fund amounts to $11,750,000, +having been increased $2,750,000 during the year. The expenditures of +the Department for the fiscal year ending 30th June last were +$43,324,526, and the estimates for the coming year amount to +$23,568,436. Attention is invited to the condition of our seamen and +the importance of legislative measures for their relief and +improvement. The suggestions in behalf of this deserving class of our +fellow-citizens are earnestly recommended to the favorable attention of +Congress. + +The report of the Postmaster-General presents a most satisfactory +condition of the postal service and submits recommendations which +deserve the consideration of Congress. The revenues of the Department +for the year ending June 30, 1866, were $14,386,986 and the +expenditures $15,352,079, showing an excess of the latter of $965,093. +In anticipation of this deficiency, however, a special appropriation +was made by Congress in the act approved July 28, 1866. Including the +standing appropriation of $700,000 for free mail matter as a legitimate +portion of the revenues, yet remaining unexpended, the actual +deficiency for the past year is only $265,093--a sum within $51,141 of +the amount estimated in the annual report of 1864. The decrease of +revenue compared with the previous year was 1 1/5 per cent, and the +increase of expenditures, owing principally to the enlargement of the +mail service in the South, was 12 per cent. On the 30th of June last +there were in operation 6,930 mail routes, with an aggregate length of +180,921 miles, an aggregate annual transportation of 71,837,914 miles, +and an aggregate annual cost, including all expenditures, of +$8,410,184. The length of railroad routes is 32,092 miles and the +annual transportation 30,609,467 miles. The length of steamboat routes +is 14,346 miles and the annual transportation 3,411,962 miles. The mail +service is rapidly increasing throughout the whole country, and its +steady extension in the Southern States indicates their constantly +improving condition. The growing importance of the foreign service also +merits attention. The post-office department of Great Britain and our +own have agreed upon a preliminary basis for a new postal convention, +which it is believed will prove eminently beneficial to the commercial +interests of the United States, inasmuch as it contemplates a reduction +of the international letter postage to one-half the existing rates: a +reduction of postage with all other countries to and from which +correspondence is transmitted in the British mail, or in closed mails +through the United Kingdom; the establishment of uniform and reasonable +charges for the sea and territorial transit of correspondence in closed +mails; and an allowance to each post-office department of the right to +use all mail communications established under the authority of the +other for the dispatch of correspondence, either in open or closed +mails, on the same terms as those applicable to the inhabitants of the +country providing the means of transmission. + +The report of the Secretary of the Interior exhibits the condition of +those branches of the public service which are committed to his +supervision. During the last fiscal year 4,629,312 acres of public land +were disposed of, 1,892,516 acres of which were entered under the +homestead act. The policy originally adopted relative to the public +lands has undergone essential modifications. Immediate revenue, and not +their rapid settlement, was the cardinal feature of our land system. +Long experience and earnest discussion have resulted in the conviction +that the early development of our agricultural resources and the +diffusion of an energetic population over our vast territory are +objects of far greater importance to the national growth and prosperity +than the proceeds of the sale of the land to the highest bidder in open +market. The preemption laws confer upon the pioneer who complies with +the terms they impose the privilege of purchasing a limited portion of +"unoffered lands" at the minimum price. The homestead enactments +relieve the settler from the payment of purchase money, and secure him +a permanent home upon the condition of residence for a term of years. +This liberal policy invites emigration from the Old and from the more +crowded portions of the New World. Its propitious results are +undoubted, and will be more signally manifested when time shall have +given to it a wider development. + +Congress has made liberal grants of public land to corporations in aid +of the construction of railroads and other internal improvements. +Should this policy hereafter prevail, more stringent provisions will be +required to secure a faithful application of the fund. The title to the +lands should not pass, by patent or otherwise, but remain in the +Government and subject to its control until some portion of the road +has been actually built. Portions of them might then from time to time +be conveyed to the corporation, but never in a greater ratio to the +whole quantity embraced by the grant than the completed parts bear to +the entire length of the projected improvement. This restriction would +not operate to the prejudice of any undertaking conceived in good faith +and executed with reasonable energy, as it is the settled practice to +withdraw from market the lands falling within the operation of such +grants, and thus to exclude the inception of a subsequent adverse +right. A breach of the conditions which Congress may deem proper to +impose should work a forfeiture of claim to the lands so withdrawn but +unconveyed, and of title to the lands conveyed which remain unsold. + +Operations on the several lines of the Pacific Railroad have been +prosecuted with unexampled vigor and success. Should no unforeseen +causes of delay occur, it is confidently anticipated that this great +thoroughfare will be completed before the expiration of the period +designated by Congress. + +During the last fiscal year the amount paid to pensioners, including +the expenses of disbursement, was $13,459,996, and 50,177 names were +added to the pension rolls. The entire number of pensioners June 30, +1866, was 126,722. This fact furnishes melancholy and striking proof of +the sacrifices made to vindicate the constitutional authority of the +Federal Government and to maintain inviolate the integrity of the Union +They impose upon us corresponding obligations. It is estimated that +$33,000,000 will be required to meet the exigencies of this branch of +the service during the next fiscal year. + +Treaties have been concluded with the Indians, who, enticed into armed +opposition to our Government at the outbreak of the rebellion, have +unconditionally submitted to our authority and manifested an earnest +desire for a renewal of friendly relations. + +During the year ending September 30, 1866, 8,716 patents for useful +inventions and designs were issued, and at that date the balance in the +Treasury to the credit of the patent fund was $228,297. + +As a subject upon which depends an immense amount of the production and +commerce of the country, I recommend to Congress such legislation as +may be necessary for the preservation of the levees of the Mississippi +River. It is a matter of national importance that early steps should be +taken, not only to add to the efficiency of these barriers against +destructive inundations, but for the removal of all obstructions to the +free and safe navigation of that great channel of trade and commerce. + +The District of Columbia under existing laws is not entitled to that +representation in the national councils which from our earliest history +has been uniformly accorded to each Territory established from time to +time within our limits. It maintains peculiar relations to Congress, to +whom the Constitution has granted the power of exercising exclusive +legislation over the seat of Government. Our fellow-citizens residing +in the District, whose interests are thus confided to the special +guardianship of Congress, exceed in number the population of several of +our Territories, and no just reason is perceived why a Delegate of +their choice should not be admitted to a seat in the House of +Representatives. No mode seems so appropriate and effectual of enabling +them to make known their peculiar condition and wants and of securing +the local legislation adapted to them. I therefore recommend the +passage of a law authorizing the electors of the District of Columbia +to choose a Delegate, to be allowed the same rights and privileges as a +Delegate representing a Territory. The increasing enterprise and rapid +progress of improvement in the District are highly gratifying, and I +trust that the efforts of the municipal authorities to promote the +prosperity of the national metropolis will receive the efficient and +generous cooperation of Congress. + +The report of the Commissioner of Agriculture reviews the operations of +his Department during the past year, and asks the aid of Congress in +its efforts to encourage those States which, scourged by war, are now +earnestly engaged in the reorganization of domestic industry. + +It is a subject of congratulation that no foreign combinations against +our domestic peace and safety or our legitimate influence among the +nations have been formed or attempted. While sentiments of +reconciliation, loyalty, and patriotism have increased at home, a more +just consideration of our national character and rights has been +manifested by foreign nations. + +The entire success of the Atlantic telegraph between the coast of +Ireland and the Province of Newfoundland is an achievement which has +been justly celebrated in both hemispheres as the opening of an era in +the progress of civilization. There is reason to expect that equal +success will attend and even greater results follow the enterprise for +connecting the two continents through the Pacific Ocean by the +projected line of telegraph between Kamchatka and the Russian +possessions in America. + +The resolution of Congress protesting against pardons by foreign +governments of persons convicted of infamous offenses on condition of +emigration to our country has been communicated to the states with +which we maintain intercourse, and the practice, so justly the subject +of complaint on our part, has not been renewed. + +The congratulations of Congress to the Emperor of Russia upon his +escape from attempted assassination have been presented to that humane +and enlightened ruler and received by him with expressions of grateful +appreciation. + +The Executive, warned of an attempt by Spanish American adventurers to +induce the emigration of freedmen of the United States to a foreign +country, protested against the project as one which, if consummated, +would reduce them to a bondage even more oppressive than that from +which they have just been relieved. Assurance has been received from +the Government of the State in which the plan was matured that the +proceeding will meet neither its encouragement nor approval. It is a +question worthy of your consideration whether our laws upon this +subject are adequate to the prevention or punishment of the crime thus +meditated. + +In the month of April last, as Congress is aware, a friendly +arrangement was made between the Emperor of France and the President of +the United States for the withdrawal from Mexico of the French +expeditionary military forces. This withdrawal was to be effected in +three detachments, the first of which, it was understood, would leave +Mexico in November, now past, the second in March next, and the third +and last in November, 1867. Immediately upon the completion of the +evacuation the French Government was to assume the same attitude of +nonintervention in regard to Mexico as is held by the Government of the +United States. Repeated assurances have been given by the Emperor since +that agreement that he would complete the promised evacuation within +the period mentioned, or sooner. + +It was reasonably expected that the proceedings thus contemplated would +produce a crisis of great political interest in the Republic of Mexico. +The newly appointed minister of the United States, Mr. Campbell, was +therefore sent forward on the 9th day of November last to assume his +proper functions as minister plenipotentiary of the United States to +that Republic. It was also thought expedient that he should be attended +in the vicinity of Mexico by the Lieutenant-General of the Army of the +United States, with the view of obtaining such information as might be +important to determine the course to be pursued by the United States in +reestablishing and maintaining necessary and proper intercourse with +the Republic of Mexico. Deeply interested in the cause of liberty and +humanity, it seemed an obvious duty on our part to exercise whatever +influence we possessed for the restoration and permanent establishment +in that country of a domestic and republican form of government. + +Such was the condition of our affairs in regard to Mexico when, on the +22d of November last, official information was received from Paris that +the Emperor of France had some time before decided not to withdraw a +detachment of his forces in the month of November past, according to +engagement, but that this decision was made with the purpose of +withdrawing the whole of those forces in the ensuing spring. Of this +determination, however, the United States had not received any notice +or intimation, and so soon as the information was received by the +Government care was taken to make known its dissent to the Emperor of +France. + +I can not forego the hope that France will reconsider the subject and +adopt some resolution in regard to the evacuation of Mexico which will +conform as nearly as practicable with the existing engagement, and thus +meet the just expectations of the United States. The papers relating to +the subject will be laid before you. It is believed that with the +evacuation of Mexico by the expeditionary forces no subject for serious +differences between France and the United States would remain. The +expressions of the Emperor and people of France warrant a hope that the +traditionary friendship between the two countries might in that case be +renewed and permanently restored. + +A claim of a citizen of the United States for indemnity for spoliations +committed on the high seas by the French authorities in the exercise of +a belligerent power against Mexico has been met by the Government of +France with a proposition to defer settlement until a mutual convention +for the adjustment of all claims of citizens and subjects of both +countries arising out of the recent wars on this continent shall be +agreed upon by the two countries. The suggestion is not deemed +unreasonable, but it belongs to Congress to direct the manner in which +claims for indemnity by foreigners as well as by citizens of the United +States arising out of the late civil war shall be adjudicated and +determined. I have no doubt that the subject of all such claims will +engage your attention at a convenient and proper time. + +It is a matter of regret that no considerable advance has been made +toward an adjustment of the differences between the United States and +Great Britain arising out of the depredations upon our national +commerce and other trespasses committed during our civil war by British +subjects, in violation of international law and treaty obligations. The +delay, however, may be believed to have resulted in no small degree +from the domestic situation of Great Britain. An entire change of +ministry occurred in that country during the last session of +Parliament. The attention of the new ministry was called to the subject +at an early day, and there is some reason to expect that it will now be +considered in a becoming and friendly spirit. The importance of an +early disposition of the question can not be exaggerated. Whatever +might be the wishes of the two Governments, it is manifest that good +will and friendship between the two countries can not be established +until a reciprocity in the practice of good faith and neutrality shall +be restored between the respective nations. + +On the 6th of June last, in violation of our neutrality laws, a +military expedition and enterprise against the British North American +colonies was projected and attempted to be carried on within the +territory and jurisdiction of the United States. In obedience to the +obligation imposed upon the Executive by the Constitution to see that +the laws are faithfully executed, all citizens were warned by +proclamation against taking part in or aiding such unlawful +proceedings, and the proper civil, military, and naval officers were +directed to take all necessary measures for the enforcement of the +laws. The expedition failed, but it has not been without its painful +consequences. Some of our citizens who, it was alleged, were engaged in +the expedition were captured, and have been brought to trial as for a +capital offense in the Province of Canada. Judgment and sentence of +death have been pronounced against some, while others have been +acquitted. Fully believing in the maxim of government that severity of +civil punishment for misguided persons who have engaged in +revolutionary attempts which have disastrously failed is unsound and +unwise, such representations have been made to the British Government +in behalf of the convicted persons as, being sustained by an +enlightened and humane judgment, will, it is hoped, induce in their +cases an exercise of clemency and a judicious amnesty to all who were +engaged in the movement. Counsel has been employed by the Government to +defend citizens of the United States on trial for capital offenses in +Canada, and a discontinuance of the prosecutions which were instituted +in the courts of the United States against those who took part in the +expedition has been directed. + +I have regarded the expedition as not only political in its nature, but +as also in a great measure foreign from the United States in its +causes, character, and objects. The attempt was understood to be made +in sympathy with an insurgent party in Ireland, and by striking at a +British Province on this continent was designed to aid in obtaining +redress for political grievances which, it was assumed, the people of +Ireland had suffered at the hands of the British Government during a +period of several centuries. The persons engaged in it were chiefly +natives of that country, some of whom had, while others had not, become +citizens of the United States under our general laws of naturalization. +Complaints of misgovernment in Ireland continually engage the attention +of the British nation, and so great an agitation is now prevailing in +Ireland that the British Government have deemed it necessary to suspend +the writ of habeas corpus in that country. These circumstances must +necessarily modify the opinion which we might otherwise have +entertained in regard to an expedition expressly prohibited by our +neutrality laws. So long as those laws remain upon our statute books +they should be faithfully executed, and if they operate harshly, +unjustly, or oppressively Congress alone can apply the remedy by their +modification or repeal. + +Political and commercial interests of the United States are not +unlikely to be affected in some degree by events which are transpiring +in the eastern regions of Europe, and the time seems to have come when +our Government ought to have a proper diplomatic representation in +Greece. + +This Government has claimed for all persons not convicted or accused or +suspected of crime an absolute political right of self-expatriation and +a choice of new national allegiance. Most of the European States have +dissented from this principle, and have claimed a right to hold such of +their subjects as have emigrated to and been naturalized in the United +States and afterwards returned on transient visits to their native +countries to the performance of military service in like manner as +resident subjects. Complaints arising from the claim in this respect +made by foreign states have heretofore been matters of controversy +between the United States and some of the European powers, and the +irritation consequent upon the failure to settle this question +increased during the war in which Prussia, Italy, and Austria were +recently engaged. While Great Britain has never acknowledged the right +of expatriation, she has not for some years past practically insisted +upon the opposite doctrine. France has been equally forbearing, and +Prussia has proposed a compromise, which, although evincing increased +liberality, has not been accepted by the United States. Peace is now +prevailing everywhere in Europe, and the present seems to be a +favorable time for an assertion by Congress of the principle so long +maintained by the executive department that naturalization by one state +fully exempts the native-born subject of any other state from the +performance of military service under any foreign government, so long +as he does not voluntarily renounce its rights and benefits. + +In the performance of a duty imposed upon me by the Constitution I have +thus submitted to the representatives of the States and of the people +such information of our domestic and foreign affairs as the public +interests seem to require. Our Government is now undergoing its most +trying ordeal, and my earnest prayer is that the peril may be +successfully and finally passed without impairing its original strength +and symmetry. The interests of the nation are best to be promoted by +the revival of fraternal relations, the complete obliteration of our +past differences, and the reinauguration of all the pursuits of peace. +Directing our efforts to the early accomplishment of these great ends, +let us endeavor to preserve harmony between the coordinate departments +of the Government, that each in its proper sphere may cordially +cooperate with the other in securing the maintenance of the +Constitution, the preservation of the Union, and the perpetuity of our +free institutions. + +*** + +State of the Union Address +Andrew Johnson +December 3, 1867 + +Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: + +The continued disorganization of the Union, to which the President has +so often called the attention of Congress, is yet a subject of profound +and patriotic concern. We may, however, find some relief from that +anxiety in the reflection that the painful political situation, +although before untried by ourselves, is not new in the experience of +nations. Political science, perhaps as highly perfected in our own time +and country as in any other, has not yet disclosed any means by which +civil wars can be absolutely prevented. An enlightened nation, however, +with a wise and beneficent constitution of free government, may +diminish their frequency and mitigate their severity by directing all +its proceedings in accordance with its fundamental law. + +When a civil war has been brought to a close, it is manifestly the +first interest and duty of the state to repair the injuries which the +war has inflicted, and to secure the benefit of the lessons it teaches +as fully and as speedily as possible. This duty was, upon the +termination of the rebellion, promptly accepted not only by the +executive department, but by the insurrectionary States themselves, and +restoration in the first moment of peace was believed to be as easy and +certain as it was indispensable. The expectations, however, then so +reasonably and confidently entertained were disappointed by legislation +from which I felt constrained by my obligations to the Constitution to +withhold my assent. + +It is therefore a source of profound regret that in complying with the +obligation imposed upon the President by the Constitution to give to +Congress from time to time information of the state of the Union I am +unable to communicate any definitive adjustment satisfactory to the +American people, of the questions which since the close of the +rebellion have agitated the public mind. On the contrary, candor +compels me to declare that at this time there is no Union as our +fathers understood the term, and as they meant it to be understood by +us. The Union which they established can exist only where all the +States are represented in both Houses of Congress; where one State is +as free as another to regulate its internal concerns according to its +own will, and where the laws of the central Government, strictly +confined to matters of national jurisdiction, apply with equal force to +all the people of every section. That such is not the present "state of +the Union" is a melancholy fact, and we must all acknowledge that the +restoration of the States to their proper legal relations with the +Federal Government and with one another, according to the terms of the +original compact, would be the greatest temporal blessing which God, in +His kindest providence, could bestow upon this nation. It becomes our +imperative duty to consider whether or not it is impossible to effect +this most desirable consummation. The Union and the Constitution are +inseparable. As long as one is obeyed by all parties, the other will be +preserved; and if one is destroyed, both must perish together. The +destruction of the Constitution will be followed by other and still +greater calamities. It was ordained not only to form a more perfect +union between the States, but to "establish justice, insure domestic +tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general +welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our +posterity." Nothing but implicit obedience to its requirements in all +parts of the country will accomplish these great ends. Without that +obedience we can look forward only to continual outrages upon +individual rights, incessant breaches of the public peace, national +weakness, financial dishonor, the total loss of our prosperity, the +general corruption of morals, and the final extinction of popular +freedom. To save our country from evils so appalling as these, we +should renew our efforts again and again. + +To me the process of restoration seems perfectly plain and simple. It +consists merely in a faithful application of the Constitution and laws. +The execution of the laws is not now obstructed or opposed by physical +force. There is no military or other necessity, real or pretended, +which can prevent obedience to the Constitution, either North or South. +All the rights and all the obligations of States and individuals can be +protected and enforced by means perfectly consistent with the +fundamental law. The courts may be everywhere open, and if open their +process would be unimpeded. Crimes against the United States can be +prevented or punished by the proper judicial authorities in a manner +entirely practicable and legal. There is therefore no reason why the +Constitution should not be obeyed, unless those who exercise its powers +have determined that it shall be disregarded and violated. The mere +naked will of this Government, or of some one or more of its branches, +is the only obstacle that can exist to a perfect union of all the +States. + +On this momentous question and some of the measures growing out of it I +have had the misfortune to differ from Congress, and have expressed my +convictions without reserve, though with becoming deference to the +opinion of the legislative department. Those convictions are not only +unchanged, but strengthened by subsequent events and further reflection +The transcendent importance of the subject will be a sufficient excuse +for calling your attention to some of the reasons which have so +strongly influenced my own judgment. The hope that we may all finally +concur in a mode of settlement consistent at once with our true +interests and with our sworn duties to the Constitution is too natural +and too just to be easily relinquished. + +It is clear to my apprehension that the States lately in rebellion are +still members of the National Union. When did they cease to be so? The +"ordinances of secession" adopted by a portion (in most of them a very +small portion) of their citizens were mere nullities. If we admit now +that they were valid and effectual for the purpose intended by their +authors, we sweep from under our feet the whole ground upon which we +justified the war. Were those States afterwards expelled from the Union +by the war? The direct contrary was averred by this Government to be +its purpose, and was so understood by all those who gave their blood +and treasure to aid in its prosecution. It can not be that a successful +war, waged for the preservation of the Union, had the legal effect of +dissolving it. The victory of the nation's arms was not the disgrace of +her policy; the defeat of secession on the battlefield was not the +triumph of its lawless principle. Nor could Congress, with or without +the consent of the Executive, do anything which would have the effect, +directly or indirectly, of separating the States from each other. To +dissolve the Union is to repeal the Constitution which holds it +together, and that is a power which does not belong to any department +of this Government, or to all of them united. + +This is so plain that it has been acknowledged by all branches of the +Federal Government. The Executive (my predecessor as well as myself) +and the heads of all the Departments have uniformly acted upon the +principle that the Union is not only undissolved, but indissoluble. +Congress submitted an amendment of the Constitution to be ratified by +the Southern States, and accepted their acts of ratification as a +necessary and lawful exercise of their highest function. If they were +not States, or were States out of the Union, their consent to a change +in the fundamental law of the Union would have been nugatory, and +Congress in asking it committed a political absurdity. The judiciary +has also given the solemn sanction of its authority to the same view of +the case. The judges of the Supreme Court have included the Southern +States in their circuits, and they are constantly, in banc and +elsewhere, exercising jurisdiction which does not belong to them unless +those States are States of the Union. + +If the Southern States are component parts of the Union, the +Constitution is the supreme law for them, as it is for all the other +States. They are bound to obey it, and so are we. The right of the +Federal Government, which is clear and unquestionable, to enforce the +Constitution upon them implies the correlative obligation on our part +to observe its limitations and execute its guaranties. Without the +Constitution we are nothing; by, through, and under the Constitution we +are what it makes us. We may doubt the wisdom of the law, we may not +approve of its provisions, but we can not violate it merely because it +seems to confine our powers within limits narrower than we could wish. +It is not a question of individual or class or sectional interest, much +less of party predominance, but of duty--of high and sacred duty--which +we are all sworn to perform. If we can not support the Constitution +with the cheerful alacrity of those who love and believe in it, we must +give to it at least the fidelity of public servants who act under +solemn obligations and commands which they dare not disregard. + +The constitutional duty is not the only one which requires the States +to be restored. There is another consideration which, though of minor +importance, is yet of great weight. On the 22d day of July, 1861, +Congress declared by an almost unanimous vote of both Houses that the +war should be conducted solely for the purpose of preserving the Union +and maintaining the supremacy of the Federal Constitution and laws, +without impairing the dignity, equality, and rights of the States or of +individuals, and that when this was done the war should cease. I do not +say that this declaration is personally binding on those who joined in +making it, any more than individual members of Congress are personally +bound to pay a public debt created under a law for which they voted. +But it was a solemn public, official pledge of the national honor, and +I can not imagine upon what grounds the repudiation of it is to be +justified. If it be said that we are not bound to keep faith with +rebels, let it be remembered that this promise was not made to rebels +only. Thousands of true men in the South were drawn to our standard by +it, and hundreds of thousands in the North gave their lives in the +belief that it would be carried out. It was made on the day after the +first great battle of the war had been fought and lost. All patriotic +and intelligent men then saw the necessity of giving such an assurance, +and believed that without it the war would end in disaster to our +cause. Having given that assurance in the extremity of our peril, the +violation of it now, in the day of our power, would be a rude rending +of that good faith which holds the moral world together; our country +would cease to have any claim upon the confidence of men; it would make +the war not only a failure, but a fraud. + +Being sincerely convinced that these views are correct, I would be +unfaithful to my duty if I did not recommend the repeal of the acts of +Congress which place ten of the Southern States under the domination of +military masters. If calm reflection shall satisfy a majority of your +honorable bodies that the acts referred to are not only a violation of +the national faith, but in direct conflict with the Constitution, I +dare not permit myself to doubt that you will immediately strike them +from the statute book. + +To demonstrate the unconstitutional character of those acts I need do +no more than refer to their general provisions. It must be seen at once +that they are not authorized. To dictate what alterations shall be made +in the constitutions of the several States; to control the elections of +State legislators and State officers, members of Congress and electors +of President and Vice-President, by arbitrarily declaring who shall +vote and who shall be excluded from that privilege; to dissolve State +legislatures or prevent them from assembling; to dismiss judges and +other civil functionaries of the State and appoint others without +regard to State law; to organize and operate all the political +machinery of the States; to regulate the whole administration of their +domestic and local affairs according to the mere will of strange and +irresponsible agents, sent among them for that purpose--these are +powers not granted to the Federal Government or to any one of its +branches. Not being granted, we violate our trust by assuming them as +palpably as we would by acting in the face of a positive interdict; for +the Constitution forbids us to do whatever it does not affirmatively +authorize, either by express words or by clear implication. If the +authority we desire to use does not come to us through the +Constitution, we can exercise it only by usurpation, and usurpation is +the most dangerous of political crimes. By that crime the enemies of +free government in all ages have worked out their designs against +public liberty and private right. It leads directly and immediately to +the establishment of absolute rule, for undelegated power is always +unlimited and unrestrained. + +The acts of Congress in question are not only objectionable for their +assumption of ungranted power, but many of their provisions are in +conflict with the direct prohibitions of the Constitution. The +Constitution commands that a republican form of government shall be +guaranteed to all the States; that no person shall be deprived of life, +liberty, or property without due process of law, arrested without a +judicial warrant, or punished without a fair trial before an impartial +jury; that the privilege of habeas corpus shall not be denied in time +of peace, and that no bill of attainder shall be passed even against a +single individual. Yet the system of measures established by these acts +of Congress does totally subvert and destroy the form as well as the +substance of republican government in the ten States to which they +apply. It binds them hand and foot in absolute slavery, and subjects +them to a strange and hostile power, more unlimited and more likely to +be abused than any other now known among civilized men. It tramples +down all those rights in which the essence of liberty consists, and +which a free government is always most careful to protect. It denies +the habeas corpus and the trial by jury. Personal freedom, property, +and life, if assailed by the passion, the prejudice, or the rapacity of +the ruler, have no security whatever. It has the effect of a bill of +attainder or bill of pains and penalties, not upon a few individuals, +but upon whole masses, including the millions who inhabit the subject +States, and even their unborn children. These wrongs, being expressly +forbidden, can not be constitutionally inflicted upon any portion of +our people, no matter how they may have come within our jurisdiction, +and no matter whether they live in States, Territories, or districts. + +I have no desire to save from the proper and just consequences of their +great crime those who engaged in rebellion against the Government, but +as a mode of punishment the measures under consideration are the most +unreasonable that could be invented. Many of those people are perfectly +innocent; many kept their fidelity to the Union untainted to the last; +many were incapable of any legal offense; a large proportion even of +the persons able to bear arms were forced into rebellion against their +will, and of those who are guilty with their own consent the degrees of +guilt are as various as the shades of their character and temper. But +these acts of Congress confound them all together in one common doom. +Indiscriminate vengeance upon classes, sects, and parties, or upon +whole communities, for offenses committed by a portion of them against +the governments to which they owed obedience was common in the +barbarous ages of the world; but Christianity and civilization have +made such progress that recourse to a punishment so cruel and unjust +would meet with the condemnation of all unprejudiced and right-minded +men. The punitive justice of this age, and especially of this country, +does not consist in stripping whole States of their liberties and +reducing all their people, without distinction, to the condition of +slavery. It deals separately with each individual, confines itself to +the forms of law, and vindicates its own purity by an impartial +examination of every case before a competent judicial tribunal. If this +does not satisfy all our desires with regard to Southern rebels, let us +console ourselves by reflecting that a free Constitution, triumphant in +war and unbroken in peace, is worth far more to us and our children +than the gratification of any present feeling. + +I am aware it is assumed that this system of government for the +Southern States is not to be perpetual. It is true this military +government is to be only provisional, but it is through this temporary +evil that a greater evil is to be made perpetual. If the guaranties of +the Constitution can be broken provisionally to serve a temporary +purpose, and in a part only of the country, we can destroy them +everywhere and for all time. Arbitrary measures often change, but they +generally change for the worse. It is the curse of despotism that it +has no halting place. The intermitted exercise of its power brings no +sense of security to its subjects, for they can never know what more +they will be called to endure when its red right hand is armed to +plague them again. Nor is it possible to conjecture how or where power, +unrestrained by law, may seek its next victims. The States that are +still free may be enslaved at any moment; for if the Constitution does +not protect all, it protects none. + +It is manifestly and avowedly the object of these laws to confer upon +Negroes the privilege of voting and to disfranchise such a number of +white citizens as will give the former a clear majority at all +elections in the Southern States. This, to the minds of some persons, +is so important that a violation of the Constitution is justified as a +means of bringing it about. The morality is always false which excuses +a wrong because it proposes to accomplish a desirable end. We are not +permitted to do evil that good may come. But in this case the end +itself is evil, as well as the means. The subjugation of the States to +Negro domination would be worse than the military despotism under which +they are now suffering. It was believed beforehand that the people +would endure any amount of military oppression for any length of time +rather than degrade themselves by subjection to the Negro race. +Therefore they have been left without a choice. Negro suffrage was +established by act of Congress, and the military officers were +commanded to superintend the process of clothing the Negro race with +the political privileges torn from white men. + +The blacks in the South are entitled to be well and humanely governed, +and to have the protection of just laws for all their rights of person +and property. If it were practicable at this time to give them a +Government exclusively their own, under which they might manage their +own affairs in their own way, it would become a grave question whether +we ought to do so, or whether common humanity would not require us to +save them from themselves. But under the circumstances this is only a +speculative point. It is not proposed merely that they shall govern +themselves, but that they shall rule the white race, make and +administer State laws, elect Presidents and members of Congress, and +shape to a greater or less extent the future destiny of the whole +country. Would such a trust and power be safe in such hands? + +The peculiar qualities which should characterize any people who are fit +to decide upon the management of public affairs for a great state have +seldom been combined. It is the glory of white men to know that they +have had these qualities in sufficient measure to build upon this +continent a great political fabric and to preserve its stability for +more than ninety years, while in every other part of the world all +similar experiments have failed. But if anything can be proved by known +facts, if all reasoning upon evidence is not abandoned, it must be +acknowledged that in the progress of nations Negroes have shown less +capacity for government than any other race of people. No independent +government of any form has ever been successful in their hands. On the +contrary, wherever they have been left to their own devices they have +shown a constant tendency to relapse into barbarism. In the Southern +States, however, Congress has undertaken to confer upon them the +privilege of the ballot. Just released from slavery, it may be doubted +whether as a class they know more than their ancestors how to organize +and regulate civil society. Indeed, it is admitted that the blacks of +the South are not only regardless of the rights of property, but so +utterly ignorant of public affairs that their voting can consist in +nothing more than carrying a ballot to the place where they are +directed to deposit it. I need not remind you that the exercise of the +elective franchise is the highest attribute of an American citizen, and +that when guided by virtue, intelligence, patriotism, and a proper +appreciation of our free institutions it constitutes the true basis of +a democratic form of government, in which the sovereign power is lodged +in the body of the people. A trust artificially created, not for its +own sake, but solely as a means of promoting the general welfare, its +influence for good must necessarily depend upon the elevated character +and true allegiance of the elector. It ought, therefore, to be reposed +in none except those who are fitted morally and mentally to administer +it well; for if conferred upon persons who do not justly estimate its +value and who are indifferent as to its results, it will only serve as +a means of placing power in the hands of the unprincipled and +ambitious, and must eventuate in the complete destruction of that +liberty of which it should be the most powerful conservator. I have +therefore heretofore urged upon your attention the great danger--to be +apprehended from an untimely extension of the elective franchise to any +new class in our country, especially when the large majority of that +class, in wielding the power thus placed in their hands, can not be +expected correctly to comprehend the duties and responsibilities which +pertain to suffrage. Yesterday, as it were, 4,000,000 persons were held +in a condition of slavery that had existed for generations; to-day they +are freemen and are assumed by law to be citizens. It can not be +presumed, from their previous condition of servitude, that as a class +they are as well informed as to the nature of our Government as the +intelligent foreigner who makes our land the home of his choice. In the +case of the latter neither a residence of five years and the knowledge +of our institutions which it gives nor attachment to the principles of +the Constitution are the only conditions upon which he can be admitted +to citizenship; he must prove in addition a good moral character, and +thus give reasonable ground for the belief that he will be faithful to +the obligations which he assumes as a citizen of the Republic. Where a +people--the source of all political power--speak by their suffrages +through the instrumentality of the ballot box, it must be carefully +guarded against the control of those who are corrupt in principle and +enemies of free institutions, for it can only become to our political +and social system a safe conductor of healthy popular sentiment when +kept free from demoralizing influences. Controlled through fraud and +usurpation by the designing, anarchy and despotism must inevitably +follow. In the hands of the patriotic and worthy our Government will be +preserved upon the principles of the Constitution inherited from our +fathers. It follows, therefore, that in admitting to the ballot box a +new class of voters not qualified for the exercise of the elective +franchise we weaken our system of government instead of adding to its +strength and durability. + +I yield to no one in attachment to that rule of general suffrage which +distinguishes our policy as a nation. But there is a limit, wisely +observed hitherto, which makes the ballot a privilege and a trust, and +which requires of some classes a time suitable for probation and +preparation. To give it indiscriminately to a new class, wholly +unprepared by previous habits and opportunities to perform the trust +which it demands, is to degrade it, and finally to destroy its power, +for it may be safely assumed that no political truth is better +established than that such indiscriminate and all-embracing extension +of popular suffrage must end at last in its destruction. I repeat the +expression of my willingness to join in any plan within the scope of +our constitutional authority which promises to better the condition of +the Negroes in the South, by encouraging them in industry, enlightening +their minds, improving their morals, and giving protection to all their +just rights as freedmen. But the transfer of our political inheritance +to them would, in my opinion, be an abandonment of a duty which we owe +alike to the memory of our fathers and the rights of our children. + +The plan of putting the Southern States wholly and the General +Government partially into the hands of Negroes is proposed at a time +peculiarly unpropitious. The foundations of society have been broken up +by civil war. Industry must be reorganized, justice reestablished, +public credit maintained, and order brought out of confusion. To +accomplish these ends would require all the wisdom and virtue of the +great men who formed our institutions originally. I confidently believe +that their descendants will be equal to the arduous task before them, +but it is worse than madness to expect that Negroes will perform it for +us. Certainly we ought not to ask their assistance till we despair of +our own competency. + +The great difference between the two races in physical, mental, and +moral characteristics will prevent an amalgamation or fusion of them +together in one homogeneous mass. If the inferior obtains the +ascendency over the other, it will govern with reference only to its +own interests for it will recognize no common interest--and create such +a tyranny as this continent has never yet witnessed. Already the +Negroes are influenced by promises of confiscation and plunder. They +are taught to regard as an enemy every white man who has any respect +for the rights of his own race. If this continues it must become worse +and worse, until all order will be subverted, all industry cease, and +the fertile fields of the South grow up into a wilderness. Of all the +dangers which our nation has yet encountered, none are equal to those +which must result from the success of the effort now making to +Africanize the half of our country. + +I would not put considerations of money in competition with justice and +right; but the expenses incident to "reconstruction" under the system +adopted by Congress aggravate what I regard as the intrinsic wrong of +the measure itself. It has cost uncounted millions already, and if +persisted in will add largely to the weight of taxation, already too +oppressive to be borne without just complaint, and may finally reduce +the Treasury of the nation to a condition of bankruptcy. We must not +delude ourselves. It will require a strong standing army and probably +more than $200,000,000 per annum to maintain the supremacy of Negro +governments after they are established. The sum thus thrown away would, +if properly used, form a sinking fund large enough to pay the whole +national debt in less than fifteen years. It is vain to hope that +Negroes will maintain their ascendency themselves. Without military +power they are wholly incapable of holding in subjection the white +people of the South. + +I submit to the judgment of Congress whether the public credit may not +be injuriously affected by a system of measures like this. With our +debt and the vast private interests which are complicated with it, we +can not be too cautious of a policy which might by possibility impair +the confidence of the world in our Government. That confidence can only +be retained by carefully inculcating the principles of justice and +honor on the popular mind and by the most scrupulous fidelity to all +our engagements of every sort. Any serious breach of the organic law, +persisted in for a considerable time, can not but create fears for the +stability of our institutions. Habitual violation of prescribed rules, +which we bind ourselves to observe, must demoralize the people. Our +only standard of civil duty being set at naught, the sheet anchor of +our political morality is lost, the public conscience swings from its +moorings and yields to every impulse of passion and interest. If we +repudiate the Constitution, we will not be expected to care much for +mere pecuniary obligations. The violation of such a pledge as we made +on the 22d day of July, 1861, will assuredly diminish the market value +of our other promises. Besides, if we acknowledge that the national +debt was created, not to hold the States in the Union, as the taxpayers +were led to suppose, but to expel them from it and hand them over to be +governed by Negroes, the moral duty to pay it may seem much less clear. +I say it may seem so, for I do not admit that this or any other +argument in favor of repudiation can be entertained as sound; but its +influence on some classes of minds may well be apprehended. The +financial honor of a great commercial nation, largely indebted and with +a republican form of government administered by agents of the popular +choice, is a thing of such delicate texture and the destruction of it +would be followed by such unspeakable calamity that every true patriot +must desire to avoid whatever might expose it to the slightest danger. + +The great interests of the country require immediate relief from these +enactments. Business in the South is paralyzed by a sense of general +insecurity, by the terror of confiscation, and the dread of Negro +supremacy. The Southern trade, from which the North would have derived +so great a profit under a government of law, still languishes, and can +never be revived until it ceases to be fettered by the arbitrary power +which makes all its operations unsafe. That rich country--the richest +in natural resources the world ever saw--is worse than lost if it be +not soon placed under the protection of a free constitution. Instead of +being, as it ought to be, a source of wealth and power, it will become +an intolerable burden upon the rest of the nation. + +Another reason for retracing our steps will doubtless be seen by +Congress in the late manifestations of public opinion upon this +subject. We live in a country where the popular will always enforces +obedience to itself, sooner or later. It is vain to think of opposing +it with anything short of legal authority backed by overwhelming force. +It can not have escaped your attention that from the day on which +Congress fairly and formally presented the proposition to govern the +Southern States by military force, with a view to the ultimate +establishment of Negro supremacy, every expression of the general +sentiment has been more or less adverse to it. The affections of this +generation can not be detached from the institutions of their +ancestors. Their determination to preserve the inheritance of free +government in their own hands and transmit it undivided and unimpaired +to their own posterity is too strong to be successfully opposed. Every +weaker passion will disappear before that love of liberty and law for +which the American people are distinguished above all others in the +world. + +How far the duty of the President "to preserve, protect, and defend the +Constitution" requires him to go in opposing an unconstitutional act of +Congress is a very serious and important question, on which I have +deliberated much and felt extremely anxious to reach a proper +conclusion. Where an act has been passed according to the forms of the +Constitution by the supreme legislative authority, and is regularly +enrolled among the public statutes of the country, Executive resistance +to it, especially in times of high party excitement, would be likely to +produce violent collision between the respective adherents of the two +branches of the Government. This would be simply civil war, and civil +war must be resorted to only as the last remedy for the worst of evils. +Whatever might tend to provoke it should be most carefully avoided. A +faithful and conscientious magistrate will concede very much to honest +error, and something even to perverse malice, before he will endanger +the public peace; and he will not adopt forcible measures, or such as +might lead to force, as long as those which are peaceable remain open +to him or to his constituents. It is true that cases may occur in which +the Executive would be compelled to stand on its rights, and maintain +them regardless of all consequences. If Congress should pass an act +which is not only in palpable conflict with the Constitution, but will +certainly, if carried out, produce immediate and irreparable injury to +the organic structure of the Government, and if there be neither +judicial remedy for the wrongs it inflicts nor power in the people to +protect themselves without the official aid of their elected +defender--if, for instance, the legislative department should pass an +act even through all the forms of law to abolish a coordinate +department of the Government--in such a case the President must take +the high responsibilities of his office and save the life of the nation +at all hazards. The so-called reconstruction acts, though as plainly +unconstitutional as any that can be imagined, were not believed to be +within the class last mentioned. The people were not wholly disarmed of +the power of self-defense. In all the Northern States they still held +in their hands the sacred right of the ballot, and it was safe to +believe that in due time they would come to the rescue of their own +institutions. It gives me pleasure to add that the appeal to our common +constituents was not taken in vain, and that my confidence in their +wisdom and virtue seems not to have been misplaced. + +It is well and publicly known that enormous frauds have been +perpetrated on the Treasury and that colossal fortunes have been made +at the public expense. This species of corruption has increased, is +increasing, and if not diminished will soon bring us into total ruin +and disgrace. The public creditors and the taxpayers are alike +interested in an honest administration of the finances, and neither +class will long endure the large-handed robberies of the recent past. +For this discreditable state of things there are several causes. Some +of the taxes are so laid as to present an irresistible temptation to +evade payment. The great sums which officers may win by connivance at +fraud create a pressure which is more than the virtue of many can +withstand, and there can be no doubt that the open disregard of +constitutional obligations avowed by some of the highest and most +influential men in the country has greatly weakened the moral sense of +those who serve in subordinate places. The expenses of the United +States, including interest on the public debt, are more than six times +as much as they were seven years ago. To collect and disburse this vast +amount requires careful supervision as well as systematic vigilance. +The system, never perfected, was much disorganized by the +"tenure-of-office bill," which has almost destroyed official +accountability. The President may be thoroughly convinced that an +officer is incapable, dishonest, or unfaithful to the Constitution, but +under the law which I have named the utmost he can do is to complain to +the Senate and ask the privilege of supplying his place with a better +man. If the Senate be regarded as personally or politically hostile to +the President, it is natural, and not altogether unreasonable, for the +officer to expect that it will take his part as far as possible, +restore him to his place, and give him a triumph over his Executive +superior. The officer has other chances of impunity arising from +accidental defects of evidence, the mode of investigating it, and the +secrecy of the hearing. It is not wonderful that official malfeasance +should become bold in proportion as the delinquents learn to think +themselves safe. I am entirely persuaded that under such a rule the +President can not perform the great duty assigned to him of seeing the +laws faithfully executed, and that it disables him most especially from +enforcing that rigid accountability which is necessary to the due +execution of the revenue laws. + +The Constitution invests the President with authority to decide whether +a removal should be made in any given case; the act of Congress +declares in substance that he shall only accuse such as he supposes to +be unworthy of their trust. The Constitution makes him sole judge in +the premises, but the statute takes away his jurisdiction, transfers it +to the Senate, and leaves him nothing but the odious and sometimes +impracticable duty of becoming a prosecutor. The prosecution is to be +conducted before a tribunal whose members are not, like him, +responsible to the whole people, but to separate constituent bodies, +and who may hear his accusation with great disfavor. The Senate is +absolutely without any known standard of decision applicable to such a +case. Its judgment can not be anticipated, for it is not governed by +any rule. The law does not define what shall be deemed good cause for +removal. It is impossible even to conjecture what may or may not be so +considered by the Senate. The nature of the subject forbids clear +proof. If the charge be incapacity, what evidence will support it? +Fidelity to the Constitution may be understood or misunderstood in a +thousand different ways, and by violent party men, in violent party +times, unfaithfulness to the Constitution may even come to be +considered meritorious. If the officer be accused of dishonesty, how +shall it be made out? Will it be inferred from acts unconnected with +public duty, from private history, or from general reputation, or must +the President await the commission of an actual misdemeanor in office? +Shall he in the meantime risk the character and interest of the nation +in the hands of men to whom he can not give his confidence? Must he +forbear his complaint until the mischief is done and can not be +prevented? If his zeal in the public service should impel him to +anticipate the overt act, must he move at the peril of being tried +himself for the offense of slandering his subordinate? In the present +circumstances of the country someone must be held responsible for +official delinquency of every kind. It is extremely difficult to say +where that responsibility should be thrown if it be not left where it +has been placed by the Constitution. But all just men will admit that +the President ought to be entirely relieved from such responsibility if +he can not meet it by reason of restrictions placed by law upon his +action. + +The unrestricted power of removal from office is a very great one to be +trusted even to a magistrate chosen by the general suffrage of the +whole people and accountable directly to them for his acts. It is +undoubtedly liable to abuse, and at some periods of our history perhaps +has been abused. If it be thought desirable and constitutional that it +should be so limited as to make the President merely a common informer +against other public agents, he should at least be permitted to act in +that capacity before some open tribunal, independent of party politics, +ready to investigate the merits of every case, furnished with the means +of taking evidence, and bound to decide according to established rules. +This would guarantee the safety of the accuser when he acts in good +faith, and at the same time secure the rights of the other party. I +speak, of course, with all proper respect for the present Senate, but +it does not seem to me that any legislative body can be so constituted +as to insure its fitness for these functions. + +It is not the theory of this Government that public offices are the +property of those who hold them. They are given merely as a trust for +the public benefit, sometimes for a fixed period, sometimes during good +behavior, but generally they are liable to be terminated at the +pleasure of the appointing power, which represents the collective +majesty and speaks the will of the people. The forced retention in +office of a single dishonest person may work great injury to the public +interests. The danger to the public service comes not from the power to +remove, but from the power to appoint. Therefore it was that the +framers of the Constitution left the power of removal unrestricted, +while they gave the Senate a fight to reject all appointments which in +its opinion were not fit to be made. A little reflection on this +subject will probably satisfy all who have the good of the country at +heart that our best course is to take the Constitution for our guide, +walk in the path marked out by the founders of the Republic, and obey +the rules made sacred by the observance of our great predecessors. + +The present condition of our finances and circulating medium is one to +which your early consideration is invited. + +The proportion which the currency of any country should bear to the +whole value of the annual produce circulated by its means is a question +upon which political economists have not agreed. Nor can it be +controlled by legislation, but must be left to the irrevocable laws +which everywhere regulate commerce and trade. The circulating medium +will ever irresistibly flow to those points where it is in greatest +demand. The law of demand and supply is as unerring as that which +regulates the tides of the ocean; and, indeed, currency, like the +tides, has its ebbs and flows throughout the commercial world. + +At the beginning of the rebellion the bank-note circulation of the +country amounted to not much more than $200,000,000; now the +circulation of national-bank notes and those known as "legal-tenders" +is nearly seven hundred millions. While it is urged by some that this +amount should be increased, others contend that a decided reduction is +absolutely essential to the best interests of the country. In view of +these diverse opinions, it may be well to ascertain the real value of +our paper issues when compared with a metallic or convertible currency. +For this purpose let us inquire how much gold and silver could be +purchased by the seven hundred millions of paper money now in +circulation. Probably not more than half the amount of the latter, +showing that when our paper currency is compared with gold and silver +its commercial value is compressed into three hundred and fifty +millions. This striking fact makes it the obvious duty of the +Government, as early as may be consistent with the principles of sound +political economy, to take such measures as will enable the holder of +its notes and those of the national banks to convert them without loss +into specie or its equivalent. A reduction of our paper circulating +medium need not necessarily follow. This, however, would depend upon +the law of demand and supply, though it should be borne in mind that by +making legal-tender and bank notes convertible into coin or its +equivalent their present specie value in the hands of their holders +would be enhanced 100 per cent. + +Legislation for the accomplishment of a result so desirable is demanded +by the highest public considerations. The Constitution contemplates +that the circulating medium of the country shall be uniform in quality +and value. At the time of the formation of that instrument the country +had just emerged from the War of the Revolution, and was suffering from +the effects of a redundant and worthless paper currency. The sages of +that period were anxious to protect their posterity from the evils that +they themselves had experienced. Hence in providing a circulating +medium they conferred upon Congress the power to coin money and +regulate the value thereof, at the same time prohibiting the States +from making anything but gold and silver a tender in payment of debts. + +The anomalous condition of our currency is in striking contrast with +that which was originally designed. Our circulation now embraces, +first, notes of the national banks, which are made receivable for all +dues to the Government, excluding imposts, and by all its creditors, +excepting in payment of interest upon its bonds and the securities +themselves; second, legal-tender notes, issued by the United States, +and which the law requires shall be received as well in payment of all +debts between citizens as of all Government dues, excepting imposts; +and, third, gold and silver coin. By the operation of our present +system of finance, however, the metallic currency, when collected, is +reserved only for one class of Government creditors, who, holding its +bonds, semiannually receive their interest in coin from the National +Treasury. They are thus made to occupy an invidious position, which may +be used to strengthen the arguments of those who would bring into +disrepute the obligations of the nation. In the payment of all its +debts the plighted faith of the Government should be inviolably +maintained. But while it acts with fidelity toward the bondholder who +loaned his money that the integrity of the Union might be preserved, it +should at the same time observe good faith with the great masses of the +people, who, having rescued the Union from the perils of rebellion, now +bear the burdens of taxation, that the Government may be able to +fulfill its engagements. There is no reason which will be accepted as +satisfactory by the people why those who defend us on the land and +protect us on the sea; the pensioner upon the gratitude of the nation, +bearing the scars and wounds received while in its service; the public +servants in the various Departments of the Government; the farmer who +supplies the soldiers of the Army and the sailors of the Navy; the +artisan who toils in the nation's workshops, or the mechanics and +laborers who build its edifices and construct its forts and vessels of +war, should, in payment of their just and hard-earned dues, receive +depreciated paper, while another class of their countrymen, no more +deserving, are paid in coin of gold and silver. Equal and exact justice +requires that all the creditors of the Government should be paid in a +currency possessing a uniform value. This can only be accomplished by +the restoration of the currency to the standard established by the +Constitution; and by this means we would remove a discrimination which +may, if it has not already done so, create a prejudice that may become +deep rooted and widespread and imperil the national credit. + +The feasibility of making our currency correspond with the +constitutional standard may be seen by reference to a few facts derived +from our commercial statistics. + +The production of precious metals in the United States from 1849 to +1857, inclusive, amounted to $579,000,000; from 1858 to 1860, +inclusive, to $137,500,000, and from 1861 to 1867, inclusive, to +$457,500,000--making the grand aggregate of products since 1849 +$1,174,000,000. The amount of specie coined from 1849 to 1857 +inclusive, was $439,000,000; from 1858 to 1860, inclusive, +$125,000,000, and from 1861 to 1867, inclusive, $310,000,000--making +the total coinage since 1849 $874,000,000. From 1849 to 1857, +inclusive, the net exports of specie amounted to $271,000,000; from +1858 to 1860, inclusive, to $148,000,000, and from 1861 to 1867, +inclusive, $322,000,000--making the aggregate of net exports since 1849 +$741,000,000. These figures show an excess of product over net exports +of $433,000,000. There are in the Treasury $111,000,000 in coin, +something more than $40,000,000 in circulation on the Pacific Coast, +and a few millions in the national and other banks--in all about +$160,000,000. This, however, taking into account the specie in the +country prior to 1849 leaves more than $300,000,000 which have not been +accounted for by exportation, and therefore may yet remain in the +country. + +These are important facts and show how completely the inferior currency +will supersede the better, forcing it from circulation among the masses +and causing it to be exported as a mere article of trade, to add to the +money capital of foreign lands. They show the necessity of retiring our +paper money, that the return of gold and silver to the avenues of trade +may be invited and a demand created which will cause the retention at +home of at least so much of the productions of our rich and +inexhaustible gold-bearing fields as may be sufficient for purposes of +circulation. It is unreasonable to expect a return to a sound currency +so long as the Government by continuing to issue irredeemable notes +fills the channels of circulation with depreciated paper. +Notwithstanding a coinage by our mints, since 1849, of $874,000,000, +the people are now strangers to the currency which was designed for +their use and benefit, and specimens of the precious metals bearing the +national device are seldom seen, except when produced to gratify the +interest excited by their novelty. If depreciated paper is to be +continued as the permanent currency of the country, and all our coin is +to become a mere article of traffic and speculation, to the enhancement +in price of all that is indispensable to the comfort of the people, it +would be wise economy to abolish our mints thus saving the nation the +care and expense incident to such establishments, and let all our +precious metals be exported in bullion. The time has come, however, +when the Government and national banks should be required to take the +most efficient steps and make all necessary arrangements for a +resumption of specie payments at the earliest practicable period. +Specie payments having been once resumed by the Government and banks, +all notes or bills of paper issued by either of a less denomination +than $20 should by law be excluded from circulation, so that the people +may have the benefit and convenience of a gold and silver currency +which in all their business transactions will be uniform in value at +home and abroad. Every man of property or industry, every man who +desires to preserve what he honestly possesses or to obtain what he can +honestly earn, has a direct interest in maintaining a safe circulating +medium--such a medium as shall be real and substantial, not liable to +vibrate with opinions, not subject to be blown up or blown down by the +breath of speculation, but to be made stable and secure. A disordered +currency is one of the greatest political evils. It undermines the +virtues necessary for the support of the social system and encourages +propensities destructive of its happiness; it wars against industry, +frugality, and economy, and it fosters the evil spirits of extravagance +and speculation. It has been asserted by one of our profound and most +gifted statesmen that--Of all the contrivances for cheating the +laboring classes of mankind, none has been more effectual than that +which deludes them with paper money. This is the most effectual of +inventions to fertilize the rich man's fields by the sweat of the poor +man's brow. Ordinary tyranny, oppression, excessive taxation--these +bear lightly on the happiness of the mass of the community compared +with a fraudulent currency and the robberies committed by depreciated +paper. Our own history has recorded for our instruction enough, and +more than enough, of the demoralizing tendency, the injustice, and the +intolerable oppression on the virtuous and well disposed of a degraded +paper currency authorized by law or in any way countenanced by +government. It is one of the most successful devices, in times of peace +or war, expansions or revulsions, to accomplish the transfer of all the +precious metals from the great mass of the people into the hands of the +few, where they are hoarded in secret places or deposited in strong +boxes under bolts and bars, while the people are left to endure all the +inconvenience, sacrifice, and demoralization resulting from the use of +a depreciated and worthless paper money. + +The condition of our finances and the operations of our revenue system +are set forth and fully explained in the able and instructive report of +the Secretary of the Treasury. On the 30th of June, 1866, the public +debt amounted to $2,783,425,879; on the 30th of June last it was +$2,692,199,215, showing a reduction during the fiscal year of +$91,226,664. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1867, the receipts +were $490,634,010 and the expenditures $346,729,129, leaving an +available surplus of $143,904,880. It is estimated that the receipts +for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1868, will be $417,161,928 and that +the expenditures will reach the sum of $393,269,226, leaving in the +Treasury a surplus of $23,892,702. For the fiscal year ending June 30, +1869, it is estimated that the receipts will amount to $381,000,000 and +that the expenditures will be $372,000,000, showing an excess of +$9,000,000 in favor of the Government. + +The attention of Congress is earnestly invited to the necessity of a +thorough revision of our revenue system. Our internal-revenue laws and +impost system should be so adjusted as to bear most heavily on articles +of luxury, leaving the necessaries of life as free from taxation as may +be consistent with the real wants of the Government, economically +administered. Taxation would not then fall unduly on the man of +moderate means; and while none would be entirely exempt from +assessment, all, in proportion to their pecuniary abilities, would +contribute toward the support of the State. A modification of the +internal-revenue system, by a large reduction in the number of articles +now subject to tax, would be followed by results equally advantageous +to the citizen and the Government. It would render the execution of the +law less expensive and more certain, remove obstructions to industry, +lessen the temptations to evade the law, diminish the violations and +frauds perpetrated upon its provisions, make its operations less +inquisitorial, and greatly reduce in numbers the army of taxgatherers +created by the system, who "take from the mouth of honest labor the +bread it has earned." Retrenchment, reform, and economy should be +carried into every branch of the public service, that the expenditures +of the Government may be reduced and the people relieved from +oppressive taxation; a sound currency should be restored, and the +public faith in regard to the national debt sacredly observed. The +accomplishment of these important results, together with the +restoration of the Union of the States upon the principles of the +Constitution, would inspire confidence at home and abroad in the +stability of our institutions and bring to the nation prosperity, +peace, and good will. + +The report of the Secretary of War ad interim exhibits the operations +of the Army and of the several bureaus of the War Department. The +aggregate strength of our military force on the 30th of September last +was 56,315. The total estimate for military appropriations is +$77,124,707, including a deficiency in last year's appropriation of +$13,600,000. The payments at the Treasury on account of the service of +the War Department from January 1 to October 29, 1867--a period of ten +months--amounted to $109,807,000. The expenses of the military +establishment, as well as the numbers of the Army, are now three times +as great as they have ever been in time of peace, while the +discretionary, power is vested in the Executive to add millions to this +expenditure by an increase of the Army to the maximum strength allowed +by the law. + +The comprehensive report of the Secretary of the Interior furnishes +interesting information in reference to the important branches of the +public service connected with his Department. The menacing attitude of +some of the warlike bands of Indians inhabiting the district of country +between the Arkansas and Platte rivers and portions of Dakota Territory +required the presence of a large military force in that region. +Instigated by real or imaginary grievances, the Indians occasionally +committed acts of barbarous violence upon emigrants and our frontier +settlements; but a general Indian war has been providentially averted. +The commissioners under the act of 20th July, 1867, were invested with +full power to adjust existing difficulties, negotiate treaties with the +disaffected bands, and select for them reservations remote from the +traveled routes between the Mississippi and the Pacific. They entered +without delay upon the execution of their trust, but have not yet made +any official report of their proceedings. It is of vital importance +that our distant Territories should be exempt from Indian outbreaks, +and that the construction of the Pacific Railroad, an object of +national importance, should not be interrupted by hostile tribes. These +objects, as well as the material interests and the moral and +intellectual improvement of the Indians, can be most effectually +secured by concentrating them upon portions of country set apart for +their exclusive use and located at points remote from our highways and +encroaching white settlements. + +Since the commencement of the second session of the Thirty-ninth +Congress 510 miles of road have been constructed on the main line and +branches of the Pacific Railway. The line from Omaha is rapidly +approaching the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, while the terminus +of the last section of constructed road in California, accepted by the +Government on the 24th day of October last, was but 11 miles distant +from the summit of the Sierra Nevada. The remarkable energy evinced by +the companies offers the strongest assurance that the completion of the +road from Sacramento to Omaha will not be long deferred. + +During the last fiscal year 7,041,114 acres of public land were +disposed of, and the cash receipts from sales and fees exceeded by +one-half million dollars the sum realized from those sources during the +preceding year. The amount paid to pensioners, including expenses of +disbursements, was $18,619,956, and 36,482 names were added to the +rolls. The entire number of pensioners on the 30th of June last was +155,474. Eleven thousand six hundred and fifty-five patents and designs +were issued during the year ending September 30, 1867, and at that date +the balance in the Treasury to the credit of the patent fund was +$286,607. + +The report of the Secretary of the Navy states that we have seven +squadrons actively and judiciously employed, under efficient and able +commanders, in protecting the persons and property of American +citizens, maintaining the dignity and power of the Government, and +promoting the commerce and business interests of our countrymen in +every part of the world. Of the 238 vessels composing the present Navy +of the United States, 56, carrying 507 guns, are in squadron service. +During the year the number of vessels in commission has been reduced +12, and there are 13 less on squadron duty than there were at the date +of the last report. A large number of vessels were commenced and in the +course of construction when the war terminated, and although Congress +had made the necessary appropriations for their completion, the +Department has either suspended work upon them or limited the slow +completion of the steam vessels, so as to meet the contracts for +machinery made with private establishments. The total expenditures of +the Navy Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1867, were +$31,034,011. No appropriations have been made or required since the +close of the war for the construction and repair of vessels, for steam +machinery, ordnance, provisions and clothing, fuel, hemp, etc., the +balances under these several heads having been more than sufficient for +current expenditures. It should also be stated to the credit of the +Department that, besides asking no appropriations for the above objects +for the last two years, the Secretary of the Navy, on the 30th of +September last, in accordance with the act of May 1, 1820, requested +the Secretary of the Treasury to carry to the surplus fund the sum of +$65,000.000, being the amount received from the sales of vessels and +other war property and the remnants of former appropriations. + +The report of the Postmaster-General shows the business of the +Post-Office Department and the condition of the postal service in a +very favorable light, and the attention of Congress is called to its +practical recommendations. The receipts of the Department for the year +ending June 30, 1867, including all special appropriations for sea and +land service and for free mail matter, were $19,978,693. The +expenditures for all purposes were $19,235,483, leaving an unexpended +balance in favor of the Department of $743,210, which can be applied +toward the expenses of the Department for the current year. The +increase of postal revenue, independent of specific appropriations, for +the year 1867 over that of 1866 was $850,040. The increase of revenue +from the sale of stamps and stamped envelopes was $783,404. The +increase of expenditures for 1867 over those of the previous year was +owing chiefly to the extension of the land and ocean mail service. +During the past year new postal conventions have been ratified and +exchanged with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, +Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the North German Union, Italy, +and the colonial government at Hong Kong, reducing very largely the +rates of ocean and land postages to and from and within those +countries. + +The report of the Acting Commissioner of Agriculture concisely presents +the condition, wants, and progress of an interest eminently worthy the +fostering care of Congress, and exhibits a large measure of useful +results achieved during the year to which it refers. + +The reestablishment of peace at home and the resumption of extended +trade, travel, and commerce abroad have served to increase the number +and variety of questions in the Department for Foreign Affairs. None of +these questions, however, have seriously disturbed our relations with +other states. + +The Republic of Mexico, having been relieved from foreign intervention, +is earnestly engaged in efforts to reestablish her constitutional +system of government. A good understanding continues to exist between +our Government and the Republics of Hayti and San Domingo, and our +cordial relations with the Central and South American States remain +unchanged. The tender, made in conformity with a resolution of +Congress, of the good offices of the Government with a view to an +amicable adjustment of peace between Brazil and her allies on one side +and Paraguay on the other, and between Chile and her allies on the one +side and Spain on the other, though kindly received, has in neither +case been fully accepted by the belligerents. The war in the valley of +the Parana is still vigorously maintained. On the other hand, actual +hostilities between the Pacific States and Spain have been more than a +year suspended. I shall, on any proper occasion that may occur, renew +the conciliatory recommendations which have been already made. Brazil, +with enlightened sagacity and comprehensive statesmanship, has opened +the great channels of the Amazon and its tributaries to universal +commerce. One thing more seems needful to assure a rapid and cheering +progress in South America. I refer to those peaceful habits without +which states and nations can not in this age well expect material +prosperity or social advancement. + +The Exposition of Universal Industry at Paris has passed, and seems to +have fully realized the high expectations of the French Government. If +due allowance be made for the recent political derangement of industry +here, the part which the United States has borne in this exhibition of +invention and art may be regarded with very high satisfaction. During +the exposition a conference was held of delegates from several nations, +the United States being one, in which the inconveniences of commerce +and social intercourse resulting from the diverse standards of money +value were very fully discussed, and plans were developed for +establishing by universal consent a common principle for the coinage of +gold. These conferences are expected to be renewed, with the attendance +of many foreign states not hitherto represented. A report of these +interesting proceedings will be submitted to Congress, which will, no +doubt, justly appreciate the great object and be ready to adopt any +measure which may tend to facilitate its ultimate accomplishment. + +On the 25th of February, 1862, Congress declared by law that Treasury +notes, without interest, authorized by that act should be legal tender +in payment of all debts, public and private, within the United States. +An annual remittance of $30,000, less stipulated expenses, accrues to +claimants under the convention made with Spain in 1834. These +remittances, since the passage of that act, have been paid in such +notes. The claimants insist that the Government ought to require +payment in coin. The subject may be deemed worthy of your attention. + +No arrangement has yet been reached for the settlement of our claims +for British depredations upon the commerce of the United States. I have +felt it my duty to decline the proposition of arbitration made by Her +Majesty's Government, because it has hitherto been accompanied by +reservations and limitations incompatible with the rights, interest, +and honor of our country. It is not to be apprehended that Great +Britain will persist in her refusal to satisfy these just and +reasonable claims, which involve the sacred principle of +nonintervention--a principle henceforth not more important to the +United States than to all other commercial nations. + +The West India islands were settled and colonized by European States +simultaneously with the settlement and colonization of the American +continent. Most of the colonies planted here became independent nations +in the close of the last and the beginning of the present century. Our +own country embraces communities which at one period were colonies of +Great Britain, France, Spain, Holland, Sweden, and Russia. The people +in the West Indies, with the exception of those of the island of Hayti, +have neither attained nor aspired to independence, nor have they become +prepared for self-defense. Although possessing considerable commercial +value, they have been held by the several European States which +colonized or at some time conquered them, chiefly for purposes of +military and naval strategy in carrying out European policy and designs +in regard to this continent. In our Revolutionary War ports and harbors +in the West India islands were used by our enemy, to the great injury +and embarrassment of the United States. We had the same experience in +our second war with Great Britain. The same European policy for a long +time excluded us even from trade with the West Indies, while we were at +peace with all nations. In our recent civil war the rebels and their +piratical and blockade-breaking allies found facilities in the same +ports for the work, which they too successfully accomplished, of +injuring and devastating the commerce which we are now engaged in +rebuilding. We labored especially under this disadvantage, that +European steam vessels employed by our enemies found friendly shelter, +protection, and supplies in West Indian ports, while our naval +operations were necessarily carried on from our own distant shores. +There was then a universal feeling of the want of an advanced naval +outpost between the Atlantic coast and Europe. The duty of obtaining +such an outpost peacefully and lawfully, while neither doing nor +menacing injury to other states, earnestly engaged the attention of the +executive department before the close of the war, and it has not been +lost sight of since that time. A not entirely dissimilar naval want +revealed itself during the same period on the Pacific coast. The +required foothold there was fortunately secured by our late treaty with +the Emperor of Russia, and it now seems imperative that the more +obvious necessities of the Atlantic coast should not be less carefully +provided for. A good and convenient port and harbor, capable of easy +defense, will supply that want. With the possession of such a station +by the United States, neither we nor any other American nation need +longer apprehend injury or offense from any transatlantic enemy. I +agree with our early statesmen that the West Indies naturally gravitate +to, and may be expected ultimately to be absorbed by, the continental +States, including our own. I agree with them also that it is wise to +leave the question of such absorption to this process of natural +political gravitation. The islands of St. Thomas and St. John, which +constitute a part of the group called the Virgin Islands, seemed to +offer us advantages immediately desirable, while their acquisition +could be secured in harmony with the principles to which I have +alluded. A treaty has therefore been concluded with the King of Denmark +for the cession of those islands, and will be submitted to the Senate +for consideration. + +It will hardly be necessary to call the attention of Congress to the +subject of providing for the payment to Russia of the sum stipulated in +the treaty for the cession of Alaska. Possession having been formally +delivered to our commissioner, the territory remains for the present in +care of a military force, awaiting such civil organization as shall be +directed by Congress. + +The annexation of many small German States to Prussia and the +reorganization of that country under a new and liberal constitution +have induced me to renew the effort to obtain a just and prompt +settlement of the long-vexed question concerning the claims of foreign +states for military service from their subjects naturalized in the +United States. + +In connection with this subject the attention of Congress is +respectfully called to a singular and embarrassing conflict of laws. +The executive department of this Government has hitherto uniformly +held, as it now holds, that naturalization in conformity with the +Constitution and laws of the United States absolves the recipient from +his native allegiance. The courts of Great Britain hold that allegiance +to the British Crown is indefensible, and is not absolved by our laws +of naturalization. British judges cite courts and law authorities of +the United States in support of that theory against the position held +by the executive authority of the United States. This conflict +perplexes the public mind concerning the rights of naturalized citizens +and impairs the national authority abroad. I called attention to this +subject in my last annual message, and now again respectfully appeal to +Congress to declare the national will unmistakably upon this important +question. + +The abuse of our laws by the clandestine prosecution of the African +slave trade from American ports or by American citizens has altogether +ceased, and under existing circumstances no apprehensions of its +renewal in this part of the world are entertained. Under these +circumstances it becomes a question whether we shall not propose to Her +Majesty's Government a suspension or discontinuance of the stipulations +for maintaining a naval force for the suppression of that trade. + +*** + +State of the Union Address +Andrew Johnson +December 9, 1868 + +Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: + +Upon the reassembling of Congress it again becomes my duty to call your +attention to the state of the Union and to its continued disorganized +condition under the various laws which have been passed upon the +subject of reconstruction. + +It may be safely assumed as an axiom in the government of states that +the greatest wrongs inflicted upon a people are caused by unjust and +arbitrary legislation, or by the unrelenting decrees of despotic +rulers, and that the timely revocation of injurious and oppressive +measures is the greatest good that can be conferred upon a nation. The +legislator or ruler who has the wisdom and magnanimity to retrace his +steps when convinced of error will sooner or later be rewarded with the +respect and gratitude of an intelligent and patriotic people. + +Our own history, although embracing a period less than a century, +affords abundant proof that most, if not all, of our domestic troubles +are directly traceable to violations of the organic law and excessive +legislation. The most striking illustrations of this fact are furnished +by the enactments of the past three years upon the question of +reconstruction. After a fair trial they have substantially failed and +proved pernicious in their results, and there seems to be no good +reason why they should longer remain upon the statute book. States to +which the Constitution guarantees a republican form of government have +been reduced to military dependencies in each of which the people have +been made subject to the arbitrary will of the commanding general. +Although the Constitution requires that each State shall be represented +in Congress, Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas are yet excluded from the +two Houses, and, contrary to the express provisions of that instrument +were denied participation in the recent election for a President and +Vice-President of the United States. The attempt to place the white +population under the domination of persons of color in the South has +impaired, if not destroyed, the kindly relations that had previously +existed between them: and mutual distrust has engendered a feeling of +animosity which leading in some instances to collision and bloodshed, +has prevented that cooperation between the two races so essential to +the success of industrial enterprise in the Southern States. Nor have +the inhabitants of those States alone suffered from the disturbed +condition of affairs growing out of these Congressional enactments. The +entire Union has been agitated by grave apprehensions of troubles which +might again involve the peace of the nation; its interests have been +injuriously affected by the derangement of business and labor, and the +consequent want of prosperity throughout that portion of the country. + +The Federal Constitution--the magna charta of American rights, under +whose wise and salutary provisions we have successfully conducted all +our domestic and foreign affairs, sustained ourselves in peace and in +war, and become a great nation among the powers of the earth--must +assuredly be now adequate to the settlement of questions growing out of +the civil war, waged alone for its vindication. This great fact is made +most manifest by the condition of the country when Congress assembled +in the month of December, 1865. Civil strife had ceased, the spirit of +rebellion had spent its entire force, in the Southern States the people +had warmed into national life, and throughout the whole country a +healthy reaction in public sentiment had taken place. By the +application of the simple yet effective provisions of the Constitution +the executive department, with the voluntary aid of the States, had +brought the work of restoration as near completion as was within the +scope of its authority, and the nation was encouraged by the prospect +of an early and satisfactory adjustment of all its difficulties. +Congress, however, intervened, and, refusing to perfect the work so +nearly consummated, declined to admit members from the unrepresented +States, adopted a series of measures which arrested the progress of +restoration, frustrated all that had been so successfully accomplished, +and, after three years of agitation and strife, has left the country +further from the attainment of union and fraternal feeling than at the +inception of the Congressional plan of reconstruction. It needs no +argument to show that legislation which has produced such baneful +consequences should be abrogated, or else made to conform to the +genuine principles of republican government. + +Under the influence of party passion and sectional prejudice, other +acts have been passed not warranted by the Constitution. Congress has +already been made familiar with my views respecting the +"tenure-of-office bill." Experience has proved that its repeal is +demanded by the best interests of the country, and that while it +remains in force the President can not enjoin that rigid accountability +of public officers so essential to an honest and efficient execution of +the laws. Its revocation would enable the executive department to +exercise the power of appointment and removal in accordance with the +original design of the Federal Constitution. + +The act of March 2, 1867, making appropriations for the support of the +Army for the year ending June 30, 1868, and for other purposes, +contains provisions which interfere with the President's constitutional +functions as Commander in Chief of the Army and deny to States of the +Union the right to protect themselves by means of their own militia. +These provisions should be at once annulled; for while the first might, +in times of great emergency, seriously embarrass the Executive in +efforts to employ and direct the common strength of the nation for its +protection and preservation, the other is contrary to the express +declaration of the Constitution that "a well-regulated militia being +necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to +keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." + +It is believed that the repeal of all such laws would be accepted by +the American people as at least a partial return to the fundamental +principles of the Government, and an indication that hereafter the +Constitution is to be made the nation's safe and unerring guide. They +can be productive of no permanent benefit to the country, and should +not be permitted to stand as so many monuments of the deficient wisdom +which has characterized our recent legislation. + +The condition of our finances demands the early and earnest +consideration of Congress. Compared with the growth of our population, +the public expenditures have reached an amount unprecedented in our +history. + +The population of the United States in 1790 was nearly 4,000,000 +people. Increasing each decade about 33 per cent, it reached in 1860 +31,000,000, an increase of 700 per cent on the population in 1790. In +1869 it is estimated that it will reach 38,000,000, or an increase of +868 per cent in seventy-nine years. + +The annual expenditures of the Federal Government in 1791 were +$4,200,000; in 1820, $18.200,000; in 1850, forty-one millions; in 1860, +sixty-three millions; in 1865, nearly thirteen hundred millions; and in +1869 it is estimated by the Secretary of the Treasury, in his last +annual report, that they will be three hundred and seventy-two +millions. + +By comparing the public disbursements of 1869, as estimated, with those +of 1791, it will be seen that the increase of expenditure since the +beginning of the Government has been 8,618 per cent, while the increase +of the population for the same period was only 868 per cent. Again, the +expenses of the Government in 1860, the year of peace immediately +preceding the war, were only sixty--three millions, while in 1869, the +year of peace three years after the war it is estimated they will be +three hundred and seventy-two millions, an increase of 489 per cent, +while the increase of population was only 21 per cent for the same +period. + +These statistics further show that in 1791 the annual national +expenses, compared with the population, were little more than $1 per +capita, and in 1860 but $2 per capita; while in 1869 they will reach +the extravagant sum of $9.78 per capita. + +It will be observed that all these statements refer to and exhibit the +disbursements of peace periods. It may, therefore, be of interest to +compare the expenditures of the three war periods--the war with Great +Britain, the Mexican War, and the War of the Rebellion. + +In 1814 the annual expenses incident to the War of 1812 reached their +highest amount--about thirty-one millions--while our population +slightly exceeded 8,000,000, showing an expenditure of only $3.80 per +capita. In 1847 the expenditures growing out of the war with Mexico +reached fifty-five millions, and the population about 21,000,000, +giving only $2.60 per capita for the war expenses of that year. In 1865 +the expenditures called for by the rebellion reached the vast amount of +twelve hundred and ninety millions, which, compared with a population +of 34,000,000, gives $38.20 per capita. + +From the 4th day of March, 1789, to the 30th of June, 1861, the entire +expenditures of the Government were $1,700,000,000. During that period +we were engaged in wars with Great Britain and Mexico, and were +involved in hostilities with powerful Indian tribes; Louisiana was +purchased from France at a cost of $15,000,000; Florida was ceded to us +by Spain for five millions; California was acquired from Mexico for +fifteen millions, and the territory of New Mexico was obtained from +Texas for the sum of ten millions. Early in 1861 the War of the +Rebellion commenced; and from the 1st of July of that year to the 30th +of June, 1865, the public expenditures reached the enormous aggregate +of thirty-three hundred millions. Three years of peace have intervened, +and during that time the disbursements of the Government have +successively been five hundred and twenty millions, three hundred and +forty-six millions, and three hundred and ninety-three millions. Adding +to these amounts three hundred and seventy-two millions, estimated as +necessary for the fiscal year ending the 30th of June, 1869, we obtain +a total expenditure of $1,600,000,000 during the four years immediately +succeeding the war, or nearly as much as was expended during the +seventy-two years that preceded the rebellion and embraced the +extraordinary expenditures already named. + +These startling facts clearly illustrate the necessity of retrenchment +in all branches of the public service. Abuses which were tolerated +during the war for the preservation of the nation will not be endured +by the people, now that profound peace prevails. The receipts from +internal revenues and customs have during the past three years +gradually diminished, and the continuance of useless and extravagant +expenditures will involve us in national bankruptcy, or else make +inevitable an increase of taxes already too onerous and in many +respects obnoxious on account of their inquisitorial character. One +hundred millions annually are expended for the military force, a large +portion of which is employed in the execution of laws both unnecessary +and unconstitutional; one hundred and fifty millions are required each +year to pay the interest on the public debt: an army of taxgatherers +impoverishes the nation, and public agents, placed by Congress beyond +the control of the Executive, divert from their legitimate purposes +large sums of money which they collect from the people in the name of +the Government. Judicious legislation and prudent economy can alone +remedy defects and avert evils which, if suffered to exist, can not +fail to diminish confidence in the public councils and weaken the +attachment and respect of the people toward their political +institutions. Without proper care the small balance which it is +estimated will remain in the Treasury at the close of the present +fiscal year will not be realized, and additional millions be added to a +debt which is now enumerated by billions. + +It is shown by the able and comprehensive report of the Secretary of +the Treasury that the receipts for the fiscal year ending June 30, +1868, were $405,638,083, and that the expenditures for the same period +were $377,340,284, leaving in the Treasury a surplus of $28,297,798. It +is estimated that the receipts during the present fiscal year, ending +June 30, 1869, will be $341,392,868 and the expenditures $336,152,470, +showing a small balance of $5,240,398 in favor of the Government. For +the fiscal year ending June 30, 1870, it is estimated that the receipts +will amount to $327,000,000 and the expenditures to $303,000,000, +leaving an estimated surplus of $24,000,000. + +It becomes proper in this connection to make a brief reference to our +public indebtedness, which has accumulated with such alarming rapidity +and assumed such colossal proportions. + +In 1789, when the Government commenced operations under the Federal +Constitution, it was burdened with an indebtedness of $75,000,000, +created during the War of the Revolution. This amount had been reduced +to $45,000,000 when, in 1812, war was declared against Great Britain. +The three years' struggle that followed largely increased the national +obligations, and in 1816 they had attained the sum of $127,000,000. +Wise and economical legislation, however, enabled the Government to pay +the entire amount within a period of twenty years, and the +extinguishment of the national debt filled the land with rejoicing and +was one of the great events of President Jackson's Administration. +After its redemption a large fund remained in the Treasury, which was +deposited for safe-keeping with the several States. on condition that +it should be returned when required by the public wants. In 1849--the +year after the termination of an expensive war with Mexico--we found +ourselves involved in a debt of $64,000,000; and this was the amount +owed by the Government in 1860, just prior to the outbreak of the +rebellion. In the spring of 1861 our civil war commenced. Each year of +its continuance made an enormous addition to the debt: and when in the +spring of 1865, the nation successfully emerged from the conflict, the +obligations of the Government had reached the immense sum of +$2.873,992,909. The Secretary of the Treasury shows that on the 1st day +of November, 1867, this amount had been reduced to $2,491,504,450; but +at the same time his report exhibits an increase during the past year +of $35,625,102, for the debt on the 1st day of November last is stated +to have been $2,527,129,552. It is estimated by the Secretary that the +returns for the past month will add to our liabilities the further sum +of $11,000,000, making a total increase during thirteen months of +$46,500,000. + +In my message to Congress December 4, 1865, it was suggested that a +policy should be devised which, without being oppressive to the people, +would at once begin to effect a reduction of the debt, and, if +persisted in, discharge it fully within a definite number of years. The +Secretary of the Treasury forcibly recommends legislation of this +character, and justly urges that the longer it is deferred the more +difficult must become its accomplishment. We should follow the wise +precedents established in 1789 and 1816, and without further delay make +provision for the payment of our obligations at as early a period as +may be practicable. The fruits of their labors should be enjoyed by our +citizens rather than used to build up and sustain moneyed monopolies in +our own and other lands. Our foreign debt is already computed by the +Secretary of the Treasury at $850,000,000; citizens of foreign +countries receive interest upon a large portion of our securities, and +American taxpayers are made to contribute large sums for their support. +The idea that such a debt is to become permanent should be at all times +discarded as involving taxation too heavy to be borne, and payment once +in every sixteen years, at the present rate of interest, of an amount +equal to the original sum. This vast debt, if permitted to become +permanent and increasing, must eventually be gathered into the hands of +a few, and enable them to exert a dangerous and controlling power in +the affairs of the Government. The borrowers would become servants to +the lenders, the lenders the masters of the people. We now pride +ourselves upon having given freedom to 4,000,000 of the colored race; +it will then be our shame that 40,000,000 of people, by their own +toleration of usurpation and profligacy, have suffered themselves to +become enslaved, and merely exchanged slave owners for new taskmasters +in the shape of bondholders and taxgatherers. Besides, permanent debts +pertain to monarchical governments, and, tending to monopolies, +perpetuities, and class legislation, are totally irreconcilable with +free institutions introduced into our republican system, they would +gradually but surely sap its foundations, eventually subvert our +governmental fabric, and erect upon its ruins a moneyed aristocracy. It +is our sacred duty to transmit unimpaired to our posterity the +blessings of liberty which were bequeathed to us by the founders of the +Republic. and by our example teach those who are to follow us carefully +to avoid the dangers which threaten a free and independent people. + +Various plans have been proposed for the payment of the public debt. +However they may have varied as to the time and mode in which it should +be redeemed, there seems to be a general concurrence as to the +propriety and justness of a reduction in the present rate of interest. +The Secretary of the Treasury in his report recommends 5 per cent; +Congress, in a bill passed prior to adjournment on the 27th of July +last, agreed upon 4 and 4 1/2 per cent; while by many 3 per cent has +been held to be an amply sufficient return for the investment. The +general impression as to the exorbitancy of the existing rate of +interest has led to an inquiry in the public mind respecting the +consideration which the Government has actually received for its bonds, +and the conclusion is becoming prevalent that the amount which it +obtained was in real money three or four hundred per cent less than the +obligations which it issued in return. It can not be denied that we are +paying an extravagant percentage for the use of the money borrowed, +which was paper currency, greatly depreciated below the value of coin. +This fact is made apparent when we consider that bondholders receive +from the Treasury upon each dollar they own in Government securities 6 +per cent in gold, which is nearly or quite equal to 9 per cent in +currency; that the bonds are then converted into capital for the +national banks, upon which those institutions issue their circulation, +bearing 6 per cent interest; and that they are exempt from taxation by +the Government and the States, and thereby enhanced 2 per cent in the +hands of the holders. We thus have an aggregate of 17 per cent which +may be received upon each dollar by the owners of Government +securities. A system that produces such results is justly regarded as +favoring a few at the expense of the many, and has led to the further +inquiry whether our bondholders, in view of the large profits which +they have enjoyed, would themselves be averse to a settlement of our +indebtedness upon a plan which would yield them a fair remuneration and +at the same time be just to the taxpayers of the nation. Our national +credit should be sacredly observed, but in making provision for our +creditors we should not forget what is due to the masses of the people. +It may be assumed that the holders of our securities have already +received upon their bonds a larger amount than their original +investment, measured by a gold standard. Upon this statement of facts +it would seem but just and equitable that the 6 per cent interest now +paid by the Government should be applied to the reduction of the +principal in semiannual installments, which in sixteen years and eight +months would liquidate the entire national debt. Six per cent in gold +would at present rates be equal to 9 per cent in currency, and +equivalent to the payment of the debt one and a half times in a +fraction less than seventeen years. This, in connection with all the +other advantages derived from their investment, would afford to the +public creditors a fair and liberal compensation for the use of their +capital, and with this they should be satisfied. The lessons of the +past admonish the lender that it is not well to be over-anxious in +exacting from the borrower rigid compliance with the letter of the +bond. + +If provision be made for the payment of the indebtedness of the +Government in the manner suggested, our nation will rapidly recover its +wonted prosperity. Its interests require that some measure should be +taken to release the large amount of capital invested in the securities +of the Government. It is not now merely unproductive, but in taxation +annually consumes $150,000,000, which would otherwise be used by our +enterprising people in adding to the wealth of the nation. Our +commerce, which at one time successfully rivaled that of the great +maritime powers, has rapidly diminished, and our industrial interests +are in a depressed and languishing condition. The development of our +inexhaustible resources is checked, and the fertile fields of the South +are becoming waste for want of means to till them. With the release of +capital, new life would be infused into the paralyzed energies of our +people and activity and vigor imparted to every branch of industry. Our +people need encouragement in their efforts to recover from the effects +of the rebellion and of injudicious legislation, and it should be the +aim of the Government to stimulate them by the prospect of an early +release from the burdens which impede their prosperity. If we can not +take the burdens from their shoulders, we should at least manifest a +willingness to help to bear them. + +In referring to the condition of the circulating medium, I shall merely +reiterate substantially that portion of my last annual message which +relates to that subject. + +The proportion which the currency of any country should bear to the +whole value of the annual produce circulated by its means is a question +upon which political economists have not agreed. Nor can it be +controlled by legislation, but must be left to the irrevocable laws +which everywhere regulate commerce and trade. The circulating medium +will ever irresistibly flow to those points where it is in greatest +demand. The law of demand and supply is as unerring as that which +regulates the tides of the ocean; and, indeed, currency, like the +tides, has its ebbs and flows throughout the commercial world. + +At the beginning of the rebellion the bank-note circulation of the +country amounted to not much more than $200,000,000; now the +circulation of national-bank notes and those known as "legal-tenders" +is nearly seven hundred millions. While it is urged by some that this +amount should be increased, others contend that a decided reduction is +absolutely essential to the best interests of the country. In view of +these diverse opinions, it may be well to ascertain the real value of +our paper issues when compared with a metallic or convertible currency. +For this purpose let us inquire how much gold and silver could be +purchased by the seven hundred millions of paper money now in +circulation. Probably not more than half the amount of the latter; +showing that when our paper currency is compared with gold and silver +its commercial value is compressed into three hundred and fifty +millions. This striking fact makes it the obvious duty of the +Government, as early as may be consistent with the principles of sound +political economy, to take such measures as will enable the holders of +its notes and those of the national banks to convert them, without +loss, into specie or its equivalent. A reduction of our paper +circulating medium need not necessarily follow. This, however, would +depend upon the law of demand and supply, though it should be borne in +mind that by making legal-tender and bank notes convertible into coin +or its equivalent their present specie value in the hands of their +holders would be enhanced 100 per cent. + +Legislation for the accomplishment of a result so desirable is demanded +by the highest public considerations. The Constitution contemplates +that the circulating medium of the country shall be uniform in quality +and value. At the time of the formation of that instrument the country +had just emerged from the War of the Revolution, and was suffering from +the effects of a redundant and worthless paper currency. The sages of +that period were anxious to protect their posterity from the evils +which they themselves had experienced. Hence in providing a circulating +medium they conferred upon Congress the power to coin money and +regulate the value thereof, at the same time prohibiting the States +from making anything but gold and silver a tender in payment of debts. + +The anomalous condition of our currency is in striking contrast with +that which was originally designed. Our circulation now embraces, +first, notes of the national banks, which are made receivable for all +dues to the Government, excluding imposts, and by all its creditors, +excepting in payment of interest upon its bonds and the securities +themselves; second, legal tender, issued by the United States, and +which the law requires shall be received as well in payment of all +debts between citizens as of all Government dues, excepting imposts; +and, third, gold and silver coin. By the operation of our present +system of finance however, the metallic currency, when collected, is +reserved only for one class of Government creditors, who, holding its +bonds, semiannually receive their interest in coin from the National +Treasury. There is no reason which will be accepted as satisfactory by +the people why those who defend us on the land and protect us on the +sea; the pensioner upon the gratitude of the nation, bearing the scars +and wounds received while in its service; the public servants in the +various departments of the Government; the farmer who supplies the +soldiers of the Army and the sailors of the Navy; the artisan who toils +in the nation's workshops, or the mechanics and laborers who build its +edifices and construct its forts and vessels of war, should, in payment +of their just and hard-earned dues, receive depreciated paper, while +another class of their countrymen, no more deserving are paid in coin +of gold and silver. Equal and exact justice requires that all the +creditors of the Government should be paid in a currency possessing a +uniform value. This can only be accomplished by the restoration of the +currency to the standard established by the Constitution, and by this +means we would remove a discrimination which may, if it has not already +done so, create a prejudice that may become deep-rooted and widespread +and imperil the national credit. + +The feasibility of making our currency correspond with the +constitutional standard may be seen by reference to a few facts derived +from our commercial statistics. + +The aggregate product of precious metals in the United States from 1849 +to 1867 amounted to $1,174,000,000, while for the same period the net +exports of specie were $741,000,000. This shows an excess of product +over net exports of $433,000,000. There are in the Treasury +$103,407,985 in coin; in circulation in the States on the Pacific Coast +about $40,000,000, and a few millions in the national and other +banks--in all less than $160,000,000. Taking into consideration the +specie in the country prior to 1849 and that produced since 1867, and +we have more than $300,000,000 not accounted for by exportation or by +returns of the Treasury, and therefore most probably remaining in the +country. + +These are important facts, and show how completely the inferior +currency will supersede the better, forcing it from circulation among +the masses and causing it to be exported as a mere article of trade, to +add to the money capital of foreign lands. They show the necessity of +retiring our paper money, that the return of gold and silver to the +avenues of trade may be invited and a demand created which will cause +the retention at home of at least so much of the productions of our +rich and inexhaustible gold-bearing fields as may be sufficient for +purposes of circulation. It is unreasonable to expect a return to a +sound currency so long as the Government and banks, by continuing to +issue irredeemable notes, fill the channels of circulation with +depreciated paper. Notwithstanding a coinage by our mints since 1849 of +$874,000,000, the people are now strangers to the currency which was +designed for their use and benefit, and specimens of the precious +metals bearing the national device are seldom seen, except when +produced to gratify the interest excited by their novelty. If +depreciated paper is to be continued as the permanent currency of the +country, and all our coin is to become a mere article of traffic and +speculation to the enhancement in price of all that is indispensable to +the comfort of the people, it would be wise economy to abolish our +mints, thus saving the nation the care and expense incident to such +establishments, and let our precious metals be exported in bullion. The +time has come, however, when the Government and national banks should +be required to take the most efficient steps and make all necessary +arrangements for a resumption of specie payments. Let specie payments +once be earnestly inaugurated by the Government and banks, and the +value of the paper circulation would directly approximate a specie +standard. + +Specie payments having been resumed by the Government and banks, all +notes or bills of paper issued by either of a less denomination than +$20 should by law be excluded from circulation, so that the people may +have the benefit and convenience of a gold and silver currency which in +all their business transactions will be uniform in value at home and +abroad. Every man of property or industry, every man who desires to +preserve what he honestly possesses or to obtain what he can honestly +earn, has a direct interest in maintaining a safe circulating +medium--such a medium as shall be real and substantial, not liable to +vibrate with opinions, not subject to be blown up or blown down by the +breath of speculation, but to be made stable and secure. A disordered +currency is one of the greatest political evils. It undermines the +virtues necessary for the support of the social system and encourages +propensities destructive of its happiness; it wars against industry, +frugality, and economy, and it fosters the evil spirits of extravagance +and speculation. It has been asserted by one of our profound and most +gifted statesmen that--Of all the contrivances for cheating the +laboring classes of mankind, none has been more effectual than that +which deludes them with paper money. This is the most effectual of +inventions to fertilize the rich man's fields by the sweat of the poor +man's brow. Ordinary tyranny, oppression, excessive taxation--these +bear lightly on the happiness of the mass of the community compared +with a fraudulent currency and the robberies committed by depreciated +paper. Our own history has recorded for our instruction enough, and +more than enough, of the demoralizing tendency, the injustice, and the +intolerable oppression on the virtuous and well-disposed of a degraded +paper currency authorized by law or in any way countenanced by +government. It is one of the most successful devices, in times of peace +or war, of expansions or revulsions, to accomplish the transfer of all +the precious metals from the great mass of the people into the hands of +the few, where they are hoarded in secret places or deposited under +bolts and bars, while the people are left to endure all the +inconvenience, sacrifice, and demoralization resulting from the use of +depreciated and worthless paper. + +The Secretary of the Interior in his report gives valuable information +in reference to the interests confided to the supervision of his +Department, and reviews the operations of the Land Office, Pension +Office, Patent Office, and Indian Bureau. + +During the fiscal year ending June 30. 1868, 6,655,700 acres of public +land were disposed of. The entire cash receipts of the General Land +Office for the same period were $1,632,745, being greater by $284,883 +than the amount realized from the same sources during the previous +year. The entries under the homestead law cover 2,328,923 acres, nearly +one-fourth of which was taken under the act of June 21, 1866, which +applies only to the States of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, +Arkansas, and Florida. + +On the 30th of June, 1868, 169,643 names were borne on the pension +rolls, and during the year ending on that day the total amount paid for +pensions, including the expenses of disbursement, was $24,010,982, +being $5,391,025 greater than that expended for like purposes during +the preceding year. + +During the year ending the 30th of September last the expenses of the +Patent Office exceeded the receipts by $171, and, including reissues +and designs, 14,153 patents were issued. + +Treaties with various Indian tribes have been concluded, and will be +submitted to the Senate for its constitutional action. I cordially +sanction the stipulations which provide for reserving lands for the +various tribes, where they may be encouraged to abandon their nomadic +habits and engage in agricultural and industrial pursuits. This policy, +inaugurated many years since, has met with signal success whenever it +has been pursued in good faith and with becoming liberality by the +United States. The necessity for extending it as far as practicable in +our relations with the aboriginal population is greater now than at any +preceding period. Whilst we furnish subsistence and instruction to the +Indians and guarantee the undisturbed enjoyment of their treaty rights, +we should habitually insist upon the faithful observance of their +agreement to remain within their respective reservations. This is the +only mode by which collisions with other tribes and with the whites can +be avoided and the safety of our frontier settlements secured. + +The companies constructing the railway from Omaha to Sacramento have +been most energetically engaged in prosecuting the work, and it is +believed that the line will be completed before the expiration of the +next fiscal year. The 6 per cent bonds issued to these companies +amounted on the 5th instant to $44,337,000, and additional work had +been performed to the extent of $3,200,000. + +The Secretary of the Interior in August last invited my attention to +the report of a Government director of the Union Pacific Railroad +Company who had been specially instructed to examine the location, +construction, and equipment of their road. I submitted for the opinion +of the Attorney-General certain questions in regard to the authority of +the Executive which arose upon this report and those which had from +time to time been presented by the commissioners appointed to inspect +each successive section of the work. After carefully considering the +law of the case, he affirmed the right of the Executive to order, if +necessary, a thorough revision of the entire road. Commissioners were +thereupon appointed to examine this and other lines, and have recently +submitted a statement of their investigations, of which the report of +the Secretary of the Interior furnishes specific information. + +The report of the Secretary of War contains information of interest and +importance respecting the several bureaus of the War Department and the +operations of the Army. The strength of our military force on the 30th +of September last was 48,000 men, and it is computed that by the 1st of +January next this number will be decreased to 43,000. It is the opinion +of the Secretary of War that within the next year a considerable +diminution of the infantry force may be made without detriment to the +interests of the country; and in view of the great expense attending +the military peace establishment and the absolute necessity of +retrenchment wherever it can be applied, it is hoped that Congress will +sanction the reduction which his report recommends. While in 1860 +sixteen thousand three hundred men cost the nation $16,472,000, the sum +of $65,682,000 is estimated as necessary for the support of the Army +during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1870. The estimates of the War +Department for the last two fiscal years were, for 1867, $33,814,461, +and for 1868 $25,205,669. The actual expenditures during the same +periods were, respectively, $95,224,415 and $123,246,648. The estimate +submitted in December last for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1869, +was $77,124,707; the expenditures for the first quarter, ending the +30th of September last, were $27,219,117, and the Secretary of the +Treasury gives $66,000,000 as the amount which will probably be +required during the remaining three quarters, if there should be no +reduction of the Army--making its aggregate cost for the year +considerably in excess of ninety-three millions. The difference between +the estimates and expenditures for the three fiscal years which have +been named is thus shown to be $175,545,343 for this single branch of +the public service. + +The report of the Secretary of the Navy exhibits the operations of that +Department and of the Navy during the year. A considerable reduction of +the force has been effected. There are 42 vessels, carrying 411 guns, +in the six squadrons which are established in different parts of the +world. Three of these vessels are returning to the United States and 4 +are used as storeships, leaving the actual cruising force 35 vessels, +carrying 356 guns. The total number of vessels in the Navy is 206, +mounting 1,743 guns. Eighty-one vessels of every description are in +use, armed with 696 guns. The number of enlisted men in the service, +including apprentices, has been reduced to 8,500. An increase of +navy-yard facilities is recommended as a measure which will in the +event of war be promotive of economy and security. A more thorough and +systematic survey of the North Pacific Ocean is advised in view of our +recent acquisitions, our expanding commerce, and the increasing +intercourse between the Pacific States and Asia. The naval pension +fund, which consists of a moiety of the avails of prizes captured +during the war, amounts to $14,000,000. Exception is taken to the act +of 23d July last, which reduces the interest on the fund loaned to the +Government by the Secretary, as trustee, to 3 per cent instead of 6 per +cent, which was originally stipulated when the investment was made. An +amendment of the pension laws is suggested to remedy omissions and +defects in existing enactments. The expenditures of the Department +during the last fiscal year were $20,120,394, and the estimates for the +coming year amount to $20,993,414. + +The Postmaster-General's report furnishes a full and clear exhibit of +the operations and condition of the postal service. The ordinary postal +revenue for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1868. was $16,292,600, and +the total expenditures, embracing all the service for which special +appropriations have been made by Congress, amounted to $22,730,592, +showing an excess of expenditures of $6,437,991. Deducting from the +expenditures the sum of $1,896,525, the amount of appropriations for +ocean-steamship and other special service, the excess of expenditures +was $4,541,466. By using an unexpended balance in the Treasury of +$3,800,000 the actual sum for which a special appropriation is required +to meet the deficiency is $741,466. The causes which produced this +large excess of expenditure over revenue were the restoration of +service in the late insurgent States and the putting into operation of +new service established by acts of Congress, which amounted within the +last two years and a half to about 48,700 miles--equal to more than +one-third of the whole amount of the service at the close of the war. +New postal conventions with Great Britain, North Germany, Belgium, the +Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy, respectively, have been carried +into effect. Under their provisions important improvements have +resulted in reduced rates of international postage and enlarged mail +facilities with European countries. The cost of the United States +transatlantic ocean mail service since January 1, 1868, has been +largely lessened under the operation of these new conventions, a +reduction of over one-half having been effected under the new +arrangements for ocean mail steamship service which went into effect on +that date. The attention of Congress is invited to the practical +suggestions and recommendations made in his report by the +Postmaster-General. + +No important question has occurred during the last year in our +accustomed cordial and friendly intercourse with Costa Rica, Guatemala, +Honduras, San Salvador, France, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, +Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Rome, Greece, +Turkey, Persia, Egypt, Liberia, Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Muscat, Siam, +Borneo, and Madagascar. + +Cordial relations have also been maintained with the Argentine and the +Oriental Republics. The expressed wish of Congress that our national +good offices might be tendered to those Republics, and also to Brazil +and Paraguay, for bringing to an end the calamitous war which has so +long been raging in the valley of the La Plata, has been assiduously +complied with and kindly acknowledged by all the belligerents. That +important negotiation, however, has thus far been without result. + +Charles A. Washburn, late United States minister to Paraguay, having +resigned, and being desirous to return to the United States, the +rear-admiral commanding the South Atlantic Squadron was early directed +to send a ship of war to Asuncion, the capital of Paraguay, to receive +Mr. Washburn and his family and remove them from a situation which was +represented to be endangered by faction and foreign war. The Brazilian +commander of the allied invading forces refused permission to the Wasp +to pass through the blockading forces, and that vessel returned to its +accustomed anchorage. Remonstrance having been made against this +refusal, it was promptly overruled, and the Wasp therefore resumed her +errand, received Mr. Washburn and his family, and conveyed them to a +safe and convenient seaport. In the meantime an excited controversy had +arisen between the President of Paraguay and the late United States +minister, which, it is understood, grew out of his proceedings in +giving asylum in the United States legation to alleged enemies of that +Republic. The question of the right to give asylum is one always +difficult and often productive of great embarrassment. In states well +organized and established, foreign powers refuse either to concede or +exercise that right, except as to persons actually belonging to the +diplomatic service. On the other hand, all such powers insist upon +exercising the right of asylum in states where the law of nations is +not fully acknowledged, respected, and obeyed. + +The President of Paraguay is understood to have opposed to Mr. +Washburn's proceedings the injurious and very improbable charge of +personal complicity in insurrection and treason. The correspondence, +however, has not yet reached the United States. + +Mr. Washburn, in connection with this controversy, represents that two +United States citizens attached to the legation were arbitrarily seized +at his side, when leaving the capital of Paraguay, committed to prison, +and there subjected to torture for the purpose of procuring confessions +of their own criminality and testimony to support the President's +allegation against the United States minister. Mr. McMahon, the newly +appointed minister to Paraguay, having reached the La Plata, has been +instructed to proceed without delay to Asuncion, there to investigate +the whole subject. The rear-admiral commanding the United States South +Atlantic Squadron has been directed to attend the new minister with a +proper naval force to sustain such just demands as the occasion may +require, and to vindicate the rights of the United States citizens +referred to and of any others who may be exposed to danger in the +theater of war. With these exceptions, friendly relations have been +maintained between the United States and Brazil and Paraguay. + +Our relations during the past year with Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and +Chile have become especially friendly and cordial. Spain and the +Republics of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador have expressed their +willingness to accept the mediation of the United States for +terminating the war upon the South Pacific coast. Chile has not finally +declared upon the question. In the meantime the conflict has +practically exhausted itself, since no belligerent or hostile movement +has been made by either party during the last two years, and there are +no indications of a present purpose to resume hostilities on either +side. Great Britain and France have cordially seconded our proposition +of mediation, and I do not forego the hope that it may soon be accepted +by all the belligerents and lead to a secure establishment of peace and +friendly relations between the Spanish American Republics of the +Pacific and Spain--a result which would be attended with common +benefits to the belligerents and much advantage to all commercial +nations. I communicate, for the consideration of Congress, a +correspondence which shows that the Bolivian Republic has established +the extremely liberal principle of receiving into its citizenship any +citizen of the United States, or of any other of the American +Republics, upon the simple condition of voluntary registry. + +The correspondence herewith submitted will be found painfully replete +with accounts of the ruin and wretchedness produced by recent +earthquakes, of unparalleled severity, in the Republics of Peru, +Ecuador, and Bolivia. The diplomatic agents and naval officers of the +United States who were present in those countries at the time of those +disasters furnished all the relief in their power to the sufferers, and +were promptly rewarded with grateful and touching acknowledgments by +the Congress of Peru. An appeal to the charity of our fellow-citizens +has been answered by much liberality. In this connection I submit an +appeal which has been made by the Swiss Republic, whose Government and +institutions are kindred to our own, in behalf of its inhabitants, who +are suffering extreme destitution, produced by recent devastating +inundations. + +Our relations with Mexico during the year have been marked by an +increasing growth of mutual confidence. The Mexican Government has not +yet acted upon the three treaties celebrated here last summer for +establishing the rights of naturalized citizens upon a liberal and just +basis, for regulating consular powers, and for the adjustment of mutual +claims. + +All commercial nations, as well as all friends of republican +institutions, have occasion to regret the frequent local disturbances +which occur in some of the constituent States of Colombia. Nothing has +occurred, however, to affect the harmony and cordial friendship which +have for several years existed between that youthful and vigorous +Republic and our own. + +Negotiations are pending with a view to the survey and construction of +a ship canal across the Isthmus of Darien, under the auspices of the +United States. I hope to be able to submit the results of that +negotiation to the Senate during its present session. + +The very liberal treaty which was entered into last year by the United +States and Nicaragua has been ratified by the latter Republic. + +Costa Rica, with the earnestness of a sincerely friendly neighbor, +solicits a reciprocity of trade, which I commend to the consideration +of Congress. + +The convention created by treaty between the United States and +Venezuela in July, 1865, for the mutual adjustment of claims, has been +held, and its decisions have been received at the Department of State. +The heretofore-recognized Government of the United States of Venezuela +has been subverted. A provisional government having been instituted +under circumstances which promise durability, it has been formally +recognized. + +I have been reluctantly obliged to ask explanation and satisfaction for +national injuries committed by the President of Hayti. The political +and social condition of the Republics of Hayti and St. Domingo is very +unsatisfactory and painful. The abolition of slavery, which has been +carried into effect throughout the island of St. Domingo and the entire +West Indies, except the Spanish islands of Cuba and Porto Rico, has +been followed by a profound popular conviction of the rightfulness of +republican institutions and an intense desire to secure them. The +attempt, however, to establish republics there encounters many +obstacles, most of which may be supposed to result from long-indulged +habits of colonial supineness and dependence upon European monarchical +powers. While the United States have on all occasions professed a +decided unwillingness that any part of this continent or of its +adjacent islands shall be made a theater for a new establishment of +monarchical power, too little has been done by us, on the other hand, +to attach the communities by which we are surrounded to our own +country, or to lend even a moral support to the efforts they are so +resolutely and so constantly making to secure republican institutions +for themselves. It is indeed a question of grave consideration whether +our recent and present example is not calculated to check the growth +and expansion of free principles, and make those communities distrust, +if not dread, a government which at will consigns to military +domination States that are integral parts of our Federal Union, and, +while ready to resist any attempts by other nations to extend to this +hemisphere the monarchical institutions of Europe, assumes to establish +over a large portion of its people a rule more absolute, harsh, and +tyrannical than any known to civilized powers. + +The acquisition of Alaska was made with the view of extending national +jurisdiction and republican principles in the American hemisphere. +Believing that a further step could be taken in the same direction, I +last year entered into a treaty with the King of Denmark for the +purchase of the islands of St. Thomas and St. John, on the best terms +then attainable, and with the express consent of the people of those +islands. This treaty still remains under consideration in the Senate. A +new convention has been entered into with Denmark, enlarging the time +fixed for final ratification of the original treaty. + +Comprehensive national policy would seem to sanction the acquisition +and incorporation into our Federal Union of the several adjacent +continental and insular communities as speedily as it can be done +peacefully, lawfully, and without any violation of national justice, +faith, or honor. Foreign possession or control of those communities has +hitherto hindered the growth and impaired the influence of the United +States. Chronic revolution and anarchy there would be equally +injurious. Each one of them, when firmly established as an independent +republic, or when incorporated into the United States, would be a new +source of strength and power. Conforming my Administration to these +principles, I have or no occasion lent support or toleration to +unlawful expeditions set on foot upon the plea of republican +propagandism or of national extension or aggrandizement. The necessity, +however, of repressing such unlawful movements clearly indicates the +duty which rests upon us of adapting our legislative action to the new +circumstances of a decline of European monarchical power and influence +and the increase of American republican ideas, interests, and +sympathies. + +It can not be long before it will become necessary for this Government +to lend some effective aid to the solution of the political and social +problems which are continually kept before the world by the two +Republics of the island of St. Domingo, and which are now disclosing +themselves more distinctly than heretofore in the island of Cuba. The +subject is commended to your consideration with all the more +earnestness because I am satisfied that the time has arrived when even +so direct a proceeding as a proposition for an annexation of the two +Republics of the island of St. Domingo would not only receive the +consent of the people interested, but would also give satisfaction to +all other foreign nations. + +I am aware that upon the question of further extending our possessions +it is apprehended by some that our political system can not +successfully be applied to an area more extended than our continent; +but the conviction is rapidly gaining ground in the American mind that +with the increased facilities for intercommunication between all +portions of the earth the principles of free government, as embraced in +our Constitution, if faithfully maintained and carried out, would prove +of sufficient strength and breadth to comprehend within their sphere +and influence the civilized nations of the world. + +The attention of the Senate and of Congress is again respectfully +invited to the treaty for the establishment of commercial reciprocity +with the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into last year, and already ratified +by that Government. The attitude of the United States toward these +islands is not very different from that in which they stand toward the +West Indies. It is known and felt by the Hawaiian Government and people +that their Government and institutions are feeble and precarious; that +the United States, being so near a neighbor, would be unwilling to see +the islands pass under foreign control. Their prosperity is continually +disturbed by expectations and alarms of unfriendly political +proceedings, as well from the United States as from other foreign +powers. A reciprocity treaty, while it could not materially diminish +the revenues of the United States, would be a guaranty of the good will +and forbearance of all nations until the people of the islands shall of +themselves, at no distant day, voluntarily apply for admission into the +Union. + +The Emperor of Russia has acceded to the treaty negotiated here in +January last for the security of trade-marks in the interest of +manufacturers and commerce. I have invited his attention to the +importance of establishing, now while it seems easy and practicable, a +fair and equal regulation of the vast fisheries belonging to the two +nations in the waters of the North Pacific Ocean. + +The two treaties between the United States and Italy for the regulation +of consular powers and the extradition of criminals, negotiated and +ratified here during the last session of Congress, have been accepted +and confirmed by the Italian Government. A liberal consular convention +which has been negotiated with Belgium will be submitted to the Senate. +The very important treaties which were negotiated between the United +States and North Germany and Bavaria for the regulation of the rights +of naturalized citizens have been duly ratified and exchanged, and +similar treaties have been entered into with the Kingdoms of Belgium +and Wurtemberg and with the Grand Duchies of Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt. +I hope soon to be able to submit equally satisfactory conventions of +the same character now in the course of negotiation with the respective +Governments of Spain, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. + +Examination of claims against the United States by the Hudsons Bay +Company and the Puget Sound Agricultural Company, on account of certain +possessory rights in the State of Oregon and Territory of Washington, +alleged by those companies in virtue of provisions of the treaty +between the United States and Great Britain of June 15, 1846, has been +diligently prosecuted, under the direction of the joint international +commission to which they were submitted for adjudication by treaty +between the two Governments of July 1, 1863, and will, it is expected, +be concluded at an early day. + +No practical regulation concerning colonial trade and the fisheries can +be accomplished by treaty between the United States and Great Britain +until Congress shall have expressed their judgment concerning the +principles involved. Three other questions, however, between the United +States and Great Britain remain open for adjustment. These are the +mutual rights of naturalized citizens, the boundary question involving +the title to the island of San Juan, on the Pacific coast, and mutual +claims arising since the year 1853 of the citizens and subjects of the +two countries for injuries and depredations committed under the +authority of their respective Governments. Negotiations upon these +subjects are pending, and I am not without hope of being able to lay +before the Senate, for its consideration during the present session, +protocols calculated to bring to an end these justly exciting and +long-existing controversies. + +We are not advised of the action of the Chinese Government upon the +liberal and auspicious treaty which was recently celebrated with its +plenipotentiaries at this capital. + +Japan remains a theater of civil war, marked by religious incidents and +political severities peculiar to that long-isolated Empire. The +Executive has hitherto maintained strict neutrality among the +belligerents, and acknowledges with pleasure that it has been frankly +and fully sustained in that course by the enlightened concurrence and +cooperation of the other treaty powers, namely Great Britain, France, +the Netherlands, North Germany, and Italy. + +Spain having recently undergone a revolution marked by extraordinary +unanimity and preservation of order, the provisional government +established at Madrid has been recognized, and the friendly intercourse +which has so long happily existed between the two countries remains +unchanged. + +I renew the recommendation contained in my communication to Congress +dated the 18th July last--a copy of which accompanies this message that +the judgment of the people should be taken on the propriety of so +amending the Federal Constitution that it shall provide-- + +First. For an election of President and Vice-President by a direct vote +of the people, instead of through the agency of electors, and making +them ineligible for reelection to a second term. + +Second. For a distinct designation of the person who shall discharge +the duties of President in the event of a vacancy in that office by the +death, resignation, or removal of both the President and +Vice-President. + +Third. For the election of Senators of the United States directly by +the people of the several States, instead of by the legislatures; and + +Fourth. For the limitation to a period of years of the terms of Federal +judges. + +Profoundly impressed with the propriety of making these important +modifications in the Constitution, I respectfully submit them for the +early and mature consideration of Congress. We should, as far as +possible, remove all pretext for violations of the organic law, by +remedying such imperfections as time and experience may develop, ever +remembering that "the constitution which at any time exists until +changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people is +sacredly obligatory upon all." + +In the performance of a duty imposed upon me by the Constitution, I +have thus communicated to Congress information of the state of the +Union and recommended for their consideration such measures as have +seemed to me necessary and expedient. If carried into effect, they will +hasten the accomplishment of the great and beneficent purposes for +which the Constitution was ordained, and which it comprehensively +states were "to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure +domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the +general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and +our posterity." In Congress are vested all legislative powers, and upon +them devolves the responsibility as well for framing unwise and +excessive laws as for neglecting to devise and adopt measures +absolutely demanded by the wants of the country. Let us earnestly hope +that before the expiration of our respective terms of service, now +rapidly drawing to a close, an all-wise Providence will so guide our +counsels as to strengthen and preserve the Federal Unions, inspire +reverence for the Constitution, restore prosperity and happiness to our +whole people, and promote "on earth peace, good will toward men." + + + + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's State of the Union Addresses, by Andrew Johnson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESSES *** + +***** This file should be named 5025.txt or 5025.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/2/5025/ + +Produced by James Linden. HTML version by Al Haines. +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, +and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive +specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this +eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook +for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, +performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given +away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks +not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the +trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. + +START: FULL LICENSE + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full +Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at +www.gutenberg.org/license. + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or +destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your +possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a +Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound +by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the +person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph +1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this +agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the +Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection +of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual +works in the collection are in the public domain in the United +States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the +United States and you are located in the United States, we do not +claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, +displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as +all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope +that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting +free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm +works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the +Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily +comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when +you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are +in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, +check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this +agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, +distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any +other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no +representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any +country outside the United States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other +immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear +prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work +on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, +performed, viewed, copied or distributed: + + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and + most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no + restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it + under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this + eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the + United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you + are located before using this ebook. + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is +derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not +contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the +copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in +the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are +redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply +either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or +obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any +additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms +will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works +posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the +beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including +any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access +to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format +other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official +version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site +(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense +to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means +of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain +Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the +full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +provided that + +* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed + to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has + agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid + within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are + legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty + payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in + Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation." + +* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all + copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue + all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm + works. + +* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + +* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than +are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing +from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The +Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm +trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project +Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may +contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate +or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or +other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or +cannot be read by your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium +with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you +with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in +lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person +or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second +opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If +the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing +without further opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO +OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of +damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement +violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the +agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or +limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or +unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the +remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in +accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the +production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, +including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of +the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this +or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any +Defect you cause. + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of +computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It +exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations +from people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future +generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see +Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at +www.gutenberg.org + + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by +U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the +mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its +volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous +locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt +Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to +date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and +official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact + +For additional contact information: + + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND +DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular +state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To +donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project +Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be +freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and +distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of +volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in +the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not +necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper +edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search +facility: www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + |