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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses
+by Zachary Taylor
+(#11 in our series of US Presidential State of the Union Addresses)
+
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+Title: State of the Union Addresses of Zachary Taylor
+
+Author: Zachary Taylor
+
+Release Date: February, 2004  [EBook #5020]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 11, 2002]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY ZACHARY TAYLOR ***
+
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by James Linden.
+
+The addresses are separated by three asterisks: ***
+
+Dates of addresses by Zachary Taylor in this eBook:
+  December 4, 1849
+
+
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Zachary Taylor
+December 4, 1849
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+Sixty years have elapsed since the establishment of this Government, and
+the Congress of the United States again assembles to legislate for an
+empire of freemen. The predictions of evil prophets, who formerly pretended
+to foretell the downfall of our institutions, are now remembered only to be
+derided, and the United States of America at this moment present to the
+world the most stable and permanent Government on earth.
+
+Such is the result of the labors of those who have gone before us. Upon
+Congress will eminently depend the future maintenance of our system of free
+government and the transmission of it unimpaired to posterity.
+
+We are at peace with all the other nations of the world, and seek to
+maintain our cherished relations of amity with them. During the past year
+we have been blessed by a kind Providence with an abundance of the fruits
+of the earth, and although the destroying angel for a time visited
+extensive portions of our territory with the ravages of a dreadful
+pestilence, yet the Almighty has at length deigned to stay his hand and to
+restore the inestimable blessing of general health to a people who have
+acknowledged His power, deprecated His wrath, and implored His merciful
+protection.
+
+While enjoying the benefits of amicable intercourse with foreign nations,
+we have not been insensible to the distractions and wars which have
+prevailed in other quarters of the world. It is a proper theme of
+thanksgiving to Him who rules the destinies of nations that we have been
+able to maintain amidst all these contests an independent and neutral
+position toward all belligerent powers.
+
+Our relations with Great Britain are of the most friendly character. In
+consequence of the recent alteration of the British navigation acts,
+British vessels, from British and other foreign ports, will under our
+existing laws, after the 1st day of January next, be admitted to entry in
+our ports with cargoes of the growth, manufacture, or production of any
+part of the world on the same terms as to duties, imposts, and charges as
+vessels of the United States with their cargoes, and our vessels will be
+admitted to the same advantages in British ports, entering therein on the
+same terms as British vessels. Should no order in council disturb this
+legislative arrangement, the late act of the British Parliament, by which
+Great Britain is brought within the terms proposed by the act of Congress
+of the 1st of March, 1817, it is hoped will be productive of benefit to
+both countries.
+
+A slight interruption of diplomatic intercourse which occurred between this
+Government and France, I am happy to say, has been terminated, and our
+minister there has been received. It is therefore unnecessary to refer now
+to the circumstances which led to that interruption. I need not express to
+you the sincere satisfaction with which we shall welcome the arrival of
+another envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from a sister
+Republic to which we have so long been, and still remain, bound by the
+strongest ties of amity.
+
+Shortly after I had entered upon the discharge of the Executive duties I
+was apprised that a war steamer belonging to the German Empire was being
+fitted out in the harbor of New York with the aid of some of our naval
+officers, rendered under the permission of the late Secretary of the Navy.
+This permission was granted during an armistice between that Empire and the
+Kingdom of Denmark, which had been engaged in the Schleswig-Holstein war.
+Apprehensive that this act of intervention on our part might be viewed as a
+violation of our neutral obligations incurred by the treaty with Denmark
+and of the provisions of the act of Congress of the 20th of April, 1818, I
+directed that no further aid should be rendered by any agent or officer of
+the Navy; and I instructed the Secretary of State to apprise the minister
+of the German Empire accredited to this Government of my determination to
+execute the law of the United States and to maintain the faith of treaties
+with all nations. The correspondence which ensued between the Department of
+State and the minister of the German Empire is herewith laid before you.
+The execution of the law and the observance of the treaty were deemed by me
+to be due to the honor of the country, as well as to the sacred obligations
+of the Constitution. I shall not fail to pursue the same course should a
+similar case arise with any other nation. Having avowed the opinion on
+taking the oath of office that in disputes between conflicting foreign
+governments it is our interest not less than our duty to remain strictly
+neutral, I shall not abandon it. You will perceive from the correspondence
+submitted to you in connection with this subject that the course adopted in
+this case has been properly regarded by the belligerent powers interested
+in the matter.
+
+Although a minister of the United States to the German Empire was appointed
+by my predecessor in August, 1848, and has for a long time been in
+attendance at Frankfort-on-the-Main, and although a minister appointed to
+represent that Empire was received and accredited here, yet no such
+government as that of the German Empire has been definitively constituted.
+Mr. Donelson, our representative at Frankfort, remained there several
+months in the expectation that a union of the German States under one
+constitution or form of government might at length be organized. It is
+believed by those well acquainted with the existing relations between
+Prussia and the States of Germany that no such union can be permanently
+established without her cooperation. In the event of the formation of such
+a union and the organization of a central power in Germany of which she
+should form a part, it would become necessary to withdraw our minister at
+Berlin; but while Prussia exists as an independent kingdom and diplomatic
+relations are maintained with her there can be no necessity for the
+continuance of the mission to Frankfort. I have therefore recalled Mr.
+Donelson and directed the archives of the legation at Frankfort to be
+transferred to the American legation at Berlin.
+
+Having been apprised that a considerable number of adventurers were engaged
+in fitting out a, military expedition within the United States against a
+foreign country, and believing from the best information I could obtain
+that it was destined to invade the island of Cuba, I deemed it due to the
+friendly relations existing between the United States and Spain, to the
+treaty between the two nations, to the laws of the United States, and,
+above all, to the American honor to exert the lawful authority of this
+Government in suppressing the expedition and preventing the invasion. To
+this end I issued a proclamation enjoining it upon the officers of the
+United States, civil and military, to use all lawful means within their
+power. A copy of that proclamation is herewith submitted. The expedition
+has been suppressed. So long as the act of Congress of the 20th of April,
+1818, which owes its existence to the law of nations and to the policy of
+Washington himself, shall remain on our statute books, I hold it to be the
+duty of the Executive faithfully to obey its injunctions.
+
+While this expedition was in progress I was informed that a foreigner who
+claimed our protection had been clandestinely and, as was supposed,
+forcibly carried off in a vessel from New Orleans to the island of Cuba. I
+immediately caused such steps to be taken as I thought necessary, in case
+the information I had received should prove correct, to vindicate the honor
+of the country and the right of every person seeking an asylum on our soil
+to the protection of our laws. The person alleged to have been abducted was
+promptly restored, and the circumstances of the case are now about to
+undergo investigation before a judicial tribunal. I would respectfully
+suggest that although the crime charged to have been committed in this case
+is held odious, as being in conflict with our opinions on the subject of
+national sovereignty and personal freedom, there is no prohibition of it or
+punishment for it provided in any act of Congress. The expediency of
+supplying this defect in our criminal code is therefore recommended to your
+consideration.
+
+I have scrupulously avoided any interference in the wars and contentions
+which have recently distracted Europe. During the late conflict between
+Austria and Hungary there seemed to be a prospect that the latter might
+become an independent nation. However faint that prospect at the time
+appeared, I thought it my duty, in accordance with the general sentiment of
+the American people, who deeply sympathized with the Magyar patriots, to
+stand prepared, upon the contingency of the establishment by her of a
+permanent government, to be the first to welcome independent Hungary into
+the family of nations. For this purpose I invested an agent then in Europe
+with power to declare our willingness promptly to recognize her
+independence in the event of her ability to sustain it. The powerful
+intervention of Russia in the contest extinguished the hopes of the
+struggling Magyars. The United States did not at any time interfere in the
+contest, but the feelings of the nation were strongly enlisted in the
+cause, and by the sufferings of a brave people, who had made a gallant,
+though unsuccessful, effort to be free.
+
+Our claims upon Portugal have been during the past year prosecuted with
+renewed vigor, and it has been my object to employ every effort of
+honorable diplomacy to procure their adjustment. Our late charge d'affaires
+at Lisbon, the Hon. George W. Hopkins, made able and energetic, but
+unsuccessful, efforts to settle these unpleasant matters of controversy and
+to obtain indemnity for the wrongs which were the subjects of complaint.
+Our present charge' d'affaires at that Court will also bring to the
+prosecution of these claims ability and zeal. The revolutionary and
+distracted condition of Portugal in past times has been represented as one
+of the leading causes of her delay in indemnifying our suffering citizens.
+But I must now say it is matter of profound regret that these claims have
+not yet been settled. The omission of Portugal to do justice to the
+American claimants has now assumed a character so grave and serious that I
+shall shortly make it the subject of a special message to Congress, with a
+view to such ultimate action as its wisdom and patriotism may suggest.
+
+With Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands,
+and the Italian States we still maintain our accustomed amicable
+relations.
+
+During the recent revolutions in the Papal States our charge d'affaires at
+Rome has been unable to present his letter of credence, which, indeed, he
+was directed by my predecessor to withhold until he should receive further
+orders. Such was the unsettled condition of things in those States that it
+was not deemed expedient to give him any instructions on the subject of
+presenting his credential letter different from those with which he had
+been furnished by the late Administration until the 25th of June last,
+when, in consequence of the want of accurate information of the exact state
+of things at that distance from us, he was instructed to exercise his own
+discretion in presenting himself to the then existing Government if in his
+judgment sufficiently stable, or, if not, to await further events. Since
+that period Rome has undergone another revolution, and he abides the
+establishment of a government sufficiently permanent to justify him in
+opening diplomatic intercourse with it.
+
+With the Republic of Mexico it is our true policy to cultivate the most
+friendly relations. Since the ratification of the treaty of Guadalupe
+Hidalgo nothing has occurred of a serious character to disturb them. A
+faithful observance of the treaty and a sincere respect for her rights can
+not fail to secure the lasting confidence and friendship of that Republic.
+The message of my predecessor to the House of Representatives of the 8th of
+February last, communicating, in compliance with a resolution of that body,
+a copy of a paper called a protocol, signed at Queretaro on the 30th of
+May, 1848, by the commissioners of the United States and the minister of
+foreign affairs of the Mexican Government, having been a subject of
+correspondence between the Department of State and the envoy extraordinary
+and minister plenipotentiary of that Republic accredited to this
+Government, a transcript of that correspondence is herewith submitted.
+
+The commissioner on the part of the United States for marking the boundary
+between the two Republics, though delayed in reaching San Diego by
+unforeseen obstacles, arrived at that place within a short period after the
+time required by the treaty, and was there joined by the commissioner on
+the part of Mexico. They entered upon their duties, and at the date of the
+latest intelligence from that quarter some progress had been made in the
+survey. The expenses incident to the organization of the commission and to
+its conveyance to the point where its operations were to begin have so much
+reduced the fund appropriated by Congress that a further sum, to cover the
+charges which must be incurred during the present fiscal year, will be
+necessary. The great length of frontier along which the boundary extends,
+the nature of the adjacent territory, and the difficulty of obtaining
+supplies except at or near the extremes of the line render it also
+indispensable that a liberal provision should be made to meet the necessary
+charges during the fiscal year ending on the 30th of June, 1851. I
+accordingly recommend this subject to your attention.
+
+In the adjustment of the claims of American citizens on Mexico, provided
+for by the late treaty, the employment of counsel on the part of the
+Government may become important for the purpose of assisting the
+commissioners in protecting the interests of the United States. I recommend
+this subject to the early and favorable consideration of Congress.
+
+Complaints have been made in regard to the inefficiency of the means
+provided by the Government of New Granada for transporting the United
+States mail across the Isthmus of Panama, pursuant to our postal convention
+with that Republic of the 6th of March, 1844. Our charge d'affaires at
+Bogota has been directed to make such representations to the Government of
+New Granada as will, it is hoped, lead to a prompt removal of this cause of
+complaint.
+
+The sanguinary civil war with which the Republic of Venezuela has for some
+time past been ravaged has been brought to a close. In its progress the
+rights of some of our citizens resident or trading there have been
+violated. The restoration of order will afford the Venezuelan Government an
+opportunity to examine and redress these grievances and others of longer
+standing which our representatives at Caracas have hitherto ineffectually
+urged upon the attention of that Government.
+
+The extension of the coast of the United States on the Pacific and the
+unexampled rapidity with which the inhabitants of California especially are
+increasing in numbers have imparted new consequence to our relations with
+the other countries whose territories border upon that ocean. It is
+probable that the intercourse between those countries and our possessions
+in that quarter, particularly with the Republic of Chili, will become
+extensive and mutually advantageous in proportion as California and Oregon
+shall increase in population and wealth. It is desirable, therefore, that
+this Government should do everything in its power to foster and strengthen
+its relations with those States, and that the spirit of amity between us
+should be mutual and cordial.
+
+I recommend the observance of the same course toward all other American
+States. The United States stand as the great American power, to which, as
+their natural ally and friend, they will always be disposed first to look
+for mediation and assistance in the event of any collision between them and
+any European nation. As such we may often kindly mediate in their behalf
+without entangling ourselves in foreign wars or unnecessary controversies.
+Whenever the faith of our treaties with any of them shall require our
+interference, we must necessarily interpose.
+
+A convention has been negotiated with Brazil providing for the satisfaction
+of American claims on that Government, and it will be submitted to the
+Senate. Since the last session of Congress we have received an envoy
+extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Empire, and our
+relations with it are rounded upon the most amicable understanding.
+
+Your attention is earnestly invited to an amendment of our existing laws
+relating to the African slave trade with a view to the effectual
+suppression of that barbarous traffic. It is not to be denied that this
+trade is still in part carried on by means of vessels built in the United
+States and owned or navigated by some of our citizens. The correspondence
+between the Department of State and the minister and consul of the United
+States at Rio de Janeiro, which has from time to time been laid before
+Congress, represents that it is a customary device to evade the penalties
+of our laws by means of sea letters. Vessels sold in Brazil, when provided
+with such papers by the consul, instead of returning to the United States
+for a new register proceed at once to the coast of Africa for the purpose
+of obtaining cargoes of slaves. Much additional information of the same
+character has recently been transmitted to the Department of State. It has
+not been considered the policy of our laws to subject an American citizen
+who in a foreign country purchases a vessel built in the United States to
+the inconvenience of sending her home for a new register before permitting
+her to proceed on a voyage. Any alteration of the laws which might have a
+tendency to impede the free transfer of property in vessels between our
+citizens, or the free navigation of those vessels between different parts
+of the world when employed in lawful commerce, should be well and
+cautiously considered; but I trust that your wisdom will devise a method by
+which our general policy in this respect may be preserved, and at the same
+time the abuse of our flag by means of sea letters, in the manner
+indicated, may be prevented.
+
+Having ascertained that there is no prospect of the reunion of the five
+States of Central America which formerly composed the Republic of that
+name, we have separately negotiated with some of them treaties of amity and
+commerce, which will be laid before the Senate.
+
+A contract having been concluded with the State of Nicaragua by a company
+composed of American citizens for the purpose of constructing a ship canal
+through the territory of that State to connect the Atlantic and Pacific
+oceans, I have directed the negotiation of a treaty with Nicaragua pledging
+both Governments to protect those who shall engage in and perfect the work.
+All other nations are invited by the State of Nicaragua to enter into the
+same treaty stipulations with her; and the benefit to be derived by each
+from such an arrangement will be the protection of this great interoceanic
+communication against any power which might seek to obstruct it or to
+monopolize its advantages. All States entering into such a treaty will
+enjoy the right of passage through the canal on payment of the same tolls.
+The work, if constructed under these guaranties, will become a bond of
+peace instead of a subject of contention and strife between the nations of
+the earth. Should the great maritime States of Europe consent to this
+arrangement (and we have no reason to suppose that a proposition so fair
+and honorable will be opposed by any), the energies of their people and
+ours will cooperate in promoting the success of the enterprise. I do not
+recommend any appropriation from the National Treasury for this purpose,
+nor do I believe that such an appropriation is necessary. Private
+enterprise, if properly protected, will complete the work should it prove
+to be feasible. The parties who have procured the charter from Nicaragua
+for its construction desire no assistance from this Government beyond its
+protection; and they profess that, having examined the proposed line of
+communication, they will be ready to commence the undertaking whenever that
+protection shall be extended to them. Should there appear to be reason, on
+examining the whole evidence, to entertain a serious doubt of the
+practicability of constructing such a canal, that doubt could be speedily
+solved by an actual exploration of the route.
+
+Should such a work be constructed under the common protection of all
+nations, for equal benefits to all, it would be neither just nor expedient
+that any great maritime state should command the communication. The
+territory through which the canal may be opened ought to be freed from the
+claims of any foreign power. No such power should occupy a position that
+would enable it hereafter to exercise so controlling an influence over the
+commerce of the world or to obstruct a highway which ought to be dedicated
+to the common uses of mankind.
+
+The routes across the Isthmus at Tehuantepec and Panama are also worthy of
+our serious consideration.. They did not fail to engage the attention of my
+predecessor. The negotiator of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was
+instructed to offer a very large sum of money for the right of transit
+across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The Mexican Government did not accede to
+the proposition for the purchase of the right of way, probably because it
+had already contracted with private individuals for the construction of a
+passage from the Guasacualco River to Tehuantepec. I shall not renew any
+proposition to purchase for money a right which ought to be equally secured
+to all nations on payment of a reasonable toll to the owners of the
+improvement, who would doubtless be well contented with that compensation
+and the guaranties of the maritime states of the world in separate treaties
+negotiated with Mexico, binding her and them to protect those who should
+construct the work. Such guaranties would do more to secure the completion
+of the communication through the territory of Mexico than any other
+reasonable consideration that could be offered; and as Mexico herself would
+be the greatest gainer by the opening of this communication between the
+Gulf and the Pacific Ocean, it is presumed that she would not hesitate to
+yield her aid in the manner proposed to accomplish an improvement so
+important to her own best interests.
+
+We have reason to hope that the proposed railroad across the Isthmus at
+Panama will be successfully constructed under the protection of the late
+treaty with New Granada, ratified and exchanged by my predecessor on the
+10th day of June, 1848, which guarantees the perfect neutrality of the
+Isthmus and the rights of sovereignty and property of New Granada over that
+territory, "with a view that the free transit from ocean to ocean may not
+be interrupted or embarrassed" during the existence of the treaty. It is
+our policy to encourage every practicable route across the isthmus which
+connects North and South America, either by railroad or canal, which the
+energy and enterprise of our citizens may induce them to complete, and I
+consider it obligatory upon me to adopt that policy, especially in
+consequence of the absolute necessity of facilitating intercourse with our
+possessions on the Pacific.
+
+The position of the Sandwich Islands with reference to the territory of the
+United States on the Pacific, the success of our persevering and benevolent
+citizens who have repaired to that remote quarter in Christianizing the
+natives and inducing them to adopt a system of government and laws suited
+to their capacity and wants, and the use made by our numerous whale ships
+of the harbors of the islands as places of resort for obtaining
+refreshments and repairs all combine to render their destiny peculiarly
+interesting to us. It is our duty to encourage the authorities of those
+islands in their efforts to improve and elevate the moral and political
+condition of the inhabitants, and we should make reasonable allowances for
+the difficulties inseparable from this task. We desire that the islands may
+maintain their independence and that other nations should concur with us in
+this sentiment. We could in no event be indifferent to their passing under
+the dominion of any other power. The principal commercial states have in
+this a common interest, and it is to be hoped that no one of them will
+attempt to interpose obstacles to the entire independence of the islands.
+
+The receipts into the Treasury for the fiscal year ending on the 30th of
+June last were, in cash, $48,830,097.50, and in Treasury notes funded
+$10,833,000, making an aggregate of $59,663,097.50; and the expenditures
+for the same time were, in cash, $46,798,667.82, and in Treasury notes
+funded $10,833,000, making an aggregate of $57,631,667.82.
+
+The accounts and estimates which will be submitted to Congress in the
+report of the Secretary of the Treasury show that there will probably be a
+deficit occasioned by the expenses of the Mexican War and treaty on the 1st
+day of July next of $5,828,121.66, and on the 1st day of July, 1851, of
+$10,547,092.73, making in the whole a probable deficit to be provided for
+of $16,375,214.39. The extraordinary expenses of the war with Mexico and
+the purchase of California and New Mexico exceed in amount this deficit,
+together with the loans heretofore made for those objects. I therefore
+recommend that authority be given to borrow what ever sum may be necessary
+to cover that deficit. I recommend the observance of strict economy in the
+appropriation and expenditure of public money.
+
+I recommend a revision of the existing tariff and its adjustment on a basis
+which may augment the revenue. I do not doubt the right or duty of Congress
+to encourage domestic industry, which is the great source of national as
+well as individual wealth and prosperity. I look to the wisdom and
+patriotism of Congress for the adoption of a system which may place home
+labor at last on a sure and permanent footing and by due encouragement of
+manufactures give a new and increased stimulus to agriculture and promote
+the development of our vast resources and the extension of our commerce.
+Believing that to the attainment of these ends, as well as the necessary
+augmentation of the revenue and the prevention of frauds, a system of
+specific duties is best adapted, I strongly recommend to Congress the
+adoption of that system, fixing the duties at rates high enough to afford
+substantial and sufficient encouragement to our own industry and at the
+same time so adjusted as to insure stability.
+
+The question of the continuance of the subtreasury system is respectfully
+submitted to the wisdom of Congress. If continued, important modifications
+of it appear to be indispensable.
+
+For further details and views on the above and other matters connected with
+commerce, the finances, and revenue I refer to the report of the Secretary
+of the Treasury.
+
+No direct aid has been given by the General Government to the improvement
+of agriculture except by the expenditure of small sums for the collection
+and publication of agricultural statistics and for some chemical analyses,
+which have been thus far paid for out of the patent fund. This aid is, in
+my opinion, wholly inadequate. To give to this leading branch of American
+industry the encouragement which it merits, I respectfully recommend the
+establishment of an agricultural bureau, to be connected with the
+Department of the Interior. To elevate the social condition of the
+agriculturist, to increase his prosperity, and to extend his means of
+usefulness to his country, by multiplying his sources of information,
+should be the study of every statesman and a primary object with every
+legislator.
+
+No civil government having been provided by Congress for California, the
+people of that Territory, impelled by the necessities of their political
+condition, recently met in convention for the purpose of forming a
+constitution and State government, which the latest advices give me reason
+to suppose has been accomplished; and it is believed they will shortly
+apply for the admission of California into the Union as a sovereign State.
+Should such be the case, and should their constitution be conformable to
+the requisitions of the Constitution of the United States, I recommend
+their application to the favorable consideration of Congress. The people of
+New Mexico will also, it is believed, at no very distant period present
+themselves for admission into the Union. Preparatory to the admission of
+California and New Mexico the people of each will have instituted for
+themselves a republican form of government, "laying its foundation in such
+principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem
+most likely to effect their safety and happiness." By awaiting their action
+all causes of uneasiness may be avoided and confidence and kind feeling
+preserved. With a view of maintaining the harmony and tranquillity so dear
+to all, we should abstain from the introduction of those exciting topics of
+a sectional character which have hitherto produced painful apprehensions in
+the public mind; and I repeat the solemn warning of the first and most
+illustrious of my predecessors against furnishing "any ground for
+characterizing parties by geographical discriminations."
+
+A collector has been appointed at San Francisco under the act of Congress
+extending the revenue laws over California, and measures have been taken to
+organize the custom-houses at that and the other ports mentioned in that
+act at the earliest period practicable. The collector proceeded overland,
+and advices have not yet been received of his arrival at San Francisco.
+Meanwhile, it is understood that the customs have continued to be collected
+there by officers acting under the military authority, as they were during
+the Administration of my predecessor. It will, I think, be expedient to
+confirm the collections thus made, and direct the avails (after such
+allowances as Congress may think fit to authorize) to be expended within
+the Territory or to be paid into the Treasury for the purpose of meeting
+appropriations for the improvement of its rivers and harbors.
+
+A party engaged on the coast survey was dispatched to Oregon in January
+last. According to the latest advices, they had not left California; and
+directions have been given to them, as soon as they shall have fixed on the
+sites of the two light-houses and the buoys authorized to be constructed
+and placed in Oregon, to proceed without delay to make reconnaissance of
+the most important points on the coast of California, and especially to
+examine and determine on sites for light-houses on that coast, the speedy
+erection of which is urgently demanded by our rapidly increasing commerce.
+
+I have transferred the Indian agencies from upper Missouri and Council
+Bluffs to Santa Fe and Salt Lake, and have caused to be appointed subagents
+in the valleys of the Gila, the Sacramento, and the San Joaquin rivers.
+Still further legal provisions will be necessary for the effective and
+successful extension of our system of Indian intercourse over the new
+territories.
+
+I recommend the establishment of a branch mint in California, as it will,
+in my opinion, afford important facilities to those engaged in mining, as
+well as to the Government in the disposition of the mineral lands.
+
+I also recommend that commissions be organized by Congress to examine and
+decide upon the validity of the present subsisting land titles in
+California and New Mexico, and that provision be made for the establishment
+of offices of surveyor-general in New Mexico, California, and Oregon and
+for the surveying and bringing into market the public lands in those
+Territories. Those lands, remote in position and difficult of access, ought
+to be disposed of on terms liberal to all, but especially favorable to the
+early emigrants.
+
+In order that the situation and character of the principal mineral deposits
+in California may be ascertained, I recommend that a geological and
+mineralogical exploration be connected with the linear surveys, and that
+the mineral lands be divided into small lots suitable for mining and be
+disposed of by sale or lease, so as to give our citizens an opportunity of
+procuring a permanent right of property in the soil. This would seem to be
+as important to the success of mining as of agricultural pursuits.
+
+The great mineral wealth of California and the advantages which its ports
+and harbors and those of Oregon afford to commerce, especially with the
+islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans and the populous regions of
+eastern Asia, make it certain that there will arise in a few years large
+and prosperous communities on our western coast. It therefore becomes
+important that a line of communication, the best and most expeditious which
+the nature of the country will admit, should be opened within the territory
+of the United States from the navigable waters of the Atlantic or the Gulf
+of Mexico to the Pacific. Opinion, as elicited and expressed by two large
+and respectable conventions lately assembled at St. Louis and Memphis,
+points to a railroad as that which, if practicable, will best meet the
+wishes and wants of the country. But while this, if in successful
+operation, would be a work of great national importance and of a value to
+the country which it would be difficult to estimate, it ought also to be
+regarded as an undertaking of vast magnitude and expense, and one which
+must, if it be indeed practicable, encounter many difficulties in its
+construction and use. Therefore, to avoid failure and disappointment; to
+enable Congress to judge whether in the condition of the country through
+which it must pass the work be feasible, and, if it be found so, whether it
+should be undertaken as a national improvement or left to individual
+enterprise, and in the latter alternative what aid, if any, ought to be
+extended to it by the Government, I recommend as a preliminary measure a
+careful reconnaissance of the several proposed routes by a scientific corps
+and a report as to the practicability of making such a road, with an
+estimate of the cost of its construction and support.
+
+For further views on these and other matters connected with the duties of
+the home department I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the
+Interior.
+
+I recommend early appropriations for continuing the river and harbor
+improvements which have been already begun, and also for the construction
+of those for which estimates have been made, as well as for examinations
+and estimates preparatory to the commencement of such others as the wants
+of the country, and especially the advance of our population over new
+districts and the extension of commerce, may render necessary. An estimate
+of the amount which can be advantageously expended within the next fiscal
+year under the direction of the Bureau of Topographical Engineers
+accompanies the report of the Secretary of War, to which I respectfully
+invite the attention of Congress.
+
+The cession of territory made by the late treaty with Mexico has greatly
+extended our exposed frontier and rendered its defense more difficult. That
+treaty has also brought us under obligations to Mexico, to comply with
+which a military force is requisite. But our military establishment is not
+materially changed as to its efficiency from the condition in which it
+stood before the commencement of the Mexican War. Some addition to it will
+therefore be necessary, and I recommend to the favorable consideration of
+Congress an increase of the several corps of the Army at our distant
+Western posts, as proposed in the accompanying report of the Secretary of
+War.
+
+Great embarrassment has resulted from the effect upon rank in the Army
+heretofore given to brevet and staff commissions. The views of the
+Secretary of War on this subject are deemed important, and if carried into
+effect will, it is believed, promote the harmony of the service. The plan
+proposed for retiring disabled officers and providing an asylum for such of
+the rank and file as from age, wounds, and other infirmities occasioned by
+service have become unfit to perform their respective duties is recommended
+as a means of increasing the efficiency of the Army and as an act of
+justice due from a grateful country to the faithful soldier.
+
+The accompanying report of the Secretary of the Navy presents a full and
+satisfactory account of the condition and operations of the naval service
+during the past year. Our citizens engaged in the legitimate pursuits of
+commerce have enjoyed its benefits. Wherever our national vessels have gone
+they have been received with respect, our officers have been treated with
+kindness and courtesy, and they have on all occasions pursued a course of
+strict neutrality, in accordance with the policy of our Government.
+
+The naval force at present in commission is as large as is admissible with
+the number of men authorized by Congress to be employed.
+
+I invite your attention to the recommendation of the Secretary of the Navy
+on the subject of a reorganization of the Navy in its various grades of
+officers, and the establishing of a retired list for such of the officers
+as are disqualified for active and effective service. Should Congress adopt
+some such measure as is recommended, it will greatly increase the
+efficiency of the Navy and reduce its expenditures.
+
+I also ask your attention to the views expressed by him in reference to the
+employment of war steamers and in regard to the contracts for the
+transportation of the United States mails and the operation of the system
+upon the prosperity of the Navy.
+
+By an act of Congress passed August 14, 1848, provision was made for
+extending post-office and mail accommodations to California and Oregon.
+Exertions have been made to execute that law, but the limited provisions of
+the act, the inadequacy of the means it authorizes, the ill adaptation of
+our post-office laws to the situation of that country, and the measure of
+compensation for services allowed by those laws, compared with the prices
+of labor and rents in California, render those exertions in a great degree
+ineffectual. More particular and efficient provision by law is required on
+this subject.
+
+The act of 1845 reducing postage has now, by its operation during four
+years, produced results fully showing that the income from such reduced
+postage is sufficient to sustain the whole expense of the service of the
+Post-Office Department, not including the cost of transportation in mail
+steamers on the lines from New York to Chagres and from Panama to Astoria,
+which have not been considered by Congress as properly belonging to the
+mail service.
+
+It is submitted to the wisdom of Congress whether a further reduction of
+postage should not now be made, more particularly on the letter
+correspondence. This should be relieved from the unjust burden of
+transporting and delivering the franked matter of Congress, for which
+public service provision should be made from the Treasury. I confidently
+believe that a change may safely be made reducing all single letter postage
+to the uniform rate of 5 cents, regardless of distance, without thereby
+imposing any greater tax on the Treasury than would constitute a very
+moderate compensation for this public service; and I therefore respectfully
+recommend such a reduction. Should Congress prefer to abolish the franking
+privilege entirely, it seems probable that no demand on the Treasury would
+result from the proposed reduction of postage. Whether any further
+diminution should now be made, or the result of the reduction to 5 cents,
+which I have recommended, should be first tested, is submitted to your
+decision.
+
+Since the commencement of the last session of Congress a postal treaty with
+Great Britain has been received and ratified, and such relations have been
+formed by the post-office departments of the two countries in pursuance of
+that treaty as to carry its provisions into full operation. The attempt to
+extend this same arrangement through England to France has not been equally
+successful, but the purpose has not been abandoned.
+
+For a particular statement of the condition of the Post-Office Department
+and other matters connected with that branch of the public service I refer
+you to the report of the Postmaster-General.
+
+By the act of the 3d of March, 1849, a board was constituted to make
+arrangements for taking the Seventh Census, composed of the Secretary of
+State, the Attorney-General, and the Postmaster-General; and it was made
+the duty of this board "to prepare and cause to be printed such forms and
+schedules as might be necessary for the full enumeration of the inhabitants
+of the United States, and also proper forms and schedules for collecting in
+statistical tables, under proper heads, such information as to mines,
+agriculture, commerce, manufactures, education, and other topics as would
+exhibit a full view of the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of
+the country." The duties enjoined upon the census board thus established
+having been performed, it now rests with Congress to enact a law for
+carrying into effect the provision of the Constitution which requires an
+actual enumeration of the people of the United States within the ensuing
+year.
+
+Among the duties assigned by the Constitution to the General Government is
+one of local and limited application, but not on that account the less
+obligatory. I allude to the trust committed to Congress as the exclusive
+legislator and sole guardian of the interests of the District of Columbia.
+I beg to commend these interests to your kind attention. As the national
+metropolis the city of Washington must be an object of general interest;
+and founded, as it was, under the auspices of him whose immortal name it
+bears, its claims to the fostering care of Congress present themselves with
+additional strength. Whatever can contribute to its prosperity must enlist
+the feelings of its constitutional guardians and command their favorable
+consideration.
+
+Our Government is one of limited powers, and its successful administration
+eminently depends on the confinement of each of its coordinate branches
+within its own appropriate sphere. The first section of the Constitution
+ordains that--
+
+All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the
+United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of
+Representatives.
+
+The Executive has authority to recommend (not to dictate) measures to
+Congress. Having performed that duty, the executive department of the
+Government can not rightfully control the decision of Congress on any
+subject of legislation until that decision shall have been officially
+submitted to the President for approval. The check provided by the
+Constitution in the clause conferring the qualified veto will never be
+exercised by me except in the cases contemplated by the fathers of the
+Republic. I view it as an extreme measure, to be resorted to only in
+extraordinary cases, as where it may become necessary to defend the
+executive against the encroachments of the legislative power or to prevent
+hasty and inconsiderate or unconstitutional legislation. By cautiously
+confining this remedy within the sphere prescribed to it in the
+contemporaneous expositions of the framers of the Constitution, the will of
+the people, legitimately expressed on all subjects of legislation through
+their constitutional organs, the Senators and Representatives of the United
+States, will have its full effect. As indispensable to the preservation of
+our system of self-government, the independence of the representatives of
+the States and the people is guaranteed by the Constitution, and they owe
+no responsibility to any human power but their constituents. By holding the
+representative responsible only to the people, and exempting him from all
+other influences, we elevate the character of the constituent and quicken
+his sense of responsibility to his country. It is under these circumstances
+only that the elector can feel that in the choice of the lawmaker he is
+himself truly a component part of the sovereign power of the nation. With
+equal care we should study to defend the rights of the executive and
+judicial departments. Our Government can only be preserved in its purity by
+the suppression and entire elimination of every claim or tendency of one
+coordinate branch to encroachment upon another. With the strict observance
+of this rule and the other injunctions of the Constitution, with a sedulous
+inculcation of that respect and love for the Union of the States which our
+fathers cherished and enjoined upon their children, and with the aid of
+that overruling Providence which has so long and so kindly guarded our
+liberties and institutions, we may reasonably expect to transmit them, with
+their innumerable blessings, to the remotest posterity.
+
+But attachment to the Union of the States should be habitually fostered in
+every American heart. For more than half a century, during which kingdoms
+and empires have fallen, this Union has stood unshaken. The patriots who
+formed it have long since descended to the grave; yet still it remains, the
+proudest monument to their memory and the object of affection and
+admiration with everyone worthy to bear the American name. In my judgment
+its dissolution would be the greatest of calamities, and to avert that
+should be the study of every American. Upon its preservation must depend
+our own happiness and that of countless generations to come. Whatever
+dangers may threaten it, I shall stand by it and maintain it in its
+integrity to the full extent of the obligations imposed and the powers
+conferred upon me by the Constitution.
+
+Z. TAYLOR.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY ZACHARY TAYLOR ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses
+by Zachary Taylor
+(#11 in our series of US Presidential State of the Union Addresses)
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
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+Title: State of the Union Addresses of Zachary Taylor
+
+Author: Zachary Taylor
+
+Release Date: February, 2004  [EBook #5020]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 11, 2002]
+[Date last updated: December 16, 2004]
+
+Edition: 11
+
+Language: English
+
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY ZACHARY TAYLOR ***
+
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by James Linden.
+
+The addresses are separated by three asterisks: ***
+
+Dates of addresses by Zachary Taylor in this eBook:
+  December 4, 1849
+
+
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+Zachary Taylor
+December 4, 1849
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+Sixty years have elapsed since the establishment of this Government, and
+the Congress of the United States again assembles to legislate for an
+empire of freemen. The predictions of evil prophets, who formerly pretended
+to foretell the downfall of our institutions, are now remembered only to be
+derided, and the United States of America at this moment present to the
+world the most stable and permanent Government on earth.
+
+Such is the result of the labors of those who have gone before us. Upon
+Congress will eminently depend the future maintenance of our system of free
+government and the transmission of it unimpaired to posterity.
+
+We are at peace with all the other nations of the world, and seek to
+maintain our cherished relations of amity with them. During the past year
+we have been blessed by a kind Providence with an abundance of the fruits
+of the earth, and although the destroying angel for a time visited
+extensive portions of our territory with the ravages of a dreadful
+pestilence, yet the Almighty has at length deigned to stay his hand and to
+restore the inestimable blessing of general health to a people who have
+acknowledged His power, deprecated His wrath, and implored His merciful
+protection.
+
+While enjoying the benefits of amicable intercourse with foreign nations,
+we have not been insensible to the distractions and wars which have
+prevailed in other quarters of the world. It is a proper theme of
+thanksgiving to Him who rules the destinies of nations that we have been
+able to maintain amidst all these contests an independent and neutral
+position toward all belligerent powers.
+
+Our relations with Great Britain are of the most friendly character. In
+consequence of the recent alteration of the British navigation acts,
+British vessels, from British and other foreign ports, will under our
+existing laws, after the 1st day of January next, be admitted to entry in
+our ports with cargoes of the growth, manufacture, or production of any
+part of the world on the same terms as to duties, imposts, and charges as
+vessels of the United States with their cargoes, and our vessels will be
+admitted to the same advantages in British ports, entering therein on the
+same terms as British vessels. Should no order in council disturb this
+legislative arrangement, the late act of the British Parliament, by which
+Great Britain is brought within the terms proposed by the act of Congress
+of the 1st of March, 1817, it is hoped will be productive of benefit to
+both countries.
+
+A slight interruption of diplomatic intercourse which occurred between this
+Government and France, I am happy to say, has been terminated, and our
+minister there has been received. It is therefore unnecessary to refer now
+to the circumstances which led to that interruption. I need not express to
+you the sincere satisfaction with which we shall welcome the arrival of
+another envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from a sister
+Republic to which we have so long been, and still remain, bound by the
+strongest ties of amity.
+
+Shortly after I had entered upon the discharge of the Executive duties I
+was apprised that a war steamer belonging to the German Empire was being
+fitted out in the harbor of New York with the aid of some of our naval
+officers, rendered under the permission of the late Secretary of the Navy.
+This permission was granted during an armistice between that Empire and the
+Kingdom of Denmark, which had been engaged in the Schleswig-Holstein war.
+Apprehensive that this act of intervention on our part might be viewed as a
+violation of our neutral obligations incurred by the treaty with Denmark
+and of the provisions of the act of Congress of the 20th of April, 1818, I
+directed that no further aid should be rendered by any agent or officer of
+the Navy; and I instructed the Secretary of State to apprise the minister
+of the German Empire accredited to this Government of my determination to
+execute the law of the United States and to maintain the faith of treaties
+with all nations. The correspondence which ensued between the Department of
+State and the minister of the German Empire is herewith laid before you.
+The execution of the law and the observance of the treaty were deemed by me
+to be due to the honor of the country, as well as to the sacred obligations
+of the Constitution. I shall not fail to pursue the same course should a
+similar case arise with any other nation. Having avowed the opinion on
+taking the oath of office that in disputes between conflicting foreign
+governments it is our interest not less than our duty to remain strictly
+neutral, I shall not abandon it. You will perceive from the correspondence
+submitted to you in connection with this subject that the course adopted in
+this case has been properly regarded by the belligerent powers interested
+in the matter.
+
+Although a minister of the United States to the German Empire was appointed
+by my predecessor in August, 1848, and has for a long time been in
+attendance at Frankfort-on-the-Main, and although a minister appointed to
+represent that Empire was received and accredited here, yet no such
+government as that of the German Empire has been definitively constituted.
+Mr. Donelson, our representative at Frankfort, remained there several
+months in the expectation that a union of the German States under one
+constitution or form of government might at length be organized. It is
+believed by those well acquainted with the existing relations between
+Prussia and the States of Germany that no such union can be permanently
+established without her cooperation. In the event of the formation of such
+a union and the organization of a central power in Germany of which she
+should form a part, it would become necessary to withdraw our minister at
+Berlin; but while Prussia exists as an independent kingdom and diplomatic
+relations are maintained with her there can be no necessity for the
+continuance of the mission to Frankfort. I have therefore recalled Mr.
+Donelson and directed the archives of the legation at Frankfort to be
+transferred to the American legation at Berlin.
+
+Having been apprised that a considerable number of adventurers were engaged
+in fitting out a, military expedition within the United States against a
+foreign country, and believing from the best information I could obtain
+that it was destined to invade the island of Cuba, I deemed it due to the
+friendly relations existing between the United States and Spain, to the
+treaty between the two nations, to the laws of the United States, and,
+above all, to the American honor to exert the lawful authority of this
+Government in suppressing the expedition and preventing the invasion. To
+this end I issued a proclamation enjoining it upon the officers of the
+United States, civil and military, to use all lawful means within their
+power. A copy of that proclamation is herewith submitted. The expedition
+has been suppressed. So long as the act of Congress of the 20th of April,
+1818, which owes its existence to the law of nations and to the policy of
+Washington himself, shall remain on our statute books, I hold it to be the
+duty of the Executive faithfully to obey its injunctions.
+
+While this expedition was in progress I was informed that a foreigner who
+claimed our protection had been clandestinely and, as was supposed,
+forcibly carried off in a vessel from New Orleans to the island of Cuba. I
+immediately caused such steps to be taken as I thought necessary, in case
+the information I had received should prove correct, to vindicate the honor
+of the country and the right of every person seeking an asylum on our soil
+to the protection of our laws. The person alleged to have been abducted was
+promptly restored, and the circumstances of the case are now about to
+undergo investigation before a judicial tribunal. I would respectfully
+suggest that although the crime charged to have been committed in this case
+is held odious, as being in conflict with our opinions on the subject of
+national sovereignty and personal freedom, there is no prohibition of it or
+punishment for it provided in any act of Congress. The expediency of
+supplying this defect in our criminal code is therefore recommended to your
+consideration.
+
+I have scrupulously avoided any interference in the wars and contentions
+which have recently distracted Europe. During the late conflict between
+Austria and Hungary there seemed to be a prospect that the latter might
+become an independent nation. However faint that prospect at the time
+appeared, I thought it my duty, in accordance with the general sentiment of
+the American people, who deeply sympathized with the Magyar patriots, to
+stand prepared, upon the contingency of the establishment by her of a
+permanent government, to be the first to welcome independent Hungary into
+the family of nations. For this purpose I invested an agent then in Europe
+with power to declare our willingness promptly to recognize her
+independence in the event of her ability to sustain it. The powerful
+intervention of Russia in the contest extinguished the hopes of the
+struggling Magyars. The United States did not at any time interfere in the
+contest, but the feelings of the nation were strongly enlisted in the
+cause, and by the sufferings of a brave people, who had made a gallant,
+though unsuccessful, effort to be free.
+
+Our claims upon Portugal have been during the past year prosecuted with
+renewed vigor, and it has been my object to employ every effort of
+honorable diplomacy to procure their adjustment. Our late charge d'affaires
+at Lisbon, the Hon. George W. Hopkins, made able and energetic, but
+unsuccessful, efforts to settle these unpleasant matters of controversy and
+to obtain indemnity for the wrongs which were the subjects of complaint.
+Our present charge d'affaires at that Court will also bring to the
+prosecution of these claims ability and zeal. The revolutionary and
+distracted condition of Portugal in past times has been represented as one
+of the leading causes of her delay in indemnifying our suffering citizens.
+But I must now say it is matter of profound regret that these claims have
+not yet been settled. The omission of Portugal to do justice to the
+American claimants has now assumed a character so grave and serious that I
+shall shortly make it the subject of a special message to Congress, with a
+view to such ultimate action as its wisdom and patriotism may suggest.
+
+With Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands,
+and the Italian States we still maintain our accustomed amicable
+relations.
+
+During the recent revolutions in the Papal States our charge d'affaires at
+Rome has been unable to present his letter of credence, which, indeed, he
+was directed by my predecessor to withhold until he should receive further
+orders. Such was the unsettled condition of things in those States that it
+was not deemed expedient to give him any instructions on the subject of
+presenting his credential letter different from those with which he had
+been furnished by the late Administration until the 25th of June last,
+when, in consequence of the want of accurate information of the exact state
+of things at that distance from us, he was instructed to exercise his own
+discretion in presenting himself to the then existing Government if in his
+judgment sufficiently stable, or, if not, to await further events. Since
+that period Rome has undergone another revolution, and he abides the
+establishment of a government sufficiently permanent to justify him in
+opening diplomatic intercourse with it.
+
+With the Republic of Mexico it is our true policy to cultivate the most
+friendly relations. Since the ratification of the treaty of Guadalupe
+Hidalgo nothing has occurred of a serious character to disturb them. A
+faithful observance of the treaty and a sincere respect for her rights can
+not fail to secure the lasting confidence and friendship of that Republic.
+The message of my predecessor to the House of Representatives of the 8th of
+February last, communicating, in compliance with a resolution of that body,
+a copy of a paper called a protocol, signed at Queretaro on the 30th of
+May, 1848, by the commissioners of the United States and the minister of
+foreign affairs of the Mexican Government, having been a subject of
+correspondence between the Department of State and the envoy extraordinary
+and minister plenipotentiary of that Republic accredited to this
+Government, a transcript of that correspondence is herewith submitted.
+
+The commissioner on the part of the United States for marking the boundary
+between the two Republics, though delayed in reaching San Diego by
+unforeseen obstacles, arrived at that place within a short period after the
+time required by the treaty, and was there joined by the commissioner on
+the part of Mexico. They entered upon their duties, and at the date of the
+latest intelligence from that quarter some progress had been made in the
+survey. The expenses incident to the organization of the commission and to
+its conveyance to the point where its operations were to begin have so much
+reduced the fund appropriated by Congress that a further sum, to cover the
+charges which must be incurred during the present fiscal year, will be
+necessary. The great length of frontier along which the boundary extends,
+the nature of the adjacent territory, and the difficulty of obtaining
+supplies except at or near the extremes of the line render it also
+indispensable that a liberal provision should be made to meet the necessary
+charges during the fiscal year ending on the 30th of June, 1851. I
+accordingly recommend this subject to your attention.
+
+In the adjustment of the claims of American citizens on Mexico, provided
+for by the late treaty, the employment of counsel on the part of the
+Government may become important for the purpose of assisting the
+commissioners in protecting the interests of the United States. I recommend
+this subject to the early and favorable consideration of Congress.
+
+Complaints have been made in regard to the inefficiency of the means
+provided by the Government of New Granada for transporting the United
+States mail across the Isthmus of Panama, pursuant to our postal convention
+with that Republic of the 6th of March, 1844. Our charge d'affaires at
+Bogota has been directed to make such representations to the Government of
+New Granada as will, it is hoped, lead to a prompt removal of this cause of
+complaint.
+
+The sanguinary civil war with which the Republic of Venezuela has for some
+time past been ravaged has been brought to a close. In its progress the
+rights of some of our citizens resident or trading there have been
+violated. The restoration of order will afford the Venezuelan Government an
+opportunity to examine and redress these grievances and others of longer
+standing which our representatives at Caracas have hitherto ineffectually
+urged upon the attention of that Government.
+
+The extension of the coast of the United States on the Pacific and the
+unexampled rapidity with which the inhabitants of California especially are
+increasing in numbers have imparted new consequence to our relations with
+the other countries whose territories border upon that ocean. It is
+probable that the intercourse between those countries and our possessions
+in that quarter, particularly with the Republic of Chili, will become
+extensive and mutually advantageous in proportion as California and Oregon
+shall increase in population and wealth. It is desirable, therefore, that
+this Government should do everything in its power to foster and strengthen
+its relations with those States, and that the spirit of amity between us
+should be mutual and cordial.
+
+I recommend the observance of the same course toward all other American
+States. The United States stand as the great American power, to which, as
+their natural ally and friend, they will always be disposed first to look
+for mediation and assistance in the event of any collision between them and
+any European nation. As such we may often kindly mediate in their behalf
+without entangling ourselves in foreign wars or unnecessary controversies.
+Whenever the faith of our treaties with any of them shall require our
+interference, we must necessarily interpose.
+
+A convention has been negotiated with Brazil providing for the satisfaction
+of American claims on that Government, and it will be submitted to the
+Senate. Since the last session of Congress we have received an envoy
+extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Empire, and our
+relations with it are rounded upon the most amicable understanding.
+
+Your attention is earnestly invited to an amendment of our existing laws
+relating to the African slave trade with a view to the effectual
+suppression of that barbarous traffic. It is not to be denied that this
+trade is still in part carried on by means of vessels built in the United
+States and owned or navigated by some of our citizens. The correspondence
+between the Department of State and the minister and consul of the United
+States at Rio de Janeiro, which has from time to time been laid before
+Congress, represents that it is a customary device to evade the penalties
+of our laws by means of sea letters. Vessels sold in Brazil, when provided
+with such papers by the consul, instead of returning to the United States
+for a new register proceed at once to the coast of Africa for the purpose
+of obtaining cargoes of slaves. Much additional information of the same
+character has recently been transmitted to the Department of State. It has
+not been considered the policy of our laws to subject an American citizen
+who in a foreign country purchases a vessel built in the United States to
+the inconvenience of sending her home for a new register before permitting
+her to proceed on a voyage. Any alteration of the laws which might have a
+tendency to impede the free transfer of property in vessels between our
+citizens, or the free navigation of those vessels between different parts
+of the world when employed in lawful commerce, should be well and
+cautiously considered; but I trust that your wisdom will devise a method by
+which our general policy in this respect may be preserved, and at the same
+time the abuse of our flag by means of sea letters, in the manner
+indicated, may be prevented.
+
+Having ascertained that there is no prospect of the reunion of the five
+States of Central America which formerly composed the Republic of that
+name, we have separately negotiated with some of them treaties of amity and
+commerce, which will be laid before the Senate.
+
+A contract having been concluded with the State of Nicaragua by a company
+composed of American citizens for the purpose of constructing a ship canal
+through the territory of that State to connect the Atlantic and Pacific
+oceans, I have directed the negotiation of a treaty with Nicaragua pledging
+both Governments to protect those who shall engage in and perfect the work.
+All other nations are invited by the State of Nicaragua to enter into the
+same treaty stipulations with her; and the benefit to be derived by each
+from such an arrangement will be the protection of this great interoceanic
+communication against any power which might seek to obstruct it or to
+monopolize its advantages. All States entering into such a treaty will
+enjoy the right of passage through the canal on payment of the same tolls.
+The work, if constructed under these guaranties, will become a bond of
+peace instead of a subject of contention and strife between the nations of
+the earth. Should the great maritime States of Europe consent to this
+arrangement (and we have no reason to suppose that a proposition so fair
+and honorable will be opposed by any), the energies of their people and
+ours will cooperate in promoting the success of the enterprise. I do not
+recommend any appropriation from the National Treasury for this purpose,
+nor do I believe that such an appropriation is necessary. Private
+enterprise, if properly protected, will complete the work should it prove
+to be feasible. The parties who have procured the charter from Nicaragua
+for its construction desire no assistance from this Government beyond its
+protection; and they profess that, having examined the proposed line of
+communication, they will be ready to commence the undertaking whenever that
+protection shall be extended to them. Should there appear to be reason, on
+examining the whole evidence, to entertain a serious doubt of the
+practicability of constructing such a canal, that doubt could be speedily
+solved by an actual exploration of the route.
+
+Should such a work be constructed under the common protection of all
+nations, for equal benefits to all, it would be neither just nor expedient
+that any great maritime state should command the communication. The
+territory through which the canal may be opened ought to be freed from the
+claims of any foreign power. No such power should occupy a position that
+would enable it hereafter to exercise so controlling an influence over the
+commerce of the world or to obstruct a highway which ought to be dedicated
+to the common uses of mankind.
+
+The routes across the Isthmus at Tehuantepec and Panama are also worthy of
+our serious consideration.. They did not fail to engage the attention of my
+predecessor. The negotiator of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was
+instructed to offer a very large sum of money for the right of transit
+across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The Mexican Government did not accede to
+the proposition for the purchase of the right of way, probably because it
+had already contracted with private individuals for the construction of a
+passage from the Guasacualco River to Tehuantepec. I shall not renew any
+proposition to purchase for money a right which ought to be equally secured
+to all nations on payment of a reasonable toll to the owners of the
+improvement, who would doubtless be well contented with that compensation
+and the guaranties of the maritime states of the world in separate treaties
+negotiated with Mexico, binding her and them to protect those who should
+construct the work. Such guaranties would do more to secure the completion
+of the communication through the territory of Mexico than any other
+reasonable consideration that could be offered; and as Mexico herself would
+be the greatest gainer by the opening of this communication between the
+Gulf and the Pacific Ocean, it is presumed that she would not hesitate to
+yield her aid in the manner proposed to accomplish an improvement so
+important to her own best interests.
+
+We have reason to hope that the proposed railroad across the Isthmus at
+Panama will be successfully constructed under the protection of the late
+treaty with New Granada, ratified and exchanged by my predecessor on the
+10th day of June, 1848, which guarantees the perfect neutrality of the
+Isthmus and the rights of sovereignty and property of New Granada over that
+territory, "with a view that the free transit from ocean to ocean may not
+be interrupted or embarrassed" during the existence of the treaty. It is
+our policy to encourage every practicable route across the isthmus which
+connects North and South America, either by railroad or canal, which the
+energy and enterprise of our citizens may induce them to complete, and I
+consider it obligatory upon me to adopt that policy, especially in
+consequence of the absolute necessity of facilitating intercourse with our
+possessions on the Pacific.
+
+The position of the Sandwich Islands with reference to the territory of the
+United States on the Pacific, the success of our persevering and benevolent
+citizens who have repaired to that remote quarter in Christianizing the
+natives and inducing them to adopt a system of government and laws suited
+to their capacity and wants, and the use made by our numerous whale ships
+of the harbors of the islands as places of resort for obtaining
+refreshments and repairs all combine to render their destiny peculiarly
+interesting to us. It is our duty to encourage the authorities of those
+islands in their efforts to improve and elevate the moral and political
+condition of the inhabitants, and we should make reasonable allowances for
+the difficulties inseparable from this task. We desire that the islands may
+maintain their independence and that other nations should concur with us in
+this sentiment. We could in no event be indifferent to their passing under
+the dominion of any other power. The principal commercial states have in
+this a common interest, and it is to be hoped that no one of them will
+attempt to interpose obstacles to the entire independence of the islands.
+
+The receipts into the Treasury for the fiscal year ending on the 30th of
+June last were, in cash, $48,830,097.50, and in Treasury notes funded
+$10,833,000, making an aggregate of $59,663,097.50; and the expenditures
+for the same time were, in cash, $46,798,667.82, and in Treasury notes
+funded $10,833,000, making an aggregate of $57,631,667.82.
+
+The accounts and estimates which will be submitted to Congress in the
+report of the Secretary of the Treasury show that there will probably be a
+deficit occasioned by the expenses of the Mexican War and treaty on the 1st
+day of July next of $5,828,121.66, and on the 1st day of July, 1851, of
+$10,547,092.73, making in the whole a probable deficit to be provided for
+of $16,375,214.39. The extraordinary expenses of the war with Mexico and
+the purchase of California and New Mexico exceed in amount this deficit,
+together with the loans heretofore made for those objects. I therefore
+recommend that authority be given to borrow what ever sum may be necessary
+to cover that deficit. I recommend the observance of strict economy in the
+appropriation and expenditure of public money.
+
+I recommend a revision of the existing tariff and its adjustment on a basis
+which may augment the revenue. I do not doubt the right or duty of Congress
+to encourage domestic industry, which is the great source of national as
+well as individual wealth and prosperity. I look to the wisdom and
+patriotism of Congress for the adoption of a system which may place home
+labor at last on a sure and permanent footing and by due encouragement of
+manufactures give a new and increased stimulus to agriculture and promote
+the development of our vast resources and the extension of our commerce.
+Believing that to the attainment of these ends, as well as the necessary
+augmentation of the revenue and the prevention of frauds, a system of
+specific duties is best adapted, I strongly recommend to Congress the
+adoption of that system, fixing the duties at rates high enough to afford
+substantial and sufficient encouragement to our own industry and at the
+same time so adjusted as to insure stability.
+
+The question of the continuance of the subtreasury system is respectfully
+submitted to the wisdom of Congress. If continued, important modifications
+of it appear to be indispensable.
+
+For further details and views on the above and other matters connected with
+commerce, the finances, and revenue I refer to the report of the Secretary
+of the Treasury.
+
+No direct aid has been given by the General Government to the improvement
+of agriculture except by the expenditure of small sums for the collection
+and publication of agricultural statistics and for some chemical analyses,
+which have been thus far paid for out of the patent fund. This aid is, in
+my opinion, wholly inadequate. To give to this leading branch of American
+industry the encouragement which it merits, I respectfully recommend the
+establishment of an agricultural bureau, to be connected with the
+Department of the Interior. To elevate the social condition of the
+agriculturist, to increase his prosperity, and to extend his means of
+usefulness to his country, by multiplying his sources of information,
+should be the study of every statesman and a primary object with every
+legislator.
+
+No civil government having been provided by Congress for California, the
+people of that Territory, impelled by the necessities of their political
+condition, recently met in convention for the purpose of forming a
+constitution and State government, which the latest advices give me reason
+to suppose has been accomplished; and it is believed they will shortly
+apply for the admission of California into the Union as a sovereign State.
+Should such be the case, and should their constitution be conformable to
+the requisitions of the Constitution of the United States, I recommend
+their application to the favorable consideration of Congress. The people of
+New Mexico will also, it is believed, at no very distant period present
+themselves for admission into the Union. Preparatory to the admission of
+California and New Mexico the people of each will have instituted for
+themselves a republican form of government, "laying its foundation in such
+principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem
+most likely to effect their safety and happiness." By awaiting their action
+all causes of uneasiness may be avoided and confidence and kind feeling
+preserved. With a view of maintaining the harmony and tranquillity so dear
+to all, we should abstain from the introduction of those exciting topics of
+a sectional character which have hitherto produced painful apprehensions in
+the public mind; and I repeat the solemn warning of the first and most
+illustrious of my predecessors against furnishing "any ground for
+characterizing parties by geographical discriminations."
+
+A collector has been appointed at San Francisco under the act of Congress
+extending the revenue laws over California, and measures have been taken to
+organize the custom-houses at that and the other ports mentioned in that
+act at the earliest period practicable. The collector proceeded overland,
+and advices have not yet been received of his arrival at San Francisco.
+Meanwhile, it is understood that the customs have continued to be collected
+there by officers acting under the military authority, as they were during
+the Administration of my predecessor. It will, I think, be expedient to
+confirm the collections thus made, and direct the avails (after such
+allowances as Congress may think fit to authorize) to be expended within
+the Territory or to be paid into the Treasury for the purpose of meeting
+appropriations for the improvement of its rivers and harbors.
+
+A party engaged on the coast survey was dispatched to Oregon in January
+last. According to the latest advices, they had not left California; and
+directions have been given to them, as soon as they shall have fixed on the
+sites of the two light-houses and the buoys authorized to be constructed
+and placed in Oregon, to proceed without delay to make reconnaissance of
+the most important points on the coast of California, and especially to
+examine and determine on sites for light-houses on that coast, the speedy
+erection of which is urgently demanded by our rapidly increasing commerce.
+
+I have transferred the Indian agencies from upper Missouri and Council
+Bluffs to Santa Fe and Salt Lake, and have caused to be appointed subagents
+in the valleys of the Gila, the Sacramento, and the San Joaquin rivers.
+Still further legal provisions will be necessary for the effective and
+successful extension of our system of Indian intercourse over the new
+territories.
+
+I recommend the establishment of a branch mint in California, as it will,
+in my opinion, afford important facilities to those engaged in mining, as
+well as to the Government in the disposition of the mineral lands.
+
+I also recommend that commissions be organized by Congress to examine and
+decide upon the validity of the present subsisting land titles in
+California and New Mexico, and that provision be made for the establishment
+of offices of surveyor-general in New Mexico, California, and Oregon and
+for the surveying and bringing into market the public lands in those
+Territories. Those lands, remote in position and difficult of access, ought
+to be disposed of on terms liberal to all, but especially favorable to the
+early emigrants.
+
+In order that the situation and character of the principal mineral deposits
+in California may be ascertained, I recommend that a geological and
+mineralogical exploration be connected with the linear surveys, and that
+the mineral lands be divided into small lots suitable for mining and be
+disposed of by sale or lease, so as to give our citizens an opportunity of
+procuring a permanent right of property in the soil. This would seem to be
+as important to the success of mining as of agricultural pursuits.
+
+The great mineral wealth of California and the advantages which its ports
+and harbors and those of Oregon afford to commerce, especially with the
+islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans and the populous regions of
+eastern Asia, make it certain that there will arise in a few years large
+and prosperous communities on our western coast. It therefore becomes
+important that a line of communication, the best and most expeditious which
+the nature of the country will admit, should be opened within the territory
+of the United States from the navigable waters of the Atlantic or the Gulf
+of Mexico to the Pacific. Opinion, as elicited and expressed by two large
+and respectable conventions lately assembled at St. Louis and Memphis,
+points to a railroad as that which, if practicable, will best meet the
+wishes and wants of the country. But while this, if in successful
+operation, would be a work of great national importance and of a value to
+the country which it would be difficult to estimate, it ought also to be
+regarded as an undertaking of vast magnitude and expense, and one which
+must, if it be indeed practicable, encounter many difficulties in its
+construction and use. Therefore, to avoid failure and disappointment; to
+enable Congress to judge whether in the condition of the country through
+which it must pass the work be feasible, and, if it be found so, whether it
+should be undertaken as a national improvement or left to individual
+enterprise, and in the latter alternative what aid, if any, ought to be
+extended to it by the Government, I recommend as a preliminary measure a
+careful reconnaissance of the several proposed routes by a scientific corps
+and a report as to the practicability of making such a road, with an
+estimate of the cost of its construction and support.
+
+For further views on these and other matters connected with the duties of
+the home department I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the
+Interior.
+
+I recommend early appropriations for continuing the river and harbor
+improvements which have been already begun, and also for the construction
+of those for which estimates have been made, as well as for examinations
+and estimates preparatory to the commencement of such others as the wants
+of the country, and especially the advance of our population over new
+districts and the extension of commerce, may render necessary. An estimate
+of the amount which can be advantageously expended within the next fiscal
+year under the direction of the Bureau of Topographical Engineers
+accompanies the report of the Secretary of War, to which I respectfully
+invite the attention of Congress.
+
+The cession of territory made by the late treaty with Mexico has greatly
+extended our exposed frontier and rendered its defense more difficult. That
+treaty has also brought us under obligations to Mexico, to comply with
+which a military force is requisite. But our military establishment is not
+materially changed as to its efficiency from the condition in which it
+stood before the commencement of the Mexican War. Some addition to it will
+therefore be necessary, and I recommend to the favorable consideration of
+Congress an increase of the several corps of the Army at our distant
+Western posts, as proposed in the accompanying report of the Secretary of
+War.
+
+Great embarrassment has resulted from the effect upon rank in the Army
+heretofore given to brevet and staff commissions. The views of the
+Secretary of War on this subject are deemed important, and if carried into
+effect will, it is believed, promote the harmony of the service. The plan
+proposed for retiring disabled officers and providing an asylum for such of
+the rank and file as from age, wounds, and other infirmities occasioned by
+service have become unfit to perform their respective duties is recommended
+as a means of increasing the efficiency of the Army and as an act of
+justice due from a grateful country to the faithful soldier.
+
+The accompanying report of the Secretary of the Navy presents a full and
+satisfactory account of the condition and operations of the naval service
+during the past year. Our citizens engaged in the legitimate pursuits of
+commerce have enjoyed its benefits. Wherever our national vessels have gone
+they have been received with respect, our officers have been treated with
+kindness and courtesy, and they have on all occasions pursued a course of
+strict neutrality, in accordance with the policy of our Government.
+
+The naval force at present in commission is as large as is admissible with
+the number of men authorized by Congress to be employed.
+
+I invite your attention to the recommendation of the Secretary of the Navy
+on the subject of a reorganization of the Navy in its various grades of
+officers, and the establishing of a retired list for such of the officers
+as are disqualified for active and effective service. Should Congress adopt
+some such measure as is recommended, it will greatly increase the
+efficiency of the Navy and reduce its expenditures.
+
+I also ask your attention to the views expressed by him in reference to the
+employment of war steamers and in regard to the contracts for the
+transportation of the United States mails and the operation of the system
+upon the prosperity of the Navy.
+
+By an act of Congress passed August 14, 1848, provision was made for
+extending post-office and mail accommodations to California and Oregon.
+Exertions have been made to execute that law, but the limited provisions of
+the act, the inadequacy of the means it authorizes, the ill adaptation of
+our post-office laws to the situation of that country, and the measure of
+compensation for services allowed by those laws, compared with the prices
+of labor and rents in California, render those exertions in a great degree
+ineffectual. More particular and efficient provision by law is required on
+this subject.
+
+The act of 1845 reducing postage has now, by its operation during four
+years, produced results fully showing that the income from such reduced
+postage is sufficient to sustain the whole expense of the service of the
+Post-Office Department, not including the cost of transportation in mail
+steamers on the lines from New York to Chagres and from Panama to Astoria,
+which have not been considered by Congress as properly belonging to the
+mail service.
+
+It is submitted to the wisdom of Congress whether a further reduction of
+postage should not now be made, more particularly on the letter
+correspondence. This should be relieved from the unjust burden of
+transporting and delivering the franked matter of Congress, for which
+public service provision should be made from the Treasury. I confidently
+believe that a change may safely be made reducing all single letter postage
+to the uniform rate of 5 cents, regardless of distance, without thereby
+imposing any greater tax on the Treasury than would constitute a very
+moderate compensation for this public service; and I therefore respectfully
+recommend such a reduction. Should Congress prefer to abolish the franking
+privilege entirely, it seems probable that no demand on the Treasury would
+result from the proposed reduction of postage. Whether any further
+diminution should now be made, or the result of the reduction to 5 cents,
+which I have recommended, should be first tested, is submitted to your
+decision.
+
+Since the commencement of the last session of Congress a postal treaty with
+Great Britain has been received and ratified, and such relations have been
+formed by the post-office departments of the two countries in pursuance of
+that treaty as to carry its provisions into full operation. The attempt to
+extend this same arrangement through England to France has not been equally
+successful, but the purpose has not been abandoned.
+
+For a particular statement of the condition of the Post-Office Department
+and other matters connected with that branch of the public service I refer
+you to the report of the Postmaster-General.
+
+By the act of the 3d of March, 1849, a board was constituted to make
+arrangements for taking the Seventh Census, composed of the Secretary of
+State, the Attorney-General, and the Postmaster-General; and it was made
+the duty of this board "to prepare and cause to be printed such forms and
+schedules as might be necessary for the full enumeration of the inhabitants
+of the United States, and also proper forms and schedules for collecting in
+statistical tables, under proper heads, such information as to mines,
+agriculture, commerce, manufactures, education, and other topics as would
+exhibit a full view of the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of
+the country." The duties enjoined upon the census board thus established
+having been performed, it now rests with Congress to enact a law for
+carrying into effect the provision of the Constitution which requires an
+actual enumeration of the people of the United States within the ensuing
+year.
+
+Among the duties assigned by the Constitution to the General Government is
+one of local and limited application, but not on that account the less
+obligatory. I allude to the trust committed to Congress as the exclusive
+legislator and sole guardian of the interests of the District of Columbia.
+I beg to commend these interests to your kind attention. As the national
+metropolis the city of Washington must be an object of general interest;
+and founded, as it was, under the auspices of him whose immortal name it
+bears, its claims to the fostering care of Congress present themselves with
+additional strength. Whatever can contribute to its prosperity must enlist
+the feelings of its constitutional guardians and command their favorable
+consideration.
+
+Our Government is one of limited powers, and its successful administration
+eminently depends on the confinement of each of its coordinate branches
+within its own appropriate sphere. The first section of the Constitution
+ordains that--
+
+All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the
+United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of
+Representatives.
+
+The Executive has authority to recommend (not to dictate) measures to
+Congress. Having performed that duty, the executive department of the
+Government can not rightfully control the decision of Congress on any
+subject of legislation until that decision shall have been officially
+submitted to the President for approval. The check provided by the
+Constitution in the clause conferring the qualified veto will never be
+exercised by me except in the cases contemplated by the fathers of the
+Republic. I view it as an extreme measure, to be resorted to only in
+extraordinary cases, as where it may become necessary to defend the
+executive against the encroachments of the legislative power or to prevent
+hasty and inconsiderate or unconstitutional legislation. By cautiously
+confining this remedy within the sphere prescribed to it in the
+contemporaneous expositions of the framers of the Constitution, the will of
+the people, legitimately expressed on all subjects of legislation through
+their constitutional organs, the Senators and Representatives of the United
+States, will have its full effect. As indispensable to the preservation of
+our system of self-government, the independence of the representatives of
+the States and the people is guaranteed by the Constitution, and they owe
+no responsibility to any human power but their constituents. By holding the
+representative responsible only to the people, and exempting him from all
+other influences, we elevate the character of the constituent and quicken
+his sense of responsibility to his country. It is under these circumstances
+only that the elector can feel that in the choice of the lawmaker he is
+himself truly a component part of the sovereign power of the nation. With
+equal care we should study to defend the rights of the executive and
+judicial departments. Our Government can only be preserved in its purity by
+the suppression and entire elimination of every claim or tendency of one
+coordinate branch to encroachment upon another. With the strict observance
+of this rule and the other injunctions of the Constitution, with a sedulous
+inculcation of that respect and love for the Union of the States which our
+fathers cherished and enjoined upon their children, and with the aid of
+that overruling Providence which has so long and so kindly guarded our
+liberties and institutions, we may reasonably expect to transmit them, with
+their innumerable blessings, to the remotest posterity.
+
+But attachment to the Union of the States should be habitually fostered in
+every American heart. For more than half a century, during which kingdoms
+and empires have fallen, this Union has stood unshaken. The patriots who
+formed it have long since descended to the grave; yet still it remains, the
+proudest monument to their memory and the object of affection and
+admiration with everyone worthy to bear the American name. In my judgment
+its dissolution would be the greatest of calamities, and to avert that
+should be the study of every American. Upon its preservation must depend
+our own happiness and that of countless generations to come. Whatever
+dangers may threaten it, I shall stand by it and maintain it in its
+integrity to the full extent of the obligations imposed and the powers
+conferred upon me by the Constitution.
+
+Z. TAYLOR.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY ZACHARY TAYLOR ***
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