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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses
+by James Monroe
+(#5 in our series of US Presidential State of the Union Addresses)
+
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+Title: State of the Union Addresses of James Monroe
+
+Author: James Monroe
+
+Release Date: February, 2004  [EBook #5014]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 11, 2002]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY JAMES MONROE ***
+
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by James Linden.
+
+The addresses are separated by three asterisks: ***
+
+Dates of addresses by James Monroe in this eBook:
+  December 12, 1817
+  November 16, 1818
+  December 7, 1819
+  November 14, 1820
+  December 3, 1821
+  December 3, 1822
+  December 2, 1823
+  December 7, 1824
+
+
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 12, 1817
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+At no period of our political existence had we so much cause to felicitate
+ourselves at the prosperous and happy condition of our country. The
+abundant fruits of the earth have filled it with plenty. An extensive and
+profitable commerce has greatly augmented our revenue. The public credit
+has attained an extraordinary elevation. Our preparations for defense in
+case of future wars, from which, by the experience of all nations, we ought
+not to expect to be exempted, are advancing under a well-digested system
+with all the dispatch which so important a work will admit. Our free
+Government, founded on the interest and affections of the people, has
+gained and is daily gaining strength. Local jealousies are rapidly yielding
+to more generous, enlarged, and enlightened views of national policy. For
+advantages so numerous and highly important it is our duty to unite in
+grateful acknowledgements to that Omnipotent Being from whom they are
+derived, and in unceasing prayer that He will endow us with virtue and
+strength to maintain and hand them down in their utmost purity to our
+latest posterity.
+
+I have the satisfaction to inform you that an arrangement which had been
+commenced by my predecessor with the British Government for the reduction
+of the naval force by Great Britain and the United States on the Lakes has
+been concluded, by which it is provided that neither party shall keep in
+service on Lake Champlain more than one vessel, on Lake Ontario more than
+one, and on Lake Erie and the upper lakes more than two, to be armed each
+with one cannon only, and that all the other armed vessels of both parties,
+of which an exact list is interchanged, shall be dismantled. It is also
+agreed that the force retained shall be restricted in its duty to the
+internal purposes of each party, and that the arrangement shall remain in
+force until six months shall have expired after notice given by one of the
+parties to the other of its desire that it should terminate. By this
+arrangement useless expense on both sides and, what is of still greater
+importance, the danger of collision between armed vessels in those inland
+waters, which was great, is prevented.
+
+I have the satisfaction also to state that the commissioners under the
+fourth article of the treaty of Ghent, to whom it was referred to decide to
+which party the several islands in the bay of Passamaquoddy belonged under
+the treaty of 1783, have agreed in a report, by which all the islands in
+the possession of each party before the late war have been decreed to it.
+The commissioners acting under the other articles of the treaty of Ghent
+for the settlement of boundaries have also been engaged in the discharge of
+their respective duties, but have not yet completed them.
+
+The difference which arose between the two Governments under that treaty
+respecting the right of the US to take and cure fish on the coast of the
+British provinces north of our limits, which had been secured by the treaty
+of 1783, is still in negotiation. The proposition made by this Government
+to extend to the colonies of GB the principle of the convention of London,
+by which the commerce between the ports of the United States and British
+ports in Europe had been placed on a footing of equality, has been declined
+by the British Government. This subject having been thus amicably discussed
+between the two Governments, and it appearing that the British Government
+is unwilling to depart from its present regulations, it remains for
+Congress to decide whether they will make any other regulations in
+consequence thereof for the protection and improvement of our navigation.
+
+The negotiation with Spain for spoliations on our commerce and the
+settlement of boundaries remains essentially in the state it held by the
+communications that were made to Congress by my predecessor. It has been
+evidently the policy of the Spanish Gov't to keep the negotiation
+suspended, and in this the United States have acquiesced, from an amicable
+disposition toward Spain and in the expectation that her Government would,
+from a sense of justice, finally accede to such an arrangement as would be
+equal between the parties. A disposition has been lately shown by the
+Spanish Government to move in the negotiation, which has been met by this
+Government, and should the conciliatory and friendly policy which has
+invariably guided our councils be reciprocated, a just and satisfactory
+arrangement may be expected. It is proper, however, to remark that no
+proposition has yet been made from which such a result can be presumed.
+
+It was anticipated at an early stage that the contest between Spain and the
+colonies would become highly interesting to the United States. It was
+natural that our citizens should sympathize in events which affected their
+neighbors. It seemed probable also that the prosecution of the conflict
+along our coast and in contiguous countries would occasionally interrupt
+our commerce and otherwise affect the persons and property of our citizens.
+These anticipations have been realized. Such injuries have been received
+from persons acting under authority of both the parties, and for which
+redress has in most instances been withheld.
+
+Through every stage of the conflict the United States have maintained an
+impartial neutrality, giving aid to neither of the parties in men, money,
+ships, or munitions of war. They have regarded the contest not in the light
+of an ordinary insurrection or rebellion, but as a civil war between
+parties nearly equal, having as to neutral powers equal rights. Our ports
+have been open to both, and every article the fruit of our soil or of the
+industry of our citizens which either was permitted to take has been
+equally free to the other. Should the colonies establish their
+independence, it is proper now to state that this Government neither seeks
+nor would accept from them any advantage in commerce or otherwise which
+will not be equally open to all other nations. The colonies will in that
+event become independent states, free from any obligation to or connection
+with us which it may not then be their interest to form on the basis of a
+fair reciprocity.
+
+In the summer of the present year an expedition was set on foot against
+East Florida by persons claiming to act under the authority of some of the
+colonies, who took possession of Amelia Island, at the mouth of the St.
+Marys River, near the boundary of the State of Georgia. As this Province
+lies eastward of the Mississippi, and is bounded by the United States and
+the ocean on every side, and has been a subject of negotiation with the
+Government of Spain as an indemnity for losses by spoliation or in exchange
+for territory of equal value westward of the Mississippi, a fact well known
+to the world, it excited surprise that any countenance should be given to
+this measure by any of the colonies.
+
+As it would be difficult to reconcile it with the friendly relations
+existing between the United States and the colonies, a doubt was
+entertained whether it had been authorized by them, or any of them. This
+doubt has gained strength by the circumstances which have unfolded
+themselves in the prosecution of the enterprise, which have marked it as a
+mere private, unauthorized adventure. Projected and commenced with an
+incompetent force, reliance seems to have been placed on what might be
+drawn, in defiance of our laws, from within our limits; and of late, as
+their resources have failed, it has assumed a more marked character of
+unfriendliness to us, the island being made a channel for the illicit
+introduction of slaves from Africa into the United States, an asylum for
+fugitive slaves from the neighboring States, and a port for smuggling of
+every kind.
+
+A similar establishment was made at an earlier period by persons of the
+same description in the Gulf of Mexico at a place called Galvezton, within
+the limits of the United States, as we contend, under the cession of
+Louisiana. This enterprise has been marked in a more signal manner by all
+the objectionable circumstances which characterized the other, and more
+particularly by the equipment of privateers which have annoyed our
+commerce, and by smuggling. These establishments, if ever sanctioned by any
+authority whatever, which is not believed, have abused their trust and
+forfeited all claim to consideration. A just regard for the rights and
+interests of the United States required that they should be suppressed, and
+orders have been accordingly issued to that effect. The imperious
+considerations which produced this measure will be explained to the parties
+whom it may in any degree concern.
+
+To obtain correct information on every subject in which the United States
+are interested; to inspire just sentiments in all persons in authority, on
+either side, of our friendly disposition so far as it may comport with an
+impartial neutrality, and to secure proper respect to our commerce in every
+port and from every flag, it has been thought proper to send a ship of war
+with three distinguished citizens along the southern coast with these
+purpose. With the existing authorities, with those in the possession of and
+exercising the sovereignty, must the communication be held; from them alone
+can redress for past injuries committed by persons acting under them be
+obtained; by them alone can the commission of the like in future be
+prevented.
+
+Our relations with the other powers of Europe have experienced no essential
+change since the last session. In our intercourse with each due attention
+continues to be paid to the protection of our commerce, and to every other
+object in which the United States are interested. A strong hope is
+entertained that, by adhering to the maxims of a just, a candid, and
+friendly policy, we may long preserve amicable relations with all the
+powers of Europe on conditions advantageous and honorable to our country.
+
+With the Barbary States and the Indian tribes our pacific relations have
+been preserved.
+
+In calling your attention to the internal concerns of our country the view
+which they exhibit is peculiarly gratifying. The payments which have been
+made into the Treasury show the very productive state of the public
+revenue. After satisfying the appropriations made by law for the support of
+the civil Government and of the military and naval establishments,
+embracing suitable provision for fortifications and for the gradual
+increase of the Navy, paying the interest of the public debt, and
+extinguishing more than $18M of the principal, within the present year, it
+is estimated that a balance of more than $6M will remain in the Treasury on
+the first day of January applicable to the current service of the ensuing
+year.
+
+The payments into the Treasury during the year 1818 on account of imposts
+and tonnage, resulting principally from duties which have accrued in the
+present year, may be fairly estimated at $20M; the internal revenues at
+$2.5M; the public lands at $1.5M; bank dividends and incidental receipts at
+$500,000; making in the whole $24.5M.
+
+The annual permanent expenditure for the support of the civil Government
+and of the Army and Navy, as now established by law, amounts to $11.8M, and
+for the sinking fund to $10M, making in the whole $21.8M, leaving an annual
+excess of revenue beyond the expenditure of $2.7M, exclusive of the balance
+estimated to be in the Treasury on the first day of January, 1818.
+
+In the present state of the Treasury the whole of the Louisiana debt may be
+redeemed in the year 1819, after which, if the public debt continues as it
+now is, above par, there will be annually about $5M of the sinking fund
+unexpended until the year 1825, when the loan of 1812 and the stock created
+by funding Treasury notes will be redeemable.
+
+It is also estimated that the Mississippi stock will be discharged during
+the year 1819 from the proceeds of the public lands assigned to that
+object, after which the receipts from those lands will annually add to the
+public revenue the sum of $1.5M, making the permanent annual revenue amount
+to $26M, and leaving an annual excess of revenue after the year 1819 beyond
+the permanent authorized expenditure of more than $4M.
+
+By the last returns to the Department of War the militia force of the
+several States may be estimated at 800,000 men - infantry, artillery, and
+cavalry. Great part of this force is armed, and measures are taken to arm
+the whole. An improvement in the organization and discipline of the militia
+is one of the great objects which claims the unremitted attention of
+Congress.
+
+The regular force amounts nearly to the number required by law, and is
+stationed along the Atlantic and inland frontiers.
+
+Of the naval force it has been necessary to maintain strong squadrons in
+the Mediterranean and in the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+From several of the Indian tribes inhabiting the country bordering on Lake
+Erie purchases have been made of lands on conditions very favorable to the
+United States, and, as it is presumed, not less so to the tribes
+themselves.
+
+By these purchases the Indian title, with moderate reservations, has been
+extinguished to the whole of the land within the limits of the State of
+Ohio, and to a part of that in the Michigan Territory and of the State of
+Indiana. From the Cherokee tribe a tract has been purchased in the State of
+Georgia and an arrangement made by which, in exchange for lands beyond the
+Mississippi, a great part, if not the whole, of the land belonging to that
+tribe eastward of that river in the States of North Carolina, Georgia, and
+Tennessee, and in the Alabama Territory will soon be acquired. By these
+acquisitions, and others that may reasonably be expected soon to follow, we
+shall be enabled to extend our settlements from the inhabited parts of the
+State of Ohio along Lake Erie into the Michigan Territory, and to connect
+our settlements by degrees through the State of Indiana and the Illinois
+Territory to that of Missouri. A similar and equally advantageous effect
+will soon be produced to the south, through the whole extent of the States
+and territory which border on the waters emptying into the Mississippi and
+the Mobile.
+
+In this progress, which the rights of nature demand and nothing can
+prevent, marking a growth rapid and gigantic, it is our duty to make new
+efforts for the preservation, improvement, and civilization of the native
+inhabitants. The hunter state can exist only in the vast uncultivated
+desert. It yields to the more dense and compact form and greater force of
+civilized population; and of right it ought to yield, for the earth was
+given to mankind to support the greatest number of which it is capable, and
+no tribe or people have a right to withhold from the wants of others more
+than is necessary for their own support and comfort.
+
+It is gratifying to know that the reservations of land made by the treaties
+with the tribes on Lake Erie were made with a view to individual ownership
+among them and to the cultivation of the soil by all, and that an annual
+stipend has been pledged to supply their other wants. It will merit the
+consideration of Congress whether other provision not stipulated by treaty
+ought to be made for these tribes and for the advancement of the liberal
+and humane policy of the United States toward all the tribes within our
+limits, and more particularly for their improvement in the arts of
+civilized life.
+
+Among the advantages incident to these purchases, and to those which have
+preceded, the security which may thereby be afforded to our inland
+frontiers is peculiarly important. With a strong barrier, consisting of our
+own people, thus planted on the Lakes, the Mississippi, and the Mobile,
+with the protection to be derived from the regular force, Indian
+hostilities, if they do not altogether cease, will henceforth lose their
+terror. Fortifications in those quarters to any extent will not be
+necessary, and the expense of attending them may be saved. A people
+accustomed to the use of firearms only, as the Indian tribes are, will shun
+even moderate works which are defended by cannon. Great fortifications will
+therefore be requisite only in future along the coast and at some points in
+the interior connected with it. On these will the safety of our towns and
+the commerce of our great rivers, from the Bay of Fundy to the Mississippi,
+depend. On these, therefore, should the utmost attention, skill, and labor
+be bestowed.
+
+A considerable and rapid augmentation in the value of all the public lands,
+proceeding from these and other obvious cases, may henceforward be
+expected. The difficulties attending early emigrations will be dissipated
+even in the most remote parts. Several new States have been admitted into
+our Union to the west and south, and Territorial governments, happily
+organized, established over every other portion in which there is vacant
+land for sale. In terminating Indian hostilities, as must soon be done, in
+a formidable shape at least, the emigration, which has heretofore been
+great, will probably increase, and the demand for land and the augmentation
+in its value be in like proportion.
+
+The great increase of our population throughout the Union will alone
+produce an important effect, and in no quarter will it be so sensibly felt
+as in those in contemplation. The public lands are a public stock, which
+ought to be disposed of to the best advantage for the nation. The nation
+should therefore derive the profit proceeding from the continual rise in
+their value. Every encouragement should be given to the emigrants
+consistent with a fair competition between them, but that competition
+should operate in the first sale to the advantage of the nation rather than
+of individuals.
+
+Great capitalists will derive the benefit incident to their superior wealth
+under any mode of sale which may be adopted, but if, looking forward to the
+rise in the value of the public lands, they should have the opportunity of
+amassing at a low price vast bodies in their hands, the profit will accrue
+to them and not to the public. They would also have the power in that
+degree to control the emigration and settlement in such a manner as their
+opinion of their respective interests might dictate. I submit this subject
+to the consideration of Congress, that such further provision may be made
+in the sale of the public lands, with a view to the public interest, should
+any be deemed expedient, as in their judgment may be best adapted to the
+object.
+
+When we consider the vast extent of territory within the United States, the
+great amount and value of its productions, the connection of its parts, and
+other circumstances on which their prosperity and happiness depend, we can
+not fail to entertain a high sense of the advantage to be derived from the
+facility which may be afforded in the intercourse between them by means of
+good roads and canals. Never did a country of such vast extent offer equal
+inducements to improvements of this kind, nor ever were consequences of
+such magnitude involved in them. As this subject was acted on by Congress
+at the last session, and there may be a disposition to revive it at the
+present, I have brought it into view for the purpose of communicating my
+sentiments on a very important circumstance connected with it with that
+freedom and candor which a regard for the public interest and a proper
+respect for Congress require.
+
+A difference of opinion has existed from the first formation of our
+Constitution to the present time among our most enlightened and virtuous
+citizens respecting the right of Congress to establish such a system of
+improvement. Taking into view the trust with which I am now honored, it
+would be improper after what has passed that this discussion should be
+revived with an uncertainty of my opinion respecting the right.
+Disregarding early impressions I have bestowed on the subject all the
+deliberation which its great importance and a just sense of my duty
+required, and the result is a settled conviction in my mind that Congress
+do not possess the right. It is not contained in any of the specified
+powers granted to Congress, nor can I consider it incidental to or a
+necessary means, viewed on the most liberal scale, for carrying into effect
+any of the powers which are specifically granted.
+
+In communicating this result I can not resist the obligation which I feel
+to suggest to Congress the propriety of recommending to the States the
+adoption of an amendment to the Constitution which shall give to Congress
+the right in question. In cases of doubtful construction, especially of
+such vital interest, it comports with the nature and origin of our
+institutions, and will contribute much to preserve them, to apply to our
+constituents for an explicit grant of the power. We may confidently rely
+that if it appears to their satisfaction that the power is necessary, it
+will always be granted.
+
+In this case I am happy to observe that experience has afforded the most
+ample proof of its utility, and that the benign spirit of conciliation and
+harmony which now manifests itself throughout our Union promises to such a
+recommendation the most prompt and favorable result. I think proper to
+suggest also, in case this measure is adopted, that it be recommended to
+the States to include in the amendment sought a right in Congress to
+institute likewise seminaries of learning, for the all-important purpose of
+diffusing knowledge among our fellow-citizens throughout the United
+States.
+
+Our manufactories will require the continued attention of Congress. The
+capital employed in them is considerable, and the knowledge acquired in the
+machinery and fabric of all the most useful manufactures is of great value.
+Their preservation, which depends on due encouragement, is connected with
+the high interests of the nation.
+
+Although the progress of the public buildings has been as favorable as
+circumstances have permitted, it is to be regretted that the Capitol is not
+yet in a state to receive you. There is good cause to presume that the two
+wings, the only parts as yet commenced, will be prepared for that purpose
+at the next session. The time seems now to have arrived when this subject
+may be deemed worthy the attention of Congress on a scale adequate to
+national purposes. The completion of the middle building will be necessary
+to the convenient accommodation of Congress, of the committees, and various
+offices belonging to it.
+
+It is evident that the other public buildings are altogether insufficient
+for the accommodation of the several Executive Departments, some of whom
+are much crowded and even subjected to the necessity of obtaining it in
+private buildings at some distance from the head of the Dep't, and with
+inconvenience to the management of the public business.
+
+Most nations have taken an interest and a pride in the improvement and
+ornament of their metropolis, and none were more conspicuous in that
+respect than the ancient republics. The policy which dictated the
+establishment of a permanent residence for the National Government and the
+spirit in which it was commenced and has been prosecuted show that such
+improvement was thought worthy the attention of this nation. Its central
+position, between the northern and southern extremes of our Union, and its
+approach to the west at the head of a great navigable river which
+interlocks with the Western waters, prove the wisdom of the councils which
+established it.
+
+Nothing appears to be more reasonable and proper than that convenient
+accommodation should be provided on a well-digested plan for the heads of
+the several Departments and for the Attorney-General, and it is believed
+that the public ground in the city applied to these objects will be found
+amply sufficient. I submit this subject to the consideration of Congress,
+that such further provision may be made in it as to them may seem proper.
+
+It is contemplating the happy situation of the United States, our attention
+is drawn with peculiar interest to the surviving officers and soldiers of
+our Revolutionary army, who so eminently contributed by their services to
+lay its foundation. Most of those very meritorious citizens have paid the
+debt of nature and gone to repose. It is believed that among the survivors
+there are some not provided for by existing laws, who are reduced to
+indigence and even to real distress. These man have a claim on the
+gratitude of their country, and it will do honor to their country to
+provide for them. The lapse of a few years more and the opportunity will be
+forever lost; indeed, so long already has been the interval that the number
+to be benefitted by any provision which may be made will not be great.
+
+It appearing in a satisfactory manner that the revenue arising from imposts
+and tonnage and from the sale of the public lands will be fully adequate to
+the support of the civil Government, of the present military and naval
+establishments, including the annual augmentation of the latter to the
+extent provided for, to the payment of the interest of the public debt, and
+to the extinguishment of it at the times authorized, without the aid of the
+internal taxes, I consider it my duty to recommend to Congress their
+repeal.
+
+To impose taxes when the public exigencies require them is an obligation of
+the most sacred character, especially with a free people. The faithful
+fulfillment of it is among the highest proofs of their value and capacity
+for self-government. To dispense with taxes when it may be done with
+perfect safety is equally the duty of their representatives.
+
+In this instance we have the satisfaction to know that they were imposed
+when the demand was imperious, and have been sustained with exemplary
+fidelity. I have to add that however gratifying it may be to me regarding
+the prosperous and happy condition of our country to recommend the repeal
+of these taxes at this time, I shall nevertheless be attentive to events,
+and, should any future emergency occur, be not less prompt to suggest such
+measures and burdens as may then be requisite and proper.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+November 16, 1818
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+The auspicious circumstances under which you will commence the duties of
+the present session will lighten the burdens inseparable from the high
+trust committed to you. The fruits of the earth have been unusually
+abundant, commerce has flourished, the revenue has exceeded the most
+favorable anticipation, and peace and amity are preserved with foreign
+nations on conditions just and honorable to our country. For these
+inestimable blessings we can not but be grateful to that Providence which
+watches over the destiny of nations.
+
+As the term limited for the operation of the commercial convention with
+Great Britain will expire early in the month of July next, and it was
+deemed important that there should be no interval during which that portion
+of our commerce which was provided for by that convention should not be
+regulated, either by arrangement between the two Governments or by the
+authority of Congress, the minister of the United States at London was
+instructed early in the last summer to invite the attention of the British
+Government to the subject, with a view to that object. He was instructed to
+propose also that the negotiation which it was wished to open might extend
+to the general commerce of the two countries, and to every other interest
+and unsettled difference between them in the hope that an arrangement might
+be made on principles of reciprocal advantage which might comprehend and
+provide in a satisfactory manner for all these high concerns.
+
+I have the satisfaction to state that the proposal was received by the
+British Government in the spirit which prompted it, and that a negotiation
+has been opened at London embracing all these objects. On full
+consideration of the great extent and magnitude of the trust it was thought
+proper to commit it to not less than two of our distinguished citizens, and
+in consequence the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the
+United States at Paris has been associated with our envoy extraordinary and
+minister plenipotentiary at London, to both of whom corresponding
+instructions have been given, and they are now engaged in the discharge of
+its duties. It is proper to add that to prevent any inconvenience resulting
+from the delay incident to a negotiation on so many important subjects it
+was agreed before entering on it that the existing convention should be
+continued for a term not less than eight years.
+
+Our relations with Spain remain nearly in the state in which they were at
+the close of the last session. The convention of 1802, providing for the
+adjustment of a certain portion of the claims of our citizens for injuries
+sustained by spoliation, and so long suspended by the Spanish Government,
+has at length been ratified by it, but no arrangement has yet been made for
+the payment of another portion of like claims, not less extensive or well
+founded, or for other classes of claims, or for the settlement of
+boundaries. These subjects have again been brought under consideration in
+both countries, but no agreement has been entered into respecting them.
+
+In the mean time events have occurred which clearly prove the ill effect of
+the policy which that Government has so long pursued on the friendly
+relations of the two countries, which it is presumed is at least of as much
+importance to Spain as to the United States to maintain. A state of things
+has existed in the Floridas the tendency of which has been obvious to all
+who have paid the slightest attention to the progress of affairs in that
+quarter. Throughout the whole of those Provinces to which the Spanish title
+extends the Government of Spain has scarcely been felt. Its authority has
+been confined almost exclusively to the walls of Pensacola and St.
+Augustine, within which only small garrisons have been maintained.
+Adventurers from every country, fugitives from justice, and absconding
+slaves have found an asylum there. Several tribes of Indians, strong in the
+# of their warriors, remarkable for their ferocity, and whose settlements
+extend to our limits, inhabit those Provinces.
+
+These different hordes of people, connected together, disregarding on the
+one side the authority of Spain, and protected on the other by an imaginary
+line which separates Florida from the United States, have violated our laws
+prohibiting the introduction of slaves, have practiced various frauds on
+our revenue, and committed every kind of outrage on our peaceable citizens
+which their proximity to us enabled them to perpetrate.
+
+The invasion of Amelia Island last year by a small band of adventurers, not
+exceeding 150 in number, who wrested it from the inconsiderable Spanish
+force stationed there, and held it several months, during which a single
+feeble effort only was made to recover it, which failed, clearly proves how
+completely extinct the Spanish authority had become, as the conduct of
+those adventurers while in possession of the island as distinctly shows the
+pernicious purposes for which their combination had been formed.
+
+This country had, in fact, become the theater of every species of lawless
+adventure. With little population of its own, the Spanish authority almost
+extinct, and the colonial governments in a state of revolution, having no
+pretension to it, and sufficiently employed in their own concerns, it was
+in great measure derelict, and the object of cupidity to every adventurer.
+A system of buccaneering was rapidly organizing over it which menaced in
+its consequences the lawful commerce of every nation, and particularly the
+United States, while it presented a temptation to every people, on whose
+seduction its success principally depended.
+
+In regard to the United States, the pernicious effect of this unlawful
+combination was not confined to the ocean; the Indian tribes have
+constituted the effective force in Florida. With these tribes these
+adventurers had formed at an early period a connection with a view to avail
+themselves of that force to promote their own projects of accumulation and
+aggrandizement. It is to the interference of some of these adventurers, in
+misrepresenting the claims and titles of the Indians to land and in
+practicing on their savage propensities, that the Seminole war is
+principally to be traced. Men who thus connect themselves with savage
+communities and stimulate them to war, which is always attended on their
+part with acts of barbarity the most shocking, deserve to be viewed in a
+worse light than the savages. They would certainly have no claim to an
+immunity from the punishment which, according to the rules of warfare
+practiced by the savages, might justly be inflicted on the savages
+themselves.
+
+If the embarrassments of Spain prevented her from making an indemnity to
+our citizens for so long a time from her treasury for their losses by
+spoliation and otherwise, it was always in her power to have provided it by
+the cession of this territory. Of this her Government has been repeatedly
+apprised, and the cession was the more to have been anticipated as Spain
+must have known that in ceding it she would likewise relieve herself from
+the important obligation secured by the treaty of 1795 and all other
+compromitments respecting it. If the United States, from consideration of
+these embarrassments, declined pressing their claims in a spirit of
+hostility, the motive ought at least to have been duly appreciated by the
+Government of Spain. It is well known to her Government that other powers
+have made to the United States an indemnity for like losses sustained by
+their citizens at the same epoch.
+
+There is nevertheless a limit beyond which this spirit of amity and
+forbearance can in no instance be justified. If it was proper to rely on
+amicable negotiation for an indemnity for losses, it would not have been so
+to have permitted the inability of Spain to fulfill her engagements and to
+sustain her authority in the Floridas to be perverted by foreign
+adventurers and savages to purposes so destructive to the lives of our
+fellow citizens and the highest interests of the United States.
+
+The right of self defense never ceases. It is among the most sacred, and
+alike necessary to nations and to individuals, and whether the attack be
+made by Spain herself or by those who abuse her power, its obligation is
+not the less strong.
+
+The invaders of Amelia Island had assumed a popular and respected title
+under which they might approach and wound us. As their object was
+distinctly seen, and the duty imposed on the Executive by an existing law
+was profoundly felt, that mask was not permitted to protect them. It was
+thought incumbent on the United States to suppress the establishment, and
+it was accordingly done. The combination in Florida for the unlawful
+purposes stated, the acts perpetrated by that combination, and, above all,
+the incitement of the Indians to massacre our fellow citizens of every age
+and of both sexes, merited a like treatment and received it.
+
+In pursuing these savages to an imaginary line in the woods it would have
+been the height of folly to have suffered that line to protect them. Had
+that been done the war could never cease. Even if the territory had been
+exclusively that of Spain and her power complete over it, we had a right by
+the law of nations to follow the enemy on it and to subdue him there. But
+the territory belonged, in a certain sense at least, to the savage enemy
+who inhabited it; the power of Spain had ceased to exist over it, and
+protection was sought under her title by those who had committed on our
+citizens hostilities which she was bound by treaty to have prevented, but
+had not the power to prevent. To have stopped at that line would have given
+new encouragement to these savages and new vigor to the whole combination
+existing there in the prosecution of all its pernicious purposes.
+
+In suppressing the establishment at Amelia Island no unfriendliness was
+manifested toward Spain, because the post was taken from a force which had
+wrested it from her. The measure, it is true, was not adopted in concert
+with the Spanish Government or those in authority under it, because in
+transactions connected with the war in which Spain and the colonies are
+engaged it was thought proper in doing justice to the United States to
+maintain a strict impartiality toward both the belligerent parties without
+consulting or acting in concert with either. It gives me pleasure to state
+that the Governments of Buenos Ayres and Venezuela, whose names were
+assumed, have explicitly disclaimed all participation in those measures,
+and even the knowledge of them until communicated by this Government, and
+have also expressed their satisfaction that a course of proceedings had
+been suppressed which if justly imputable to them would dishonor their
+cause.
+
+In authorizing Major-General Jackson to enter Florida in pursuit of the
+Seminoles care was taken not to encroach on the rights of Spain. I regret
+to have to add that in executing this order facts were disclosed respecting
+the conduct of the officers of Spain in authority there in encouraging the
+war, furnishing munitions of war and other supplies to carry it on, and in
+other acts not less marked which evinced their participation in the hostile
+purposes of that combination and justified the confidence with which it
+inspired the savages that by those officers they would be protected.
+
+A conduct so incompatible with the friendly relations existing between the
+two countries, particularly with the positive obligations of the 5th
+article of the treaty of 1795, by which Spain was bound to restrain, even
+by force, those savages from acts of hostility against the United States,
+could not fail to excite surprise. The commanding general was convinced
+that he should fail in his object, that he should in effect accomplish
+nothing, if he did not deprive those savages of the resource on which they
+had calculated and of the protection on which they had relied in making the
+war. As all the documents relating to this occurrence will be laid before
+Congress, it is not necessary to enter into further detail respecting it.
+
+Although the reasons which induced Major-General Jackson to take these
+posts were duly appreciated, there was nevertheless no hesitation in
+deciding on the course which it became the Government to pursue. As there
+was reason to believe that the commanders of these posts had violated their
+instructions, there was no disposition to impute to their Government a
+conduct so unprovoked and hostile. An order was in consequence issued to
+the general in command there to deliver the posts - Pensacola
+unconditionally to any person duly authorized to receive it, and St. Marks,
+which is in the heart of the Indian country, on the arrival of a competent
+force to defend it against those savages and their associates.
+
+In entering Florida to suppress this combination no idea was entertained of
+hostility to Spain, and however justifiable the commanding general was, in
+consequence of the misconduct of the Spanish officers, in entering St.
+Marks and Pensacola to terminate it by proving to the savages and their
+associates that they should not be protected even there, yet the amicable
+relations existing between the United States and Spain could not be altered
+by that act alone. By ordering the restitution of the posts those relations
+were preserved. To a change of them the power of the Executive is deemed
+incompetent; it is vested in Congress only.
+
+By this measure, so promptly taken, due respect was shown to the Government
+of Spain. The misconduct of her officers has not been imputed to her. She
+was enabled to review with candor her relations with the United States and
+her own situation, particularly in respect to the territory in question,
+with the dangers inseparable from it, and regarding the losses we have
+sustained for which indemnity has been so long withheld, and the injuries
+we have suffered through that territory, and her means of redress, she was
+likewise enabled to take with honor the course best calculated to do
+justice to the United States and to promote her own welfare.
+
+Copies of the instructions to the commanding general, of his correspondence
+with the Secretary of War, explaining his motives and justifying his
+conduct, with a copy of the proceedings of the courts- martial in the trial
+of Arbuthnot and Ambristie, and of the correspondence between the Secretary
+of State and the minister plenipotentiary of Spain near this Government,
+and of the minister plenipotentiary of the United States at Madrid with the
+Government of Spain, will be laid before Congress.
+
+The civil war which has so long prevailed between Spain and the Provinces
+in South America still continues, without any prospect of its speedy
+termination. The information respecting the condition of those countries
+which has been collected by the commissioners recently returned from thence
+will be laid before Congress in copies of their reports, with such other
+information as has been received from other agents of the United States.
+
+It appears from these communications that the Government at Buenos Ayres
+declared itself independent in 1816 July, having previously exercised the
+power of an independent Government, though in the name of the King of
+Spain, from the year 1810; that the Banda Oriental, Entre Rios, and
+Paraguay, with the city of Santa Fee, all of which are also independent,
+are unconnected with the present Government of Buenos Ayres; that Chili has
+declared itself independent and is closely connected with Buenos Ayres;
+that Venezuela has also declared itself independent, and now maintains the
+conflict with various success; and that the remaining parts of South
+America, except Monte Video and such other portions of the eastern bank of
+the La Plata as are held by Portugal, are still in the possession of Spain
+or in a certain degree under her influence.
+
+By a circular note addressed by the ministers of Spain to the allied
+powers, with whom they are respectively accredited, it appears that the
+allies have undertaken to mediate between Spain and the South American
+Provinces, and that the manner and extent of their interposition would be
+settled by a congress which was to have met at Aix-la-Chapelle in September
+last. From the general policy and course of proceeding observed by the
+allied powers in regard to this contest it is inferred that they will
+confine their interposition to the expression of their sentiments,
+abstaining from the application of force. I state this impression that
+force will not be applied with the greater satisfaction because it is a
+course more consistent with justice and likewise authorizes a hope that the
+calamities of the war will be confined to the parties only, and will be of
+shorter duration.
+
+From the view taken of this subject, founded on all the information that we
+have been able to obtain, there is good cause to be satisfied with the
+course heretofore pursued by the United States in regard to this contest,
+and to conclude that it is proper to adhere to it, especially in the
+present state of affairs.
+
+I have great satisfaction in stating that our relations with France,
+Russia, and other powers continue on the most friendly basis.
+
+In our domestic concerns we have ample cause of satisfaction. The receipts
+into the Treasury during the three first quarters of the year have exceeded
+$17M.
+
+After satisfying all the demands which have been made under existing
+appropriations, including the final extinction of the old 6% stock and the
+redemption of a moiety of the Louisiana debt, it is estimated that there
+will remain in the Treasury on the 1st day of January next more than $2M.
+
+It is ascertained that the gross revenue which has accrued from the customs
+during the same period amounts to $21M, and that the revenue of the whole
+year may be estimated at not less than $26M. The sale of the public lands
+during the year has also greatly exceeded, both in quantity and price, that
+of any former year, and there is just reason to expect a progressive
+improvement in that source of revenue.
+
+It is gratifying to know that although the annual expenditure has been
+increased by the act of the last session of Congress providing for
+Revolutionary pensions to an amount about equal to the proceeds of the
+internal duties which were then repealed, the revenue for the ensuing year
+will be proportionally augmented, and that whilst the public expenditure
+will probably remain stationary, each successive year will add to the
+national resources by the ordinary increase of our population and by the
+gradual development of our latent sources of national prosperity.
+
+The strict execution of the revenue laws, resulting principally from the
+salutary provisions of the act of the 20th of April last amending the
+several collection laws, has, it is presumed, secured to domestic
+manufactures all the relief that can be derived from the duties which have
+been imposed upon foreign merchandise for their protection. Under the
+influence of this relief several branches of this important national
+interest have assumed greater activity, and although it is hoped that
+others will gradually revive and ultimately triumph over every obstacle,
+yet the expediency of granting further protection is submitted to your
+consideration.
+
+The measures of defense authorized by existing laws have been pursued with
+the zeal and activity due to so important an object, and with all the
+dispatch practicable in so extensive and great an undertaking. The survey
+of our maritime and inland frontiers has been continued, and at the points
+where it was decided to erect fortifications the work has been commenced,
+and in some instances considerable progress has been made. In compliance
+with resolutions of the last session, the Board of Commissioners were
+directed to examine in a particular manner the parts of the coast therein
+designated and to report their opinion of the most suitable sites for two
+naval depots. This work is in a train of execution. The opinion of the
+Board on this subject, with a plan of all the works necessary to a general
+system of defense so far as it has been formed, will be laid before
+Congress in a report from the proper department as soon as it can be
+prepared.
+
+In conformity with the appropriations of the last session, treaties have
+been formed with the Quapaw tribe of Indians, inhabiting the country on the
+Arkansaw, and the Great and Little Osages north of the White River; with
+the tribes in the State of Indiana; with the several tribes within the
+State of Ohio and the Michigan Territory, and with the Chickasaws, by which
+very extensive cessions of territory have been made to the United States.
+Negotiations are now depending with the tribes in the Illinois Territory
+and with the Choctaws, by which it is expected that other extensive
+cessions will be made. I take great interest in stating that the cessions
+already made, which are considered so important to the United States, have
+been obtained on conditions very satisfactory to the Indians.
+
+With a view to the security of our inland frontiers, it has been thought
+expedient to establish strong posts at the mouth of Yellow Stone River and
+at the Mandan village on the Missouri, and at the mouth of St. Peters on
+the Mississippi, at no great distance from our northern boundaries. It can
+hardly be presumed while such posts are maintained in the rear of the
+Indian tribes that they will venture to attack our peaceable inhabitants. A
+strong hope is entertained that this measure will likewise be productive of
+much good to the tribes themselves, especially in promoting the great
+object of their civilization.
+
+Experience has clearly demonstrated that independent savage communities can
+not long exist within the limits of a civilized population. The progress of
+the latter has almost invariably terminated in the extinction of the
+former, especially of the tribes belonging to our portion of this
+hemisphere, among whom loftiness of sentiment and gallantry in action have
+been conspicuous. To civilize them, and even to prevent their extinction,
+it seems to be indispensable that their independence as communities should
+cease, and that the control of the United States over them should be
+complete and undisputed. The hunter state will then be more easily
+abandoned, and recourse will be had to the acquisition and culture of land
+and to other pursuits tending to dissolve the ties which connect them
+together as a savage community and to give a new character to every
+individual. I present this subject to the consideration of Congress on the
+presumption that it may be found expedient and practicable to adopt some
+benevolent provisions, having these objects in view, relative to the tribes
+within our settlements.
+
+It has been necessary during the present year to maintain, a strong naval
+force in the Mediterranean and in the Gulf of Mexico, and to send some
+public ships along the southern coast and to the Pacific Ocean. By these
+means amicable relations with the Barbary Powers have been preserved, our
+commerce has been protected, and our rights respected. The augmentation of
+our Navy is advancing with a steady progress toward the limit contemplated
+by law.
+
+I communicate with great satisfaction the accession of another State
+(Illinois) to our Union, because I perceive from the proof afforded by the
+additions already made the regular progress and sure consummation of a
+policy of which history affords no example, and of which the good effect
+can not be too highly estimated. By extending our Government on the
+principles of our Constitution over the vast territory within our limits,
+on the Lakes and the Mississippi and its numerous streams, new life and
+vigor are infused into every part of our system. By increasing the number
+of the States the confidence of the State governments in their own security
+is increased and their jealousy of the National Government proportionally
+diminished.
+
+The impracticability of one consolidated Government for this great and
+growing nation will be more apparent and will be universally admitted.
+Incapable of exercising local authority except for general purposes, the
+General Government will no longer be dreaded. In those cases of a local
+nature and for all the great purposes for which it was instituted its
+authority will be cherished. Each Government will acquire new force and a
+greater freedom of action within its proper sphere.
+
+Other inestimable advantages will follow. Our produce will be augmented to
+an incalculable amount in articles of the greatest value for domestic use
+and foreign commerce. Our navigation will in like degree be increased, and
+as the shipping of the Atlantic States will be employed in the
+transportation of the vast produce of the Western country, even those parts
+of the United States which are most remote from each other will be further
+bound together by the strongest ties which mutual interest can create.
+
+The situation of this District, it is thought, requires the attention of
+Congress. By the Constitution the power of legislation is exclusively
+vested in the Congress of the United States. In the exercise of this power,
+in which the people have no participation, Congress legislate in all cases
+directly on the local concerns of the District. As this is a departure, for
+a special purpose, from the general principles of our system, it may merit
+consideration whether an arrangement better adapted to the principles of
+our Government and to the particular interests of the people may not be
+devised which will neither infringe the Constitution nor affect the object
+which the provision in question was intended to secure. The growing
+population, already considerable, and the increasing business of the
+District, which it is believed already interferes with the deliberations of
+Congress on great national concerns, furnish additional motives for
+recommending this subject to your consideration.
+
+When we view the great blessings with which our country has been favored,
+those which we now enjoy, and the means which we possess of handing them
+down unimpaired to our latest posterity, our attention is irresistibly
+drawn to the source from whence they flow. Let us, then, unite in offering
+our most grateful acknowledgments for these blessings to the Divine Author
+of All Good.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 7, 1819
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+The public buildings being advanced to a stage to afford accommodation for
+Congress, I offer you my sincere congratulations on the recommencement of
+your duties in the Capitol.
+
+In bringing you to view the incidents most deserving attention which have
+occurred since your last session, I regret to have to state that several of
+our principal cities have suffered by sickness, that an unusual drought has
+prevailed in the Middle and Western States, and that a derangement has been
+felt in some of our moneyed institutions which has proportionably affected
+their credit. I am happy, however, to have it in my power to assure you
+that the health of our cities is now completely restored; that the produce
+of the year, though less abundant than usual, will not only be amply
+sufficient for home consumption, but afford a large surplus for the supply
+of the wants of other nations, and that the derangement in the circulating
+paper medium, by being left to those remedies which its obvious causes
+suggested and the good sense and virtue of our fellow citizens supplied,
+has diminished.
+
+Having informed Congress, on the 27th of February last, that a treaty of
+amity, settlement, and limits had been concluded in this city between the
+United States and Spain, and ratified by the competent authorities of the
+former, full confidence was entertained that it would have been ratified by
+His Catholic Majesty with equal promptitude and a like earnest desire to
+terminate on the conditions of that treaty the differences which had so
+long existed between the two countries. Every view which the subject
+admitted of was thought to have justified this conclusion.
+
+Great losses had been sustained by citizens of the United States from
+Spanish cruisers more than 20 years before, which had not been redressed.
+These losses had been acknowledged and provided for by a treaty as far back
+as the year 1802, which, although concluded at Madrid, was not then
+ratified by the Government of Spain, nor since, until the last year, when
+it was suspended by the late treaty, a more satisfactory provision to both
+parties, as was presumed, having been made for them. Other differences had
+arisen in this long interval, affecting their highest interests, which were
+likewise provided for by this last treaty.
+
+The treaty itself was formed on great consideration and a thorough
+knowledge of all circumstances, the subject matter of every article having
+been for years under discussion and repeated references having been made by
+the minister of Spain to his Government on the points respecting which the
+greatest difference of opinion prevailed. It was formed by a minister duly
+authorized for the purpose, who had represented his Government in the
+United States and been employed in this long- protracted negotiation
+several years, and who, it is not denied, kept strictly within the letter
+of his instructions. The faith of Spain was therefore pledged, under
+circumstances of peculiar force and solemnity, for its ratification.
+
+On the part of the United States this treaty was evidently acceded to in a
+spirit of conciliation and concession. The indemnity for injuries and
+losses so long before sustained, and now again acknowledged and provided
+for, was to be paid by them without becoming a charge on the treasury of
+Spain. for territory ceded by Spain other territory of great value, to
+which our claim was believed to be well founded, was ceded by the United
+States, and in a quarter more interesting to her. This cession was
+nevertheless received as the means of indemnifying our citizens in a
+considerable sum, the presumed amount of their losses.
+
+Other considerations of great weight urged the cession of this territory by
+Spain. It was surrounded by the Territories of the United States on every
+side except on that of the ocean. Spain had lost her authority over it,
+and, falling into the hands of adventurers connected with the savages, it
+was made the means of unceasing annoyance and injury to our Union in many
+of its most essential interests. By this cession, then, Spain ceded a
+territory in reality of no value to her and obtained concessions of the
+highest importance by the settlement of long- standing differences with the
+United States affecting their respective claims and limits, and likewise
+relieved herself from the obligation of a treaty relating to it which she
+had failed to fulfill, and also from the responsibility incident to the
+most flagrant and pernicious abuses of her rights where she could not
+support her authority.
+
+It being known that the treaty was formed under these circumstances, not a
+doubt was entertained that His Catholic Majesty would have ratified it
+without delay. I regret to have to state that this reasonable expectation
+has been disappointed; that the treaty was not ratified within the time
+stipulated and has not since been ratified. As it is important that the
+nature and character of this unexpected occurrence should be distinctly
+understood, I think it my duty to communicate to you all the facts and
+circumstances in my possession relating to it.
+
+Anxious to prevent all future disagreement with Spain by giving the most
+prompt effect to the treaty which had been thus concluded, and particularly
+by the establishment of a Government in Florida which should preserve order
+there, the minister of the United States who had been recently appointed to
+His Catholic Majesty, and to whom the ratification by his Government had
+been committed to be exchanged for that of Spain, was instructed to
+transmit the latter to the Department of State as soon as obtained, by a
+public ship subjected to his order for the purpose.
+
+Unexpected delay occurring in the ratification by Spain, he requested to be
+informed of the cause. It was stated in reply that the great importance of
+the subject, and a desire to obtain explanations on certain points which
+were not specified, had produced the delay, and that an envoy would be
+dispatched to the United States to obtain such explanations of this
+Government. The minister of the United States offered to give full
+explanation on any point on which it might be desired, which proposal was
+declined. Having communicated this result to the Department of State in
+August last, he was instructed, notwithstanding the disappointment and
+surprise which it produced, to inform the Government of Spain that if the
+treaty should be ratified and transmitted here at any time before the
+meeting of Congress it would be received and have the same effect as if it
+had been ratified in due time.
+
+This order was executed, the authorized communication was made to the
+Government of Spain, and by its answer, which has just been received, we
+are officially made acquainted for the first time with the causes which
+have prevented the ratification of the treaty by His Catholic Majesty. It
+is alleged by the minister of Spain that his Government had attempted to
+alter one of the principal articles of the treaty by a declaration which
+the minister of the United States had been ordered to present when he
+should deliver the ratification by his Government in exchange for that of
+Spain, and of which he gave notice, explanatory of the sense in which that
+article was understood. It is further alleged that this Government had
+recently tolerated or protected an expedition from the United States
+against the Province of Texas. These two imputed acts are stated as the
+reasons which have induced His Catholic Majesty to withhold his
+ratification from the treaty, to obtain explanations respecting which it is
+repeated that an envoy would be forthwith dispatched to the United States.
+How far these allegations will justify the conduct of the Government of
+Spain will appear on a view of the following facts and the evidence which
+supports them:
+
+It will be seen by the documents transmitted herewith that the declaration
+mentioned relates to a clause in the 8th article concerning certain grants
+of land recently made by His Catholic Majesty in Florida, which it was
+understood had conveyed all the lands which until then had been ungranted;
+it was the intention of the parties to annul these latter grants, and that
+clause was drawn for that express purpose and for none other. The date of
+these grants was unknown, but it was understood to be posterior to that
+inserted in the article; indeed, it must be obvious to all that if that
+provision in the treaty had not the effect of annulling these grants, it
+would be altogether nugatory. Immediately after the treaty was concluded
+and ratified by this Government an intimation was received that these
+grants were of anterior date to that fixed on by the treaty and that they
+would not, of course, be affected by it. The mere possibility of such a
+case, so inconsistent with the intention of the parties and the meaning of
+the article, induced this Government to demand an explanation on the
+subject, which was immediately granted, and which corresponds with this
+statement.
+
+WRT the other act alleged, that this Government had tolerated or protected
+an expedition against Texas, it is utterly without foundation. Every
+discountenance has invariably been given to any such attempt within the
+limits of the United States, as is fully evinced by the acts of the
+Government and the proceedings of the courts. There being cause, however,
+to apprehend, in the course of the last summer, that some adventurers
+entertained views of the kind suggested, the attention of the constituted
+authorities in that quarter was immediately drawn to them, and it is known
+that the project, whatever it might be, has utterly failed.
+
+These facts will, it is presumed, satisfy every impartial mind that the
+Government of Spain had no justifiable cause for declining to ratify the
+treaty. A treaty concluded in conformity with instructions is obligatory,
+in good faith, in all its stipulations, according to the true intent and
+meaning of the parties. Each party is bound to ratify it. If either could
+set it aside without the consent of the other, there would be no longer any
+rules applicable to such transactions between nations.
+
+By this proceeding the Government of Spain has rendered to the United
+States a new and very serious injury. It has been stated that a minister
+would be sent to ask certain explanations of this Government; but if such
+were desired, why were they not asked within the time limited for the
+ratification?
+
+Is it contemplated to open a new negotiation respecting any of the articles
+or conditions of the treaty? If that were done, to what consequences might
+it not lead? At what time and in what manner would a new negotiation
+terminate? By this proceeding Spain has formed a relation between the two
+countries which will justify any measures on the part of the United States
+which a strong sense of injury and a proper regard for the rights and
+interests of the nation may dictate.
+
+In the course to be pursued these objects should be constantly held in view
+and have their due weight. Our national honor must be maintained, and a new
+and a distinguished proof be afforded of that regard for justice and
+moderation which has invariably governed the councils of this free people.
+It must be obvious to all that if the United States had been desirous of
+making conquests, or had been even willing to aggrandize themselves in that
+way, they could have had no inducement to form this treaty. They would have
+much cause for gratulation at the course which has been pursued by Spain.
+An ample field for ambition is open before them, but such a career is not
+consistent with the principles of their Government nor the interests of the
+nation.
+
+From a full view of all circumstances, it is submitted to the consideration
+of Congress whether it will not be proper for the United States to carry
+the conditions of the treaty into effect in the same manner as if it had
+been ratified by Spain, claiming on their part all its advantages and
+yielding to Spain those secured to her. By pursuing this course we shall
+rest on the sacred ground of right, sanctioned in the most solemn manner by
+Spain herself by a treaty which she was bound to ratify, for refusing to do
+which she must incur the censure of other nations, even those most friendly
+to her, while by confining ourselves within that limit we can not fail to
+obtain their well-merited approbation.
+
+We must have peace on a frontier where we have been so long disturbed; our
+citizens must be indemnified for losses so long since sustained, and for
+which indemnity has been so unjustly withheld from them. Accomplishing
+these great objects, we obtain all that is desirable.
+
+But His Catholic Majesty has twice declared his determination to send a
+minister to the United States to ask explanations on certain points and to
+give them respecting his delay to ratify the treaty. Shall we act by taking
+the ceded territory and proceeding to execute the other conditions of the
+treaty before this minister arrives and is heard?
+
+This is a case which forms a strong appeal to the candor, the magnanimity,
+and the honor of this people. Much is due to courtesy between nations. By a
+short delay we shall lose nothing, for, resting on the ground of immutable
+truth and justice, we can not be diverted from our purpose.
+
+It ought to be presumed that the explanations which may be given to the
+minister of Spain will be satisfactory, and produce the desired result. In
+any event, the delay for the purpose mentioned, being a further
+manifestation of the sincere desire to terminate in the most friendly
+manner all differences with Spain, can not fail to be duly appreciated by
+His Catholic Majesty as well as by other powers. It is submitted,
+therefore, whether it will not be proper to make the law proposed for
+carrying the conditions of the treaty into effect, should it be adopted,
+contingent; to suspend its operation, upon the responsibility of the
+Executive, in such manner as to afford an opportunity for such friendly
+explanations as may be desired during the present session of Congress.
+
+I communicate to Congress a copy of the treaty and of the instructions to
+the minister of the United States at Madrid respecting it; of his
+correspondence with the minister of Spain, and of such other documents as
+may be necessary to give a full view of the subject.
+
+In the course which the Spanish Government have on this occasion thought
+proper to pursue it is satisfactory to know that they have not been
+countenanced by any other European power. On the contrary, the opinion and
+wishes both of France and Great Britain have not been withheld either from
+the United States or from Spain, and have been unequivocal in favor of the
+ratification. There is also reason to believe that the sentiments of the
+Imperial Government of Russia have been the same, and that they have also
+been made known to the cabinet of Madrid.
+
+In the civil war existing between Spain and the Spanish Provinces in this
+hemisphere the greatest care has been taken to enforce the laws intended to
+preserve an impartial neutrality. Our ports have continued to be equally
+open to both parties and on the same conditions, and our citizens have been
+equally restrained from interfering in favor of either to the prejudice of
+the other. The progress of the war, however has operated manifestly in
+favor of the colonies. Buenos Ayres still maintains unshaken the
+independence which it declared in 1816, and has enjoyed since 1810. Like
+success has also lately attended Chili and the Provinces north of the La
+Plata bordering on it, and likewise Venezuela.
+
+This contest has from its commencement been very interesting to other
+powers, and to none more so than to the United States. A virtuous people
+may and will confine themselves within the limit of a strict neutrality;
+but it is not in their power to behold a conflict so vitally important to
+their neighbors without the sensibility and sympathy which naturally belong
+to such a case. It has been the steady purpose of this Government to
+prevent that feeling leading to excess, and it is very gratifying to have
+it in my power to state that so strong has been the sense throughout the
+whole community of what was due to the character and obligations of the
+nation that very few examples of a contrary kind have occurred.
+
+The distance of the colonies from the parent country and the great extent
+of their population and resources gave them advantages which it was
+anticipated at a very early period would be difficult for Spain to
+surmount. The steadiness, consistency, and success with which they have
+pursued their object, as evinced more particularly by the undisturbed
+sovereignty which Buenos Ayres has so long enjoyed, evidently give them a
+strong claim to the favorable consideration of other nations. These
+sentiments on the part of the United States have not been withheld from
+other powers, with whom it is desirable to act in concert. Should it become
+manifest to the world that the efforts of Spain to subdue these Provinces
+will be fruitless, it may be presumed that the Spanish Government itself
+will give up the contest. In producing such a determination it can not be
+doubted that the opinion of friendly powers who have taken no part in the
+controversy will have their merited influence.
+
+It is of the highest importance to our national character and indispensable
+to the morality of our citizens that all violations of our neutrality
+should be prevented. No door should be left open for the evasion of our
+laws, no opportunity afforded to any who may be disposed to take advantage
+of it to compromit the interest or the honor of the nation. It is
+submitted, therefore, to the consideration of Congress whether it may not
+be advisable to revise the laws with a view to this desirable result.
+
+It is submitted also whether it may not be proper to designate by law the
+several ports or places along the coast at which only foreign ships of war
+and privateers may be admitted. The difficulty of sustaining the
+regulations of our commerce and of other important interests from abuse
+without such designation furnishes a strong motive for this measure.
+
+At the time of the negotiation for the renewal of the commercial convention
+between the United States and Great Britain a hope had been entertained
+that an article might have been agreed upon mutually satisfactory to both
+countries, regulating upon principles of justice and reciprocity the
+commercial intercourse between the United States and the British
+possessions as well in the West Indies as upon the continent of North
+America. The plenipotentiaries of the two Governments not having been able
+to come to an agreement on this important interest, those of the United
+States reserved for the consideration of this Government the proposals
+which had been presented to them as the ultimate offer on the part of the
+British Government, and which they were not authorized to accept. On their
+transmission here they were examined with due deliberation, the result of
+which was a new effort to meet the views of the British Government. The
+minister of the United States was instructed to make a further proposal,
+which has not been accepted. It was, however, declined in an amicable
+manner. I recommend to the consideration of Congress whether further
+prohibitory provisions in the laws relating to this intercourse may not be
+expedient. It is seen with interest that although it has not been
+practicable as yet to agree in any arrangement of this important branch of
+their commerce, such is the disposition of the parties that each will view
+any regulations which the other may make respecting it in the most friendly
+light.
+
+By the 5th article of the convention concluded on [1818-10-20], it was
+stipulated that the differences which have arisen between the two
+Governments with respect to the true intent and meaning of the 5th article
+of the treaty of Ghent, in relation to the carrying away by British
+officers of slaves from the United States after the exchange of the
+ratifications of the treaty of peace, should be referred to the decision of
+some friendly sovereign or state to be named for that purpose. The minister
+of the United States has been instructed to name to the British Government
+a foreign sovereign, the common friend to both parties, for the decision of
+this question. The answer of that Government to the proposal when received
+will indicate the further measures to be pursued on the part of the United
+States.
+
+Although the pecuniary embarrassments which affected various parts of the
+Union during the latter part of the preceding year have during the present
+been considerably augmented, and still continue to exist, the receipts into
+the Treasury to the 30th of September last have amounted to $19M. After
+defraying the current expenses of the Government, including the interest
+and reimbursement of the public debt payable to that period, amounting to
+$18.2M, there remained in the Treasury on that day more than $2.5M, which,
+with the sums receivable during the remainder of the year, will exceed the
+current demands upon the Treasury for the same period.
+
+The causes which have tended to diminish the public receipts could not fail
+to have a corresponding effect upon the revenue which has accrued upon
+imposts and tonnage during the three first quarters of the present year. It
+is, however, ascertained that the duties which have been secured during
+that period exceed $18M, and those of the whole year will probably amount
+to $23M.
+
+For the probably receipts of the next year I refer you to the statements
+which will be transmitted from the Treasury, which will enable you to judge
+whether further provision be necessary.
+
+The great reduction in the price of the principal articles of domestic
+growth which has occurred during the present year, and the consequent fall
+in the price of labor, apparently so favorable to the success of domestic
+manufactures, have not shielded them against other causes adverse to their
+prosperity. The pecuniary embarrassments which have so deeply affected the
+commercial interests of the nation have been no less adverse to our
+manufacturing establishments in several sections of the Union.
+
+The great reduction of the currency which the banks have been constrained
+to make in order to continue specie payments, and the vitiated character of
+it where such reductions have not been attempted, instead of placing within
+the reach of these establishments the pecuniary aid necessary to avail
+themselves of the advantages resulting from the reduction in the prices of
+the raw materials and of labor, have compelled the banks to withdraw from
+them a portion of the capital heretofore advanced to them. That aid which
+has been refused by the banks has not been obtained from other sources,
+owing to the loss of individual confidence from the frequent failures which
+have recently occurred in some of our principal commercial cities.
+
+An additional cause for the depression of these establishments may probably
+be found in the pecuniary embarrassments which have recently affected those
+countries with which our commerce has been principally prosecuted. Their
+manufactures, for the want of a ready or profitable market at home, have
+been shipped by the manufacturers to the United States, and in many
+instances sold at a price below their current value at the place of
+manufacture. Although this practice may from its nature be considered
+temporary or contingent, it is not on that account less injurious in its
+effects. Uniformity in the demand and price of an article is highly
+desirable to the domestic manufacturer.
+
+It is deemed of great importance to give encouragement to our domestic
+manufacturers. In what manner the evils which have been adverted to may be
+remedied, and how far it may be practicable in other respects to afford to
+them further encouragement, paying due regard to the other great interests
+of the nation, is submitted to the wisdom of Congress.
+
+The survey of the coast for the establishment of fortifications is now
+nearly completed, and considerable progress has been made in the collection
+of materials for the construction of fortifications in the Gulf of Mexico
+and in the Chesapeake Bay. The works on the eastern bank of the Potomac
+below Alexandria and on the Pea Patch, in the Delaware, are much advanced,
+and it is expected that the fortifications at the Narrows, in the harbor of
+NY, will be completed the present year. To derive all the advantages
+contemplated from these fortifications it was necessary that they should be
+judiciously posted, and constructed with a view to permanence. The progress
+hitherto has therefore been slow; but as the difficulties in parts
+heretofore the least explored and known are surmounted, it will in future
+be more rapid. As soon as the survey of the coast is completed, which it is
+expected will be done early in the next spring, the engineers employed in
+it will proceed to examine for like purposes the northern and northwestern
+frontiers.
+
+The troops intended to occupy a station at the mouth of the St. Peters, on
+the Mississippi, have established themselves there, and those who were
+ordered to the mouth of the Yellow Stone, on the Missouri, have ascended
+that river to the Council Bluff, where they will remain until the next
+spring, when they will proceed to the place of their destination. I have
+the satisfaction to state that this measure has been executed in amity with
+the Indian tribes, and that it promises to produce, in regard to them, all
+the advantages which were contemplated by it.
+
+Much progress has likewise been made in the construction of ships of war
+and in the collection of timber and other materials for ship building. It
+is not doubted that our Navy will soon be augmented to the number and
+placed in all respects on the footing provided for by law.
+
+The Board, consisting of engineers and naval officers, have not yet made
+their final report of sites for two naval depots, as instructed according
+to the resolutions of [1818-03-18] and [1818-04-20], but they have examined
+the coast therein designated, and their report is expected in the next
+month.
+
+For the protection of our commerce in the Mediterranean, along the southern
+Atlantic coast, in the Pacific and Indian oceans, it has been found
+necessary to maintain a strong naval force, which it seems proper for the
+present to continue. There is much reason to believe that if any portion of
+the squadron heretofore stationed in the Mediterranean should be withdrawn
+our intercourse with the powers bordering on that sea would be much
+interrupted, if not altogether destroyed. Such, too, has been the growth of
+a spirit of piracy in the other quarters mentioned, by adventurers from
+every country, in abuse of the friendly flags which they have assumed, that
+not to protect our commerce there would be to abandon it has a prey to
+their rapacity.
+
+Due attention has likewise been paid to the suppression of the slave trade,
+in compliance with a law of the last session. Orders have been given to the
+commanders of all our public ships to seize all vessels navigated under our
+flag engaged in that trade, and to bring them in to be proceeded against in
+the manner prescribed by the law. It is hoped that these vigorous measures,
+supported by like acts by other nations, will soon terminate a commerce so
+disgraceful to the civilized world.
+
+In the execution of the duty imposed by these acts, and of a high trust
+connected with it, it is with deep regret I have to state the loss which
+has been sustained by the death of Commodore Perry. His gallantry in a
+brilliant exploit in the late war added to the renown of his country. His
+death is deplored as a national misfortune.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+November 14, 1820
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+In communicating to you a just view of public affairs at the commencement
+of your present labors, I do it with great satisfaction, because, taking
+all circumstances into consideration which claim attention, I see much
+cause to rejoice in the felicity of our situation. In making this remark I
+do not wish to be understood to imply that an unvaried prosperity is to be
+seen in every interest of this great community. In the progress of a nation
+inhabiting a territory of such vast extent and great variety of climate,
+every portion of which is engaged in foreign commerce and liable to be
+affected in some degree by the changes which occur in the condition and
+regulations of foreign countries, it would be strange if the produce of our
+soil and the industry and enterprise of our fellow citizens received at all
+times and in every quarter an uniform and equal encouragement. This would
+be more than we would have a right to expect under circumstances the most
+favorable.
+
+Pressures on certain interests, it is admitted, have been felt; but
+allowing to these their greatest extent, they detract but little from the
+force of the remarks already made. In forming a just estimate of our
+present situation it is proper to look at the whole in the outline as well
+as in the detail. A free, virtuous, and enlightened people know well the
+great principles and causes on which their happiness depends, and even
+those who suffer most occasionally in their transitory concerns find great
+relief under their sufferings from the blessings which they otherwise enjoy
+and in the consoling and animating hope which they administer.
+
+From whence do these pressures come? Not from a Government which is founded
+by, administered for, and supported by the people. We trace them to the
+peculiar character of the epoch in which we live, and to the extraordinary
+occurrences which have signalized it. The convulsions with which several of
+the powers of Europe have been shaken and the long and destructive wars in
+which all were engaged, with their sudden transition to a state of peace,
+presenting in the 1st instance unusual encouragement to our commerce and
+withdrawing it in the second even within its wonted limit, could not fail
+to be sensibly felt here. The station, too, which we had to support through
+this long conflict, compelled as we were finally to become a party to it
+with a principal power, and to make great exertions, suffer heavy losses,
+and to contract considerable debts, disturbing the ordinary course of
+affairs by augmenting to a vast amount the circulating medium, and thereby
+elevating at one time the price of every article above a just standard and
+depressing it at another below it, had likewise its due effect.
+
+It is manifest that the pressures of which we complain have proceeded in a
+great measure from these causes. When, then, we take into view the
+prosperous and happy condition of our country in all the great
+circumstances which constitute the felicity of a nation - every individual
+in the full enjoyment of all his rights, the Union blessed with plenty and
+rapidly rising to greatness under a National Government which operates with
+complete effect in every part without being felt in any except by the ample
+protection which it affords, and under State governments which perform
+their equal share, according to a wise distribution of power between them,
+in promoting the public happiness - it is impossible to behold so
+gratifying, so glorious a spectacle without being penetrated with the most
+profound and grateful acknowledgments to the Supreme Author of All Good for
+such manifold and inestimable blessings.
+
+Deeply impressed with these sentiments, I can not regard the pressures to
+which I have adverted otherwise than in the light of mild and instructive
+admonitions, warning us of dangers to be shunned in future, teaching us
+lessons of economy corresponding with the simplicity and purity of our
+institutions and best adapted to their support, evincing the connection and
+dependence which the various parts of our happy Union have on each other,
+thereby augmenting daily our social incorporation and adding by its strong
+ties new strength and vigor to the political; opening a wider range, and
+with new encouragement, to the industry and enterprise of our fellow
+citizens at home and abroad, and more especially by the multiplied proofs
+which it has accumulated of the great perfection of our most excellent
+system of Government, the powerful instrument in the hands of our
+All-merciful Creator in securing to us these blessings.
+
+Happy as our situation is, it does not exempt us from solicitude and care
+for the future. On the contrary, as the blessings which we enjoy are great,
+proportionably great should be our vigilance, zeal, and activity to
+preserve them. Foreign wars may again expose us to new wrongs, which would
+impose on us new duties for which we ought to be prepared. The state of
+Europe is unsettled, and how long peace may be preserved is altogether
+uncertain; in addition to which we have interests of our own to adjust
+which will require particular attention. A correct view of our relations
+with each power will enable you to form a just idea of existing
+difficulties, and of the measures of precaution best adapted to them.
+
+Respecting our relations with Spain nothing explicit can now be
+communicated. On the adjournment of Congress in May last the minister
+plenipotentiary of the United States at Madrid was instructed to inform the
+Government of Spain that if His Catholic Majesty should then ratify the
+treaty this Government would accept the ratification so far as to submit to
+the decision of the Senate the question whether such ratification should be
+received in exchange for that of the United States heretofore given.
+
+By letters from the minister of the United States to the Secretary of State
+it appears that a communication in conformity with his instructions had
+been made to the Government of Spain, and that the Cortes had the subject
+under consideration. The result of the deliberations of that body, which is
+daily expected, will be made known to Congress as soon as it is received.
+The friendly sentiment which was expressed on the part of the United States
+in the message of the 9th of May last is still entertained for Spain.
+
+Among the causes of regret, however, which are inseparable from the delay
+attending this transaction it is proper to state that satisfactory
+information has been received that measures have been recently adopted by
+designing persons to convert certain parts of the Province of East Florida
+into depots for the reception of foreign goods, from whence to smuggle them
+into the United States. By opening a port within the limits of Florida,
+immediately on our boundary where there was no settlement, the object could
+not be misunderstood. An early accommodation of differences will, it is
+hoped, prevent all such fraudulent and pernicious practices, and place the
+relations of the two countries on a very amicable and permanent basis.
+
+The commercial relations between the United States and the British colonies
+in the West Indies and on this continent have undergone no change, the
+British Government still preferring to leave that commerce under the
+restriction heretofore imposed on it on each side. It is satisfactory to
+recollect that the restraints resorted to by the United States were
+defensive only, intended to prevent a monopoly under British regulations in
+favor of Great Britain, as it likewise is to know that the experiment is
+advancing in a spirit of amity between the parties.
+
+The question depending between the United States and Great Britain
+respecting the construction of the first article of the treaty of Ghent has
+been referred by both Governments to the decision of the Emperor of Russia,
+who has accepted the umpirage.
+
+An attempt has been made with the Government of France to regulate by
+treaty the commerce between the two countries on the principle of
+reciprocity and equality. By the last communication from the minister
+plenipotentiary of the United States at Paris, to whom full power had been
+given, we learn that the negotiation has been commenced there; but serious
+difficulties having occurred, the French Government had resolved to
+transfer it to the United States, for which purpose the minister
+plenipotentiary of France had been ordered to repair to this city, and
+whose arrival might soon be expected. It is hoped that this important
+interest may be arranged on just conditions and in a manner equally
+satisfactory to both parties. It is submitted to Congress to decide, until
+such arrangement is made, how far it may be proper, on the principle of the
+act of the last session which augmented the tonnage duty on French vessels,
+to adopt other measures for carrying more completely into effect the policy
+of that act.
+
+The act referred to, which imposed new tonnage on French vessels, having
+been in force from and after the first day of July, it has happened that
+several vessels of that nation which had been dispatched from France before
+its existence was known have entered the ports of the United States, and
+been subject to its operation, without that previous notice which the
+general spirit of our laws gives to individuals in similar cases. The
+object of that law having been merely to countervail the inequalities which
+existed to the disadvantage of the United States in their commercial
+intercourse with France, it is submitted also to the consideration of
+Congress whether, in the spirit of amity and conciliation which it is no
+less the inclination than the policy of the United States to preserve in
+their intercourse with other powers, it may not be proper to extend relief
+to the individuals interested in those cases by exempting from the
+operation of the law all those vessels which have entered our ports without
+having had the means of previously knowing the existence of the additional
+duty.
+
+The contest between Spain and the colonies, according to the most authentic
+information, is maintained by the latter with improved success. The
+unfortunate divisions which were known to exist some time since at Buenos
+Ayres it is understood still prevail. In no part of South America has Spain
+made any impression on the colonies, while in many parts, and particularly
+in Venezuela and New Grenada, the colonies have gained strength and
+acquired reputation, both for the management of the war in which they have
+been successful and for the order of the internal administration.
+
+The late change in the Government of Spain, by the reestablishment of the
+constitution of 1812, is an event which promises to be favorable to the
+revolution. Under the authority of the Cortes the Congress of Angostura was
+invited to open a negotiation for the settlement of differences between the
+parties, to which it was replied that they would willingly open the
+negotiation provided the acknowledgment of their independence was made its
+basis, but not otherwise.
+
+No facts are known to this Government to warrant the belief that any of the
+powers of Europe will take part in the contest, whence it may be inferred,
+considering all circumstances which must have weight in producing the
+result, that an adjustment will finally take place on the basis proposed by
+the colonies. To promote that result by friendly counsels with other
+powers, including Spain herself, has been the uniform policy of this
+Government.
+
+In looking to the internal concerns of our country you will, I am
+persuaded, derive much satisfaction from a view of the several objects to
+which, in the discharge of your official duties, your attention will be
+drawn. Among these none holds a more important place than the public
+revenue, from the direct operation of the power by which it is raised on
+the people, and by its influence in giving effect to every other power of
+the Government. The revenue depends on the resources of the country, and
+the facility by which the amount required is raised is a strong proof of
+the extent of the resources and of the efficiency of the Government.
+
+A few prominent facts will place this great interest in a just light before
+you. On [1815-09-30], the funded and floating debt of the United States was
+estimated at $119,635,558. If to this sum be added the amount of 5% stock
+subscribed to the Bank of the United States, the amount of Mississippi
+stock and of the stock which was issued subsequently to that date, and as
+afterwards liquidated, to $158,713,049.
+
+On [1820-09-30], it amounted to $91,993,883, having been reduced in that
+interval by payments $66,879,165. During this term the expenses of the
+Government of the United States were likewise defrayed in every branch of
+the civil, military, and naval establishments; the public edifices in this
+city have been rebuilt with considerable additions; extensive
+fortifications have been commenced, and are in a train of execution;
+permanent arsenals and magazines have been erected in various parts of the
+Union; our Navy has been considerably augmented, and the ordnance,
+munitions of war, and stores of the Army and Navy, which were much
+exhausted during the war, have been replenished.
+
+By the discharge of so large a proportion of the public debt and the
+execution of such extensive and important operations in so short a time a
+just estimate may be formed of the great extent of our national resources.
+The demonstration is the more complete and gratifying when it is
+recollected that the direct tax and excise were repealed soon after the
+termination of the late war, and that the revenue applied to these purposes
+has been derived almost wholly from other sources.
+
+The receipts into the Treasury from every source to the 30th of September
+last have amounted to $16,794,107.66, whilst the public expenditures to the
+same period amounted to $16,871,534.72, leaving in the Treasury on that day
+a sum estimated at $1.95M. for the probable receipts of the following year
+I refer you to the statement which will be transmitted from the Treasury.
+
+The sum of $3M authorized to be raised by loan by an act of the last
+session of Congress has been obtained upon terms advantageous to the
+Government, indicating not only an increased confidence in the faith of the
+nation, but the existence of a large amount of capital seeking that mode of
+investment at a rate of interest not exceeding 5% per annum.
+
+It is proper to add that there is now due to the Treasury for the sale of
+public lands $22,996,545. In bringing this subject to view I consider it my
+duty to submit to Congress whether it may not be advisable to extend to the
+purchasers of these lands, in consideration of the unfavorable change which
+has occurred since the sales, a reasonable indulgence. It is known that the
+purchases were made when the price of every article had risen to its
+greatest height, and the installments are becoming due at a period of great
+depression. It is presumed that some plan may be devised by the wisdom of
+Congress, compatible with the public interest, which would afford great
+relief to these purchasers.
+
+Considerable progress has been made during the present season in examining
+the coast and its various bays and other inlets, in the collection of
+materials, and in the construction of fortifications for the defense of the
+Union at several of the positions at which it has been decided to erect
+such works. At Mobile Point and Dauphin Island, and at the Rigolets,
+leading to Lake Pontchartrain, materials to a considerable amount have been
+collected, and all the necessary preparations made for the commencement of
+the works. At Old Point Comfort, at the mouth of the James River, and at
+the Rip-Rap, on the opposite shore in the Chesapeake Bay, materials to a
+vast amount have been collected; and at the Old Point some progress has
+been made in the construction of the fortification, which is on a very
+extensive scale. The work at Fort Washington, on this river, will be
+completed early in the next spring, and that on the Pea Patch, in the
+Delaware, in the course of the next season. Fort Diamond, at the Narrows,
+in the harbor of NY, will be finished this year. The works at Boston, NY,
+Baltimore, Norfolk, Charleston, and Niagara have been in part repaired, and
+the coast of NC, extending south to Cape Fear, has been examined, as have
+likewise other parts of the coast eastward of Boston.
+
+Great exertions have been made to push forward these works with the utmost
+dispatch possible; but when their extent is considered, with the important
+purposes for which they are intended - the defense of the whole coast, and,
+in consequence, of the whole interior - and that they are to last for ages,
+it will be manifest that a well- digested plan, founded on military
+principles, connecting the whole together, combining security with economy,
+could not be prepared without repeated examinations of the most exposed and
+difficult parts, and that it would also take considerable time to collect
+the materials at the several points where they would be required.
+
+From all the light that has been shed on this subject I am satisfied that
+every favorable anticipation which has been formed of this great
+undertaking will be verified, and that when completed it will afford very
+great if not complete protection to our Atlantic frontier in the event of
+another war - protection sufficient to counterbalance in a single campaign
+with an enemy powerful at sea the expense of all these works, without
+taking into the estimate the saving of the lives of so many of our
+citizens, the protection of our towns and other property, or the tendency
+of such works to prevent war.
+
+Our military positions have been maintained at Belle Point, on the
+Arkansas, at Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, at St. Peters, on the
+Mississippi, and at Green Bay, on the upper Lakes. Commodious barracks have
+already been erected at most of these posts, with such works as were
+necessary for their defense. Progress has also been made in opening
+communications between them and in raising supplies at each for the support
+of the troops by their own labor, particularly those most remote.
+
+With the Indians peace has been preserved and a progress made in carrying
+into effect the act of Congress making an appropriation for their
+civilization, with the prospect of favorable results. As connected equally
+with both these objects, our trade with those tribes is thought to merit
+the attention of Congress.
+
+In their original state game is their sustenance and war their occupation,
+and if they find no employment from civilized powers they destroy each
+other. Left to themselves their extirpation is inevitable.
+
+By a judicious regulation of our trade with them we supply their wants,
+administer to their comforts, and gradually, as the game retires, draw them
+to us. By maintaining posts far in the interior we acquire a more thorough
+and direct control over them, without which it is confidently believed that
+a complete change in their manners can never be accomplished. By such
+posts, aided by a proper regulation of our trade with them and a judicious
+civil administration over them, to be provided for by law, we shall, it is
+presumed, be enabled not only to protect our own settlements from their
+savage incursions and preserve peace among the several tribes, but
+accomplish also the great purpose of their civilization.
+
+Considerable progress has also been made in the construction of ships of
+war, some of which have been launched in the course of the present year.
+
+Our peace with the powers on the coast of Barbary has been preserved, but
+we owe it altogether to the presence of our squadron in the Mediterranean.
+It has been found equally necessary to employ some of our vessels for the
+protection of our commerce in the Indian Sea, the Pacific, and along the
+Atlantic coast. The interests which we have depending in those quarters,
+which have been much improved of late, are of great extent and of high
+importance to the nation as well as to the parties concerned, and would
+undoubtedly suffer if such protection was not extended to them. In
+execution of the law of the last session for the suppression of the slave
+trade some of our public ships have also been employed on the coast of
+Africa, where several captures have already been made of vessels engaged in
+that disgraceful traffic.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 3, 1821
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+The progress of our affairs since the last session has been such as may
+justly be claimed and expected under a Government deriving all its powers
+from an enlightened people, and under laws formed by their representatives,
+on great consideration, for the sole purpose of promoting the welfare and
+happiness of their constituents. In the execution of those laws and of the
+powers vested by the Constitution in the Executive, unremitted attention
+has been paid to the great objects to which they extend.
+
+In the concerns which are exclusively internal there is good cause to be
+satisfied with the result. The laws have had their due operation and
+effect.
+
+In those relating to foreign powers, I am happy to state that peace and
+amity are preserved with all by a strict observance on both sides of the
+rights of each.
+
+In matters touching our commercial intercourse, where a difference of
+opinion has existed as to the conditions on which it should be placed, each
+party has pursued its own policy without giving just cause of offense to
+the other.
+
+In this annual communication, especially when it is addressed to a new
+Congress, the whole scope of our political concerns naturally comes into
+view, that errors, if such have been committed, may be corrected; that
+defects which have become manifest may be remedied; and, on the other hand,
+that measures which were adopted on due deliberation, and which experience
+has shewn are just in themselves and essential to the public welfare,
+should be persevered in and supported. In performing this necessary and
+very important duty I shall endeavor to place before you on its merits
+every subject that is thought to be entitled to your particular attention
+in as distinct and clear a light as I may be able.
+
+By an act of [1815-03-03], so much of the several acts as imposed higher
+duties on the tonnage of foreign vessels and on the manufactures and
+productions of foreign nations when imported into the United States in
+foreign vessels than when imported in vessels of the United States were
+repealed so far as respected the manufactures and productions of the nation
+to which such vessels belonged, on the condition that the repeal should
+take effect only in favor of any foreign nation when the Executive should
+be satisfied that such discriminating duties to the disadvantage of the
+United States had likewise been repealed by such nation.
+
+By this act a proposition was made to all nations to place our commerce
+with each on a basis which it was presumed would be acceptable to all.
+Every nation was allowed to bring its manufactures and productions into our
+ports and to take the manufactures and productions of the United States
+back to their ports in their own vessels on the same conditions that they
+might be transported in vessels of the United States, and in return it was
+required that a like accommodation should be granted to the vessels of the
+United States in the ports of other powers. The articles to be admitted or
+prohibited on either side formed no part of the proposed arrangement. Each
+party would retain the right to admit or prohibit such articles from the
+other as it thought proper, and on its own conditions.
+
+When the nature of the commerce between the United States and every other
+country was taken into view, it was thought that this proposition would be
+considered fair, and even liberal, by every power. The exports of the
+United States consist generally of articles of the 1st necessity and of
+rude materials in demand for foreign manufactories, of great bulk,
+requiring for their transportation many vessels, the return for which in
+the manufactures and productions of any foreign country, even when disposed
+of there to advantage, may be brought in a single vessel. This observation
+is the more especially applicable to those countries from which
+manufactures alone are imported, but it applies in great extent to the
+European dominions of every European power and in a certain extent to all
+the colonies of those powers. By placing, then, the navigation precisely on
+the same ground in the transportation of exports and imports between the
+United States and other countries it was presumed that all was offered
+which could be desired. It seemed to be the only proposition which could be
+devised which would retain even the semblance of equality in our favor.
+
+Many considerations of great weight gave us a right to expect that this
+commerce should be extended to the colonies as well as to the European
+dominions of other powers. With the latter, especially with countries
+exclusively manufacturing, the advantage was manifestly on their side. An
+indemnity for that loss was expected from a trade with the colonies, and
+with the greater reason as it was known that the supplies which the
+colonies derived from us were of the highest importance to them, their
+labor being bestowed with so much greater profit in the culture of other
+articles; and because, likewise, the articles of which those supplies
+consisted, forming so large a proportion of the exports of the United
+States, were never admitted into any of the ports of Europe except in cases
+of great emergency to avert a serious calamity.
+
+When no article is admitted which is not required to supply the wants of
+the party admitting it, and admitted then not in favor of any particular
+country to the disadvantage of others, but on conditions equally applicable
+to all, it seems just that the articles thus admitted and invited should be
+carried thither in the vessels of the country affording such supply and
+that the reciprocity should be found in a corresponding accommodation on
+the other side. By allowing each party to participate in the transportation
+of such supplies on the payment of equal tonnage a strong proof was
+afforded of an accommodating spirit. To abandon to it the transportation of
+the whole would be a sacrifice which ought not to be expected. The demand
+in the present instance would be the more unreasonable in consideration of
+the great inequality existing in the trade with the parent country.
+
+Such was the basis of our system as established by the act of 1815 and such
+its true character. In the year in which this act was passed a treaty was
+concluded with Great Britain, in strict conformity with its principles, in
+regard to her European dominions. to her colonies, however, in the West
+Indies and on this continent it was not extended, the British Government
+claiming the exclusive supply of those colonies, and from our own ports,
+and of the productions of the colonies in return in her own vessels. To
+this claim the United States could not assent, and in consequence each
+party suspended the intercourse in the vessels of the other by a
+prohibition which still exists.
+
+The same conditions were offered to France, but not accepted. Her
+Government has demanded other conditions more favorable to her navigation,
+and which should also give extraordinary encouragement to her manufactures
+and productions in ports of the United States. To these it was thought
+improper to accede, and in consequence the restrictive regulations which
+had been adopted on her part, being countervailed on the part of the United
+States, the direct commerce between the 2 countries in the vessels of each
+party has been in great measure suspended. It is much to be regretted that,
+although a negotiation has been long pending, such is the diversity of
+views entertained on the various points which have been brought into
+discussion that there does not appear to be any reasonable prospect of its
+early conclusion.
+
+It is my duty to state, as a cause of very great regret, that very serious
+differences have occurred in this negotiation respecting the construction
+of the 8th article of the treaty of 1803, by which Louisiana was ceded to
+the United States, and likewise respecting the seizure of the Apollo, in
+1820, for a violation of our revenue laws. The claim of the Government of
+France has excited not less surprise than concern, because there does not
+appear to be a just foundation for it in either instance. By the 8th
+article of the treaty referred to it is stipulated that after the
+expiration of 12 years, during which time it was provided by the 7th or
+preceding article that the vessels of France and Spain should be admitted
+into the ports of the ceded territory without paying higher duties on
+merchandise or tonnage on the vessels than such as were paid by citizens of
+the United States, the ships of France should forever afterwards be placed
+on the footing of the most favored nation.
+
+By the obvious construction of this article it is presumed that it was
+intended that no favor should be granted to any power in those ports to
+which France should not be forthwith entitled, nor should any accommodation
+be allowed to another power on conditions to which she would not also be
+entitled on the same conditions. Under this construction no favor or
+accommodation could be granted to any power to the prejudice of France. By
+allowing the equivalent allowed by those powers she would always stand in
+those ports on the footing of the most favored nation.
+
+But if this article should be so construed as that France should enjoy, of
+right, and without paying the equivalent, all the advantages of such
+conditions as might be allowed to other powers in return for important
+concessions made by them, then the whole character of the stipulations
+would be changed. She would not be placed on the footing of the most
+favored nation, but on a footing held by no other nation. She would enjoy
+all advantages allowed to them in consideration of like advantages allowed
+to us, free from every and any condition whatever.
+
+As little cause has the Government of France to complain of the seizure of
+the Apollo and the removal of other vessels from the waters of the St.
+Marys. It will not be denied that every nation has a right to regulate its
+commercial system as it thinks fit and to enforce the collection of its
+revenue, provided it be done without an invasion of the rights of other
+powers. The violation of its revenue laws is an offense which all nations
+punish, the punishment of which gives no just cause of complaint to the
+power to which the offenders belong, provided it be extended to all
+equally.
+
+In this case every circumstance which occurred indicated a fixed purpose to
+violate our revenue laws. Had the party intended to have pursued a fair
+trade he would have entered the port of some other power, landed his goods
+at the custom house according to law, and re-shipped and sent them in the
+vessel of such power, or of some other power which might lawfully bring
+them, free from such duties, to a port of the United States. But the
+conduct of the party in this case was altogether different. He entered the
+river St. Marys, the boundary line between the United States and Florida,
+and took his position on the Spanish side, on which in the whole extent of
+the river there was no town, no port or custom house, and scarcely any
+settlement. His purpose, therefore, was not to sell his goods to the
+inhabitants of Florida, but to citizens of the United States, in exchange
+for their productions, which could not be done without a direct and
+palpable breach of our laws. It is known that a regular systematic plan had
+been formed by certain persons for the violation of our revenue system,
+which made it the more necessary to check the proceeding in its
+commencement.
+
+That the unsettled bank of a river so remote from the Spanish garrisons and
+population could give no protection to any party in such a practice is
+believed to be in strict accord with the law of nations. It would not have
+comported with a friendly policy in Spain herself to have established a
+custom house there, since it could have subserved no other purpose than to
+elude our revenue law. But the Government of Spain did not adopt that
+measure. On the contrary, it is understood that the Captain-General of
+Cuba, to whom an application to that effect was made by these adventurers,
+had not acceded to it.
+
+The condition of those Provinces for many years before they were ceded to
+the United States need not now be dwelt on. Inhabited by different tribes
+of Indians and an inroad for every kind of adventurer, the jurisdiction of
+Spain may be said to have been almost exclusively confined to her
+garrisons. It certainly could not extend to places where she had no
+authority. The rules, therefore, applicable to settled countries governed
+by laws could not be deemed so to the deserts of Florida and to the
+occurrences there.
+
+It merits attention also that the territory had been ceded to the United
+States by a treaty the ratification of which had not been refused, and
+which has since been performed. Under any circumstances, therefore, Spain
+became less responsible for such acts committed there, and the United
+States more at liberty to exercise authority to prevent so great a
+mischief. The conduct of this Government has in every instance been
+conciliatory and friendly to France. The construction of our revenue law in
+its application to the cases which have formed the ground of such serious
+complaint on her part and the order to the collector of St. Marys, in
+accord with it, were given two years before these cases occurred, and in
+reference to a breach which was attempted by the subjects of another power.
+The application, therefore, to the cases in question was inevitable. As
+soon as the treaty by which these Provinces were ceded to the United States
+was ratified, and all danger of further breach of our revenue laws ceased,
+an order was given for the release of the vessel which had been seized and
+for the dismission of the libel which had been instituted against her.
+
+The principles of this system of reciprocity, founded on the law of
+[1815-03-03], have been since carried into effect with the Kingdoms of the
+Netherlands, Sweden, Prussia, and with Hamburg, Lubeck, and Oldenburg, with
+a provision made by subsequent laws in regard to the Netherlands, Prussia,
+Hamburg, and Bremen that such produce and manufactures as could only be, or
+most usually were, 1st shipped from the ports of those countries, the same
+being imported in vessels wholly belonging to their subjects, should be
+considered and admitted as their own manufactures and productions.
+
+The Government of Norway has by an ordinance opened the ports of that part
+of the dominions of the King of Sweden to the vessels of the United States
+upon the payment of no other or higher duties than are paid by Norwegian
+vessels, from whatever place arriving and with whatever articles laden.
+They have requested the reciprocal allowance for the vessels of Norway in
+the ports of the United States. As this privilege is not within the scope
+of the act of [1815-03-03], and can only be granted by Congress, and as it
+may involve the commercial relations of the United States with other
+nations, the subject is submitted to the wisdom of Congress.
+
+I have presented thus fully to your view our commercial relations with
+other powers, that, seeing them in detail with each power, and knowing the
+basis on which they rest, Congress may in its wisdom decide whether any
+change ought to be made, and, if any, in what respect. If this basis is
+unjust or unreasonable, surely it ought to be abandoned; but if it be just
+and reasonable, and any change in it will make concessions subversive of
+equality and tending in its consequences to sap the foundations of our
+prosperity, then the reasons are equally strong for adhering to the ground
+already taken, and supporting it by such further regulations as may appear
+to be proper, should any additional support be found necessary.
+
+The question concerning the construction of the first article of the treaty
+of Ghent has been, by a joint act of the representatives of the United
+States and of Great Britain at the Court of St. Petersburg, submitted to
+the decision of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia. The result of
+that submission has not yet been received. The commissioners under the 5th
+article of that treaty not having been able to agree upon their decision,
+their reports to the two Governments, according to the provisions of the
+treaty, may be expected at an early day.
+
+With Spain the treaty of [1819-02-22], has been partly carried into
+execution. Possession of E and W FL has been given to the United States,
+but the officers charged with that service by an order from His Catholic
+Majesty, delivered by his minister to the Sec of State, and transmitted by
+a special agent to the Captain-General of Cuba, to whom it was directed and
+in whom the Government of those Provinces was vested, have not only
+omitted, in contravention of the order of their Sovereign, the performance
+of the express stipulation to deliver over the archives and documents
+relating to the property and sovereignty of those Provinces, all of which
+it was expected would have been delivered either before or when the troops
+were withdrawn, but defeated since every effort of the United States to
+obtain them, especially those of the greatest importance. This omission has
+given rise to several incidents of a painful nature, the character of which
+will be fully disclosed by the documents which will be hereafter
+communicated.
+
+In every other circumstance of the law of the 3rd of March last, for
+carrying into effect that treaty, has been duly attended to. For the
+execution of that part which preserved in force, for the Government of the
+inhabitants for the term specified, all the civil, military, and judicial
+powers exercised by the existing Government of those Provinces an adequate
+# of officers, as was presumed, were appointed, and ordered to their
+respective stations. Both Provinces were formed into 1 Territory, and a
+governor appointed for it; but in consideration of the pre-existing
+division and of the distance and difficulty of communication between
+Pensacola, the residence of the governor of West Florida, and St.
+Augustine, that of the governor of East Florida, at which places the
+inconsiderable population of each Province was principally collected, two
+secretaries were appointed, the one to reside at Pensacola and the other at
+St. Augustine.
+
+Due attention was likewise paid to the execution of the laws of the United
+States relating to the revenue and the slave trade, which were extended to
+these Provinces. The whole Territory was divided into three collection
+districts, that part lying between the river St. Marys and Cape Florida
+forming one, that from the Cape to the Apalachicola another, and that from
+the Apalachicola to the Perdido the third. To these districts the usual
+number of revenue officers were appointed; and to secure the due operation
+of these laws one judge and a district attorney were appointed to reside at
+Pensacola, and likewise one judge and a district attorney to reside at St.
+Augustine, with a specified boundary between them; and one marshal for the
+whole, with authority to appoint a deputy.
+
+In carrying this law into effect, and especially that part relating to the
+powers of the existing Government of those Provinces, it was thought
+important, in consideration of the short term for which it was to operate
+and the radical change which would be made at the approaching session of
+Congress, to avoid expense, to make no appointment which should not be
+absolutely necessary to give effect to those powers, to withdraw none of
+our citizens from their pursuits, whereby to subject the Government to
+claims which could not be gratified and the parties to losses which it
+would be painful to witness.
+
+It has been seen with much concern that in the performance of these duties
+a collision arose between the governor of the Territory and the judge
+appointed for the western district. It was presumed that the law under
+which this transitory Government was organized, and the commissions which
+were granted to the officers who were appointed to execute each branch of
+the system, and to which the commissions were adapted, would have been
+understood in the same sense by them in which they were understood by the
+Executive. Much allowance is due to officers employed in each branch of
+this system, and the more so as there is good cause to believe that each
+acted under the conviction that he possessed the power which he undertook
+to exercise. Of the officer holding the principal station, I think it
+proper to observe that he accepted it with reluctance, in compliance with
+the invitation given him, and from a high sense of duty to his country,
+being willing to contribute to the consummation of an event which would
+insure complete protection to an important part of our Union, which had
+suffered much from incursion and invasion, and to the defense of which his
+very gallant and patriotic services had been so signally and usefully
+devoted.
+
+From the intrinsic difficulty of executing laws deriving their origin from
+different sources, and so essentially different in many important
+circumstances, the advantage, and indeed the necessity, of establishing as
+soon as practicable a well-organized Government over that Territory on the
+principles of our system is apparent. This subject is therefore recommended
+to the early consideration of Congress.
+
+In compliance with an injunction of the law of the 3rd of March last, three
+commissioners have also been appointed and a board organized for carrying
+into effect the 11th article of the treaty above recited, making provision
+for the payment of such of our citizens as have well-founded claims on
+Spain of the character specified by that treaty. This board has entered on
+its duties and made some progress therein. The commissioner and surveyor of
+His Catholic Majesty, provided for by the 4th article of the treaty, have
+not yet arrived in the United States, but are soon expected. As soon as
+they do arrive corresponding appointments will be made and every facility
+be afforded for the due execution of this service.
+
+The Government of His Most Faithful Majesty since the termination of the
+last session of Congress has been removed from Rio de Janeiro to Lisbon,
+where a revolution similar to that which had occurred in the neighboring
+Kingdom of Spain had in like manner been sanctioned by the accepted and
+pledged faith of the reigning monarch. The diplomatic intercourse between
+the United States and the Portuguese dominions, interrupted by this
+important event, has not yet been resumed, but the change of internal
+administration having already materially affected the commercial
+intercourse of the United States with the Portuguese dominions, the renewal
+of the public missions between the two countries appears to be desirable at
+an early day.
+
+It is understood that the colonies in South America have had great success
+during the present year in the struggle for their independence. The new
+Government of Colombia has extended its territories and considerably
+augmented its strength, and at Buenos Ayres, where civil dissensions had
+for some time before prevailed, greater harmony and better order appear to
+have been established. Equal success has attended their efforts in the
+Provinces on the Pacific. It has long been manifest that it would be
+impossible for Spain to reduce these colonies by force, and equally so that
+no conditions short of their independence would be satisfactory to them. It
+may therefore be presumed, and it is earnestly hoped, that the Government
+of Spain, guided by enlightened and liberal councils, will find it to
+comport with its interests and due to its magnanimity to terminate this
+exhausting controversy on that basis. To promote this result by friendly
+counsel with the Government of Spain will be the object of the Government
+of the United States.
+
+In conducting the fiscal operations of the year it has been found necessary
+to carry into full effect the act of the last session of Congress
+authorizing a loan of $5M. This sum has been raised at an average premium
+of $5.59 per centum upon stock bearing an interest at the rate of 5% per
+annum, redeemable at the option of the Government after [1835-01-01].
+
+There has been issued under the provisions of this act $4,735,296.30 of 5%
+stock, and there has been or will be redeemed during the year $3,197,030.71
+of Louisiana 6% deferred stock and Mississippi stock. There has therefore
+been an actual increase of the public debt contracted during the year of
+$1,538,266.69.
+
+The receipts into the Treasury from the first of January to the 30th of
+September last have amounted to $16,219,197.70, which, with the balance of
+$1,198,461.21 in the Treasury on the former day, make the aggregate sum of
+$17,417,658.91. The payments from the Treasury during the same period have
+amounted to $15,655,288.47, leaving in the Treasury on the last-mentioned
+day the sum of $1,762,370.44. It is estimated that the receipts of the 4th
+quarter of the year will exceed the demands which will be made on the
+Treasury during the same period, and that the amount in the Treasury on the
+30th of September last will be increased on the first day of January next.
+
+At the close of the last session it was anticipated that the progressive
+diminution of the public revenue in 1819 and 1820, which had been the
+result of the languid state of our foreign commerce in those years, had in
+the latter year reached its extreme point of depression. It has, however,
+been ascertained that that point was reached only at the termination of the
+first quarter of the present year. From that time until the 30th of
+September last the duties secured have exceeded those of the corresponding
+quarters of the last year $1.172M, whilst the amount of debentures issued
+during the three first quarters of this year is $952,000 less than that of
+the same quarters of the last year.
+
+There are just grounds to believe that the improvement which has occurred
+in the revenue during the last-mentioned period will not only be
+maintained, but that it will progressively increase through the next and
+several succeeding years, so as to realize the results which were presented
+upon that subject by the official reports of the Treasury at the
+commencement of the last session of Congress.
+
+Under the influence of the most unfavorable circumstances the revenue for
+the next and subsequent years to the year 1825 will exceed the demands at
+present authorized by law.
+
+It may fairly be presumed that under the protection given to domestic
+manufactures by the existing laws we shall become at no distant period a
+manufacturing country on an extensive scale. Possessing as we do the raw
+materials in such vast amount, with a capacity to augment them to an
+indefinite extent; raising within the country aliment of every kind to an
+amount far exceeding the demand for home consumption, even in the most
+unfavorable years, and to be obtained always at a very moderate price;
+skilled also, as our people are, in the mechanic arts and in every
+improvement calculated to lessen the demand for and the price of labor, it
+is manifest that their success in every branch of domestic industry may and
+will be carried, under the encouragement given by the present duties, to an
+extent to meet any demand which under a fair competition may be made upon
+it.
+
+A considerable increase of domestic manufactures, by diminishing the
+importation of foreign, will probably tend to lessen the amount of the
+public revenue. As, however, a large proportion of the revenue which is
+derived from duties is raised from other articles than manufactures, the
+demand for which will increase with our population, it is believed that a
+fund will still be raised from that source adequate to the greater part of
+the public expenditures, especially as those expenditures, should we
+continue to be blessed with peace, will be diminished by the completion of
+the fortifications, dock yards, and other public works, by the augmentation
+of the Navy to the point to which it is proposed to carry it, and by the
+payment of the public debt, including pensions for military services.
+
+It can not be doubted that the more complete our internal resources and the
+less dependent we are on foreign powers for every national as well as
+domestic purpose the greater and more stable will be the public felicity.
+By the increase of domestic manufactures will the demand for the rude
+materials at home be increased, and thus will the dependence of the several
+parts of our Union on each other and the strength of the Union itself be
+proportionably augmented.
+
+In this process, which is very desirable, and inevitable under the existing
+duties, the resources which obviously present themselves to supply a
+deficiency in the revenue, should it occur, are the interests which may
+derive the principal benefit from the change. If domestic manufactures are
+raised by duties on foreign, the deficiency in the fund necessary for
+public purposes should be supplied by duties on the former.
+
+At the last session it seemed doubtful whether the revenue derived from the
+present sources would be adequate to all the great purposes of our Union,
+including the construction of our fortifications, the augmentation of the
+Navy, and the protection of our commerce against the dangers to which it is
+exposed. had the deficiency been such as to subject us to the necessity
+either to abandon those measures of defense or to resort to the other means
+for adequate funds, the course presented to the adoption of a virtuous and
+enlightened people appeared to be a plain one. It must be gratifying to all
+to know that this necessity does not exist. Nothing, however, in
+contemplation of such important objects, which can be easily provided for,
+should be left to hazard. It is thought that the revenue may receive an
+augmentation from the existing sources, and in a manner to aid our
+manufactures, without hastening prematurely the result which has been
+suggested. It is believed that a moderate additional duty on certain
+articles would have that effect, without being liable to any serious
+objection.
+
+The examination of the whole coast, for the construction of permanent
+fortifications, from St. Croix to the Sabine, with the exception of part of
+the territory lately acquired, will be completed in the present year, as
+will be the survey of the Mississippi, under the resolution of the House of
+Representatives, from the mouth of the Ohio to the ocean, and likewise of
+the Ohio from Louisville to the Mississippi. A progress corresponding with
+the sums appropriated has also been made in the construction of these
+fortifications at the ports designated. As they will form a system of
+defense for the whole maritime frontier, and in consequence for the
+interior, and are to last for ages, the greatest care has been taken to fix
+the position of each work and to form it on such a scale as will be
+adequate to the purpose intended by it. All the inlets and assailable parts
+of our Union have been minutely examined, and positions taken with a view
+to the best effect, observing in every instance a just regard for economy.
+Doubts, however, being entertained as to the propriety of the position and
+extent of the work at Dauphine Island, further progress in it was suspended
+soon after the last session of Congress, and an order given to the Board of
+Engineers and Naval Commissioners to make a further and more minute
+examination of it in both respects, and to report the result without
+delay.
+
+Due progress has been made in the construction of vessels of war according
+to the law providing for the gradual augmentation of the Navy, and to the
+extent of existing appropriations. The vessels authorized by the act of
+1820 have all been completed and are now in actual service. None of the
+larger ships have been or will be launched for the present, the object
+being to protect all which may not be required for immediate service from
+decay by suitable buildings erected over them.
+
+A squadron has been maintained, as heretofore, in the Mediterranean, by
+means whereof peace has been preserved with the Barbary Powers. This
+squadron has been reduced the present year to as small a force as is
+compatible with the fulfillment of the object intended by it. From past
+experience and the best information respecting the views of those powers it
+is distinctly understood that should our squadron be withdrawn they would
+soon recommence their hostilities and depredations upon our commerce. Their
+fortifications have lately been rebuilt and their maritime force
+increased.
+
+It has also been found necessary to maintain a naval force on the Pacific
+for the protection of the very important interests of our citizens engaged
+in commerce and the fisheries in that sea. Vessels have likewise been
+employed in cruising along the Atlantic coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, on
+the coast of Africa, and in the neighboring seas. In the latter many
+piracies have been committed on our commerce, and so extensive was becoming
+the range of those unprincipled adventurers that there was cause to
+apprehend, without a timely and decisive effort to suppress them, the worst
+consequences would ensue. Fortunately, a considerable check has been given
+to that spirit by our cruisers, who have succeeded in capturing and
+destroying several of their vessels. Nevertheless, it is considered an
+object of high importance to continue these cruises until the practice is
+entirely suppressed.
+
+Like success has attended our efforts to suppress the slave trade. Under
+the flag of the United States and the sanction of their papers the trade
+may be considered as entire suppressed, and if any of our citizens are
+engaged in it under the flags and papers of other powers, it is only from a
+respect of those powers that these offenders are not seized and brought
+home to receive the punishment which the laws inflict. If every other power
+should adopt the same policy and pursue the same vigorous means for
+carrying it into effect, the trade could no longer exist.
+
+Deeply impressed with the blessings which we enjoy, and of which we have
+such manifold proofs, my mind is irresistibly drawn to that Almighty Being,
+the great source from whence they proceed and to whom our most grateful
+acknowledgments are due.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 3, 1822
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+Many causes unite to make your present meeting peculiarly interesting to
+out constituents. The operation of our laws on the various subjects to
+which they apply, with the amendments which they occasionally require,
+imposes annually an important duty on the representatives of a free
+people.
+
+Our system has happily advanced to such maturity that I am not aware that
+your cares in that respect will be augmented. Other causes exist which are
+highly interesting to the whole civilized world and to no portion of it
+more so, in certain views, than to the United States. Of these causes and
+of their bearing on the interests of our Union I shall communicate the
+sentiments which I have formed with that freedom which a sense of duty
+dictates. It is proper, however, to invite your attention in the first
+instance to those concerns respecting which legislative provision is
+thought to be particularly urgent.
+
+On the 24th of June last a convention of navigation and commerce was
+concluded in this city between the United States and France by ministers
+duly authorized for the purpose. The sanction of the Executive having been
+given to this convention under a conviction that, taking all its
+stipulations into view, it rested essentially on a basis of reciprocal and
+equal advantage, I deemed it my duty, in compliance with the authority
+vested in the Executive by the second section of the act of the last
+session of the 6th of May, concerning navigation, to suspend by
+proclamation until the end of the next session of Congress the operation of
+the act entitled "An act to impose a new tonnage duty on French ships and
+vessels, and for other purposes", and to suspend likewise all other duties
+on French vessels or the goods imported in them which exceeded the duties
+on American vessels and on similar goods imported in them. I shall submit
+this convention forthwith to the Senate for its advice and consent as to
+the ratification.
+
+Since your last session the prohibition which had been imposed on the
+commerce between the United States and the British colonies in the West
+Indies and on this continent has likewise been removed. Satisfactory
+evidence having been adduced that the ports of those colonies had been
+opened to the vessels of the United States by an act of the British
+Parliament bearing date on the 24th of June last, on the conditions
+specified therein, I deemed it proper, in compliance with the provision of
+the first section of the act of the last session above recited, to declare,
+by proclamation bearing date on the 24th of August last, that the ports of
+the United States should thenceforward and until the end of the next
+session of Congress be opened to the vessels of Great Britain employed in
+that trade, under the limitation specified in that proclamation.
+
+A doubt was entertained whether the act of Congress applied to the British
+colonies on this continent as well as to those in the West Indies, but as
+the act of Parliament opened the intercourse equally with both, and it was
+the manifest intention of Congress, as well as the obvious policy of the
+United States, that the provisions of the act of Parliament should be met
+in equal extent on the part of the United States, and as also the act of
+Congress was supposed to vest in the President some discretion in the
+execution of it, I thought it advisable to give it a corresponding
+construction.
+
+Should the constitutional sanction of the Senate be given to the
+ratification of the convention with France, legislative provisions will be
+necessary to carry it fully into effect, as it likewise will be to continue
+in force, on such conditions as may be deemed just and proper, the
+intercourse which has been opened between the United States and the British
+colonies. Every light in the possession of the Executive will in due time
+be communicated on both subjects.
+
+Resting essentially on a basis of reciprocal and equal advantage, it has
+been the object of the Executive in transactions with other powers to meet
+the propositions of each with a liberal spirit, believing that thereby the
+interest of our country would be most effectually promoted. This course has
+been systematically pursued in the late occurrences with France and Great
+Britain, and in strict accord with the views of the Legislature. A
+confident hope is entertained that by the arrangement thus commenced with
+each all differences respecting navigation and commerce with the dominions
+in question will be adjusted, and a solid foundation be laid for an active
+and permanent intercourse which will prove equally advantageous to both
+parties.
+
+The decision of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia on the question
+submitted to him by the United States and Great Britain, concerning the
+construction of the first article of the treaty of Ghent, has been
+received. A convention has since been concluded between the parties, under
+the mediation of His Imperial Majesty, to prescribe the mode by which that
+article shall be carried into effect in conformity with that decision. I
+shall submit this convention to the Senate for its advice and consent as to
+the ratification, and, if obtained, shall immediately bring the subject
+before Congress for such provisions as may require the interposition of the
+Legislature.
+
+In compliance with an act of the last session a Territorial Government has
+been established in FL on the principles of our system. By this act the
+inhabitants are secured in the full enjoyment of their rights and
+liberties, and to admission into the Union, with equal participation in the
+Government with the original States on the conditions heretofore prescribed
+to other Territories. By a clause in the 9th article of the treaty with
+Spain, by which that Territory was ceded to the United States, it is
+stipulated that satisfaction shall be made for the injuries, if any, which
+by process of law shall be established to have been suffered by the Spanish
+officers and individual Spanish inhabitants by the late operations of our
+troops in Florida. No provision having yet been made to carry that
+stipulation into effect, it is submitted to the consideration of Congress
+whether it will not be proper to vest the competent power in the district
+court at Pensacola, or in some tribunal to be specially organized for the
+purpose.
+
+The fiscal operations of the year have been more successful than had been
+anticipated at the commencement of the last session of Congress.
+
+The receipts into the Treasury during the three first quarters of the year
+have exceeded the sum of $14.745M. The payments made at the Treasury during
+the same period have exceeded $12.279M, leaving the Treasury on the 30th
+day of September last, including $1,168,592.24 which were in the Treasury
+on the first day of January last, a sum exceeding $4.128M.
+
+Besides discharging all demands for the current service of the year,
+including the interest and reimbursement of the public debt, the 6% stock
+of 1796, amounting to $80,000, has been redeemed. It is estimated that,
+after defraying the current expenses of the present quarter and redeeming
+the $2M of 6% stock of 1820, there will remain in the Treasury on the first
+of January next nearly $3M. It is estimated that the gross amount of duties
+which have been secured from the first of January to the 30th of September
+last has exceeded $19.5M, and the amount for the whole year will probably
+not fall short of $23M.
+
+Of the actual force in service under the present military establishment,
+the posts at which it is stationed, and the condition of each post, a
+report from the Sec of War which is now communicated will give a distinct
+idea. By like reports the state of the Academy at West Point will be seen,
+as will be the progress which has been made on the fortifications along the
+coast and at the national armories and arsenals.
+
+The organization of the several corps composing the Army is such as to
+admit its expansion to a great extent in case of emergency, the officers
+carrying with them all the light which they possess to the new corps to
+which they might be appointed.
+
+With the organization of the staff there is equal cause to be satisfied. By
+the concentration of every branch with its chief in this city, in the
+presence of the Department, and with a grade in the chief military station
+to keep alive and cherish a military spirit, the greatest promptitude in
+the execution of orders, with the greatest economy and efficiency, are
+secured. The same view is taken of the Military Academy. Good order is
+preserved in it, and the youth are well instructed in every science
+connected with the great objects of the institution. They are also well
+trained and disciplined in the practical parts of the profession. It has
+been always found difficult to control the ardor inseparable from that
+early age in such manner as to give it a proper direction. The rights of
+manhood are too often claimed prematurely, in pressing which too far the
+respect which is due to age and the obedience necessary to a course of
+study and instruction in every such institution are sometimes lost sight
+of. The great object to be accomplished is the restraint of that ardor by
+such wise regulations and Government as, by directing all the energies of
+the youthful mind to the attainment of useful knowledge, will keep it
+within a just subordination and at the same time elevate it to the highest
+purposes. This object seems to be essentially obtained in this institution,
+and with great advantage to the Union.
+
+The Military Academy forms the basis, in regard to science, on which the
+military establishment rests. It furnishes annually, after due examination
+and on the report of the academic staff, many well- informed youths to fill
+the vacancies which occur in the several corps of the Army, while others
+who retire to private life carry with them such attainments as, under the
+right reserved to the several States to appoint the officers and to train
+the militia, will enable them, by affording a wider field for selection, to
+promote the great object of the power vested in Congress of providing for
+the organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia. Thus by the mutual
+and harmonious cooperation of the two governments in the execution of a
+power divided between them, an object always to be cherished, the
+attainment of a great result, on which our liberties may depend, can not
+fail to be secured. I have to add that in proportion as our regular force
+is small should the instruction and discipline of the militia, the great
+resource on which we rely, be pushed to the utmost extent that
+circumstances will admit.
+
+A report from the Secretary of the Navy will communicate the progress which
+has been made in the construction of vessels of war, with other interesting
+details respecting the actual state of the affairs of that Department. It
+has been found necessary for the protection of our commerce to maintain the
+usual squadrons on the Mediterranean, the Pacific, and along the Atlantic
+coast, extending the cruises of the latter into the West Indies, where
+piracy, organized into a system, has preyed on the commerce of every
+country trading thither. A cruise has also been maintained on the coast of
+Africa, when the season would permit, for the suppression of the slave
+trade, and orders have been given to the commanders of all our public ships
+to seize our own vessels, should they find any engaging in that trade, and
+to bring them in for adjudication.
+
+In the West Indies piracy is of recent date, which may explain the cause
+why other powers have not combined against it. By the documents
+communicated it will be seen that the efforts of the United States to
+suppress it have had a very salutary effect. The benevolent provision of
+the act under which the protection has been extended alike to the commerce
+of other nations can not fail to be duly appreciated by them.
+
+In compliance with the act of the last session entitled "An act to abolish
+the United States trading establishments", agents were immediately
+appointed and instructed, under the direction of the Sec of the Treasury,
+to close the business of the trading houses among the Indian tribes and to
+settle the accounts of the factors and sub-factors engaged in that trade,
+and to execute in all other respects the injunction of that act in the mode
+prescribed therein. A final report of their proceedings shall be
+communicated to Congress as soon as it is received.
+
+It is with great regret I have to state that a serious malady has deprived
+us of many valuable citizens of Pensacola and checked the progress of some
+of those arrangements which are important to the Territory. This effect has
+been sensibly felt in respect to the Indians who inhabit that Territory,
+consisting of the remnants of the several tribes who occupy the middle
+ground between St. Augustine and Pensacola, with extensive claims but
+undefined boundaries. Although peace is preserved with those Indians, yet
+their position and claims tend essentially to interrupt the intercourse
+between the eastern and western parts of the Territory, on which our
+inhabitants are principally settled. It is essential to the growth and
+prosperity of the Territory, as well as to the interests of the Union, that
+those Indians should be removed, by special compact with them, to some
+other position or concentration within narrower limits where they are. With
+the limited means in the power of the Executive, instructions were given to
+the governor to accomplish this object so far as it might be practicable,
+which was prevented by the distressing malady referred to. To carry it
+fully into effect in either mode additional funds will be necessary, to the
+provision of which the powers of Congress are competent. With a view to
+such provision as may be deemed proper, the subject is submitted to your
+consideration, and in the interim further proceedings are suspended.
+
+It appearing that so much of the act entitled "An act regulating the staff
+of the Army", which passed on [1818-04-14], as relates to the commissariat
+will expire in April next, and the practical operation of that department
+having evinced its great utility, the propriety of its renewal is submitted
+to your consideration.
+
+The view which has been taken of the probable productiveness of the lead
+mines, connected with the importance of the material to the public defense,
+makes it expedient that they should be managed with peculiar care. It is
+therefore suggested whether it will not comport with the public interest to
+provide by law for the appointment of an agent skilled in mineralogy to
+superintend them, under the direction of the proper department.
+
+It is understood that the Cumberland road, which was constructed at great
+expense, has already suffered from the want of that regular superintendence
+and of those repairs which are indispensable to the preservation of such a
+work. This road is of incalculable advantage in facilitating the
+intercourse between the Western and the Atlantic States. Through the whole
+country from the northern extremity of Lake Erie to the Mississippi, and
+from all the waters which empty into each, finds and easy and direct
+communication to the seat of Government, and thence to the Atlantic. The
+facility which it affords to all military and commercial operations, and
+also to those of the Post Office Dep't, can not be estimated too highly.
+This great work is likewise an ornament and an honor to the nation.
+
+Believing that a competent power to adopt and execute a system of internal
+improvement has not been granted to Congress, but that such a power,
+confined to great national purposes and with proper limitations, would be
+productive of eminent advantage to our Union, I have thought it advisable
+that an amendment of the Constitution to that effect should be recommended
+to the several States.
+
+A bill which assumed the right to adopt and execute such a system having
+been presented for my signature at the last session, I was compelled, from
+the view which I had taken of the powers of the General Government, to
+negative it, on which occasion I thought it proper to communicate the
+sentiments which I had formed, on mature consideration, on the whole
+subject. To that communication, in all the views in which the great
+interest to which it relates may be supposed to merit your attention, I
+have now to refer. Should Congress, however, deem it improper to recommend
+such an amendment, they have, according to my judgment, the right to keep
+the road in repair by providing for the superintendence of it and
+appropriating the money necessary for repairs. Surely if they had the right
+to appropriate money to make the road they have a right to appropriate it
+to preserve the road from ruin. From the exercise of this power no danger
+is to be apprehended.
+
+Under our happy system the people are the sole and exclusive fountain of
+power. Each Government originates from them, and to them alone, each to its
+proper constituents, are they respectively and solely responsible for the
+faithful discharge of their duties within their constitutional limits; and
+that the people will confine their public agents of every station to the
+strict line of their constitutional duties there is no cause of doubt.
+
+Having, however, communicated my sentiments to Congress at the last session
+fully in the document to which I have referred, respecting the right of
+appropriation as distinct from the right of jurisdiction and sovereignty
+over the territory in question, I deem it improper to enlarge on the
+subject here.
+
+From the best information I have been able to obtain it appears that our
+manufactures, though depressed immediately after the peace, have
+considerably increased, and are still increasing, under the encouragement
+given them by the tariff of 1816 and by subsequent laws. Satisfied I am,
+whatever may be the abstract doctrine in favor of unrestricted commerce,
+provided all nations would concur in it and it was not liable to be
+interrupted by war, which has never occurred and can not be expected, that
+there are other strong reasons applicable to our situation and relations
+with other countries which impose on us the obligation to cherish and
+sustain our manufactures.
+
+Satisfied, however, I likewise am that the interest of every part of our
+Union, even of those most benefitted by manufactures, requires that this
+subject should be touched with the greatest caution, and a critical
+knowledge of the effect to be produced by the slightest change. On full
+consideration of the subject in all its relations I am persuaded that a
+further augmentation may now be made of the duties on certain foreign
+articles in favor of our own and without affecting injuriously any other
+interest. For more precise details I refer you to the communications which
+were made to Congress during the last session.
+
+So great was the amount of accounts for moneys advanced during the late
+war, in addition to others of a previous date which in the regular
+operations of the Government necessarily remained unsettled, that it
+required a considerable length of time for their adjustment. By a report
+from the first Comptroller of the Treasury it appears that on [1817-03-04],
+the accounts then unsettled amounted to $103,068,876.41, of which on
+[1922-09-30], $93,175,396.56 had been settled, leaving on that day a
+balance unsettled of $9,893,479.85. That there have been drawn from the
+Treasury, in paying the public debt and sustaining the Government in all
+its operations and disbursements, since [1817-03-04], $157,199,380.96, the
+accounts for which have been settled to the amount of $137,501,451.12,
+leaving a balance unsettled of $19,697,929.84. for precise details
+respecting each of these balances I refer to the report of the Comptroller
+and the documents which accompany it.
+
+From this view it appears that our commercial differences with France and
+Great Britain have been placed in a train of amicable arrangement on
+conditions fair and honorable in both instances to each party; that our
+finances are in a very productive state, our revenue being at present fully
+competent to all the demands upon it; that our military force is well
+organized in all its branches and capable of rendering the most important
+service in case of emergency that its number will admit of; that due
+progress has been made, under existing appropriations, in the construction
+of fortifications and in the operations of the Ordnance Dep't; that due
+progress has in like manner been made in the construction of ships of war;
+that our Navy is in the best condition, felt and respected in every sea in
+which it is employed for the protection of our commerce; that our
+manufactures have augmented in amount and improved in quality; that great
+progress has been made in the settlement of accounts and in the recovery of
+the balances due by individuals, and that the utmost economy is secured and
+observed in every Dep't of the Administration. Other objects will likewise
+claim your attention, because from the station which the United States hold
+as a member of the great community of nations they have rights to maintain,
+duties to perform, and dangers to encounter.
+
+A strong hope was entertained that peace would ere this have been concluded
+between Spain and the independent governments south of the United States in
+this hemisphere. Long experience having evinced the competency of those
+governments to maintain the independence which they had declared, it was
+presumed that the considerations which induced their recognition by the
+United States would have had equal weight with other powers, and that Spain
+herself, yielding to those magnanimous feelings of which her history
+furnishes so many examples, would have terminated on that basis a
+controversy so unavailing and at the same time so destructive. We still
+cherish the hope that this result will not long be postponed.
+
+Sustaining our neutral position and allowing to each party while the war
+continues equal rights, it is incumbent on the United States to claim of
+each with equal rigor the faithful observance of our rights according to
+the well-known law of nations. From each, therefore, a like cooperation is
+expected in the suppression of the piratical practice which has grown out
+of this war and of blockades of extensive coasts on both seas, which,
+considering the small force employed to sustain them, have not the
+slightest foundation to rest on.
+
+Europe is still unsettled, and although the war long menaced between Russia
+and Turkey has not broken out, there is no certainty that the differences
+between those powers will be amicably adjusted. It is impossible to look to
+the oppressions of the country respecting which those differences arose
+without being deeply affected. The mention of Greece fills the mind with
+the most exalted sentiments and arouses in our bosoms the best feelings of
+which our nature is susceptible. Superior skill and refinement in the arts,
+heroic gallantry in action, disinterested patriotism, enthusiastic zeal and
+devotion in favor of public and personal liberty are associated with our
+recollections of ancient Greece. That such a country should have been
+overwhelmed and so long hidden, as it were, from the world under a gloomy
+despotism has been a cause of unceasing and deep regret to generous minds
+for ages past. It was natural, therefore, that the reappearance of those
+people in their original character, contending in favor of their liberties,
+should produce that great excitement and sympathy in their favor which have
+been so signally displayed throughout the United States. A strong hope is
+entertained that these people will recover their independence and resume
+their equal station among the nations of the earth.
+
+A great effort has been made in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition
+of the people, and it must be very consoling to all benevolent minds to see
+the extraordinary moderation with which it has been conducted. That it may
+promote the happiness of both nations is the ardent wish of this whole
+people, to the expression of which we confine ourselves; for whatever may
+be the feelings or sentiments which every individual under our Government
+has a right to indulge and express, it is nevertheless a sacred maxim,
+equally with the Government and people, that the destiny of every
+independent nation in what relates to such improvements of right belongs
+and ought to be left exclusively to themselves.
+
+Whether we reason from the late wars or from those menacing symptoms which
+now appear in Europe, it is manifest that if a convulsion should take place
+in any of those countries it will proceed from causes which have no
+existence and are utterly unknown in these States, in which there is but
+one order, that of the people, to whom the sovereignty exclusively
+belongs.
+
+Should war break out in any of those countries who can foretell the extent
+to which it may be carried or the desolation which it may spread? Exempt as
+we are from these causes, our internal tranquillity is secure; and distant
+as we are from the troubled scene, and faithful to first principles in
+regard to other powers, we might reasonably presume that we should not be
+molested by them. This, however, ought not to be calculated on as certain.
+Unprovoked injuries are often inflicted and even the peculiar felicity of
+our situation might with some be a cause for excitement and aggression.
+
+The history of the late wars in Europe furnishes a complete demonstration
+that no system of conduct, however correct in principle, can protect
+neutral powers from injury from any party; that a defenseless position and
+distinguished love of peace are the surest invitations to war, and that
+there is no way to avoid it other than by being always prepared and willing
+for just cause to meet it. If there be a people on earth whose more
+especial duty it is to be at all times prepared to defend the rights with
+which they are blessed, and to surpass all others in sustaining the
+necessary burthens, and in submitting to sacrifices to make such
+preparations, it is undoubtedly the people of these States.
+
+When we see that a civil war of the most frightful character rages from the
+Adriatic to the Black Sea; that strong symptoms of war appear in other
+parts, proceeding from causes which, should it break out, may become
+general and be of long duration; that the war still continues between Spain
+and the independent governments, her late Provinces, in this hemisphere;
+that it is likewise menaced between Portugal and Brazil, in consequence of
+the attempt of the latter to dismember itself from the former, and that a
+system of piracy of great extent is maintained in the neighboring seas,
+which will require equal vigilance and decision to suppress it, the reasons
+for sustaining the attitude which we now hold and for pushing forward all
+our measures of defense with the utmost vigor appear to me to acquire new
+force.
+
+The United States owe to the world a great example, and, by means thereof,
+to the cause of liberty and humanity a generous support. They have so far
+succeeded to the satisfaction of the virtuous and enlightened of every
+country. There is no reason to doubt that their whole movement will be
+regulated by a sacred regard to principle, all our institutions being
+founded on that basis. The ability to support our own cause under any trial
+to which it may be exposed is the great point on which the public
+solicitude rests.
+
+It has been often charged against free governments that they have neither
+the foresight nor the virtue to provide at the proper season for great
+emergencies; that their course is improvident and expensive; that war will
+always find them unprepared, and, whatever may be its calamities, that its
+terrible warnings will be disregarded and forgotten as soon as peace
+returns. I have full confidence that this charge so far as relates to the
+United States will be shewn to be utterly destitute of truth.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 2, 1823
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+Many important subjects will claim your attention during the present
+session, of which I shall endeavor to give, in aid of your deliberations, a
+just idea in this communication. I undertake this duty with diffidence,
+from the vast extent of the interests on which I have to treat and of their
+great importance to every portion of our Union. I enter on it with zeal
+from a thorough conviction that there never was a period since the
+establishment of our Revolution when, regarding the condition of the
+civilized world and its bearing on us, there was greater necessity for
+devotion in the public servants to their respective duties, or for virtue,
+patriotism, and union in our constituents.
+
+Meeting in you a new Congress, I deem it proper to present this view of
+public affairs in greater detail than might otherwise be necessary. I do
+it, however, with peculiar satisfaction, from a knowledge that in this
+respect I shall comply more fully with the sound principles of our
+Government.
+
+The people being with us exclusively the sovereign, it is indispensable
+that full information be laid before them on all important subjects, to
+enable them to exercise that high power with complete effect. If kept in
+the dark, they must be incompetent to it. We are all liable to error, and
+those who are engaged in the management of public affairs are more subject
+to excitement and to be led astray by their particular interests and
+passions than the great body of our constituents, who, living at home in
+the pursuit of their ordinary avocations, are calm but deeply interested
+spectators of events and of the conduct of those who are parties to them.
+
+To the people every department of the Government and every individual in
+each are responsible, and the more full their information the better they
+can judge of the wisdom of the policy pursued and of the conduct of each in
+regard to it. From their dispassionate judgment much aid may always be
+obtained, while their approbation will form the greatest incentive and most
+gratifying reward for virtuous actions, and the dread of their censure the
+best security against the abuse of their confidence. Their interests in all
+vital questions are the same, and the bond, by sentiment as well as by
+interest, will be proportionably strengthened as they are better informed
+of the real state of public affairs, especially in difficult conjunctures.
+It is by such knowledge that local prejudices and jealousies are
+surmounted, and that a national policy extending its fostering care and
+protection to all the great interests of our Union, is formed and steadily
+adhered to.
+
+A precise knowledge of our relations with foreign powers as respects our
+negotiations and transactions with each is thought to be particularly
+necessary. Equally necessary is it that we should for a just estimate of
+our resources, revenue, and progress in every kind of improvement connected
+with the national prosperity and public defense. It is by rendering justice
+to other nations that we may expect it from them. It is by our ability to
+resent injuries and redress wrongs that we may avoid them.
+
+The commissioners under the 5th article of the treaty of Ghent, having
+disagreed in their opinions respecting that portion of the boundary between
+the Territories of the United States and of Great Britain the establishment
+of which had been submitted to them, have made their respective reports in
+compliance with that article, that the same might be referred to the
+decision of a friendly power. It being manifest, however, that it would be
+difficult, if not impossible, for any power to perform that office without
+great delay and much inconvenience to itself, a proposal has been made by
+this Government, and acceded to by that of Great Britain, to endeavor to
+establish that boundary by amicable negotiation.
+
+It appearing from long experience that no satisfactory arrangement could be
+formed of the commercial intercourse between the United States and the
+British colonies in this hemisphere by legislative acts while each party
+pursued its own course without agreement or concert with the other, a
+proposal has been made to the British Government to regulate this commerce
+by treaty, as it has been to arrange in like manner the just claim of the
+citizens of the United States inhabiting the States and Territories
+bordering on the lakes and rivers which empty into the St. Lawrence to the
+navigation of that river to the ocean. For these and other objects of high
+importance to the interests of both parties a negotiation has been opened
+with the British Government which it is hoped will have a satisfactory
+result.
+
+The commissioners under the 6th and 7th articles of the treaty of Ghent
+having successfully closed their labors in relation to the 6th, have
+proceeded to the discharge of those relating to the 7th. Their progress in
+the extensive survey required for the performance of their duties justifies
+the presumption that it will be completed in the ensuing year.
+
+The negotiation which had been long depending with the French Government on
+several important subjects, and particularly for a just indemnity for
+losses sustained in the late wars by the citizens of the United States
+under unjustifiable seizures and confiscations of their property, has not
+as yet had the desired effect. As this claim rests on the same principle
+with others which have been admitted by the French Government, it is not
+perceived on what just ground it can be rejected. A minister will be
+immediately appointed to proceed to France and resume the negotiation on
+this and other subjects which may arise between the two nations.
+
+At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made through the
+minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power and instructions have
+been transmitted to the minister of the United States at St. Petersburg to
+arrange by amicable negotiation the respective rights and interests of the
+two nations on the North West coast of this continent. A similar proposal
+had been made by His Imperial Majesty to the Government of Great Britain,
+which has likewise been acceded to. The Government of the United States has
+been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting the great value
+which they have invariably attached to the friendship of the Emperor and
+their solicitude to cultivate the best understanding with his Government.
+In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the
+arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged
+proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of
+the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free
+and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are
+henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any
+European powers.
+
+Since the close of the last session of Congress the commissioners and
+arbitrators for ascertaining and determining the amount of indemnification
+which may be due to citizens of the United States under the decision of His
+Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia, in conformity to the convention
+concluded at St. Petersburg on [1822-07-12], have assembled in this city,
+and organized themselves as a board for the performance of the duties
+assigned to them by that treaty. The commission constituted under the 11th
+article of the treaty of [1819-02-22], between the United States and Spain
+is also in session here, and as the term of three years limited by the
+treaty for the execution of the trust will expire before the period of the
+next regular meeting of Congress, the attention of the Legislature will be
+drawn to the measures which may be necessary to accomplish the objects for
+which the commission was instituted.
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives adopted at
+their last session, instructions have been given to all the ministers of
+the United States accredited to the powers of Europe and America to propose
+the proscription of the African slave trade by classing it under the
+denomination, and inflicting on its perpetrators the punishment, of piracy.
+Should this proposal be acceded to, it is not doubted that this odious and
+criminal practice will be promptly and entirely suppressed. It is earnestly
+hoped that it will be acceded to, from the firm belief that it is the most
+effectual expedient that can be adopted for the purpose.
+
+At the commencement of the recent war between France and Spain it was
+declared by the French Government that it would grant no commissions to
+privateers, and that neither the commerce of Spain herself nor of neutral
+nations should be molested by the naval force of France, except in the
+breach of a lawful blockade. This declaration, which appears to have been
+faithfully carried into effect, concurring with principles proclaimed and
+cherished by the United States from the first establishment of their
+independence, suggested the hope that the time had arrived when the
+proposal for adopting it as a permanent and invariable rule in all future
+maritime wars might meet the favorable consideration of the great European
+powers. Instructions have accordingly been given to our ministers with
+France, Russia, and Great Britain to make those proposals to their
+respective Governments, and when the friends of humanity reflect on the
+essential amelioration to the condition of the human race which would
+result from the abolition of private war on the sea and on the great
+facility by which it might be accomplished, requiring only the consent of a
+few sovereigns, an earnest hope is indulged that these overtures will meet
+with an attention animated by the spirit in which they were made, and that
+they will ultimately be successful.
+
+The ministers who were appointed to the Republics of Colombia and Buenos
+Ayres during the last session of Congress proceeded shortly afterwards to
+their destinations. Of their arrival there official intelligence has not
+yet been received. The minister appointed to the Republic of Chile will
+sail in a few days. An early appointment will also be made to Mexico. A
+minister has been received from Colombia, and the other Governments have
+been informed that ministers, or diplomatic agents of inferior grade, would
+be received from each, accordingly as they might prefer the one or the
+other.
+
+The minister appointed to Spain proceeded soon after his appointment for
+Cadiz, the residence of the Sovereign to whom he was accredited. In
+approaching that port the frigate which conveyed him was warned off by the
+commander of the French squadron by which it was blockaded and not
+permitted to enter, although apprised by the captain of the frigate of the
+public character of the person whom he had on board, the landing of whom
+was the sole object of his proposed entry. This act, being considered an
+infringement of the rights of ambassadors and of nations, will form a just
+cause of complaint to the Government of France against the officer by whom
+it was committed.
+
+The actual condition of the public finances more than realizes the
+favorable anticipations that were entertained of it at the opening of the
+last session of Congress. On the first of January there was a balance in
+the Treasury of $4,237,427.55. From that time to the 30th of September the
+receipts amounted to upward of $16.1M, and the expenditures to $11.4M.
+During the 4th quarter of the year it is estimated that the receipts will
+at least equal the expenditures, and that there will remain in the Treasury
+on the first day of January next a surplus of nearly $9M.
+
+On [1825-01-01], a large amount of the war debt and a part of the
+Revolutionary debt become redeemable. Additional portions of the former
+will continue to become redeemable annually until the year 1835. it is
+believed, however, that if the United States remain at peace the whole of
+that debt may be redeemed by the ordinary revenue of those years during
+that period under the provision of the act of [1817-03-03], creating the
+sinking fund, and in that case the only part of the debt that will remain
+after the year 1835 will be the $7M of 5% stock subscribed to the Bank of
+the United States, and the 3% Revolutionary debt, amounting to
+$13,296,099.06, both of which are redeemable at the pleasure of the
+Government.
+
+The state of the Army in its organization and discipline has been gradually
+improving for several years, and has now attained a high degree of
+perfection. The military disbursements have been regularly made and the
+accounts regularly and promptly rendered for settlement. The supplies of
+various descriptions have been of good quality, and regularly issued at all
+of the posts. A system of economy and accountability has been introduced
+into every branch of the service which admits of little additional
+improvement. This desirable state has been attained by the act reorganizing
+the staff of the Army, passed on [1818-04-14].
+
+The moneys appropriated for fortifications have been regularly and
+economically applied, and all the works advanced as rapidly as the amount
+appropriated would admit. Three important works will be completed in the
+course of this year -- that is, Fort Washington, Fort Delaware, and the
+fort at the Rigolets, in Louisiana.
+
+The Board of Engineers and the Topographical Corps have been in constant
+and active service in surveying the coast and projecting the works
+necessary for its defense.
+
+The Military Academy has attained a degree of perfection in its discipline
+and instruction equal, as is believed, to any institution of its kind in
+any country.
+
+The money appropriated for the use of the Ordnance Department has been
+regularly and economically applied. The fabrication of arms at the national
+armories and by contract with the Department has been gradually improving
+in quality and cheapness. It is believed that their quality is now such as
+to admit of but little improvement.
+
+The completion of the fortifications renders it necessary that there should
+be a suitable appropriation for the purpose of fabricating the cannon and
+carriages necessary for those works.
+
+Under the appropriation of $5,000 for exploring the Western waters for the
+location of a site for a Western armory, a commission was constituted,
+consisting of Colonel McRee, Colonel Lee, and Captain Talcott, who have
+been engaged in exploring the country. They have not yet reported the
+result of their labors, but it is believed that they will be prepared to do
+it at an early part of the session of Congress.
+
+During the month of June last General Ashley and his party, who were
+trading under a license from the Government, were attacked by the Ricarees
+while peaceably trading with the Indians at their request. Several of the
+party were killed and wounded and their property taken or destroyed.
+
+Colonel Leavenworth, who commanded Fort Atkinson, at the Council Bluffs,
+the most western post, apprehending that the hostile spirit of the Ricarees
+would extend to other tribes in that quarter, and that thereby the lives of
+the traders on the Missouri and the peace of the frontier would be
+endangered, took immediate measures to check the evil.
+
+With a detachment of the regiment stationed at the Bluffs he successfully
+attacked the Ricaree village, and it is hoped that such an impression has
+been made on them as well as on the other tribes on the Missouri as will
+prevent a recurrence of future hostility.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War, which is herewith transmitted, will
+exhibit in greater detail the condition of the Department in its various
+branches, and the progress which has been made in its administration during
+the three first quarters of the year.
+
+I transmit a return of the militia of the several States according to the
+last reports which have been made by the proper officers in each to the
+Department of War. by reference to this return it will be seen that it is
+not complete, although great exertions have been made to make it so. As the
+defense and even the liberties of the country must depend in times of
+imminent danger on the militia, it is of the highest importance that it be
+well organized, armed, and disciplined throughout the Union.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War shews the progress made during the three
+first quarters of the present year by the application of the fund
+appropriated for arming the militia. Much difficulty is found in
+distributing the arms according to the act of Congress providing for it
+from the failure of the proper departments in many of the States to make
+regular returns. The act of [1820-05-12] provides that the system of
+tactics and regulations of the various corps of the Regular Army shall be
+extended to the militia. This act has been very imperfectly executed from
+the want of uniformity in the organization of the militia, proceeding from
+the defects of the system itself, and especially in its application to that
+main arm of the public defense. It is thought that this important subject
+in all its branches merits the attention of Congress.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy, which is now communicated,
+furnishes an account of the administration of that Department for the three
+first quarters of the present year, with the progress made in augmenting
+the Navy, and the manner in which the vessels in commission have been
+employed.
+
+The usual force has been maintained in the Mediterranean Sea, the Pacific
+Ocean, and along the Atlantic coast, and has afforded the necessary
+protection to our commerce in those seas.
+
+In the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico our naval force has been
+augmented by the addition of several small vessels provided for by the "act
+authorizing an additional naval force for the suppression of piracy",
+passed by Congress at their last session. That armament has been eminently
+successful in the accomplishment of its object. The piracies by which our
+commerce in the neighborhood of the island of Cuba had been afflicted have
+been repressed and the confidence of our merchants in a great measure
+restored.
+
+The patriotic zeal and enterprise of Commodore Porter, to whom the command
+of the expedition was confided, has been fully seconded by the officers and
+men under his command. And in reflecting with high satisfaction on the
+honorable manner in which they have sustained the reputation of their
+country and its Navy, the sentiment is alloyed only by a concern that in
+the fulfillment of that arduous service the diseases incident to the season
+and to the climate in which it was discharged have deprived the nation of
+many useful lives, and among them of several officers of great promise.
+
+In the month of August a very malignant fever made its appearance at
+Thompsons Island, which threatened the destruction of our station there.
+Many perished, and the commanding officer was severely attacked. Uncertain
+as to his fate and knowing that most of the medical officers had been
+rendered incapable of discharging their duties, it was thought expedient to
+send to that post an officer of rank and experience, with several skilled
+surgeons, to ascertain the origin of the fever and the probability of its
+recurrence there in future seasons; to furnish every assistance to those
+who were suffering, and, if practicable, to avoid the necessity of
+abandoning so important a station. Commodore Rodgers, with a promptitude
+which did him honor, cheerfully accepted that trust, and has discharged it
+in the manner anticipated from his skill and patriotism. Before his arrival
+Commodore Porter, with the greater part of the squadron, had removed from
+the island and returned to the United States in consequence of the
+prevailing sickness. Much useful information has, however, been obtained as
+to the state of the island and great relief afforded to those who had been
+necessarily left there.
+
+Although our expedition, cooperating with an invigorated administration of
+the government of the island of Cuba, and with the corresponding active
+exertions of a British naval force in the same seas, have almost entirely
+destroyed the unlicensed piracies from that island, the success of our
+exertions has not been equally effectual to suppress the same crime, under
+other pretenses and colors, in the neighboring island of Porto Rico. They
+have been committed there under the abusive issue of Spanish commissions.
+
+At an early period of the present year remonstrances were made to the
+governor of that island, by an agent who was sent for the purpose, against
+those outrages on the peaceful commerce of the United States, of which many
+had occurred. That officer, professing his own want of authority to make
+satisfaction for our just complaints, answered only by a reference of them
+to the Government of Spain. The minister of the United States to that court
+was specially instructed to urge the necessity of immediate and effectual
+interposition of that Government, directing restitution and indemnity for
+wrongs already committed and interdicting the repetition of them. The
+minister, as has been seen, was debarred access to the Spanish Government,
+and in the mean time several new cases of flagrant outrage have occurred,
+and citizens of the United States in the island of Porto Rico have
+suffered, and others been threatened with assassination for asserting their
+unquestionable rights even before the lawful tribunals of the country.
+
+The usual orders have been given to all our public ships to seize American
+vessels in the slave trade and bring them in for adjudication, and I have
+the gratification to state that not one so employed has been discovered,
+and there is good reason to believe that our flag is now seldom, if at all,
+disgraced by that traffic.
+
+It is a source of great satisfaction that we are always enabled to recur to
+the conduct of our Navy with price and commendation. As a means of national
+defense it enjoys the public confidence, and is steadily assuming
+additional importance. It is submitted whether a more efficient and equally
+economical organization of it might not in several respects be effected. It
+is supposed that higher grades than now exist by law would be useful. They
+would afford well-merited rewards to those who have long and faithfully
+served their country, present the best incentives to good conduct, and the
+best means of insuring a proper discipline; destroy the inequality in that
+respect between military and naval services, and relieve our officers from
+many inconveniences and mortifications which occur when our vessels meet
+those of other nations, ours being the only service in which such grades do
+not exist.
+
+A report of the PostMaster-General, which accompanies this communication,
+will shew the present state of the Post-Office Department and its general
+operations for some years past.
+
+There is established by law 88,600 miles of post roads, on which the mail
+is now transported 85,700 miles, and contracts have been made for its
+transportation on all the established routes, with one or 2 exceptions.
+There are 5,240 post offices in the Union, and as many post masters. The
+gross amount of postage which accrued from [1822-07-01] to [1823-07-01] was
+$1,114,345.12. During the same period the expenditures of the Post-Office
+Department amounted to $1,169,885.51 and consisted of the following items,
+viz: Compensation to post masters, $353,995.98; incidental expenses,
+$30,866.37; transportation of the mail, $784,600.08; payments into the
+Treasury, $423.08. On the first of July last there was due to the
+Department from post masters $135,245.28; from late post masters and
+contractors, $256,749.31; making a total amount of balances due to the
+Department of $391,994.59.
+
+These balances embrace all delinquencies of post masters and contractors
+which have taken place since the organization of the Department. There was
+due by the Department to contractors on the first of July last $26,548.64.
+
+The transportation of the mail within five years past has been greatly
+extended, and the expenditures of the Department proportionably increased.
+Although the postage which has accrued within the last three years has
+fallen short of the expenditures $262,821.46, it appears that collections
+have been made from the outstanding balances to meet the principal part of
+the current demands.
+
+It is estimated that not more than $250,000 of the above balances can be
+collected, and that a considerable part of this sum can only be realized by
+a resort to legal process. Some improvements in the receipts for postage is
+expected. A prompt attention to the collection of moneys received by post
+masters, it is believed, will enable the Department to continue its
+operations without aid from the Treasury, unless the expenditures shall be
+increased by the establishment of new mail routes.
+
+A revision of some parts of the post office law may be necessary; and it is
+submitted whether it would not be proper to provide for the appointment of
+post masters, where the compensation exceeds a certain amount, by
+nomination to the Senate, as other officers of the General Government are
+appointed.
+
+Having communicated my views to Congress at the commencement of the last
+session respecting the encouragement which ought to be given to our
+manufactures and the principle on which it should be founded, I have only
+to add that those views remain unchanged, and that the present state of
+those countries with which we have the most immediate political relations
+and greatest commercial intercourse tends to confirm them. Under this
+impression I recommend a review of the tariff for the purpose of affording
+such additional protection to those articles which we are prepared to
+manufacture, or which are more immediately connected with the defense and
+independence of the country.
+
+The actual state of the public accounts furnishes additional evidence of
+the efficiency of the present system of accountability in relation to the
+public expenditure. Of the moneys drawn from the Treasury since
+[1817-03-04], the sum remaining unaccounted for on the 30th of September
+last is more than $1.5M less than on the 30th of September preceding; and
+during the same period a reduction of nearly $1M has been made in the
+amount of the unsettled accounts for moneys advanced previously to
+[1817-03-04]. It will be obvious that in proportion as the mass of accounts
+of the latter description is diminished by settlement the difficulty of
+settling the residue is increased from the consideration that in many
+instances it can be obtained only by legal process. For more precise
+details on this subject I refer to a report from the first Comptroller of
+the Treasury.
+
+The sum which was appropriated at the last session for the repairs of the
+Cumberland road has been applied with good effect to that object. A final
+report has not been received from the agent who was appointed to
+superintend it. As soon as it is received it shall be communicated to
+Congress.
+
+Many patriotic and enlightened citizens who have made the subject an object
+of particular investigation have suggested an improvement of still greater
+importance. They are of the opinion that the waters of the Chesapeake and
+Ohio may be connected together by one continued canal, and at an expense
+far short of the value and importance of the object to be obtained. If this
+could be accomplished it is impossible to calculate the beneficial
+consequences which would result from it.
+
+A great portion of the produce of the very fertile country through which it
+would pass would find a market through that channel. Troops might be moved
+with great facility in war, with cannon and every kind of munition, and in
+either direction. Connecting the Atlantic with the Western country in a
+line passing through the seat of the National Government, it would
+contribute essentially to strengthen the bond of union itself.
+
+Believing as I do that Congress possess the right to appropriate money for
+such a national object (the jurisdiction remaining to the States through
+which the canal would pass), I submit it to your consideration whether it
+may not be advisable to authorize by an adequate appropriation the
+employment of a suitable number of the officers of the Corps of Engineers
+to examine the unexplored ground during the next season and to report their
+opinion thereon. It will likewise be proper to extend their examination to
+the several routes through which the waters of the Ohio may be connected by
+canals with those of Lake Erie.
+
+As the Cumberland road will require annual repairs, and Congress have not
+thought it expedient to recommend to the States an amendment to the
+Constitution for the purpose of vesting in the United States a power to
+adopt and execute a system of internal improvement, it is also submitted to
+your consideration whether it may not be expedient to authorize the
+Executive to enter into an arrangement with the several States through
+which the road passes to establish tolls, each within its limits, for the
+purpose of defraying the expense of future repairs and of providing also by
+suitable penalties for its protection against future injuries.
+
+The act of Congress of [1822-05-07], appropriated the sum of $22,700 for
+the purpose of erecting two piers as a shelter for vessels from ice near
+Cape Henlopen, Delaware Bay. To effect the object of the act the officers
+of the Board of Engineers, with Commodore Bainbridge, were directed to
+prepare plans and estimates of piers sufficient to answer the purpose
+intended by the act. It appears by their report, which accompanies the
+documents from the War Department, that the appropriation is not adequate
+to the purpose intended; and as the piers would be of great service both to
+the navigation of the Delaware Bay and the protection of vessels on the
+adjacent parts of the coast, I submit for the consideration of Congress
+whether additional and sufficient appropriations should not be made.
+
+The Board of Engineers were also directed to examine and survey the
+entrance of the harbor of the port of Presquille, in PA, in order to make
+an estimate of the expense of removing the obstructions to the entrance,
+with a plan of the best mode of effecting the same, under the appropriation
+for that purpose by act of Congress passed 3rd of March last. The report of
+the Board accompanies the papers from the War Department, and is submitted
+for the consideration of Congress.
+
+A strong hope has been long entertained, founded on the heroic struggle of
+the Greeks, that they would succeed in their contest and resume their equal
+station among the nations of the earth. It is believed that the whole
+civilized world take a deep interest in their welfare. Although no power
+has declared in their favor, yet none according to our information, has
+taken part against them. Their cause and their name have protected them
+from dangers which might ere this have overwhelmed any other people. The
+ordinary calculations of interest and of acquisition with a view to
+aggrandizement, which mingles so much in the transactions of nations, seem
+to have had no effect in regard to them. From the facts which have come to
+our knowledge there is good cause to believe that their enemy has lost
+forever all dominion over them; that Greece will become again an
+independent nation. That she may obtain that rank is the object of our most
+ardent wishes.
+
+It was stated at the commencement of the last session that a great effort
+was then making in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition of the
+people of those countries, and that it appeared to be conducted with
+extraordinary moderation. It need scarcely be remarked that the result has
+been so far very different from what was then anticipated. Of events in
+that quarter of the globe, with which we have so much intercourse and from
+which we derive our origin, we have always been anxious and interested
+spectators.
+
+The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly in
+favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow men on that side of the
+Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to
+themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our
+policy so to do.
+
+It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent
+injuries or make preparation for our defense. With the movements in this
+hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes
+which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers.
+
+The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this
+respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which
+exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own,
+which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and
+matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which
+we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted.
+
+We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing
+between the United States and those powers to declare that we should
+consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of
+this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing
+colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and
+shall not interfere, but with the Governments who have declared their
+independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great
+consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any
+interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any
+other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than
+as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United
+States.
+
+In the war between those new Governments and Spain we declared our
+neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered,
+and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur which, in the
+judgment of the competent authorities of this Government, shall make a
+corresponding change on the part of the United States indispensable to
+their security.
+
+The late events in Spain and Portugal shew that Europe is still unsettled.
+Of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced than that the
+allied powers should have thought it proper, on any principle satisfactory
+to themselves, to have interposed by force in the internal concerns of
+Spain. To what extent such interposition may be carried, on the same
+principle, is a question in which all independent powers whose governments
+differ from theirs are interested, even those most remote, and surely none
+more so than the United States.
+
+Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the
+wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless
+remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of
+any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate
+government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve
+those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all
+instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from
+none.
+
+But in regard to those continents circumstances are eminently and
+conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied powers should
+extend their political system to any portion of either continent without
+endangering our peace and happiness; nor can anyone believe that our
+southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own
+accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such
+interposition in any form with indifference. If we look to the comparative
+strength and resources of Spain and those new Governments, and their
+distance from each other, it must be obvious that she can never subdue
+them. It is still the true policy of the United States to leave the parties
+to themselves, in the hope that other powers will pursue the same course.
+
+If we compare the present condition of our Union with its actual state at
+the close of our Revolution, the history of the world furnishes no example
+of a progress in improvement in all the important circumstances which
+constitute the happiness of a nation which bears any resemblance to it. At
+the first epoch our population did not exceed 3,000,000. by the last census
+it amounted to about 10,000,000, and, what is more extraordinary, it is
+almost altogether native, for the immigration from other countries has been
+inconsiderable.
+
+At the first epoch half the territory within our acknowledged limits was
+uninhabited and a wilderness. Since then new territory has been acquired of
+vast extent, comprising within it many rivers, particularly the
+Mississippi, the navigation of which to the ocean was of the highest
+importance to the original States. Over this territory our population has
+expanded in every direction, and new States have been established almost
+equal in number to those which formed the first bond of our Union. This
+expansion of our population and accession of new States to our Union have
+had the happiest effect on all its highest interests.
+
+That it has eminently augmented our resources and added to our strength and
+respectability as a power is admitted by all, but it is not in these
+important circumstances only that this happy effect is felt. It is manifest
+that by enlarging the basis of our system and increasing the number of
+States the system itself has been greatly strengthened in both its
+branches. Consolidation and disunion have thereby been rendered equally
+impracticable.
+
+Each Government, confiding in its own strength, has less to apprehend from
+the other, and in consequence each, enjoying a greater freedom of action,
+is rendered more efficient for all the purposes for which it was
+instituted.
+
+It is unnecessary to treat here of the vast improvement made in the system
+itself by the adoption of this Constitution and of its happy effect in
+elevating the character and in protecting the rights of the nation as well
+as individuals. To what, then, do we owe these blessings? It is known to
+all that we derive them from the excellence of our institutions. Ought we
+not, then, to adopt every measure which may be necessary to perpetuate
+them?
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 7, 1824
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+The view which I have now to present to you of our affairs, foreign and
+domestic, realizes the most sanguine anticipations which have been
+entertained of the public prosperity. If we look to the whole, our growth
+as a nation continues to be rapid beyond example; if to the States which
+compose it, the same gratifying spectacle is exhibited. Our expansion over
+the vast territory within our limits has been great, without indicating any
+decline in those sections from which the emigration has been most
+conspicuous. We have daily gained strength by a native population in every
+quarter -- a population devoted to our happy system of government and
+cherishing the bond of union with internal affection.
+
+Experience has already shewn that the difference of climate and of
+industry, proceeding from that cause, inseparable from such vast domains,
+and which under other systems might have a repulsive tendency, can not fail
+to produce with us under wise regulations the opposite effect. What one
+portion wants the other may supply; and this will be most sensibly felt by
+the parts most distant from each other, forming thereby a domestic market
+and an active intercourse between the extremes and throughout every portion
+of our Union.
+
+Thus by a happy distribution of power between the National and State
+Governments, Governments which rest exclusively on the sovereignty of the
+people and are fully adequate to the great purposes for which they were
+respectively instituted, causes which might otherwise lead to dismemberment
+operate powerfully to draw us closer together.
+
+In every other circumstance a correct view of the actual state of our Union
+must be equally gratifying to our constituents. Our relations with foreign
+powers are of a friendly character, although certain interesting
+differences remain unsettled with some. Our revenue under the mild system
+of impost and tonnage continues to be adequate to all the purposes of the
+Government. Our agriculture, commerce, manufactures, and navigation
+flourish. Our fortifications are advancing in the degree authorized by
+existing appropriations to maturity, and due progress is made in the
+augmentation of the Navy to the limit prescribed for it by law. For these
+blessings we owe to Almighty God, from whom we derive them, and with
+profound reverence, our most grateful and unceasing acknowledgments.
+
+In adverting to our relations with foreign powers, which are always an
+object of the highest importance, I have to remark that of the subjects
+which have been brought into discussion with them during the present
+Administration some have been satisfactorily terminated, others have been
+suspended, to be resumed hereafter under circumstances more favorable to
+success, and others are still in negotiation, with the hope that they may
+be adjusted with mutual accommodation to the interests and to the
+satisfaction of the respective parties. It has been the invariable object
+of this Government to cherish the most friendly relations with every power,
+and on principles and conditions which might make them permanent. A
+systematic effort has been made to place our commerce with each power on a
+footing of perfect reciprocity, to settle with each in a spirit of candor
+and liberality all existing differences, and to anticipate and remove so
+far as it might be practicable all causes of future variance.
+
+It having been stipulated by the 7th article of the convention of
+navigation and commerce which was concluded on [1822-06-24], between the
+United States and France, that the said convention should continue in force
+for two years from the first of October of that year, and for an indefinite
+term afterwards, unless one of the parties should declare its intention to
+renounce it, in which event it should cease to operate at the end of 6
+months from such declaration, and no such intention having been announced,
+the convention having been found advantageous to both parties, it has since
+remained, and still remains, in force.
+
+At the time when that convention was concluded many interesting subjects
+were left unsettled, and particularly our claim to indemnity for
+spoliations which were committed on our commerce in the late wars. For
+these interests and claims it was in the contemplation of the parties to
+make provision at a subsequent day by a more comprehensive and definitive
+treaty. The object has been duly attended to since by the Executive, but as
+yet it has not been accomplished.
+
+It is hoped that a favorable opportunity will present itself for opening a
+negotiation which may embrace and arrange all existing differences and
+every other concern in which they have a common interest upon the accession
+of the present King of France, an event which has occurred since the close
+of the last session of Congress.
+
+With Great Britain our commercial intercourse rests on the same footing
+that it did at the last session. by the convention of 1815, the commerce
+between the United States and the British dominions in Europe and the East
+Indies was arranged on a principle of reciprocity. That convention was
+confirmed and continued in force, with slight exceptions, by a subsequent
+treaty for the term of 10 years from [1818-10-20], the date of the latter.
+
+The trade with the British colonies in the West Indies has not as yet been
+arranged, by treaty or otherwise, to our satisfaction. An approach to that
+result has been made by legislative acts, whereby many serious impediments
+which had been raised by the parties in defense of their respective claims
+were removed. An earnest desire exists, and has been manifested on the part
+of this Government, to place the commerce with the colonies, likewise, on a
+footing of reciprocal advantage, and it is hoped that the British
+Government, seeing the justice of the proposal and its importance to the
+colonies, will ere long accede to it.
+
+The commissioners who were appointed for the adjustment of the boundary
+between the territories of the United States and those of Great Britain,
+specified in the 5th article of the treaty of Ghent, having disagreed in
+their decision, and both Governments having agreed to establish that
+boundary by amicable negotiation between them, it is hoped that it may be
+satisfactorily adjusted in that mode. The boundary specified by the 6th
+article has been established by the decision of the commissioners. From the
+progress made in that provided for by the 7th, according to a report
+recently received, there is good cause to presume that it will be settled
+in the course of the ensuing year.
+
+It is a cause of serious regret that no arrangement has yet been finally
+concluded between the two Governments to secure by joint cooperation the
+suppression of the slave trade. It was the object of the British Government
+in the early stages of the negotiation to adopt a plan for the suppression
+which should include the concession of the mutual right of search by the
+ships of war of each party of the vessels of the other for suspected
+offenders. This was objected to by this Government on the principle that as
+the right of search was a right of war of a belligerent toward a neutral
+power it might have an ill effect to extend it by treaty, to an offense
+which had been made comparatively mild, to a time of peace.
+
+Anxious, however, for the suppression of this trade, it was thought
+advisable, in compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives,
+founded on an act of Congress, to propose to the British Government an
+expedient which should be free from that objection and more effectual for
+the object, by making it piratical. In that mode the enormity of the crime
+would place the offenders out of the protection of their Government, and
+involve no question of search or other question between the parties
+touching their respective rights. It was believed, also, that it would
+completely suppress the trade in the vessels of both parties, and by their
+respective citizens and subjects in those of other powers, with whom it was
+hoped that the odium which would thereby be attached to it would produce a
+corresponding arrangement, and by means thereof its entire extirpation
+forever.
+
+A convention to this effect was concluded and signed in London on
+[1824-03-13], by plenipotentiaries duly authorized by both Governments, to
+the ratification of which certain obstacles have arisen which are not yet
+entirely removed. The difference between the parties still remaining has
+been reduced to a point not of sufficient magnitude, as is presumed, to be
+permitted to defeat an object so near to the heart of both nations and so
+desirable to the friends of humanity throughout the world. As objections,
+however, to the principle recommended by the House of Representatives, or
+at least to the consequences inseparable from it, and which are understood
+to apply to the law, have been raised, which may deserve a reconsideration
+of the whole subject, I have thought it proper to suspend the conclusion of
+a new convention until the definitive sentiments of Congress may be
+ascertained. The documents relating to the negotiation are with that intent
+submitted to your consideration.
+
+Our commerce with Sweden has been placed on a footing of perfect
+reciprocity by treaty, and with Russia, the Netherlands, Prussia, the free
+Hanseatic cities, the Dukedom of Oldenburg, and Sardinia by internal
+regulations on each side, founded on mutual agreement between the
+respective Governments.
+
+The principles upon which the commercial policy of the United States is
+founded are to be traced to an early period. They are essentially connected
+with those upon which their independence was declared, and owe their origin
+to the enlightened men who took the lead in our affairs at that important
+epoch. They are developed in their first treaty of commerce with France of
+[1778-02-06], and by a formal commission which was instituted immediately
+after the conclusion of their Revolutionary struggle, for the purpose of
+negotiating treaties of commerce with every European power. The first
+treaty of the United States with Prussia, which was negotiated by that
+commission, affords a signal illustration of those principles. The act of
+Congress of [1815-03-03], adopted immediately after the return of a general
+peace, was a new overture to foreign nations to establish our commercial
+relations with them on the basis of free and equal reciprocity. That
+principle has pervaded all the acts of Congress and all the negotiations of
+the Executive on the subject.
+
+A convention for the settlement of important questions in relation to the
+North West coast of this continent and its adjoining seas was concluded and
+signed at St. Petersburg on the 5th day of April last by the minister
+plenipotentiary of the United States and plenipotentiaries of the Imperial
+Government of Russia. It will immediately be laid before the Senate for the
+exercise of the constitutional authority of that body with reference to its
+ratification. It is proper to add that the manner in which this negotiation
+was invited and conducted on the part of the Emperor has been very
+satisfactory.
+
+The great and extraordinary changes which have happened in the Governments
+of Spain and Portugal within the last two years, without seriously
+affecting the friendly relations which under all of them have been
+maintained with those powers by the United States, have been obstacles to
+the adjustment of the particular subjects of discussion which have arisen
+with each. A resolution of the Senate adopted at their last session called
+for information as to the effect produced upon our relations with Spain by
+the recognition on the part of the United States of the independent South
+American Governments. The papers containing that information are now
+communicated to Congress.
+
+A charge' d'affaires has been received from the independent Government of
+Brazil. That country, heretofore a colonial possession of Portugal, had
+some years since been proclaimed by the Sovereign of Portugal himself an
+independent Kingdom. Since his return to Lisbon a revolution in Brazil has
+established a new Government there with an imperial title, at the head of
+which is placed a prince, in whom the regency had been vested by the King
+at the time of his departure. There is reason to expect that by amicable
+negotiation the independence of Brazil will ere long be recognized by
+Portugal herself.
+
+With the remaining powers of Europe, with those on the coast of Barbary,
+and with all the new South American States our relations are of a friendly
+character. We have ministers plenipotentiary residing with the Republics of
+Colombia and Chile, and have received ministers of the same rank from
+Columbia, Guatemala, Buenos Ayres, and Mexico. Our commercial relations
+with all those States are mutually beneficial and increasing. With the
+Republic of Colombia a treaty of commerce has been formed, of which a copy
+is received and the original daily expected. A negotiation for a like
+treaty would have been commenced with Buenos Ayres had it not been
+prevented by the indisposition and lamented decease of Mr. Rodney, our
+minister there, and to whose memory the most respectful attention has been
+shewn by the Government of that Republic. An advantageous alteration in our
+treaty with Tunis has been obtained by our consular agent residing there,
+the official document of which when received will be laid before the
+Senate.
+
+The attention of the Government has been drawn with great solicitude to
+other subjects, and particularly to that relating to a state of maritime
+war, involving the relative rights of neutral and belligerent in such wars.
+Most of the difficulties which we have experienced and of the losses which
+we have sustained since the establishment of our independence have
+proceeded from the unsettled state of those rights and the extent to which
+the belligerent claim has been carried against the neutral party.
+
+It is impossible to look back on the occurrences of the late wars in
+Europe, and to behold the disregard which was paid to our rights as a
+neutral power, and the waste which was made of our commerce by the parties
+to those wars by various acts of their respective Governments, and under
+the pretext by each that the other had set the example, without great
+mortification and a fixed purpose never to submit to the like in future. An
+attempt to remove those causes of possible variance by friendly negotiation
+and on just principles which should be applicable to all parties could, it
+was presumed, be viewed by none other than as a proof of an earnest desire
+to preserve those relations with every power.
+
+In the late war between France and Spain a crisis occurred in which it
+seemed probable that all controvertible principles involved in such wars
+might be brought into discussion and settled to the satisfaction of all
+parties. Propositions having this object in view have been made to the
+Governments of Great Britain, France, Russia, and of other powers, which
+have been received in a friendly manner by all, but as yet no treaty has
+been formed with either for its accomplishment. The policy will, it is
+presumed, be persevered in, and in the hope that it may be successful.
+
+It will always be recollected that with one of the parties to those wars
+and from whom we received those injuries, we sought redress by war. From
+the other, by whose then reigning Government our vessels were seized in
+port as well as at sea and their cargoes confiscated, indemnity has been
+expected, but has not yet been rendered. It was under the influence of the
+latter that our vessels were likewise seized by the Governments of Spain,
+Holland, Denmark, Sweden, and Naples, and from whom indemnity has been
+claimed and is still expected, with the exception of Spain, by whom it has
+been rendered.
+
+With both parties we had abundant cause of war, but we had no alternative
+but to resist that which was most powerful at sea and pressed us nearest at
+home. With this all differences were settled by a treaty, founded on
+conditions fair and honorable to both, and which has been so far executed
+with perfect good faith. It has been earnestly hoped that the other would
+of its own accord, and from a sentiment of justice and conciliation, make
+to our citizens the indemnity to which they are entitled, and thereby
+remove from our relations any just cause of discontent on our side.
+
+It is estimated that the receipts into the Treasury during the current
+year, exclusive of loans, will exceed $18.5M, which, with the sum remaining
+in the Treasury at the end of the last year, amounting to $9,463,922.81
+will, after discharging the current disbursements of the year, the interest
+on the public debt, and upward of $11,633,011.52 of the principal, leave a
+balance of more than $3M in the Treasury on the first day of January next.
+
+A larger amount of the debt contracted during the late war, bearing an
+interest of 6%, becoming redeemable in the course of the ensuing year than
+could be discharged by the ordinary revenue, the act of the 26th of May
+authorized a loan of $5M at 4.5% to meet the same. By this arrangement an
+annual saving will accrue to the public of $75,000.
+
+Under the act of the 24th of May last a loan of $5M was authorized, in
+order to meet the awards under the Florida treaty, which was negotiated at
+par with the Bank of the United States at 4.5%, the limit of interest fixed
+by the act. By this provision the claims of our citizens who had sustained
+so great a loss by spoliations, and from whom indemnity had been so long
+withheld, were promptly paid. For these advances the public will be amply
+repaid at no distant day by the sale of the lands in Florida. Of the great
+advantages resulting from the acquisition of the Territory in other
+respects too high an estimate can not be formed.
+
+It is estimated that the receipts into the Treasury during the year 1825
+will be sufficient to meet the disbursements of the year, including the sum
+of $10M, which is annually appropriated by the act of constituting the
+sinking fund to the payment of the principal and interest of the public
+debt.
+
+The whole amount of the public debt on the first of January next may be
+estimated at $86M, inclusive of $2.5M of the loan authorized by the act of
+the 26th of May last. In this estimate is included a stock of $7M, issued
+for the purchase of that amount of the capital stock of the Bank of the
+United States, and which, as the stock of the bank still held by the
+Government will at least be fully equal to its reimbursement, ought not to
+be considered as constituting a part of the public debt.
+
+Estimating, then, the whole amount of the public debt at $79M and regarding
+the annual receipts and expenditures of the Government, a well-founded hope
+may be entertained that, should no unexpected event occur, the whole of the
+public debt may be discharged in the course of 10 years, and the Government
+be left at liberty thereafter to apply such portion of the revenue as may
+not be necessary for current expenses to such other objects as may be most
+conducive to the public security and welfare. That the sums applicable to
+these objects will be very considerable may be fairly concluded when it is
+recollected that a large amount of the public revenue has been applied
+since the late war to the construction of the public buildings in this
+city; to the erection of fortifications along the coast and of arsenals in
+different parts of the Union; to the augmentation of the Navy; to the
+extinguishment of the Indian title to large tracts of fertile territory; to
+the acquisition of Florida; to pensions to Revolutionary officers and
+soldiers, and to invalids of the late war.
+
+On many of these objects the expense will annually be diminished and cease
+at no distant period on most of them.
+
+On the [1917-01-01], the public debt amounted to $123,491,965.16, and,
+notwithstanding the large sums which have been applied to these objects, it
+has been reduced since that period $37,446,961.78. The last portion of the
+public debt will be redeemable on [1835-01-01], and, while there is the
+best reason to believe that the resources of the Government will be
+continually adequate to such portions of it as may become due in the
+interval, it is recommended to Congress to seize every opportunity which
+may present itself to reduce the rate of interest on every part thereof.
+The high state of the public credit and the great abundance of money are at
+this time very favorable to such a result. It must be very gratifying to
+our fellow citizens to witness this flourishing state of the public
+finances when it is recollected that no burthen whatever has been imposed
+upon them.
+
+The military establishment in all its branches, in the performance of the
+various duties assigned to each, justifies the favorable view which was
+presented of the efficiency of its organization at the last session. All
+the appropriations have been regularly applied to the objects intended by
+Congress, and so far as the disbursements have been made the accounts have
+been rendered and settled without loss to the public.
+
+The condition of the Army itself, as relates to the officers and men, in
+science and discipline is highly respectable. The Military Academy, on
+which the Army essentially rests, and to which it is much indebted for this
+state of improvement, has attained, in comparison with any other
+institution of a like kind, a high degree of perfection.
+
+Experience, however, has shewn that the dispersed condition of the corps of
+artillery is unfavorable to the discipline of that important branch of the
+military establishment. To remedy this inconvenience, eleven companies have
+been assembled at the fortification erected at Old Point Comfort as a
+school for artillery instruction, with intention as they shall be perfected
+in the various duties of that service to order them to other posts, and, to
+supply their places with other companies for instruction in like manner. In
+this mode a complete knowledge of the science and duties of this arm will
+be extended throughout the whole corps of artillery. But to carry this
+object fully into effect will require the aid of Congress, to obtain which
+the subject is now submitted to your consideration.
+
+Of the progress which has been made in the construction of fortifications
+for the permanent defense of our maritime frontier, according to the plan
+decided on and to the extent of the existing appropriations, the report of
+the Secretary of War, which is herewith communicated, will give a detailed
+account. Their final completion can not fail to give great additional
+security to that frontier, and to diminish proportionably the expense of
+defending it in the event of war.
+
+The provisions in several acts of Congress of the last session for the
+improvement of the navigation of the Mississippi and the Ohio, of the
+harbor of Presqu'isle, on Lake Erie, and the repair of the Plymouth beach
+are in a course of regular execution; and there is reason to believe that
+the appropriation in each instance will be adequate to the object. To carry
+these improvements fully into effect, the superintendence of them has been
+assigned to officers of the Corps of Engineers.
+
+Under the act of 30th April last, authorizing the President to cause a
+survey to be made, with the necessary plans and estimates, of such roads
+and canals as he might deem of national importance in a commercial or
+military point of view, or for the transportation of the mail, a board has
+been instituted, consisting of two distinguished officers of the Corps of
+Engineers and a distinguished civil engineer, with assistants, who have
+been actively employed in carrying into effect the object of the act. They
+have carefully examined the route between the Potomac and the Ohio rivers;
+between the latter and Lake Erie; between the Alleghany and the
+Susquehannah; and the routes between the Delaware and the Raritan,
+Barnstable and Buzzards Bay, and between Boston Harbor and Narraganset Bay.
+Such portion of the Corps of Topographical Engineers as could be spared
+from the survey of the coast has been employed in surveying the very
+important route between the Potomac and the Ohio. Considerable progress has
+been made in it, but the survey can not be completed until the next season.
+It is gratifying to add, from the view already taken, that there is good
+cause to believe that this great national object may be fully
+accomplished.
+
+It is contemplated to commence early in the next season the execution of
+the other branch of the act -- that which relates to roads -- and with the
+survey of a route from this city, through the Southern States, to New
+Orleans, the importance of which can not be too highly estimated. All the
+officers of both the corps of engineers who could be spared from other
+services have been employed in exploring and surveying the routes for
+canals. to digest a plan for both objects for the great purposes specified
+will require a thorough knowledge of every part of our Union and of the
+relation of each part to the others and of all to the seat of the General
+Government. For such a digest it will be necessary that the information be
+full, minute, and precise.
+
+With a view to these important objects, I submit to the consideration of
+the Congress the propriety of enlarging both the corps of engineers -- the
+military and topographical. It need scarcely be remarked that the more
+extensively these corps are engaged in the improvement of their country, in
+the execution of the powers of Congress, and in aid of the States in such
+improvements as lie beyond that limit, when such aid is desired, the
+happier the effect will be in many views of which the subject is
+perceptible. By profiting of their science the works will always be well
+executed, and by giving to the officers such employment our Union will
+derive all the advantage, in peace as well as in war, from their talents
+and services which they can afford. In this mode, also, the military will
+be incorporated with the civil, and unfounded and injurious distinctions
+and prejudices of every kind be done away. To the corps themselves this
+service can not fail to be equally useful, since by the knowledge they
+would thus acquire they would be eminently better qualified in the event of
+war for the great purposes for which they were instituted.
+
+Our relations with the Indian tribes within our limits have not been
+materially changed during the year. The hostile disposition evinced by
+certain tribes on the Missouri during the last year still continues, and
+has extended in some degree to those on the Upper Mississippi and the Upper
+Lakes. Several parties of our citizens have been plundered and murdered by
+those tribes. In order to establish relations of friendship with them,
+Congress at the last session made an appropriation for treaties with them
+and for the employment of a suitable military escort to accompany and
+attend the commissioners at the places appointed for the negotiations. This
+object has not been effected. The season was too far advanced when the
+appropriation was made and the distance too great to permit it, but
+measures have been taken, and all the preparations will be completed to
+accomplish it at an early period in the next season.
+
+Believing that the hostility of the tribes, particularly on the Upper
+Mississippi and the Lakes, is in no small degree owing to the wars which
+are carried on between the tribes residing in that quarter, measures have
+been taken to bring about a general peace among them, which, if successful,
+will not only tend to the security of our citizens, but be of great
+advantage to the Indians themselves.
+
+With the exception of the tribes referred to, our relations with all the
+others are on the same friendly footing, and it affords me great
+satisfaction to add that they are making steady advances in civilization
+and the improvement of their condition. Many of the tribes have already
+made great progress in the arts of civilized life. This desirable result
+has been brought about by the humane and persevering policy of the
+Government, and particularly by means of the appropriation for the
+civilization of the Indians. There have been established under the
+provisions of this act 32 schools, containing 916 scholars, who are well
+instructed in several branches of literature, and likewise in agriculture
+and the ordinary arts of life.
+
+Under the appropriation to authorize treaties with the Creeks and Quaupaw
+Indians commissioners have been appointed and negotiations are now pending,
+but the result is not yet known.
+
+For more full information respecting the principle which has been adopted
+for carrying into effect the act of Congress authorizing surveys, with
+plans and estimates for canals and roads, and on every other branch of duty
+incident to the Department of War, I refer you to the report of the
+Secretary.
+
+The squadron in the Mediterranean has been maintained in the extent which
+was proposed in the report of the Secretary of the Navy of the last year,
+and has afforded to our commerce the necessary protection in that sea.
+Apprehending, however, that the unfriendly relations which have existed
+between Algiers and some of the powers of Europe might be extended to us,
+it has been thought expedient to augment the force there, and in
+consequence the North Carolina, a ship of the line, has been prepared, and
+will sail in a few days to join it.
+
+The force employed in the Gulf of Mexico and in the neighboring seas for
+the suppression of piracy has likewise been preserved essentially in the
+state in which it was during the last year. A persevering effort has been
+made for the accomplishment of that object, and much protection has thereby
+been afforded to our commerce, but still the practice is far from being
+suppressed. From every view which has been taken of the subject it is
+thought that it will be necessary rather to augment than to diminish our
+force in that quarter.
+
+There is reason to believe that the piracies now complained of are
+committed by bands of robbers who inhabit the land, and who, by preserving
+good intelligence with the towns and seizing favorable opportunities, rush
+forth and fall on unprotected merchant vessels, of which they make an easy
+prey. The pillage thus taken they carry to their lurking places, and
+dispose of afterwards at prices tending to seduce the neighboring
+population.
+
+This combination is understood to be of great extent, and is the more to be
+deprecated because the crime of piracy is often attended with the murder of
+the crews, these robbers knowing if any survived their lurking places would
+be exposed and they be caught and punished. That this atrocious practice
+should be carried to such extent is cause of equal surprise and regret. It
+is presumed that it must be attributed to the relaxed and feeble state of
+the local governments, since it is not doubted, from the high character of
+the governor of Cuba, who is well known and much respected here, that if he
+had the power he would promptly suppress it. Whether those robbers should
+be pursued on the land, the local authorities be made responsible for these
+atrocities, or any other measure be resorted to to suppress them, is
+submitted to the consideration of Congress.
+
+In execution of the laws for the suppression of the slave trade a vessel
+has been occasionally sent from that squadron to the coast of Africa with
+orders to return thence by the usual track of the slave ships, and to seize
+any of our vessels which might be engaged in that trade. None have been
+found, and it is believed that none are thus employed. It is well known,
+however, that the trade still exists under other flags.
+
+The health of our squadron while at Thompsons Island has been much better
+during the present than it was the last season. Some improvements have been
+made and others are contemplated there which, it is believed, will have a
+very salutary effect.
+
+On the Pacific, our commerce has much increased, and on that coast, as well
+as on that sea, the United States have many important interests which
+require attention and protection. It is thought that all the considerations
+which suggested the expediency of placing a squadron on that sea operate
+with augmented force for maintaining it there, at least in equal extent.
+
+For detailed information respecting the state of our maritime force on each
+sea, the improvement necessary to be made on either in the organization of
+the naval establishment generally, and of the laws for its better
+government I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the Navy, which is
+herewith communicated.
+
+The revenue of the Post Office Department has received a considerable
+augmentation in the present year. The current receipts will exceed the
+expenditures, although the transportation of the mail within the year has
+been much increased. A report of the PostMaster General, which is
+transmitted, will furnish in detail the necessary information respecting
+the administration and present state of this Department.
+
+In conformity with a resolution of Congress of the last session, an
+invitation was given to General Lafayette to visit the United States, with
+an assurance that a ship of war should attend at any port of France which
+he might designate, to receive and convey him across the Atlantic, whenever
+it might be convenient for him to sail. He declined the offer of the public
+ship from motives of delicacy, but assured me that he had long intended and
+would certainly visit our Union in the course of the present year.
+
+In August last he arrived at New York, where he was received with the
+warmth of affection and gratitude to which his very important and
+disinterested services and sacrifices in our Revolutionary struggle so
+eminently entitled him. A corresponding sentiment has since been manifested
+in his favor throughout every portion of our Union, and affectionate
+invitations have been given him to extend his visits to them. To these he
+has yielded all the accommodation in his power. At every designated point
+of rendezvous the whole population of the neighboring country has been
+assembled to greet him, among whom it has excited in a peculiar manner the
+sensibility of all to behold the surviving members of our Revolutionary
+contest, civil and military, who had shared with him in the toils and
+dangers of the war, many of them in a decrepit state. A more interesting
+spectacle, it is believed, was never witnessed, because none could be
+founded on purer principles, none proceed from higher or more disinterested
+motives. That the feelings of those who had fought and bled with him in a
+common cause should have been much excited was natural.
+
+There are, however, circumstances attending these interviews which pervaded
+the whole community and touched the breasts of every age, even the youngest
+among us. There was not an individual present who had not some relative who
+had not partaken in those scenes, nor an infant who had not heard the
+relation of them. But the circumstance which was most sensibly felt, and
+which his presence brought forcibly to the recollection of all, was the
+great cause in which we were engaged and the blessings which we have
+derived from our success in it.
+
+The struggle was for independence and liberty, public and personal, and in
+this we succeeded. The meeting with one who had borne so distinguished a
+part in that great struggle, and from such lofty and disinterested motives,
+could not fail to affect profoundly every individual and of every age. It
+is natural that we should all take a deep interest in his future welfare,
+as we do. His high claims on our Union are felt, and the sentiment
+universal that they should be met in a generous spirit. Under these
+impressions I invite your attention to the subject, with a view that,
+regarding his very important services, losses, and sacrifices, a provision
+may be made and tendered to him which shall correspond with the sentiments
+and be worthy the character of the American people.
+
+In turning our attention to the condition of the civilized world, in which
+the United States have always taken a deep interest, it is gratifying to
+see how large a portion of it is blessed with peace. The only wars which
+now exist within that limit are those between Turkey and Greece, in Europe,
+and between Spain and the new Governments, our neighbors, in this
+hemisphere. In both these wars the cause of independence, of liberty and
+humanity, continues to prevail.
+
+The success of Greece, when the relative population of the contending
+parties is considered, commands our admiration and applause, and that it
+has had a similar effect with the neighboring powers is obvious. The
+feeling of the whole civilized world is excited in a high degree in their
+favor. May we not hope that these sentiments, winning on the hearts of
+their respective Governments, may lead to a more decisive result; that they
+may produce an accord among them to replace Greece on the ground which she
+formerly held, and to which her heroic exertions at this day so eminently
+entitle her?
+
+With respect to the contest to which our neighbors are a party, it is
+evident that Spain as a power is scarcely felt in it. These new States had
+completely achieved their independence before it was acknowledged by the
+United States, and they have since maintained it with little foreign
+pressure. The disturbances which have appeared in certain portions of that
+vast territory have proceeded from internal causes, which had their origin
+in their former Governments and have not yet been thoroughly removed.
+
+It is manifest that these causes are daily losing their effect, and that
+these new States are settling down under Governments elective and
+representative in every branch, similar to our own. In this course we
+ardently wish them to persevere, under a firm conviction that it will
+promote their happiness. In this, their career, however, we have not
+interfered, believing that every people have a right to institute for
+themselves the government which, in their judgment, may suit them best.
+
+Our example is before them, of the good effect of which, being our
+neighbors, they are competent judges, and to their judgment we leave it, in
+the expectation that other powers will pursue the same policy. The deep
+interest which we take in their independence, which we have acknowledged,
+and in their enjoyment of all the rights incident thereto, especially in
+the very important one of instituting their own Governments, has been
+declared, and is known to the world.
+
+Separated as we are from Europe by the great Atlantic Ocean, we can have no
+concern in the wars of the European Governments nor in the causes which
+produce them. The balance of power between them, into whichever scale it
+may turn in its various vibrations, can not affect us. It is the interest
+of the United States to preserve the most friendly relations with every
+power and on conditions fair, equal, and applicable to all.
+
+But in regard to our neighbors our situation is different. It is impossible
+for the European Governments to interfere in their concerns, especially in
+those alluded to, which are vital, without affecting us; indeed, the motive
+which might induce such interference in the present state of the war
+between the parties, if a war it may be called, would appear to be equally
+applicable to us. It is gratifying to know that some of the powers with
+whom we enjoy a very friendly intercourse, and to whom these views have
+been communicated, have appeared to acquiesce in them.
+
+The augmentation of our population with the expansion of our Union and
+increased number of States have produced effects in certain branches of our
+system which merit the attention of Congress. Some of our arrangements, and
+particularly the judiciary establishment, were made with a view to the
+original 13 States only. Since then the United States have acquired a vast
+extent of territory; eleven new States have been admitted into the Union,
+and Territories have been laid off for three others, which will likewise be
+admitted at no distant day.
+
+An organization of the Supreme Court which assigns the judges any portion
+of the duties which belong to the inferior, requiring their passage over so
+vast a space under any distribution of the States that may now be made, if
+not impracticable in the execution, must render it impossible for them to
+discharge the duties of either branch with advantage to the Union. The
+duties of the Supreme Court would be of great importance if its decisions
+were confined to the ordinary limits of other tribunals, but when it is
+considered that this court decides, and in the last resort, on all the
+great questions which arise under our Constitution, involving those between
+the United States individually, between the States and the United States,
+and between the latter and foreign powers, too high an estimate of their
+importance can not be formed. The great interests of the nation seem to
+require that the judges of the Supreme Court should be exempted from every
+other duty than those which are incident to that high trust. The
+organization of the inferior courts would of course be adapted to
+circumstances. It is presumed that such an one might be formed as would
+secure an able and faithful discharge of their duties, and without any
+material augmentation of expense.
+
+The condition of the aborigines within our limits, and especially those who
+are within the limits of any of the States, merits likewise particular
+attention. Experience has shown that unless the tribes be civilized they
+can never be incorporated into our system in any form whatever. it has
+likewise shown that in the regular augmentation of our population with the
+extension of our settlements their situation will become deplorable, if
+their extinction is not menaced.
+
+Some well-digested plan which will rescue them from such calamities is due
+to their rights, to the rights of humanity, and to the honor of the nation.
+Their civilization is indispensable to their safety, and this can be
+accomplished only by degrees. The process must commence with the infant
+state, through whom some effect may be wrought on the parental.
+Difficulties of the most serious character present themselves to the
+attainment of this very desirable result on the territory on which they now
+reside. To remove them from it by force, even with a view to their own
+security and happiness, would be revolting to humanity and utterly
+unjustifiable. Between the limits of our present States and Territories and
+the Rocky Mountains and Mexico there is a vast territory to which they
+might be invited with inducements which might be successful. It is thought
+if that territory should be divided into districts by previous agreement
+with the tribes now residing there and civil governments be established in
+each, with schools for every branch of instruction in literature and the
+arts of civilized life, that all the tribes now within our limits might
+gradually be drawn there. The execution of this plan would necessarily be
+attended with expense, and that not inconsiderable, but it is doubted
+whether any other can be devised which would be less liable to that
+objection or more likely to succeed.
+
+In looking to the interests which the United States have on the Pacific
+Ocean and on the western coast of this continent, the propriety of
+establishing a military post at the mouth of the Columbia River, or at some
+other point in that quarter within our acknowledged limits, is submitted to
+the consideration of Congress. Our commerce and fisheries on that sea and
+along the coast have much increased and are increasing. It is thought that
+a military post, to which our ships of war might resort, would afford
+protection to every interest, and have a tendency to conciliate the tribes
+to the North West, with whom our trade is extensive. It is thought also
+that by the establishment of such a post the intercourse between our
+Western States and Territories and the Pacific and our trade with the
+tribes residing in the interior on each side of the Rocky Mountains would
+be essentially promoted. To carry this object into effect the appropriation
+of an adequate sum to authorize the employment of a frigate, with an
+officer of the Corps of Engineers, to explore the mouth of the Columbia
+River and the coast contiguous thereto, to enable the Executive to make
+such establishment at the most suitable point, is recommended to Congress.
+
+It is thought that attention is also due to the improvement of this city.
+The communication between the public buildings and in various other parts
+and the grounds around those buildings require it. It is presumed also that
+the completion of the canal from the Tiber to the Eastern Branch would have
+a very salutary effect. Great exertions have been made and expenses
+incurred by the citizens in improvements of various kinds; but those which
+are suggested belong exclusively to the Government, or are of a nature to
+require expenditures beyond their resources. The public lots which are
+still for sale would, it is not doubted, be more than adequate for these
+purposes.
+
+From the view above presented it is manifest that the situation of the
+United States is in the highest degree prosperous and happy. There is no
+object which as a people we can desire which we do not possess or which is
+not within our reach. Blessed with governments the happiest which the world
+ever knew, with no distinct orders in society or divided interests in any
+portion of the vast territory over which their dominion extends, we have
+every motive to cling together which can animate a virtuous and enlightened
+people. The great object is to preserve these blessings, and to hand them
+down to the latest posterity.
+
+Our experience ought to satisfy us that our progress under the most correct
+and provident policy will not be exempt from danger. Our institutions form
+an important epoch in the history of the civilized world. On their
+preservation and in their utmost purity everything will depend. Extending
+as our interests do to every part of the inhabited globe and to every sea
+to which our citizens are carried by their industry and enterprise, to
+which they are invited by the wants of others, and have a right to go, we
+must either protect them in the enjoyment of their rights or abandon them
+in certain events to waste and desolation.
+
+Our attitude is highly interesting as relates to other powers, and
+particularly to our southern neighbors. We have duties to perform WRT all
+to which we must be faithful. To every kind of danger we should pay the
+most vigilant and unceasing attention, remove the cause where it may be
+practicable, and be prepared to meet it when inevitable.
+
+Against foreign danger the policy of the Government seems to be already
+settled. The events of the late war admonished us to make our maritime
+frontier impregnable by a well-digested chain of fortifications, and to
+give efficient protection to our commerce by augmenting our Navy to a
+certain extent, which has been steadily pursued, and which it is incumbent
+upon us to complete as soon as circumstances will permit. In the event of
+war it is on the maritime frontier that we shall be assailed. It is in that
+quarter, therefore, that we should be prepared to meet the attack. It is
+there that our whole force will be called into action to prevent the
+destruction of our towns and the desolation and pillage of the interior.
+
+To give full effect to this policy great improvements will be
+indispensable. Access to those works by every practicable communication
+should be made easy and in every direction. The intercourse between every
+part of our Union should also be promoted and facilitated by the exercise
+of those powers which may comport with a faithful regard to the great
+principles of our Constitution. With respect to internal causes, those
+great principles point out with equal certainty the policy to be pursued.
+
+Resting on the people as our Governments do, State and National, with
+well-defined powers, it is of the highest importance that they severally
+keep within the limits prescribed to them. Fulfilling that sacred duty, it
+is of equal importance that the movement between them be harmonious, and in
+case of any disagreement, should any such occur, a calm appeal be made to
+the people, and that their voice be heard and promptly obeyed. Both
+Governments being instituted for the common good, we can not fail to
+prosper while those who made them are attentive to the conduct of their
+representatives and control their measures. In the pursuit of these great
+objects let a generous spirit and national views and feelings be indulged,
+and let every part recollect that by cherishing that spirit and improving
+the condition of the others in what relates to their welfare the general
+interest will not only be promoted, but the local advantage be reciprocated
+by all.
+
+I can not conclude this communication, the last of the kind which I shall
+have to make, without recollecting with great sensibility and heart felt
+gratitude the many instances of the public confidence and the generous
+support which I have received from my fellow citizens in the various trusts
+with which I have been honored. Having commenced my service in early youth,
+and continued it since with few and short intervals, I have witnessed the
+great difficulties to which our Union has been surmounted. From the present
+prosperous and happy state I derive a gratification which I can not
+express. That these blessings may be preserved and perpetuated will be the
+object of my fervent and unceasing prayers to the Supreme Ruler of the
+Universe.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY JAMES MONROE ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses
+by James Monroe
+(#5 in our series of US Presidential State of the Union Addresses)
+
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+
+Title: State of the Union Addresses of James Monroe
+
+Author: James Monroe
+
+Release Date: February, 2004  [EBook #5014]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 11, 2002]
+[Date last updated: December 16, 2004]
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+Edition: 11
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY JAMES MONROE ***
+
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by James Linden.
+
+The addresses are separated by three asterisks: ***
+
+Dates of addresses by James Monroe in this eBook:
+  December 12, 1817
+  November 16, 1818
+  December 7, 1819
+  November 14, 1820
+  December 3, 1821
+  December 3, 1822
+  December 2, 1823
+  December 7, 1824
+
+
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 12, 1817
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+At no period of our political existence had we so much cause to felicitate
+ourselves at the prosperous and happy condition of our country. The
+abundant fruits of the earth have filled it with plenty. An extensive and
+profitable commerce has greatly augmented our revenue. The public credit
+has attained an extraordinary elevation. Our preparations for defense in
+case of future wars, from which, by the experience of all nations, we ought
+not to expect to be exempted, are advancing under a well-digested system
+with all the dispatch which so important a work will admit. Our free
+Government, founded on the interest and affections of the people, has
+gained and is daily gaining strength. Local jealousies are rapidly yielding
+to more generous, enlarged, and enlightened views of national policy. For
+advantages so numerous and highly important it is our duty to unite in
+grateful acknowledgements to that Omnipotent Being from whom they are
+derived, and in unceasing prayer that He will endow us with virtue and
+strength to maintain and hand them down in their utmost purity to our
+latest posterity.
+
+I have the satisfaction to inform you that an arrangement which had been
+commenced by my predecessor with the British Government for the reduction
+of the naval force by Great Britain and the United States on the Lakes has
+been concluded, by which it is provided that neither party shall keep in
+service on Lake Champlain more than one vessel, on Lake Ontario more than
+one, and on Lake Erie and the upper lakes more than two, to be armed each
+with one cannon only, and that all the other armed vessels of both parties,
+of which an exact list is interchanged, shall be dismantled. It is also
+agreed that the force retained shall be restricted in its duty to the
+internal purposes of each party, and that the arrangement shall remain in
+force until six months shall have expired after notice given by one of the
+parties to the other of its desire that it should terminate. By this
+arrangement useless expense on both sides and, what is of still greater
+importance, the danger of collision between armed vessels in those inland
+waters, which was great, is prevented.
+
+I have the satisfaction also to state that the commissioners under the
+fourth article of the treaty of Ghent, to whom it was referred to decide to
+which party the several islands in the bay of Passamaquoddy belonged under
+the treaty of 1783, have agreed in a report, by which all the islands in
+the possession of each party before the late war have been decreed to it.
+The commissioners acting under the other articles of the treaty of Ghent
+for the settlement of boundaries have also been engaged in the discharge of
+their respective duties, but have not yet completed them.
+
+The difference which arose between the two Governments under that treaty
+respecting the right of the US to take and cure fish on the coast of the
+British provinces north of our limits, which had been secured by the treaty
+of 1783, is still in negotiation. The proposition made by this Government
+to extend to the colonies of Great Britain the principle of the convention
+of London, by which the commerce between the ports of the United States
+and British ports in Europe had been placed on a footing of equality, has
+been declined by the British Government. This subject having been thus
+amicably discussed between the two Governments, and it appearing that
+the British Government is unwilling to depart from its present
+regulations, it remains for Congress to decide whether they will make
+any other regulations in consequence thereof for the protection and
+improvement of our navigation.
+
+The negotiation with Spain for spoliations on our commerce and the
+settlement of boundaries remains essentially in the state it held by the
+communications that were made to Congress by my predecessor. It has been
+evidently the policy of the Spanish Government to keep the negotiation
+suspended, and in this the United States have acquiesced, from an amicable
+disposition toward Spain and in the expectation that her Government would,
+from a sense of justice, finally accede to such an arrangement as would be
+equal between the parties. A disposition has been lately shown by the
+Spanish Government to move in the negotiation, which has been met by this
+Government, and should the conciliatory and friendly policy which has
+invariably guided our councils be reciprocated, a just and satisfactory
+arrangement may be expected. It is proper, however, to remark that no
+proposition has yet been made from which such a result can be presumed.
+
+It was anticipated at an early stage that the contest between Spain and the
+colonies would become highly interesting to the United States. It was
+natural that our citizens should sympathize in events which affected their
+neighbors. It seemed probable also that the prosecution of the conflict
+along our coast and in contiguous countries would occasionally interrupt
+our commerce and otherwise affect the persons and property of our citizens.
+These anticipations have been realized. Such injuries have been received
+from persons acting under authority of both the parties, and for which
+redress has in most instances been withheld.
+
+Through every stage of the conflict the United States have maintained an
+impartial neutrality, giving aid to neither of the parties in men, money,
+ships, or munitions of war. They have regarded the contest not in the light
+of an ordinary insurrection or rebellion, but as a civil war between
+parties nearly equal, having as to neutral powers equal rights. Our ports
+have been open to both, and every article the fruit of our soil or of the
+industry of our citizens which either was permitted to take has been
+equally free to the other. Should the colonies establish their
+independence, it is proper now to state that this Government neither seeks
+nor would accept from them any advantage in commerce or otherwise which
+will not be equally open to all other nations. The colonies will in that
+event become independent states, free from any obligation to or connection
+with us which it may not then be their interest to form on the basis of a
+fair reciprocity.
+
+In the summer of the present year an expedition was set on foot against
+East Florida by persons claiming to act under the authority of some of the
+colonies, who took possession of Amelia Island, at the mouth of the St.
+Marys River, near the boundary of the State of Georgia. As this Province
+lies eastward of the Mississippi, and is bounded by the United States and
+the ocean on every side, and has been a subject of negotiation with the
+Government of Spain as an indemnity for losses by spoliation or in exchange
+for territory of equal value westward of the Mississippi, a fact well known
+to the world, it excited surprise that any countenance should be given to
+this measure by any of the colonies.
+
+As it would be difficult to reconcile it with the friendly relations
+existing between the United States and the colonies, a doubt was
+entertained whether it had been authorized by them, or any of them. This
+doubt has gained strength by the circumstances which have unfolded
+themselves in the prosecution of the enterprise, which have marked it as a
+mere private, unauthorized adventure. Projected and commenced with an
+incompetent force, reliance seems to have been placed on what might be
+drawn, in defiance of our laws, from within our limits; and of late, as
+their resources have failed, it has assumed a more marked character of
+unfriendliness to us, the island being made a channel for the illicit
+introduction of slaves from Africa into the United States, an asylum for
+fugitive slaves from the neighboring States, and a port for smuggling of
+every kind.
+
+A similar establishment was made at an earlier period by persons of the
+same description in the Gulf of Mexico at a place called Galvezton, within
+the limits of the United States, as we contend, under the cession of
+Louisiana. This enterprise has been marked in a more signal manner by all
+the objectionable circumstances which characterized the other, and more
+particularly by the equipment of privateers which have annoyed our
+commerce, and by smuggling. These establishments, if ever sanctioned by any
+authority whatever, which is not believed, have abused their trust and
+forfeited all claim to consideration. A just regard for the rights and
+interests of the United States required that they should be suppressed, and
+orders have been accordingly issued to that effect. The imperious
+considerations which produced this measure will be explained to the parties
+whom it may in any degree concern.
+
+To obtain correct information on every subject in which the United States
+are interested; to inspire just sentiments in all persons in authority, on
+either side, of our friendly disposition so far as it may comport with an
+impartial neutrality, and to secure proper respect to our commerce in every
+port and from every flag, it has been thought proper to send a ship of war
+with three distinguished citizens along the southern coast with these
+purposes. With the existing authorities, with those in the possession of
+and exercising the sovereignty, must the communication be held; from them
+alone can redress for past injuries committed by persons acting under them
+be obtained; by them alone can the commission of the like in future be
+prevented.
+
+Our relations with the other powers of Europe have experienced no essential
+change since the last session. In our intercourse with each due attention
+continues to be paid to the protection of our commerce, and to every other
+object in which the United States are interested. A strong hope is
+entertained that, by adhering to the maxims of a just, a candid, and
+friendly policy, we may long preserve amicable relations with all the
+powers of Europe on conditions advantageous and honorable to our country.
+
+With the Barbary States and the Indian tribes our pacific relations have
+been preserved.
+
+In calling your attention to the internal concerns of our country the view
+which they exhibit is peculiarly gratifying. The payments which have been
+made into the Treasury show the very productive state of the public
+revenue. After satisfying the appropriations made by law for the support of
+the civil Government and of the military and naval establishments,
+embracing suitable provision for fortifications and for the gradual
+increase of the Navy, paying the interest of the public debt, and
+extinguishing more than $18 millions of the principal, within the present
+year, it is estimated that a balance of more than $6 millions will remain
+in the Treasury on the first day of January applicable to the current
+service of the ensuing year.
+
+The payments into the Treasury during the year 1818 on account of imposts
+and tonnage, resulting principally from duties which have accrued in the
+present year, may be fairly estimated at $20 millions; the internal
+revenues at $2.5 millions; the public lands at $1.5 millions; bank
+dividends and incidental receipts at $500,000; making in the whole $24.5
+millions.
+
+The annual permanent expenditure for the support of the civil Government
+and of the Army and Navy, as now established by law, amounts to $11.8
+millions, and for the sinking fund to $10 millions, making in the whole
+$21.8 millions, leaving an annual excess of revenue beyond the expenditure
+of $2.7 millions, exclusive of the balance estimated to be in the Treasury
+on the first day of January, 1818.
+
+In the present state of the Treasury the whole of the Louisiana debt may be
+redeemed in the year 1819, after which, if the public debt continues as it
+now is, above par, there will be annually about $5 millions of the sinking
+fund unexpended until the year 1825, when the loan of 1812 and the stock
+created by funding Treasury notes will be redeemable.
+
+It is also estimated that the Mississippi stock will be discharged during
+the year 1819 from the proceeds of the public lands assigned to that
+object, after which the receipts from those lands will annually add to the
+public revenue the sum of $1.5 millions, making the permanent annual
+revenue amount to $26 millions, and leaving an annual excess of revenue
+after the year 1819 beyond the permanent authorized expenditure of more
+than $4 millions.
+
+By the last returns to the Department of War the militia force of the
+several States may be estimated at 800,000 men--infantry, artillery, and
+cavalry. Great part of this force is armed, and measures are taken to arm
+the whole. An improvement in the organization and discipline of the militia
+is one of the great objects which claims the unremitted attention of
+Congress.
+
+The regular force amounts nearly to the number required by law, and is
+stationed along the Atlantic and inland frontiers.
+
+Of the naval force it has been necessary to maintain strong squadrons in
+the Mediterranean and in the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+From several of the Indian tribes inhabiting the country bordering on Lake
+Erie purchases have been made of lands on conditions very favorable to the
+United States, and, as it is presumed, not less so to the tribes
+themselves.
+
+By these purchases the Indian title, with moderate reservations, has been
+extinguished to the whole of the land within the limits of the State of
+Ohio, and to a part of that in the Michigan Territory and of the State of
+Indiana. From the Cherokee tribe a tract has been purchased in the State of
+Georgia and an arrangement made by which, in exchange for lands beyond the
+Mississippi, a great part, if not the whole, of the land belonging to that
+tribe eastward of that river in the States of North Carolina, Georgia, and
+Tennessee, and in the Alabama Territory will soon be acquired. By these
+acquisitions, and others that may reasonably be expected soon to follow, we
+shall be enabled to extend our settlements from the inhabited parts of the
+State of Ohio along Lake Erie into the Michigan Territory, and to connect
+our settlements by degrees through the State of Indiana and the Illinois
+Territory to that of Missouri. A similar and equally advantageous effect
+will soon be produced to the south, through the whole extent of the States
+and territory which border on the waters emptying into the Mississippi and
+the Mobile.
+
+In this progress, which the rights of nature demand and nothing can
+prevent, marking a growth rapid and gigantic, it is our duty to make new
+efforts for the preservation, improvement, and civilization of the native
+inhabitants. The hunter state can exist only in the vast uncultivated
+desert. It yields to the more dense and compact form and greater force of
+civilized population; and of right it ought to yield, for the earth was
+given to mankind to support the greatest number of which it is capable, and
+no tribe or people have a right to withhold from the wants of others more
+than is necessary for their own support and comfort.
+
+It is gratifying to know that the reservations of land made by the treaties
+with the tribes on Lake Erie were made with a view to individual ownership
+among them and to the cultivation of the soil by all, and that an annual
+stipend has been pledged to supply their other wants. It will merit the
+consideration of Congress whether other provision not stipulated by treaty
+ought to be made for these tribes and for the advancement of the liberal
+and humane policy of the United States toward all the tribes within our
+limits, and more particularly for their improvement in the arts of
+civilized life.
+
+Among the advantages incident to these purchases, and to those which have
+preceded, the security which may thereby be afforded to our inland
+frontiers is peculiarly important. With a strong barrier, consisting of our
+own people, thus planted on the Lakes, the Mississippi, and the Mobile,
+with the protection to be derived from the regular force, Indian
+hostilities, if they do not altogether cease, will henceforth lose their
+terror. Fortifications in those quarters to any extent will not be
+necessary, and the expense of attending them may be saved. A people
+accustomed to the use of firearms only, as the Indian tribes are, will shun
+even moderate works which are defended by cannon. Great fortifications will
+therefore be requisite only in future along the coast and at some points in
+the interior connected with it. On these will the safety of our towns and
+the commerce of our great rivers, from the Bay of Fundy to the Mississippi,
+depend. On these, therefore, should the utmost attention, skill, and labor
+be bestowed.
+
+A considerable and rapid augmentation in the value of all the public lands,
+proceeding from these and other obvious cases, may henceforward be
+expected. The difficulties attending early emigrations will be dissipated
+even in the most remote parts. Several new States have been admitted into
+our Union to the west and south, and Territorial governments, happily
+organized, established over every other portion in which there is vacant
+land for sale. In terminating Indian hostilities, as must soon be done, in
+a formidable shape at least, the emigration, which has heretofore been
+great, will probably increase, and the demand for land and the augmentation
+in its value be in like proportion.
+
+The great increase of our population throughout the Union will alone
+produce an important effect, and in no quarter will it be so sensibly felt
+as in those in contemplation. The public lands are a public stock, which
+ought to be disposed of to the best advantage for the nation. The nation
+should therefore derive the profit proceeding from the continual rise in
+their value. Every encouragement should be given to the emigrants
+consistent with a fair competition between them, but that competition
+should operate in the first sale to the advantage of the nation rather than
+of individuals.
+
+Great capitalists will derive the benefit incident to their superior wealth
+under any mode of sale which may be adopted, but if, looking forward to the
+rise in the value of the public lands, they should have the opportunity of
+amassing at a low price vast bodies in their hands, the profit will accrue
+to them and not to the public. They would also have the power in that
+degree to control the emigration and settlement in such a manner as their
+opinion of their respective interests might dictate. I submit this subject
+to the consideration of Congress, that such further provision may be made
+in the sale of the public lands, with a view to the public interest, should
+any be deemed expedient, as in their judgment may be best adapted to the
+object.
+
+When we consider the vast extent of territory within the United States, the
+great amount and value of its productions, the connection of its parts, and
+other circumstances on which their prosperity and happiness depend, we can
+not fail to entertain a high sense of the advantage to be derived from the
+facility which may be afforded in the intercourse between them by means of
+good roads and canals. Never did a country of such vast extent offer equal
+inducements to improvements of this kind, nor ever were consequences of
+such magnitude involved in them. As this subject was acted on by Congress
+at the last session, and there may be a disposition to revive it at the
+present, I have brought it into view for the purpose of communicating my
+sentiments on a very important circumstance connected with it with that
+freedom and candor which a regard for the public interest and a proper
+respect for Congress require.
+
+A difference of opinion has existed from the first formation of our
+Constitution to the present time among our most enlightened and virtuous
+citizens respecting the right of Congress to establish such a system of
+improvement. Taking into view the trust with which I am now honored, it
+would be improper after what has passed that this discussion should be
+revived with an uncertainty of my opinion respecting the right.
+Disregarding early impressions I have bestowed on the subject all the
+deliberation which its great importance and a just sense of my duty
+required, and the result is a settled conviction in my mind that Congress
+do not possess the right. It is not contained in any of the specified
+powers granted to Congress, nor can I consider it incidental to or a
+necessary means, viewed on the most liberal scale, for carrying into effect
+any of the powers which are specifically granted.
+
+In communicating this result I can not resist the obligation which I feel
+to suggest to Congress the propriety of recommending to the States the
+adoption of an amendment to the Constitution which shall give to Congress
+the right in question. In cases of doubtful construction, especially of
+such vital interest, it comports with the nature and origin of our
+institutions, and will contribute much to preserve them, to apply to our
+constituents for an explicit grant of the power. We may confidently rely
+that if it appears to their satisfaction that the power is necessary, it
+will always be granted.
+
+In this case I am happy to observe that experience has afforded the most
+ample proof of its utility, and that the benign spirit of conciliation and
+harmony which now manifests itself throughout our Union promises to such a
+recommendation the most prompt and favorable result. I think proper to
+suggest also, in case this measure is adopted, that it be recommended to
+the States to include in the amendment sought a right in Congress to
+institute likewise seminaries of learning, for the all-important purpose of
+diffusing knowledge among our fellow-citizens throughout the United
+States.
+
+Our manufactories will require the continued attention of Congress. The
+capital employed in them is considerable, and the knowledge acquired in the
+machinery and fabric of all the most useful manufactures is of great value.
+Their preservation, which depends on due encouragement, is connected with
+the high interests of the nation.
+
+Although the progress of the public buildings has been as favorable as
+circumstances have permitted, it is to be regretted that the Capitol is not
+yet in a state to receive you. There is good cause to presume that the two
+wings, the only parts as yet commenced, will be prepared for that purpose
+at the next session. The time seems now to have arrived when this subject
+may be deemed worthy the attention of Congress on a scale adequate to
+national purposes. The completion of the middle building will be necessary
+to the convenient accommodation of Congress, of the committees, and various
+offices belonging to it.
+
+It is evident that the other public buildings are altogether insufficient
+for the accommodation of the several Executive Departments, some of whom
+are much crowded and even subjected to the necessity of obtaining it in
+private buildings at some distance from the head of the Department, and
+with inconvenience to the management of the public business.
+
+Most nations have taken an interest and a pride in the improvement and
+ornament of their metropolis, and none were more conspicuous in that
+respect than the ancient republics. The policy which dictated the
+establishment of a permanent residence for the National Government and the
+spirit in which it was commenced and has been prosecuted show that such
+improvement was thought worthy the attention of this nation. Its central
+position, between the northern and southern extremes of our Union, and its
+approach to the west at the head of a great navigable river which
+interlocks with the Western waters, prove the wisdom of the councils which
+established it.
+
+Nothing appears to be more reasonable and proper than that convenient
+accommodation should be provided on a well-digested plan for the heads of
+the several Departments and for the Attorney-General, and it is believed
+that the public ground in the city applied to these objects will be found
+amply sufficient. I submit this subject to the consideration of Congress,
+that such further provision may be made in it as to them may seem proper.
+
+In contemplating the happy situation of the United States, our attention
+is drawn with peculiar interest to the surviving officers and soldiers of
+our Revolutionary army, who so eminently contributed by their services to
+lay its foundation. Most of those very meritorious citizens have paid the
+debt of nature and gone to repose. It is believed that among the survivors
+there are some not provided for by existing laws, who are reduced to
+indigence and even to real distress. These men have a claim on the
+gratitude of their country, and it will do honor to their country to
+provide for them. The lapse of a few years more and the opportunity will be
+forever lost; indeed, so long already has been the interval that the number
+to be benefitted by any provision which may be made will not be great.
+
+It appearing in a satisfactory manner that the revenue arising from imposts
+and tonnage and from the sale of the public lands will be fully adequate to
+the support of the civil Government, of the present military and naval
+establishments, including the annual augmentation of the latter to the
+extent provided for, to the payment of the interest of the public debt, and
+to the extinguishment of it at the times authorized, without the aid of the
+internal taxes, I consider it my duty to recommend to Congress their
+repeal.
+
+To impose taxes when the public exigencies require them is an obligation of
+the most sacred character, especially with a free people. The faithful
+fulfillment of it is among the highest proofs of their value and capacity
+for self-government. To dispense with taxes when it may be done with
+perfect safety is equally the duty of their representatives.
+
+In this instance we have the satisfaction to know that they were imposed
+when the demand was imperious, and have been sustained with exemplary
+fidelity. I have to add that however gratifying it may be to me regarding
+the prosperous and happy condition of our country to recommend the repeal
+of these taxes at this time, I shall nevertheless be attentive to events,
+and, should any future emergency occur, be not less prompt to suggest such
+measures and burdens as may then be requisite and proper.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+November 16, 1818
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+The auspicious circumstances under which you will commence the duties of
+the present session will lighten the burdens inseparable from the high
+trust committed to you. The fruits of the earth have been unusually
+abundant, commerce has flourished, the revenue has exceeded the most
+favorable anticipation, and peace and amity are preserved with foreign
+nations on conditions just and honorable to our country. For these
+inestimable blessings we can not but be grateful to that Providence which
+watches over the destiny of nations.
+
+As the term limited for the operation of the commercial convention with
+Great Britain will expire early in the month of July next, and it was
+deemed important that there should be no interval during which that portion
+of our commerce which was provided for by that convention should not be
+regulated, either by arrangement between the two Governments or by the
+authority of Congress, the minister of the United States at London was
+instructed early in the last summer to invite the attention of the British
+Government to the subject, with a view to that object. He was instructed to
+propose also that the negotiation which it was wished to open might extend
+to the general commerce of the two countries, and to every other interest
+and unsettled difference between them in the hope that an arrangement might
+be made on principles of reciprocal advantage which might comprehend and
+provide in a satisfactory manner for all these high concerns.
+
+I have the satisfaction to state that the proposal was received by the
+British Government in the spirit which prompted it, and that a negotiation
+has been opened at London embracing all these objects. On full
+consideration of the great extent and magnitude of the trust it was thought
+proper to commit it to not less than two of our distinguished citizens, and
+in consequence the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the
+United States at Paris has been associated with our envoy extraordinary and
+minister plenipotentiary at London, to both of whom corresponding
+instructions have been given, and they are now engaged in the discharge of
+its duties. It is proper to add that to prevent any inconvenience resulting
+from the delay incident to a negotiation on so many important subjects it
+was agreed before entering on it that the existing convention should be
+continued for a term not less than eight years.
+
+Our relations with Spain remain nearly in the state in which they were at
+the close of the last session. The convention of 1802, providing for the
+adjustment of a certain portion of the claims of our citizens for injuries
+sustained by spoliation, and so long suspended by the Spanish Government,
+has at length been ratified by it, but no arrangement has yet been made for
+the payment of another portion of like claims, not less extensive or well
+founded, or for other classes of claims, or for the settlement of
+boundaries. These subjects have again been brought under consideration in
+both countries, but no agreement has been entered into respecting them.
+
+In the mean time events have occurred which clearly prove the ill effect of
+the policy which that Government has so long pursued on the friendly
+relations of the two countries, which it is presumed is at least of as much
+importance to Spain as to the United States to maintain. A state of things
+has existed in the Floridas the tendency of which has been obvious to all
+who have paid the slightest attention to the progress of affairs in that
+quarter. Throughout the whole of those Provinces to which the Spanish title
+extends the Government of Spain has scarcely been felt. Its authority has
+been confined almost exclusively to the walls of Pensacola and St.
+Augustine, within which only small garrisons have been maintained.
+Adventurers from every country, fugitives from justice, and absconding
+slaves have found an asylum there. Several tribes of Indians, strong in the
+number of their warriors, remarkable for their ferocity, and whose
+settlements extend to our limits, inhabit those Provinces.
+
+These different hordes of people, connected together, disregarding on the
+one side the authority of Spain, and protected on the other by an imaginary
+line which separates Florida from the United States, have violated our laws
+prohibiting the introduction of slaves, have practiced various frauds on
+our revenue, and committed every kind of outrage on our peaceable citizens
+which their proximity to us enabled them to perpetrate.
+
+The invasion of Amelia Island last year by a small band of adventurers, not
+exceeding one hundred and fifty in number, who wrested it from the
+inconsiderable Spanish force stationed there, and held it several months,
+during which a single feeble effort only was made to recover it, which
+failed, clearly proves how completely extinct the Spanish authority had
+become, as the conduct of those adventurers while in possession of the
+island as distinctly shows the pernicious purposes for which their
+combination had been formed.
+
+This country had, in fact, become the theater of every species of lawless
+adventure. With little population of its own, the Spanish authority almost
+extinct, and the colonial governments in a state of revolution, having no
+pretension to it, and sufficiently employed in their own concerns, it was
+in great measure derelict, and the object of cupidity to every adventurer.
+A system of buccaneering was rapidly organizing over it which menaced in
+its consequences the lawful commerce of every nation, and particularly the
+United States, while it presented a temptation to every people, on whose
+seduction its success principally depended.
+
+In regard to the United States, the pernicious effect of this unlawful
+combination was not confined to the ocean; the Indian tribes have
+constituted the effective force in Florida. With these tribes these
+adventurers had formed at an early period a connection with a view to avail
+themselves of that force to promote their own projects of accumulation and
+aggrandizement. It is to the interference of some of these adventurers, in
+misrepresenting the claims and titles of the Indians to land and in
+practicing on their savage propensities, that the Seminole war is
+principally to be traced. Men who thus connect themselves with savage
+communities and stimulate them to war, which is always attended on their
+part with acts of barbarity the most shocking, deserve to be viewed in a
+worse light than the savages. They would certainly have no claim to an
+immunity from the punishment which, according to the rules of warfare
+practiced by the savages, might justly be inflicted on the savages
+themselves.
+
+If the embarrassments of Spain prevented her from making an indemnity to
+our citizens for so long a time from her treasury for their losses by
+spoliation and otherwise, it was always in her power to have provided it by
+the cession of this territory. Of this her Government has been repeatedly
+apprised, and the cession was the more to have been anticipated as Spain
+must have known that in ceding it she would likewise relieve herself from
+the important obligation secured by the treaty of 1795 and all other
+compromitments respecting it. If the United States, from consideration of
+these embarrassments, declined pressing their claims in a spirit of
+hostility, the motive ought at least to have been duly appreciated by the
+Government of Spain. It is well known to her Government that other powers
+have made to the United States an indemnity for like losses sustained by
+their citizens at the same epoch.
+
+There is nevertheless a limit beyond which this spirit of amity and
+forbearance can in no instance be justified. If it was proper to rely on
+amicable negotiation for an indemnity for losses, it would not have been so
+to have permitted the inability of Spain to fulfill her engagements and to
+sustain her authority in the Floridas to be perverted by foreign
+adventurers and savages to purposes so destructive to the lives of our
+fellow citizens and the highest interests of the United States.
+
+The right of self defense never ceases. It is among the most sacred, and
+alike necessary to nations and to individuals, and whether the attack be
+made by Spain herself or by those who abuse her power, its obligation is
+not the less strong.
+
+The invaders of Amelia Island had assumed a popular and respected title
+under which they might approach and wound us. As their object was
+distinctly seen, and the duty imposed on the Executive by an existing law
+was profoundly felt, that mask was not permitted to protect them. It was
+thought incumbent on the United States to suppress the establishment, and
+it was accordingly done. The combination in Florida for the unlawful
+purposes stated, the acts perpetrated by that combination, and, above all,
+the incitement of the Indians to massacre our fellow citizens of every age
+and of both sexes, merited a like treatment and received it.
+
+In pursuing these savages to an imaginary line in the woods it would have
+been the height of folly to have suffered that line to protect them. Had
+that been done the war could never cease. Even if the territory had been
+exclusively that of Spain and her power complete over it, we had a right by
+the law of nations to follow the enemy on it and to subdue him there. But
+the territory belonged, in a certain sense at least, to the savage enemy
+who inhabited it; the power of Spain had ceased to exist over it, and
+protection was sought under her title by those who had committed on our
+citizens hostilities which she was bound by treaty to have prevented, but
+had not the power to prevent. To have stopped at that line would have given
+new encouragement to these savages and new vigor to the whole combination
+existing there in the prosecution of all its pernicious purposes.
+
+In suppressing the establishment at Amelia Island no unfriendliness was
+manifested toward Spain, because the post was taken from a force which had
+wrested it from her. The measure, it is true, was not adopted in concert
+with the Spanish Government or those in authority under it, because in
+transactions connected with the war in which Spain and the colonies are
+engaged it was thought proper in doing justice to the United States to
+maintain a strict impartiality toward both the belligerent parties without
+consulting or acting in concert with either. It gives me pleasure to state
+that the Governments of Buenos Ayres and Venezuela, whose names were
+assumed, have explicitly disclaimed all participation in those measures,
+and even the knowledge of them until communicated by this Government, and
+have also expressed their satisfaction that a course of proceedings had
+been suppressed which if justly imputable to them would dishonor their
+cause.
+
+In authorizing Major-General Jackson to enter Florida in pursuit of the
+Seminoles care was taken not to encroach on the rights of Spain. I regret
+to have to add that in executing this order facts were disclosed respecting
+the conduct of the officers of Spain in authority there in encouraging the
+war, furnishing munitions of war and other supplies to carry it on, and in
+other acts not less marked which evinced their participation in the hostile
+purposes of that combination and justified the confidence with which it
+inspired the savages that by those officers they would be protected.
+
+A conduct so incompatible with the friendly relations existing between the
+two countries, particularly with the positive obligations of the 5th
+article of the treaty of 1795, by which Spain was bound to restrain, even
+by force, those savages from acts of hostility against the United States,
+could not fail to excite surprise. The commanding general was convinced
+that he should fail in his object, that he should in effect accomplish
+nothing, if he did not deprive those savages of the resource on which they
+had calculated and of the protection on which they had relied in making the
+war. As all the documents relating to this occurrence will be laid before
+Congress, it is not necessary to enter into further detail respecting it.
+
+Although the reasons which induced Major-General Jackson to take these
+posts were duly appreciated, there was nevertheless no hesitation in
+deciding on the course which it became the Government to pursue. As there
+was reason to believe that the commanders of these posts had violated their
+instructions, there was no disposition to impute to their Government a
+conduct so unprovoked and hostile. An order was in consequence issued to
+the general in command there to deliver the posts--Pensacola
+unconditionally to any person duly authorized to receive it, and St. Marks,
+which is in the heart of the Indian country, on the arrival of a competent
+force to defend it against those savages and their associates.
+
+In entering Florida to suppress this combination no idea was entertained of
+hostility to Spain, and however justifiable the commanding general was, in
+consequence of the misconduct of the Spanish officers, in entering St.
+Marks and Pensacola to terminate it by proving to the savages and their
+associates that they should not be protected even there, yet the amicable
+relations existing between the United States and Spain could not be altered
+by that act alone. By ordering the restitution of the posts those relations
+were preserved. To a change of them the power of the Executive is deemed
+incompetent; it is vested in Congress only.
+
+By this measure, so promptly taken, due respect was shown to the Government
+of Spain. The misconduct of her officers has not been imputed to her. She
+was enabled to review with candor her relations with the United States and
+her own situation, particularly in respect to the territory in question,
+with the dangers inseparable from it, and regarding the losses we have
+sustained for which indemnity has been so long withheld, and the injuries
+we have suffered through that territory, and her means of redress, she was
+likewise enabled to take with honor the course best calculated to do
+justice to the United States and to promote her own welfare.
+
+Copies of the instructions to the commanding general, of his correspondence
+with the Secretary of War, explaining his motives and justifying his
+conduct, with a copy of the proceedings of the courts-martial in the trial
+of Arbuthnot and Ambristie, and of the correspondence between the Secretary
+of State and the minister plenipotentiary of Spain near this Government,
+and of the minister plenipotentiary of the United States at Madrid with the
+Government of Spain, will be laid before Congress.
+
+The civil war which has so long prevailed between Spain and the Provinces
+in South America still continues, without any prospect of its speedy
+termination. The information respecting the condition of those countries
+which has been collected by the commissioners recently returned from thence
+will be laid before Congress in copies of their reports, with such other
+information as has been received from other agents of the United States.
+
+It appears from these communications that the Government at Buenos Ayres
+declared itself independent in July, 1816, having previously exercised the
+power of an independent Government, though in the name of the King of
+Spain, from the year 1810; that the Banda Oriental, Entre Rios, and
+Paraguay, with the city of Santa Fee, all of which are also independent,
+are unconnected with the present Government of Buenos Ayres; that Chili has
+declared itself independent and is closely connected with Buenos Ayres;
+that Venezuela has also declared itself independent, and now maintains the
+conflict with various success; and that the remaining parts of South
+America, except Monte Video and such other portions of the eastern bank of
+the La Plata as are held by Portugal, are still in the possession of Spain
+or in a certain degree under her influence.
+
+By a circular note addressed by the ministers of Spain to the allied
+powers, with whom they are respectively accredited, it appears that the
+allies have undertaken to mediate between Spain and the South American
+Provinces, and that the manner and extent of their interposition would be
+settled by a congress which was to have met at Aix-la-Chapelle in September
+last. From the general policy and course of proceeding observed by the
+allied powers in regard to this contest it is inferred that they will
+confine their interposition to the expression of their sentiments,
+abstaining from the application of force. I state this impression that
+force will not be applied with the greater satisfaction because it is a
+course more consistent with justice and likewise authorizes a hope that the
+calamities of the war will be confined to the parties only, and will be of
+shorter duration.
+
+From the view taken of this subject, founded on all the information that we
+have been able to obtain, there is good cause to be satisfied with the
+course heretofore pursued by the United States in regard to this contest,
+and to conclude that it is proper to adhere to it, especially in the
+present state of affairs.
+
+I have great satisfaction in stating that our relations with France,
+Russia, and other powers continue on the most friendly basis.
+
+In our domestic concerns we have ample cause of satisfaction. The receipts
+into the Treasury during the three first quarters of the year have exceeded
+$17 millions.
+
+After satisfying all the demands which have been made under existing
+appropriations, including the final extinction of the old 6% stock and the
+redemption of a moiety of the Louisiana debt, it is estimated that there
+will remain in the Treasury on the 1st day of January next more than $2
+millions.
+
+It is ascertained that the gross revenue which has accrued from the customs
+during the same period amounts to $21 millions, and that the revenue of
+the whole year may be estimated at not less than $26 millions. The sale
+of the public lands during the year has also greatly exceeded, both in
+quantity and price, that of any former year, and there is just reason to
+expect a progressive improvement in that source of revenue.
+
+It is gratifying to know that although the annual expenditure has been
+increased by the act of the last session of Congress providing for
+Revolutionary pensions to an amount about equal to the proceeds of the
+internal duties which were then repealed, the revenue for the ensuing year
+will be proportionally augmented, and that whilst the public expenditure
+will probably remain stationary, each successive year will add to the
+national resources by the ordinary increase of our population and by the
+gradual development of our latent sources of national prosperity.
+
+The strict execution of the revenue laws, resulting principally from the
+salutary provisions of the act of the 20th of April last amending the
+several collection laws, has, it is presumed, secured to domestic
+manufactures all the relief that can be derived from the duties which have
+been imposed upon foreign merchandise for their protection. Under the
+influence of this relief several branches of this important national
+interest have assumed greater activity, and although it is hoped that
+others will gradually revive and ultimately triumph over every obstacle,
+yet the expediency of granting further protection is submitted to your
+consideration.
+
+The measures of defense authorized by existing laws have been pursued with
+the zeal and activity due to so important an object, and with all the
+dispatch practicable in so extensive and great an undertaking. The survey
+of our maritime and inland frontiers has been continued, and at the points
+where it was decided to erect fortifications the work has been commenced,
+and in some instances considerable progress has been made. In compliance
+with resolutions of the last session, the Board of Commissioners were
+directed to examine in a particular manner the parts of the coast therein
+designated and to report their opinion of the most suitable sites for two
+naval depots. This work is in a train of execution. The opinion of the
+Board on this subject, with a plan of all the works necessary to a general
+system of defense so far as it has been formed, will be laid before
+Congress in a report from the proper department as soon as it can be
+prepared.
+
+In conformity with the appropriations of the last session, treaties have
+been formed with the Quapaw tribe of Indians, inhabiting the country on the
+Arkansaw, and the Great and Little Osages north of the White River; with
+the tribes in the State of Indiana; with the several tribes within the
+State of Ohio and the Michigan Territory, and with the Chickasaws, by which
+very extensive cessions of territory have been made to the United States.
+Negotiations are now depending with the tribes in the Illinois Territory
+and with the Choctaws, by which it is expected that other extensive
+cessions will be made. I take great interest in stating that the cessions
+already made, which are considered so important to the United States, have
+been obtained on conditions very satisfactory to the Indians.
+
+With a view to the security of our inland frontiers, it has been thought
+expedient to establish strong posts at the mouth of Yellow Stone River and
+at the Mandan village on the Missouri, and at the mouth of St. Peters on
+the Mississippi, at no great distance from our northern boundaries. It can
+hardly be presumed while such posts are maintained in the rear of the
+Indian tribes that they will venture to attack our peaceable inhabitants. A
+strong hope is entertained that this measure will likewise be productive of
+much good to the tribes themselves, especially in promoting the great
+object of their civilization.
+
+Experience has clearly demonstrated that independent savage communities can
+not long exist within the limits of a civilized population. The progress of
+the latter has almost invariably terminated in the extinction of the
+former, especially of the tribes belonging to our portion of this
+hemisphere, among whom loftiness of sentiment and gallantry in action have
+been conspicuous. To civilize them, and even to prevent their extinction,
+it seems to be indispensable that their independence as communities should
+cease, and that the control of the United States over them should be
+complete and undisputed. The hunter state will then be more easily
+abandoned, and recourse will be had to the acquisition and culture of land
+and to other pursuits tending to dissolve the ties which connect them
+together as a savage community and to give a new character to every
+individual. I present this subject to the consideration of Congress on the
+presumption that it may be found expedient and practicable to adopt some
+benevolent provisions, having these objects in view, relative to the tribes
+within our settlements.
+
+It has been necessary during the present year to maintain a strong naval
+force in the Mediterranean and in the Gulf of Mexico, and to send some
+public ships along the southern coast and to the Pacific Ocean. By these
+means amicable relations with the Barbary Powers have been preserved, our
+commerce has been protected, and our rights respected. The augmentation of
+our Navy is advancing with a steady progress toward the limit contemplated
+by law.
+
+I communicate with great satisfaction the accession of another State
+(Illinois) to our Union, because I perceive from the proof afforded by the
+additions already made the regular progress and sure consummation of a
+policy of which history affords no example, and of which the good effect
+can not be too highly estimated. By extending our Government on the
+principles of our Constitution over the vast territory within our limits,
+on the Lakes and the Mississippi and its numerous streams, new life and
+vigor are infused into every part of our system. By increasing the number
+of the States the confidence of the State governments in their own security
+is increased and their jealousy of the National Government proportionally
+diminished.
+
+The impracticability of one consolidated Government for this great and
+growing nation will be more apparent and will be universally admitted.
+Incapable of exercising local authority except for general purposes, the
+General Government will no longer be dreaded. In those cases of a local
+nature and for all the great purposes for which it was instituted its
+authority will be cherished. Each Government will acquire new force and a
+greater freedom of action within its proper sphere.
+
+Other inestimable advantages will follow. Our produce will be augmented to
+an incalculable amount in articles of the greatest value for domestic use
+and foreign commerce. Our navigation will in like degree be increased, and
+as the shipping of the Atlantic States will be employed in the
+transportation of the vast produce of the Western country, even those parts
+of the United States which are most remote from each other will be further
+bound together by the strongest ties which mutual interest can create.
+
+The situation of this District, it is thought, requires the attention of
+Congress. By the Constitution the power of legislation is exclusively
+vested in the Congress of the United States. In the exercise of this power,
+in which the people have no participation, Congress legislate in all cases
+directly on the local concerns of the District. As this is a departure, for
+a special purpose, from the general principles of our system, it may merit
+consideration whether an arrangement better adapted to the principles of
+our Government and to the particular interests of the people may not be
+devised which will neither infringe the Constitution nor affect the object
+which the provision in question was intended to secure. The growing
+population, already considerable, and the increasing business of the
+District, which it is believed already interferes with the deliberations of
+Congress on great national concerns, furnish additional motives for
+recommending this subject to your consideration.
+
+When we view the great blessings with which our country has been favored,
+those which we now enjoy, and the means which we possess of handing them
+down unimpaired to our latest posterity, our attention is irresistibly
+drawn to the source from whence they flow. Let us, then, unite in offering
+our most grateful acknowledgments for these blessings to the Divine Author
+of All Good.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 7, 1819
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+The public buildings being advanced to a stage to afford accommodation for
+Congress, I offer you my sincere congratulations on the recommencement of
+your duties in the Capitol.
+
+In bringing you to view the incidents most deserving attention which have
+occurred since your last session, I regret to have to state that several of
+our principal cities have suffered by sickness, that an unusual drought has
+prevailed in the Middle and Western States, and that a derangement has been
+felt in some of our moneyed institutions which has proportionably affected
+their credit. I am happy, however, to have it in my power to assure you
+that the health of our cities is now completely restored; that the produce
+of the year, though less abundant than usual, will not only be amply
+sufficient for home consumption, but afford a large surplus for the supply
+of the wants of other nations, and that the derangement in the circulating
+paper medium, by being left to those remedies which its obvious causes
+suggested and the good sense and virtue of our fellow citizens supplied,
+has diminished.
+
+Having informed Congress, on the 27th of February last, that a treaty of
+amity, settlement, and limits had been concluded in this city between the
+United States and Spain, and ratified by the competent authorities of the
+former, full confidence was entertained that it would have been ratified by
+His Catholic Majesty with equal promptitude and a like earnest desire to
+terminate on the conditions of that treaty the differences which had so
+long existed between the two countries. Every view which the subject
+admitted of was thought to have justified this conclusion.
+
+Great losses had been sustained by citizens of the United States from
+Spanish cruisers more than 20 years before, which had not been redressed.
+These losses had been acknowledged and provided for by a treaty as far back
+as the year 1802, which, although concluded at Madrid, was not then
+ratified by the Government of Spain, nor since, until the last year, when
+it was suspended by the late treaty, a more satisfactory provision to both
+parties, as was presumed, having been made for them. Other differences had
+arisen in this long interval, affecting their highest interests, which were
+likewise provided for by this last treaty.
+
+The treaty itself was formed on great consideration and a thorough
+knowledge of all circumstances, the subject matter of every article having
+been for years under discussion and repeated references having been made by
+the minister of Spain to his Government on the points respecting which the
+greatest difference of opinion prevailed. It was formed by a minister duly
+authorized for the purpose, who had represented his Government in the
+United States and been employed in this long-protracted negotiation
+several years, and who, it is not denied, kept strictly within the letter
+of his instructions. The faith of Spain was therefore pledged, under
+circumstances of peculiar force and solemnity, for its ratification.
+
+On the part of the United States this treaty was evidently acceded to in a
+spirit of conciliation and concession. The indemnity for injuries and
+losses so long before sustained, and now again acknowledged and provided
+for, was to be paid by them without becoming a charge on the treasury of
+Spain. For territory ceded by Spain other territory of great value, to
+which our claim was believed to be well founded, was ceded by the United
+States, and in a quarter more interesting to her. This cession was
+nevertheless received as the means of indemnifying our citizens in a
+considerable sum, the presumed amount of their losses.
+
+Other considerations of great weight urged the cession of this territory by
+Spain. It was surrounded by the Territories of the United States on every
+side except on that of the ocean. Spain had lost her authority over it,
+and, falling into the hands of adventurers connected with the savages, it
+was made the means of unceasing annoyance and injury to our Union in many
+of its most essential interests. By this cession, then, Spain ceded a
+territory in reality of no value to her and obtained concessions of the
+highest importance by the settlement of long-standing differences with the
+United States affecting their respective claims and limits, and likewise
+relieved herself from the obligation of a treaty relating to it which she
+had failed to fulfill, and also from the responsibility incident to the
+most flagrant and pernicious abuses of her rights where she could not
+support her authority.
+
+It being known that the treaty was formed under these circumstances, not a
+doubt was entertained that His Catholic Majesty would have ratified it
+without delay. I regret to have to state that this reasonable expectation
+has been disappointed; that the treaty was not ratified within the time
+stipulated and has not since been ratified. As it is important that the
+nature and character of this unexpected occurrence should be distinctly
+understood, I think it my duty to communicate to you all the facts and
+circumstances in my possession relating to it.
+
+Anxious to prevent all future disagreement with Spain by giving the most
+prompt effect to the treaty which had been thus concluded, and particularly
+by the establishment of a Government in Florida which should preserve order
+there, the minister of the United States who had been recently appointed to
+His Catholic Majesty, and to whom the ratification by his Government had
+been committed to be exchanged for that of Spain, was instructed to
+transmit the latter to the Department of State as soon as obtained, by a
+public ship subjected to his order for the purpose.
+
+Unexpected delay occurring in the ratification by Spain, he requested to be
+informed of the cause. It was stated in reply that the great importance of
+the subject, and a desire to obtain explanations on certain points which
+were not specified, had produced the delay, and that an envoy would be
+dispatched to the United States to obtain such explanations of this
+Government. The minister of the United States offered to give full
+explanation on any point on which it might be desired, which proposal was
+declined. Having communicated this result to the Department of State in
+August last, he was instructed, notwithstanding the disappointment and
+surprise which it produced, to inform the Government of Spain that if the
+treaty should be ratified and transmitted here at any time before the
+meeting of Congress it would be received and have the same effect as if it
+had been ratified in due time.
+
+This order was executed, the authorized communication was made to the
+Government of Spain, and by its answer, which has just been received, we
+are officially made acquainted for the first time with the causes which
+have prevented the ratification of the treaty by His Catholic Majesty. It
+is alleged by the minister of Spain that his Government had attempted to
+alter one of the principal articles of the treaty by a declaration which
+the minister of the United States had been ordered to present when he
+should deliver the ratification by his Government in exchange for that of
+Spain, and of which he gave notice, explanatory of the sense in which that
+article was understood. It is further alleged that this Government had
+recently tolerated or protected an expedition from the United States
+against the Province of Texas. These two imputed acts are stated as the
+reasons which have induced His Catholic Majesty to withhold his
+ratification from the treaty, to obtain explanations respecting which it is
+repeated that an envoy would be forthwith dispatched to the United States.
+How far these allegations will justify the conduct of the Government of
+Spain will appear on a view of the following facts and the evidence which
+supports them:
+
+It will be seen by the documents transmitted herewith that the declaration
+mentioned relates to a clause in the 8th article concerning certain grants
+of land recently made by His Catholic Majesty in Florida, which it was
+understood had conveyed all the lands which until then had been ungranted;
+it was the intention of the parties to annul these latter grants, and that
+clause was drawn for that express purpose and for none other. The date of
+these grants was unknown, but it was understood to be posterior to that
+inserted in the article; indeed, it must be obvious to all that if that
+provision in the treaty had not the effect of annulling these grants, it
+would be altogether nugatory. Immediately after the treaty was concluded
+and ratified by this Government an intimation was received that these
+grants were of anterior date to that fixed on by the treaty and that they
+would not, of course, be affected by it. The mere possibility of such a
+case, so inconsistent with the intention of the parties and the meaning of
+the article, induced this Government to demand an explanation on the
+subject, which was immediately granted, and which corresponds with this
+statement.
+
+With regard to the other act alleged, that this Government had tolerated
+or protected an expedition against Texas, it is utterly without
+foundation. Every discountenance has invariably been given to any such
+attempt within the limits of the United States, as is fully evinced by the
+acts of the Government and the proceedings of the courts. There being
+cause, however, to apprehend, in the course of the last summer, that some
+adventurers entertained views of the kind suggested, the attention of the
+constituted authorities in that quarter was immediately drawn to them,
+and it is known that the project, whatever it might be, has utterly
+failed.
+
+These facts will, it is presumed, satisfy every impartial mind that the
+Government of Spain had no justifiable cause for declining to ratify the
+treaty. A treaty concluded in conformity with instructions is obligatory,
+in good faith, in all its stipulations, according to the true intent and
+meaning of the parties. Each party is bound to ratify it. If either could
+set it aside without the consent of the other, there would be no longer any
+rules applicable to such transactions between nations.
+
+By this proceeding the Government of Spain has rendered to the United
+States a new and very serious injury. It has been stated that a minister
+would be sent to ask certain explanations of this Government; but if such
+were desired, why were they not asked within the time limited for the
+ratification?
+
+Is it contemplated to open a new negotiation respecting any of the articles
+or conditions of the treaty? If that were done, to what consequences might
+it not lead? At what time and in what manner would a new negotiation
+terminate? By this proceeding Spain has formed a relation between the two
+countries which will justify any measures on the part of the United States
+which a strong sense of injury and a proper regard for the rights and
+interests of the nation may dictate.
+
+In the course to be pursued these objects should be constantly held in view
+and have their due weight. Our national honor must be maintained, and a new
+and a distinguished proof be afforded of that regard for justice and
+moderation which has invariably governed the councils of this free people.
+It must be obvious to all that if the United States had been desirous of
+making conquests, or had been even willing to aggrandize themselves in that
+way, they could have had no inducement to form this treaty. They would have
+much cause for gratulation at the course which has been pursued by Spain.
+An ample field for ambition is open before them, but such a career is not
+consistent with the principles of their Government nor the interests of the
+nation.
+
+From a full view of all circumstances, it is submitted to the consideration
+of Congress whether it will not be proper for the United States to carry
+the conditions of the treaty into effect in the same manner as if it had
+been ratified by Spain, claiming on their part all its advantages and
+yielding to Spain those secured to her. By pursuing this course we shall
+rest on the sacred ground of right, sanctioned in the most solemn manner by
+Spain herself by a treaty which she was bound to ratify, for refusing to do
+which she must incur the censure of other nations, even those most friendly
+to her, while by confining ourselves within that limit we can not fail to
+obtain their well-merited approbation.
+
+We must have peace on a frontier where we have been so long disturbed; our
+citizens must be indemnified for losses so long since sustained, and for
+which indemnity has been so unjustly withheld from them. Accomplishing
+these great objects, we obtain all that is desirable.
+
+But His Catholic Majesty has twice declared his determination to send a
+minister to the United States to ask explanations on certain points and to
+give them respecting his delay to ratify the treaty. Shall we act by taking
+the ceded territory and proceeding to execute the other conditions of the
+treaty before this minister arrives and is heard?
+
+This is a case which forms a strong appeal to the candor, the magnanimity,
+and the honor of this people. Much is due to courtesy between nations. By a
+short delay we shall lose nothing, for, resting on the ground of immutable
+truth and justice, we can not be diverted from our purpose.
+
+It ought to be presumed that the explanations which may be given to the
+minister of Spain will be satisfactory, and produce the desired result. In
+any event, the delay for the purpose mentioned, being a further
+manifestation of the sincere desire to terminate in the most friendly
+manner all differences with Spain, can not fail to be duly appreciated by
+His Catholic Majesty as well as by other powers. It is submitted,
+therefore, whether it will not be proper to make the law proposed for
+carrying the conditions of the treaty into effect, should it be adopted,
+contingent; to suspend its operation, upon the responsibility of the
+Executive, in such manner as to afford an opportunity for such friendly
+explanations as may be desired during the present session of Congress.
+
+I communicate to Congress a copy of the treaty and of the instructions to
+the minister of the United States at Madrid respecting it; of his
+correspondence with the minister of Spain, and of such other documents as
+may be necessary to give a full view of the subject.
+
+In the course which the Spanish Government have on this occasion thought
+proper to pursue it is satisfactory to know that they have not been
+countenanced by any other European power. On the contrary, the opinion and
+wishes both of France and Great Britain have not been withheld either from
+the United States or from Spain, and have been unequivocal in favor of the
+ratification. There is also reason to believe that the sentiments of the
+Imperial Government of Russia have been the same, and that they have also
+been made known to the cabinet of Madrid.
+
+In the civil war existing between Spain and the Spanish Provinces in this
+hemisphere the greatest care has been taken to enforce the laws intended to
+preserve an impartial neutrality. Our ports have continued to be equally
+open to both parties and on the same conditions, and our citizens have been
+equally restrained from interfering in favor of either to the prejudice of
+the other. The progress of the war, however has operated manifestly in
+favor of the colonies. Buenos Ayres still maintains unshaken the
+independence which it declared in 1816, and has enjoyed since 1810. Like
+success has also lately attended Chili and the Provinces north of the La
+Plata bordering on it, and likewise Venezuela.
+
+This contest has from its commencement been very interesting to other
+powers, and to none more so than to the United States. A virtuous people
+may and will confine themselves within the limit of a strict neutrality;
+but it is not in their power to behold a conflict so vitally important to
+their neighbors without the sensibility and sympathy which naturally belong
+to such a case. It has been the steady purpose of this Government to
+prevent that feeling leading to excess, and it is very gratifying to have
+it in my power to state that so strong has been the sense throughout the
+whole community of what was due to the character and obligations of the
+nation that very few examples of a contrary kind have occurred.
+
+The distance of the colonies from the parent country and the great extent
+of their population and resources gave them advantages which it was
+anticipated at a very early period would be difficult for Spain to
+surmount. The steadiness, consistency, and success with which they have
+pursued their object, as evinced more particularly by the undisturbed
+sovereignty which Buenos Ayres has so long enjoyed, evidently give them a
+strong claim to the favorable consideration of other nations. These
+sentiments on the part of the United States have not been withheld from
+other powers, with whom it is desirable to act in concert. Should it become
+manifest to the world that the efforts of Spain to subdue these Provinces
+will be fruitless, it may be presumed that the Spanish Government itself
+will give up the contest. In producing such a determination it can not be
+doubted that the opinion of friendly powers who have taken no part in the
+controversy will have their merited influence.
+
+It is of the highest importance to our national character and indispensable
+to the morality of our citizens that all violations of our neutrality
+should be prevented. No door should be left open for the evasion of our
+laws, no opportunity afforded to any who may be disposed to take advantage
+of it to compromit the interest or the honor of the nation. It is
+submitted, therefore, to the consideration of Congress whether it may not
+be advisable to revise the laws with a view to this desirable result.
+
+It is submitted also whether it may not be proper to designate by law the
+several ports or places along the coast at which only foreign ships of war
+and privateers may be admitted. The difficulty of sustaining the
+regulations of our commerce and of other important interests from abuse
+without such designation furnishes a strong motive for this measure.
+
+At the time of the negotiation for the renewal of the commercial convention
+between the United States and Great Britain a hope had been entertained
+that an article might have been agreed upon mutually satisfactory to both
+countries, regulating upon principles of justice and reciprocity the
+commercial intercourse between the United States and the British
+possessions as well in the West Indies as upon the continent of North
+America. The plenipotentiaries of the two Governments not having been able
+to come to an agreement on this important interest, those of the United
+States reserved for the consideration of this Government the proposals
+which had been presented to them as the ultimate offer on the part of the
+British Government, and which they were not authorized to accept. On their
+transmission here they were examined with due deliberation, the result of
+which was a new effort to meet the views of the British Government. The
+minister of the United States was instructed to make a further proposal,
+which has not been accepted. It was, however, declined in an amicable
+manner. I recommend to the consideration of Congress whether further
+prohibitory provisions in the laws relating to this intercourse may not be
+expedient. It is seen with interest that although it has not been
+practicable as yet to agree in any arrangement of this important branch of
+their commerce, such is the disposition of the parties that each will view
+any regulations which the other may make respecting it in the most friendly
+light.
+
+By the 5th article of the convention concluded on October 20th, 1818, it
+was stipulated that the differences which have arisen between the two
+Governments with respect to the true intent and meaning of the 5th article
+of the treaty of Ghent, in relation to the carrying away by British
+officers of slaves from the United States after the exchange of the
+ratifications of the treaty of peace, should be referred to the decision of
+some friendly sovereign or state to be named for that purpose. The minister
+of the United States has been instructed to name to the British Government
+a foreign sovereign, the common friend to both parties, for the decision of
+this question. The answer of that Government to the proposal when received
+will indicate the further measures to be pursued on the part of the United
+States.
+
+Although the pecuniary embarrassments which affected various parts of the
+Union during the latter part of the preceding year have during the present
+been considerably augmented, and still continue to exist, the receipts into
+the Treasury to the 30th of September last have amounted to $19 millions.
+After defraying the current expenses of the Government, including the
+Interest and reimbursement of the public debt payable to that period,
+amounting to $18.2 millions, there remained in the Treasury on that day
+more than $2.5 millions, which, with the sums receivable during the
+remainder of the year, will exceed the current demands upon the Treasury
+for the same period.
+
+The causes which have tended to diminish the public receipts could not fail
+to have a corresponding effect upon the revenue which has accrued upon
+imposts and tonnage during the three first quarters of the present year. It
+is, however, ascertained that the duties which have been secured during
+that period exceed $18 millions, and those of the whole year will probably
+amount to $23 millions.
+
+For the probable receipts of the next year I refer you to the statements
+which will be transmitted from the Treasury, which will enable you to judge
+whether further provision be necessary.
+
+The great reduction in the price of the principal articles of domestic
+growth which has occurred during the present year, and the consequent fall
+in the price of labor, apparently so favorable to the success of domestic
+manufactures, have not shielded them against other causes adverse to their
+prosperity. The pecuniary embarrassments which have so deeply affected the
+commercial interests of the nation have been no less adverse to our
+manufacturing establishments in several sections of the Union.
+
+The great reduction of the currency which the banks have been constrained
+to make in order to continue specie payments, and the vitiated character of
+it where such reductions have not been attempted, instead of placing within
+the reach of these establishments the pecuniary aid necessary to avail
+themselves of the advantages resulting from the reduction in the prices of
+the raw materials and of labor, have compelled the banks to withdraw from
+them a portion of the capital heretofore advanced to them. That aid which
+has been refused by the banks has not been obtained from other sources,
+owing to the loss of individual confidence from the frequent failures which
+have recently occurred in some of our principal commercial cities.
+
+An additional cause for the depression of these establishments may probably
+be found in the pecuniary embarrassments which have recently affected those
+countries with which our commerce has been principally prosecuted. Their
+manufactures, for the want of a ready or profitable market at home, have
+been shipped by the manufacturers to the United States, and in many
+instances sold at a price below their current value at the place of
+manufacture. Although this practice may from its nature be considered
+temporary or contingent, it is not on that account less injurious in its
+effects. Uniformity in the demand and price of an article is highly
+desirable to the domestic manufacturer.
+
+It is deemed of great importance to give encouragement to our domestic
+manufacturers. In what manner the evils which have been adverted to may be
+remedied, and how far it may be practicable in other respects to afford to
+them further encouragement, paying due regard to the other great interests
+of the nation, is submitted to the wisdom of Congress.
+
+The survey of the coast for the establishment of fortifications is now
+nearly completed, and considerable progress has been made in the collection
+of materials for the construction of fortifications in the Gulf of Mexico
+and in the Chesapeake Bay. The works on the eastern bank of the Potomac
+below Alexandria and on the Pea Patch, in the Delaware, are much advanced,
+and it is expected that the fortifications at the Narrows, in the harbor of
+New York, will be completed the present year. To derive all the advantages
+contemplated from these fortifications it was necessary that they should be
+judiciously posted, and constructed with a view to permanence. The progress
+hitherto has therefore been slow; but as the difficulties in parts
+heretofore the least explored and known are surmounted, it will in future
+be more rapid. As soon as the survey of the coast is completed, which it is
+expected will be done early in the next spring, the engineers employed in
+it will proceed to examine for like purposes the northern and northwestern
+frontiers.
+
+The troops intended to occupy a station at the mouth of the St. Peters, on
+the Mississippi, have established themselves there, and those who were
+ordered to the mouth of the Yellow Stone, on the Missouri, have ascended
+that river to the Council Bluff, where they will remain until the next
+spring, when they will proceed to the place of their destination. I have
+the satisfaction to state that this measure has been executed in amity with
+the Indian tribes, and that it promises to produce, in regard to them, all
+the advantages which were contemplated by it.
+
+Much progress has likewise been made in the construction of ships of war
+and in the collection of timber and other materials for ship building. It
+is not doubted that our Navy will soon be augmented to the number and
+placed in all respects on the footing provided for by law.
+
+The Board, consisting of engineers and naval officers, have not yet made
+their final report of sites for two naval depots, as instructed according
+to the resolutions of March 18th, 1818 and April 20th, 1818, but they
+have examined the coast therein designated, and their report is expected
+in the next month.
+
+For the protection of our commerce in the Mediterranean, along the southern
+Atlantic coast, in the Pacific and Indian oceans, it has been found
+necessary to maintain a strong naval force, which it seems proper for the
+present to continue. There is much reason to believe that if any portion of
+the squadron heretofore stationed in the Mediterranean should be withdrawn
+our intercourse with the powers bordering on that sea would be much
+interrupted, if not altogether destroyed. Such, too, has been the growth of
+a spirit of piracy in the other quarters mentioned, by adventurers from
+every country, in abuse of the friendly flags which they have assumed, that
+not to protect our commerce there would be to abandon it as a prey to
+their rapacity.
+
+Due attention has likewise been paid to the suppression of the slave trade,
+in compliance with a law of the last session. Orders have been given to the
+commanders of all our public ships to seize all vessels navigated under our
+flag engaged in that trade, and to bring them in to be proceeded against in
+the manner prescribed by the law. It is hoped that these vigorous measures,
+supported by like acts by other nations, will soon terminate a commerce so
+disgraceful to the civilized world.
+
+In the execution of the duty imposed by these acts, and of a high trust
+connected with it, it is with deep regret I have to state the loss which
+has been sustained by the death of Commodore Perry. His gallantry in a
+brilliant exploit in the late war added to the renown of his country. His
+death is deplored as a national misfortune.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+November 14, 1820
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+In communicating to you a just view of public affairs at the commencement
+of your present labors, I do it with great satisfaction, because, taking
+all circumstances into consideration which claim attention, I see much
+cause to rejoice in the felicity of our situation. In making this remark I
+do not wish to be understood to imply that an unvaried prosperity is to be
+seen in every interest of this great community. In the progress of a nation
+inhabiting a territory of such vast extent and great variety of climate,
+every portion of which is engaged in foreign commerce and liable to be
+affected in some degree by the changes which occur in the condition and
+regulations of foreign countries, it would be strange if the produce of our
+soil and the industry and enterprise of our fellow citizens received at all
+times and in every quarter an uniform and equal encouragement. This would
+be more than we would have a right to expect under circumstances the most
+favorable.
+
+Pressures on certain interests, it is admitted, have been felt; but
+allowing to these their greatest extent, they detract but little from the
+force of the remarks already made. In forming a just estimate of our
+present situation it is proper to look at the whole in the outline as well
+as in the detail. A free, virtuous, and enlightened people know well the
+great principles and causes on which their happiness depends, and even
+those who suffer most occasionally in their transitory concerns find great
+relief under their sufferings from the blessings which they otherwise enjoy
+and in the consoling and animating hope which they administer.
+
+From whence do these pressures come? Not from a Government which is founded
+by, administered for, and supported by the people. We trace them to the
+peculiar character of the epoch in which we live, and to the extraordinary
+occurrences which have signalized it. The convulsions with which several of
+the powers of Europe have been shaken and the long and destructive wars in
+which all were engaged, with their sudden transition to a state of peace,
+presenting in the first instance unusual encouragement to our commerce and
+withdrawing it in the second even within its wonted limit, could not fail
+to be sensibly felt here. The station, too, which we had to support through
+this long conflict, compelled as we were finally to become a party to it
+with a principal power, and to make great exertions, suffer heavy losses,
+and to contract considerable debts, disturbing the ordinary course of
+affairs by augmenting to a vast amount the circulating medium, and thereby
+elevating at one time the price of every article above a just standard and
+depressing it at another below it, had likewise its due effect.
+
+It is manifest that the pressures of which we complain have proceeded in a
+great measure from these causes. When, then, we take into view the
+prosperous and happy condition of our country in all the great
+circumstances which constitute the felicity of a nation--every individual
+in the full enjoyment of all his rights, the Union blessed with plenty and
+rapidly rising to greatness under a National Government which operates with
+complete effect in every part without being felt in any except by the ample
+protection which it affords, and under State governments which perform
+their equal share, according to a wise distribution of power between them,
+in promoting the public happiness--it is impossible to behold so
+gratifying, so glorious a spectacle without being penetrated with the most
+profound and grateful acknowledgments to the Supreme Author of All Good for
+such manifold and inestimable blessings.
+
+Deeply impressed with these sentiments, I can not regard the pressures to
+which I have adverted otherwise than in the light of mild and instructive
+admonitions, warning us of dangers to be shunned in future, teaching us
+lessons of economy corresponding with the simplicity and purity of our
+institutions and best adapted to their support, evincing the connection and
+dependence which the various parts of our happy Union have on each other,
+thereby augmenting daily our social incorporation and adding by its strong
+ties new strength and vigor to the political; opening a wider range, and
+with new encouragement, to the industry and enterprise of our fellow
+citizens at home and abroad, and more especially by the multiplied proofs
+which it has accumulated of the great perfection of our most excellent
+system of Government, the powerful instrument in the hands of our
+All-merciful Creator in securing to us these blessings.
+
+Happy as our situation is, it does not exempt us from solicitude and care
+for the future. On the contrary, as the blessings which we enjoy are great,
+proportionably great should be our vigilance, zeal, and activity to
+preserve them. Foreign wars may again expose us to new wrongs, which would
+impose on us new duties for which we ought to be prepared. The state of
+Europe is unsettled, and how long peace may be preserved is altogether
+uncertain; in addition to which we have interests of our own to adjust
+which will require particular attention. A correct view of our relations
+with each power will enable you to form a just idea of existing
+difficulties, and of the measures of precaution best adapted to them.
+
+Respecting our relations with Spain nothing explicit can now be
+communicated. On the adjournment of Congress in May last the minister
+plenipotentiary of the United States at Madrid was instructed to inform the
+Government of Spain that if His Catholic Majesty should then ratify the
+treaty this Government would accept the ratification so far as to submit to
+the decision of the Senate the question whether such ratification should be
+received in exchange for that of the United States heretofore given.
+
+By letters from the minister of the United States to the Secretary of State
+it appears that a communication in conformity with his instructions had
+been made to the Government of Spain, and that the Cortes had the subject
+under consideration. The result of the deliberations of that body, which is
+daily expected, will be made known to Congress as soon as it is received.
+The friendly sentiment which was expressed on the part of the United States
+in the message of the 9th of May last is still entertained for Spain.
+
+Among the causes of regret, however, which are inseparable from the delay
+attending this transaction it is proper to state that satisfactory
+information has been received that measures have been recently adopted by
+designing persons to convert certain parts of the Province of East Florida
+into depots for the reception of foreign goods, from whence to smuggle them
+into the United States. By opening a port within the limits of Florida,
+immediately on our boundary where there was no settlement, the object could
+not be misunderstood. An early accommodation of differences will, it is
+hoped, prevent all such fraudulent and pernicious practices, and place the
+relations of the two countries on a very amicable and permanent basis.
+
+The commercial relations between the United States and the British colonies
+in the West Indies and on this continent have undergone no change, the
+British Government still preferring to leave that commerce under the
+restriction heretofore imposed on it on each side. It is satisfactory to
+recollect that the restraints resorted to by the United States were
+defensive only, intended to prevent a monopoly under British regulations in
+favor of Great Britain, as it likewise is to know that the experiment is
+advancing in a spirit of amity between the parties.
+
+The question depending between the United States and Great Britain
+respecting the construction of the first article of the treaty of Ghent has
+been referred by both Governments to the decision of the Emperor of Russia,
+who has accepted the umpirage.
+
+An attempt has been made with the Government of France to regulate by
+treaty the commerce between the two countries on the principle of
+reciprocity and equality. By the last communication from the minister
+plenipotentiary of the United States at Paris, to whom full power had been
+given, we learn that the negotiation has been commenced there; but serious
+difficulties having occurred, the French Government had resolved to
+transfer it to the United States, for which purpose the minister
+plenipotentiary of France had been ordered to repair to this city, and
+whose arrival might soon be expected. It is hoped that this important
+interest may be arranged on just conditions and in a manner equally
+satisfactory to both parties. It is submitted to Congress to decide, until
+such arrangement is made, how far it may be proper, on the principle of the
+act of the last session which augmented the tonnage duty on French vessels,
+to adopt other measures for carrying more completely into effect the policy
+of that act.
+
+The act referred to, which imposed new tonnage on French vessels, having
+been in force from and after the first day of July, it has happened that
+several vessels of that nation which had been dispatched from France before
+its existence was known have entered the ports of the United States, and
+been subject to its operation, without that previous notice which the
+general spirit of our laws gives to individuals in similar cases. The
+object of that law having been merely to countervail the inequalities which
+existed to the disadvantage of the United States in their commercial
+intercourse with France, it is submitted also to the consideration of
+Congress whether, in the spirit of amity and conciliation which it is no
+less the inclination than the policy of the United States to preserve in
+their intercourse with other powers, it may not be proper to extend relief
+to the individuals interested in those cases by exempting from the
+operation of the law all those vessels which have entered our ports without
+having had the means of previously knowing the existence of the additional
+duty.
+
+The contest between Spain and the colonies, according to the most authentic
+information, is maintained by the latter with improved success. The
+unfortunate divisions which were known to exist some time since at Buenos
+Ayres it is understood still prevail. In no part of South America has Spain
+made any impression on the colonies, while in many parts, and particularly
+in Venezuela and New Grenada, the colonies have gained strength and
+acquired reputation, both for the management of the war in which they have
+been successful and for the order of the internal administration.
+
+The late change in the Government of Spain, by the reestablishment of the
+constitution of 1812, is an event which promises to be favorable to the
+revolution. Under the authority of the Cortes the Congress of Angostura was
+invited to open a negotiation for the settlement of differences between the
+parties, to which it was replied that they would willingly open the
+negotiation provided the acknowledgment of their independence was made its
+basis, but not otherwise.
+
+No facts are known to this Government to warrant the belief that any of the
+powers of Europe will take part in the contest, whence it may be inferred,
+considering all circumstances which must have weight in producing the
+result, that an adjustment will finally take place on the basis proposed by
+the colonies. To promote that result by friendly counsels with other
+powers, including Spain herself, has been the uniform policy of this
+Government.
+
+In looking to the internal concerns of our country you will, I am
+persuaded, derive much satisfaction from a view of the several objects to
+which, in the discharge of your official duties, your attention will be
+drawn. Among these none holds a more important place than the public
+revenue, from the direct operation of the power by which it is raised on
+the people, and by its influence in giving effect to every other power of
+the Government. The revenue depends on the resources of the country, and
+the facility by which the amount required is raised is a strong proof of
+the extent of the resources and of the efficiency of the Government.
+
+A few prominent facts will place this great interest in a just light before
+you. On September 30th, 1815, the funded and floating debt of the United
+States was estimated at $119,635,558. If to this sum be added the amount
+of 5% stock subscribed to the Bank of the United States, the amount of
+Mississippi stock and of the stock which was issued subsequently to that
+date, and as afterwards liquidated, to $158,713,049.
+
+On September 30th, 1820, it amounted to $91,993,883, having been reduced
+in that interval by payments $66,879,165. During this term the expenses
+of the Government of the United States were likewise defrayed in every
+branch of the civil, military, and naval establishments; the public
+edifices in this city have been rebuilt with considerable additions;
+extensive fortifications have been commenced, and are in a train of
+execution; permanent arsenals and magazines have been erected in various
+parts of the Union; our Navy has been considerably augmented, and the
+ordnance, munitions of war, and stores of the Army and Navy, which were
+much exhausted during the war, have been replenished.
+
+By the discharge of so large a proportion of the public debt and the
+execution of such extensive and important operations in so short a time a
+just estimate may be formed of the great extent of our national resources.
+The demonstration is the more complete and gratifying when it is
+recollected that the direct tax and excise were repealed soon after the
+termination of the late war, and that the revenue applied to these purposes
+has been derived almost wholly from other sources.
+
+The receipts into the Treasury from every source to the 30th of September
+last have amounted to $16,794,107.66, whilst the public expenditures to the
+same period amounted to $16,871,534.72, leaving in the Treasury on that day
+a sum estimated at $1.95 millions. For the probable receipts of the
+following year I refer you to the statement which will be transmitted from
+the Treasury.
+
+The sum of $3 millions authorized to be raised by loan by an act of the
+last session of Congress has been obtained upon terms advantageous to the
+Government, indicating not only an increased confidence in the faith of the
+nation, but the existence of a large amount of capital seeking that mode of
+investment at a rate of interest not exceeding 5% per annum.
+
+It is proper to add that there is now due to the Treasury for the sale of
+public lands $22,996,545. In bringing this subject to view I consider it my
+duty to submit to Congress whether it may not be advisable to extend to the
+purchasers of these lands, in consideration of the unfavorable change which
+has occurred since the sales, a reasonable indulgence. It is known that the
+purchases were made when the price of every article had risen to its
+greatest height, and the installments are becoming due at a period of great
+depression. It is presumed that some plan may be devised by the wisdom of
+Congress, compatible with the public interest, which would afford great
+relief to these purchasers.
+
+Considerable progress has been made during the present season in examining
+the coast and its various bays and other inlets, in the collection of
+materials, and in the construction of fortifications for the defense of the
+Union at several of the positions at which it has been decided to erect
+such works. At Mobile Point and Dauphin Island, and at the Rigolets,
+leading to Lake Pontchartrain, materials to a considerable amount have been
+collected, and all the necessary preparations made for the commencement of
+the works. At Old Point Comfort, at the mouth of the James River, and at
+the Rip-Rap, on the opposite shore in the Chesapeake Bay, materials to a
+vast amount have been collected; and at the Old Point some progress has
+been made in the construction of the fortification, which is on a very
+extensive scale. The work at Fort Washington, on this river, will be
+completed early in the next spring, and that on the Pea Patch, in the
+Delaware, in the course of the next season. Fort Diamond, at the Narrows,
+in the harbor of New York, will be finished this year. The works at
+Boston, New York, Baltimore, Norfolk, Charleston, and Niagara have been
+in part repaired, and the coast of North Carolina, extending south to
+Cape Fear, has been examined, as have likewise other parts of the coast
+eastward of Boston.
+
+Great exertions have been made to push forward these works with the utmost
+dispatch possible; but when their extent is considered, with the important
+purposes for which they are intended--the defense of the whole coast, and,
+in consequence, of the whole interior--and that they are to last for ages,
+it will be manifest that a well-digested plan, founded on military
+principles, connecting the whole together, combining security with economy,
+could not be prepared without repeated examinations of the most exposed and
+difficult parts, and that it would also take considerable time to collect
+the materials at the several points where they would be required.
+
+From all the light that has been shed on this subject I am satisfied that
+every favorable anticipation which has been formed of this great
+undertaking will be verified, and that when completed it will afford very
+great if not complete protection to our Atlantic frontier in the event of
+another war--protection sufficient to counterbalance in a single campaign
+with an enemy powerful at sea the expense of all these works, without
+taking into the estimate the saving of the lives of so many of our
+citizens, the protection of our towns and other property, or the tendency
+of such works to prevent war.
+
+Our military positions have been maintained at Belle Point, on the
+Arkansas, at Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, at St. Peters, on the
+Mississippi, and at Green Bay, on the upper Lakes. Commodious barracks have
+already been erected at most of these posts, with such works as were
+necessary for their defense. Progress has also been made in opening
+communications between them and in raising supplies at each for the support
+of the troops by their own labor, particularly those most remote.
+
+With the Indians peace has been preserved and a progress made in carrying
+into effect the act of Congress making an appropriation for their
+civilization, with the prospect of favorable results. As connected equally
+with both these objects, our trade with those tribes is thought to merit
+the attention of Congress.
+
+In their original state game is their sustenance and war their occupation,
+and if they find no employment from civilized powers they destroy each
+other. Left to themselves their extirpation is inevitable.
+
+By a judicious regulation of our trade with them we supply their wants,
+administer to their comforts, and gradually, as the game retires, draw them
+to us. By maintaining posts far in the interior we acquire a more thorough
+and direct control over them, without which it is confidently believed that
+a complete change in their manners can never be accomplished. By such
+posts, aided by a proper regulation of our trade with them and a judicious
+civil administration over them, to be provided for by law, we shall, it is
+presumed, be enabled not only to protect our own settlements from their
+savage incursions and preserve peace among the several tribes, but
+accomplish also the great purpose of their civilization.
+
+Considerable progress has also been made in the construction of ships of
+war, some of which have been launched in the course of the present year.
+
+Our peace with the powers on the coast of Barbary has been preserved, but
+we owe it altogether to the presence of our squadron in the Mediterranean.
+It has been found equally necessary to employ some of our vessels for the
+protection of our commerce in the Indian Sea, the Pacific, and along the
+Atlantic coast. The interests which we have depending in those quarters,
+which have been much improved of late, are of great extent and of high
+importance to the nation as well as to the parties concerned, and would
+undoubtedly suffer if such protection was not extended to them. In
+execution of the law of the last session for the suppression of the slave
+trade some of our public ships have also been employed on the coast of
+Africa, where several captures have already been made of vessels engaged in
+that disgraceful traffic.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 3, 1821
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+The progress of our affairs since the last session has been such as may
+justly be claimed and expected under a Government deriving all its powers
+from an enlightened people, and under laws formed by their representatives,
+on great consideration, for the sole purpose of promoting the welfare and
+happiness of their constituents. In the execution of those laws and of the
+powers vested by the Constitution in the Executive, unremitted attention
+has been paid to the great objects to which they extend.
+
+In the concerns which are exclusively internal there is good cause to be
+satisfied with the result. The laws have had their due operation and
+effect.
+
+In those relating to foreign powers, I am happy to state that peace and
+amity are preserved with all by a strict observance on both sides of the
+rights of each.
+
+In matters touching our commercial intercourse, where a difference of
+opinion has existed as to the conditions on which it should be placed, each
+party has pursued its own policy without giving just cause of offense to
+the other.
+
+In this annual communication, especially when it is addressed to a new
+Congress, the whole scope of our political concerns naturally comes into
+view, that errors, if such have been committed, may be corrected; that
+defects which have become manifest may be remedied; and, on the other hand,
+that measures which were adopted on due deliberation, and which experience
+has shewn are just in themselves and essential to the public welfare,
+should be persevered in and supported. In performing this necessary and
+very important duty I shall endeavor to place before you on its merits
+every subject that is thought to be entitled to your particular attention
+in as distinct and clear a light as I may be able.
+
+By an act of March 3rd, 1815, so much of the several acts as imposed higher
+duties on the tonnage of foreign vessels and on the manufactures and
+productions of foreign nations when imported into the United States in
+foreign vessels than when imported in vessels of the United States were
+repealed so far as respected the manufactures and productions of the nation
+to which such vessels belonged, on the condition that the repeal should
+take effect only in favor of any foreign nation when the Executive should
+be satisfied that such discriminating duties to the disadvantage of the
+United States had likewise been repealed by such nation.
+
+By this act a proposition was made to all nations to place our commerce
+with each on a basis which it was presumed would be acceptable to all.
+Every nation was allowed to bring its manufactures and productions into our
+ports and to take the manufactures and productions of the United States
+back to their ports in their own vessels on the same conditions that they
+might be transported in vessels of the United States, and in return it was
+required that a like accommodation should be granted to the vessels of the
+United States in the ports of other powers. The articles to be admitted or
+prohibited on either side formed no part of the proposed arrangement. Each
+party would retain the right to admit or prohibit such articles from the
+other as it thought proper, and on its own conditions.
+
+When the nature of the commerce between the United States and every other
+country was taken into view, it was thought that this proposition would be
+considered fair, and even liberal, by every power. The exports of the
+United States consist generally of articles of the first necessity and of
+rude materials in demand for foreign manufactories, of great bulk,
+requiring for their transportation many vessels, the return for which in
+the manufactures and productions of any foreign country, even when disposed
+of there to advantage, may be brought in a single vessel. This observation
+is the more especially applicable to those countries from which
+manufactures alone are imported, but it applies in great extent to the
+European dominions of every European power and in a certain extent to all
+the colonies of those powers. By placing, then, the navigation precisely on
+the same ground in the transportation of exports and imports between the
+United States and other countries it was presumed that all was offered
+which could be desired. It seemed to be the only proposition which could be
+devised which would retain even the semblance of equality in our favor.
+
+Many considerations of great weight gave us a right to expect that this
+commerce should be extended to the colonies as well as to the European
+dominions of other powers. With the latter, especially with countries
+exclusively manufacturing, the advantage was manifestly on their side. An
+indemnity for that loss was expected from a trade with the colonies, and
+with the greater reason as it was known that the supplies which the
+colonies derived from us were of the highest importance to them, their
+labor being bestowed with so much greater profit in the culture of other
+articles; and because, likewise, the articles of which those supplies
+consisted, forming so large a proportion of the exports of the United
+States, were never admitted into any of the ports of Europe except in cases
+of great emergency to avert a serious calamity.
+
+When no article is admitted which is not required to supply the wants of
+the party admitting it, and admitted then not in favor of any particular
+country to the disadvantage of others, but on conditions equally applicable
+to all, it seems just that the articles thus admitted and invited should be
+carried thither in the vessels of the country affording such supply and
+that the reciprocity should be found in a corresponding accommodation on
+the other side. By allowing each party to participate in the transportation
+of such supplies on the payment of equal tonnage a strong proof was
+afforded of an accommodating spirit. To abandon to it the transportation of
+the whole would be a sacrifice which ought not to be expected. The demand
+in the present instance would be the more unreasonable in consideration of
+the great inequality existing in the trade with the parent country.
+
+Such was the basis of our system as established by the act of 1815 and such
+its true character. In the year in which this act was passed a treaty was
+concluded with Great Britain, in strict conformity with its principles, in
+regard to her European dominions. To her colonies, however, in the West
+Indies and on this continent it was not extended, the British Government
+claiming the exclusive supply of those colonies, and from our own ports,
+and of the productions of the colonies in return in her own vessels. To
+this claim the United States could not assent, and in consequence each
+party suspended the intercourse in the vessels of the other by a
+prohibition which still exists.
+
+The same conditions were offered to France, but not accepted. Her
+Government has demanded other conditions more favorable to her navigation,
+and which should also give extraordinary encouragement to her manufactures
+and productions in ports of the United States. To these it was thought
+improper to accede, and in consequence the restrictive regulations which
+had been adopted on her part, being countervailed on the part of the United
+States, the direct commerce between the two countries in the vessels of
+each party has been in great measure suspended. It is much to be regretted
+that, although a negotiation has been long pending, such is the diversity
+of views entertained on the various points which have been brought into
+discussion that there does not appear to be any reasonable prospect of its
+early conclusion.
+
+It is my duty to state, as a cause of very great regret, that very serious
+differences have occurred in this negotiation respecting the construction
+of the 8th article of the treaty of 1803, by which Louisiana was ceded to
+the United States, and likewise respecting the seizure of the Apollo, in
+1820, for a violation of our revenue laws. The claim of the Government of
+France has excited not less surprise than concern, because there does not
+appear to be a just foundation for it in either instance. By the 8th
+article of the treaty referred to it is stipulated that after the
+expiration of twelve years, during which time it was provided by the 7th or
+preceding article that the vessels of France and Spain should be admitted
+into the ports of the ceded territory without paying higher duties on
+merchandise or tonnage on the vessels than such as were paid by citizens of
+the United States, the ships of France should forever afterwards be placed
+on the footing of the most favored nation.
+
+By the obvious construction of this article it is presumed that it was
+intended that no favor should be granted to any power in those ports to
+which France should not be forthwith entitled, nor should any accommodation
+be allowed to another power on conditions to which she would not also be
+entitled on the same conditions. Under this construction no favor or
+accommodation could be granted to any power to the prejudice of France. By
+allowing the equivalent allowed by those powers she would always stand in
+those ports on the footing of the most favored nation.
+
+But if this article should be so construed as that France should enjoy, of
+right, and without paying the equivalent, all the advantages of such
+conditions as might be allowed to other powers in return for important
+concessions made by them, then the whole character of the stipulations
+would be changed. She would not be placed on the footing of the most
+favored nation, but on a footing held by no other nation. She would enjoy
+all advantages allowed to them in consideration of like advantages allowed
+to us, free from every and any condition whatever.
+
+As little cause has the Government of France to complain of the seizure of
+the Apollo and the removal of other vessels from the waters of the St.
+Marys. It will not be denied that every nation has a right to regulate its
+commercial system as it thinks fit and to enforce the collection of its
+revenue, provided it be done without an invasion of the rights of other
+powers. The violation of its revenue laws is an offense which all nations
+punish, the punishment of which gives no just cause of complaint to the
+power to which the offenders belong, provided it be extended to all
+equally.
+
+In this case every circumstance which occurred indicated a fixed purpose to
+violate our revenue laws. Had the party intended to have pursued a fair
+trade he would have entered the port of some other power, landed his goods
+at the custom house according to law, and re-shipped and sent them in the
+vessel of such power, or of some other power which might lawfully bring
+them, free from such duties, to a port of the United States. But the
+conduct of the party in this case was altogether different. He entered the
+river St. Marys, the boundary line between the United States and Florida,
+and took his position on the Spanish side, on which in the whole extent of
+the river there was no town, no port or custom house, and scarcely any
+settlement. His purpose, therefore, was not to sell his goods to the
+inhabitants of Florida, but to citizens of the United States, in exchange
+for their productions, which could not be done without a direct and
+palpable breach of our laws. It is known that a regular systematic plan had
+been formed by certain persons for the violation of our revenue system,
+which made it the more necessary to check the proceeding in its
+commencement.
+
+That the unsettled bank of a river so remote from the Spanish garrisons and
+population could give no protection to any party in such a practice is
+believed to be in strict accord with the law of nations. It would not have
+comported with a friendly policy in Spain herself to have established a
+custom house there, since it could have subserved no other purpose than to
+elude our revenue law. But the Government of Spain did not adopt that
+measure. On the contrary, it is understood that the Captain-General of
+Cuba, to whom an application to that effect was made by these adventurers,
+had not acceded to it.
+
+The condition of those Provinces for many years before they were ceded to
+the United States need not now be dwelt on. Inhabited by different tribes
+of Indians and an inroad for every kind of adventurer, the jurisdiction of
+Spain may be said to have been almost exclusively confined to her
+garrisons. It certainly could not extend to places where she had no
+authority. The rules, therefore, applicable to settled countries governed
+by laws could not be deemed so to the deserts of Florida and to the
+occurrences there.
+
+It merits attention also that the territory had been ceded to the United
+States by a treaty the ratification of which had not been refused, and
+which has since been performed. Under any circumstances, therefore, Spain
+became less responsible for such acts committed there, and the United
+States more at liberty to exercise authority to prevent so great a
+mischief. The conduct of this Government has in every instance been
+conciliatory and friendly to France. The construction of our revenue law in
+its application to the cases which have formed the ground of such serious
+complaint on her part and the order to the collector of St. Marys, in
+accord with it, were given two years before these cases occurred, and in
+reference to a breach which was attempted by the subjects of another power.
+The application, therefore, to the cases in question was inevitable. As
+soon as the treaty by which these Provinces were ceded to the United States
+was ratified, and all danger of further breach of our revenue laws ceased,
+an order was given for the release of the vessel which had been seized and
+for the dismission of the libel which had been instituted against her.
+
+The principles of this system of reciprocity, founded on the law of
+March 3rd, 1815, have been since carried into effect with the Kingdoms of
+the Netherlands, Sweden, Prussia, and with Hamburg, Lubeck, and Oldenburg,
+with a provision made by subsequent laws in regard to the Netherlands,
+Prussia, Hamburg, and Bremen that such produce and manufactures as could
+only be, or most usually were, first shipped from the ports of those
+countries, the same being imported in vessels wholly belonging to their
+subjects, should be considered and admitted as their own manufactures and
+productions.
+
+The Government of Norway has by an ordinance opened the ports of that part
+of the dominions of the King of Sweden to the vessels of the United States
+upon the payment of no other or higher duties than are paid by Norwegian
+vessels, from whatever place arriving and with whatever articles laden.
+They have requested the reciprocal allowance for the vessels of Norway in
+the ports of the United States. As this privilege is not within the scope
+of the act of March 3rd, 1815, and can only be granted by Congress, and as
+it may involve the commercial relations of the United States with other
+nations, the subject is submitted to the wisdom of Congress.
+
+I have presented thus fully to your view our commercial relations with
+other powers, that, seeing them in detail with each power, and knowing the
+basis on which they rest, Congress may in its wisdom decide whether any
+change ought to be made, and, if any, in what respect. If this basis is
+unjust or unreasonable, surely it ought to be abandoned; but if it be just
+and reasonable, and any change in it will make concessions subversive of
+equality and tending in its consequences to sap the foundations of our
+prosperity, then the reasons are equally strong for adhering to the ground
+already taken, and supporting it by such further regulations as may appear
+to be proper, should any additional support be found necessary.
+
+The question concerning the construction of the first article of the treaty
+of Ghent has been, by a joint act of the representatives of the United
+States and of Great Britain at the Court of St. Petersburg, submitted to
+the decision of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia. The result of
+that submission has not yet been received. The commissioners under the 5th
+article of that treaty not having been able to agree upon their decision,
+their reports to the two Governments, according to the provisions of the
+treaty, may be expected at an early day.
+
+With Spain the treaty of February 22nd, 1819, has been partly carried into
+execution. Possession of East and West Florida has been given to the
+United States, but the officers charged with that service by an order
+from His Catholic Majesty, delivered by his minister to the Secretary of
+State, and transmitted by a special agent to the Captain-General of Cuba,
+to whom it was directed and in whom the Government of those Provinces
+was vested, have not only omitted, in contravention of the order of their
+Sovereign, the performance of the express stipulation to deliver over the
+archives and documents relating to the property and sovereignty of those
+Provinces, all of which it was expected would have been delivered either
+before or when the troops were withdrawn, but defeated since every effort
+of the United States to obtain them, especially those of the greatest
+importance. This omission has given rise to several incidents of a painful
+nature, the character of which will be fully disclosed by the documents
+which will be hereafter communicated.
+
+In every other circumstance of the law of the 3rd of March last, for
+carrying into effect that treaty, has been duly attended to. For the
+execution of that part which preserved in force, for the Government of the
+inhabitants for the term specified, all the civil, military, and judicial
+powers exercised by the existing Government of those Provinces an adequate
+number of officers, as was presumed, were appointed, and ordered to their
+respective stations. Both Provinces were formed into one Territory, and a
+governor appointed for it; but in consideration of the pre-existing
+division and of the distance and difficulty of communication between
+Pensacola, the residence of the governor of West Florida, and St.
+Augustine, that of the governor of East Florida, at which places the
+inconsiderable population of each Province was principally collected, two
+secretaries were appointed, the one to reside at Pensacola and the other at
+St. Augustine.
+
+Due attention was likewise paid to the execution of the laws of the United
+States relating to the revenue and the slave trade, which were extended to
+these Provinces. The whole Territory was divided into three collection
+districts, that part lying between the river St. Marys and Cape Florida
+forming one, that from the Cape to the Apalachicola another, and that from
+the Apalachicola to the Perdido the third. To these districts the usual
+number of revenue officers were appointed; and to secure the due operation
+of these laws one judge and a district attorney were appointed to reside at
+Pensacola, and likewise one judge and a district attorney to reside at St.
+Augustine, with a specified boundary between them; and one marshal for the
+whole, with authority to appoint a deputy.
+
+In carrying this law into effect, and especially that part relating to the
+powers of the existing Government of those Provinces, it was thought
+important, in consideration of the short term for which it was to operate
+and the radical change which would be made at the approaching session of
+Congress, to avoid expense, to make no appointment which should not be
+absolutely necessary to give effect to those powers, to withdraw none of
+our citizens from their pursuits, whereby to subject the Government to
+claims which could not be gratified and the parties to losses which it
+would be painful to witness.
+
+It has been seen with much concern that in the performance of these duties
+a collision arose between the governor of the Territory and the judge
+appointed for the western district. It was presumed that the law under
+which this transitory Government was organized, and the commissions which
+were granted to the officers who were appointed to execute each branch of
+the system, and to which the commissions were adapted, would have been
+understood in the same sense by them in which they were understood by the
+Executive. Much allowance is due to officers employed in each branch of
+this system, and the more so as there is good cause to believe that each
+acted under the conviction that he possessed the power which he undertook
+to exercise. Of the officer holding the principal station, I think it
+proper to observe that he accepted it with reluctance, in compliance with
+the invitation given him, and from a high sense of duty to his country,
+being willing to contribute to the consummation of an event which would
+insure complete protection to an important part of our Union, which had
+suffered much from incursion and invasion, and to the defense of which his
+very gallant and patriotic services had been so signally and usefully
+devoted.
+
+From the intrinsic difficulty of executing laws deriving their origin from
+different sources, and so essentially different in many important
+circumstances, the advantage, and indeed the necessity, of establishing as
+soon as practicable a well-organized Government over that Territory on the
+principles of our system is apparent. This subject is therefore recommended
+to the early consideration of Congress.
+
+In compliance with an injunction of the law of the 3rd of March last, three
+commissioners have also been appointed and a board organized for carrying
+into effect the 11th article of the treaty above recited, making provision
+for the payment of such of our citizens as have well-founded claims on
+Spain of the character specified by that treaty. This board has entered on
+its duties and made some progress therein. The commissioner and surveyor of
+His Catholic Majesty, provided for by the 4th article of the treaty, have
+not yet arrived in the United States, but are soon expected. As soon as
+they do arrive corresponding appointments will be made and every facility
+be afforded for the due execution of this service.
+
+The Government of His Most Faithful Majesty since the termination of the
+last session of Congress has been removed from Rio de Janeiro to Lisbon,
+where a revolution similar to that which had occurred in the neighboring
+Kingdom of Spain had in like manner been sanctioned by the accepted and
+pledged faith of the reigning monarch. The diplomatic intercourse between
+the United States and the Portuguese dominions, interrupted by this
+important event, has not yet been resumed, but the change of internal
+administration having already materially affected the commercial
+intercourse of the United States with the Portuguese dominions, the renewal
+of the public missions between the two countries appears to be desirable at
+an early day.
+
+It is understood that the colonies in South America have had great success
+during the present year in the struggle for their independence. The new
+Government of Colombia has extended its territories and considerably
+augmented its strength, and at Buenos Ayres, where civil dissensions had
+for some time before prevailed, greater harmony and better order appear to
+have been established. Equal success has attended their efforts in the
+Provinces on the Pacific. It has long been manifest that it would be
+impossible for Spain to reduce these colonies by force, and equally so that
+no conditions short of their independence would be satisfactory to them. It
+may therefore be presumed, and it is earnestly hoped, that the Government
+of Spain, guided by enlightened and liberal councils, will find it to
+comport with its interests and due to its magnanimity to terminate this
+exhausting controversy on that basis. To promote this result by friendly
+counsel with the Government of Spain will be the object of the Government
+of the United States.
+
+In conducting the fiscal operations of the year it has been found necessary
+to carry into full effect the act of the last session of Congress
+authorizing a loan of $5 millions. This sum has been raised at an average
+premium of $5.59 per centum upon stock bearing an interest at the rate of
+5% per annum, redeemable at the option of the Government after January
+1st, 1835.
+
+There has been issued under the provisions of this act $4,735,296.30 of 5%
+stock, and there has been or will be redeemed during the year $3,197,030.71
+of Louisiana 6% deferred stock and Mississippi stock. There has therefore
+been an actual increase of the public debt contracted during the year of
+$1,538,266.69.
+
+The receipts into the Treasury from the first of January to the 30th of
+September last have amounted to $16,219,197.70, which, with the balance of
+$1,198,461.21 in the Treasury on the former day, make the aggregate sum of
+$17,417,658.91. The payments from the Treasury during the same period have
+amounted to $15,655,288.47, leaving in the Treasury on the last-mentioned
+day the sum of $1,762,370.44. It is estimated that the receipts of the 4th
+quarter of the year will exceed the demands which will be made on the
+Treasury during the same period, and that the amount in the Treasury on the
+30th of September last will be increased on the first day of January next.
+
+At the close of the last session it was anticipated that the progressive
+diminution of the public revenue in 1819 and 1820, which had been the
+result of the languid state of our foreign commerce in those years, had in
+the latter year reached its extreme point of depression. It has, however,
+been ascertained that that point was reached only at the termination of the
+first quarter of the present year. From that time until the 30th of
+September last the duties secured have exceeded those of the corresponding
+quarters of the last year $1.172 millions, whilst the amount of debentures
+issued during the three first quarters of this year is $952,000 less than
+that of the same quarters of the last year.
+
+There are just grounds to believe that the improvement which has occurred
+in the revenue during the last-mentioned period will not only be
+maintained, but that it will progressively increase through the next and
+several succeeding years, so as to realize the results which were presented
+upon that subject by the official reports of the Treasury at the
+commencement of the last session of Congress.
+
+Under the influence of the most unfavorable circumstances the revenue for
+the next and subsequent years to the year 1825 will exceed the demands at
+present authorized by law.
+
+It may fairly be presumed that under the protection given to domestic
+manufactures by the existing laws we shall become at no distant period a
+manufacturing country on an extensive scale. Possessing as we do the raw
+materials in such vast amount, with a capacity to augment them to an
+indefinite extent; raising within the country aliment of every kind to an
+amount far exceeding the demand for home consumption, even in the most
+unfavorable years, and to be obtained always at a very moderate price;
+skilled also, as our people are, in the mechanic arts and in every
+improvement calculated to lessen the demand for and the price of labor, it
+is manifest that their success in every branch of domestic industry may and
+will be carried, under the encouragement given by the present duties, to an
+extent to meet any demand which under a fair competition may be made upon
+it.
+
+A considerable increase of domestic manufactures, by diminishing the
+importation of foreign, will probably tend to lessen the amount of the
+public revenue. As, however, a large proportion of the revenue which is
+derived from duties is raised from other articles than manufactures, the
+demand for which will increase with our population, it is believed that a
+fund will still be raised from that source adequate to the greater part of
+the public expenditures, especially as those expenditures, should we
+continue to be blessed with peace, will be diminished by the completion of
+the fortifications, dock yards, and other public works, by the augmentation
+of the Navy to the point to which it is proposed to carry it, and by the
+payment of the public debt, including pensions for military services.
+
+It can not be doubted that the more complete our internal resources and the
+less dependent we are on foreign powers for every national as well as
+domestic purpose the greater and more stable will be the public felicity.
+By the increase of domestic manufactures will the demand for the rude
+materials at home be increased, and thus will the dependence of the several
+parts of our Union on each other and the strength of the Union itself be
+proportionably augmented.
+
+In this process, which is very desirable, and inevitable under the existing
+duties, the resources which obviously present themselves to supply a
+deficiency in the revenue, should it occur, are the interests which may
+derive the principal benefit from the change. If domestic manufactures are
+raised by duties on foreign, the deficiency in the fund necessary for
+public purposes should be supplied by duties on the former.
+
+At the last session it seemed doubtful whether the revenue derived from the
+present sources would be adequate to all the great purposes of our Union,
+including the construction of our fortifications, the augmentation of the
+Navy, and the protection of our commerce against the dangers to which it is
+exposed. Had the deficiency been such as to subject us to the necessity
+either to abandon those measures of defense or to resort to the other means
+for adequate funds, the course presented to the adoption of a virtuous and
+enlightened people appeared to be a plain one. It must be gratifying to all
+to know that this necessity does not exist. Nothing, however, in
+contemplation of such important objects, which can be easily provided for,
+should be left to hazard. It is thought that the revenue may receive an
+augmentation from the existing sources, and in a manner to aid our
+manufactures, without hastening prematurely the result which has been
+suggested. It is believed that a moderate additional duty on certain
+articles would have that effect, without being liable to any serious
+objection.
+
+The examination of the whole coast, for the construction of permanent
+fortifications, from St. Croix to the Sabine, with the exception of part of
+the territory lately acquired, will be completed in the present year, as
+will be the survey of the Mississippi, under the resolution of the House of
+Representatives, from the mouth of the Ohio to the ocean, and likewise of
+the Ohio from Louisville to the Mississippi. A progress corresponding with
+the sums appropriated has also been made in the construction of these
+fortifications at the ports designated. As they will form a system of
+defense for the whole maritime frontier, and in consequence for the
+interior, and are to last for ages, the greatest care has been taken to fix
+the position of each work and to form it on such a scale as will be
+adequate to the purpose intended by it. All the inlets and assailable parts
+of our Union have been minutely examined, and positions taken with a view
+to the best effect, observing in every instance a just regard for economy.
+Doubts, however, being entertained as to the propriety of the position and
+extent of the work at Dauphine Island, further progress in it was suspended
+soon after the last session of Congress, and an order given to the Board of
+Engineers and Naval Commissioners to make a further and more minute
+examination of it in both respects, and to report the result without
+delay.
+
+Due progress has been made in the construction of vessels of war according
+to the law providing for the gradual augmentation of the Navy, and to the
+extent of existing appropriations. The vessels authorized by the act of
+1820 have all been completed and are now in actual service. None of the
+larger ships have been or will be launched for the present, the object
+being to protect all which may not be required for immediate service from
+decay by suitable buildings erected over them.
+
+A squadron has been maintained, as heretofore, in the Mediterranean, by
+means whereof peace has been preserved with the Barbary Powers. This
+squadron has been reduced the present year to as small a force as is
+compatible with the fulfillment of the object intended by it. From past
+experience and the best information respecting the views of those powers it
+is distinctly understood that should our squadron be withdrawn they would
+soon recommence their hostilities and depredations upon our commerce. Their
+fortifications have lately been rebuilt and their maritime force
+increased.
+
+It has also been found necessary to maintain a naval force on the Pacific
+for the protection of the very important interests of our citizens engaged
+in commerce and the fisheries in that sea. Vessels have likewise been
+employed in cruising along the Atlantic coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, on
+the coast of Africa, and in the neighboring seas. In the latter many
+piracies have been committed on our commerce, and so extensive was becoming
+the range of those unprincipled adventurers that there was cause to
+apprehend, without a timely and decisive effort to suppress them, the worst
+consequences would ensue. Fortunately, a considerable check has been given
+to that spirit by our cruisers, who have succeeded in capturing and
+destroying several of their vessels. Nevertheless, it is considered an
+object of high importance to continue these cruises until the practice is
+entirely suppressed.
+
+Like success has attended our efforts to suppress the slave trade. Under
+the flag of the United States and the sanction of their papers the trade
+may be considered as entirely suppressed, and if any of our citizens are
+engaged in it under the flags and papers of other powers, it is only from a
+respect of those powers that these offenders are not seized and brought
+home to receive the punishment which the laws inflict. If every other power
+should adopt the same policy and pursue the same vigorous means for
+carrying it into effect, the trade could no longer exist.
+
+Deeply impressed with the blessings which we enjoy, and of which we have
+such manifold proofs, my mind is irresistibly drawn to that Almighty Being,
+the great source from whence they proceed and to whom our most grateful
+acknowledgments are due.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 3, 1822
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+Many causes unite to make your present meeting peculiarly interesting to
+out constituents. The operation of our laws on the various subjects to
+which they apply, with the amendments which they occasionally require,
+imposes annually an important duty on the representatives of a free
+people.
+
+Our system has happily advanced to such maturity that I am not aware that
+your cares in that respect will be augmented. Other causes exist which are
+highly interesting to the whole civilized world and to no portion of it
+more so, in certain views, than to the United States. Of these causes and
+of their bearing on the interests of our Union I shall communicate the
+sentiments which I have formed with that freedom which a sense of duty
+dictates. It is proper, however, to invite your attention in the first
+instance to those concerns respecting which legislative provision is
+thought to be particularly urgent.
+
+On the 24th of June last a convention of navigation and commerce was
+concluded in this city between the United States and France by ministers
+duly authorized for the purpose. The sanction of the Executive having been
+given to this convention under a conviction that, taking all its
+stipulations into view, it rested essentially on a basis of reciprocal and
+equal advantage, I deemed it my duty, in compliance with the authority
+vested in the Executive by the second section of the act of the last
+session of the 6th of May, concerning navigation, to suspend by
+proclamation until the end of the next session of Congress the operation of
+the act entitled "An act to impose a new tonnage duty on French ships and
+vessels, and for other purposes", and to suspend likewise all other duties
+on French vessels or the goods imported in them which exceeded the duties
+on American vessels and on similar goods imported in them. I shall submit
+this convention forthwith to the Senate for its advice and consent as to
+the ratification.
+
+Since your last session the prohibition which had been imposed on the
+commerce between the United States and the British colonies in the West
+Indies and on this continent has likewise been removed. Satisfactory
+evidence having been adduced that the ports of those colonies had been
+opened to the vessels of the United States by an act of the British
+Parliament bearing date on the 24th of June last, on the conditions
+specified therein, I deemed it proper, in compliance with the provision of
+the first section of the act of the last session above recited, to declare,
+by proclamation bearing date on the 24th of August last, that the ports of
+the United States should thenceforward and until the end of the next
+session of Congress be opened to the vessels of Great Britain employed in
+that trade, under the limitation specified in that proclamation.
+
+A doubt was entertained whether the act of Congress applied to the British
+colonies on this continent as well as to those in the West Indies, but as
+the act of Parliament opened the intercourse equally with both, and it was
+the manifest intention of Congress, as well as the obvious policy of the
+United States, that the provisions of the act of Parliament should be met
+in equal extent on the part of the United States, and as also the act of
+Congress was supposed to vest in the President some discretion in the
+execution of it, I thought it advisable to give it a corresponding
+construction.
+
+Should the constitutional sanction of the Senate be given to the
+ratification of the convention with France, legislative provisions will be
+necessary to carry it fully into effect, as it likewise will be to continue
+in force, on such conditions as may be deemed just and proper, the
+intercourse which has been opened between the United States and the British
+colonies. Every light in the possession of the Executive will in due time
+be communicated on both subjects.
+
+Resting essentially on a basis of reciprocal and equal advantage, it has
+been the object of the Executive in transactions with other powers to meet
+the propositions of each with a liberal spirit, believing that thereby the
+interest of our country would be most effectually promoted. This course has
+been systematically pursued in the late occurrences with France and Great
+Britain, and in strict accord with the views of the Legislature. A
+confident hope is entertained that by the arrangement thus commenced with
+each all differences respecting navigation and commerce with the dominions
+in question will be adjusted, and a solid foundation be laid for an active
+and permanent intercourse which will prove equally advantageous to both
+parties.
+
+The decision of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia on the question
+submitted to him by the United States and Great Britain, concerning the
+construction of the first article of the treaty of Ghent, has been
+received. A convention has since been concluded between the parties, under
+the mediation of His Imperial Majesty, to prescribe the mode by which that
+article shall be carried into effect in conformity with that decision. I
+shall submit this convention to the Senate for its advice and consent as to
+the ratification, and, if obtained, shall immediately bring the subject
+before Congress for such provisions as may require the interposition of the
+Legislature.
+
+In compliance with an act of the last session a Territorial Government has
+been established in Florida on the principles of our system. By this act
+the inhabitants are secured in the full enjoyment of their rights and
+liberties, and to admission into the Union, with equal participation in the
+Government with the original States on the conditions heretofore prescribed
+to other Territories. By a clause in the 9th article of the treaty with
+Spain, by which that Territory was ceded to the United States, it is
+stipulated that satisfaction shall be made for the injuries, if any, which
+by process of law shall be established to have been suffered by the Spanish
+officers and individual Spanish inhabitants by the late operations of our
+troops in Florida. No provision having yet been made to carry that
+stipulation into effect, it is submitted to the consideration of Congress
+whether it will not be proper to vest the competent power in the district
+court at Pensacola, or in some tribunal to be specially organized for the
+purpose.
+
+The fiscal operations of the year have been more successful than had been
+anticipated at the commencement of the last session of Congress.
+
+The receipts into the Treasury during the three first quarters of the year
+have exceeded the sum of $14.745 millions. The payments made at the
+Treasury during the same period have exceeded $12.279 millions, leaving
+the Treasury on the 30th day of September last, including $1,168,592.24
+which were in the Treasury on the first day of January last, a sum
+exceeding $4.128 millions.
+
+Besides discharging all demands for the current service of the year,
+including the interest and reimbursement of the public debt, the 6% stock
+of 1796, amounting to $80,000, has been redeemed. It is estimated that,
+after defraying the current expenses of the present quarter and redeeming
+the $2 millions of 6% stock of 1820, there will remain in the Treasury on
+the first of January next nearly $3 millions. It is estimated that the
+gross amount of duties which have been secured from the first of January
+to the 30th of September last has exceeded $19.5 millions, and the amount
+for the whole year will probably not fall short of $23 millions.
+
+Of the actual force in service under the present military establishment,
+the posts at which it is stationed, and the condition of each post, a
+report from the Secretary of War which is now communicated will give a
+distinct idea. By like reports the state of the Academy at West Point will
+be seen, as will be the progress which has been made on the fortifications
+along the coast and at the national armories and arsenals.
+
+The organization of the several corps composing the Army is such as to
+admit its expansion to a great extent in case of emergency, the officers
+carrying with them all the light which they possess to the new corps to
+which they might be appointed.
+
+With the organization of the staff there is equal cause to be satisfied. By
+the concentration of every branch with its chief in this city, in the
+presence of the Department, and with a grade in the chief military station
+to keep alive and cherish a military spirit, the greatest promptitude in
+the execution of orders, with the greatest economy and efficiency, are
+secured. The same view is taken of the Military Academy. Good order is
+preserved in it, and the youth are well instructed in every science
+connected with the great objects of the institution. They are also well
+trained and disciplined in the practical parts of the profession. It has
+been always found difficult to control the ardor inseparable from that
+early age in such manner as to give it a proper direction. The rights of
+manhood are too often claimed prematurely, in pressing which too far the
+respect which is due to age and the obedience necessary to a course of
+study and instruction in every such institution are sometimes lost sight
+of. The great object to be accomplished is the restraint of that ardor by
+such wise regulations and Government as, by directing all the energies of
+the youthful mind to the attainment of useful knowledge, will keep it
+within a just subordination and at the same time elevate it to the highest
+purposes. This object seems to be essentially obtained in this institution,
+and with great advantage to the Union.
+
+The Military Academy forms the basis, in regard to science, on which the
+military establishment rests. It furnishes annually, after due examination
+and on the report of the academic staff, many well-informed youths to fill
+the vacancies which occur in the several corps of the Army, while others
+who retire to private life carry with them such attainments as, under the
+right reserved to the several States to appoint the officers and to train
+the militia, will enable them, by affording a wider field for selection, to
+promote the great object of the power vested in Congress of providing for
+the organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia. Thus by the mutual
+and harmonious cooperation of the two governments in the execution of a
+power divided between them, an object always to be cherished, the
+attainment of a great result, on which our liberties may depend, can not
+fail to be secured. I have to add that in proportion as our regular force
+is small should the instruction and discipline of the militia, the great
+resource on which we rely, be pushed to the utmost extent that
+circumstances will admit.
+
+A report from the Secretary of the Navy will communicate the progress which
+has been made in the construction of vessels of war, with other interesting
+details respecting the actual state of the affairs of that Department. It
+has been found necessary for the protection of our commerce to maintain the
+usual squadrons on the Mediterranean, the Pacific, and along the Atlantic
+coast, extending the cruises of the latter into the West Indies, where
+piracy, organized into a system, has preyed on the commerce of every
+country trading thither. A cruise has also been maintained on the coast of
+Africa, when the season would permit, for the suppression of the slave
+trade, and orders have been given to the commanders of all our public ships
+to seize our own vessels, should they find any engaging in that trade, and
+to bring them in for adjudication.
+
+In the West Indies piracy is of recent date, which may explain the cause
+why other powers have not combined against it. By the documents
+communicated it will be seen that the efforts of the United States to
+suppress it have had a very salutary effect. The benevolent provision of
+the act under which the protection has been extended alike to the commerce
+of other nations can not fail to be duly appreciated by them.
+
+In compliance with the act of the last session entitled "An act to abolish
+the United States trading establishments", agents were immediately
+appointed and instructed, under the direction of the Secretary of the
+Treasury, to close the business of the trading houses among the Indian
+tribes and to settle the accounts of the factors and sub-factors engaged
+in that trade, and to execute in all other respects the injunction of that
+act in the mode prescribed therein. A final report of their proceedings
+shall be communicated to Congress as soon as it is received.
+
+It is with great regret I have to state that a serious malady has deprived
+us of many valuable citizens of Pensacola and checked the progress of some
+of those arrangements which are important to the Territory. This effect has
+been sensibly felt in respect to the Indians who inhabit that Territory,
+consisting of the remnants of the several tribes who occupy the middle
+ground between St. Augustine and Pensacola, with extensive claims but
+undefined boundaries. Although peace is preserved with those Indians, yet
+their position and claims tend essentially to interrupt the intercourse
+between the eastern and western parts of the Territory, on which our
+inhabitants are principally settled. It is essential to the growth and
+prosperity of the Territory, as well as to the interests of the Union, that
+those Indians should be removed, by special compact with them, to some
+other position or concentration within narrower limits where they are. With
+the limited means in the power of the Executive, instructions were given to
+the governor to accomplish this object so far as it might be practicable,
+which was prevented by the distressing malady referred to. To carry it
+fully into effect in either mode additional funds will be necessary, to the
+provision of which the powers of Congress are competent. With a view to
+such provision as may be deemed proper, the subject is submitted to your
+consideration, and in the interim further proceedings are suspended.
+
+It appearing that so much of the act entitled "An act regulating the staff
+of the Army", which passed on April 14, 1818, as relates to the
+commissariat will expire in April next, and the practical operation of
+that department having evinced its great utility, the propriety of its
+renewal is submitted to your consideration.
+
+The view which has been taken of the probable productiveness of the lead
+mines, connected with the importance of the material to the public defense,
+makes it expedient that they should be managed with peculiar care. It is
+therefore suggested whether it will not comport with the public interest to
+provide by law for the appointment of an agent skilled in mineralogy to
+superintend them, under the direction of the proper department.
+
+It is understood that the Cumberland road, which was constructed at great
+expense, has already suffered from the want of that regular superintendence
+and of those repairs which are indispensable to the preservation of such a
+work. This road is of incalculable advantage in facilitating the
+intercourse between the Western and the Atlantic States. Through the whole
+country from the northern extremity of Lake Erie to the Mississippi, and
+from all the waters which empty into each, finds an easy and direct
+communication to the seat of Government, and thence to the Atlantic. The
+facility which it affords to all military and commercial operations, and
+also to those of the Post Office Department, can not be estimated too
+highly. This great work is likewise an ornament and an honor to the
+nation.
+
+Believing that a competent power to adopt and execute a system of internal
+improvement has not been granted to Congress, but that such a power,
+confined to great national purposes and with proper limitations, would be
+productive of eminent advantage to our Union, I have thought it advisable
+that an amendment of the Constitution to that effect should be recommended
+to the several States.
+
+A bill which assumed the right to adopt and execute such a system having
+been presented for my signature at the last session, I was compelled, from
+the view which I had taken of the powers of the General Government, to
+negative it, on which occasion I thought it proper to communicate the
+sentiments which I had formed, on mature consideration, on the whole
+subject. To that communication, in all the views in which the great
+interest to which it relates may be supposed to merit your attention, I
+have now to refer. Should Congress, however, deem it improper to recommend
+such an amendment, they have, according to my judgment, the right to keep
+the road in repair by providing for the superintendence of it and
+appropriating the money necessary for repairs. Surely if they had the right
+to appropriate money to make the road they have a right to appropriate it
+to preserve the road from ruin. From the exercise of this power no danger
+is to be apprehended.
+
+Under our happy system the people are the sole and exclusive fountain of
+power. Each Government originates from them, and to them alone, each to its
+proper constituents, are they respectively and solely responsible for the
+faithful discharge of their duties within their constitutional limits; and
+that the people will confine their public agents of every station to the
+strict line of their constitutional duties there is no cause of doubt.
+
+Having, however, communicated my sentiments to Congress at the last session
+fully in the document to which I have referred, respecting the right of
+appropriation as distinct from the right of jurisdiction and sovereignty
+over the territory in question, I deem it improper to enlarge on the
+subject here.
+
+From the best information I have been able to obtain it appears that our
+manufactures, though depressed immediately after the peace, have
+considerably increased, and are still increasing, under the encouragement
+given them by the tariff of 1816 and by subsequent laws. Satisfied I am,
+whatever may be the abstract doctrine in favor of unrestricted commerce,
+provided all nations would concur in it and it was not liable to be
+interrupted by war, which has never occurred and can not be expected, that
+there are other strong reasons applicable to our situation and relations
+with other countries which impose on us the obligation to cherish and
+sustain our manufactures.
+
+Satisfied, however, I likewise am that the interest of every part of our
+Union, even of those most benefitted by manufactures, requires that this
+subject should be touched with the greatest caution, and a critical
+knowledge of the effect to be produced by the slightest change. On full
+consideration of the subject in all its relations I am persuaded that a
+further augmentation may now be made of the duties on certain foreign
+articles in favor of our own and without affecting injuriously any other
+interest. For more precise details I refer you to the communications which
+were made to Congress during the last session.
+
+So great was the amount of accounts for moneys advanced during the late
+war, in addition to others of a previous date which in the regular
+operations of the Government necessarily remained unsettled, that it
+required a considerable length of time for their adjustment. By a report
+from the first Comptroller of the Treasury it appears that on March 4th,
+1817, the accounts then unsettled amounted to $103,068,876.41, of which on
+September 30th, 1822, $93,175,396.56 had been settled, leaving on that day
+a balance unsettled of $9,893,479.85. That there have been drawn from the
+Treasury, in paying the public debt and sustaining the Government in all
+its operations and disbursements, since March 4th, 1817, $157,199,380.96,
+the accounts for which have been settled to the amount of $137,501,451.12,
+leaving a balance unsettled of $19,697,929.84. For precise details
+respecting each of these balances I refer to the report of the Comptroller
+and the documents which accompany it.
+
+From this view it appears that our commercial differences with France and
+Great Britain have been placed in a train of amicable arrangement on
+conditions fair and honorable in both instances to each party; that our
+finances are in a very productive state, our revenue being at present fully
+competent to all the demands upon it; that our military force is well
+organized in all its branches and capable of rendering the most important
+service in case of emergency that its number will admit of; that due
+progress has been made, under existing appropriations, in the construction
+of fortifications and in the operations of the Ordnance Department; that
+due progress has in like manner been made in the construction of ships of
+war; that our Navy is in the best condition, felt and respected in every
+sea in which it is employed for the protection of our commerce; that our
+manufactures have augmented in amount and improved in quality; that great
+progress has been made in the settlement of accounts and in the recovery of
+the balances due by individuals, and that the utmost economy is secured and
+observed in every Department of the Administration. Other objects will
+likewise claim your attention, because from the station which the United
+States hold as a member of the great community of nations they have rights
+to maintain, duties to perform, and dangers to encounter.
+
+A strong hope was entertained that peace would ere this have been concluded
+between Spain and the independent governments south of the United States in
+this hemisphere. Long experience having evinced the competency of those
+governments to maintain the independence which they had declared, it was
+presumed that the considerations which induced their recognition by the
+United States would have had equal weight with other powers, and that Spain
+herself, yielding to those magnanimous feelings of which her history
+furnishes so many examples, would have terminated on that basis a
+controversy so unavailing and at the same time so destructive. We still
+cherish the hope that this result will not long be postponed.
+
+Sustaining our neutral position and allowing to each party while the war
+continues equal rights, it is incumbent on the United States to claim of
+each with equal rigor the faithful observance of our rights according to
+the well-known law of nations. From each, therefore, a like cooperation is
+expected in the suppression of the piratical practice which has grown out
+of this war and of blockades of extensive coasts on both seas, which,
+considering the small force employed to sustain them, have not the
+slightest foundation to rest on.
+
+Europe is still unsettled, and although the war long menaced between Russia
+and Turkey has not broken out, there is no certainty that the differences
+between those powers will be amicably adjusted. It is impossible to look to
+the oppressions of the country respecting which those differences arose
+without being deeply affected. The mention of Greece fills the mind with
+the most exalted sentiments and arouses in our bosoms the best feelings of
+which our nature is susceptible. Superior skill and refinement in the arts,
+heroic gallantry in action, disinterested patriotism, enthusiastic zeal and
+devotion in favor of public and personal liberty are associated with our
+recollections of ancient Greece. That such a country should have been
+overwhelmed and so long hidden, as it were, from the world under a gloomy
+despotism has been a cause of unceasing and deep regret to generous minds
+for ages past. It was natural, therefore, that the reappearance of those
+people in their original character, contending in favor of their liberties,
+should produce that great excitement and sympathy in their favor which have
+been so signally displayed throughout the United States. A strong hope is
+entertained that these people will recover their independence and resume
+their equal station among the nations of the earth.
+
+A great effort has been made in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition
+of the people, and it must be very consoling to all benevolent minds to see
+the extraordinary moderation with which it has been conducted. That it may
+promote the happiness of both nations is the ardent wish of this whole
+people, to the expression of which we confine ourselves; for whatever may
+be the feelings or sentiments which every individual under our Government
+has a right to indulge and express, it is nevertheless a sacred maxim,
+equally with the Government and people, that the destiny of every
+independent nation in what relates to such improvements of right belongs
+and ought to be left exclusively to themselves.
+
+Whether we reason from the late wars or from those menacing symptoms which
+now appear in Europe, it is manifest that if a convulsion should take place
+in any of those countries it will proceed from causes which have no
+existence and are utterly unknown in these States, in which there is but
+one order, that of the people, to whom the sovereignty exclusively
+belongs.
+
+Should war break out in any of those countries who can foretell the extent
+to which it may be carried or the desolation which it may spread? Exempt as
+we are from these causes, our internal tranquillity is secure; and distant
+as we are from the troubled scene, and faithful to first principles in
+regard to other powers, we might reasonably presume that we should not be
+molested by them. This, however, ought not to be calculated on as certain.
+Unprovoked injuries are often inflicted and even the peculiar felicity of
+our situation might with some be a cause for excitement and aggression.
+
+The history of the late wars in Europe furnishes a complete demonstration
+that no system of conduct, however correct in principle, can protect
+neutral powers from injury from any party; that a defenseless position and
+distinguished love of peace are the surest invitations to war, and that
+there is no way to avoid it other than by being always prepared and willing
+for just cause to meet it. If there be a people on earth whose more
+especial duty it is to be at all times prepared to defend the rights with
+which they are blessed, and to surpass all others in sustaining the
+necessary burthens, and in submitting to sacrifices to make such
+preparations, it is undoubtedly the people of these States.
+
+When we see that a civil war of the most frightful character rages from the
+Adriatic to the Black Sea; that strong symptoms of war appear in other
+parts, proceeding from causes which, should it break out, may become
+general and be of long duration; that the war still continues between Spain
+and the independent governments, her late Provinces, in this hemisphere;
+that it is likewise menaced between Portugal and Brazil, in consequence of
+the attempt of the latter to dismember itself from the former, and that a
+system of piracy of great extent is maintained in the neighboring seas,
+which will require equal vigilance and decision to suppress it, the reasons
+for sustaining the attitude which we now hold and for pushing forward all
+our measures of defense with the utmost vigor appear to me to acquire new
+force.
+
+The United States owe to the world a great example, and, by means thereof,
+to the cause of liberty and humanity a generous support. They have so far
+succeeded to the satisfaction of the virtuous and enlightened of every
+country. There is no reason to doubt that their whole movement will be
+regulated by a sacred regard to principle, all our institutions being
+founded on that basis. The ability to support our own cause under any trial
+to which it may be exposed is the great point on which the public
+solicitude rests.
+
+It has been often charged against free governments that they have neither
+the foresight nor the virtue to provide at the proper season for great
+emergencies; that their course is improvident and expensive; that war will
+always find them unprepared, and, whatever may be its calamities, that its
+terrible warnings will be disregarded and forgotten as soon as peace
+returns. I have full confidence that this charge so far as relates to the
+United States will be shewn to be utterly destitute of truth.
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 2, 1823
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+Many important subjects will claim your attention during the present
+session, of which I shall endeavor to give, in aid of your deliberations, a
+just idea in this communication. I undertake this duty with diffidence,
+from the vast extent of the interests on which I have to treat and of their
+great importance to every portion of our Union. I enter on it with zeal
+from a thorough conviction that there never was a period since the
+establishment of our Revolution when, regarding the condition of the
+civilized world and its bearing on us, there was greater necessity for
+devotion in the public servants to their respective duties, or for virtue,
+patriotism, and union in our constituents.
+
+Meeting in you a new Congress, I deem it proper to present this view of
+public affairs in greater detail than might otherwise be necessary. I do
+it, however, with peculiar satisfaction, from a knowledge that in this
+respect I shall comply more fully with the sound principles of our
+Government.
+
+The people being with us exclusively the sovereign, it is indispensable
+that full information be laid before them on all important subjects, to
+enable them to exercise that high power with complete effect. If kept in
+the dark, they must be incompetent to it. We are all liable to error, and
+those who are engaged in the management of public affairs are more subject
+to excitement and to be led astray by their particular interests and
+passions than the great body of our constituents, who, living at home in
+the pursuit of their ordinary avocations, are calm but deeply interested
+spectators of events and of the conduct of those who are parties to them.
+
+To the people every department of the Government and every individual in
+each are responsible, and the more full their information the better they
+can judge of the wisdom of the policy pursued and of the conduct of each in
+regard to it. From their dispassionate judgment much aid may always be
+obtained, while their approbation will form the greatest incentive and most
+gratifying reward for virtuous actions, and the dread of their censure the
+best security against the abuse of their confidence. Their interests in all
+vital questions are the same, and the bond, by sentiment as well as by
+interest, will be proportionably strengthened as they are better informed
+of the real state of public affairs, especially in difficult conjunctures.
+It is by such knowledge that local prejudices and jealousies are
+surmounted, and that a national policy extending its fostering care and
+protection to all the great interests of our Union, is formed and steadily
+adhered to.
+
+A precise knowledge of our relations with foreign powers as respects our
+negotiations and transactions with each is thought to be particularly
+necessary. Equally necessary is it that we should form a just estimate of
+our resources, revenue, and progress in every kind of improvement connected
+with the national prosperity and public defense. It is by rendering justice
+to other nations that we may expect it from them. It is by our ability to
+resent injuries and redress wrongs that we may avoid them.
+
+The commissioners under the 5th article of the treaty of Ghent, having
+disagreed in their opinions respecting that portion of the boundary between
+the Territories of the United States and of Great Britain the establishment
+of which had been submitted to them, have made their respective reports in
+compliance with that article, that the same might be referred to the
+decision of a friendly power. It being manifest, however, that it would be
+difficult, if not impossible, for any power to perform that office without
+great delay and much inconvenience to itself, a proposal has been made by
+this Government, and acceded to by that of Great Britain, to endeavor to
+establish that boundary by amicable negotiation.
+
+It appearing from long experience that no satisfactory arrangement could be
+formed of the commercial intercourse between the United States and the
+British colonies in this hemisphere by legislative acts while each party
+pursued its own course without agreement or concert with the other, a
+proposal has been made to the British Government to regulate this commerce
+by treaty, as it has been to arrange in like manner the just claim of the
+citizens of the United States inhabiting the States and Territories
+bordering on the lakes and rivers which empty into the St. Lawrence to the
+navigation of that river to the ocean. For these and other objects of high
+importance to the interests of both parties a negotiation has been opened
+with the British Government which it is hoped will have a satisfactory
+result.
+
+The commissioners under the 6th and 7th articles of the treaty of Ghent
+having successfully closed their labors in relation to the 6th, have
+proceeded to the discharge of those relating to the 7th. Their progress in
+the extensive survey required for the performance of their duties justifies
+the presumption that it will be completed in the ensuing year.
+
+The negotiation which had been long depending with the French Government on
+several important subjects, and particularly for a just indemnity for
+losses sustained in the late wars by the citizens of the United States
+under unjustifiable seizures and confiscations of their property, has not
+as yet had the desired effect. As this claim rests on the same principle
+with others which have been admitted by the French Government, it is not
+perceived on what just ground it can be rejected. A minister will be
+immediately appointed to proceed to France and resume the negotiation on
+this and other subjects which may arise between the two nations.
+
+At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made through the
+minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power and instructions have
+been transmitted to the minister of the United States at St. Petersburg to
+arrange by amicable negotiation the respective rights and interests of the
+two nations on the North West coast of this continent. A similar proposal
+had been made by His Imperial Majesty to the Government of Great Britain,
+which has likewise been acceded to. The Government of the United States has
+been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting the great value
+which they have invariably attached to the friendship of the Emperor and
+their solicitude to cultivate the best understanding with his Government.
+In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the
+arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged
+proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of
+the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free
+and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are
+henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any
+European powers.
+
+Since the close of the last session of Congress the commissioners and
+arbitrators for ascertaining and determining the amount of indemnification
+which may be due to citizens of the United States under the decision of His
+Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia, in conformity to the convention
+concluded at St. Petersburg on July 12th, 1822, have assembled in this
+city, and organized themselves as a board for the performance of the
+duties assigned to them by that treaty. The commission constituted under
+the 11th article of the treaty of February 22nd, 1819, between the United
+States and Spain is also in session here, and as the term of three years
+limited by the treaty for the execution of the trust will expire before
+the period of the next regular meeting of Congress, the attention of the
+Legislature will be drawn to the measures which may be necessary to
+accomplish the objects for which the commission was instituted.
+
+In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives adopted at
+their last session, instructions have been given to all the ministers of
+the United States accredited to the powers of Europe and America to propose
+the proscription of the African slave trade by classing it under the
+denomination, and inflicting on its perpetrators the punishment, of piracy.
+Should this proposal be acceded to, it is not doubted that this odious and
+criminal practice will be promptly and entirely suppressed. It is earnestly
+hoped that it will be acceded to, from the firm belief that it is the most
+effectual expedient that can be adopted for the purpose.
+
+At the commencement of the recent war between France and Spain it was
+declared by the French Government that it would grant no commissions to
+privateers, and that neither the commerce of Spain herself nor of neutral
+nations should be molested by the naval force of France, except in the
+breach of a lawful blockade. This declaration, which appears to have been
+faithfully carried into effect, concurring with principles proclaimed and
+cherished by the United States from the first establishment of their
+independence, suggested the hope that the time had arrived when the
+proposal for adopting it as a permanent and invariable rule in all future
+maritime wars might meet the favorable consideration of the great European
+powers. Instructions have accordingly been given to our ministers with
+France, Russia, and Great Britain to make those proposals to their
+respective Governments, and when the friends of humanity reflect on the
+essential amelioration to the condition of the human race which would
+result from the abolition of private war on the sea and on the great
+facility by which it might be accomplished, requiring only the consent of a
+few sovereigns, an earnest hope is indulged that these overtures will meet
+with an attention animated by the spirit in which they were made, and that
+they will ultimately be successful.
+
+The ministers who were appointed to the Republics of Colombia and Buenos
+Ayres during the last session of Congress proceeded shortly afterwards to
+their destinations. Of their arrival there official intelligence has not
+yet been received. The minister appointed to the Republic of Chile will
+sail in a few days. An early appointment will also be made to Mexico. A
+minister has been received from Colombia, and the other Governments have
+been informed that ministers, or diplomatic agents of inferior grade, would
+be received from each, accordingly as they might prefer the one or the
+other.
+
+The minister appointed to Spain proceeded soon after his appointment for
+Cadiz, the residence of the Sovereign to whom he was accredited. In
+approaching that port the frigate which conveyed him was warned off by the
+commander of the French squadron by which it was blockaded and not
+permitted to enter, although apprised by the captain of the frigate of the
+public character of the person whom he had on board, the landing of whom
+was the sole object of his proposed entry. This act, being considered an
+infringement of the rights of ambassadors and of nations, will form a just
+cause of complaint to the Government of France against the officer by whom
+it was committed.
+
+The actual condition of the public finances more than realizes the
+favorable anticipations that were entertained of it at the opening of the
+last session of Congress. On the first of January there was a balance in
+the Treasury of $4,237,427.55. From that time to the 30th of September the
+receipts amounted to upward of $16.1 millions, and the expenditures to
+$11.4 millions. During the 4th quarter of the year it is estimated that
+the receipts will at least equal the expenditures, and that there will
+remain in the Treasury on the first day of January next a surplus of
+nearly $9 millions.
+
+On January 1st, 1825, a large amount of the war debt and a part of the
+Revolutionary debt become redeemable. Additional portions of the former
+will continue to become redeemable annually until the year 1835. it is
+believed, however, that if the United States remain at peace the whole of
+that debt may be redeemed by the ordinary revenue of those years during
+that period under the provision of the act of March 3rd, 1817, creating the
+sinking fund, and in that case the only part of the debt that will remain
+after the year 1835 will be the $7 millions of 5% stock subscribed to the
+Bank of the United States, and the 3% Revolutionary debt, amounting to
+$13,296,099.06, both of which are redeemable at the pleasure of the
+Government.
+
+The state of the Army in its organization and discipline has been gradually
+improving for several years, and has now attained a high degree of
+perfection. The military disbursements have been regularly made and the
+accounts regularly and promptly rendered for settlement. The supplies of
+various descriptions have been of good quality, and regularly issued at all
+of the posts. A system of economy and accountability has been introduced
+into every branch of the service which admits of little additional
+improvement. This desirable state has been attained by the act reorganizing
+the staff of the Army, passed on April 14th, 1818.
+
+The moneys appropriated for fortifications have been regularly and
+economically applied, and all the works advanced as rapidly as the amount
+appropriated would admit. Three important works will be completed in the
+course of this year--that is, Fort Washington, Fort Delaware, and the
+fort at the Rigolets, in Louisiana.
+
+The Board of Engineers and the Topographical Corps have been in constant
+and active service in surveying the coast and projecting the works
+necessary for its defense.
+
+The Military Academy has attained a degree of perfection in its discipline
+and instruction equal, as is believed, to any institution of its kind in
+any country.
+
+The money appropriated for the use of the Ordnance Department has been
+regularly and economically applied. The fabrication of arms at the national
+armories and by contract with the Department has been gradually improving
+in quality and cheapness. It is believed that their quality is now such as
+to admit of but little improvement.
+
+The completion of the fortifications renders it necessary that there should
+be a suitable appropriation for the purpose of fabricating the cannon and
+carriages necessary for those works.
+
+Under the appropriation of $5,000 for exploring the Western waters for the
+location of a site for a Western armory, a commission was constituted,
+consisting of Colonel McRee, Colonel Lee, and Captain Talcott, who have
+been engaged in exploring the country. They have not yet reported the
+result of their labors, but it is believed that they will be prepared to do
+it at an early part of the session of Congress.
+
+During the month of June last General Ashley and his party, who were
+trading under a license from the Government, were attacked by the Ricarees
+while peaceably trading with the Indians at their request. Several of the
+party were killed and wounded and their property taken or destroyed.
+
+Colonel Leavenworth, who commanded Fort Atkinson, at the Council Bluffs,
+the most western post, apprehending that the hostile spirit of the Ricarees
+would extend to other tribes in that quarter, and that thereby the lives of
+the traders on the Missouri and the peace of the frontier would be
+endangered, took immediate measures to check the evil.
+
+With a detachment of the regiment stationed at the Bluffs he successfully
+attacked the Ricaree village, and it is hoped that such an impression has
+been made on them as well as on the other tribes on the Missouri as will
+prevent a recurrence of future hostility.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War, which is herewith transmitted, will
+exhibit in greater detail the condition of the Department in its various
+branches, and the progress which has been made in its administration during
+the three first quarters of the year.
+
+I transmit a return of the militia of the several States according to the
+last reports which have been made by the proper officers in each to the
+Department of War. By reference to this return it will be seen that it is
+not complete, although great exertions have been made to make it so. As the
+defense and even the liberties of the country must depend in times of
+imminent danger on the militia, it is of the highest importance that it be
+well organized, armed, and disciplined throughout the Union.
+
+The report of the Secretary of War shews the progress made during the three
+first quarters of the present year by the application of the fund
+appropriated for arming the militia. Much difficulty is found in
+distributing the arms according to the act of Congress providing for it
+from the failure of the proper departments in many of the States to make
+regular returns. The act of May 12, 1820 provides that the system of
+tactics and regulations of the various corps of the Regular Army shall be
+extended to the militia. This act has been very imperfectly executed from
+the want of uniformity in the organization of the militia, proceeding from
+the defects of the system itself, and especially in its application to that
+main arm of the public defense. It is thought that this important subject
+in all its branches merits the attention of Congress.
+
+The report of the Secretary of the Navy, which is now communicated,
+furnishes an account of the administration of that Department for the three
+first quarters of the present year, with the progress made in augmenting
+the Navy, and the manner in which the vessels in commission have been
+employed.
+
+The usual force has been maintained in the Mediterranean Sea, the Pacific
+Ocean, and along the Atlantic coast, and has afforded the necessary
+protection to our commerce in those seas.
+
+In the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico our naval force has been
+augmented by the addition of several small vessels provided for by the "act
+authorizing an additional naval force for the suppression of piracy",
+passed by Congress at their last session. That armament has been eminently
+successful in the accomplishment of its object. The piracies by which our
+commerce in the neighborhood of the island of Cuba had been afflicted have
+been repressed and the confidence of our merchants in a great measure
+restored.
+
+The patriotic zeal and enterprise of Commodore Porter, to whom the command
+of the expedition was confided, has been fully seconded by the officers and
+men under his command. And in reflecting with high satisfaction on the
+honorable manner in which they have sustained the reputation of their
+country and its Navy, the sentiment is alloyed only by a concern that in
+the fulfillment of that arduous service the diseases incident to the season
+and to the climate in which it was discharged have deprived the nation of
+many useful lives, and among them of several officers of great promise.
+
+In the month of August a very malignant fever made its appearance at
+Thompsons Island, which threatened the destruction of our station there.
+Many perished, and the commanding officer was severely attacked. Uncertain
+as to his fate and knowing that most of the medical officers had been
+rendered incapable of discharging their duties, it was thought expedient to
+send to that post an officer of rank and experience, with several skilled
+surgeons, to ascertain the origin of the fever and the probability of its
+recurrence there in future seasons; to furnish every assistance to those
+who were suffering, and, if practicable, to avoid the necessity of
+abandoning so important a station. Commodore Rodgers, with a promptitude
+which did him honor, cheerfully accepted that trust, and has discharged it
+in the manner anticipated from his skill and patriotism. Before his arrival
+Commodore Porter, with the greater part of the squadron, had removed from
+the island and returned to the United States in consequence of the
+prevailing sickness. Much useful information has, however, been obtained as
+to the state of the island and great relief afforded to those who had been
+necessarily left there.
+
+Although our expedition, cooperating with an invigorated administration of
+the government of the island of Cuba, and with the corresponding active
+exertions of a British naval force in the same seas, have almost entirely
+destroyed the unlicensed piracies from that island, the success of our
+exertions has not been equally effectual to suppress the same crime, under
+other pretenses and colors, in the neighboring island of Porto Rico. They
+have been committed there under the abusive issue of Spanish commissions.
+
+At an early period of the present year remonstrances were made to the
+governor of that island, by an agent who was sent for the purpose, against
+those outrages on the peaceful commerce of the United States, of which many
+had occurred. That officer, professing his own want of authority to make
+satisfaction for our just complaints, answered only by a reference of them
+to the Government of Spain. The minister of the United States to that court
+was specially instructed to urge the necessity of immediate and effectual
+interposition of that Government, directing restitution and indemnity for
+wrongs already committed and interdicting the repetition of them. The
+minister, as has been seen, was debarred access to the Spanish Government,
+and in the mean time several new cases of flagrant outrage have occurred,
+and citizens of the United States in the island of Porto Rico have
+suffered, and others been threatened with assassination for asserting their
+unquestionable rights even before the lawful tribunals of the country.
+
+The usual orders have been given to all our public ships to seize American
+vessels in the slave trade and bring them in for adjudication, and I have
+the gratification to state that not one so employed has been discovered,
+and there is good reason to believe that our flag is now seldom, if at all,
+disgraced by that traffic.
+
+It is a source of great satisfaction that we are always enabled to recur to
+the conduct of our Navy with price and commendation. As a means of national
+defense it enjoys the public confidence, and is steadily assuming
+additional importance. It is submitted whether a more efficient and equally
+economical organization of it might not in several respects be effected. It
+is supposed that higher grades than now exist by law would be useful. They
+would afford well-merited rewards to those who have long and faithfully
+served their country, present the best incentives to good conduct, and the
+best means of insuring a proper discipline; destroy the inequality in that
+respect between military and naval services, and relieve our officers from
+many inconveniences and mortifications which occur when our vessels meet
+those of other nations, ours being the only service in which such grades do
+not exist.
+
+A report of the Post Master-General, which accompanies this communication,
+will shew the present state of the Post-Office Department and its general
+operations for some years past.
+
+There is established by law 88,600 miles of post roads, on which the mail
+is now transported 85,700 miles, and contracts have been made for its
+transportation on all the established routes, with one or two exceptions.
+There are 5,240 post offices in the Union, and as many post masters. The
+gross amount of postage which accrued from July 1st, 1822 to July 1st,
+1823 was $1,114,345.12. During the same period the expenditures of the
+Post-Office Department amounted to $1,169,885.51 and consisted of the
+following items, viz: Compensation to post masters, $353,995.98;
+incidental expenses, $30,866.37; transportation of the mail, $784,600.08;
+payments into the Treasury, $423.08. On the first of July last there was
+due to the Department from post masters $135,245.28; from late post
+masters and contractors, $256,749.31; making a total amount of balances
+due to the Department of $391,994.59.
+
+These balances embrace all delinquencies of post masters and contractors
+which have taken place since the organization of the Department. There was
+due by the Department to contractors on the first of July last $26,548.64.
+
+The transportation of the mail within five years past has been greatly
+extended, and the expenditures of the Department proportionably increased.
+Although the postage which has accrued within the last three years has
+fallen short of the expenditures $262,821.46, it appears that collections
+have been made from the outstanding balances to meet the principal part of
+the current demands.
+
+It is estimated that not more than $250,000 of the above balances can be
+collected, and that a considerable part of this sum can only be realized by
+a resort to legal process. Some improvements in the receipts for postage is
+expected. A prompt attention to the collection of moneys received by post
+masters, it is believed, will enable the Department to continue its
+operations without aid from the Treasury, unless the expenditures shall be
+increased by the establishment of new mail routes.
+
+A revision of some parts of the post office law may be necessary; and it is
+submitted whether it would not be proper to provide for the appointment of
+post masters, where the compensation exceeds a certain amount, by
+nomination to the Senate, as other officers of the General Government are
+appointed.
+
+Having communicated my views to Congress at the commencement of the last
+session respecting the encouragement which ought to be given to our
+manufactures and the principle on which it should be founded, I have only
+to add that those views remain unchanged, and that the present state of
+those countries with which we have the most immediate political relations
+and greatest commercial intercourse tends to confirm them. Under this
+impression I recommend a review of the tariff for the purpose of affording
+such additional protection to those articles which we are prepared to
+manufacture, or which are more immediately connected with the defense and
+independence of the country.
+
+The actual state of the public accounts furnishes additional evidence of
+the efficiency of the present system of accountability in relation to the
+public expenditure. Of the moneys drawn from the Treasury since
+March 4th, 1817, the sum remaining unaccounted for on the 30th of September
+last is more than $1.5 millions less than on the 30th of September
+preceding; and during the same period a reduction of nearly $1 million
+has been made in the amount of the unsettled accounts for moneys advanced
+previously to March 4th, 1817. It will be obvious that in proportion as
+the mass of accounts of the latter description is diminished by settlement
+the difficulty of settling the residue is increased from the consideration
+that in many instances it can be obtained only by legal process. For more
+precise details on this subject I refer to a report from the first
+Comptroller of the Treasury.
+
+The sum which was appropriated at the last session for the repairs of the
+Cumberland road has been applied with good effect to that object. A final
+report has not been received from the agent who was appointed to
+superintend it. As soon as it is received it shall be communicated to
+Congress.
+
+Many patriotic and enlightened citizens who have made the subject an object
+of particular investigation have suggested an improvement of still greater
+importance. They are of the opinion that the waters of the Chesapeake and
+Ohio may be connected together by one continued canal, and at an expense
+far short of the value and importance of the object to be obtained. If this
+could be accomplished it is impossible to calculate the beneficial
+consequences which would result from it.
+
+A great portion of the produce of the very fertile country through which it
+would pass would find a market through that channel. Troops might be moved
+with great facility in war, with cannon and every kind of munition, and in
+either direction. Connecting the Atlantic with the Western country in a
+line passing through the seat of the National Government, it would
+contribute essentially to strengthen the bond of union itself.
+
+Believing as I do that Congress possess the right to appropriate money for
+such a national object (the jurisdiction remaining to the States through
+which the canal would pass), I submit it to your consideration whether it
+may not be advisable to authorize by an adequate appropriation the
+employment of a suitable number of the officers of the Corps of Engineers
+to examine the unexplored ground during the next season and to report their
+opinion thereon. It will likewise be proper to extend their examination to
+the several routes through which the waters of the Ohio may be connected by
+canals with those of Lake Erie.
+
+As the Cumberland road will require annual repairs, and Congress have not
+thought it expedient to recommend to the States an amendment to the
+Constitution for the purpose of vesting in the United States a power to
+adopt and execute a system of internal improvement, it is also submitted to
+your consideration whether it may not be expedient to authorize the
+Executive to enter into an arrangement with the several States through
+which the road passes to establish tolls, each within its limits, for the
+purpose of defraying the expense of future repairs and of providing also by
+suitable penalties for its protection against future injuries.
+
+The act of Congress of May 7th, 1822, appropriated the sum of $22,700 for
+the purpose of erecting two piers as a shelter for vessels from ice near
+Cape Henlopen, Delaware Bay. To effect the object of the act the officers
+of the Board of Engineers, with Commodore Bainbridge, were directed to
+prepare plans and estimates of piers sufficient to answer the purpose
+intended by the act. It appears by their report, which accompanies the
+documents from the War Department, that the appropriation is not adequate
+to the purpose intended; and as the piers would be of great service both to
+the navigation of the Delaware Bay and the protection of vessels on the
+adjacent parts of the coast, I submit for the consideration of Congress
+whether additional and sufficient appropriations should not be made.
+
+The Board of Engineers were also directed to examine and survey the
+entrance of the harbor of the port of Presqu'isle, in Pennsylvania, in
+order to make an estimate of the expense of removing the obstructions
+to the entrance, with a plan of the best mode of effecting the same, under
+the appropriation for that purpose by act of Congress passed 3rd of March
+last. The report of the Board accompanies the papers from the War
+Department, and is submitted for the consideration of Congress.
+
+A strong hope has been long entertained, founded on the heroic struggle of
+the Greeks, that they would succeed in their contest and resume their equal
+station among the nations of the earth. It is believed that the whole
+civilized world take a deep interest in their welfare. Although no power
+has declared in their favor, yet none according to our information, has
+taken part against them. Their cause and their name have protected them
+from dangers which might ere this have overwhelmed any other people. The
+ordinary calculations of interest and of acquisition with a view to
+aggrandizement, which mingles so much in the transactions of nations, seem
+to have had no effect in regard to them. From the facts which have come to
+our knowledge there is good cause to believe that their enemy has lost
+forever all dominion over them; that Greece will become again an
+independent nation. That she may obtain that rank is the object of our most
+ardent wishes.
+
+It was stated at the commencement of the last session that a great effort
+was then making in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition of the
+people of those countries, and that it appeared to be conducted with
+extraordinary moderation. It need scarcely be remarked that the result has
+been so far very different from what was then anticipated. Of events in
+that quarter of the globe, with which we have so much intercourse and from
+which we derive our origin, we have always been anxious and interested
+spectators.
+
+The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly in
+favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow men on that side of the
+Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to
+themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our
+policy so to do.
+
+It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent
+injuries or make preparation for our defense. With the movements in this
+hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes
+which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers.
+
+The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this
+respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which
+exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own,
+which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and
+matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which
+we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted.
+
+We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing
+between the United States and those powers to declare that we should
+consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of
+this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing
+colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and
+shall not interfere, but with the Governments who have declared their
+independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great
+consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any
+interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any
+other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than
+as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United
+States.
+
+In the war between those new Governments and Spain we declared our
+neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered,
+and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur which, in the
+judgment of the competent authorities of this Government, shall make a
+corresponding change on the part of the United States indispensable to
+their security.
+
+The late events in Spain and Portugal shew that Europe is still unsettled.
+Of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced than that the
+allied powers should have thought it proper, on any principle satisfactory
+to themselves, to have interposed by force in the internal concerns of
+Spain. To what extent such interposition may be carried, on the same
+principle, is a question in which all independent powers whose governments
+differ from theirs are interested, even those most remote, and surely none
+more so than the United States.
+
+Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the
+wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless
+remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of
+any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate
+government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve
+those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all
+instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from
+none.
+
+But in regard to those continents circumstances are eminently and
+conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied powers should
+extend their political system to any portion of either continent without
+endangering our peace and happiness; nor can anyone believe that our
+southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own
+accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such
+interposition in any form with indifference. If we look to the comparative
+strength and resources of Spain and those new Governments, and their
+distance from each other, it must be obvious that she can never subdue
+them. It is still the true policy of the United States to leave the parties
+to themselves, in the hope that other powers will pursue the same course.
+
+If we compare the present condition of our Union with its actual state at
+the close of our Revolution, the history of the world furnishes no example
+of a progress in improvement in all the important circumstances which
+constitute the happiness of a nation which bears any resemblance to it. At
+the first epoch our population did not exceed 3,000,000. By the last census
+it amounted to about 10,000,000, and, what is more extraordinary, it is
+almost altogether native, for the immigration from other countries has been
+inconsiderable.
+
+At the first epoch half the territory within our acknowledged limits was
+uninhabited and a wilderness. Since then new territory has been acquired of
+vast extent, comprising within it many rivers, particularly the
+Mississippi, the navigation of which to the ocean was of the highest
+importance to the original States. Over this territory our population has
+expanded in every direction, and new States have been established almost
+equal in number to those which formed the first bond of our Union. This
+expansion of our population and accession of new States to our Union have
+had the happiest effect on all its highest interests.
+
+That it has eminently augmented our resources and added to our strength and
+respectability as a power is admitted by all, but it is not in these
+important circumstances only that this happy effect is felt. It is manifest
+that by enlarging the basis of our system and increasing the number of
+States the system itself has been greatly strengthened in both its
+branches. Consolidation and disunion have thereby been rendered equally
+impracticable.
+
+Each Government, confiding in its own strength, has less to apprehend from
+the other, and in consequence each, enjoying a greater freedom of action,
+is rendered more efficient for all the purposes for which it was
+instituted.
+
+It is unnecessary to treat here of the vast improvement made in the system
+itself by the adoption of this Constitution and of its happy effect in
+elevating the character and in protecting the rights of the nation as well
+as individuals. To what, then, do we owe these blessings? It is known to
+all that we derive them from the excellence of our institutions. Ought we
+not, then, to adopt every measure which may be necessary to perpetuate
+them?
+
+***
+
+State of the Union Address
+James Monroe
+December 7, 1824
+
+Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
+
+The view which I have now to present to you of our affairs, foreign and
+domestic, realizes the most sanguine anticipations which have been
+entertained of the public prosperity. If we look to the whole, our growth
+as a nation continues to be rapid beyond example; if to the States which
+compose it, the same gratifying spectacle is exhibited. Our expansion over
+the vast territory within our limits has been great, without indicating any
+decline in those sections from which the emigration has been most
+conspicuous. We have daily gained strength by a native population in every
+quarter--a population devoted to our happy system of government and
+cherishing the bond of union with internal affection.
+
+Experience has already shewn that the difference of climate and of
+industry, proceeding from that cause, inseparable from such vast domains,
+and which under other systems might have a repulsive tendency, can not fail
+to produce with us under wise regulations the opposite effect. What one
+portion wants the other may supply; and this will be most sensibly felt by
+the parts most distant from each other, forming thereby a domestic market
+and an active intercourse between the extremes and throughout every portion
+of our Union.
+
+Thus by a happy distribution of power between the National and State
+Governments, Governments which rest exclusively on the sovereignty of the
+people and are fully adequate to the great purposes for which they were
+respectively instituted, causes which might otherwise lead to dismemberment
+operate powerfully to draw us closer together.
+
+In every other circumstance a correct view of the actual state of our Union
+must be equally gratifying to our constituents. Our relations with foreign
+powers are of a friendly character, although certain interesting
+differences remain unsettled with some. Our revenue under the mild system
+of impost and tonnage continues to be adequate to all the purposes of the
+Government. Our agriculture, commerce, manufactures, and navigation
+flourish. Our fortifications are advancing in the degree authorized by
+existing appropriations to maturity, and due progress is made in the
+augmentation of the Navy to the limit prescribed for it by law. For these
+blessings we owe to Almighty God, from whom we derive them, and with
+profound reverence, our most grateful and unceasing acknowledgments.
+
+In adverting to our relations with foreign powers, which are always an
+object of the highest importance, I have to remark that of the subjects
+which have been brought into discussion with them during the present
+Administration some have been satisfactorily terminated, others have been
+suspended, to be resumed hereafter under circumstances more favorable to
+success, and others are still in negotiation, with the hope that they may
+be adjusted with mutual accommodation to the interests and to the
+satisfaction of the respective parties. It has been the invariable object
+of this Government to cherish the most friendly relations with every power,
+and on principles and conditions which might make them permanent. A
+systematic effort has been made to place our commerce with each power on a
+footing of perfect reciprocity, to settle with each in a spirit of candor
+and liberality all existing differences, and to anticipate and remove so
+far as it might be practicable all causes of future variance.
+
+It having been stipulated by the 7th article of the convention of
+navigation and commerce which was concluded on June 24th, 1822, between the
+United States and France, that the said convention should continue in force
+for two years from the first of October of that year, and for an indefinite
+term afterwards, unless one of the parties should declare its intention to
+renounce it, in which event it should cease to operate at the end of six
+months from such declaration, and no such intention having been announced,
+the convention having been found advantageous to both parties, it has since
+remained, and still remains, in force.
+
+At the time when that convention was concluded many interesting subjects
+were left unsettled, and particularly our claim to indemnity for
+spoliations which were committed on our commerce in the late wars. For
+these interests and claims it was in the contemplation of the parties to
+make provision at a subsequent day by a more comprehensive and definitive
+treaty. The object has been duly attended to since by the Executive, but as
+yet it has not been accomplished.
+
+It is hoped that a favorable opportunity will present itself for opening a
+negotiation which may embrace and arrange all existing differences and
+every other concern in which they have a common interest upon the accession
+of the present King of France, an event which has occurred since the close
+of the last session of Congress.
+
+With Great Britain our commercial intercourse rests on the same footing
+that it did at the last session. By the convention of 1815, the commerce
+between the United States and the British dominions in Europe and the East
+Indies was arranged on a principle of reciprocity. That convention was
+confirmed and continued in force, with slight exceptions, by a subsequent
+treaty for the term of ten years from October 20th, 1818, the date of
+the latter.
+
+The trade with the British colonies in the West Indies has not as yet been
+arranged, by treaty or otherwise, to our satisfaction. An approach to that
+result has been made by legislative acts, whereby many serious impediments
+which had been raised by the parties in defense of their respective claims
+were removed. An earnest desire exists, and has been manifested on the part
+of this Government, to place the commerce with the colonies, likewise, on a
+footing of reciprocal advantage, and it is hoped that the British
+Government, seeing the justice of the proposal and its importance to the
+colonies, will ere long accede to it.
+
+The commissioners who were appointed for the adjustment of the boundary
+between the territories of the United States and those of Great Britain,
+specified in the 5th article of the treaty of Ghent, having disagreed in
+their decision, and both Governments having agreed to establish that
+boundary by amicable negotiation between them, it is hoped that it may be
+satisfactorily adjusted in that mode. The boundary specified by the 6th
+article has been established by the decision of the commissioners. From the
+progress made in that provided for by the 7th, according to a report
+recently received, there is good cause to presume that it will be settled
+in the course of the ensuing year.
+
+It is a cause of serious regret that no arrangement has yet been finally
+concluded between the two Governments to secure by joint cooperation the
+suppression of the slave trade. It was the object of the British Government
+in the early stages of the negotiation to adopt a plan for the suppression
+which should include the concession of the mutual right of search by the
+ships of war of each party of the vessels of the other for suspected
+offenders. This was objected to by this Government on the principle that as
+the right of search was a right of war of a belligerent toward a neutral
+power it might have an ill effect to extend it by treaty, to an offense
+which had been made comparatively mild, to a time of peace.
+
+Anxious, however, for the suppression of this trade, it was thought
+advisable, in compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives,
+founded on an act of Congress, to propose to the British Government an
+expedient which should be free from that objection and more effectual for
+the object, by making it piratical. In that mode the enormity of the crime
+would place the offenders out of the protection of their Government, and
+involve no question of search or other question between the parties
+touching their respective rights. It was believed, also, that it would
+completely suppress the trade in the vessels of both parties, and by their
+respective citizens and subjects in those of other powers, with whom it was
+hoped that the odium which would thereby be attached to it would produce a
+corresponding arrangement, and by means thereof its entire extirpation
+forever.
+
+A convention to this effect was concluded and signed in London on
+March 13th, 1824, by plenipotentiaries duly authorized by both
+Governments, to the ratification of which certain obstacles have arisen
+which are not yet entirely removed. The difference between the parties
+still remaining has been reduced to a point not of sufficient magnitude,
+as is presumed, to be permitted to defeat an object so near to the heart
+of both nations and so desirable to the friends of humanity throughout
+the world. As objections, however, to the principle recommended by the
+House of Representatives, or at least to the consequences inseparable
+from it, and which are understood to apply to the law, have been raised,
+which may deserve a reconsideration of the whole subject, I have thought
+it proper to suspend the conclusion of a new convention until the
+definitive sentiments of Congress may be ascertained. The documents
+relating to the negotiation are with that intent submitted to your
+consideration.
+
+Our commerce with Sweden has been placed on a footing of perfect
+reciprocity by treaty, and with Russia, the Netherlands, Prussia, the free
+Hanseatic cities, the Dukedom of Oldenburg, and Sardinia by internal
+regulations on each side, founded on mutual agreement between the
+respective Governments.
+
+The principles upon which the commercial policy of the United States is
+founded are to be traced to an early period. They are essentially connected
+with those upon which their independence was declared, and owe their origin
+to the enlightened men who took the lead in our affairs at that important
+epoch. They are developed in their first treaty of commerce with France of
+February 6th, 1778, and by a formal commission which was instituted
+Immediately after the conclusion of their Revolutionary struggle, for the
+purpose of negotiating treaties of commerce with every European power. The
+first treaty of the United States with Prussia, which was negotiated by
+that commission, affords a signal illustration of those principles. The act
+of Congress of March 3rd, 1815, adopted immediately after the return of a
+general peace, was a new overture to foreign nations to establish our
+commercial relations with them on the basis of free and equal reciprocity.
+That principle has pervaded all the acts of Congress and all the
+negotiations of the Executive on the subject.
+
+A convention for the settlement of important questions in relation to the
+North West coast of this continent and its adjoining seas was concluded and
+signed at St. Petersburg on the 5th day of April last by the minister
+plenipotentiary of the United States and plenipotentiaries of the Imperial
+Government of Russia. It will immediately be laid before the Senate for the
+exercise of the constitutional authority of that body with reference to its
+ratification. It is proper to add that the manner in which this negotiation
+was invited and conducted on the part of the Emperor has been very
+satisfactory.
+
+The great and extraordinary changes which have happened in the Governments
+of Spain and Portugal within the last two years, without seriously
+affecting the friendly relations which under all of them have been
+maintained with those powers by the United States, have been obstacles to
+the adjustment of the particular subjects of discussion which have arisen
+with each. A resolution of the Senate adopted at their last session called
+for information as to the effect produced upon our relations with Spain by
+the recognition on the part of the United States of the independent South
+American Governments. The papers containing that information are now
+communicated to Congress.
+
+A charge d'affaires has been received from the independent Government of
+Brazil. That country, heretofore a colonial possession of Portugal, had
+some years since been proclaimed by the Sovereign of Portugal himself an
+independent Kingdom. Since his return to Lisbon a revolution in Brazil has
+established a new Government there with an imperial title, at the head of
+which is placed a prince, in whom the regency had been vested by the King
+at the time of his departure. There is reason to expect that by amicable
+negotiation the independence of Brazil will ere long be recognized by
+Portugal herself.
+
+With the remaining powers of Europe, with those on the coast of Barbary,
+and with all the new South American States our relations are of a friendly
+character. We have ministers plenipotentiary residing with the Republics of
+Colombia and Chile, and have received ministers of the same rank from
+Columbia, Guatemala, Buenos Ayres, and Mexico. Our commercial relations
+with all those States are mutually beneficial and increasing. With the
+Republic of Colombia a treaty of commerce has been formed, of which a copy
+is received and the original daily expected. A negotiation for a like
+treaty would have been commenced with Buenos Ayres had it not been
+prevented by the indisposition and lamented decease of Mr. Rodney, our
+minister there, and to whose memory the most respectful attention has been
+shewn by the Government of that Republic. An advantageous alteration in our
+treaty with Tunis has been obtained by our consular agent residing there,
+the official document of which when received will be laid before the
+Senate.
+
+The attention of the Government has been drawn with great solicitude to
+other subjects, and particularly to that relating to a state of maritime
+war, involving the relative rights of neutral and belligerent in such wars.
+Most of the difficulties which we have experienced and of the losses which
+we have sustained since the establishment of our independence have
+proceeded from the unsettled state of those rights and the extent to which
+the belligerent claim has been carried against the neutral party.
+
+It is impossible to look back on the occurrences of the late wars in
+Europe, and to behold the disregard which was paid to our rights as a
+neutral power, and the waste which was made of our commerce by the parties
+to those wars by various acts of their respective Governments, and under
+the pretext by each that the other had set the example, without great
+mortification and a fixed purpose never to submit to the like in future. An
+attempt to remove those causes of possible variance by friendly negotiation
+and on just principles which should be applicable to all parties could, it
+was presumed, be viewed by none other than as a proof of an earnest desire
+to preserve those relations with every power.
+
+In the late war between France and Spain a crisis occurred in which it
+seemed probable that all controvertible principles involved in such wars
+might be brought into discussion and settled to the satisfaction of all
+parties. Propositions having this object in view have been made to the
+Governments of Great Britain, France, Russia, and of other powers, which
+have been received in a friendly manner by all, but as yet no treaty has
+been formed with either for its accomplishment. The policy will, it is
+presumed, be persevered in, and in the hope that it may be successful.
+
+It will always be recollected that with one of the parties to those wars
+and from whom we received those injuries, we sought redress by war. From
+the other, by whose then reigning Government our vessels were seized in
+port as well as at sea and their cargoes confiscated, indemnity has been
+expected, but has not yet been rendered. It was under the influence of the
+latter that our vessels were likewise seized by the Governments of Spain,
+Holland, Denmark, Sweden, and Naples, and from whom indemnity has been
+claimed and is still expected, with the exception of Spain, by whom it has
+been rendered.
+
+With both parties we had abundant cause of war, but we had no alternative
+but to resist that which was most powerful at sea and pressed us nearest at
+home. With this all differences were settled by a treaty, founded on
+conditions fair and honorable to both, and which has been so far executed
+with perfect good faith. It has been earnestly hoped that the other would
+of its own accord, and from a sentiment of justice and conciliation, make
+to our citizens the indemnity to which they are entitled, and thereby
+remove from our relations any just cause of discontent on our side.
+
+It is estimated that the receipts into the Treasury during the current
+year, exclusive of loans, will exceed $18.5 millions, which, with the
+sum remaining in the Treasury at the end of the last year, amounting
+to $9,463,922.81 will, after discharging the current disbursements of
+the year, the interest on the public debt, and upward of $11,633,011.52
+of the principal, leave a balance of more than $3 millions in the Treasury
+on the first day of January next.
+
+A larger amount of the debt contracted during the late war, bearing an
+interest of 6%, becoming redeemable in the course of the ensuing year than
+could be discharged by the ordinary revenue, the act of the 26th of May
+authorized a loan of $5 millions at 4.5% to meet the same. By this
+arrangement an annual saving will accrue to the public of $75,000.
+
+Under the act of the 24th of May last a loan of $5 millions was authorized,
+In order to meet the awards under the Florida treaty, which was negotiated
+at par with the Bank of the United States at 4.5%, the limit of interest
+fixed by the act. By this provision the claims of our citizens who had
+sustained so great a loss by spoliations, and from whom indemnity had been
+so long withheld, were promptly paid. For these advances the public will
+be amply repaid at no distant day by the sale of the lands in Florida. Of
+the great advantages resulting from the acquisition of the Territory in
+other respects too high an estimate can not be formed.
+
+It is estimated that the receipts into the Treasury during the year 1825
+will be sufficient to meet the disbursements of the year, including the
+sum of $10 millions, which is annually appropriated by the act of
+constituting the sinking fund to the payment of the principal and interest
+of the public debt.
+
+The whole amount of the public debt on the first of January next may be
+estimated at $86 millions, inclusive of $2.5 millions of the loan
+authorized by the act of the 26th of May last. In this estimate is
+included a stock of $7 millions, issued for the purchase of that amount
+of the capital stock of the Bank of the United States, and which, as the
+stock of the bank still held by the Government will at least be fully
+equal to its reimbursement, ought not to be considered as constituting
+a part of the public debt.
+
+Estimating, then, the whole amount of the public debt at $79 millions
+and regarding the annual receipts and expenditures of the Government, a
+well-founded hope may be entertained that, should no unexpected event
+occur, the whole of the public debt may be discharged in the course of
+ten years, and the Government be left at liberty thereafter to apply such
+portion of the revenue as may not be necessary for current expenses to
+such other objects as may be most conducive to the public security and
+welfare. That the sums applicable to these objects will be very
+considerable may be fairly concluded when it is recollected that a
+large amount of the public revenue has been applied since the late
+war to the construction of the public buildings in this city; to the
+erection of fortifications along the coast and of arsenals in different
+parts of the Union; to the augmentation of the Navy; to the extinguishment
+of the Indian title to large tracts of fertile territory; to the
+acquisition of Florida; to pensions to Revolutionary officers and
+soldiers, and to invalids of the late war.
+
+On many of these objects the expense will annually be diminished and cease
+at no distant period on most of them.
+
+On the 1st of January, 1817, the public debt amounted to $123,491,965.16,
+and, notwithstanding the large sums which have been applied to these
+objects, it has been reduced since that period $37,446,961.78. The last
+portion of the public debt will be redeemable on January 1st, 1835, and,
+while there is the best reason to believe that the resources of the
+Government will be continually adequate to such portions of it as may
+become due in the interval, it is recommended to Congress to seize every
+opportunity which may present itself to reduce the rate of interest on
+every part thereof. The high state of the public credit and the great
+abundance of money are at this time very favorable to such a result. It
+must be very gratifying to our fellow citizens to witness this flourishing
+state of the public finances when it is recollected that no burthen
+whatever has been imposed upon them.
+
+The military establishment in all its branches, in the performance of the
+various duties assigned to each, justifies the favorable view which was
+presented of the efficiency of its organization at the last session. All
+the appropriations have been regularly applied to the objects intended by
+Congress, and so far as the disbursements have been made the accounts have
+been rendered and settled without loss to the public.
+
+The condition of the Army itself, as relates to the officers and men, in
+science and discipline is highly respectable. The Military Academy, on
+which the Army essentially rests, and to which it is much indebted for this
+state of improvement, has attained, in comparison with any other
+institution of a like kind, a high degree of perfection.
+
+Experience, however, has shewn that the dispersed condition of the corps of
+artillery is unfavorable to the discipline of that important branch of the
+military establishment. To remedy this inconvenience, eleven companies have
+been assembled at the fortification erected at Old Point Comfort as a
+school for artillery instruction, with intention as they shall be perfected
+in the various duties of that service to order them to other posts, and, to
+supply their places with other companies for instruction in like manner. In
+this mode a complete knowledge of the science and duties of this arm will
+be extended throughout the whole corps of artillery. But to carry this
+object fully into effect will require the aid of Congress, to obtain which
+the subject is now submitted to your consideration.
+
+Of the progress which has been made in the construction of fortifications
+for the permanent defense of our maritime frontier, according to the plan
+decided on and to the extent of the existing appropriations, the report of
+the Secretary of War, which is herewith communicated, will give a detailed
+account. Their final completion can not fail to give great additional
+security to that frontier, and to diminish proportionably the expense of
+defending it in the event of war.
+
+The provisions in several acts of Congress of the last session for the
+improvement of the navigation of the Mississippi and the Ohio, of the
+harbor of Presqu'isle, on Lake Erie, and the repair of the Plymouth beach
+are in a course of regular execution; and there is reason to believe that
+the appropriation in each instance will be adequate to the object. To carry
+these improvements fully into effect, the superintendence of them has been
+assigned to officers of the Corps of Engineers.
+
+Under the act of 30th April last, authorizing the President to cause a
+survey to be made, with the necessary plans and estimates, of such roads
+and canals as he might deem of national importance in a commercial or
+military point of view, or for the transportation of the mail, a board has
+been instituted, consisting of two distinguished officers of the Corps of
+Engineers and a distinguished civil engineer, with assistants, who have
+been actively employed in carrying into effect the object of the act. They
+have carefully examined the route between the Potomac and the Ohio rivers;
+between the latter and Lake Erie; between the Alleghany and the
+Susquehannah; and the routes between the Delaware and the Raritan,
+Barnstable and Buzzards Bay, and between Boston Harbor and Narraganset Bay.
+Such portion of the Corps of Topographical Engineers as could be spared
+from the survey of the coast has been employed in surveying the very
+important route between the Potomac and the Ohio. Considerable progress has
+been made in it, but the survey can not be completed until the next season.
+It is gratifying to add, from the view already taken, that there is good
+cause to believe that this great national object may be fully
+accomplished.
+
+It is contemplated to commence early in the next season the execution of
+the other branch of the act--that which relates to roads--and with the
+survey of a route from this city, through the Southern States, to New
+Orleans, the importance of which can not be too highly estimated. All the
+officers of both the corps of engineers who could be spared from other
+services have been employed in exploring and surveying the routes for
+canals. To digest a plan for both objects for the great purposes specified
+will require a thorough knowledge of every part of our Union and of the
+relation of each part to the others and of all to the seat of the General
+Government. For such a digest it will be necessary that the information be
+full, minute, and precise.
+
+With a view to these important objects, I submit to the consideration of
+the Congress the propriety of enlarging both the corps of engineers--the
+military and topographical. It need scarcely be remarked that the more
+extensively these corps are engaged in the improvement of their country, in
+the execution of the powers of Congress, and in aid of the States in such
+improvements as lie beyond that limit, when such aid is desired, the
+happier the effect will be in many views of which the subject is
+perceptible. By profiting of their science the works will always be well
+executed, and by giving to the officers such employment our Union will
+derive all the advantage, in peace as well as in war, from their talents
+and services which they can afford. In this mode, also, the military will
+be incorporated with the civil, and unfounded and injurious distinctions
+and prejudices of every kind be done away. To the corps themselves this
+service can not fail to be equally useful, since by the knowledge they
+would thus acquire they would be eminently better qualified in the event of
+war for the great purposes for which they were instituted.
+
+Our relations with the Indian tribes within our limits have not been
+materially changed during the year. The hostile disposition evinced by
+certain tribes on the Missouri during the last year still continues, and
+has extended in some degree to those on the Upper Mississippi and the Upper
+Lakes. Several parties of our citizens have been plundered and murdered by
+those tribes. In order to establish relations of friendship with them,
+Congress at the last session made an appropriation for treaties with them
+and for the employment of a suitable military escort to accompany and
+attend the commissioners at the places appointed for the negotiations. This
+object has not been effected. The season was too far advanced when the
+appropriation was made and the distance too great to permit it, but
+measures have been taken, and all the preparations will be completed to
+accomplish it at an early period in the next season.
+
+Believing that the hostility of the tribes, particularly on the Upper
+Mississippi and the Lakes, is in no small degree owing to the wars which
+are carried on between the tribes residing in that quarter, measures have
+been taken to bring about a general peace among them, which, if successful,
+will not only tend to the security of our citizens, but be of great
+advantage to the Indians themselves.
+
+With the exception of the tribes referred to, our relations with all the
+others are on the same friendly footing, and it affords me great
+satisfaction to add that they are making steady advances in civilization
+and the improvement of their condition. Many of the tribes have already
+made great progress in the arts of civilized life. This desirable result
+has been brought about by the humane and persevering policy of the
+Government, and particularly by means of the appropriation for the
+civilization of the Indians. There have been established under the
+provisions of this act 32 schools, containing 916 scholars, who are well
+instructed in several branches of literature, and likewise in agriculture
+and the ordinary arts of life.
+
+Under the appropriation to authorize treaties with the Creeks and Quaupaw
+Indians commissioners have been appointed and negotiations are now pending,
+but the result is not yet known.
+
+For more full information respecting the principle which has been adopted
+for carrying into effect the act of Congress authorizing surveys, with
+plans and estimates for canals and roads, and on every other branch of duty
+incident to the Department of War, I refer you to the report of the
+Secretary.
+
+The squadron in the Mediterranean has been maintained in the extent which
+was proposed in the report of the Secretary of the Navy of the last year,
+and has afforded to our commerce the necessary protection in that sea.
+Apprehending, however, that the unfriendly relations which have existed
+between Algiers and some of the powers of Europe might be extended to us,
+it has been thought expedient to augment the force there, and in
+consequence the North Carolina, a ship of the line, has been prepared, and
+will sail in a few days to join it.
+
+The force employed in the Gulf of Mexico and in the neighboring seas for
+the suppression of piracy has likewise been preserved essentially in the
+state in which it was during the last year. A persevering effort has been
+made for the accomplishment of that object, and much protection has thereby
+been afforded to our commerce, but still the practice is far from being
+suppressed. From every view which has been taken of the subject it is
+thought that it will be necessary rather to augment than to diminish our
+force in that quarter.
+
+There is reason to believe that the piracies now complained of are
+committed by bands of robbers who inhabit the land, and who, by preserving
+good intelligence with the towns and seizing favorable opportunities, rush
+forth and fall on unprotected merchant vessels, of which they make an easy
+prey. The pillage thus taken they carry to their lurking places, and
+dispose of afterwards at prices tending to seduce the neighboring
+population.
+
+This combination is understood to be of great extent, and is the more to be
+deprecated because the crime of piracy is often attended with the murder of
+the crews, these robbers knowing if any survived their lurking places would
+be exposed and they be caught and punished. That this atrocious practice
+should be carried to such extent is cause of equal surprise and regret. It
+is presumed that it must be attributed to the relaxed and feeble state of
+the local governments, since it is not doubted, from the high character of
+the governor of Cuba, who is well known and much respected here, that if he
+had the power he would promptly suppress it. Whether those robbers should
+be pursued on the land, the local authorities be made responsible for these
+atrocities, or any other measure be resorted to to suppress them, is
+submitted to the consideration of Congress.
+
+In execution of the laws for the suppression of the slave trade a vessel
+has been occasionally sent from that squadron to the coast of Africa with
+orders to return thence by the usual track of the slave ships, and to seize
+any of our vessels which might be engaged in that trade. None have been
+found, and it is believed that none are thus employed. It is well known,
+however, that the trade still exists under other flags.
+
+The health of our squadron while at Thompsons Island has been much better
+during the present than it was the last season. Some improvements have been
+made and others are contemplated there which, it is believed, will have a
+very salutary effect.
+
+On the Pacific, our commerce has much increased, and on that coast, as well
+as on that sea, the United States have many important interests which
+require attention and protection. It is thought that all the considerations
+which suggested the expediency of placing a squadron on that sea operate
+with augmented force for maintaining it there, at least in equal extent.
+
+For detailed information respecting the state of our maritime force on each
+sea, the improvement necessary to be made on either in the organization of
+the naval establishment generally, and of the laws for its better
+government I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the Navy, which is
+herewith communicated.
+
+The revenue of the Post Office Department has received a considerable
+augmentation in the present year. The current receipts will exceed the
+expenditures, although the transportation of the mail within the year has
+been much increased. A report of the Post Master General, which is
+transmitted, will furnish in detail the necessary information respecting
+the administration and present state of this Department.
+
+In conformity with a resolution of Congress of the last session, an
+invitation was given to General Lafayette to visit the United States, with
+an assurance that a ship of war should attend at any port of France which
+he might designate, to receive and convey him across the Atlantic, whenever
+it might be convenient for him to sail. He declined the offer of the public
+ship from motives of delicacy, but assured me that he had long intended and
+would certainly visit our Union in the course of the present year.
+
+In August last he arrived at New York, where he was received with the
+warmth of affection and gratitude to which his very important and
+disinterested services and sacrifices in our Revolutionary struggle so
+eminently entitled him. A corresponding sentiment has since been manifested
+in his favor throughout every portion of our Union, and affectionate
+invitations have been given him to extend his visits to them. To these he
+has yielded all the accommodation in his power. At every designated point
+of rendezvous the whole population of the neighboring country has been
+assembled to greet him, among whom it has excited in a peculiar manner the
+sensibility of all to behold the surviving members of our Revolutionary
+contest, civil and military, who had shared with him in the toils and
+dangers of the war, many of them in a decrepit state. A more interesting
+spectacle, it is believed, was never witnessed, because none could be
+founded on purer principles, none proceed from higher or more disinterested
+motives. That the feelings of those who had fought and bled with him in a
+common cause should have been much excited was natural.
+
+There are, however, circumstances attending these interviews which pervaded
+the whole community and touched the breasts of every age, even the youngest
+among us. There was not an individual present who had not some relative who
+had not partaken in those scenes, nor an infant who had not heard the
+relation of them. But the circumstance which was most sensibly felt, and
+which his presence brought forcibly to the recollection of all, was the
+great cause in which we were engaged and the blessings which we have
+derived from our success in it.
+
+The struggle was for independence and liberty, public and personal, and in
+this we succeeded. The meeting with one who had borne so distinguished a
+part in that great struggle, and from such lofty and disinterested motives,
+could not fail to affect profoundly every individual and of every age. It
+is natural that we should all take a deep interest in his future welfare,
+as we do. His high claims on our Union are felt, and the sentiment
+universal that they should be met in a generous spirit. Under these
+impressions I invite your attention to the subject, with a view that,
+regarding his very important services, losses, and sacrifices, a provision
+may be made and tendered to him which shall correspond with the sentiments
+and be worthy the character of the American people.
+
+In turning our attention to the condition of the civilized world, in which
+the United States have always taken a deep interest, it is gratifying to
+see how large a portion of it is blessed with peace. The only wars which
+now exist within that limit are those between Turkey and Greece, in Europe,
+and between Spain and the new Governments, our neighbors, in this
+hemisphere. In both these wars the cause of independence, of liberty and
+humanity, continues to prevail.
+
+The success of Greece, when the relative population of the contending
+parties is considered, commands our admiration and applause, and that it
+has had a similar effect with the neighboring powers is obvious. The
+feeling of the whole civilized world is excited in a high degree in their
+favor. May we not hope that these sentiments, winning on the hearts of
+their respective Governments, may lead to a more decisive result; that they
+may produce an accord among them to replace Greece on the ground which she
+formerly held, and to which her heroic exertions at this day so eminently
+entitle her?
+
+With respect to the contest to which our neighbors are a party, it is
+evident that Spain as a power is scarcely felt in it. These new States had
+completely achieved their independence before it was acknowledged by the
+United States, and they have since maintained it with little foreign
+pressure. The disturbances which have appeared in certain portions of that
+vast territory have proceeded from internal causes, which had their origin
+in their former Governments and have not yet been thoroughly removed.
+
+It is manifest that these causes are daily losing their effect, and that
+these new States are settling down under Governments elective and
+representative in every branch, similar to our own. In this course we
+ardently wish them to persevere, under a firm conviction that it will
+promote their happiness. In this, their career, however, we have not
+interfered, believing that every people have a right to institute for
+themselves the government which, in their judgment, may suit them best.
+
+Our example is before them, of the good effect of which, being our
+neighbors, they are competent judges, and to their judgment we leave it, in
+the expectation that other powers will pursue the same policy. The deep
+interest which we take in their independence, which we have acknowledged,
+and in their enjoyment of all the rights incident thereto, especially in
+the very important one of instituting their own Governments, has been
+declared, and is known to the world.
+
+Separated as we are from Europe by the great Atlantic Ocean, we can have no
+concern in the wars of the European Governments nor in the causes which
+produce them. The balance of power between them, into whichever scale it
+may turn in its various vibrations, can not affect us. It is the interest
+of the United States to preserve the most friendly relations with every
+power and on conditions fair, equal, and applicable to all.
+
+But in regard to our neighbors our situation is different. It is impossible
+for the European Governments to interfere in their concerns, especially in
+those alluded to, which are vital, without affecting us; indeed, the motive
+which might induce such interference in the present state of the war
+between the parties, if a war it may be called, would appear to be equally
+applicable to us. It is gratifying to know that some of the powers with
+whom we enjoy a very friendly intercourse, and to whom these views have
+been communicated, have appeared to acquiesce in them.
+
+The augmentation of our population with the expansion of our Union and
+increased number of States have produced effects in certain branches of our
+system which merit the attention of Congress. Some of our arrangements, and
+particularly the judiciary establishment, were made with a view to the
+original thirteen States only. Since then the United States have acquired
+a vast extent of territory; eleven new States have been admitted into the
+Union, and Territories have been laid off for three others, which will
+likewise be admitted at no distant day.
+
+An organization of the Supreme Court which assigns the judges any portion
+of the duties which belong to the inferior, requiring their passage over so
+vast a space under any distribution of the States that may now be made, if
+not impracticable in the execution, must render it impossible for them to
+discharge the duties of either branch with advantage to the Union. The
+duties of the Supreme Court would be of great importance if its decisions
+were confined to the ordinary limits of other tribunals, but when it is
+considered that this court decides, and in the last resort, on all the
+great questions which arise under our Constitution, involving those between
+the United States individually, between the States and the United States,
+and between the latter and foreign powers, too high an estimate of their
+importance can not be formed. The great interests of the nation seem to
+require that the judges of the Supreme Court should be exempted from every
+other duty than those which are incident to that high trust. The
+organization of the inferior courts would of course be adapted to
+circumstances. It is presumed that such an one might be formed as would
+secure an able and faithful discharge of their duties, and without any
+material augmentation of expense.
+
+The condition of the aborigines within our limits, and especially those who
+are within the limits of any of the States, merits likewise particular
+attention. Experience has shown that unless the tribes be civilized they
+can never be incorporated into our system in any form whatever. It has
+likewise shown that in the regular augmentation of our population with the
+extension of our settlements their situation will become deplorable, if
+their extinction is not menaced.
+
+Some well-digested plan which will rescue them from such calamities is due
+to their rights, to the rights of humanity, and to the honor of the nation.
+Their civilization is indispensable to their safety, and this can be
+accomplished only by degrees. The process must commence with the infant
+state, through whom some effect may be wrought on the parental.
+Difficulties of the most serious character present themselves to the
+attainment of this very desirable result on the territory on which they now
+reside. To remove them from it by force, even with a view to their own
+security and happiness, would be revolting to humanity and utterly
+unjustifiable. Between the limits of our present States and Territories and
+the Rocky Mountains and Mexico there is a vast territory to which they
+might be invited with inducements which might be successful. It is thought
+if that territory should be divided into districts by previous agreement
+with the tribes now residing there and civil governments be established in
+each, with schools for every branch of instruction in literature and the
+arts of civilized life, that all the tribes now within our limits might
+gradually be drawn there. The execution of this plan would necessarily be
+attended with expense, and that not inconsiderable, but it is doubted
+whether any other can be devised which would be less liable to that
+objection or more likely to succeed.
+
+In looking to the interests which the United States have on the Pacific
+Ocean and on the western coast of this continent, the propriety of
+establishing a military post at the mouth of the Columbia River, or at some
+other point in that quarter within our acknowledged limits, is submitted to
+the consideration of Congress. Our commerce and fisheries on that sea and
+along the coast have much increased and are increasing. It is thought that
+a military post, to which our ships of war might resort, would afford
+protection to every interest, and have a tendency to conciliate the tribes
+to the North West, with whom our trade is extensive. It is thought also
+that by the establishment of such a post the intercourse between our
+Western States and Territories and the Pacific and our trade with the
+tribes residing in the interior on each side of the Rocky Mountains would
+be essentially promoted. To carry this object into effect the appropriation
+of an adequate sum to authorize the employment of a frigate, with an
+officer of the Corps of Engineers, to explore the mouth of the Columbia
+River and the coast contiguous thereto, to enable the Executive to make
+such establishment at the most suitable point, is recommended to Congress.
+
+It is thought that attention is also due to the improvement of this city.
+The communication between the public buildings and in various other parts
+and the grounds around those buildings require it. It is presumed also that
+the completion of the canal from the Tiber to the Eastern Branch would have
+a very salutary effect. Great exertions have been made and expenses
+incurred by the citizens in improvements of various kinds; but those which
+are suggested belong exclusively to the Government, or are of a nature to
+require expenditures beyond their resources. The public lots which are
+still for sale would, it is not doubted, be more than adequate for these
+purposes.
+
+From the view above presented it is manifest that the situation of the
+United States is in the highest degree prosperous and happy. There is no
+object which as a people we can desire which we do not possess or which is
+not within our reach. Blessed with governments the happiest which the world
+ever knew, with no distinct orders in society or divided interests in any
+portion of the vast territory over which their dominion extends, we have
+every motive to cling together which can animate a virtuous and enlightened
+people. The great object is to preserve these blessings, and to hand them
+down to the latest posterity.
+
+Our experience ought to satisfy us that our progress under the most correct
+and provident policy will not be exempt from danger. Our institutions form
+an important epoch in the history of the civilized world. On their
+preservation and in their utmost purity everything will depend. Extending
+as our interests do to every part of the inhabited globe and to every sea
+to which our citizens are carried by their industry and enterprise, to
+which they are invited by the wants of others, and have a right to go, we
+must either protect them in the enjoyment of their rights or abandon them
+in certain events to waste and desolation.
+
+Our attitude is highly interesting as relates to other powers, and
+particularly to our southern neighbors. We have duties to perform with
+regard to all to which we must be faithful. To every kind of danger we
+should pay the most vigilant and unceasing attention, remove the cause
+where it may be practicable, and be prepared to meet it when inevitable.
+
+Against foreign danger the policy of the Government seems to be already
+settled. The events of the late war admonished us to make our maritime
+frontier impregnable by a well-digested chain of fortifications, and to
+give efficient protection to our commerce by augmenting our Navy to a
+certain extent, which has been steadily pursued, and which it is incumbent
+upon us to complete as soon as circumstances will permit. In the event of
+war it is on the maritime frontier that we shall be assailed. It is in that
+quarter, therefore, that we should be prepared to meet the attack. It is
+there that our whole force will be called into action to prevent the
+destruction of our towns and the desolation and pillage of the interior.
+
+To give full effect to this policy great improvements will be
+indispensable. Access to those works by every practicable communication
+should be made easy and in every direction. The intercourse between every
+part of our Union should also be promoted and facilitated by the exercise
+of those powers which may comport with a faithful regard to the great
+principles of our Constitution. With respect to internal causes, those
+great principles point out with equal certainty the policy to be pursued.
+
+Resting on the people as our Governments do, State and National, with
+well-defined powers, it is of the highest importance that they severally
+keep within the limits prescribed to them. Fulfilling that sacred duty, it
+is of equal importance that the movement between them be harmonious, and in
+case of any disagreement, should any such occur, a calm appeal be made to
+the people, and that their voice be heard and promptly obeyed. Both
+Governments being instituted for the common good, we can not fail to
+prosper while those who made them are attentive to the conduct of their
+representatives and control their measures. In the pursuit of these great
+objects let a generous spirit and national views and feelings be indulged,
+and let every part recollect that by cherishing that spirit and improving
+the condition of the others in what relates to their welfare the general
+interest will not only be promoted, but the local advantage be reciprocated
+by all.
+
+I can not conclude this communication, the last of the kind which I shall
+have to make, without recollecting with great sensibility and heart felt
+gratitude the many instances of the public confidence and the generous
+support which I have received from my fellow citizens in the various trusts
+with which I have been honored. Having commenced my service in early youth,
+and continued it since with few and short intervals, I have witnessed the
+great difficulties to which our Union has been surmounted. From the present
+prosperous and happy state I derive a gratification which I can not
+express. That these blessings may be preserved and perpetuated will be the
+object of my fervent and unceasing prayers to the Supreme Ruler of the
+Universe.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY JAMES MONROE ***
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