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diff --git a/old/50075-0.txt b/old/50075-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d2135f1..0000000 --- a/old/50075-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14071 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of '1683-1920', by Frederick Franklin Schrader - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: '1683-1920' - The Fourteen Points and What Became of Them--Foreign - Propaganda in the Public Schools--Rewriting the History - of the United States--The Espionage Act and How it - Worked--"Illegal and Indefensible Blockade" of the Central - Powers--1,000,000 Victims of Starvation--Our Debt to France - and to Germany--The War Vote in Congress--Truth About the - Belgian Atrocities--Our Treaty with Germany and How - Observed--The Alien Property Custodianship--Secret Will - of Cecil Rhodes--Racial Strains in American Life--Germantown - Settlement of 1683 and a Thousand Other Topics - -Author: Frederick Franklin Schrader - -Release Date: September 29, 2015 [EBook #50075] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK '1683-1920' *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Hulse and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - - COPYRIGHT BY - FREDERICK FRANKLIN SCHRADER - 1920 - - - PUBLISHED BY - CONCORD PUBLISHING COMPANY - INCORPORATED - - NEW YORK, U. S. A. - - - - - Illustration: Frederick Franklin Schrader (‡ signature) - - - - - “1683-1920” - - The Fourteen Points and What Became of - Them--Foreign Propaganda in the Public - Schools--Rewriting the History of the - United States--The Espionage Act and - How it Worked--“Illegal and Indefensible - Blockade” of the Central Powers--1,000,000 - Victims of Starvation--Our Debt to - France and to Germany--The War - Vote in Congress--Truth About - the Belgian Atrocities--Our - Treaty with Germany and How - Observed--The Alien Property - Custodianship--Secret Will - of Cecil Rhodes--Racial - Strains in American - Life--Germantown - Settlement of - 1683 - - _And a Thousand Other Topics_ - - by - - FREDERICK FRANKLIN SCHRADER - - Former Secretary Republican Congressional Committee - and Author “Republican Campaign Text Book, 1898.” - - - - - ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ - │ │ - │ Transcriber’s Notes │ - │ │ - │ │ - │ Punctuation has been standardized. │ - │ │ - │ In the main text, several of the topics are not listed in │ - │ alphabetical order. These have been left as printed. │ - │ │ - │ In the concluding Table of Contents, the alphabetical order │ - │ of topics has been corrected, but no topics omitted by the │ - │ author have been added. │ - │ │ - │ The text frequently shows quotations within quotations, all │ - │ set off by double quotes. The inner quotations have been │ - │ changed to single quotes for improved readability. │ - │ │ - │ Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. │ - │ │ - │ Non-printable characteristics have been given the following │ - │ transliteration: │ - │ Italic text: --> _text_ │ - │ bold text: --> =text=. │ - │ │ - │ This book was written in a period when many words had │ - │ not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have │ - │ multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in │ - │ the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated │ - │ with a Transcriber’s Note. │ - │ │ - │ The symbol ‘‡’ indicates the description in parenthesis has │ - │ been added to an illustration. This may be needed if there │ - │ is no caption or if the caption does not describe the image │ - │ adequately. │ - │ │ - │ Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the │ - │ text or to provide additional information for the modern │ - │ reader. These notes are not identified in the text, but have │ - │ been accumulated in a single section at the end of the book. │ - │ │ - └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ - - - - - PREFACE - - -With the ending of the war many books will be released dealing with -various questions and phases of the great struggle, some of them -perhaps impartial, but the majority written to make propaganda for -foreign nations with a view to rendering us dissatisfied with our -country and imposing still farther upon the ignorance, indifference -and credulity of the American people. - -The author’s aim in the following pages has been to provide a book of -ready reference on a multitude of questions which have been raised by -the war. It is strictly American in that it seeks to educate those -who need education in the truth about American institutions and -national problems. - -A blanket indictment has been found against a whole race. That race -comprises upward of 26 per cent. of the American people and has -been a stalwart factor in American life since the middle of the -seventeenth century. This indictment has been found upon tainted -evidence. As is shown in the following pages, a widespread propaganda -has been, and is still, at work to sow the seeds of discord and -sedition in order to reconcile us to a pre-Revolutionary political -condition. This propaganda has invaded our public schools, and cannot -be more effectively combatted than by education. - -The contingency that the book may be decried as German propaganda -has no terrors for the author, and has not deterred him from his -purpose to deal with facts from an angle that has not been popular -during the past five years. What is here set down is a statement of -facts, directed not against institutions, but men. Men come and go; -institutions endure if they are rooted in the hearts of the people. - -The author believes in the sacredness and perpetuity of our -institutions. He believes in the great Americans of the past, and in -American traditions. He is content to have his Americanism measured -by any standard applied to persons who, like Major George Haven -Putnam, feel prompted to apologize to their English friends for -“the treason of 1776,” or who pass unrebuked and secretly condone -the statement of former Senator James Hamilton Lewis, that the -Constitution is an obsolete instrument. - -Statements of fact may be controverted; they cannot be disproved by -an Espionage Act, however repugnant their telling may sound to the -stagnant brains of those who have been uninterruptedly happy because -they were spared the laborious process of thinking for themselves -throughout the war, or that not inconsiderable host which derives -pleasure and profit from keeping alive the hope of one day seeing -their country reincorporated with “the mother country”--the mother -country of 30 per cent. of the American people. - -It is to arouse the patriotic consciousness of a part of the -remaining 70 per cent. that this compilation of political and -historical data has been undertaken. - -European issues and questions have been included in so far only as -they exercised a bearing on American affairs, or influenced and -shaped public opinion, prejudice and conclusions. To the extent that -they serve the cause of truth they are entitled to a place in these -pages. - - THE AUTHOR. - New York City, January, 1920. - - - - -=Allied Nations in the War.=--The following countries were at war -with Germany at the given dates: - - Russia 1 August, 1914 - France 3 August, 1914 - Belgium 3 August, 1914 - Great Britain 4 August, 1914 - Servia 6 August, 1914 - Montenegro 9 August, 1914 - Japan 23 August, 1914 - San Marino 24 May, 1915 - Portugal 9 March, 1916 - Italy 28 August, 1916 - Roumania 28 August, 1916 - U. S. A. 6 April, 1917 - Cuba 7 April, 1917 - Panama 10 April, 1917 - Greece 29 June, 1917 - Siam 22 July, 1917 - Liberia 4 August, 1917 - China 14 August, 1917 - Brazil 26 October, 1917 - Ecuador 8 December, 1917 - Guatemala 23 April, 1918 - Haiti 15 July, 1918 - -The following countries broke off diplomatic relations with Germany: - - Bolivia April 13, 1917 - Nicaragua May 18, 1917 - Santo Domingo - Costa Rica Sept. 21, 1917 - Peru October 6, 1917 - Uruguay October 7, 1917 - Honduras July 22, 1918 - - -=Alsace-Lorraine.=--Dr. E. J. Dillon, the distinguished political -writer and student of European problems, in a remarkable article -printed long before the end of the war, called attention to the -general misunderstanding that prevails regarding Alsace-Lorraine. -He said that the two houses of the Legislature in Strasburg made -a statement through their respective speakers which, “however -skeptically it may be received by the allied countries, is thoroughly -relied upon by Germany as a deciding factor” in the vexatious -question affecting those provinces. - -The president of the second chamber, Dr. Ricklin (former mayor of -Dammerkirch, then occupied by the French), declared solemnly in the -presence of the Stadthalter that the two provinces, while desiring -modification of their status within the German empire, also desired -their perpetuation of their present union with it.... “The people -of Alsace-Lorraine in its overwhelming majority did not desire war, -and therefore did not desire this war. What it strove for was the -consummation of its political status in the limits of its dependence -upon the German empire, and that settled, to resume its peaceful -avocations. In this respect the war has changed nothing in our -country. We make this confession aloud and before all the world. May -it be everywhere heard, and may peace be speedily vouchsafed us.” - -“The speaker of the First Chamber, Dr. Hoeffel,” continues Dr. -Dillon, “also made a pronouncement of a like tenor, of which this is -the pith: ‘Alsace-Lorraine particularly has felt how heavily the war -presses upon us all, but selfless sacrifice is here, too, taken for -granted. Our common task has knit the imperial provinces more closely -together than before, and has also drawn more tightly their links -with the German Empire.’” - -Under date of January 17, 1917, Mayor North, of Detweiler, was quoted -in the press of that day: “Alsace-Lorraine needs no liberator. After -the war, I am confident, it will know how to guard its interests -without the interference of any foreign power. The sons of the -country have not bled and died in vain for Germany.” - -North is of old Alsatian stock, as is also Former Secretary Petri of -Alsace, who said, when the issue of the war was still undecided: “In -view of the military situation, the reply of the Entente to President -Wilson’s peace note is simply grotesque. It could hardly have used -other words if the French were in Strasburg, Metz, Mayence, etc.” - -At the National Congress of United Socialists, March 24, 1913, -Gustave Herve (quoting a dispatch from Brest to the New York “Times” -of the day following), declared, “Alsace was German in race and -civilization, and had been an ancient possession of Germany. One of -the provinces naturally belonged to Germany and the other to France.” - -Francis de Pressense, ex-deputy, declared: “Time has done its work. -Alsace-Lorraine no longer wants to return to French rule.” - -The last election to the Reichstag before the war showed that -only 157,000 out of a total vote of 417,000 voted for “protesting -candidates,” while 260,000 voted as Germans, not as separatists. - -Though forced to live several generations under French rule, it must -be observed that the people of Alsace-Lorraine never ceased to be -Germans. The proper mother tongue of a people is that in which it -prays. The most distinguished Catholic pulpit orator of Alsace in -the last century, Abbe Muhe, who died in 1865, was able only once in -his life to bring himself to preach in French; and Canon Gazeau, of -Strasburg Cathedral, published in 1868 an “Essai sur la conversation -de la langue Allemagne en Alsace,” in which, in the interest of -religion and morals, he energetically resisted the attempt to -extirpate German speech. - -The population of Alsace, with the exception of the rich and -comfortable, in its thoughts, words and feeling was thoroughly -German. In a petition which was addressed in 1869 to the Emperor -Napoleon by people of German Lorraine, we read as follows: “O, sir! -How many fathers and mothers of families who earn their bread in the -sweat of their brow impose upon themselves the pious but none the -less heavy duty of teaching their children the catechism in German by -abridging in the winter evenings their own needful hours of sleep.” - -In 1869 a radical journal was established by prominent republicans -of Muhlhausen in the interest of propagating agitation against the -French empire among the laboring people. This paper appeared only -in the German language, and justified this course in the following -words: “Because the majority, yes, the very large majority, of the -Alsatian people is German in thought, in feeling, in speech; receives -its religious instruction in German; loves and lives according to -German usages, and will not forget the German language.” - -The boundary established in 1871 was the true national and racial -boundary, which had been destroyed by Louis XIV when Germany, -after the Thirty Years War, was too weak to defend it, but which -remained the boundary in the hearts of those on both sides until -the French Revolution, when executions, deportations and process -of ruthless extermination finally broke the spirit of resistance -in the population and made it succumb in order to save itself from -extinction. - -The attempt of the French to control the Rhine regions, though -continued for centuries, has been a failure. “To one who has been -through the documents,” writes Raymond D. B. Cahill, in “The Nation” -for July 26, 1919, “an astounding thing is the French picture of -their former experience in ruling the Rhinelands. The student of -that period sees little which should encourage the French to attempt -a repetition of that experiment. Indeed, he is impressed with -the futility of the nation’s attempt to absorb a people of quite -different culture. Although dealing with a people still unawakened by -German patriotism, the French found eighteenth century Rhinelanders -so different, so attached to their own customs and religion, that it -took many years to overcome their resistance.” - -It will again require the guillotine, the firebrand and the methods -of violence employed during the French revolution to convert -Alsace-Lorraine into a French possession. France has decisively -declined to submit the question of the annexation to a plebiscite. -The beautiful dream about the “redemption of our lost sons” has -proved a delusion; hundreds of thousands of citizens have been -transported by France in order to blot out the appearance that -there was discontent. Abbe Wetterlé, once a member of the German -Reichstag, and one of the leaders of the pro-French movement, in his -lectures, compiled in his book, “Ce qu était l’Alsace-Lorraine et -ce quelle cera; l’edition Francaise illustrée,” Paris, 1915, said: -“Soldiers who had participated in the battles of 1914 and had invaded -Alsace-Lorraine, returned painfully disappointed. They reported, and -their stories agreed in establishing them as reliable, that the civil -population of the annexed provinces had betrayed them in the most -outrageous manner.” - -General Rapp, a descendant of Napoleon’s famous marshal, whose -family has been a resident of the province for 600 years, in a -manifesto signed by him as a member of the “Executive Committee of -the Republic of Alsace-Lorraine,” and addressed to Sir James Eric -Drummond, general secretary of the League of Nations, says: “We, -the representatives of the sovereign people of Alsace-Lorraine, -protest in the name of our people against the systematic ruin of -our homeland. The French government has usurped the sovereignty of -Alsace-Lorraine. The sovereign people of Alsace-Lorraine was not -consulted concerning the constitutional status of the future. We, -representing our people, personifying its sovereignty, assume the -right to speak for the interests of the people of Alsace-Lorraine -before the League of Nations. We are standing today at the parting -of the ways in our history. The hour has come when the people are -asking, ‘Shall it be revolution or self-determination?’ Before that -question is decided we appeal to the good sense of the world, which -must know that until the Alsace-Lorraine question is solved beyond -the limits of our country, two great nations will never know peace.” - -This manifesto, dated Basel, August 25, 1919, informs the world that -millions of francs were taken out of the treasury of the French -government to finance the reception committee of President Poincare -and Premier Clemenceau in every city in Alsace-Lorraine, and for the -payment of agents to inflame manifestations of joy, finding vent in -shouts of “Vive la France;” that wagonloads of decorations for the -receptions, French flags, banners and torches and Alsatian costumes -especially manufactured in Paris, were imported for the occasion. - -The meager dispatches which reach the public in spite of the iron -hand of suppression which is wielded in Alsace-Lorraine teem with -accounts of anti-French demonstrations and the arrest and deportation -of citizens. The police in October were reported exercising a hectic -energy in searching houses in Strasburg; all business houses were -directed to discharge their German employes, by order of Commissary -General Millerand. Hundreds of persons were arrested in Rombach, -Hagendingen and Diedenhoefen. The people were taken in automobiles to -Metz, and after passing the night in the citadel, were deported over -the bridge at Kehl the next day. - -A dispatch of October 27, 1919, says: “Another trainload of wounded -Frenchmen has arrived at the main station at Mayence. They are said -to come from the Saar Valley and Alsace-Lorraine. It is reported -of the revolt in the Saar that the men sang, ‘We will triumph over -France and die for Germany.’ The band which played ‘Die Wacht am -Rhein’ and ‘Deutschland Ueber Alles’ was subjected to a heavy fine, -which was immediately paid by a leading industrial, in consequence of -which the commandant was relieved of his office.” In Sulzbach, on the -Saar, the French issued the following proclamation: - - “‘Every person guilty of uttering shouts or grinning at a - passing troop will be arrested and brought before a court - martial for insulting the army. Every German official with - cap or arm-emblem who refrains from saluting officers will - be arrested and after an examination will be released. - His name will be reported to general headquarters of the - division.’” - -In the new electoral orders, 30 per cent. of the population of -Alsace-Lorraine is disfranchised. The voters are divided into three -classes, consisting of persons of French birth or pure French -extraction; second, of children born of mixed marriages. In this -class those only have the franchise who are the sons of French -fathers married to German mothers. The third class, consisting of -voters having a German father and an Alsatian mother, are completely -disfranchised. - -France is proceeding in Alsace-Lorraine as the English did in Acadia. -“The Nation” of September 6, 1919, indicates the measures in the -following article: - - Military measures for the punishment of troublesome French - citizens of Alsace-Lorraine are quoted in the following - extract from “L’Humanité” of July 16: - - “Citizen Grumbach spoke on Sunday, before the National - Council, of the order issued recently at Strasbourg - by M. Millerand, a decree under which any citizen of - Alsace-Lorraine who notably appeared to be an element of - disorder would be immediately turned over to the military - authorities. - - “This abominable decree, whose existence Grumbach thus - revealed, is now known in its entirety. It is to be found - in ‘The Official Bulletin of Upper Alsace,’ No. 25, June - 21, 1919. Its title is ‘Decree Relative to Citizens of - Alsace-Lorraine in Renewable Detachment’ (sic). Order is - given to the municipalities to draw up lists of citizens of - Alsace-Lorraine in renewable detachment. - - “And here is what Article 2 of this strange decree says: - - “1. Every citizen of Alsace-Lorraine whose class has not - yet been demobilized in France, and who notably appears to - be a disorderly element, shall be immediately, upon the - order of the Commandant of the District, arrested by the - police and turned over to the military authorities. - - “His papers will be sent by the Commandant to the - commanding general of the territory, who, after inquiry, - will command the return of the arrested man: - - “To his old organization if he was a volunteer in the - French army; - - “To the Alsace-Lorraine depot in Paris if he is a former - prisoner of the Allied armies, or a liberated German - soldier. - - “2. Citizens of Alsace-Lorraine whose class has been - demobilized in France. - - “Any of these men who notably appears to be a disorderly - element shall be arraigned by request of the Commissaries - of the Republic before the Commission de Triage under the - same classification as undesirable civilian citizens of - Alsace-Lorraine. - “Strasbourg, 24 May, 1919. - - “Commissary General of the Republic, - “A. MILLERAND.” - - After this, who can be scandalized by the vehement - criticisms directed at the National Council by Grumbach, - against the state of siege and of arbitrary rule which the - Government of the Republic imposes upon Alsace-Lorraine? - Does M. Clemenceau, that “old libertarian” know the - decree of Millerand? In any case it is important to know - that this decree is not aimed at the Germans residing in - Alsace-Lorraine, but at the citizens of Alsace-Lorraine of - Category A, those indisputably French. Incredible, yet true! - - -=Americans Not An English People.=--Careful computation made by Prof. -Albert B. Faust, of Cornell University, shows that while the English, -Scotch and Welsh together constituted 30.2 per cent. of the white -population of the United States of the whole of 81,731,957, according -to the census of 1910, the German element, including Hollanders, made -up 26.4 per cent. of the total, and constituted a close second, the -Irish coming next with a percentage of 18.6. - -Total white population in the U. S. proper, 1910 81,731,957 100% -English (including Scotch and Welsh, about - 3,000,000) 24,750,000 30.2 -German (including Dutch, about 3,000,000) 21,600,000 26.4 -Irish (including Catholic and Protestants) 15,250,000 18.6 -Scandinavian (Swedish, Norwegian, Danish) 4,000,000 4.8 -French (including Canadian French) 3,000,000 3.6 -Italian (mostly recent immigration) 2,500,000 3. -Hebrew (one-half recent Russian) 2,500,000 3. -Spanish (mostly Spanish-American) 2,000,000 2.4 -Austrian Slavs (Bohemian and Moravian, old - Slovac, etc., recent) 2,000,000 2.4 -Russians (Slavs and Finns one-tenth) 1,000,000 1.2 -Poles (many early in 19th Century) 1,000,000 1.2 -Magyars (recent immigration) 700,000 .8 -Balkan Peninsular 250,000 .3 -All others (exclusive of colored) 1,181,957 2.1 - -According to this table, more than twenty-six Americans out of every -hundred are of German origin and about thirty out of every hundred -only are either of English, Scotch or Welsh descent. Recent writers, -like Dr. William Griffis, and Douglas Campbell (“The Puritan in -Holland, England and America”) have vigorously disputed the theory -that the Americans are an English people. As Prof. Faust shows, -only 30.2 per cent. of the mixed races of the United States are -of English origin, while nearly 70 per cent. are of other racial -descent. Dr. Griffis wisely declares: “We are less an English nation -than composite of the Teutonic peoples,” and the great American -historian, Motley, declared: “We are Americans; but yesterday we were -Europeans--Netherlanders, Saxons, Normans, Swabians, Celts.” - - “She (England) has a conviction that whatever good there - is in us is wholly English, when the truth is that we - are worth nothing except as far as we have disinfected - ourselves of Anglicism.” James Russell Lowell in “Study - Windows.” - - “Most American authors and all Englishmen who have written - on the subject, set out with the theory that the people - in the United States are an English race, and that their - institutions, when not original, are derived from England. - These assumptions underlie all American histories, and they - have come to be so generally accepted that to question - them seems almost to savor of temerity.... Certainly =no - intelligent American can study the English people as he - does those of the Continent, and then believe that we are - of the same race, except as members of the Aryan division - of the human family, with the same human nature=.”--Douglas - Campbell. “The Puritan in Holland, England and America,” - Chapter I. - -“The Germans were among the earliest and the most numerous of -American settlers. The Anglo-Saxons are the acknowledged masters of -the earth. The bulk of the early immigrants were of these two stocks. -Examine the matter from any angle, and it is apparent that the -American people are the direct, immediate descendants of world empire -builders. - -“The American colonies were all settled by British, French, Germans, -Spanish and other inhabitants of the north and west of Europe. The -central and western Europeans played no part in the early history of -the colonies. Colonial ancestry means the ancestry of the world’s -conquering peoples. - -“Immigration during most of the nineteenth century was from the same -portion of Europe. The immigration records (kept only since 1820) -show that between that year and 1840 the immigrants from Europe -numbered 594,504, among whom there were 358,994 from the British -Isles [including, of course, the Irish--Editor] and 159,215 from -Germany, making a total from the two countries of 518,209, or 87 per -cent. of the immigrants arriving in the 20-year period. During the -next 20 years (1840-1860) the total of immigrants from Europe was -4,050,159, of whom the British Isles furnished 2,385,846, and Germany -1,386,392, making for these two countries 95 per cent. of the whole. -Even during the 20 years from 1860 to 1880, 82 per cent. of the -immigrants to the United States from Europe hailed from the British -Isles and from Germany. During the most of the nineteenth century -European immigration was overwhelmingly British and German. - -“Nearly nine-tenths of the early immigrants to the United States came -from these countries. They and the countries immediately adjoining -them furnished practically all of the men and women who settled -in North America from the earliest days of colonization down to -1880--the beginning of the last generation. The American race stock -is built around the stock of Great Britain and Germany.”--Prof. Scott -Nearing. - -(See “The German Element in American Life,” elsewhere.) - -Whatever racial prejudice and political bias may attempt to do, -philosophers and thinkers know that from the German race emanated the -ideals of freedom and personal liberty which is the heritage of the -whole world. To that great French thinkers, Montesquieu, Guizot and -others have candidly testified, as have Englishmen, such as Hume and -Carlyle. In describing the battle of Chalons in his standard work, -“The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World,” Prof. E. S. Creasy says: - - In order to estimate the full importance of the battle - of Chalons we must keep steadily in mind who and what - the Germans were and the important distinction between - them and the numerous other races that assailed the Roman - Empire; and it is to be understood that the Gothic and - Scandinavian nations are included in the German race. Now, - in two remarkable traits the Germans differed from the - Sarmatic as well as from the Slavic nations, and indeed - from all those other races to whom the Greeks and Romans - gave the designation of barbarians. I allude to their - personal freedom and regard for the rights of men; secondly - to the respect paid by them to the female sex and the - chastity for which the latter were celebrated among the - people of the North. These were the foundations of that - probity of character, self-respect and purity of manners - which may be traced among the Germans and Goths even - during pagan times, and which, when their sentiments were - enlightened by Christianity, brought out those splendid - traits of character which distinguish the age of chivalry - and romance. (See Prichard’s “Researches Into the Physical - History of Man.”) What the intermixture of the German stock - with the classic, at the fall of the western empire, has - done for mankind may be best felt, with Arnold (Arnold’s - “Lectures on Modern History”) over how large a portion - of the earth the influence of the German element is now - extended. - - It affects more or less the whole west of Europe, from the - head of the Gulf of Bothnia to the most southern promontory - of Sicily, from the Oder and the Adriatic to the Hebrides - and to Lisbon. It is true that the language spoken over a - large portion of this space is not predominantly German; - but even in France and Italy and Spain the influence of the - Franks, Burgundians, Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Lombards, - while it has colored even the language, has in blood - and institutions left its mark legibly and indelibly. - Germany, the low countries, Switzerland for the most part, - Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and our own islands, are - all in language, in blood and institutions, German most - decidedly. But all South America is peopled with Spaniards - and Portuguese; all North America and Australia with - Englishmen. I say nothing of the prospects and influence of - the German race in Africa and in India; it is enough to say - that half of Europe and all of America and Australia are - German, more or less completely, in race, in language, in - institutions or in all. - -It has been extravagantly modish to distort ethnological facts and -set up new gods, but the assailants of the German race have not -been able successfully to deny that tremendous influence which has -given birth to the free institutions of the world, and there are -not wanting among Americans of authority those who have been openly -outspoken for the truth. President Garfield in his article on “My -Experiences as a Lawyer” in the “North American Review” for June, -1887, p. 569, observed, alluding to a speech made by him on the death -of his friend, Representative Gustav Schleicher of Texas in 1879: - - “We are accustomed to call England our fatherland. It is a - mistake; one of the greatest of modern historians writing - the history of the English people has said that England - is not the fatherland of the English-speaking people, but - Germany. I go into that and say, ‘The real fatherland of - the people of this country is Germany, and our friend who - has fallen came to us direct from our fatherland, and, not, - like the rest of us, around by the way of England.’ Then I - give a little sketch of German character, and what Carlyle - and Montesquieu said, that the British constitution came - out of the woods of Germany.” - -In a like manner Charles E. Hughes, while governor of New York State, -in a speech at Mount Vernon in 1908, said: - - Did you ever think that a very large portion of our people, - despite their present distinction of home and birthplace, - and even nationality, are descended from those common - ancestors who a few years ago lived their life in the - German forests? There were nourished the institutions of - freedom; and if any one were to point to any place in the - world to which, above all, we trace our free institutions, - we would point, above all, to the forests of Germany. - - -=Americans Saved from Mexican Mob at Tampico by German Cruiser -“Dresden.”=--The destruction of the little German cruiser “Dresden” -by the British in the neutral waters of Chili, in March, 1915, must -call up sentimental memories in the hearts of certain Americans. -For it was the gallant little “Dresden” under command of Capt. von -Koehler, that saved the lives of hundreds of American refugees who -were surrounded by a bloodthirsty mob of Mexicans at the Southern -Hotel, Tampico, Mexico, April 21, 1914. These fugitives had gathered -from all parts of Mexico, expecting to be protected by the American -battleships in Tampico Bay. But by some criminal short-sightedness -the American ships were ordered to withdraw, and the Americans at -the Southern Hotel were exposed to immediate death by a raging mob, -when Capt. von Koehler entered upon the scene and threatened to lay -Tampico in ashes if the mob did not disperse in fifteen minutes. -He then sent a squad of his blue jackets ashore and extricated -the besieged people from their dangerous position. Two American -yachts, hoisting the German and English flags, carried the refugees -to a place of safety. Capt. von Koehler’s gallantry was publicly -acknowledged by Secretary of State Bryan. A special dispatch to -the New York “Times,” dated Galveston, April 27, stated that “the -officers of the battleship ‘Connecticut’ said tonight that but for -the action of the men of the German cruiser ‘Dresden’ there would -have been bloodshed on Tuesday night.” And “the refugees arriving on -the ‘Esperanza’ sent this cable dispatch to the German Emperor: - - “To your officers and men we owe our lives and pledge our - lifetime gratitude. We salute you and the noble men of your - Empire.” - - -=Armstadt, Major George.=--After the sack of Washington, the burning -of the White House and the Capitol, in 1812, the British proceeded -to attack Baltimore. This action brought into great prominence -two Americans of German descent. General Johann Stricker, born in -Frederick, Md., in 1759, was in command of the militia, and Major -George Armstadt commanded Fort McHenry. He was born in New Market -in 1780 of Hessian parents. “If Armstadt had not held Fort McHenry -during its terrific bombardment by the British,” writes Rudolf Cronau -in “Our Hyphenated Citizens,” a valuable little brochure, “our -national hymn, ‘The Star Spangled Banner,’ most probably would never -have been written.” - - -=American School Children and Foreign Propaganda.=--The tendency -in some directions to picture George III as “a German King,” in -order to shift upon the shoulders of a historical manikin the -responsibility for the American Revolutionary War, has gone so far -as to attempt to blind the unthinking masses to the truth about -our war of independence; but it should be remembered that if the -responsibility rested wholly with this alleged “German King,” then -Washington, Jefferson and Franklin deceived the American people and -the Declaration of Independence was a lie. In that event we have -lived 140 years of our history under a delusion and a fiction. It -is eminently to the interest of English propaganda to create and -strengthen this impression, and it is regrettable that no organized -opposition has developed to the attempt to inculcate into the minds -of our school children the conception that but for this German King -we should still be a contented colony of the British crown. - -How is this fiction fostered? - -Largely through the medium of certain important book publishers, -who print school books, though the public is ignorant of the fact -that the majority of these publishing houses are financed either -by British or American circles closely intermarried or financially -related to English houses. - -The movement to rewrite the history of the United States in the -interest of England is so widespread and persistent that the chairman -of the Americanization Committee of the Massachusetts Chamber of -Commerce, in November, 1919, published an expose of his discoveries -and conclusions as to the extent of the British propaganda, in which -he said: - - To work among aliens to build up respect and loyalty for - the United States while a stupendous plot is under way to - destroy the very thing which we are pleading with these - aliens to preserve is wasted effort. - -In view of the efforts to burden the shoulders of George III with -the offenses that led to the Declaration of Independence while -exonerating the English people of any guilt, by representing him as a -“German King” to the uninformed minds of our school children, it is -pertinent to quote Lord Macaulay’s description of George III: - - The young king was a born Englishman; all his tastes, good - or bad, were English.... His age, his appearance and all - that was known of his character conciliated public favor. - He was in the bloom of youth; his person and address were - pleasing. Scandal imputed to him no vice; and flattery - might without any glowing absurdity ascribe to him many - princely virtues. - -We find nothing in Macaulay to warrant the conclusion that George, -a born Englishman in the third generation, was not complete master -of the English language, as has been alleged; and, moreover, if he -can reasonably be called a German, because of his German ancestry, -it follows that the same allegation can be reasonably preferred -against President Wilson, and that, because of his even nearer -English ancestry, he is really an Englishman and not an American--an -imputation which his partisans would declare an absurdity on its face. - -A further proof of the vicious misrepresentation which describes -George III singly and alone responsible for the cause of the -Revolution is contained in the words of our forefathers themselves. -They must have known whom they were fighting, who tyrannized over -them and who were trying to subjugate them. And this is what they -said to the world: - - In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for - redress in the most humble terms. Our repeated petitions - have been answered only by repeated inquiry.... Nor have - we been wanting in attention to our =British brethren=. We - have warned them from time to time of attempts by =their - legislature= to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction - over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of - our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to - their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured - them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these - usurpations. =They, too=, have been deaf to the voice of - justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce - in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold - =them=, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in - peace friends. - - -=American School Children and English Propaganda.=--The Encyclopedia -Britannica says: “The notion that England was justified in throwing -on America part of the expenses caused in the late war =was popular -in the country=.... George III, who thought that the first duty of -the Americans was to obey himself, =had on his side the mass of the -unreflecting Englishmen= who thought that the first duty of all -colonists was to be useful and submissive of the mother country.... -When the news of Burgoyne’s surrender at Saratoga arrived in 1777, -subscription of money to raise new regiments poured freely in.” - -It is not enough to disprove the absurd statement that the English -people had no responsibility for the stamp act and the oppressions -that were practiced against the American colonies, and that all -these evils were the work of George III; it is vital for the -American people to recognize the danger of the ultimate aim of the -Anglo-American publishers who are supplying the public schools -with histories in which the English are exalted and the Germans -represented as our immemorial enemies, all contrary evidence -notwithstanding. (See under “Frederick the Great,” elsewhere.) - -Edward F. McSweeney, of the Americanization Committee of the -Massachusetts Chamber of Commerce, in tracing the baleful propaganda, -calls attention to a Fourth of July demonstration in London in 1917, -during which George Haven Putnam, himself a native of London, head of -one of the largest book publishing houses in this country, made the -following observations: - - The feelings and prejudices of the Americans concerning - their transatlantic kinsfolk were shaped for my generation, - as for the boys of every generation that has grown up - since 1775, on text books and histories that presented - unhistorical, partisan and often distorted views of the - history of the first English colonies, of the events of the - Revolution, of the issues that brought about the War of - 1812-15, and the grievances of 1861-1865. - - The influence of the British element in our population has - proved sufficiently strong to enable the English-Americans - to bring it under control and to weld it into a nation - that, in its common character and purposes, =is English=. - =Text books are now being prepared which will present - juster historical accounts of the events of 1775-83, - 1812-15 and 1861-65.= - - Americans of today, looking back at the history with a - better sense of justice and a better knowledge of the - facts than was possible for their ancestors, are prepared - to recognize also that their great-grandfathers had - treated with serious injustice and with great unwisdom the - loyalists of New York and of New England, who had held to - the cause of the Crown. - - It is in order now to admit that the loyalists had a fair - cause to defend, and it was not to be wondered at that many - men of the more conservative way of thinking should have - convinced themselves that =the cause of good government - for the colonies would be better served by maintaining the - royal authority and by improving the royal methods than - by breaking away into the all-dubious possibilities of - independence=. - - I had occasion some months back when in Halifax to - apologize before the great Canadian Club, to the - descendants of some of the men who had in 1776 been - forced out of Boston through the illiberal policy of my - great-grandfather and his associates. My friends in Halifax - (and the group included some of my cousins) said that the - apology had come a little late, but that they were prepared - to accept it. They were prepared to meet more than half way - the Yankee suggestion. - - During the present sojourn in England I met in one of the - Conservative clubs an old Tory acquaintance, who, with - characteristic frankness, said: - - “Major, I am inclined to think that it was a good thing - that we did not break up your republic in 1861. =We have - need of you today in our present undertaking.=” - -The methods to be followed in the pursuit of the plan to induce -us to repudiate our ancestors and their action are diverse and -always devious. It begins with an agitation for “an orderly Fourth -of July,” in order to wipe out the memories of 1776, and it finds -expression in insidious attempts to discredit our national poets, -notably Longfellow, for recording the rape of the Acadians in his -“Evangeline,” and for writing “Paul Revere’s Ride.” - -This foreign propaganda is supported by men like Putnam and even -American writers like Owen Wister. For the Fourth of July issue of -the London “Times” in 1919, Wister wrote an article in which he said: - - A movement to correct the school books (in America) has - been started and will go on. It will be thwarted in every - way possible by certain of your enemies. They will busily - remind us that you burnt our Capitol; that you let loose - the Alabama on us during the Civil War; they will never - mention the good turns you have done us. They would spoil, - if they could, the better understanding that so many of us - are striving for. - -At the meeting of the House of Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal -Church, at Detroit, October 11, 1919, a resolution was offered -to exclude from the church hymnal “The Star Spangled Banner” and -“America.” In some of the public schools in New York copy books are -furnished the children with a picture of General Haig and embellished -with the British flag, and for some time pictures of a flag combining -the American Stars and Stripes and the Union Jack in one design were -publicly exhibited for sale all over New York City. - -We read in the Prefatory Note to the revised edition of “English -History for Americans,” by Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Edward -Channing (1904): “In the preparation of this revised edition, the -authors have been guided by the thought that the study of English -history in our schools generally precedes that of the United States.” - -There is obviously as strong a Tory sentiment in the United States -as there was in 1776, 1779, 1808 and 1812, and the words of Thomas -Jefferson, in his letter to Governor Langdon, of New Hampshire, are -as true today as they were then: - - =The Toryism with which we struggled in ‘77 differed but in - name from the Federalism of ‘99, with which we struggled - also; and the Anglicism of 1808 against which we are now - struggling is but the same thing still in another form. - It is a longing for a King, and an English King rather - than any other. This is the true source of our sorrows and - wailings.= - -Again we hear the prophetic voice of Abraham Lincoln as it is borne -to us like an echo of his speech at Springfield, Ill., June 26, 1857: - - The assertion that “all men are created equal” was of - no practical use in effecting our separation from Great - Britain and it was placed in the Declaration not for that, - but for future use. Its authors meant it to be--as, thank - God, it is now proving itself--=a stumbling block to all - those who in after times might seek to turn a free people - back into the hateful paths of despotism. They knew the - proneness of posterity to breed tyrants, and they meant - when such should reappear in this fair land and commence - their vocation, they should find left for them at least one - hard nut to crack=. - -England’s chief propagandist is Lord Northcliffe. He owns the London -“Times,” and the latter, on July 4, 1919, clearly outlined in an -editorial the method to be pursued in turning us from our ideals and -making us forget the glorious traditions of the past. It said: - - Efficient propaganda, carried out by those trained in the - arts of creating public good-will and of swaying public - opinion as a definite purpose, is now needed, urgently - needed. To make a beginning, efficiently organized - propaganda should mobilize the press, the Church, the stage - and the cinema; press into service the whole educational - systems of both countries and root the spirit of good will - in the homes, the universities, public and high schools, - and private schools. - - It should also provide for subsidizing the best men to - write books and articles on special subjects, to be - published in cheap editions or distributed free to classes - interested. Authoritative opinion on current controversial - topics should be prepared both for the daily press and - for magazines; histories and text books upon literature - should be revised. New books should be added, particularly - in the primary schools. Hundreds of exchange university - scholarships should be provided. - -In this manner the article continues, revealing, in defiance of all -sense of delicacy and discretion, the English attempt to undermine -the foundations of our national life by tampering with the children -of the public schools and the young men and women in the universities. - -The English campaign of propaganda invades the home, the school and -the church; and has already assumed a degree of appalling boldness -in denying to America any substantial share in the issue of the -World War. Protesting against a pamphlet, “Some Facts About the -British,” said to have been published “at the suggestion of the -War Department,” District Attorney Joseph C. Pelletier, of Boston, -addressed Secretary of War Baker as follows: - - I cannot believe that this pamphlet has come to your - notice, for I cannot believe that you would suggest, far - less authorize, any statement regarding the war which - unduly lionized Great Britain and absolutely omitted any - mention of the decisive share of the United States in the - triumph of the Allied Powers. - -If the sinister plot, with its ramifications in our churches and -universities, our publishing houses and newspapers, is to be checked, -it will be necessary to act so as to make it unprofitable for these -interests to pursue their plans in quiet, and to seek by every means -available to arouse something of the good old spirit of 1776 that -prevailed throughout America until the advent of the late John Hay as -the first American ambassador to forget the traditions of his country -and its experiences at the hands of England. - -How painful, how humiliating to every American, it should be to have -the history of our national life for 144 years declared a forgery and -to see it rewritten at the dictates of the champions of a foreign -power who repudiate the stand of their forefathers. (See “Propaganda -in the United States.”) - - -=Astor, John Jacob.=--“The inborn spirit of John Jacob Astor made -America what it is,” is the judgment passed upon this famous German -American by Arthur Butler Hurlbut. Popular conception of John Jacob -Astor’s personality and work is based upon a collossal underestimate -of his tremendous service in the cause of the commercial and economic -development of the United States. More interest attaches to those -things which appear adventurous in Astor’s life than to the genius -which inspired all his undertakings in pursuing unsuspected aims and -converting into accomplishments objects that seemed impossible of -accomplishment. Many picture him as a sort of Leatherstocking with an -eye to business, a hunter and trapper, boldly invading the wilderness -and making friends of the Indians, and who finally amassed an immense -fortune from the fur trade. - -Truth is, only two millions represented the share of his fur trade -in the total of twenty or thirty million dollars which constituted -his fortune at the time of his death. The mythical John Jacob Astor -was a creation of those who came after him; the real one appeared -quite different to his contemporaries. His bier was surrounded by -the leading statesmen, financiers and scholars of the first half of -the nineteenth century, for they knew what today is either little -known or forgotten, that his methods were those of a true pioneer and -pathfinder. - -None other than John Jacob Astor found the way of making American -commerce independent of England by getting around the English -middleman in New York for the disposal of his products and shipping -direct to the London market. It was he who opened the ports of China, -then the foremost trading country of the Orient, to the American -ships, by securing this privilege direct from the East India Company. -It was Astor who made possible trans-continental intercourse and who -opened the way from the Atlantic to the Pacific by the founding of -Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River. It was at the cost of a -fortune, it is true, but, with a spirit of enterprise which remained -unrivaled for sixty years after he had blazed the way. Knowledge is -power; and Astor, equipped only with an education such as a village -school afforded, had a genius for imbibing knowledge from every -source and direction, and then to employ it to the full bent of his -exceptional ability. - -His life (“Life and Ventures of the Original John Jacob Astor,” by -Elizabeth L. Gebhard, Bryan Pub. Co., Hudson, N. Y.) was crowded -with anecdotal incidents of his ability and manner of gathering -information, always in the form of confidential chatter, or a simple -plying of questions. In this he was materially aided by a winning -personality, an open manner and inherent modesty, characteristics -which clung to him even after he had become one of the leading and -most influential figures in the country, and which remained with him -until his death. He was a man of natural nobility, who achieved great -results during his life-time and left his descendants to complete -what he had no time to complete himself. - -The author quoted, who is a great granddaughter of the Rev. Dr. John -Gabriel Gebhard, pastor of the German Reformed Church in Nassau -Street, New York, during the Revolution, and who was driven out of -his pulpit through the machinations of the influential Tories then in -New York, and forced to preach in Claverack in Van Rensselaer County, -on the Hudson, declares that however fondly attached Astor was to -his adopted country, he never abandoned certain ideals instilled in -him in the old German home and of which neither his experiences nor -the radical changes surrounding one so young could ever divest him, -ideals translated into German thoroughness, German love of industry -and efficiency and German honesty, judgment and foresight, confidence -and the guiding principle that knowledge is power. - -He enjoyed the friendship of many eminent men, and was very intimate -with Washington Irving and Fitz-Greene Halleck, at the suggestion of -the former leaving $400,000 to found the Astor Library in New York -City. - -He was born in Waldorf, near Heidelberg, Germany, came to New York -at the age of twenty with a few musical instruments, which he sold -and the proceeds of which he invested in furs. He died March 29, -1848. His descendants only in part remembered the racial origin of -the founder of their fortune, and one of them expatriated himself -and in December, 1915, was made a baron by the King of England in -recognition of his loyalty to the British Crown. - - -=Titled Americans.=--The correspondent of the New York “Evening -Post,” writing from Paris after the armistice, commented on the power -of propaganda through the medium of decorations bestowed on Americans -by some of the foreign governments. The war has assuredly added a -long list to the roll of titled Americans, Knights of the Garter and -of the Bath and Chevaliers and Commanders of the Legion of Honor. -Except Secretary Daniels and former Senator Lewis, practically all -accepted the dignities with which they were invested at the hands of -royalty. The cross of the Legion of Honor was established by Napoleon -and historically is an imperial decoration. - -Prominent among those who had knighthood conferred upon them at the -hands of the King of England were General Pershing, General Dickman, -former Ambassador James W. Gerard, Oscar Straus, Col. C. Cordier, -Brigadier General C. B. Wheeler and Major General George W. Goethals -(Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George). -Lieutenant General Robert L. Bullard was decorated by the King of -Belgium with the Order of Leopold and made a Commander of the Legion -of Honor. General Joseph H. Kuhn, former military attache at Berlin -with the American embassy, was made a Commander of the Legion of -Honor. James M. Beck, a famous Wall Street corporation lawyer, was -made “a Bencher,” an honor never before bestowed on an American, and -he also received the Order of the Crown from the King of Belgium; -Alfred C. Bedford, chairman of the board of directors of the Standard -Oil Company, was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor; Lieutenant -Laurenc C. Welling of Mount Vernon received the order of a Chevalier -of the Crown of Belgium; the Legion of Honor Cross was conferred on -Dr. William T. Manning, rector of Trinity Church, New York; Otto H. -Kahn was appointed by the King of Italy, Commander of the Crown of -Italy, as was Major Julius A. Adler; J. M. Nye, chief special agent, -in charge of King Albert’s train in the United States, was given -the order of Chevalier of the Order of Leopold; Elizabeth Marbury -was decorated with the Medal of Queen Elizabeth of Belgium “in -recognition of services rendered to Belgium since 1914.” - -Others named to be Knights Commanders by the King of England were -Brigadier General George Bell, Jr., Major General William Lassiter, -Brigadier General John L. Hines and Brigadier General Charles H. -Muir; Commanders of the Order of the Bath, Brigadier General Malin -Craig and Brigadier General Harry A. Smith; Commanders of the Order -of St. Michael and St. George, Col. John Montgomery, Col. David -H. Biddle, Col. William P. Wooten, Col. Horace Stebbins. Several -American naval officers were “promoted” and nominated in the Legion -of Honor. - -Admiral Benson promoted to receive the Grand Cross of the Legion, -while Admiral Mayo and Rear-Admirals Sims and Wilson are advanced -to the grade of Grand Officer. Rear-Admirals Gleaves, Usher, Long, -Griffin, Welles, Taylor and Earle become Commanders of the Legion. - -Dr. Henry van Dyke, former American ambassador to the Netherlands, -and Alexander J. Hemphill were made Chevaliers of the French Legion -of Honor. - -Companion of the Order of Bath--Major General William L. Kenly. -Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George--Brigadier -General William Mitchell, Brigadier General George S. Diggs, Colonel -Walter Kilmer and Major Harold Fowler. - -The widow of Col. Robert Bacon, who fell in action, was invested -with the insignia on behalf of her husband of the order of British -knighthood; Edward R. Stettinius was made a Commander of the Legion -of Honor; the Order of the Crown was conferred on Elliot Wadsworth of -Boston; Mrs. James Hamilton Lewis received a French decoration; Jacob -A. Riis received the order of Danneborg from the King of Denmark. -This list is only a partial one of Americans distinguished in the -manner indicated, which prompted Arthur Brisbane in his column in the -New York “American” to observe: - - We shall have our little titled class in America, thanks - to the British King’s action. General Pershing is now “Sir - John”--in England, anyhow, and here if he chooses. Our - General Dickman, commander of the Third Army, is made a - Knight Commander of the Bath. He will be “Sir Joseph” and - his wife “Lady Dickman.” Those that “dearly love a Lord” or - a Knight are not all English. - - In England such men as Gladstone, Carlyle and others - refused any title, setting too high a value upon their own - dignity. Some American soldiers have missed an opportunity - to take democracy seriously. - - -=Atrocities.=--It is easily conceivable that had Germany been invaded -early in the war by the joint world powers, instead of the reverse, -there would have been a decided sentiment in favor of Germany -instead of an increasing hatred which in a short time was extended -to people of German ancestry in the United States; it held them -morally responsible for the alleged atrocities of the German armies -in Belgium. When a paper like the New York “Sun” holds that “the -Germans are not human beings in the common acceptation of the term,” -it cannot avoid the responsibility which that verdict imposes on -every person of German lineage in America. It is therefore a matter -of duty to investigate the testimony of responsible persons whether -the Belgian atrocities had any existence in the light in which they -were presented. The administration shares this responsibility in -having steadfastly ignored demands for the publication of the report -on Belgian atrocities made by the British government early in the war -and transmitted to the State Department by Ambassador Page at London. -These atrocities were alleged to consist of cutting off of hands of -Belgian children, cutting off tongues, of mutilating the breasts of -women, of outraging nuns and violating nurses, crucifying soldiers, -etc. - -Now and then a conscientious voice was heard out of the universal cry -of accusation such as represented by the following self-explanatory -letter addressed to the New York “Evening Post:” - - To The Editor of the “Evening Post:” - - Sir: Every man who has had a connection with the honorable - British journalism of the past ought to thank you for - your just and moderate rebuke of the pretended censorship - which has passed off such a mountain of falsehoods on the - public of both hemispheres. I suppose I am the Doyen of - the foreign editors of London, and well I know that under - Gladstone and Beaconsfield it would have been impossible to - find either writers or censors for the abominable fictions - which have been spread in order to inflame the British - masses against their German opponents. The tales of German - officers filling their pockets with the severed feet and - hands of Belgian babies, and German Catholic regiments - deliberately destroying French Catholic Cathedrals, would - decidedly not have been accepted by any editors of the - “Times” or “Morning Post” in the days of Queen Victoria. - - The worst part of these infamous inventions has been that - they have stirred up the blind fury of the English populace - against tens of thousands of inoffensive and useful - foreigners who have done nothing but good in a hundred - honest professions, and who are now, in the midst of savage - threats and insults, torn from their industrious homes and - thrust into bleak and miserable prisons without a single - comfort on the brink of the wintry season. The spectacle is - a hideous one, and the military censorship which has spread - the exciting calumnies has gained no enviable place in - truthful history. - - F. Hugh O’Donnell. - - Formerly foreign editor on the “Morning Post,” “Spectator,” - and other leading journals. - -Melville E. Stone, general manager of the “Associated Press,” in an -address before the Commercial Club of St. Louis, early in 1918, as -reported in the St. Louis “Globe-Democrat,” of March 25, 1918, among -other things made the following statement: - - One of the many rumors which I have investigated since the - beginning of the war is that “the hands of Belgian children - have been cut off.” This is not the truth. Aside from all - other proof, a child whose hands had been cut off would die - if not given immediate medical attention; any surgeon or - physician will bear me out in this. - - The rumor was given currency by pro-Germans in this - country, I believe, because it was so easy to deny it; they - could assume on the strength of the proof of that denial - that all other atrocities, of which there were innumerable - instances, could be denied. - - I have investigated forty or fifty of such stories, and in - every case have found them untrue. One of these statements - came from the wife of a leading banker in Paris. She was - asked where she had seen the child, and mentioned a certain - railway station. Asked if she had seen the child, she - replied she had seen a little girl with her hands wrapped - up. She did not know the little girl. In reply to another - question she admitted she had been told the child’s hands - had been cut off by Germans by a woman who stood on the - platform near her. She had never seen the woman before or - after, and did not know her or know her name. - - “There is a little band of Catholic priests,” he said, “who - have been going into Belgium and Holland and hunting out - children who have lost one or both parents or in the great - excitement have become separated from their parents. They - informed me in a letter that they had taken between 5,000 - and 6,000 children from these countries and found homes for - them, and that they never had seen such a case and didn’t - believe they existed.” - -On December 16, 1917, the Rev. J. F. Stillimans, a pupil of Cardinal -Mercier, director of the Belgian Propaganda Bureau in New York, -made a similar statement, singularly assigning the same reasons for -the currency of the reports, namely, that they were inspired by -“Germans.” He said: - - I believe that the rumors as to mutilated children being - in this country are started and circulated by the Germans - themselves for the sake of being able to declare them - erroneous and to claim victoriously, though illogically, - that all other accusations are to be judged untrue, since - in this particular case no proof is forthcoming. - -Because the proof was not forthcoming, the campaign was abandoned, -thus leaving in the lurch a great many supposedly honorable persons -who had sworn to “the truth of what they had seen with their own -eyes.” - -B. N. Langdon Davies, an Englishman, speaking at Madison, Wis., as -reported under date of December 5, 1919, said among other things, -that the public had been fed on a great deal of misinformation, and -that most of the German atrocities were manufactured by Allied press -agents for the purpose of stirring up hate. - -The London “Globe” of November 1, 1915, said: - - In regard to the stories about German war atrocities, which - are as mythical as the Russians in France, the “Globe” - has received numerous letters. Those who have until now - given credence to these stories must realize that reports - concerning atrocities which were never committed will tend - to shake confidence in the accuracy of reports concerning - innumerable barbarities which have been committed. These - reports are still credited in many circles, and what is - the result when investigations are instituted? It can - be expressed in one sentence which an official of the - Committee on Belgian Refugees stated to a reporter of the - “Globe” today: - - “We have not seen a single mutilated Belgian refugee in - this country, nor have we found anyone who had ever seen - one.” - -The following extract is from the “Universe,” London: - - A correspondent writing from Amsterdam states that a friend - of his, a Catholic, who has visited many convents in - Belgium with the object of testing stories of ill-treatment - of nuns, makes the following statements. After careful - examination it is evident that, with the exception of one - or two isolated instances of rough treatment, Catholic - nuns have nowhere suffered violence; on the contrary, - this witness cites many examples of humane and excellent - behavior on the part of the Germans, both officers and - men. It is not to be assumed from the above that the - gentleman quoted has made an exhaustive examination of all - the convents in Belgium, but his evidence is noteworthy - since he explicitly denies, on the authority of the nuns - themselves, the stories of violence that were spread abroad - regarding two convents, one of which was at Malines and the - other at Blaunpal. - -John T. McCutcheon, special war correspondent of the New York “World” -and Chicago “Tribune,” made this declaration in September, 1914: - - In that time from Louvain to the French frontier at - Beaumont, there has not been a single instance of wanton - brutality which has come under my observation. The widely - disseminated stories of German atrocities were found to - be groundless, and I am sincerely convinced, after my - association and the observation of the officers and private - soldier of the German columns with which I have traveled, - that no army could go through a hostile country with fewer - exhibitions of brutality. - -In a special dispatch to the New York “Times,” dated London, October -16, 1914, Irvin S. Cobb, writes: - - In all my travels in the theater of war I have seen no - atrocities committed by either side. I have seen men led - away to execution, but only after thorough and ready - justice of a drumhead court martial had been administered. - Germany is full of stories of German Red Cross nurses with - their breasts slashed by Belgians. - -A highly important witness in this connection is Emily Hobhouse, -the well-known English philanthropist and writer. In October, 1916, -Miss Hobhouse wrote an article for a British periodical, giving her -impressions of her visit to Belgium. She emphasized her astonishment -at seeing so little of the terrible devastation which she had been -led, by English newspaper reports, to expect. From her experience -in the South African war she was well aware that soldiers rule with -fire and sword, but she found nothing in Belgium to compare with the -devastation of South Africa. While but 15,000 houses out of a total -of 2,000,000 had been destroyed in Belgium, the houses of 30,000 -farmers had been destroyed in the Boer war out of a relatively much -smaller total, and whole cities and towns with their schools and -churches had been made level with the ground. Even in cities like -Liege and Antwerp, where the fighting had been fierce, she could -discover no evidence of any extraordinary destructiveness on the part -of the Germans, and the conditions in Louvain, which she had pictured -as a place of ruins, fairly astounded her. - -In May, 1915, on his return from Europe, Ex-Mayor and -Ex-Representative McClellan of New York, gave out a statement -correcting the view so prevalent in American circles that Belgium was -devastated. - -The following correspondence will speak for itself: - - Rev. J. F. Matthews, Glossop Road Baptist Church, Sheffield. - - Dear Sir:--A correspondent informs us that on Sunday - morning you stated in the course of a sermon delivered in - Wash Lane Church, Latchford, Washington, that there is a - Belgian girl in Sheffield with her nose cut off and her - stomach ripped open by the Germans and that she is still - living and getting better. I am anxious to investigate - stories of German atrocities and should be grateful if you - could send particulars to me by which your statement could - be authenticated. Faithfully yours, - - A. FENNER BROCKWAY, - Editor of “Labor Leader.” - - The Editor the “Labor Leader.” - - Dear Mr. Brockway: I enclose our consul’s letter, which I - have just received. I am writing a letter to my old church - at Latchford, to be read on Sunday next, contradicting - the story which I told on what seemed to be unimpeachable - authority. I am glad I did not give the whole alleged facts - as they were given to me. With many thanks for your note - and inquiry, I am, yours sincerely, - - JOHN FRANCIS MATTHEWS, - March 12, 1915. - (Enclosure.) - - Dear Mr. Matthews: Replying to your letter of the 9th - inst., enclosing a letter which you have received from the - “Labor Leader,” although I have heard of a number of cases - of Belgian girls being maltreated in one way or another, - I have on investigation not found a particle of truth in - one of them, and I know of no girl in Sheffield who has - had her nose cut off and her stomach ripped open. I have - also investigated cases in other towns, but have not yet - succeeded in getting hold of any tangible information. - Yours very truly, - - A. BALFAY, - Consulat du Royanne de Belgique. - District War Refugee Committee for Belgians. - March 11, 1915. - -Horace Green, a war correspondent, who spent many weeks in Belgium -during the early stages of the war, in his book, “The Log of a -Noncombatant,” issued by the Houghton Mifflin Company, devotes the -last chapter to a discussion of atrocities. Concluding that the -stories of atrocities have been exaggerated a hundred fold, Mr. Green -says: - - The reports of unprovoked personal atrocities have been - =hideously exaggerated=. Wherever one real atrocity has - occurred, it has been multigraphed into a hundred cases. - Each, with clever variation in detail, is reported as - occurring to a relative or close friend of the teller. For - campaign purposes, and particularly in England for the sake - of stimulating recruiting, a partisan press has helped - along the concoction of lies. - - In every war of invasion there is bound to occur a certain - amount of plunder and rapine. The German system of reprisal - is relentless; but the German =private as an individual - is no more barbaric= than his brother in the French, the - British, or the Belgian trenches. - -In the “Atlantic Monthly” for October, 1917, Prof. Kellogg, of -the American Belgian Relief Commission, while severely arraigning -Germany’s treatment of Belgium, expressly states that he came across -no instance of Belgian children with their hands cut off or women -with breasts mutilated. - -Ernest P. Bicknell, Director of Civilian Relief, American Red Cross, -in an article in “The Survey” in 1917, writes as follows: - - The world is familiar with stories of the atrocities - charged against the German army in Belgium. In our travels - in Belgium many of these stories came to our ears. In time - we came to feel that a fair consideration of these reports - required a careful discrimination between the conduct of - individual German soldiers, and those operations carried on - under the direction of army officers in accordance with a - deliberately adopted military policy. - - Approaching this subject in accordance with this idea, we - should classify the stories of mutilations, violations of - women, killing of women and children, etc., as belonging - in the category chargeable against individuals of reckless - and criminal character, who when opportunity offers, will - gratify their lawless passions. The stories of individual - atrocities in Belgium, which have shocked the world, we - found difficult to verify. While it is probable that such - atrocities were occasionally committed, I personally came - in contact with no instance of that character during my - travels about Belgium; nor did I discuss this subject with - any person who had himself come in contact with such an - instance. - - In my opinion the verdict of history upon the conduct of - the German army in Belgium will give little heed to these - horrifying stories of individual crime. - -Testimony along the same line is furnished by Father Duffy, chaplain -of the 165th Infantry; the War Refugee Committee in London, George -Bernard Shaw, General Pershing, General March and many others of -equal standing, and furnishes an array of evidence that is strangely -opposed to that of Mrs. Harjes, the wife of the partner of J. P. -Morgan, that she personally saw Belgian children with their hands -cut off, and of Cardinal Mercier, who stirred the heart of humanity -when he declared that “forty-nine Belgian priests were tortured and -put to death by the Germans during the occupation.” It is a matter -of record, however, that General Bissig, Governor General of Belgium -during the occupation, forbade the Belgians to keep song birds that -had been bereft of their eyes to make them sing better. The order -concludes: “The wilful blinding of birds is an act of cruelty which I -cannot under any circumstances tolerate.” - -Five reputable American correspondents on September 6, 1914, -after tracing the German army in its invasion of 100 miles, sent -a message to the American people that “we are unable to report a -single instance (of atrocities) unprovoked.... Everywhere we have -seen Germans paying for purchases and respecting property rights as -well as according civilians every consideration.... To the truth -of these statements we pledge our professional and personal word.” -The statement was signed by James O’Donnell Bennett and John T. -McCutcheon, of the Chicago “Tribune;” Roger Lewis, of the Associated -Press; Irvin S. Cobb, of the “Saturday Evening Post,” and Harry -Hansen, of the Chicago “Daily News.” - -It has been said that Lord Bryce signed the official atrocity report -and that his honored name raises it above suspicion. Lord Bryce is an -old man and it is inferred that he signed the report in good faith -without, however, having looked into the truth or falsity of the -statements himself, accepting the word of others who were using him -for their nefarious purpose, the intention being to incite American -public opinion to action in behalf of the Allies. For Lord Bryce is -flatly contradicted by the following cable message from London, taken -from the daily papers of September 15, 1914: - - (Lord Bryce subsequently modified his position by a denial - of the truth of the report as presented.--Ed.) - - London, Sept. 14, 3:23 P. M.--Premier Asquith told the - House of Commons today that official information had - reached the Ministry of War concerning the repeated stories - that German soldiers had abused the Red Cross flag, killed - and maimed the wounded, and killed women and children, as - had been alleged so often in stories of the battlefields. - - Joseph Medill Patterson: The Hague, September 11--To the - Chicago “Tribune:” I firmly believe that all stories put - out by the British and French of tortures, mutilations, - assaults, etc., of Germans are utterly rubbish. - -A flat denial of the atrocity stories was furnished by a Washington -dispatch to the New York “World,” five months after the invasion of -Belgium. The report contained the substance of an official finding by -the British government and was turned over to Ambassador Walter H. -Page for transmission to Washington upon the request of the American -government. When Dr. Edmund von Mach subsequently requested the -State Department for information about the finding, after returning -one evasive reply, Secretary Lansing left Dr. von Mach’s letters -unanswered and the report has never been made public. Following is -the Washington report referred to: - - Washington, Jan. 27. (Special to the “World”)--Of the - thousands of Belgian refugees who are now in England not - one has been subjected to atrocities by German soldiers. - This in effect is the substance of a report received at the - State Department from the American Embassy in London. The - report states that the British government thoroughly had - investigated thousands of reports to the effect that German - soldiers had perpetrated outrages on the fleeing Belgians. - During the early period of the war, columns of the British - newspapers were filled with these accusations. Agents of - the British government, according to the report from the - American Embassy at London, carefully investigated all of - these charges; they interviewed alleged victims and sifted - all the evidence. As a result of the investigation the - British Foreign Office notified the American Embassy that - the charges appeared to be based upon hysteria and natural - prejudice. The report added that many of the Belgians had - suffered severe hardships but they should be charged up - against the exigencies of war rather than the brutality of - the individual German soldier. - -According to advices from Switzerland, under date of July 9, 1916, -the paper “Italia” printed the following: - - “Assisted by the Papal state department, the congregation - of Catholic church officials instituted a searching - inquiry into the reported German atrocities in Belgian - convents, first among the Belgian prioresses resident - in Rome, next among the Belgian nuns passing through, - all of whom unanimously deny having any knowledge of the - alleged atrocities. Bishop Heylen, of Namur, who was - among those examined, declared that the reports referred - to were lacking in every essential of truth. Possibly an - isolated case had occurred without his knowledge, but - certainly nothing beyond this. Cardinal Mercier, who was - also interviewed, spoke of three cases based upon hearsay. - The Congregation deplored the spread of exaggerated - reports lacking all semblance of truth and expressed its - satisfaction with the results of the investigation.” - -To the last it was a favorite pastime to charge the Germans with -wanton destruction of towns. Ample contradiction could easily be -offered if space permitted. Thus William K. Draper, Vice Chairman -of the New York County Chapter of the American Red Cross, is quoted -in the New York “Times” of July 13, 1919: “A pitiful part of this -destruction is the realization that much of it was caused by French -artillery, the troops being forced to demolish the towns while being -occupied and used by the Germans.” - -The whole web of lies and the conditions underlying the scheme -are conclusively exposed in “The Tragedy of Belgium,” by Richard -Grasshof, (New York: C. E. Dillingham Co.) - -The Belgian atrocities were purposely conceived and exaggerated for -two reasons: - -1. To camouflage the fact that against all rules of civilized warfare, -the Belgians of Louvain and several other towns, claiming protection -as civilians, awaited an opportune time to institute a massacre of -German soldiers who had entered and been stationed there approximately -a week in apparently good relations with the population. - -2. It was expected that Germany and Austria would be surely invaded -under the joint impact of the forces of Russia, France, Belgium, -Servia, Montenegro, England and Japan. In that event the world would -hear no end of Cossack, Servian and Montenegran atrocities committed -on German women and children, as in the Balkan campaign. England had -called into the field the Indians, Maoris, Zulus and other savage -blacks and yellow skins; France had called the Moroccan natives and -the Senegalese tribesmen, blacks who hang around their necks strings -adorned with the ears and noses of their fallen foes. - -Forseeing that the ravages of these uncivilized warriors would excite -the anger of the world against the Allies, if they ever crossed -into German territory, that their deeds would bring the curses of -the universe upon England’s head, it was resolved to anticipate -all possible criticism and reproach by being the first to charge -atrocities against their enemies and thus to negative all counter -charges, or to say that they were merely retaliatory measures adopted -in reprisal for barbarous acts committed against their own men. The -Allies never crossed the German lines, save in East Prussia, nor -the Austrian-Hungarian border save in Galicia, and here the Cossack -reign, short as it was, proved the shrewd wisdom of English and -French foresight; 700,000 homes were wantonly destroyed in Galicia -alone. Its lawlessness beggars description; but humanity was not -staggered because the mind of the world had been drugged by fatal -infusions of falsehood about Belgian babies and women maimed and -brutalized by “German barbarians.” - -Prof. John W. Burgess, Charles Carleton Coffin (“The Boys of ’61”) -and others have shown that precisely the same hysterical lies were -circulated throughout England and the world by Englishmen during the -American Civil War, the same kind of atrocities being charged against -the Union Army. - -No paper has been more aggressive in charging the Germans with -atrocities than the New York “Times.” In its issue of April 17, 1865, -it said: - -“=Every possible atrocity appertains to this rebellion. There is -nothing whatever that its leaders have scrupled at. Wholesale -massacres and torturings, wholesale starvation of prisoners, firing -of great cities, piracies of the crudest kind, persecution of the -most hideous character and of vast extent, and finally assassination -in high places--whatever is inhuman, whatever is brutal, whatever is -fiendish, these men have resorted to. They will leave behind names so -black, and the memory of deeds so infamous, that the execration of -the slave-holders’ rebellion will be eternal.=” - -The late James G. Blaine quoted Lord Malmesbury of date February 5, -1863, as accusing the Union troops guilty of “horrors unparalleled -even in the wars of barbarous nations.” - -All efforts to counteract the avowed campaign of misrepresentation -were denounced as the acts of men in the pay of the Kaiser or -irreclaimable pro-Germans determined to lend aid and comfort to -the enemy, and subjected any one attempting them to the penalties -contained in the Espionage Act. In interpreting the act, as applied -to the liberal press, Postmaster General Burleson was quoted as -follows: - - “There are certain opinions and attitudes which will not be - tolerated by the Post Office Department. For instance, such - papers have sought to create in the minds of our citizens - of German birth or descent the impression that Germany is - fighting a defensive war; that the accounts of Belgian - atrocities ... are all English or American lies.” - -To gainsay such an edict was to risk imprisonment for a term of -twenty years. - - -=Bancroft, George--Treaty with Germany--Vancouver Boundary -Line.=--The very cordial relations which subsisted between the -United States and Germany from the days of Frederick the Great were -carefully nurtured by the great men succeeding the establishment of -the republic, as shown elsewhere by the comments of President Adams -on the treaties with Prussia, and were strongly cemented by the aid -extended the Union by Germany during the Civil War, as acknowledged -by Secretary Seward and prominent members of the United States -Senate. One of the most active promoters of this friendship was -America’s foremost historian, George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy -under President Polk, and father of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, -minister to Great Britain and subsequently to Prussia and Germany -(1867-74). - -It was through his efforts and friendly personal relations with -Bismarck that a memorable agreement came into existence which -established the right of immigrant German Americans to renounce -their old allegiance and accept an exclusive American citizenship, -exempting them from performing military service should they return -to their native land. The effect of this agreement was more -important than appears, as it was the first time that by a formal -act the principle of renunciation of citizenship at the will of the -individual was recognized. Beyond this, it led to a complete change -of policy on the part of Great Britain by upsetting the old doctrine, -“once an Englishman, always an Englishman.” The immediate good -result was the renunciation by England of her claim to indefeasible -allegiance, and to the right to impress into the British service a -former British subject who had become an American citizen, a claim -which had contributed to bring about the War of 1812. - -Nor was this all that Bancroft accomplished. The Northwestern -boundary, having been settled by treaty, Bancroft, while United -States Minister in Great Britain, had perceived an incipient effort -of a great English interest to encroach on the territory which had -been acknowledged by the treaty to be a part of the United States. - -By and by the importunities of interested persons in England, who -possessed a great party influence, began to make themselves heard, -and the British government by degrees supported the attempt to raise -a question respecting the true line of the boundary of the Northwest -and finally formulated a perverse claim of their own, with a view of -obtaining what they wanted as a compromise. - -The American administration had of course changed, and the President -and his cabinet, having had no part in the negotiations, agreed to -refer the question to an arbiter. They made the mistake of consenting -that the arbiter, if there was uncertainty as to the true boundary -line, might himself establish a boundary of compromise. The person -to whom the settlement of the dispute was to be referred was the -president of the Swiss Republic. - -The American Secretary of State chanced to die while the method of -arrangement was still inchoate. Bancroft at once wrote to the new -Secretary, urging him not to accept a proposal of compromise, because -that would seem to admit an uncertainty as to the American title, and -to sanction and even invite a decision of the arbiter in favor of a -compromise, and would open the way for England, under an appearance -of concession, to obtain all that she needed. - -Being at the time minister to the court of Prussia, he advised the -government to insist on the American claim in full, not to listen to -a proposal of compromise, but to let each party formulate its claim, -and to call on the arbiter to decide which was right, and urged it to -select for that arbiter the Emperor of Germany. - -The Department of State at once consented that the arbiter should be -the Emperor of Germany, and left the whole matter of carrying out the -American argument to Bancroft. The conduct of the question, the first -presentation of the case, as well as the reply to the British, were -every word by him, and the decision of the Emperor was unreservedly -in favor of the United States. (Prof. William M. Sloane, in “The -Century,” for January, 1887.) - -Bancroft has been pronounced one of the greatest historians of the -past century; he was one of the most distinguished statesmen of his -time, and as former minister to London and a student at Göttingen and -minister to Germany, he was qualified as no other famous American to -form an appraisal of German, French and English policies, especially -in regard to ourselves. We may be pardoned, therefore, in taking more -than a cursory interest in some expressions which occur in a letter -of Bancroft’s, addressed to Hamilton Fish, then Secretary of State, -and written at Berlin during the Franco-Prussian war. - -In summing up his reasons for preferring Germany over England and -France, he says: “If we need the solid, trusty good will of any -government in Europe, we can have it best with Germany; because -German institutions and ours most resemble each other; and because -so many millions of Germans have become our countrymen. This war -will leave Germany the most powerful State in Europe, and the most -free; its friendship is therefore most important to us, and has its -foundation in history and in nature.” (“Life and Letters of George -Bancroft,” by M. A. De Wolfe Howe, II, 245.) - - -=Baralong.=--An English pirate ship commanded by Capt. William -McBride, which sailed under the American flag, with masked batteries, -and sank a German submarine which had been deceived by the Stars and -Stripes and the American colors painted on both sides of her hull. On -August 19, 1915, the “Nicosian,” an English ship loaded with American -horses and mules and with a number of American mule tenders aboard, -was halted by a German submarine about 70 miles off Queenstown. The -men took to the boats and the U-boat was about to sink the “Nicosian” -when a ship flying the American flag came alongside. Without -suspecting anything, the submarine allowed the ship to approach, -when suddenly the American flag was lowered and the English ensign -hoisted, and a destructive fire was opened on the U. The latter soon -sank. Half a dozen German sailors swam alongside of the “Nicosian” -and clambered on deck, concealing themselves in the holds and engine -rooms as the English followed them aboard. They were dragged out and -murdered in cold blood. The German captain swam toward the “Baralong” -and held up his hand in token of surrender but while in the water was -first shot in the mouth and then repeatedly hit by bullets aimed at -him by the English, and killed without compunction. The story of the -“Baralong” is one of the most brutal in the history of the seas and -illuminates the inhuman character of English warfare toward a weaker -foe in the most glaring light. The history of the tragedy first -came to light through a letter written by Dr. Charles B. Banks, the -veterinary surgeon aboard the “Nicosian,” to relatives in Lowell, -Mass., giving some of the gruesome details as follows: “A number of -German sailors were swimming in the water. Some swam to our abandoned -ship and climbed up to the deck. Shots from the patrol boat (the -‘Baralong’) swept several from the ropes. We were taken aboard the -patrol boat, and then the boat steamed slowly around our ship while -the marines shot and killed all the Germans in the water. As we had -left three carbines and cartridges aboard the ‘Nicosian,’ we had -reason to believe the Germans had found them. So marines went on our -ship and killed seven men there. We were then towed to port.” The -infamous wretch who performed this murder, Capt. McBride, later wrote -a letter to the captain of the “Nicosian,” warning him not to speak -of the affair, and requesting that the Americans aboard especially -be cautioned to keep the matter from the public. But one of the -American mule tenders made an affidavit to the truth at Liverpool -and forwarded it to the American Embassy in London and three others -made affidavit to the same facts on their return to New Orleans. The -affidavits were sent to the State Department, but neither President -Wilson nor Secretary Lansing complied with the request of the German -Ambassador to demand an inquiry into the misuse of the American flag, -and the cold-blooded murder of German sailors. Dr. Bank’s letter was -published in the N. Y. “Times” of September 7, 1915, but that paper -was among the most active in preventing an investigation. - - -=Berliner, Emile.=--One of the most important inventors in the United -States, distinguished for his improvements of the telephone; born -at Hanover, Germany, May 20, 1851; came to the United States in -1870. Invented the microphone and was first to use an induction coil -in connection with the telephone transmitters; patentee of other -valuable inventions in telephony. Invented the Gramophone, known also -as the Victor Talking Machine, for which he was awarded John Scott -Medal and Elliott Crosson Gold Medal by Franklin Inst. First to make -and use in aeronautical experiments light weight revolving cylinder -internal combustion motor, now extensively used on aeroplanes. - - -=The Boers--England’s Record of Infamy.=--The success in causing the -surrender of the Boers by exterminating their women and children -by slow starvation and disease is the incentive which prompted the -British nation to violate international law by stopping the shipment -of non-contraband goods, Red Cross supplies and milk for babies, to -Germany and contiguous countries. The number of deaths (in the Boer -concentration camps) during the month of September, 1901, was 1,964 -children and 328 women. There were then 54,326 children and 38,022 -women under Kitchener’s tender care. The “Daily News” on November -9, 1901, said: “The truth is that the death rate in the camps is -incomparably worse than anything Africa or Asia can show. There is -nothing to match it even in the mortality figures of the Indian -famines, where cholera and other epidemics have to be contended -with.” “Reynold’s Newspaper” (London) of October 20, 1901, spoke of -“the women and children perishing like flies from confinement, fever, -bad food, pestilential stinks and lack of nursing in these awful -death traps,” with a rate of 383 per 1,000. The “Sydney Bulletin” -said: “The authority granted by Lord Roberts to Red Cross nurses to -attend our camps has been withdrawn.” The English wanted the women -and children to perish for want of Red Cross supplies, as in the case -of Germany. President Steyn of the Orange Free State, in a letter of -protest to Lord Kitchener, dated August, 1901, among other things -said: - - =Your Excellency’s troops have not hesitated to turn - their artillery on these defenseless women and children - to capture them when they were fleeing with their wagons - or alone, whilst your troops knew that they were only - women and children, as happened only recently at Graspan - on the 6th of June near Reitz, where a women and children - laager was taken and recaptured by us, whilst your - Excellency’s troops took refuge behind the women; and when - reinforcements came they fired with artillery and small - arms on that woman laager. I can mention hundreds of cases - of this kind.= - -On December 16, 1913, the Boers, in the presence of immense throngs, -dedicated a monument at Blomfontein with the following inscription: - - =This Monument is Erected by the Boers of South Africa - in memory of - 26,663 WOMEN AND CHILDREN - who died in the Concentration Camps during the War 1900-1902= - -No better evidence can be desired than is contained in a speech -which the present British Premier, Lloyd George, made in 1901, -charging that the English army had burned villages, swept away the -cattle, burned thousands of tons of grain, destroyed all agricultural -implements, all of the mills, the irrigation works, and left the -territory a blackened, devastated wilderness. Then the women and -children were herded, in winter, in thin, leaky tents, surrounded by -barbed wire fences, where thousands died of unnecessary privations. -He said: - - Is there any ground for the reproach flung at us by the - civilized world that, having failed to crush the men, we - have now taken to killing babies? - - -“=Illegal, Ineffective and Indefensible Blockades.=”--The World War -has evolved principles of warfare, upset practices and sanctioned -acts that place war in a new aspect, present it as a new physical -problem, like the discovery of a new planet. So many laboriously -achieved understandings, agreements and principles of international -law were swept overboard that the world must begin its efforts all -over, if humanity is to regain the rights which it had slowly wrested -from reluctant power during four or five centuries. - -The outstanding fact is the recognition of the right of a belligerent -power to compel another to surrender by the starvation of its civil -population. - -If this object were obtainable by direct blockade of the nation to -be starved there would be some latitude for discussion; but when -attainable only by so controlling the food supply of neutral nations -as to leave them no alternative but to starve themselves or to help -starve the power to be coerced, a new problem is created which will -recur to vex those who sanctioned it. - -During the Civil War we sent food to the starving mill operatives of -England who were exposed to famine by the war, although English-built -and equipped privateers were destroying our commerce, and England -was actively supporting our enemies in other ways. Germany sent us -food, chemicals, goods, shoes and necessary supplies in one of the -most needful stages of the war, for non-contraband supplies were -recognized as immune from seizure or destruction. - -A blockade is illegal unless it is effective in blockading the point -named. The blockading of a whole nation and the rejection of the -immunity character of non-contraband supplies intended for the civil -population, down to the furnishings of the Red Cross, is an English -expedient and a product of the late war, though the same policy was -tentatively tried in England’s war against the Boer republics. - -We held that such blockade was illegal, for in the note of October -21, 1915, our State Department said: “There is no better settled -principle of law of nations than that which forbids the blockade -of neutral points in time of war,” and we reminded the British -government that Sir Edward Grey said to the British delegates to the -“Conference assembled at London upon the invitation of the British -government,” that: - - A blockade must be confined to the ports and coasts of the - enemy, but it may be instituted at one port or at several - ports or at the whole of the seaboard of the enemy. It may - be instituted to prevent the ingress only or egress only, - or both. - -And because England had violated these and numerous other principles, -agreements, covenants and pledges we said to her: - - “It has been conclusively shown that the methods sought to - be employed by Great Britain to obtain and use evidence - of enemy destination of cargoes bound for neutral ports - and impose a contraband character upon such cargoes are - without justification; that the =blockade upon which - such methods are partly founded is ineffective, illegal - and indefensible=.... The United States, therefore, - cannot submit to the curtailment of its neutral rights - by these measures, which are admittedly retaliatory, - and therefore =illegal in conception and in nature, and - intended to punish the enemies of Great Britain for alleged - illegalities on their part=.” - -But the State Department surrendered to the contentions of England. -We submitted to countless outrages (see extract from Senator -Chamberlain’s speech under “England Threatens United States”); we -made it unpleasant for native Americans who determined to send -non-contraband goods across the seas; approved England’s assumption -of dictatorial control of the commerce of Holland and Scandinavia and -held that Germany was equally our enemy as England’s on the ground -that in using her submarines to sink merchant vessels feeding England -she had violated our rights to the free use of the seas. - -In thus abandoning cardinal principles which made us a great nation -and recognizing as effective, legal and justified, England’s blockade -of neutral nations, her right to confiscate non-contraband goods, -to search and deprive Red Cross surgeons of their instruments, -rifle our mail, remove American citizens from neutral vessels and -incarcerate them, prevent Red Cross supplies from reaching the civil -population and to do all the things we said she should not do, we -have surrendered to Great Britain rights, powers and privileges that -can hardly be justified unless we are about to dissolve our political -institutions and merge ourselves with England as one people--two -souls with but a single thought, two hearts that beat as one. - -The point is that future wars will not be decided by the usual -engines of war, but by the starvation of the civil population; -this invests the nation having the largest fleet with a terrible -weapon of annihilation; it makes England the arbiter of nations--it -compels us to compact our own terrible power of destruction, for in -making food the sine qua non of victory, fate has given us a factor -of far-reaching importance. And how will a nation menaced with -extinction by famine retaliate? Will the inevitable consequence be -that the nation so threatened will meet starvation with the subtle -poison germs of =a malignant plague=? - - -=Brest-Litovsk Treaty.=--It is an approved trick of political -strategy to raise a hue and cry over one matter in order to divert -attention from another, and by this token to accuse one’s enemies -of treachery, baseness and all the sins in the calendar with a -professed feeling of righteous indignation. Thus the Brest-Litovsk -treaty between Germany and Russia, when the former was in a -position to impose her terms as conqueror upon its beaten foe, was -made to appear as an act of unexampled oppression. In the light -of the terms ultimately imposed upon Germany by the Paris Peace -Treaty, it is interesting to examine the cardinal features of the -Brest-Litovsk treaty. Under its terms as revised by the three -supplementary agreements signed in Berlin in August, 1918, several -weighty concessions were made to Russia which insured her routes -of trade and free ports in the Baltic provinces which were given -their independence in accordance with century-long aspirations and -revolutionary movements. Germany dropped her Caucasus claims and -demanded that Russia should recognize the independence of Georgia, -Finland, Ukrania, Poland, Esthonia and Livonia. Russia, desiring -to assure herself of the rich territory with the naptha fields of -Baku, Germany supported the wish on condition that Russia pledge -herself to place a portion of the oil production at the disposal of -Germany and its allies. The total indemnity levied was 6,000,000,000 -marks ($1,500,000,000) which Russia undertakes to pay, all sums lost -by Germans up to July 1, 1917, through revolutionary confiscatory -legislation being included. Independent courts were provided for -the adjudication of claims and one-sixth of the indemnity was -shifted to Finland and the Ukraine jointly. This was reputed to -be the oppressor’s toll unheard of in history--no milch cows, no -horses, no surrender of the instruments of industry, no seizure of -strictly Russian territory, independence for all states that had been -struggling for independence through long centuries, no occupied zones. - - -“=Bombing Maternity Hospitals.=”--Nominally a favorite occupation of -the enemy throughout the war. The following was written by the late -Richard Harding Davis in the Metropolitan Magazine for November, -1915: “So highly trained now are the aviators, so highly perfected -the aeroplane that each morning in squadrons they take flight, to -meet hostile aircraft, to destroy a munition factory, or, =if they -are Germans, a maternity hospital=. At sunset, like homing pigeons, -in safety they return to roost.” - - -=Creel and the “Sisson Documents.”=--George Creel, a Denver -politician, was appointed head of the Committee of Public Information -pending the war, and was practically in control of the American press -and the propaganda work. Exercising almost unlimited authority and -directing general publicity at home and in Europe, including the -presentation of war films, many of the oppressive measures against -the liberal press are justly charged to his account, at the same time -that numerous measures inaugurated under his direction attracted -widespread notoriety. Among others, the bureau issued to the American -press the notorious “Sisson documents.” They consisted of a series -of documents to prove that Lenine and Trotzky, heads of the Russian -Soviet government, had taken German money and were, first and last, -German agents. The New York “Evening Post” was quick to discern the -forgery--they are said to have been written in London, translated -into Russian in New York by two Russians and sent to Russia, where -they were “discovered.” For pointing out the internal evidence of -their incredibility contained in the papers Mr. Creel charged the -paper with being guilty “of the most extraordinary disservice” to the -government of the United States and the nation’s cause; claiming that -it had impugned the good faith of the government and exposed itself -to “the charge of having given aid and comfort to the enemies of the -United States in an hour of national crisis.” The ultimate end was -that the famous Sisson documents were proved to be clumsy forgeries -and Mr. Creel subsequently claimed for them no more than that they -made a good story. - -The Creel bureau cost the government about $6,000,000, and its -affairs were found to be in hopeless confusion, according to -official reports made to Congress, Creel being charged with gross -negligence in handling the government’s funds. In June, 1919, frauds -in the handling of war films, involving huge sums of money and “the -complicity of high officials” were charged in Congress. Mr. Creel’s -connection with the Sisson documents places him in no flattering -light. In reply to a letter of protest against the publicity of the -Sisson documents and the use made of them, he wrote: “Of course, you -are entitled to your opinion, but I warn you it seems to border on -sedition.” While this bureau flagrantly compromised the reputation of -the government and the American people by a piece of wicked fiction, -to deny the authenticity of the Sisson documents was sedition. - - -=Cromberger, Johann.=--A German printer who as early as 1538 -established a printing office in the City of Mexico. - - -=Custer, General George A.=--Famous American cavalry leader in -the Civil War, and the hero of the battle of the Little Big Horn, -Dakota, in which he and his command were destroyed by the Sioux -Indians, June 25, 1876. Of German descent. Frederick Whittaker in “A -Complete Life of General George Custer” (Sheldon & Co., New York, -1876) says: “George Armstrong Custer was born in New Rumley, Ohio, -December 5, 1839. Emanuel H. Custer, father of the General, was born -in Cryssoptown, Alleghany County, Md., December 10, 1806. The name -of Custer was originally Kuster, and the grandfather of Emanuel -Custer came from Germany, but Emanuel’s father was born in America. -The grandfather was one of those same Hessian officers over whom -the Colonists wasted so many curses in the Revolutionary war, and -were yet so innocent of harm and such patient, faithful soldiers. -After Burgoyne’s surrender in 1778, many of the paroled Hessians -seized the opportunity to settle in the country they came to conquer, -and amongst these the grandfather of Emanuel Custer, captivated -by the bright eyes of a frontier damsel, captivated her in turn -with his flaxen hair and sturdy Saxon figure, and settled down in -Pennsylvania, afterward moving to Maryland. It is something romantic -and pleasing, after all, that stubborn George Guelph, in striving to -conquer the colonies, should have given them the ancestor of George -Custer, who was to become one of their greatest glories.” - - -=Cavell, Edith.=--An English nurse shot by the Germans as a spy at -Brussels in October, 1915, an episode of the war which supplied the -English propagandists in the United States with one of the principal -articles in their bill of charges of German atrocities. Colonel E. -R. West, chief of the legislative section of the Judge Advocate -General’s Department, before the American Bar Association’s Committee -on Military Justice, declared that the execution was entirely legal. -S. S. Gregory, chairman of the committee, and Judge William P. Bynum, -of Greensboro, N. C., before the Bar Association, (Baltimore, August -27, 1919), rendered a minority report of the same import. Col. West -said: - -“We have heard much of the case of ‘poor Edith Cavell.’ Yet I have -become rather firmly convinced that she was subject to her fate by -the usual laws of war. Certainly the French have executed women -spies.” - -Col. West agreed with the Chairman that it would be only consistent -with the Anglo-Saxon attitude on the Cavell case to exempt women from -the death penalty, but he added: - -“I believe that a woman spy deserves the same fate as a man spy. -Otherwise we would open the gates wide to the most resourceful class -of spies that is known.” - -In his report Mr. Gregory said: “A careful consideration of the -case of Miss Edith Cavell, one of the most pathetic and appealing -victims of the great war, whose unfortunate fate has aroused the -sympathy and excited the indignation of two continents, has led me -to the conclusion that she was executed in accordance with the laws -and usages of what we are commonly pleased to refer to as civilized -warfare. This being so, it has seemed to me quite inconsistent with -our condemnation of those who thus took her life to retain in our own -system of military justice those provisions of law which were relied -upon by the German military authorities in ordering her execution. -For us to take any other course, it seems to me, is to impeach our -sincerity and good faith in criticising the German authorities in -this regard, and to warrant the suggestion that such criticism is -inspired rather by the fact that they, our enemies, were responsible -for it, as well as sympathy for a good and worthy woman, than any -well-considered judgment in the case.” The three majority members -declared that “they could not concur in the suggestion of Mr. Gregory -that there should be a provision prohibiting the death penalty in the -case of women spies.” - -It was proved that Miss Cavell was an English professional nurse -employed only by people well able to pay for her services. She -imposed upon the German officials for a long time in the character -of a devout Christian who was taking a disinterested share in the -relief work for the good of humanity until it was discovered that she -was the head of a widespread organization which assisted hundreds of -English and Belgians to escape from the country and enter the armies -of Germany’s enemies. Her activities are described in the New York -“Times” of May 11, 1919, by her friend and co-agent, Louise Thuliez, -who was condemned with Miss Cavell but pardoned. In court she -admitted all charges and contemptuously shrugged her shoulders when -the presiding judge asked her if she wished to make any statement -that might influence the verdict. She was confined in prison about -ten weeks before her execution. Her case gave rise to much comment -in the press, endeavoring to show that it was a case of exceptional -harshness. The Paris “Galois” admitted the shooting of 80 women spies -by the French. The Germans presented proof that two German women, -Margaret Schmidt and Otillie Moss, had been shot by the French in -March, 1915, on similar charges, and this was admitted later by the -French authorities. Miss Schmidt was executed at Nancy and Miss Moss -at Bourges. (Associated Press dispatch from Luneville dated March -25.) Julia Van Wauterghem, wife of Eugene Hontang, was executed at -Louvain, August 18, 1914, for treason. Felice Pfaat was executed at -Marseilles, August 22, 1916, for espionage. Later the beautiful Mata -Hari was executed by the French. - -Miss Cavell’s case is very similar to that of Mrs. Mary Surratt, -the American woman, found guilty in 1865, by a military commission -consisting of Generals Hunter, Elkin, Kautz, Foster, Horn, Lew -Wallace, Harris, Col. Clendenin, Col. Tompkins, Col. Burnett, Gen. -Holt and Judge-Advocate Bingham, of receiving, harboring, concealing -and assisting rebels; she was sentenced to be hanged by the neck -until dead, which sentence was approved by President Johnson. - - -=Concord Society, The.=--Born during the latter part of the war of -a desire on the part of a few Americans of German origin deeply -impressed by the events of the times to have an organization that -would stand for the promotion of good fellowship and friendship -between them and their kin as individuals, and to encourage the -study of the share of their race in the founding and development of -the United States. The society takes no part in politics or affairs -of state or church. Its sole aim is the fostering of good relations -between all citizens of the German race for social and educational -purposes. The active membership will be limited to 500. - -The name is derived from the good ship “Concord,” which brought the -settlers of Germantown to these shores in 1683. This historic event -will be commemorated by an annual banquet of members of the society -in one of the larger cities. All activities on the part of the -society have been deferred until the state of war is finally ended. -Address Frederick F. Schrader, Secretary, 63 East 59th Street, New -York, N. Y. (See “Germantown Settlement.”) - - -=Christiansen, Hendrick.=--Soon after Hendrick Hudson discovered the -noble river which bears his name, a German, Hendrick Christiansen -of Kleve, became the true explorer of that stream, undertaking -eleven expeditions to its shores. He also built the first houses on -Manhattan Island in 1613 and laid the foundations of the trading -stations New Amsterdam and Fort Nassau. “New Netherland was first -explored by the honorable Hendrick Christiansen of Kleve.... Hudson, -the famous navigator, ‘was also there.’” (“Our Hyphenated Citizens,” -by Rudolf Cronau.) - - -=DeKalb.=--Major General Johann von Kalb, who gave his life for -American independence in the Revolutionary War, was a native of -Bavaria. Fatally wounded in the battle of Camden, he died August -19, 1780. A monument to his memory was erected in front of the -military academy at Annapolis, which states that he gave a last -noble demonstration of his devotion for the sake of liberty and the -American cause, after having served most honorably for three years -in the American army, by leading his soldiers and inspiring them by -his example to deeds of highest bravery. Kalb was one of a number of -efficient German-born officers who came over with the French to serve -with the French troops under Lafayette. - - -=Declaration of Independence.=--The first paper to print the -Declaration of Independence in the United States was a German -newspaper, the “Pennsylvania Staatsboten” of July 5, 1776. It is also -claimed that the first newspaper in Pennsylvania was printed in the -German language. Benjamin Franklin at one time complained that of -the eight newspapers then existing in Pennsylvania two were German, -two were half German and half English, and only two were printed in -English. - - -=Dorsheimer, Hon. William.=--Lieutenant Governor of the State of -New York; born at Lyons, Wayne County, 1832. His father was Philip -Dorsheimer, a native of Germany, who emigrated from Germany and -settled at Buffalo; he was one of the founders of the Republican -party and in 1860 was elected Treasurer of the State. - - -=Dutch and German.=--In the history of early American colonization -the terms Dutch and German are often confounded, as the English had -little first-hand acquaintance with the people of the continent -save Dutch, French and Spanish. Hence many have inferred that the -Pennsylvania Germans were somehow misnamed for Pennsylvania Dutch, -because the latter designation is the more frequently employed in -describing the most important element of the population concerned in -the settlement of Penn’s Commonwealth. Many of the first settlers -of New Amsterdam were Germans and almost as many Germans as Swedes -were concerned in the earliest European settlement of Delaware. -Peter Minnewit, the first regular governor of New Amsterdam, was -German-born, and it was he who, having entered the Swedish service, -in 1637, with a ship of war and a smaller vessel, led a colony of -Swedes with their chaplain, to the Delaware River region, between -Cape Henlopen and Christian Creek. They bought land of the Indians -and called it “New Sweden.” A second company of immigrants from -Sweden came over in 1642, under Colonel John Printz, likewise -a native of Germany. Among these first settlers of Delaware a -considerable number were Germans. The latter however, are more often -confounded with their nearest of kin, the Hollanders. “At that time,” -says Anton Eickhoff (“In der Neuen Heimath”) “the distinction between -Hollanders and Germans was not as pronounced as nowadays. The loose -political union which had never been very close, between Holland and -the German Empire, was formally severed by the Peace of Westphalia. -But though politically it was no longer a German State, Holland -continued to be regarded as such in public mind. The common language -of the Hollanders and the Low Germans was Plattdeutsch.” Dr. William -Elliot Griffis (“The Romance of American Colonization”) refers to the -confounding of Germans with Dutch. “The Isthmus of this peninsula was -called ‘Dutch Gap,’ after the glass makers who set up their furnace -here in 1608,” he writes. “Most Englishmen then made and uneducated -people now make, no distinction between the Dutch and the Germans, -who are politically different people.” - - -=Dual Citizenship.=--It was frequently alleged before and during our -entrance into the war that a native German might under the laws of -Germany become a citizen of another country without thereby being -released from his obligations to his native country, and the attempt -was made to make it appear that naturalized Germans could still be -regarded as citizens of Germany, or as possessing dual citizenship. - -It is true that the German law -(Reichs-und-Staatsangehorigkeits-Gesetz) of July, 1913, says: -“Citizenship is not lost by one who, before acquiring foreign -citizenship, has secured on application the written consent of the -competent authorities of his home State to retain his citizenship. -Before this consent is given the German Consul is to be heard.” But -this section is under no circumstances applicable to the United -States, because in Section 36 the law says: “=This law does not apply -as far as treaties with foreign countries say otherwise.=” Now the -treaty of the United States with the Northern German Confederacy -which was concluded 1868 (the Bancroft treaty) provides that Germans -naturalized in the United States =shall be treated by Germany as -American citizens=. This provision applies now to the natives of all -the German States, and was so interpreted by the State Department. - - -=Earling, Albert J.=--President of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. -Paul Railway Company and one of the recognized authorities on modern -railway economics. Son of German immigrants. - - -=Eckert, Thomas.=--General superintendent during the Civil War of -military telegraphy, and assistant secretary of war (1864). Given -the rank of Brigadier General Appointed general superintendent of -the Western Union Telegraph Company in 1866, and in 1881 became its -president and general manager, and also director of the American -Telegraph and Cable Company also of the Union Pacific Railroad. - - -=Eliot, Prof. Charles W.=--One of the most eminent as well as -bitter enemies of the German cause. Prof. Eliot has attacked German -civilization and German institutions in magazines and newspaper -articles and in a book. Yet in 1913, one year before the war, at a -public dinner, Prof. Eliot paid German “Kultur” this high tribute: -“Two great doctrines which had sprung from the German Protestant -Reformation had been developed by Germans from seeds then planted in -Germany. The first was the doctrine of universal education, developed -from the Protestant conception of individual responsibility, and -the second was the great doctrine of civil liberty, liberty in -industries, in society, in government, liberty with order under -law. These two principles took their rise in Protestant Germany; -and America has been the greatest beneficiary of that noble -teaching.” Yet with all these political and civic virtues, Prof. -Eliot reversed himself like a weather-cock within a few months and -became the hysterical spokesman of the most violent section of the -Anglo-American coterie. - - -=England Plundered American Commerce in Our Civil War.=--From Benson -J. Lossing’s “History of the Civil War:” “The Confederates ... with -the aid of the British aristocracy, shipbuilders and merchants, and -the tacit consent of the British government, were enabled to keep -afloat on the ocean some active vessels for plundering American -commerce. The most formidable of the Anglo-Confederate plunderers -of the sea was the ‘Alabama,’ which was =built, armed, manned and -victualled in England=. She sailed under the British flag and was -received with favor in every British port that she entered. In the -last three months of the year 1862 she destroyed by fire twenty-eight -helpless American merchant vessels. While these incendiary fires, -kindled by Englishmen, commanded by a Confederate leader, were -illuminating the bosom of the Atlantic Ocean, a merchant ship (the -“George Griswold”) laden with provisions as a gift for the starving -English operatives in Lancashire, who had been deprived of work and -food by the Civil War in America, and whose necessities their own -government failed to relieve, was sent from the City of New York, -convoyed by a national war vessel, to save her from the fury of the -British sea-rover!” - -Recent statistics show that while 90% of our imports and 89% of our -exports were carried in American bottoms before the Civil War, they -had declined to 10 and 7½% of our imports and exports in 1910. - - -=English Tribute to Germany’s Lofty Spirit.=--The following tribute -to the lofty spirit of the German Empire is from the pen of Prof. J. -A. Cramb, “Germany and England,” (Lecture II, p. 51, 1913): - - And here let me say with regard to Germany, that, of all - England’s enemies, she is by far the greatest; and by - “greatness” I mean not merely magnitude, not her millions - of soldiers, her millions of inhabitants; I mean grandeur - of soul. She is the greatest and most heroic enemy--if she - is our enemy--that England, in the thousand years of her - history, has ever confronted. In the sixteenth century we - made war upon Spain. But Germany in the twentieth century - is a greater Power, greater in conception, in thought, in - all that makes for human dignity, than was the Spain of - Charles V and Philip II. In the seventeenth century we - fought against Holland, but the Germany of Bismarck and - the Kaiser is greater than the Holland of DeWitt. In the - eighteenth century we fought against France, and again - the Germany of to-day is a higher, more august Power than - France under Louis XIV. - - -=Election of 1916 and the League of Nations Covenant.=--Save for -artificially engendered belligerency, owing its inspiration to a -subtle propaganda conducted through a portion of the press known -to be under the direct influence of Lord Northcliffe, there was no -demand for war with Germany among the people in general over the -various issues that had arisen. The McLemore resolution in the House -was defeated through the direct intervention of the administration -under whip and spur. It requested the President to warn American -citizens to refrain from traveling on armed ships of any and all -powers then or in the future at war. - -In the Senate the Gore resolution declaring “that the sinking by -a German submarine without notice or warning of an armed merchant -vessel of her public enemy, resulting in the death of a citizen of -the United States, would constitute a just cause of war between the -United States and the German Empire” was laid on the table by a -vote of 68 to 14. It had been designed by Senator Gore to put the -issue squarely up to the Senate. Senator Stone in the Senate said, -referring to the original Gore resolution warning American citizens -to keep off armed merchant vessels: “The President is firmly opposed -to the idea embodied in the Gore resolution. He is not only opposed -to Congress passing a law relating to this subject, but he is opposed -to any form of official warning to American citizens to keep off -so-called armed merchantmen. If I could have my way I would take some -definite step to save this country from becoming embroiled in this -European war through the recklessness of foolhardy men.” - -A few days before, the Senator, chairman of the Committee on Foreign -Relations, had returned from an interview with the President which -had convinced him even then that war was impending. - -In various parts of the country test votes of whole communities -showed an overwhelming sentiment in favor of peace. W. J. Bryan had -resigned as Secretary of State because “the issue involved is of such -moment that to remain a member of the Cabinet would be as unfair to -you (the President) as it would be to the cause which is nearest my -heart, namely, the prevention of war.” - -Perhaps the best indication whether the war was popular or not is -that supplied by the number of volunteers who offered themselves -for service from April 1, 1917, to April 6, 1918, in eleven eastern -States, as follows: - - Connecticut 4,263 - Delaware 807 - Maine 2,491 - Maryland 4,029 - Massachusetts 19,253 - New Hampshire 1,364 - New Jersey 10,145 - New York 44,191 - Pennsylvania 45,687 - Rhode Island 2,496 - Vermont 645 - ------- - 135,371 - -The number of enlistments in the remaining States was in proportion. - -The President had been elected because “he kept us out of the war.” -In his nominating speech ex-Governor Glynn of New York assured the -country that, if elected, Mr. Wilson would keep us out of war. -It became the campaign slogan. The Democratic National Committee -published full-page advertisements in the daily press. On November 4, -1916, it printed in all the papers a full-page display with a cartoon -under the caption, “Mr. Hughes Would Name a Strong Cabinet,” showing -a council of ten Roosevelts in Rough Rider attire, with slouched hats -and spurs, and in every possible attitude of vociferous belligerency, -intended to show the kind of cabinet that Mr. Hughes would select. -In heavy type these lines appeared: “You Are Working--Not Fighting!” -“Alive and Happy--Not Cannon Fodder!” “Wilson and Peace With Honor -or Hughes With Roosevelt and War?” “The Lesson is Plain: If You Want -War Vote for Hughes; If You Want Peace With Honor Vote for Wilson and -Continued Prosperity. It Is up to You and Your Conscience!” - -It latterly became known that though Hughes had repeatedly declared -himself clearly on the issues in the course of his campaign speeches -his remarks on this subject were not reported. All reference to the -European situation and his views thereon were suppressed. - -The city of Milwaukee gave Wilson 6,000 majority over Hughes. He -carried the assured Republican State of Ohio on the issue that he -would keep us out of the war and the decisive vote was given by -California under the belief that with Wilson peace would be assured. - -The defeat of Hughes secondarily must be attributed to Colonel -Roosevelt. The latter’s personality fell like an ominous shadow -across the path of the Republican candidate. Roosevelt was satisfied -with nothing short of immediate war, and, nominally fighting Wilson, -was in effect making the election of Hughes impossible. Repeatedly -proven to have lost his power of influencing political results in his -own State of New York, in New England and other sections, he still -was able to decree the defeat of the candidate of his own party by -inspiring popular fear of his future sway over him. - -In Washington it was known that preparations for war with Germany -were long under way. Secretary McAdoo, the President’s son-in-law, -was understood to have entered into a secret arrangement with Brazil, -during his visit there, for the seizure of German ships when the hour -to strike should have arrived. The administration in 1916, months -before the election, passed through Congress appropriations for -military purposes larger than those provided in the German budget for -1914, the year of the war: - - United States, for 1917 $294,565,623 - German Empire, for 1914 294,390,000 - ------------ - In excess of Germany $ 175,623 - -The national election occurred in November, 1916. Three months later, -early in February, 1917, Count Bernstorff, the German ambassador, was -handed his passports and relations with Germany were broken off. The -announcement came like a bolt out of a clear sky. The President was -not to be inaugurated until March 4 following. Within a month of his -formal inauguration he announced that we were in a state of war with -the imperial German government. - -The events that followed were marked by a complete surrender of -Congress and the domination of the Executive over the Legislative -branch of our government. The President was invested with dictatorial -powers; political traditions and the time-honored admonitions of -the founders of the government were disregarded and overruled. A -Cabinet order had already decreed that American citizens forswearing -their allegiance in order to serve in the British army were not to -lose their standing as American citizens. Now armies of conscripts -were made ready to be sent a distance of 3,000 miles to fight for -the safeguarding of democracy in Europe and to protect us from an -invasion, possible only by ships which were subsequently pronounced -by the Secretary of the Navy to be restricted by their bunker -capacity to operations in European waters. - -A sudden mad fury seized the people, following a visit of Lord -Northcliffe, marked by numerous conferences with publishers during -a trip West. The press became unanimous, with the exception of -the Hearst papers, on the question that Germany must be crushed. -During the floating of the $500,000,000 loan to England and France -pending our neutrality, full page advertisements had been generously -distributed to papers throughout the country by the Morgan banking -interests. In mining regions, in steel-producing sections, in great -industrial centers, in cities having large packing interests or sugar -refineries, local interests prevailed to influence sentiment for war -as a means of profit and prosperity. Public opinion was soon rendered -so completely unfit for sober reflection by the continued propaganda -directed from Wall Street and British and French publicity centers -in this country that a wave of hate against people of German descent -swept everything before it. The Germans were not wanted, and papers -like the New York “Sun” declared that Germans were not human beings -in the same sense as other members of the family. - -Yet, shortly prior to the election, a member of the Cabinet and -others in the confidence of the administration had come to New York -to confer with those whom they regarded authorized to speak for the -German element to prevail upon them to influence the so-called German -vote in favor of the Democratic candidate, and in one case, at least, -a post of honor was tentatively promised to one such spokesman by an -agent direct from the highest source. - -The crowning event of the raging spirit of repression was the passage -of the Overman bill creating the Espionage act, considered elsewhere, -under which every liberal paper was tampered with in one form or -another, and public assembly, the right of petition, freedom of -speech and the press became a memory. - -A vigorous reaction against the President set in during the fall -of 1918. Down to that period he had practically had a free hand in -dealing with the conduct of the war and with the European situation. -There had been a protest by Senators against the disregard shown -that body by the President in the initial negotiations at Paris, -but so completely had the Executive dominated the high legislative -body, his treaty-making partner, that the protest took the discreet -form of a round-robin, which in turn was not only disregarded, but -characterized as a presumption to hamper the action of the President. - -The November election of 1918 was coming on. The President in Paris -issued an appeal to the voters to elect a Democratic Congress to -strengthen his hands. Diplomatically, steps were inaugurated to -insure the end of the war by the voluntary abdication of the Kaiser -in time to influence the elections with the news of a crushing -victory over Germany. The name of Minister Nelson Morris at -Stockholm, Sweden, as also the name of Senator James Hamilton Lewis -of Illinois, was brought into connection with rumors of negotiations -looking to the surrender of Germany on the basis of the Fourteen -Points in time to enable the news to be flashed to America on the eve -of the election as the crowning achievement of the President. But the -psychological moment passed. The elections occurred on November 7, -the German debacle four days later. - -Although it was well understood that a victory was at hand, the -Republicans swept the country. The great Democratic majorities were -reversed, not only in the House, but in the Senate. The Republican -leaders interpreted the result as an endorsement of their party, but -it was really a popular vote of protest that could find no channel of -expression other than the Republican party because of its opposition -to the administration on party policies, though in accord with it on -many of the radically oppressive measures of domestic policy in the -prosecution of the war. - -With the Republicans in control of both branches of Congress, the -President’s dominating influence began to wane rapidly. When it -began to be apparent that his visit to Europe, where he had been -hailed by millions as the Moses of the New Freedom, was marked by -one concession on his part after another to the superior statescraft -of Premiers Lloyd George and Clemenceau and that his famous Fourteen -Points had been reduced one by one to zero, the magic slogan, “Stand -by the President,” was forgotten. Some one said that on his way to -Utopia he had met two practical politicians. - -A year preceding men were arrested for failing to stand by the -President, as treason to the institutions of the country; now the -tide had turned, the rallying cry had lost its force. The country -was witnessing the spectacle of its President stepping down from -his pedestal to play the game of European politics in the secrecy -of a closet, not with his equals, but with mere envoys of sovereign -powers, guided by radically different interests from our own. - -Thence on the President was at open war with the Senate, which had -been kept in ignorance of the peace negotiations and discovered that -a draft of the League of Nations covenant, including the treaty with -Germany, had been in the hands of the Morgan banking group while the -high treaty-making body of our government had been ignored in its -demand for information. - -A few courageous Senators, notably Reed of Missouri, Democrat, and -Borah of Idaho and Johnson of California, Republicans, began to -analyze the treaty, and showed that while Great Britain was accorded -six votes the United States would have but one vote in the League, -and that China had been ravaged by the ceding to Japan of the -Shantung Peninsula as the price of her adherence to the League of -Nations. Senator Knox directed attention to the ravagement of the -German people by the terms of the treaty, and, though a conservative, -evidenced the vision of a statesman and patriotic American. - -The outlook for the treaty began to darken from day to day. The -administration was still confident, and statements from the White -House declared the treaty to redeem all of the Fourteen Points of -the President’s peace program. But the constant assaults upon it by -Senators Reed, Borah and Johnson in speeches in various parts of the -country eventually aroused the administration to its danger. - -A conference with the President was brought about at the White House -in the summer of 1919, at which the Chief Executive expressed himself -ready to answer all questions, and a committee from the Senate waited -upon him to submit a series of inquiries. It was in the course of -this interview that the following colloquy occurred: - -=Senator McCumber: “Would our moral conviction of the unrighteousness -of the German war have brought us into this war if Germany had not -committed any acts against us without the League of Nations, as we -had no League of Nations at that time?”= - -=The President: “I hope it would eventually, Senator, as things -developed.”= - -=Senator McCumber: “Do you think if Germany had committed no act of -war or no act of injustice against our citizens that we would have -got into the war?”= - -=The President: “I do think so.”= - -=Senator McCumber: “You think we would have gotten in anyway?”= - -=The President: “I do.”= - -The Republican leader in the House of Representatives, Representative -Mann, in 1916 had declared “Wilson is determined to plunge us into -war with Germany.” Three years later the admission that we would have -been in the war even “if Germany had committed no act of war or no -act of injustice against our citizens” came from the White House, and -Senators stood appalled at the revelation. - -The President’s frank admission that the administration would have -drifted into war regardless of what Germany had done or might do, is -strangely in accord with statements contained in the great historic -work on the World War by the former French Minister of Foreign -Affairs, Hanotaux, who writes: - - =Just before the Battle of the Marne, when the spirits - of many of the leading politicians in France were so - depressed that they were urging an immediate peace with - Germany, three American ambassadors presented themselves - to the government--the then functioning ambassador, his - predecessor and his successor--and implored the government - not to give up, promising that America would join in the - war.= - - “=At present there are but 50,000 influential persons in - America who want it to enter the war, but in a short time - there will be a hundred million.=” - -The description makes it easy to identify the three diplomats who -gave France this assurance; they were Robert Bacon, Roosevelt’s -ambassador; Myron T. Herrick, Taft’s ambassador, and William G. -Sharp, Wilson’s ambassador to Paris. This promise was given in -September, 1914. There had then been no alleged outrages against -American rights. The U-boat war had not been started. The Lusitania -was not sunk until May, 1915. Obviously, then, the sinking of the -Lusitania, the U-boat raids, and other alleged offenses, were mere -pretexts of these “50,000 influential persons” in a propaganda to -precipitate their hundred million fellow-citizens into the bloody -European complication. - -No compromise now seemed possible. The Senate was determined to take -charge of the treaty, and the President prepared to appeal to the -country by a series of speeches which carried him through the West as -far as the Pacific Coast. During the trip he denounced the opposition -Senators with strong invective, culminating in violent outbreaks of -temper. But apparently his spell over the public mind, the seduction -of his phrases, had been broken. Suddenly came the news of his -physical breakdown, followed by his immediate return to Washington -under the care of physicians, and a long period of confinement with -the attendance of various specialists. Still he continued to direct -the fight in the Senate for the ratification of the League of Nations -and the treaty with Germany without the crossing of a “t” or the -dotting of an “i.” - -On November 19, 1919, the question came to a vote on a resolution -of Senator Underwood, resulting in the defeat of the administration -measure by a vote of 38 for and 53 against it. The only Republican -voting with the administration was McCumber of North Dakota, seven -Democrats voting against ratification with the Republicans. They -were Gore of Oklahoma, Reed of Missouri, Shields of Tennessee, Smith -of Georgia, Thomas of Colorado, Trammell of Florida and Walsh of -Massachusetts. - - -=English Opinion of Prussians in 1813-15.=--The British, as is well -known, revise their opinions of other nations according to their own -selfish interests. The ambition of England to crush Prussia is in -strong contrast to England’s gratitude to Prussian military genius -for saving Wellington from annihilation by Napoleon at Waterloo. The -sinister years of 1806-13 speak an eloquent language. The Corsican -conqueror thought he had crushed Prussia for all times. He had -stripped Prussia of half her territory and trampled the rest under -the hoofs of his cavalry. But Prussia was not dead, and from 1813 to -1815 Prussia was the wonder of the world. The London “Times” said: -“Almost every victory that led to the fall of the conqueror was a -Prussian victory. At Lutzen and Goerzen always the Prussians. At the -Katzbach, always the Prussians; at Grossbeeren and Leipzig, always -the Prussians; in the battles in France, always the Prussians, and -finally at Waterloo, always the Prussians. The Prussian soldier has -proved himself the best soldier of these campaigns.” - - -=Espionage Act, Vote on.=--By a vote of 48 to 26, the Senate, on -May 4, 1918, adopted the conference report on the Espionage Act. It -accepted all recommendations of the conference, even to the extent of -rejecting the France amendment, designed to protect from prosecution -newspapers and other publications whose criticism of the Government -was shown to be not based on malice. - -The actual count showed the result as follows: - -AYE: Democrats--Ashurst, Bankhead, Beckham, Chamberlain, Culberson, -Fletcher, Gerry, Guion, Henderson, Hitchcock, Hollis, Jones, of New -Mexico; King, Kirby, Lewis, McKellar, Myers, Overman, Owens, Phelan, -Pittman, Pomerene, Ransdell, Salisbury, Shafroth, Sheppard, Shields, -Simmons, Smith, of Georgia; Smith, of Maryland; Smith, of South -Carolina; Swanson, Thompson, Tillman, Trammell, Underwood, Walsh and -Williams. - -Republican--Colt, Fall, Jones, of Washington; Lenroot, McCumber, -McLean, Nelson, Poindexter, Sterling and Warren. Total, 48. - -NO: Democrats--Hardwick and Reed--2. - -Republicans--Borah, Brandegee, Calder, Curtis, Dillingham, France, -Gallinger, Gronna, Hale, Harding, Johnson, of California; Kenyon, -Knox, Lodge, McNary, New, Norris, Page, Sherman, Smoot, Sutherland, -Wadsworth, Watson and Weeks--24. Total, 26. - - -=Exports and Imports to and from the Belligerent Countries, -1914.=--The following figures are taken from the “Statistical -Abstract of the United States, 1915.” - - Exports to-- Imports from-- - - Austria-Hungary 1913 $ 23,320,696 $ 19,192,414 - 1915 1,238,669 9,794,418 - - France 1914 159,818,924 141,446,252 - 1915 369,397,170 77,158,740 - - =Germany 1914 344,794,276 189,919,136= - 1915 28,863,354 91,372,710 - - Italy 1914 74,235,012 56,407,671 - 1915 184,819,688 54,973,726 - - Russia 1914 31,303,149 23,320,157 - 1915 60,827,531 3,394,040 - - United Kingdom 1914 594,271,863 293,661,304 - 1915 911,794,954 256,351,675 - - 1913 415,449,457 120,571,180 - Canada 1914 344,716,081 160,689,790 - 1915 300,686,812 159,571,712 - -The table shows that the normal trade with Germany was the largest -next to that with the United Kingdom, and that Germany took more of -our products than Canada. It shows that Germany was not only one of -our best customers but that the balance of trade was largely in our -favor, the excess of American exports to Germany over imports in 1914 -amounting to $154,875,140, or nearly as much as our entire exports to -France in 1914. - -The following table shows how the British arbitrary rule of the seas -cut down our trade with the Scandinavian countries, all but that of -Norway, whose neutrality was largely in favor of England. The figures -are for the nine months ending March. - - 1915 1916 - Denmark, exports and imports $ 63,103,962 $44,046,752 - Netherlands, exports and imports 101,892,382 72,469,008 - Norway, exports and imports 32,401,556 37,259,135 - Sweden, exports and imports 65,880,749 43,156,027 - - -=Under the Espionage Act--A Chapter of Persecution.=--The sudden -decision of our government to enter the European war, on April 6, -1917, found the German element wholly unprepared for the outburst -of bitter hate which in the course of a few weeks threatened to -overwhelm every standard of sense and justice. Though a minority -element, it approximated closely the dominant Anglo-American element; -it far outnumbered every other racial element, and it was not -conscious of anything that justified its being relegated to a class -apart from the American people as a whole. - -The German element had fought for the independence of America in the -Revolution to the full limit of its quota, which was considerable; -it had outstripped every other element in furnishing troops for the -Union army; it had stood loyally by the government in every other -crisis of its history, and it was not aware that the Germans living -3,000 miles away under a government of their own had ever followed -any policy save one of pronounced friendship for the United States. - -Having no political adhesion among themselves, having never -contemplated the possibility of being turned upon by their fellow -citizens, fostering the spirit of conviviality, sociability, and -cultivating song and art rather than politics, they had relied -confidently on the impartiality of laws of the land to protect them -in their rights as well as to exact the performance of their duties -as American citizens. - -Their forefathers had been foremost in the winning of the West; -more than any others they formed the far-flung battle line that -encountered the invasion of the red hordes in the French-Indian -wars; more of their number had perished in Indian massacres, -from Canajoharie to New Ulm, than of any other race; they could -defiantly challenge any other element to show a greater influence -in educational, cultural and general academic directions, and in -the words of that truly great American woman, Miss Jane Addams, the -German American element was entitled to be heard. - -It is unfortunately an Anglo-American trait to be easily lashed into -a fanatical mob spirit by prominent spokesmen, in singular disregard -of its avowed democracy. The history of our country teems with -examples of unbridled violence against any non-conforming spirit that -ever developed. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote: - - The influential classes, and those who take upon themselves - to be the leaders of the people, are fully liable to all - the passionate error that has ever characterized the - maddest mob. Clergymen, judges, statesmen, the wisest, - calmest, holiest persons of their day, stood in the inner - circle round about the gallows, loudest to applaud the work - of blood, latest to confess themselves miserably deceived. - -It began with the hanging of witches; it was continued in the mobbing -of Quakers; at one time we mobbed English actors, and in the Astor -Place riots of New York, because we abhorred an English actor, -Macready, eighteen persons were killed. There were the anti-Masonic -riots, the anti-Catholic emeutes, the Know Nothing riots; later the -anti-abolitionist riots in Boston and elsewhere; the Copperhead -mobs, the Sandlot riots, and dozens of others, down to the burning -of negroes by demonstrative communities charging themselves with the -administration of savage justice. - -It happened to be the turn of the Germans, forming 26 per cent. -of the total population, and so intermixed that nothing can ever -segregate the cross-currents of blood that courses through the veins -of the American people. - -In the Revolution Prussia had given refuge to American cruisers at -Danzig, the port which, under the treaty we are helping to distrain -from her German motherland, and had bribed Catherine the Great’s -minister to prevent the sending of Russian troops to help England -fight the American colonists; in the Civil War, besides giving -their sons to the cause of the Union, the Germans had come to our -rescue with their money when most needed. Was it astonishing that -the so-called German element was stunned and staggered by the sudden -reversion of sentiment from one of complete spiritual and national -accord to one of vindictive malice by neighbor against neighbor and -friend against friend? - -It is perhaps true, as has been assumed, that certain influential -members of the administration received an inordinate shock at the -suggestion, from whatever source it came, that the German Americans -would be likely to rise in revolution, and that a panic seized -Washington at such a prospect, so that all measures were considered -fair that would tend to put down the Germans and keep them in -complete subjection by a system of terrorism. It is certain that no -evidence has been disclosed by the endless investigations that have -been going on which tended to establish the guilt of any member of -the race as to plots against the government. - -The Attorney General called for 200,000 volunteers to act as agents -of the Department of Justice to report all disloyal talk or on the -identity of persons suspected of being “pro-German.” To be known as -having sympathized with the Central Powers, no matter what one’s -action was after we entered the war, was to insure one’s footsteps -and movements to be dogged by spies. No home was sacred, and the -least indiscreet utterance was ground for a report, arrest and -indictment under the so-called Espionage Act, which the New York -“American” of February 24, 1917, described as “simply the infamous -Alien and Sedition laws under another name,” passed in 1789, during -the presidency of John Adams, which consigned the party that passed -it to eternal oblivion. - -Senator Cummings of Iowa said: - - This measure is the most stringent and drastic law ever - proposed to curb a free people in time of peace or war. - The Government would have absolute power in war time to - suppress newspapers and prevent debate in Congress. It - might even be held a criminal offense for two citizens to - discuss with each other questions of military policy. - -The New York “Call” of July 2, 1919, described the effect of the law -in no exaggerated language when it said: - - Free discussion became a memory, and rubber stamp opinions - became a badge of “patriotism.” Men and women were hunted - out of their homes for having an idea higher than a rat. - In some states a White Terror raged which deported whole - families to adjoining states. Blood flowed. Men were mobbed - and some lynched because they insisted on using their - brains, instead of the brains of others. Public officials - applauded, refused to interfere, and newspapers glorified - the carousal of hate and terror. - - Spying upon your friends became an honorable calling. - The coward who hated his fellow man in packs became the - popular “hero.” Papers and magazines had their mailing - privileges withdrawn and some were suppressed. Libraries - were repeatedly ransacked for “seditious” literature. The - schools became a refuge of servile teachers, who taught - what was told them, no matter how absurd it might be. - Censorship barred the masses from the real news of the - world. The “news” was manufactured in government bureaus - and in the editorial offices of the daily newspapers. The - theater and the “movie” became agencies for enforcing - standardized opinions. The churches tied their creeds to - the chariot of the imperialists and made their Christ speak - for reaction. The lecture platform became defiled. The - reversion back to the primitive permeated politics. The - blackest enemies of human progress had the public ear; its - friends were damned and assaulted. Historical works were - “revised” or suppressed to make them square with the brutal - mania of the hour. - - All this was glorified in the name of “democracy,” in the - name of “liberty,” in the name of “freedom.” A shadow fell - upon the intellectual life of the nation. For the time - being it was blotted out. All thinking had ceased, except - for a courageous few, and they were mobbed or sent to the - penitentiaries. Yet the editors, politicians, preachers, - capitalists, bankers, exploiters, profiteers, patrioteers, - “labor leaders,” all, looked upon their work and called - it good. Missions went abroad to tell the European yokels - of our “ideals.” The masses were intellectual prisoners, - marching in the lockstep of capital’s chain gang. - -There was a phase of this spy activity that went even beyond this: -The invasion of the homes of German Americans whose sons were -fighting in the ranks and dying in France--there were 17,000 of the -latter. They were harried by ill-bred patriots of the sort we read of -in the history of the French revolution, who, disregarding the fact -that these parents were citizens, treated them as suspects and kept -them under surveillance because they were not rushing out into the -open and shouting “Huns.” - -Many a case occurred in which a lad in the American army was fighting -against his own brother in the ranks of the German army and his -mother over here was harrassed by members of the National Security -League, the American Defense Society or the American Protective -League, while the father was cast out of employment for being of -German blood. - -Many a crippled boy returned from France to find that his family had -been impoverished and persecuted by secret agents or self-constituted -spies. In the breast of many a young German American were then and -there planted the seeds of hate for his tormentors, and, sad to -relate, doubts of the virtue of American liberty. He had given his -blood to make the world safe for democracy and found his home in the -grip of despotism. - -There are those who account for the persecution of the German -element by the reminder that the war offered the first opportunity -for Southern-thinking Americans to repay the German element for its -share in the Civil War in aiding the Union to win the final victory -in 1865. Be that as it may, in the end this element was gloriously -vindicated by ample proof of its loyalty, no matter what the test. -Despite the most unrelenting enforcement of every phase of the -objectionable act, mass meetings were held in twelve cities during -Lincoln’s birthday in 1919, to protest against the law and demand -its repeal. The meetings were called in the name of Lincoln, the -liberator, but not by German Americans. - -Reviewing the prosecutions under the Espionage Act, the Civil -Liberties Bureau, 41 Union Square, which itself was repeatedly -raided, on February 13, 1919, issued the following summary: - - The bureau has had, since the beginning of the war, a - standing order with a newspaper clipping company covering - all references in the press of the United States to - disloyalty, sedition, espionage and the Espionage law. As - a result, we have the most illuminating record of cases - which it has been possible to complete without access to - the records of the Attorney General. We have no record of a - single instance when a spy has been imprisoned under this - law. - - Furthermore, in the cases cited in the Attorney General’s - report as typical of those prosecuted under the Espionage - law, there is not one case in which the prisoner was - convicted of being a paid German spy, or of even trying to - find out military secrets. All the convictions which are - reported arose under section 13 of the Penal Code, under - which the maximum sentence is two years. So far as we have - any record, cases of this nature which have arisen under - the Espionage act have been terminated by the internment - of the accused, without imprisonment. On the other hand, - American citizens exercising (perhaps without discretion) - the right of free speech in war time have been sentenced - to as high as twenty years in the penitentiary. According - to the data in our possession, about two-thirds of the - convictions have been for remarks in private conversation. - The remainder have been for statements made in public - speeches and in literature publicly circulated. - -The daily press, with the very rarest exceptions, was in accord with -the mob and the spirit of the Espionage Act. If ever it was evident -how little the German Americans had been taken into consideration by -their fellow citizens, it became undeniably patent in the refusal -of the press, though largely dependent on the support of this -element, to cry a halt to the persecutions. Every man arrested on -some charge was glaringly pictured in the character of a dangerous -spy, and fanatical women were given much space in their columns for -organized assaults on German toys and German music. The German people -were described as moral lepers. The New York “Herald” advocated the -hanging of German Americans to lamp posts. The New York “Sun,” late -in October, 1918, soberly printed this: - - Yet by not a few are we ominously told that the German is - a man of like nature with ourselves and that as such we - must be prepared to live with him after the war. This is - not the truth; it is rather the most menacing lie upon the - horizon of the conflict and its conclusion.... Scrutinized - historically and presented boldly, the German cannot be but - recognized as a distinctly separate and pathological human - species. =He is not human in the sense that other men are - human.= - -Societies were formed for the Suppression of Everything German, -and there exists at present in all parts of the United States a -secret society pledged not to buy of any German American or to give -employment to any member of that race. - -The German Americans manifested an utterly helpless spirit in the -situation. No uniform demand was formulated to be presented to -Congress demanding the repeal of the Espionage Act after the excuse -that called it into existence had ceased to exist, or calling on -the authorities for protection. Some formed a society known as -“The Friends of German Democracy,” under Mr. Franz Sigel, which -adopted resolutions pledging complete and unreserved loyalty. It was -rewarded with a letter from a woman heading an anti-German movement -who subsequently was shown to be an English subject, in which the -Friends of German Democracy were roundly told that “the only good -German-American is a dead one.” - -Another woman, the daughter of German parents, Mrs. William Jay, -gained great notoriety by her campaign against German music, and -was instrumental in stopping German plays, operas and symphonies in -New York before and after the armistice had been signed, and also -in sending many well-established German musicians into exile, or -to an internment camp. Many, courting favor and recognition from -persons having some social standing, seeing their own race utterly -helpless in counteracting the feeling of contempt, joined with their -detractors in order to remove all doubt as to their own loyalty. - -In many States the teaching of the German language was prohibited -by the legislatures. In New York City, though the Germans have a -total vote of 1,250,000, including the women, they were unable to -prevent--and made no attempt to prevent--an order forbidding the -teaching of German or the introduction of new books of history in the -schools in which their race is described as Huns and made responsible -for every atrocity ascribed to it in the heat of war. - -The only outstanding resistance to the spirit of Anglicising the -country was recorded in New Jersey, where the German language was -put under the ban in the Masonic lodges, and where John J. Plemenik, -Master of Schiller Lodge, in Newark, refused to comply with the order -of the Grand Lodge on the ground that for fifty years the lodge had -worked in German, under the sanction of the Grand Lodge. Rather -than submit to the edict of the Grand Lodge of the State the master -walked out of the lodge room, followed by 200 Masons, some of them -from English-speaking lodges. The example found a near parallel in -one of the twenty-seven German lodges in New York City, one of them -above 125 years old, after which an order extending the time for -discontinuing the German language of the lodges was promptly issued. -All the lodges were, however, unanimous in support of steps against -obedience to the edict. - -The New York Liederkranz Society, one of the largest German social -organizations in the United States, cheered the late Col. Roosevelt -to the echo in his attacks on their race. The New York “Times” of -October 16, 1918, says that although all members of the club are of -German descent, every statement made by Col. Roosevelt, and the other -speakers, William Forster, president of the club, and Ludwig Nissen, -chairman of the Liberty Loan Committee, were cheered again and -again. Col. Roosevelt said there was room here for but one language, -meaning, of course, the King’s English. - -A few months later we read a dispatch from Philadelphia (New York -“Tribune,” April 26, 1919): “President Wilson’s attitude on the Fiume -situation has so aroused Italians in this city that they will not -hold their Victory Liberty Loan parade.... Leaders here fear that -the attitude of the Italians toward President Wilson will result in -cutting down their subscriptions to the loan.” - -Before one Justice Cropsey, of the Queens County Supreme Court, -ten Germans out of eleven who applied for citizenship one day in -May, 1919, six months after the signing of the armistice, had their -petitions denied. A girl who was earning her living as a stenographer -was included in the list because she had not invested in the first -two Liberty loans, though she was unemployed at the time. The learned -Justice dismissed her petition with the statement: “You get the -benefit of this country and increase your pay through its entrance -into the war, and yet you will not support it.” - -Out of 215 staff officers named among the personnel of the new -general staff of the army, announced October 3, 1918, only nine bore -German names. Of the service men aboard an American ship destroyed in -action during the war, 36 per cent. bore German names. The highest -distinction conferred on any American aviator during the active -fighting was given to Capt. Edward V. Rickenbacker, popularly called -“the American Ace of Aces,” of Columbus, Ohio. - -Any one resisting the current of hatred and abuse, as Henry Ford, -whose contribution to the success of the American army is certainly -incontestible, was exposed to the same attacks as those directly -of German descent who were everywhere summoned before boards of -inquisition; a headline in the “Evening Sun” of July 2, 1919, runs -like this: “Ford Kept 500 Pro-Germans--Staff Men Say They Worked -at Plant During the War--Motor Defects Were Passed--Didn’t Try to -Correct Errors.” - -That citizens of German origin were assigned a status independent of -other citizens is apparent from a statement filed with the United -States Senate by Mr. George A. Schreiner, the war correspondent of -the Associated Press, who, upon his return here for a visit, was -refused a passport for two years to go back to his post of duty. He -writes: - - I will terminate my report with a few remarks that seem - greatly in order. These remarks concern the status of the - naturalized citizen. On the very report issued to me on - August 30, 1919, there appears personal data denouncing - me which was formerly not placed on passports, =and - which during the last two years has done much injury - to naturalized citizens=. I refer to the fact that in - the lower left-hand corner of the passport is noted the - citizen’s place of birth and former nationality. As things - are constituted and as they have been for some time, the - notice referred to constitutes a discrimination against - citizens of the United States of immigrant origin. The - passport is given to the citizen as a means to identify - himself as a citizen of the United States, =not as signal - to those hostile to his racials elsewhere, that the - Government of the United States sees a distinction between - native and those of foreign birth=.... The elimination of - all personal data from the passport would be the first - step on the part of the Government in serving notice - upon foreign governments that there is but one class of - citizens in the United States, and that all of them are - equally entitled to protection, as was the stand taken by - the Senate when some years ago it abrogated the commercial - treaty with the Imperial Russian Government, because that - government had refused to recognize fully the American - passports given to citizens of the United States of Jewish - origin. - - Men in the Department of State have thought it presumptuous - on my part that I should claim the rights of a native-born - citizen, and do that in the manner in which I was forced - to do it. To that I will reply that no other avenue was - open. In the first place, =I am either a citizen of the - United States in every sense of the word, and in every duty - and right, or I am not=. So long as there is not set up, - let me say, immigrant citizens, or whatever designation - may be deemed proper, which class a person can join, fully - cognizant of what he or she is doing, the citizen admitted - on the basis of full citizenship, the reservation of the - presidency duly considered, would show his utter unfitness - for his national status did he relinquish, in the least - degree, his rights and guarantees, as constitutionally - fixed and legally defined. - -One German American army officer was sentenced to 25 years at -hard labor at Leavenworth for having written a letter to the War -Department, declaring that as his sympathies for Germany did not fit -him to act a soldier in the fighting line, he desired to resign. He -was nevertheless sent to France in the hope that it “would cause his -sense of propriety to reassert itself.” Later, when Pershing reported -that there had been no change, he was sent back to the United States -for trial, with the above result. The “Times” said the papers and -documents seized in his home would not be published. “These papers -are said to show that the convicted man was an active friend of -Germany in this country (his wife was born there), and that in the -early part of the war he subscribed to one of the German war loans, -paying his subscription in installments.” This was the extent of the -proof, so far as known. Another officer of German descent could not -be confirmed when his name was sent in for promotion to brigadier -general. - -One of the most sensational trials was that against Albert Paul -Fricke, in New York, charged with high treason. Delancey Nicol, -a famous attorney, was specially engaged to prosecute the case. -Fricke was acquitted by a jury. This result was noticed in an -obscure part of the papers, whereas Fricke’s arrest, indictment and -the details of the case at many stages was spread under screaming -headlines invariably. Paul C. H. Hennig, holding a responsible -position as superintendent in the E. W. Bliss Co. plant in Brooklyn, -was announced to have been caught red-handed tampering with the -gyroscopes for torpedoes manufactured by the company for the -Government. It was described as a plot so to manipulate the gyroscope -as to reverse the course of the torpedo and discharge it against -the vessel from which it was released, thus blowing the ship out of -the water. At the trial it was testified that Hennig could not have -accomplished any such purpose had he desired, as the torpedoes passed -through numerous other hands after leaving his and were carefully -inspected at every stage of their manufacture. He was acquitted by a -jury, but the trial had ruined him financially. - -Two years before the war, a Lutheran minister, Rev. Jaeger, was -assassinated in his home in Indiana for being pro-German. On April -5, 1918, Robert B. Prager was lynched by a mob of boys and drunken -men at Collinsville, Illinois, for being a German. The acquittal of -the men was received with public jubilation, bon fires and concert by -a Naval Reserve band. At West Frankfort, Ill., according to a press -dispatch of March 25, 1918, “500 men seized Mrs. Frances Bergen, a -woman of Bohemian birth, from municipal officers, rode her on a rail -through the main street of the town, and compelled her to wave the -American flag throughout the demonstration. At frequent intervals the -procession paused while Mrs. Bergen was compelled to shout praise for -President Wilson.” - -A law evidently designed to hurt citizens of German descent was -passed in Chicago, and a dispatch of March 26, 1918, gleefully -announced that “six thousand aliens will lose their rights to conduct -business in Chicago, May 1, when the ordinance passed by the City -Council refusing licenses to all persons not United States citizens -takes effect. Brewers, saloon keepers, restaurant keepers, tailors, -bakers, junk dealers and others for whom a license from the city is -required will be affected by the new law.” In this manner judges were -forced from the bench and even compelled to fly for their lives, -teachers were ousted out of their places, and professors frozen out -of their professorships in universities. Citizens to the number -of thousands were made outcasts in the country of their birth or -adoption, and they were asking themselves “why?” without getting -an answer. The German plotters spoken of by leading officials of -the government as menacing the safety of the government, had not -materialized; the danger of the “hyphen” had been exaggerated. - -Under the extraordinary power given to irresponsible organizations -and individuals by the repressive legislation enacted by Congress, -the abuses which ensued were harrowing to any one with the least -conscious regard for the institutions of his country. In New York a -boy was sentenced to three months in jail for circulating a leaflet -containing extracts from the Declaration of Independence, emphasis -being laid on the fact by the court that certain passages, construed -to be an incitement to sedition, were printed in black type. An -appeal to a higher court fortunately nullified the verdict. A woman -was knocked down in the streets of New York by a man for speaking -German, and the court discharged the brute without a reprimand. From -all parts of the country reports of outrages against citizens with -German names were of daily occurrence. Men were carried off by groups -of hooligans, stripped and whipped, or tarred and feathered. The same -individuals who had themselves expressed sympathy for the cause of -the Central Powers in conversations with their neighbors, suddenly -turned informers, and professed to be proud of their betrayal of -confidence. Everywhere men were indicted for treason who on trial -were acquitted by the juries who heard their cases. - -Not until the mob spirit everywhere assumed such a menacing aspect -that no citizen dared trust his own friend, and bloodshed and -violence began to run rampant, came any utterance from administration -sources designed to check the reign of terror, and then the warnings -were couched in such conservative language that they could be applied -as a rebuke only to extreme cases of fanatical madness. - -Not only was the press doing yeoman’s duty in the suppression of -human rights, but the pulpit, the bar and the theaters and film -companies combined to lash the ignorant into a state of maniacal -fury and incited them to further outrages. A few judges, here and -there, stood out in bold relief for their attitude in defense of -constitutional government and the right of the individual under the -same. - -One of the most dastardly outrages was enacted near Florence, Ky., -October 28, 1917, when a masked mob seized Prof. Herbert S. Bigelow, -a prominent citizen of Cincinnati, Ohio, tied him to a tree in the -woods and horse-whipped him for advocating the constitutional rights -of American citizens. - -The manner in which terrorism was carried out is well illustrated by -events in New York City. Bazaars were everywhere held in aid of the -cause of army and navy and the associated governments, and committees -scoured the city for subscriptions and support. Among the events -organized for this ostensible purpose was the Army and Navy Bazaar. -The sum of $72,000 was taken in, but only $700 went to Uncle Sam’s -soldiers and sailors. The rest went for commissions and expenses. -This affair was used to terrorize German Americans on a large scale -in order to press money out of them. An investigation brought out -evidence, supplied by William S. Moore, secretary of the Guaranty -Trust Company, who was treasurer of the bazaar, that “German citizens -and citizens of German descent had been threatened with accusations -of disloyalty by collectors of the bazaar.” An evening paper stated: -“He admitted to the prosecutor that during the preparations for the -bazaar several complaints that New Yorkers of German blood had been -solicited, with the threat that they would be reported for internment -if they refused to contribute, had been made to the bazaar officials.” - -Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor, during the -war declared that 600 liberal periodicals had been interfered with -by the Post Office Department under the power given the Postmaster -General to censor the American press. A large number of papers were -harrassed, their editors arrested, some charged with treason or other -high crime; and a few--a very few--were indicted. One effectual way -of putting a stop to a publication which, though no grounds existed -for its suppression, yet proved offensive by its outspoken defense -of American principles, was to cancel its second-class mailing -privilege. Under this privilege a paper enjoys a pound-rate postage, -instead of being obliged to pay one cent or more for every copy -mailed. - -This was the course pursued toward the weekly, “Issues and Events,” -which, with “The Fatherland” (now Viereck’s “American Monthly”), -was started in 1914 to combat the pro-Ally campaign under Lord -Northcliffe. After some five or six issues were stopped from going -through the mails, the paper taking steps to reincorporate, became -“The American Liberal,” but after only four issues was denied the -second-class mailing privilege, and was forced to suspend. - -The issue of March 23, 1918, was stopped for printing Theodore -Sutro’s plea before the Senate Committee as attorney for the -German-American Alliance, which was having its charter canceled by -a bill introduced by Senator King, of Utah. The issue of April 6, -1918, was stopped. It contained a compilation of the outrages against -German Americans in all parts of the country under the heading, “A -Reign of Terror.” The issue of April 13 was stopped. It contained a -quotation from Carl Schurz on the freedom of speech and press, and -a statement of Abraham Lincoln on reverence for the law; also an -article on the seizure of a list of 40,000 subscribers to the German -war bonds by the then attorney general of New York. - -The next number to be stopped was the issue of May 11, containing -an article, “The Right of Free Speech Defined by a Distinguished -Federal Judge to Roosevelt and by Judge Hand to the Jury Trying -‘The Masses’ Case,” and an article showing that the Germans had -subscribed a larger amount to the Liberty Loan than any other group -of foreign-born citizens. - -The June 1 issue was next stopped. It contained the address of -Melville E. Stone, general manager of the Associated Press, before -the St. Louis Commercial Club, in which he denied the truth of the -stories of Belgian atrocities after a personal investigation of -numerous cases in France and Belgium. The June 8 issue also was -stopped. The offensive material obviously consisted of extracts from -a pamphlet issued by the National Civil Liberties Bureau, “The Truth -About the I. W. W.” It presented a compilation of extracts from the -works of industrial investigators and noted economists, and was -printed as a matter of news with no idea of propagandizing the cause -of the I. W. W. - -The paper was rapidly losing its footing under this heroic treatment -of the Post Office censorship, although no notoriety was attached -to the course. On June 22 the first issue of “The American Liberal” -appeared, in which an attempt was made to avoid anything that could -give excuse for interference, the chief desire being to protect the -stockholders and creditors. But after the fourth issue a peremptory -order canceling the second-class mailing privilege put an effectual -stop to further efforts to continue the uneven struggle. - -Immediately after, the affairs of the paper became a subject of -serious concern in various secret service branches of the government. -A raid was made on a prominent citizen in the town of Reading and -letters were found showing that he had at one time aided the paper -in the sum of $100. This was heralded as evidence of some sinister -conspiracy to destroy the government. A raid was made on the office -of the paper and every letter on file was seized to discover proof of -fraud and bad faith on the part of certain employes of the office, -and to establish some connection with German plotters. Investigations -were instituted; the daily papers were supplied with information -that contained one part fact and nine parts suggestion, innuendoes -and insinuations. Lawyers who examined the reports said they were -vicious, but just within the law--that action for libel would -probably not stick. And that was obviously the purpose of the raids. -The prominent citizen of Reading was allowed to go the even tenor of -his ways, and the seized documents in the office of the paper were -returned in due season and pronounced harmless. The public had been -lashed into a feverish state of indignation against some imaginary -plotters, a legitimate enterprise had been ruined, all the employes -of the paper had been turned into the street, some filth had been -flung at the head of the editor, and the country was saved! - -The paper was instrumental, after its suspension, in raising -sufficient money to satisfy an indebtedness of more than $600 due a -private benevolent institution in which it had placed a large number -of children of distressed aliens affected by the rigorous legislation -of Congress against alien enemies, and the Mount Plaza Home, which -it had started for the same purpose, took care of between 800 and -900 children during the season of 1918 with its own resources. This -charity had formed a special object of attack and suspicion. - -Even more drastic was the treatment accorded Viereck’s “American -Monthly,” though for reasons which need not be detailed here, it was -not interfered with by the Post Office Department. The principal -cause for the inquisition, which kept the daily press well supplied -with Monday morning articles of sensational interest, was Mr. -Viereck’s connection with German propaganda before our entrance -in the war. The inquisition was conducted by Assistant State’s -Attorney Alfred Becker, then a candidate for Attorney General, who -was apparently making political capital for himself out of the -investigation. Later Senator Reed showed that Becker’s associate in -the investigation was an individual named Musica, an ex-convict, who -with a number of associates had, also under Mr. Becker’s auspices, -sought to “frame up” William Randolph Hearst with Bolo Pasha, the -press being furnished with statements that Mr. Hearst, Bolo Pasha, -Capt. Boy-Ed and Capt. von Papen had foregathered over a supper at a -prominent New York hotel for some undefined evil purpose. The whole -story was shown to be a fabrication. - -The daily press teemed with headlines like this: “Letters Seized -by Millions in Raid--Alleged Seditious Matter Taken After Over 300 -Search Warrants Are Issued Secretly--Anti-War Bodies on List.” -(New York “Times,” August 30, 1918.) “Teuton Propaganda Board Now -Known--Attorney General Promises that Names of Americans Involved -Will be Made Public--Kaiser’s Machine Worked Under the Cloak of -the German Red Cross;” “Teuton Propaganda Paid for by Rumely--Gave -Hammerling $205,000 in Cash for Space in Foreign Language -Newspapers--Germans Planned $1,500,000 Good Will Campaign, Expecting -U-Boats to End War in June, 1917;” “‘Charity’ Millions a Propaganda -Fund--Becker Exposes Fraud of German Agents Here--Deputy Attorney -General Says He Expects to Implicate ‘Journalists’ Among Others;” -(New York “Evening Post,” August 19, 1918); “Propaganda Hunt by -Federal Agents--Homes and Offices Searched in Cities Wide Apart Under -Government Warrants--Visit Plants in Reading--Correspondence and -Documents of Dr. Michael Singer Seized in Chicago,” etc. - -All books bearing on the European struggle, written long before our -entrance into the war, many of them of a sociological character, -others dealing with historical subjects, were placed in an index -expurgatorious. Books discontinued the day we entered the war were -sent for by reputable persons in the hope of obtaining evidence -of violation of law against those issuing them. Indiscriminately, -everywhere, names of well-known citizens of German descent, many -of them native-born, were bandied about in the newspapers as spies -and plotters, their homes and offices were raided, their papers -seized--and there matters ended. Among the books described as -seditious were works by Prof. John W. Burgess, Frank Harris, Prof. -Scott Nearing, Frederic C. Howe, W. S. Leake, Sven Hadin, Theodore -Wilson Wilson, Arthur Daniels, E. G. Balch, Capshaw Carson, E. F. -Henderson, Roland Hugins. - -The reaction came when before the Overman Senate Committee a list of -“suspects” was given out by an agent of the Department of Justice. It -was headed by Miss Jane Addams. People began to realize that if the -efforts of this great American woman, actuated in her philanthropic -work by the most impartial and benevolent motives, could be -impudently pronounced those of a German plotter and propagandist, -the indictment against every other person on the list must be of -uncertain consistency. By slow degrees it became apparent that -certain officials had blundered. When “The Nation” had an issue held -up for criticizing Samuel Gompers, the zealous Solicitor for the Post -Office Department, William H. Lamar, was suddenly overruled by the -President. In addition, Lamar made a bad impression by excluding “The -World Tomorrow,” representing the Fellowship of Reconciliation, of -which Jane Addams is president. It was practically ordered to cease -publication. By the President’s order it was restored to its rights. - -DeWoody, in charge of the Federal investigations in New York, -resigned and disappeared from public notice. Bielaski, head of the -secret service at Washington, resigned. Many of the officials had -been handsomely advertised but had failed to effect convictions. They -had been principally occupied in loading odium on American citizens -who had acted wholly within their rights. - -Much blame fell to them that attaches legitimately to the American -Protective League, the National Security League and other voluntary -spy organizations, whose members did not know the difference between -testimony and evidence and were continually embarrassing the federal -officers with over-zealous efforts to convict people, so that -ultimately Attorney General Palmer, on succeeding Gregory, issued -notice repudiating these private organizations. - -A fatal blunder was made on a certain day in New York; thousands of -young men were halted on the streets by men in khaki and publicly -dragged to a station as “slackers.” Attorney General Gregory -repudiated all responsibility and soon after retired from office. - -The principal agent in keeping the excitement at fever heat in -New York City was Deputy Attorney General Alfred L. Becker, and -much of his activity was due to his candidacy for the position of -Attorney General of the State. His “revelations” were all timed -with his eye on the primary election, to take place September 3, -1918. When the United States entered the war he helped to draft the -radical “Peace and Safety Act,” and took charge of investigations -under its authority. A campaign pamphlet issued by him, entitled “A -Brief Account of the Exposure of German Propaganda and Intrigue by -Deputy Attorney General Alfred L. Becker, Candidate for Attorney -General at the Republican Primary,” cites the following cases having -come under his investigations: Bolo Pasha, Joseph Caillaux, former -Premier of France; Adolf Pavenstedt, Hugo Schmidt, Eugen Schwerdt, -German ownership or affiliation of two great woolen mills placed -under control of the Alien Property Custodian; German secret codes, -Dr. Edward A. Rumely’s ownership of the New York “Mail;” German -and Austria-Hungarian war loan subscribers, George S. Viereck, -Dr. William Bayard Hale and Louis Hammerling, and he dwelt on his -efforts toward “fearlessly exposing the activities of the above and -many others =who sought to keep the United States out of the war=.” -Among the subjects investigated by him were enumerated the following -offenses: “Praising German ‘kultur’;” “defending Germany against -the charge of instigating the war;” “cursing England and Japan and -sneering at Italy;” “advocating war with Mexico;” “whining that -France was ‘bled white’;” “hypocritical appeals for German peace;” -“preaching that Germany was sure to win.” The pamphlet carried -the endorsement of Col. Roosevelt: “I am heartily in favor of the -nomination of Mr. Becker because as Deputy Attorney General in charge -of investigating war conspiracies, he has done more to expose and -stamp out German propaganda than any other city, state or federal -official.” - -When Becker’s unscrupulous methods were exposed by Senator Reed -before the Overman Committee of the United States Senate and it was -shown that he had been employing a number of ex-convicts parading -under assumed names as his assistants, in order to procure evidence -on which to convict men summoned before him, his star began to set. -In the primaries he was decisively defeated and shortly after he -retired to private practice as a lawyer. - - -=England Threatens the United States.=--On September 7, 1916, some -remarkable statements were made in the Senate by Senator Chamberlain, -of Oregon, and later replied to by Senator Williams. - -The moment for war had not arrived, the Presidential election was -still two months off. Senators were speaking their minds concerning -the arbitrary acts of England against the United States, and Senator -Chamberlain, representing the great salmon and other fishing -interests of the Northwest, told how they were being destroyed by the -Canadian railways and other agencies. “How?” asked Mr. Chamberlain, -“not by any act of Parliament of the Canadian Government, but by -orders in council, pursuing the same course in Canada that the -British Government pursues in England and on the high seas for the -purpose of destroying not only the commerce of our own country -but the commerce of any other neutral country that it sees fit to -destroy.” - -The Senator said: “There is absolutely too much Toryism in the -Congress of the United States, both in the House and in the Senate.” - -In the course of his speech, he reviewed in detail England’s -aggressions and diplomatic victories over the United States, and it -developed that in the most high-handed manner England was actually -threatening us. Senator Jones, of Washington, being conceded the -floor by his colleagues, said: - -“I read the other day an extract from a letter I received from the -Acting Secretary of State, in which he said this: - - “‘On July 12 the department received an informal and - confidential communication from the British Ambassador - stating that the Canadian Government has requested him to - say that =the passage of the House Bill 15839 would affect - the relations of the two countries, and might cause the - Canadian Government to enact retaliatory legislation=.’” - -Nominally a question of issue between this country and Canada, the -part that England was prepared to play in the matter was shown by the -fact that the British Ambassador was acting as the agent of Canada, a -British colony. - -Senator Chamberlain resumed his speech, saying: - - “It is the same old threat that is always made when America - undertakes to assert her rights against the British - Government. We do not want to get into trouble with Great - Britain, nor any other country, but we do want to protect - our own rights; and if in order to do it we must suffer - retaliation in some other line or at some other place, why, - Mr. President, let us at whatever cost make the effort to - protect ourselves and let these retaliatory measures come - whenever and wherever they see fit to bring them. - - “Why, there are some of our friends so tender-footed and - so fearful of offending the majesty of Great Britain - that they do not want to retain any of these so-called - retaliatory provisions in this bill; and, yet, in violation - of every treaty obligation, we find that Great Britain has - not only been interfering with our commerce but is doing - the very things that this measure is intended to relieve - against; not only blacklisting our merchants but opening - and censoring our mails. Only a few days ago I got a letter - from a constituent of mine inclosing a letter from his - good old mother in Germany, who wrote him that she had not - heard from him for months, and yet he has been writing to - her every week. Why? Because on the plea of military or - other necessity Great Britain is invading the mails of the - United States even when addressed to neutrals or neutral - countries, and taking from the mail pouches private letters - and every other kind, except such as may be protected not - by international law--because they violate international - law--but by special agreement between that country and - this; not only letters but drafts and money and papers and - everything else. I have letters from a prominent man in - Pennsylvania who tells me that letters containing orders - to his house from neutral countries are opened, the orders - taken out and sent to British manufacturing establishments, - and there filled; and the Government that has done these - things has the impudence, as suggested by the letter - addressed to the Senator from Washington, to insist that - if we enact such legislation as that proposed and which - we deem necessary to protect our people and our country, - she will retaliate in some way. She can not retaliate - any worse than she has done, Mr. President, without law, - without authority, and in violation of every national and - international right. - - “I know that there are Senators here who do not agree with - me. I heard a distinguished gentleman say tonight that - Great Britain was fighting our battles. If that be true, - does she find it necessary, in fighting our battles, to - destroy our commerce, to rifle our mail sacks, to take our - money, to prevent our intercourse with neutrals, and to do - everything or anything to our injury, whether sanctioned by - the laws of nations or in spite of them? - - “I get tired of hearing this, Mr. President. Until the - United States has the courage that Great Britain has always - had to assert her rights and dare maintain them, the United - States may expect to be imposed upon. One of my reasons - for advocating preparation for self-defense was to let - the world know that from this time on the United States - expected to protect her citizens and her country and her - country’s interests at all hazards; and the very fact - that she is prepared to assert those rights when occasion - requires and demands is all that it will be necessary to - do. She will never have to utilize her resources for war. - - “Mr. President, I serve notice on the Senate now that I - propose to introduce a bill at the next session of Congress - embodying the provision under consideration and try to - call it to the attention of the Senate, and, if necessary, - to the attention of the country, and to show the country - who is responsible for this base surrender of our rights - to the demands of the Canadian Government. =I want to - protest as loudly as I can against Sir Joseph Pope or any - other Canadian official or the representatives of any - other foreign Government coming over here, either to the - Executive Chambers or to the Department of State or to any - other department of the Government, unless duly accredited, - and interfering with the enactment of laws by the American - Congress that the American people feel are necessary for - their protection and the protection of their commerce. I - think if any American citizen ever dared to enter upon such - a course without an invitation, there ought to be some way - found to punish him for attempting to interfere with the - legislation proposed by a foreign government in its own way - and for its own purposes.=” - -Was the Senator, in the closing sentence, referring to any particular -American citizen--to a citizen acting as the attorney for a foreign -government and sustaining close relations to a distinguished member -of the Cabinet? - -On September 7 Senator Williams, of Mississippi, undertook to defend -the Canadian Government, and incidentally described a hypothetical -condition which eventually became a reality as to the German -element--that of their children killing the children of their kin, -against which, as to Canada, Williams forefended with religious -protestations. - - Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, there is just one thing that - even my friend George Chamberlain cannot do. He cannot - create war between us and the men and the women and the - children of Canada. =We are too near akin to one another - in blood and in language and in literature and in law and - in everything else that makes men and women akin to one - another for that.= - - =The greatest crime that the world could possibly witness - would be a war between the people of the United States - and the people of Canada. It is unthinkable from a sane - man’s standpoint, no matter what happens, no matter what - occurs....= - - The Senator says that we assert and we dare to maintain - our rights. Of course we do. =So do they assert and so do - they dare maintain their rights, and they are weaker than - we.= All the more reason why we should be considerate in - our treatment of them, and by God’s blessing we are going - to be. We are not hunting retaliation with Canada, either - from her ports or from ours. We are seeking nothing except - justice in the world. - - There is one more thing to be said, Mr. President. A - pathway of commercial retaliation is a pathway of war. In - the long run it means that. It can not mean anything else. - What we want is the old Democratic standpoint of the utmost - free-trade relations with everybody on the earth. The - utmost they grant us we ought to grant them. That spells - peace; that spells amity; that spells friendship. The - opposite course spells war in the long run, and to attempt - to convert these 3,000 miles of boundary between us and - Canada into an area of retaliation and trade hostility is - to convert it ultimately into a relationship of war. - - I, for one, have been opposed to it all the time, and I am - opposed to it now. =I can not conceive of a greater crime - than having our children kill the children of the Canadians - or have their children kill our children in an absolutely - useless species of hostility. If we start with trade - hostilities, we will wind up with warlike hostilities.= - -Senator Williams was one of the foremost in defending Great Britain -and inciting to war with Germany. Senator Chamberlain had said that -there was entirely too much Toryism in the Senate as well as in the -House; but though he had mentioned no names, the Toryism of which he -had referred stood self-revealed the next day. - - -=France’s Friendship for the United States.=--The “French and Indian -wars” with which the American settlers had to contend in the early -history of the colonies long antedated the Revolution, and massacres -were instigated by French policy of conquest and retaliation. In -the Revolution a number of patriotic Frenchmen, nursing a long -grievance against France’s ancient enemy, England, saw opportunity -to enfeeble their country’s hated rival. Encouraged by Frederick -the Great, who had a score to settle with England for the treachery -which Bute had practiced against him in paying secret subsidies to -Frederick’s enemy, Austria, while England was allied with him, by -heroic efforts they succeeded in sending succor to the colonies -in the form of troops (many of them Germans) under Lafayette. -This is so well understood that the American historian, Benson J. -Lossing, specifically points out in his writings what he calls the -“superstition” that we owe our “being as a nation to the generosity -of the French monarch and the gallantry of French warriors.” -Revealing the motives that governed France, he writes: - - In the Seven Years War, which ended with the treaty of - 1763, France had been thoroughly humbled by England. - Her pride had been wounded. She had been shorn of vast - possessions in America and Asia. She had been compelled, by - the terms of the treaty, to cast down the fortifications - of Dunkirk and to submit forever to the presence of an - English commissioner, without whose consent not a single - paving stone might be moved on the quay or in the harbor - of a French maritime city. This was an insult too grievous - to be borne with equanimity. Its keenness was maintained - by the tone of English diplomacy, which was that of a - conqueror--harsh, arrogant, and often uncivil. A desire for - relief from the shame became a vital principle of French - policy, =and the most sleepless vigilance was maintained - for the discovery of an opportunity to avenge the injury - and efface the mortification=. - - The quarrel between Great Britain and her colonies, - which rapidly assumed the phase of contest after the - port of Boston was closed, early in the summer of 1774, - attracted the notice and stimulated the hope of the French - government. But it seemed hardly possible for a few - colonists to hold a successful or even effective contest - with powerful England--“the mistress of the seas;” and it - was not until the proceedings of the First Continental - Congress had been read in Europe, the skirmish at Lexington - and the capture of Ticonderoga had occurred, and the Second - Congress had met, thrown down the gauntlet of defiance at - the feet of the British ministry and been proclaimed to be - “rebels” that the French cabinet saw gleams of sure promise - that England’s present trouble would be sufficiently - serious to give France the coveted opportunity to strike - her a damaging blow. - -Lossing sums up our debt to France in the following words: - - That all assistance was afforded, primarily, as a part of a - State policy for the benefit of France; - - That the French people as such never assisted the - Americans; for the French democracy did not comprehend - the nature of the struggle, and had no opportunity for - expression, and the aristocracy, like the government, had - no sympathy with their cause; - - That the first and most needed assistance was from a French - citizen (Beaumarchais), favored by his government for State - purposes, who hoped to help himself and his government; - - That, with the exception of the services of Lafayette and - a few other Frenchmen, at all times, and those of the army - under Rochambeau, and the navy under De Grasse, for a few - weeks in the seventh year of the struggle, the Americans - derived no material aid from the French; - - That the moral support offered by the alliance was - injurious because it was more than counterpoised by the - relaxation of effort and vigilance which a reliance upon - others is calculated to inspire, and the creation of hopes - which were followed by disappointment; - - That the advantages gained by the French over the English, - because of their co-operation with the Americans, were - equivalent to any which the Americans acquired by the - alliance; - - That neither party then rendered assistance to the other - because of any good will mutually existing, but as a means - of securing mutual benefits; and - - That the Americans would doubtless have secured their - independence and peace sooner without their entanglements - with the French than with it. - - A candid consideration of these facts, in the light of - present knowledge on the subject, compels us to conclude - that there is no debt of gratitude due from Americans to - France for services in securing their independence of Great - Britain which is not cancelled by the services done by the - Americans at the same time in securing for France important - advantages over Great Britain. And when we consider these - facts and the conduct of the French toward us during a - large portion of the final decade of the last century, and - of the decade of this just closed--=the hostile attitude, - in our national infancy, of the inflated Directory, - sustained by the French people, and the equally hostile - attitude, in the hour of our greatest national distress, of - the imperial cabinet, also sustained by the French people, - Americans cannot be expected to endure with absolute - complacency the egotism which untruthfully asserts that - they owe their existence as a nation to the generosity and - valor of the French=. - -Though President Wilson brought back from Paris a treaty of alliance -between the United States, England and France, which he asked the -Senate, on July 29, 1919, to ratify, and declared that “we are -bound to France by ties of friendship which we have always regarded -and shall always regard as peculiarly sacred,” he stated in a much -earlier work, “The State,” that though the Congress at Philadelphia -had explicitly commanded Franklin, Adams and Jay, the American -commissioners, to be guided by the wishes of the French court in the -peace negotiations, “it proved impracticable, nevertheless, to act -with France; for she conducted herself, not as the ingenuous friend -of the United States, but only as the enemy of England, and, as first -and always, a subtle strategist for her own interests and advantage. -The American commissioners were not tricked, and came to terms -separately with the English.” - -Having accomplished the object of giving aid in humbling England -through the loss of her colonies, the French, far from remaining -our friends, became our enemies, and from 1797 to 1835 we find the -messages of the Presidents abounding in complaints of the treatment -France was according our young merchant marine on the high seas. -In 1798 we found ourselves in a state of war with France. “Such an -outburst had not been known,” says the historian, Elson, “since -the Battle of Lexington.” Patriotic songs were written, and one of -these, “Hail, Columbia,” still lives in our literature. Washington -was again called to the command of the American army, but beyond some -engagements at sea, no blows were actually struck. - -But ere long France was again at her old tricks. In 1851 we were -on the eve of war over the Hawaiian Islands, which France had -seized, though knowing that she could never hold them save as the -result of a successful war. On June 18, 1851, Secretary of State -Webster instructed the American minister in Paris to say that the -further enforcement of the French demands against Hawaii “would -tend seriously to disturb our friendly relations with the French -government.” - -The third conspicuous instance of France’s persistent enmity to us -was at a time when President Lincoln was harrassed by the distressing -events of the most critical hours of the rebellion and the -possibility of England and France together undertaking the cause of -the Confederacy. England had been approached by the Emperor, Napoleon -III, with a proposal for an alliance, and in both countries the Union -cause was at its lowest ebb. - -Justin McCarthy in his “History of Our Own Times” (II, p. 231) says: -“The Southern scheme found support only in England and in France. -In all other European countries the sympathy of the people and -government alike went with the North.... Assurances of friendship -came from all civilized countries to the Northern States except from -England and France alone.” - -While the Northern and Southern States were engaged in a death -grapple, Napoleon III was defying the Monroe Doctrine by invading -Mexico, and in 1862 was sending instructions to the French general, -Forey, as follows: - - People will ask you why we sacrifice men and money to - establish a government in Mexico. In the present state of - civilization the development of America can no longer be - a matter of indifference to Europe.... =It is not at all - to our interest that they should come in possession of the - entire Gulf of Mexico, to rule from there the destinies of - the Antilles and South America, and control the products of - the New World.= - -After Lee’s surrender General Slaughter of the Confederate army -opened negotiations with the French Marshal Bazaine for the transfer -of 25,000 Confederate soldiers to Mexico, and many distinguished -Confederate officers cast their lot with the French to establish -Maximilian on the throne. General Price was commissioned to recruit -an imperial army in the Confederate States. Governor Harris of -Tennessee and other Americans naturalized as Mexicans and now -took the lead in a colonization scheme of vast proportions. The -North became thoroughly alarmed. A French army co-operating with -Confederate expatriates could not be tolerated on the Mexican border. - -The government at Washington lodged an emphatic protest with the -French government, and an army of observation of 50,000 men under -General Sheridan was dispatched to the Rio Grande, ready to cross -into Mexico and attack Bazaine at a moment’s notice. =The American -minister in Paris was instructed by Seward to insist on a withdrawal -of the French forces from Mexico, and as the French government was in -no position to engage in a war in a distant country against a veteran -army of a million men it was forced to yield.= - -“The Emperor of the French,” writes McCarthy (p. 231), “fully -believed that the Southern cause was sure to triumph, and that the -Union would be broken up; he was even willing to hasten what he -assumed to be the unavoidable end. He was anxious that England should -join with him in some measures to facilitate the success of the South -by recognizing the Government of the Southern Confederation. He got -up the Mexican intervention, which assuredly he would never have -attempted if he had not been persuaded that the Union was on the eve -of disruption.” - -The French populace was enthusiastically on the side of Napoleon -in the Mexican adventure, as attested by the proceedings in the -French legislature, especially by the scenes in the Senate, February -24, 1862, and in the Corps Legislatif, June 26 of the same year, -when Billault, Minister of Foreign Affairs, spoke on French aims -in Mexico. On March 23, 1865, Druyn de Lluys, the French Premier, -notified Mr. Seward, our Secretary of State, that American -intervention in favor of Juarez, the Mexican patriot, =would lead to -a declaration of war on the part of France=. The necessary military -preparations had been made by Marshal Bazaine, who, as related by -Paul Garlot in “L’Empire de Maximilian” (Paris, 1890), had erected -“fortified supports” at the United States frontier and made certain -“arrangements” with Confederate leaders. - -=“In our dark hours and the great convulsions of our war,” said -Charles Sumner, then chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations -in the Senate, in New York, September 11, 1863, “France is forgetting -her traditions.”= - - -=Benjamin Franklin.=--In his pointed comments on the disfavor -with which practical politicians regard the independent voter in -politics, Prof. A. B. Faust, of Cornell University, in his valuable -work, “The German Element in the United States,” says of conditions -in Pennsylvania preceding the Revolution: “The Germans, with few -exceptions, could not be relied upon either by demagogues or by -astute party men to vote consistently with their party organization. -The politician catering to the German vote often found himself -strangely deceived. He never expected that the German might think -for himself and vote as seemed right to him. The politician in his -wrath would declare the Germans politically incapable. From his point -of view they were un-American. They did not cling to one party. -The fact of the matter is, they were independent voters, and they -appeared as such at a very early period. Benjamin Franklin made the -discovery before the Revolutionary War, and he was provoked to an -extent surprising in that suave diplomatist.” In a letter to Peter -Collinson, dated Philadelphia, May 9, 1753, Franklin says: - - I am perfectly of your mind that measures of great temper - are necessary with the Germans, and am not without - apprehension that through their indiscretion, or ours, or - both, great disorders may one day among us. - -Then he speaks of the ignorance of the Germans, their incapability -of using the English language, the impossibility of removing their -prejudices--“not being used to liberty, they know not how to make a -modest use of it,” etc. - - They are under no restraint from any ecclesiastical - government; they behave, however, submissively enough to - the civil government, which I wish they may continue to do, - for I remember when they modestly declined to meddle in our - elections, but now they come in droves and carry all before - them except in one or two counties. - -The last sentence, comments Faust, betrays the learned writer of -the letter; the uncertainty of their votes is the cause for his -accusations of ignorance and prejudice. - -On the point of ignorance we get contradictory evidence in the same -letter. “Few of their children in the country know English. They -import many books from Germany and of the six printing houses in -the province, two are entirely German, two are half-German, half -English, and but two entirely English. (This large use and production -of books disproves want of education. Their lack of familiarity with -the English language was popularly looked upon as ignorance.--Faust.) -They have one German newspaper and one half German. Advertisements -intended to be general are now printed in Dutch (German) and English. -The signs in our streets have inscriptions in both languages, and -in some places, only German. They begin of late to make all their -bonds and other legal instruments in their own language, which -(though I think it ought not to be) are allowed good in our courts, -where the German business so increases that there is continued need -of interpreters; and I suppose within a few years they will also -be necessary in the Assembly, to tell one half of our legislators -what the other half say. In short, unless the stream of importation -could be turned from this to other colonies, as you very judiciously -propose, they will soon so outnumber us that the advantages we have -will, in my opinion, be not able to preserve our language, and even -our government will become precarious.” - - Illustration: GERMAN PIONEERS - Group of the Monument Erected to the Memory of the Settlers - of Germantown, Pa., by Albert Jaegers. - -It is obvious from many indications that Benjamin Franklin did not -adhere to his point of view and learned to regard the Germans in a -far more favorable light than in 1753, twenty-three years before the -Declaration of Independence. The Revolution, as Bancroft relates, -found no Tories among the German settlers of Pennsylvania, but -a unanimous sentiment for independence, and their full quota of -fighting men in the American ranks. - -When queried before the English Parliament concerning the -dissatisfaction of the Americans with the Stamp Act, he was asked how -many Germans were in Pennsylvania. His answer was, “About one-third -of the whole population, but I cannot tell with certainty.” Again the -question was put whether any part of them had seen service in Europe. -He answered, “Many, as well in Europe as America.” - -When asked whether they were as dissatisfied with the Stamp Act -as the native population, he said, “Yes, even more, as they are -justified, because in many cases they must pay double for their stamp -paper and parchments.” - -If the German element felt the injustice of the Stamp Act more -keenly than their neighbors, the conclusion is patent that they -could not have been ignorant, as the illiterate and ignorant were -least affected by its harshness. Even the honor of being the first -printer of German books belongs to Franklin, for he furnished three -volumes of mystical songs in German for Conrad Beissel, 1730-36. When -the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia (1743) agitated for the -foundation of the “Public Academy of the City of Philadelphia,” the -institution that later developed into the University of Pennsylvania, -Franklin designed its curriculum and recommended the study of German -and French, besides English. In 1766 he attended a meeting of the -Royal Society of Science in Göttingen while on a trip through -Germany and visited Dr. Hartmann in Hanover to see his apparatus for -electrical experiments. He was made a member of the Göttingen learned -society. - -Conclusive proof of Franklin’s change of view is furnished by his -testimony before a committee of the British House of Commons in -1766. Referring to the Germans, who, he said, constituted about -one-third of the population of 160,000 whites in Pennsylvania, he -described them as “a people who brought with them the greatest -of wealth--industry and integrity, and characters that had been -superpoised and developed by years of suffering and persecution.” -(Penn. Hist. Magazine, iv, 3.) - - -=Frederick the Great and the American Colonies.=--Because Frederick -the Great was a Hohenzollern and a Prussian, it became the fashion -early in the course of the war to frown upon all mention of -his connection with the revolutionary struggle of our American -forefathers, and his statue before the military college, which was -unveiled with so much ceremony during President Roosevelt’s term, was -discreetly taken from its pediment and consigned to the obscurity of -a cellar as soon as we entered the war. Yet Frederick was the sincere -friend of the Colonies and contributed largely if not vitally to -the success of the struggle for American independence. The evidence -rests upon something better than tradition. A more just opinion of -his interest in the success of the Colonies than has been expressed -of late by his detractors is contained in the works of English and -American writers of history having access to the facts, who were -not under the spell of active belligerency and the influence of a -propaganda that has magically transformed George III into a “German -king.” - -Had Russia in 1778 formed an alliance with England, Russian troops -would have swelled the forces arrayed against the American patriots -to such proportions that the result of the struggle presumably would -have been different. The influence of Prussia in that relation is -a chapter of history practically closed to most students. But for -immense bribes to Count Panin, Catherine the Great’s premier, paid -by Frederick the Great, as testified by British authorities, Russia -would have extended aid to England in her struggle with the Colonies -which might have proved decisive. - -It was England’s interest to secure, if possible, the alliance -of Russia, and, as in the Seven Years War, to involve France in -continental complications. In 1778 there seemed every reason to -expect the outbreak of hostilities in Europe. The continuance of -the war gave an increased importance to an alliance with Russia, -and while the Dutch appealed to Catherine on the ground that Great -Britain had broken with Holland solely on account of the armed -neutrality, the English government offered to hand over Minorca as -the price of a convention. - -In 1778 Catherine was approached by the English government through -Sir James Harris and invited to make a defensive and offensive -alliance. But the opposition of the Premier, Nikolai Ivanovich, Count -Panin, influenced by Frederick the Great, prevented any rapprochement -between England and Russia, and Catherine declared her inability -to join England against France unless the English government bound -itself to support her against the Turks. - -“The Prussian party, headed by Panin at St. Petersburg,” writes -Arthur Hassall, M. A., in “The Balance of Power, 1715-1789,” p. -338; (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1907), “had won its last -triumph, and all chance for an Anglo-Russian alliance had for the -moment disappeared.... Since 1764 Count Panin had been the head of -the Prussian party at the Russian capital, and the Prussian alliance -had been the keystone of Catherine’s policy.... =Frederick the -Great, partly by immense bribes to Panin, had kept Catherine true -to the existing political system, and had contributed to prevent -Russian assistance from being given to England during the American -struggle.=” (P. 361.) - -Writing to his minister in Paris, Goltz, in August and September, -1777, Frederick said: “You can assure M. de Maurepas that I have -no connection whatever with England, nor do I grudge France any -advantage she may gain in the war with the Colonies.... Her first -interest requires the enfeeblement of Great Britain, and the way -to do this is to make it lose its colonies in America.... The -present opportunity is more favorable than ever before existed, and -more favorable than is likely to occur in three centuries.... The -independence of the colonies will be worth to France all which the -war will cost.” - -Bancroft writes: “While Frederick was encouraging France to strike -a decisive blow in favor of the United States, their cause found an -efficient advocate in Marie Antoinette.” On April 7, 1777, Frederick -wrote: “France knows perfectly well that it has absolutely nothing -to apprehend from me in case of war with England.... =If it= (the -English crown) =would give me all the millions possible I would -not furnish it two small files of my troops to serve against the -colonies.= Neither can it expect from me a guaranty of its electorate -of Hanover.” - -Bancroft comments: “The people of England cherished the fame of the -Prussian king as in some measure their own. Not aware how basely -Bute had betrayed him, they unanimously desired the renewal of his -alliance; and the ministry sought to open the way for it through his -envoy in France.” Frederick replied, “No man is further removed than -myself from having connections with England. We will remain on the -same footing on which we are with her.” Bancroft says: “Frederick -expressed more freely his sympathy with the United States.” - -The port of Emden could not receive their cruisers for want of a -fleet or a fort to defend them from insult; =but he offered them an -asylum in the Baltic at Danzig=. He attempted, though in vain, to -dissuade the Prince of Anspach from furnishing troops to England, -and he forbade the subsidiary troops both of Anspach and Hesse to -pass through his domains. The prohibition which was made as public as -possible, and just as the news arrived of the surrender of Burgoyne, -resounded through Europe; and he announced to the Americans that it -was given him “to testify his good will to them.” - -Every facility was afforded to the American commissioners to purchase -and ship arms from Prussia. Before the end of 1777 he promised not to -be the last to recognize the independence of the United States, and -in January, 1778, his minister, Schulenburg, wrote officially to one -of the commissioners in Paris: “The king desires that your generous -efforts may be crowned with complete success. He will not hesitate -to recognize your independency when France, which is more directly -interested in the event of the contest, shall have given the example.” - -“I have no wish to dissemble,” Frederick wrote in answer to the -suggestion of an English alliance; “whatever pains may be taken, I -will never lend myself to an alliance with England. I am not like -so many German princes, to be gained for money.” Of the Landgrave -of Hesse, he said: “Do not attribute his education to me. Were he -a graduate of my school he would never have sold his subjects to -the English as they drive cattle to the shambles. He a preceptor of -sovereigns? The sordid passion for gain is the only motive of his -vile procedure.” - -Foerster, in “Friederich der Grosse” (1871, viii) quotes the great -King as follows: “This subject leads me to speak of princes who -conduct a dishonorable traffic in the blood of their people. Their -troops belong to the highest bidder. It is a sort of auction at -which those paying the highest subsidies lead the soldiers of these -unworthy rulers to the shambles. Such princes ought to blush at their -baseness in selling the lives of people whom, as fathers of their -countries, they ought to protect. These little tyrants should hear -the opinion of mankind, which is one of contempt for the misuse of -their power.” - - -=The “Fourteen Points.”=--On January 8, 1917, less than sixty days -before we found ourselves in a state of war with Germany, President -Wilson presented to Congress the following fourteen specific -considerations as necessary to world peace: - -1. Open covenants of peace without private international -understandings. - -2. Absolute freedom of the seas in peace or war, except as they may -be closed by international action. - -3. Removal of all economic barriers and establishment of equality of -trade conditions among nations consenting to peace and associating -themselves for its maintenance. - -4. Guarantees for the reduction of national armaments at the lowest -point consistent with domestic safety. - -5. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims based upon the -principle that the peoples concerned shall have equal weight with the -interest of the government. - -6. Evacuation of all Russian territory and opportunity for Russia’s -political development. - -7. Evacuation of Belgium without any attempt to limit her sovereignty. - -8. All French territory to be freed and restored, and France must -have righted the wrong done in the taking of Alsace-Lorraine. - -9. Readjustment of Italy’s frontiers along clearly recognizable lines -of nationality. - -10. Freest opportunity for the autonomous development of the peoples -of Austria-Hungary. - -11. Evacuation of Rumania, Servia and Montenegro, with access to -the sea for Servia, and international guarantees of economic and -political independence and territorial integrity of the Balkan States. - -12. Secure sovereignty for Turkey’s portion of the Ottoman Empire, -but with other nationalities under Turkey’s rule assured security of -life and opportunity for autonomous development, with the Dardanelles -permanently opened to all nations. - -13. Establishment of an independent Polish State, including -territories inhabited by indisputably Polish population, with free -access to the sea and political and economic independence and -territorial integrity guaranteed by international covenant. - -14. General association of nations under specific covenants for -mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity -to large and small states alike. - -This was the programme laid down for the attainment of peace and was -accepted by both sides, the Allied powers as well as Germany and -Austria-Hungary. - -The total disregard of the Fourteen Points in the peace treaty proved -a grievous disappointment to the majority of the thinking people -of America. In the final analysis of the work of the Paris peace -conference it was found that we had achieved not a single point of -our programme, except as to the last provision, from which evolved -the so-called League of Nations, subsequently defeated in the Senate. - -Instead of “open covenants openly arrived at,” the treaty was made -in secret conference; we did not gain the freedom of the seas, -but helped Great Britain to strengthen her command of the seas by -eliminating her greatest rival; we witnessed no removal of economic -barriers--not even among the Allies, as the President himself -recommended an American tariff on dyes; disarmament was decreed for -Germany and Austria only; self-determination of small nations became -a dead letter at once as to Ireland, German Austria, the German -Tyrol, Danzig, Egypt, India, the Boers, Korea, Persia, and numerous -others, especially where the question involved the self-determination -of Germans; Hungary’s borders were at once invaded by Rumania, Serbia -and Czecho-Slovakia; Russia was not permitted to determine her own -fate, as Kolchak was formally recognized and supported by the powers; -Belgium remains a vassal of England and France; in addition to -righting the wrong of 1871 by the recession of Alsace-Lorraine, the -Saar Valley was taken away from Germany and a plebiscite was ordered -in Schleswig, Silesia, and German-Poland under the guns of the -Entente; Italy’s borders were not readjusted along national lines, -for the Brenner Pass, the Voralsberg, parts of Dalmatia and a lease -on Fiume provided; the autonomous development of Austria-Hungary -was interpreted to mean that the German-speaking part of Austria -was forbidden to unite with Germany; the independence of the Balkan -States was made subject to the invisible government of the Big Four; -autonomy for Turkish vassal states and the internationalization of -the Dardanelles was construed to mean that these States should become -mandatories of the Allies and the strait to be under Allied control; -Polish freedom celebrated its advent with Jewish pogroms, while the -League of Nations became a league of victors, in which Japan was -bribed to enter by the cession to her of the Shantung peninsula. - -“Germany has accepted President Wilson’s fourteen points,” said Dr. -Mathias Erzberger, “but so have the Allies.” - -That President Wilson fully recognized his responsibility and that of -his European associates under the Fourteen Points is shown by his own -statement. On December 2, 1918, he said in addressing Congress: - -“=The Allied Governments have accepted the bases of peace which I -outlined to the Congress on the 8th of January last, as the Central -Empires also have=, and very reasonably desire my personal counsel in -their interpretation and application, and it is highly desirable that -I should give it =in order that the sincere desire of our government -to contribute without selfish aims of any kind to settlements that -will be of common benefit to all the nations concerned may be fully -manifest=.” - -In an interview printed in the Paris “Temps” of March 25, 1919, Count -Bernstorff, former Ambassador to the United States, said: - -“The armistice of November 11 was signed when all the Powers -interested had accepted the program of peace proposed by President -Wilson. Germany is determined to keep to this agreement, which -history will regard, in a way, as the conclusion of a preliminary -peace. She herself is ready to submit to the conditions arising from -it, and she expects all the interested Powers to do the same.” - -The President’s reversal was diplomatically covered under various -specious pretexts by the staff of English journalists at the peace -conference. Sir J. Foster Frazer put it this way: “Mr. Wilson has -broadened in vision since he came to Paris. He has abandoned his -purely national point of view.” - -The same writer discoursed entertainingly of the methods pursued in -the conference. “Except at intervals,” he wrote, “the conferences -are not in public, that is when a certain number of journalists are -permitted to be present. The great things are debated in private, -and at these private conversations in M. Pichon’s room at the French -Foreign Office, the full representation of the five powers is not -in attendance.... The full conferences of the seventy delegates -will have but little option but to acquiesce with the conclusion of -the ten.... It is a perfectly open secret that the three men who -are ‘running the show’ are M. Clemenceau, Mr. Wilson and Mr. Lloyd -George.” - -The noble writer frankly admits that the conferences revolved around -the secret treaties among the Allies instead of the Fourteen Points. -He reports: - - “We already know there were three secret treaties made - during the war and to all of which Great Britain was a - party; (1) conceding to Italy the Dalmatian coast in return - for her help, (2) the concession of the former German - islands in the North Pacific to Japan, (3) the promise of - Damascus to the King of Hedjaz.” - -Again he says: “Japan is in possession of the Marshall and Caroline -groups of islands in the Pacific, and has a document signed by both -France and Britain that she shall retain them.” - -So much for “open covenants openly arrived at,” though they do not -cover all the secret pacts which determined the conditions of peace. - -Only once Mr. Wilson rose to the importance of his mission, when -he declared that Fiume must go to the Jugo-Slav Republic. His -announcement was soon followed by an invasion of Fiume under -d’Annunzio, the Italian poet-patriot, with the apparent secret -connivance of our associates in the war. - -At the peace conference, when it was Germany’s turn to be heard, it -was decided that the interests of all concerned were best served by -precluding any discussion, and the German delegates, with revolution -and starvation in their back, and with arms wrested from their hands -by a promise, were left no alternative but to affix their signatures -to the most violent peace treaty ever consummated. The commission, -headed by Brockdorf-Rantzau and Scheidemann, resigned rather than -sign, and a new delegation was named, which signed the treaty without -being given an opportunity to discuss it. In the streets the German -delegates were stoned. - -Thus was realized the golden promise held out in the speech Mr. -Wilson made on the very day that Congress met to declare war: - - “=We have no quarrel with the German people. We have no - feeling toward them but one of sympathy and friendship.= It - was not upon their impulse that their government acted in - entering the war. It was not with their previous knowledge - or approval. It was a war determined upon as wars used to - be determined upon in the old unhappy days when people were - nowhere consulted by their rulers and wars were provoked - and waged in the interests of dynasties or of little groups - of ambitious men who were accustomed to use their fellow - men as pawns and tools.” - -When Germany, in 1871, had France prostrate at her feet, the French -people were represented at the peace conference by their statesmen, -just as France was represented at the Peace of Vienna after the fall -of Napoleon in 1815. Mr. Wilson had said peace must not be determined -as it was in the Congress of Vienna. Sir Foster Frazer furnishes the -answer. In 1871 the terms of peace were arranged by Bismarck on one -side and a full delegation of French statesmen on the other. Bismarck -relented so far as to release back to France the great fortress -of Belfort, claiming only the recession of Alsace-Lorraine and a -war indemnity of five billion francs. So far from seeking to crush -France, everything possible on the German side was done to enable her -to recover from the war, and no sooner had Paris surrendered, than -trainloads of foodstuffs were rushed into the city by the Germans to -feed the starving population. - -The European allies had first starved Germany, with a loss of -1,000,000 souls by famine, then severed portions of her territory -whose possession antedated the American Revolution, on the ground -of Mr. Wilson’s point in behalf of the self-determination of small -nations, and on top of all left the country in helpless vassalage to -her enemies, under a war indemnity that staggers humanity. Erzberger -cried out in despair: - -“I appeal to the conscience of America by reminding her of the -American famine conditions in the years 1862-65. At that time it was -Germany who sprang to America’s aid, and steadied her, sending her -not only money, but clothes, shoes and machinery as well, thus making -it possible for the United States to recuperate economically. - -“Today, after half a century, the situation is reversed. Germany -needs American wheat, fats, meats, gasoline, cotton and copper. - -“Germany’s credit is low. If America today stood by Germany as -Germany stood by America fifty years ago, she could furnish us -foodstuffs and raw materials against German credits and thus help us -to work ourselves out of debt--and, besides, make money in doing so. - -“The German people cannot live on the promises they are getting.” - - -=Fritchie, Barbara.=--Immortalized by Whittier in a patriotic poem -bearing her name, in which her defense of the Union flag during the -Civil War is celebrated, came of an old German family which settled -in Pennsylvania in colonial times, and her own life spanned the two -great crises in the history of her country, the founding of the -republic and the struggle for the preservation of the Union. She was -born in Lancaster, Pa., December 3, 1766. Her maiden name was Hauser. - - -=First Germans in Virginia.=--Jamestown, Va., the cradle of -Anglo-Saxon America, is the place where the Germans are met with -for the first time. The earliest incidents on record are cases of -imported contract laborers. Those sent to Virginia in 1608 were -skilled workmen, glass-blowers. Capt. John Smith (“John Smith, the -Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, the Summer Isles,” -London, 1624, p. 94), characterizing his men, gives the following -account of them: “labourers ... that neuer did know what a dayes -work was: except the Dutch-men (Germans) and Poles, and some dozen -others.” In 1620 four millwrights from Hamburg were sent to the -same settlement to erect saw mills. (“The Records of the Virginia -Company,” ed. S. M. Kingsbury, Washington, 1906, I, pp. 368, 372, -428.) In England timber was still sawed by hand. (Edward Eggleston, -“The Beginners of a Nation,” New York, 1896, p. 82.) The Germans who -settled in the Cavalier colony in large numbers about the middle -of the seventeenth century seem to have been attracted chiefly by -the profitable tobacco business. The most highly educated citizen -of Northampton county in 1657 was probably Dr. George Nicholas -Hacke, a native of Cologne. (Philip Alexander Brue, “Social Life in -Virginia in the Seventeenth Century,” Richmond, Va., 1907, p. 260.) -Thomas Harmanson, founder of one of the most prominent Eastern Shore -families, a native of Brandenburg, was naturalized October 24, 1634, -by an act of the Assembly. (William and Mary College Quarterly, ed. -L. G. Tyler. Williamsburg. Va., I, 1892, p. 192.) Johann Sigismund -Cluverius, owner of a considerable estate in York County, was -ostensibly also of German birth. (From “The First Germans in North -America and the German Element of New Netherlands,” by Carl Lohr, G. -E. Stechert & Co., New York, 1912.) - - -=First German Newspapers.=--The oldest German newspaper in the U. -S., the weekly “Republikaner,” at Allentown, Pa., ceased publication -December 21, 1915, after an existence of 150 years. Another old paper -in the German language, the “Reading Adler” ceased in 1913, after -continuous publication since November 29, 1796. - - -=German Americans in Art, Science and Literature.=--An analysis -of a comparatively recent edition of “Who’s Who in America” shows -a list of 385 German-born persons in the United States who have -achieved fame in art, science and literature, against a total of -424 English-born persons so distinguished, a remarkable bit of -evidence, considering that the former were initially handicapped by -the necessity of having to learn a new language in their struggle for -recognition. Nor does this list include a number of Germans credited -to Austro-Hungary by reason of their birth. - -Dating back to the early decades of 1600 down to the present day, -the German element has produced a formidable literature, ranging -from travel descriptions to political works, like Schurz’s “Life of -Henry Clay,” von Holst’s important work on American constitutional -government, George von Bosse’s comprehensive volume on the German -element, A. B. Faust’s “The German Element in the United States,” -Seidensticker’s and Kapp’s books on the early settlements of -Pennsylvania and New York, and further including scientific books -by eminent authorities, original explorations, discussions of the -fauna and zoology of certain regions, novels and contributions to the -poetry of America in both languages. - -One of the most active minds in political circles was Carl Nordhoff, -who came to the United States with his father in 1835 at the age of -five, and in his later years represented the New York “Herald” as its -Washington correspondent through numerous sessions of Congress. At -the age of nineteen he enlisted in the United States Navy, visited -many parts of the world during his term of three years’ service, -and after publishing some books about the sea, he worked for many -years for Harper Brothers in a literary capacity and for ten years -was employed in the editorial department of the New York “Evening -Post.” In the interval he published several books, notably his -popular “Politics for Young Americans” and then acted as Washington -correspondent of the New York “Herald.” His chief literary work was -published in 1876 as the result of a six months tour of the South, -“The Cotton States,” in which he exposed the Republican misrule in -the South. - -While Steinmetz, Mergenthaler and Berliner rank high among American -inventors, Herman George Scheffauer, George Sylvester Viereck and -Herman Hagedorn are among the foremost poets of the present day, to -cite those writing in the English language, without taking account -of a generation of German-writing poets of the distinguished lineage -of Conrad Kretz and Konrad Nies. Theodore Dreiser is one of the -best-known novelists. Bret Harte had a strong German strain in his -blood; Bayard Taylor had a German mother; the second name in Oliver -Wendell Holmes indicates German relationship; Joaquin Miller was of -German extraction; Owen Wister owns to German antecedance, while one -of America’s greatest actors, Edwin Forrest, was the son of a German -mother, and Mary Anderson is likewise credited with this racial -admixture; Maude Powell, the famous violinist, had a German mother to -whom she attributed her genius for music. - -The greatest American historical painter is still Emanuel Leutze, -whose “Washington Crossing the Delaware” and “Westward the Star of -Empire” are among the most cherished art possessions of the American -people. Save Remington, none has pictured the stirring life of the -frontier as Charles Schreyvogel, notably in his painting, “My Bunky,” -while a host of others, like Albert Bierstadt, Carl Marr, Carl Wimar, -Toby Rosenthal, Henry Mosler, Henry Twachtman, F. Dielman, Robert -Blum and Gari Melchers, have permanently taken their place in the -gallery of famous artists. A. Nahl was selected to perpetuate in -historic paintings the frontier days of California, and his works may -be seen in the capitol at Sacramento and in the Crocker Art Gallery -of that city. - -Hiram Powers’ name is one of the most familiar in the art history -of America, but few are aware that the sculptor’s instructor was -Friedrich Eckstein, who went to Cincinnati in 1825 and opened an -academy where Powers obtained the training that enabled him to create -his masterwork, “The Greek Slave.” In fact, one of the most enduring -influences exercised by the German element has at all times been as -teachers and instructors. - -American musical history would have had an entirely different aspect -had it not been for the pioneer work of Theodore Thomas in carrying -the cult of classic music into the remotest corners of the land under -all kinds of physical discouragements, and had it not been for the -numerous brilliant conductors who passed various periods in America -to give it the best products of their genius, but particular credit -is due to the host of individual Germans who scattered throughout -the country and became part of town and village life as tireless -instructors in music and art. Their influence was similar to that -of the countless thousands of skilled chemists and mechanics who -contributed so vastly to the development of our industries. - -The number of distinguished architects, sculptors and engineers -is legion, though a few can be named here, famous architects -like Johannes Smithmeyer and Paul J. Pelz, the architects of the -Congressional Library in Washington, and other public buildings; -Alfred Ch. H. C. Vioch, Ernest Helffenstein, G. L. Heins, Otto -Eidlitz and Carl Link. Famous sculptors: Karl Bitter, Joseph Sibbel, -Charles Niehaus, Albert Weinmann, Albert Jaegers, F. W. Ruckstuhl, -Otto Schweitzer and Prof. Bruno Schmitz, the designer of the -Indianapolis monument. - -The great engineers and bridge builders of America are Johann August -Roebling and Gustav Lindenthal. The former built the first suspension -bridge over Niagara Falls, the Brooklyn bridge and Ohio River -suspension bridge, and was the first manufacturer of bridge cables; -Lindenthal constructed the new railway bridge across Hellgate from -Manhattan to Long Island, said to be the most perfect piece of bridge -construction in the United States. - -Famous among novelists, whose works were translated into all -languages, was Charles Sealsfield (Karl Postel) who wrote equally -well in both languages, writing in English “Tokeah, or The White -Rose,” and several other works. Friedrich Gerstaecker and Otto -Ruppius lived many years in the United States and wrote novels of -American life which were translated into English, French and Spanish. -A female writer of considerable repute was the wife of Professor -Robinson, known by her pen-name of “Talvj.” She was born in Halle, -Germany, and was a friend of Washington Irving, and, after publishing -“Ossian not Genuine,” a story of Captain John Smith and a work on -the colonization of New England, wrote in English “Heloise, or The -Unrevealed Secret,” “The Exiles” and “Woodhill.” - -Such names are selected at random out of hundreds, like that of -Julius Reinhold Friedlander, of Berlin, who founded the first -institute for the blind in Philadelphia in 1834, subsequently taken -over by the State. He is called the father of the institutions -for the blind in America. Dr. Konstantin Hering was the father of -homeopathy in America. Friedrich List was one of the pioneers in -the advocacy of a protective tariff, writing in 1827 “Outlines of a -New System of Political Economy,” which attracted wide attention. -Philip Schaff soon after his arrival in 1844, attained fame in -miscellaneous and religious literature, writing in English “The -Principles of Protestantism,” “America, Its Political, Social and -Religious Character,” “Lectures on the Civil War in America,” etc. -Demetrius Augustin Gallitizin, better known as Father Schmidt, -founded the Catholic mission Loretto in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, -in 1798, and his life is commemorated by a statue. Johann N. Neumann -wrote “The Ferns of the Alleghanies” and the “Rhododendrons of the -Pennsylvania and Virginia Mountains”--and so an almost endless -array of German names troop in review before our minds to show the -influence of this element on our literature and our institutions. -From no European source have we received a stronger accession of -intellectual currents than from Germany, and whether the field be -literature, art, science or music, among their foremost figures are -men with German names. They never belonged to the coolie class; they -were never identified with the various movements for the suppression -of rights, they have had fewer of their race figure in the crime -records and more in the ranks of those who stood for liberty, -education and progress than any others. Their literature would fill -a library, and as Professor Scott Nearing has shown, the American -people are a conquering race because they are composed of the -descendants of conquerors, the English and Germans. - - -=German-American Captains of Industry.=--Kreischer, Balthasar, -of Kreischerville, Staten Island, N. Y., born March 13, 1813, at -Hornbach, Bavaria. In December, 1835, occurred the great fire which -destroyed more than 600 buildings in the business part of New York -City. Young Kreischer, who had learned brick manufacture, was struck -with the opportunity that the disaster afforded to one of his trade. -He arrived in New York June 4, 1836, and helped to rebuild the burned -district. Discovered in New Jersey suitable species of clay for the -making of fire brick, which, up to this time had been imported from -England. Kreischer began to fight against the British monopoly, and -after discovering further valuable clay beds in Staten Island, drove -the English fire brick from the American market. He soon established -large works in New Jersey, Staten Island, Philadelphia and New York, -and by a constant study of new improvements built up the industry on -a lasting foundation. He was not only the discoverer of the valuable -deposits of clay, but became the founder of the fire brick industry -in the United States. - -Seligman, Joseph, founder and head of the banking house of J. W. -Seligman & Co., New York, New Orleans and San Francisco, was born in -Bayersdorf, Bavaria, September 22, 1819. At the age of nineteen he -came to America. In 1862 he and his brothers founded their banking -house, which soon acquired a high reputation. During the darkest -hours of the rebellion, Mr. Seligman never swerved in his allegiance -to the National Government. In 1863, when the National credit was in -its most precarious condition, and when many even of the stoutest -hearts, began to fear for the ability of the Federal authorities to -successfully maintain the National integrity, Mr. Seligman introduced -the United States bonds to the people of Germany. His attempt was -crowned with the most gratifying success, and resulted in securing -for the Federal cause not merely money, but also foreign sympathy, -of which, it will be remembered, the nation had till then received -but little. The Government gratefully recognized the Seligmans as -government bankers. - -Steinway, Henry Engelhard, of New York City, who, with his sons, -became founder of America’s greatest piano manufacturing industry -and inventor of the “grand piano,” was born February 15, 1797, -in Wolfshagen, Duchy of Brunswick, North Germany. The original -spelling of the name was Steinweg. He came to this country on June -5, 1850, with his family. “Steinway & Sons” were destined to become -the leading piano manufacturers in this country, whose fame became -world-wide, whose house was the rendezvous of the leading musicians -and whose activities are felt to this day. (Encyclopaedia of -Contemporary Biography of New York, Vol. II, 1882.) - -Starin, Hon. John Henry, ex-member of Congress, whose name for many -decades was so prominently identified with New York’s railroad -and steamboat transportation, was born in Sammonsville, N. Y. His -paternal ancestor, Nicholas Starin (or Sterne, as the name was then -spelled), was a native of Germany, and came to America about the year -1720, and settled in the Mohawk Valley, upon the German Flats. John -Starin, his seventh son, fought in the Revolutionary War, being one -of ten members of the Starin family who served in the American army -under Washington. - -William Havemeyer, founder of America’s great sugar refining -industry, came here from Germany in 1799, and settled in New York. -He brought with him a knowledge of his business from Bückenburg, -Germany, and started what was one of the earliest refineries in New -York, and has later developed into the Sugar Trust with which his -descendants have been identified as leaders. (Makers of New York, -Hamersly & Co., Philadelphia, 1895.) - -Bergh, Henry, founder of the first society in America for the -prevention of cruelty to animals, was born in New York, 1823. He was -of German descent, the family having come to America about 1740. -Christian Bergh, father of the philanthropist, was a ship builder. -(Makers of New York, Hamersly & Co., Philadelphia, 1895.) - -Gunther, Charles Godfred, mayor of New York in 1864, was born in that -city in 1822. His father, Christian G. Gunther, a German by birth, -was for more than half a century the leading fur merchant in the -metropolis. (Makers of New York, Hamersly & Co., Philadelphia, 1895.) - -Mayer, Charles Frederick, former president of the Baltimore & Ohio -Railroad Co., was a son of Lewis Mayer, one of the first men to -develop the anthracite coal regions of Pennsylvania. The father of -Lewis Mayer was Christian Mayer, who emigrated from Germany and -settled in Baltimore, where he became one of the leading merchants. -(Makers of New York, Hamersly & Co., Philadelphia, 1895.) - -Ottendorfer, Oswald, was born at Zwittau and educated at Vienna. He -came to New York in 1850, having been involved in the revolutionary -outbreak in Vienna. He became eminent as the editor and proprietor of -the “New Yorker Staats-Zeitung.” (Makers of New York, Hamersly & Co., -Philadelphia, 1895.) - -Ziegler, William, born of German parents, in Beaver County, Pa., in -1843, was the founder of the baking powder industry in this country, -in which he accumulated a fortune. (Makers of New York, Hamersly & -Co., Philadelphia, 1895.) - -Windmueller, Louis, a prominent merchant and reformer of New York, -was born in Westphalia, emigrating to this country in 1853. He was -one of the founders of the Reform Club and of many of the leading -banking institutions in the city. - -Eberhard Faber, founder of the American lead pencil industry, born -near Nuremberg in 1820; Friedrich Meyerhaeuser, the American lumber -king, born 1834 in Hessia; Klaus Spreckels, founder of the American -beet sugar industry, in Hanover in 1828; G. Martin Brill, largest car -manufacturer, born February, in Cassel. - -John Valentin Steger, for whom a well-known piano is named, came -to the United States from Germany at the age of 17 in the steerage -and died in Chicago, June 14, 1916, aged 62, founder of the town of -Steger and president of the J. V. Steger & Sons Mfg. Co., and of -the Singer Piano Mfg. Co., the Reed & Sons Mfg. Co., the Thompson -Piano Mfg. Co., and of the Bank of Steger; also vice-president of -the Flanner Land & Lumber Co. In his will he left a large sum for a -hospital and library for his employees. - -From the earliest period of New York’s financial district, Germans -and men of German blood have occupied a predominant part in the -financial life of this country, firstly because fundamental banking -principles are taught in Germany as nowhere else, and secondly for -the reason that subjects, such as foreign exchange, necessitate such -deep technical knowledge that it would appear only German minds can -thoroughly grasp them. It is an actual fact that even today, the -foreign exchange business of Wall Street, even that part of the -business handled and controlled by Morgan & Company and the National -City Bank, is in the hands of Germans. - -Among the greatest of Wall Street operators of the end of the last -century, the days of Jay Gould, Russell Sage, Addison Cammack, etc., -Germans predominated and were triumphant victors in most of the -great Wall Street speculative battles. Henry Villard, who came to -this country from Germany, was the chief center of American railroad -finance in the historic period from 1879 to 1884. He it was who -captured the Northern Pacific Railroad from the Wall Street banking -groups. - -Another figure of this time was the great bear operator, probably the -most powerful and successful bear operator that Wall Street has ever -seen, Charles Frederick Woerishoffer, who died in 1886. He was born -in Gelnshausen, Germany, and coming to this country, founded the firm -of Woerishoffer & Company. He was connected with the famous campaigns -in Wall Street conducted by James R. Keene, Jay Gould, Russell Sage, -Addison Cammack, etc., for the control of the Kansas Pacific Railroad -in 1879. Henry Clews, the English stockbroker, says of him in his -reminiscences of Wall Street: “Woerishoffer had the German idea of -fighting in the open, as against the secret operations of Commodore -Vanderbilt and the others. He lost some battles but won most of those -in which he engaged and made millions out of the conflicts.” - -Joseph Drexel came to this country from Germany in 1787. He is the -real founder of the house of Morgan & Company. Drexel founded the -banking house of Drexel and Company in Philadelphia and Drexel, -Morgan & Company, New York. He built up a successful banking -business, in which his sons became interested, and at his death they -inherited his fortune. - -August Belmont, the elder, was born in Alzey, Prussia, in 1816, -and died in 1890, leaving his son to manage the banking house he -founded. He had been a clerk in the Rothschild banking house in -Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, and when he came to this country, he -was the American representative of that world historic firm, which -position his son of the same name occupies today. The elder Belmont -was the founder of the Manhattan Club in New York. - -Henry Bischoff, founder of the banking house of Bischoff & Company, -was born in Baden, Germany. Lazarus Hallgarten, of Mayence, Germany, -was the founder of the banking house of Hallgarten & Company. Isaac -Ickelheimer, a native of Frankfort, Germany, was the founder of the -banking firm of Heidelbach, Ickelheimer & Company. Frederick Kuehne, -who was born in Magdeburg, Germany, established the banking house of -Knauth, Nachod & Kuehne. Jacob Schiff, one of the foremost bankers -of Wall Street at the present time, was also born in Frankfort. He -is the head of Kuhn, Loeb and Company. Ernst Thalmann, who died -recently, was one of the founders of Ladenburg, Thalmann & Company. -He was also of German birth. James Speyer, head of Speyer & Company, -is a member of the old Frankfort family of that name, and obtained -his financial education in Germany. In fact, the majority of banking -houses in Wall Street as they exist today were founded by Germans. - -Adolphus Busch, the great brewer and philanthropist, was born at -Mayence-on-the-Rhine, July 10, 1839; education at gymnasium, Mayence, -and academy, Darmstadt, and high school, Brussels. Came to United -States, 1857. Served in the Union army under Gen. Lyon and became -associated with his father-in-law, E. Anheuser, in the Anheuser -Brewing Co., and later became president of the famous Anheuser-Busch -Brewing Assn. of St. Louis, largest brewing concern in the world. At -the time of his death was president of five large concerns, including -a local bank and Diesel Engine Co., and director St. Louis Union -Trust Co., Third National Bank, Kinloch Telephone Co., Equitable -Surety Co., and several other strong organizations. Mr. Busch was -a high type of the self-made German-American. He gave a large sum -(twice) to the Harvard German Museum, the Germanistic Society of -Columbia University, and to other public institutions of science and -learning, and his death, Oct. 10, 1913, was universally regretted. - -John D. Rockefeller and John Wanamaker are both descendants of German -immigrants. The forefather of the Standard Oil King, Johann Peter -Roggenfelder, came over in 1735 from Bonnefeld, Rhenish Prussia, -and is buried at Larrison Corners, N. J., while Mr. Wannamaker, -former Postmaster General and the father of the department store, is -descended from a Pennsylvania German family named Wannenmacher. - - -=The German American Vote.=--The following table shows the vote of -the Germans, Austrians and Hungarians (according to the census of -1910) in ten states where their vote is above 40,000, the figures -being compounded of those naturalized and those having applied for -their first papers: - - Germans Austrians Hungarians Total - New York 163,881 41,466 16,123 221,470 - Illinois 124,430 30,461 5,374 160,265 - Wisconsin 92,655 11,385 1,620 105,660 - Ohio 68,576 12,342 8,757 89,675 - Michigan 52,510 4,113 1,011 57,634 - Minnesota 46,281 9,515 1,022 56,718 - New Jersey 44,899 7,403 4,448 56,750 - Iowa 39,348 4,802 249 44,399 - Missouri 35,267 4,115 1,835 41,217 - California 34,911 5,135 1,065 41,111 - -These figures are but remotely representative of what is called “the -German vote” or the vote of the Austro-Hungarians, as no account is -here taken of the first generation born in the United States, the -sons of these naturalized Americans, nor of their grandsons. - -With the first generation of German Americans, the total vote in 1916 -of this element in New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Missouri, -Michigan, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana, New Jersey, California, Nebraska, -Kansas and the two Dakotas amount to 1,860,500. - -New England, which was the center of anti-German sentiment as it is -the center of puritanism and Anglo-American hyphenation, contains the -smallest number of Germans and the largest number of aliens of any -section in the United States; in other words, the lowest percentage -of naturalized citizens among the foreign-born white men of the age -of 21 and over--40.7 per cent. The highest proportion of naturalized -foreign-born above 21 years was in the West North Central division, -that is Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, -Nebraska and Kansas, where the Teutonic element is largely settled. -Table 25 of the U. S. Census Bulletin on Population (1910) “Voting -Age, Military Age, and Naturalization,” shows that the German aliens -21 years and over, all told, number only 127,103, and the Germans -stand at the foot of the list of twenty-nine (alien immigrants) or -9.9 per cent., the highest being 83 per cent. The French aliens in -the United States numbered 27.8 per cent., the Scotch 21.8, and the -English 19.6. In other words, only 9.9 in every hundred of Germans -could not be forced to go to war, but nearly 28 out of every hundred -Frenchmen, 21.5 out of every hundred Scotchmen, and more than 19 out -of every hundred Englishmen were immune from military duty in the -United States, also from the payment of taxes. - -There are more German-born persons in the United States of the age of -21 and over than there are persons of any other foreign nationality. -Of the total number of foreign-born (6,646,817), Germany is -represented by 1,278,667, of whom 69.5 per cent. had been naturalized -in 1910. Russia comes next, with 737,120, of whom only 26.1 per cent. -were naturalized. There were 437,152 Englishmen of voting age, 59.4 -of whom were naturalized, while only 49.6 per cent. out of a total of -59,661 Frenchmen of voting age were entitled to vote. - -The following table shows the States containing the largest number of -Germans of voting age of all foreign-born citizens: - - By Sections:-- - Germans Austrians Hungarians - East North Central 461,038 166,037 90,577 - West ” ” 228,262 63,686 ---- - South Atlantic 32,143 10,961 6,007 - East South Central 15,154 1,719 ---- - Pacific 73,302 23,500 ---- - - By States:-- - Germans Austrians Hungarians - New Jersey 60,380 26,082 22,773 - Ohio 87,013 38,400 47,852 - Indiana 32,123 7,356 9,383 - Illinois 159,112 81,883 20,391 - Wisconsin 117,661 20,700 6,014 - Iowa 52,393 8,580 ---- - Missouri 47,038 8,819 5,834 - South Dakota 11,964 3,099 ---- - Nebraska 31,008 12,184 ---- - Kansas 18,910 6,178 ---- - Maryland 17,370 3,397 967 - Colorado 9,558 8,221 ---- - Oregon 10,786 3,622 ---- - California 44,712 11,125 ---- - -In the following States the German-born citizens of voting age -constitute the second largest number of foreign-born citizens: - - Germans Austrians Hungarians - Michigan 65,129 17,698 6,937 - Minnesota 57,789 22,261 ---- - Texas 24,039 9,767 ---- - -In Michigan the Germans and Austrians together outnumbered the -Canadians 3,588. In Minnesota the Swedes came first, with a total of -67,003, and in Texas the Germans were outnumbered only by Mexicans. - -The German-born of voting age in New York State are outnumbered by -Russians and Italians, but as 68.2 per cent. of the 215,310 are -citizens, only 17.5 per cent. of the Italians and only 24.4 of the -Russians had acquired the franchise in 1910, the Germans outclass -them numerically as voters. They are third also in Washington with a -total of 17,804, next after the Canadians with 20,395 and the Swedes -with 19,727. Of the Germans, however, 66.9 per cent. were naturalized -while only 55.1 per cent. of the Canadians had their franchise, -giving the Germans the advantage when the votes are counted. - - Germans Austrians Hungarians - New York 215,310 105,889 39,577 - Washington 19,727 9,675 ---- - -In Pennsylvania Germans of voting age are outnumbered by Austrians, -Russians and Italians in the order named; but only 12.4 per cent. -of the Austrians, 21.9 per cent. of the Russians and 13.7 per cent. -of the Italians had the franchise, whereas 66.5 of the Germans were -citizens. - -In North Dakota the Norwegians, Russians and Canadians outnumbered -the Germans in the order named, and here all had become citizens in -fairly relative proportion, as also in Montana, where the Germans of -voting age were outnumbered by the Canadians, Irish and Austrians. - - Germans Austrians Hungarians - Pennsylvania 95,539 145,528 68,522 - North Dakota 9,160 2,565 1,096 - Montana 5,419 6,067 ---- - -In New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut the -total number of German-born voters was only 33,011, Austrians 29,686 -and Hungarians 6,377, and these were principally in Massachusetts and -Connecticut. Maine had none. - -The following table shows the number of Germans, Austrians and -Hungarians who were citizens in 1910, including those who had taken -out their first papers: - - Germans 1,017,037 - Austrians 208,550 - Hungarians 62,366 - --------- - Total 1,287,953 - -In addition, the citizenship of a total of 240,953 Germans, Austrians -and Hungarians had not been reported. The following shows the number -of Irish, Swedes, Swiss and Hollanders of voting age in 1910, -including those who had applied for their first citizenship papers: - - Irish 439,973 - Swedes 259,305 - Hollanders 40,332 - Swiss 49,364 - -------- - Total 788,974 - -Other States in which German-born naturalized males of 21 or over -lead all other foreign-born are: - - Kentucky 7,380 - Tennessee 1,509 - Alabama 1,255 - Mississippi 647 - Arkansas 2,203 - Louisiana 2,739 - Oklahoma 4,071 - Idaho 2,133 - Wyoming 1,091 - New Mexico 804 - Arizona 852 - Nevada 922 - Delaware 903 - District of Columbia 1,952 - Virginia 1,547 - North Carolina 365 - South Carolina 570 - Georgia 1,174 - West Virginia 2,137 - Florida 925 - -In West Virginia the total number of Italians was 11,561 against only -3,392 Germans, but only 748 Italians had become citizens against -2,137 Germans; and in Arizona there were 2,196 English as compared -with 1,324 Germans, but 825 Germans had become citizens as compared -with 832 English-born. - -Of the 234,285 Russians in New York only 92,269 had become -naturalized and taken out their first papers. In Minnesota were -52,133 Swedish voters, in Illinois 43,618, in Iowa 10,636, in -Wisconsin 11,532, in Nebraska 10,000, in Washington 13,393, and in -California 11,076. - - -=The German Element in American Life.=--The following commentary of -Carl Schurz on the influence of the Germans in America is worthy of -note: - -“Friedrich Kapp, in his ‘History of the Germans in the State of New -York,’ says: ‘In the battle waged to subdue the new world, the Latins -supplied officers without an army, the English an army with officers, -and the Germans an army without officers.’ This is signally true as -regards the Germans. They emigrated to America and settled here as -squatters without eminent official leadership. They became parts of -already existing communities, in which a majority population of other -nationality played a dominant role. Unlike ‘the army with officers,’ -they possessed no official writers of history to record their deeds -and sayings in regular reports. They had lost their political -connection with their native land, and whatever interest they -inspired at home was of a personal or family nature. Besides this, -they were strongly isolated from communion with the predominating -nationality by the difference in language and frequently were -forced into the unfavorable position of an alien element. These -various circumstances combined to accord them a rather superficial, -stepmotherly treatment in the history of the American people, as -written by the dominant nationality.”--From the introduction to -Kapp’s “Die Deutschen im Staate New York.” - -While Prof. Nearing, Douglas Campbell, Dr. Griffis and others -have shown that the Americans are not an English people, the -latter--including Scotch and Welsh--constituting only 30 per cent. -of the American people, the advantage as historians, which the -English-speaking element enjoyed from the beginning of our life as a -nation, prompted them to assume the name of “Americans” and to regard -the people of all other races and their descendants as usurping an -unwarranted right in calling themselves Americans, so that today an -American with a German name, as the war has shown, is somehow in a -tolerated class distinct from his Anglo-American neighbors. - -“Yet the first distinctive American frontier was not created alone -by the movement of population westward from the older settlements; -like every successive frontier in our history it became the Mecca -of emigrants from British and Continental lands. Before 1700 exiled -Huguenots and refugees from the (German) Palatinate began to seek the -new world, and during the eighteenth century men of non-English stock -poured by thousands into the up-country of Pennsylvania and of the -South. In 1700 the foreign population of the colonies was slight; in -1775 it is estimated that 225,000 Germans and 385,000 Scotch-Irish, -together nearly one-fifth of the entire population, lived within the -provinces that won independence.”--“The Beginning of the American -People,” by Prof. Carl L. Becker, University of Kansas; Houghton -Mifflin & Co., 1915; p. 177. - -Elson, in his “History of the United States,” p. 198, says that in -New England and the South the people were almost wholly of English -stock, though New England was of more purely English stock than was -the South, with a sprinkling of Scotch-Irish and other nationalities, -and especially in the South, of French Huguenots and Germans. “In the -middle colonies less than half the population was English; the Dutch -of New York, the Germans of Pennsylvania, the Swedes of Delaware and -the Irish of all these colonies, together with small numbers of other -nationalities, made up more than half the population.” He gives the -total population of the colonies in 1760 at approximately 1,600,000. - -Pennsylvania is sometimes called “The American German’s Holy Land.” -Let us see why. Today, as the tourist visits Heidelberg on the -Neckar, sails down the Rhine from Spires or Mannheim to Cologne, -he sees many ivy-mantled ruins, which show how terribly Louis XIV -of France desolated this region during his ferocious wars. Angry -at the Germans and Dutch for sheltering his hunted Huguenots, he -invaded the Rhine Palatinate, which became for a whole generation the -scene of French fire, pillage, rapine and slaughter. Added to these -troubles of war and politics, were those of religious persecutions; -for, according as the prince electors were Protestants or Catholics, -so the people were expected to change as suited their rulers, who -compelled their subjects to be of the same faith. Tired of their -long-endured miseries, the Palatine Germans, early in the eighteenth -century, fled to England. Under the protection and kindly care of the -British government, they were aided to come to America. About 5,000 -settled in the Hudson, Mohawk and Schoharie valleys in New York, and -over 25,000 in Pennsylvania, chiefly in the Schuylkill and Swatara -region between Bethlehem and Harrisburg. Later came Germans from -other parts of the Fatherland, making Colonists rich in the sturdy -virtues of the Teutonic race. - -Though poor, these Germans were very intelligent, holding on to -their Bibles and having plenty of schools and schoolmasters. In -the little Mennonite meeting house at Germantown, on the 18th of -February, 1688, they declared against the unlawfulness of holding -their fellowmen in bondage, and raised the first ecclesiastical -protest against slavery in America. In Penn’s Colony also the first -book written and published in America against slavery was by one of -these German Christians. The Penn Germans also published the first -Bible in any European tongue ever printed in America. It was they -who first called Washington “the father of his country.” In their -dialect, still surviving in some places, made up of old German and -modern expressions, some pretty poems and charming stories have -been written. Tenacious in holding their lands, thorough in method, -appreciative of most of what is truest and best in our nation’s life, -but not easily led away by mere novelties and justly distrustful of -what is false and unjust, even though called “American,” the Germans -have furnished in our national composite an element of conservatism -that bodes well for the future of the republic.... Here worked -and lived the first American astronomer, Rittenhouse, and here -(Pennsylvania) originated many first things which have so powerfully -influenced the nation at large.... Here lived Daniel Pastorius, -then the most learned man in America. (“The Romance of American -Colonization,” by Dr. William Elliot Griffis.) - -The disposition of the New England school of historians, with some -distinguished exceptions, to glorify everything of Puritan origin -and belittle everything of non-English origin in American life, -is strongly manifest in their writings about the early Palatine -immigration. They were merely hewers of wood and drawers of water, or -coolies. But the evidence of Franklin, Washington and Jefferson is to -the contrary, and their history in New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia -and North and South Carolina puts the New England historians to -shame. With their disparaging comments may be contrasted the words in -which Macaulay describes the same people: - - Honest, laborious men, who had once been thriving burghers - of Mannheim and Heidelberg, or who had cultivated the wine - on the banks of the Neckar and the Rhine. Their ingenuity - and their diligence could not fail to enrich any land which - should afford them an asylum. - -Sanford H. Cobb says: “The story of the Palatines challenges our -sympathy, admiration and reverence, and is as well worth telling -as that of any other colonial immigration. We may concede that -their influence on the future development of the country and its -institutions was not equal to the formative power exerted by some -other contingents. Certainly, they have not left so many broad and -deep marks upon our history as have the Puritans of New England, and -yet their story is not without definite and permanent monuments of -beneficence toward American life and institutions. At least one among -the very greatest of the safeguards of American liberty--the Freedom -of the Press--is distinctly traceable to the resolute boldness of a -Palatine.” (“The Story of the Palatines,” Putnam’s Sons, 1897, p. 5, -Introduction.) - -And very emphatic are the words of Judge Benton in his “History of -Herkimer County:” - - The particulars of the immigration of the Palatines are - worthy of extended notice. The events which produced the - movement in the heart of an old and polished European - nation to seek a refuge and a home on the western - continent, are quite as legitimate a subject of American - history as the oft-repeated relation of the experience of - the Pilgrim Fathers. - -Germans were among the first immigrants in the South along with -the English, and many a proud Virginian has German blood in his -veins. President Wilson’s second wife is a Bolling. The first -attempts to colonize Virginia were discouraging failures. Of the -first 105 bachelor colonists sent out from England in 1606, half -called themselves “gentlemen,” young men without a trade and with -no practical experience as colonists. The others were laborers, -tradesmen and mechanics, and two singers and a chaplain. Among the -leaders Capt. John Smith was the most noted as he was the most able. -The Jamestown colony was reduced to forty men when Captain Newport -on his return from England brought additional numbers of colonists, -and the “Phoenix” later arrived with seventy more settlers and the -languishing colony was still later reinforced by seventy immigrants, -among whom were two women. The marriage of John Laydon and Ann Burras -was the occasion of the first wedding in Virginia. - -“Better far than a batch of the average immigrants,” writes Dr. -Griffis, “was the reinforcements of some German and Polish mechanics -brought over to manufacture glass. These Germans were the first -of a great company that have contributed powerfully to build up -the industry and commerce of Virginia--the mother of states and -statesmen! There still stands on the east side of Timber Neck Bay, -on the north side of the York River, a stone chimney with a mighty -fireplace nearly eight feet wide, built by these Germans.” - -American’s great historian, George Bancroft, in his introduction -to Kapp’s “Life of Steuben,” writes: “The Americans of that day, -who were of German birth or descent, formed a large part of the -population of the United States; they cannot well be reckoned at -less than a twelfth of the whole, and perhaps formed even a larger -proportion of the insurgent people. At the commencement of the -Revolution we hear little of them, not from their want of zeal in the -good cause, but from their modesty. They kept themselves purposely -in the background, leaving it to those of English origin to discuss -the violations of English liberties and to decide whether the time -for giving battle had come. But when the resolution was taken, no -part of the country was more determined in its patriotism than the -German counties of Pennsylvania and Virginia. Neither they nor their -descendants have laid claim to all the praise that was their due.” - -In 1734 a number of German Lutheran communities were flourishing in -Northern Virginia, and in a work dealing with Virginia conditions, -which appeared in London in 1724, Governor Spotswood is mentioned -as having founded the town of Germania, named for the Germans whom -Queen Anne had sent over, but who abandoned that region, it seems, -on account of religious intolerance. The same work mentions a colony -of Germans from the Palatinate who had been presented with a large -section of land and who were prosperous, happy and exceedingly -hospitable. Many of their descendants attained to fame and fortune, -as B. William Wirt, remembered as one of the most distinguished -jurists in America, and Karl Minnigerode, for many years rector of -St. Paul’s Church in Richmond, among whose parishioners was Jefferson -Davis. - -Many Germans immigrated to the Carolinas from Germany as well as -Pennsylvania, before the Revolution. A large number came from -Pennsylvania in 1745, and in 1751 the Mennonites bought 900,000 acres -from the English government in North Carolina and founded numerous -colonies which still survive. One colony on the Yadkin, known as -the Buffalo Creek Colony, at the time sent abroad $384 for the -purchase of German books. After 1840 the interrupted flow of German -immigration was resumed. - -When the German immigration into South Carolina began is a matter -of dispute, but when a colony of immigrants from Salzburg reached -Charleston in 1743, they found there German settlers by whom they -were heartily welcomed. As early as 1674 many Lutherans, to escape -the oppression of English rule in New York, settled along the Ashley, -near the future site of Charleston. - -It is probable from printed evidence that the first German in South -Carolina was Rev. Peter Fabian, who accompanied an expedition sent by -the English Carolina Company to that colony in 1663. - -In 1732, under the leadership of John Peter Purry, 170 German-Swiss -founded Purrysburg on the Savannah River, and were followed in a year -or two by 200 more. Orangeburg was founded about the same time by -Germans from Switzerland and the Palatinate. Likewise Lexington was -founded by Germans, and in 1742 Germans founded a settlement on the -island of St. Simons, south of Savannah. In 1763 two shiploads of -German immigrants arrived at Charleston from London. - -Before the Revolution the Gospel was preached in sixteen German -churches in the colony, and at the outbreak of the Revolution the -German Fusiliers was the name given to an organization of German -and German-Swiss volunteers which still exists. As early as 1766 a -German Society was founded in Charleston and numbered upward of 100 -members at the beginning of the Revolution. It gave 2,000 pounds to -the patriotic cause, and after the conclusion of peace erected its -own school, at which annually twenty children of the poor were taught -free of charge. Dr. Griffis speaks of the ship “Phoenix,” from New -York, “which brought Germans, who built Jamestown on the Stone River.” - -Many of the Palatine Germans and Swiss had already settled in the -Carolinas, he continues; now into Georgia came Germans from farther -East, besides many of the Moravians. In the Austrian Salzburg, -prelatical bigotry had become unbearable to the Lutherans. Thirty -thousand of these Bible-reading Christians had fled into Holland and -England. Being invited to settle in Georgia, they took the oath of -allegiance to the British King and crossed the Atlantic Ocean. - -In March, 1734, the ship “Purisburg,” having on board 87 Salzburgers -with their ministers, arrived in the colony. Warmly welcomed, they -founded the town of Ebenezer. The next year more of these sober, -industrious and strongly religious people of Germany came over. The -Moravians, who followed quickly began missionary work among the -Indians. After them again followed German Lutherans, Moravians, -English immigrants, Scotch-Irish, Quaker, Mennonites and others. -“Thus in Georgia, as in the Carolinas and Virginia, there was formed -a miniature New Europe, having a varied population, with many -sterling qualities.” - -The first whites to settle within the territory comprising the -present State of Ohio were the German Moravians who founded the towns -of Schoenbrunn, Gnadenhütten, Lichtenau and Salem. David Zeisberger -on May 3, 1772, with a number of converted Indians, founded the first -Christian community in Ohio. Mrs. Johann George Jungmann was the -first white married woman. She and her husband came from Bethlehem, -Pa. At Schoenbrunn and Gnadenhütten, Zeisberger wrote a spelling book -and reader in the Delaware language which was printed in Philadelphia. - -In Gnadenhütten was born July 4, 1773, the first white child in Ohio, -John Ludwig Roth; the second child was Johanna Maria Heckewelder, -April 16, 1781, at Schoenbrunn, and the third was Christian David -Seusemann, at Salem, May 30, 1781. The Communities, largely composed -of baptized Indians, in 1775 numbered 414 persons, and their record -of industry and peaceful development is preserved in Zeisberger’s -diary, now in the archives of the Historical and Philosophical -Society of Ohio at Cincinnati. - -The peaceful settlements excited the jealousy of powerful interests, -and the British Commissioners, McKee and Elliot, and the renegade, -Simon Girty, reported to the commander at Detroit that Zeisberger and -his companions were American spies. The German settlers and their -Indian converts were carried to Sandusky in 1781, where they suffered -great privations until permitted, after winter had come, to send back -150 of their Indian wards--all of whom spoke the German language--to -gather what of their planting remained in the fields. But a number -of lawless American bordermen under Col. David Williamson, acting -on a false report that the peaceful Indians had been concerned in a -raid, surprised the men in the fields and after disarming them by a -trick, murdered men, women and children in cold blood. The details, -as related by Eickhoff (“In der Neuen Heimath,” Steiger, New York, -1885, and by Col. Roosevelt in “The Winning of the West”) are among -the most ghastly on record and make the blood run cold. Some of -these slain had German fathers and all were peaceful, industrious -and well-behaved natives who had learned to sing Christian hymns and -German songs in their humble meeting houses. - -Independent of these communities, the first settlement of Ohio -at Marietta was the work of New Englanders, in April, 1788; but -the second, that of Columbia, was under the direction of a German -Revolutionary officer, Major Benjamin Steitz, the name being later -changed by his descendants to Stites. - -Space is lacking for fuller details regarding the great share of -the Germans in settling the Middle West and West. German names -predominate in the history of early border warfare in the fights -with the French and the Indians; the Germans were among the most -conspicuous of the pioneers, as they continued to be for generations -in settling the Far West and Northwest, the great number of Indian -massacres culminating in that of New Ulm in 1862, in which German -settlers again formed the outposts of American civilization. - -One thing is notable in the annals of our early history, the -striking fact that the frontier settlements in Pennsylvania and the -West and also the Northwest teemed with Germans, and that every -Indian massacre and every border fight with the French, before the -Revolution as well as after, brings into prominence German names. In -the defense of the borders against Indians and French, forts were -built by the German settlers above Harrisburg, at the forks of the -Schuylkill, on the Lehigh and on the Upper Delaware. They bore the -brunt of the Tulpehocken massacre in 1755, just after Braddock’s -defeat; the barbarities perpetrated in Northampton county in 1756, -and the attack on the settlements near Reading in 1763. Against -these forays the Germans under Schneider and Hiester made stout -resistance. As early as 1711 a German battalion, mainly natives of -the Palatinate, was part of the force, a thousand strong, which was -to take part in the expedition against Quebec. - -Berks, Bucks, Lancaster, York and Northampton were then the -Pennsylvania frontier counties, and from them came the men who filled -the German regiments and battalions in the Revolutionary War. In the -South, Law’s Mississippi scheme brought more than 17,000 Germans from -the Palatinate, who made settlements throughout what was then the -French colony. Theirs was a life of hardship and constant battle with -the Indians. - -In 1773 Frankfort and Louisville, Kentucky, were settled by Germans, -the former by immigrants from North Carolina, and led to “Lord -Dinsmore’s war” in which they fought the Indians and gained a -foothold. - -In 1777 Col. Shepherd (Schaefer), a Pennsylvania German, successfully -defended Wheeling from a large Indian force. In the operations under -Gen. Irvine, to avenge the massacre of the Moravian settlers in Ohio, -his adjutant, Col. Rose, was a German, Baron Gustave von Rosenthal. - -At the outbreak of the Old French War (1756-1763), the British -government, under an act of Parliament, organized the Royal American -regiment for service in the Colonies. It was to consist of four -battalions of one thousand men each. Fifty of the officers were to -be foreign Protestants, while the enlisted men were to be raised -principally from among the German settlers in America. The immediate -commander, General Bouquet, was a Swiss by birth, an English officer -by adoption, and a Pennsylvanian by naturalization. This last -distinction was conferred on him as a reward for his services in -his campaign in the western part of Pennsylvania, where he and his -Germans atoned for the injuries that resulted from Braddock’s defeat -in the same border region. - -The German settlers were ardent American patriots before and during -the Revolution. In 1775, says Rosengarten, the vestries of the German -Lutheran and Reformed churches at Philadelphia sent a pamphlet of -forty pages to the Germans of New York and North Carolina, stating -that the Germans in the near and remote parts of Pennsylvania have -distinguished themselves by forming not only a militia, but a select -corps of sharp shooters, ready to march wherever they are required, -while those who cannot do military service are willing to contribute -according to their ability. They urged the Germans of other colonies -to give their sympathy to the common cause, to carry out the measures -taken by Congress, and to rise in arms against the oppression and -despotism of the English Government. The volunteers in Pennsylvania -were called “Associators” and the Germans among them had their -headquarters at the Lutheran schoolhouse in Philadelphia. In 1750 the -German settlers in Pennsylvania were estimated at nearly 100,000 out -of a total population of 270,000, and in 1790 at 144,600. - -The Springfield (Mass.) “Republican,” although an outspoken -pro-British paper, since the outbreak of the war paid deserved -tribute to the share of the German settlers in the early history of -the Republic, rebuking the spirit of envy and detraction evinced in -certain quarters, by saying that those who hold these belittling -views can have no knowledge of the history of the Palatines who -settled the Mohawk Valley. Anyone having a cursory acquaintance with -the elementary text books of American history, the paper thinks, must -recall the massacre of Wyoming and the Cherry Valley. Neither in New -York, nor in Pennsylvania nor in the South did the Germans evade the -dangers and hardships of the wilderness. It is not generally known -how large a share they had in the settling of the West. They poured -into Ohio from the Mohawk Valley as well as from Pennsylvania. On the -dark and bloody ground of Kentucky they vied with Daniel Boone in -fighting the Indians--Steiner and the German Pole, Sandusky, preceded -Boone in Kentucky. One of the most famous among the pioneers was the -“tall Dutchman,” George Yeager (Jaeger), who was killed by Indians in -1775, continues the “Republican.” In the valleys of Virginia there -were more German pioneers than any other nationality. Along the whole -border line from Maine to Georgia they occupied the most advanced -positions in the enemy’s territory, and their large families included -more younger sons who went forth to look for new lands than of all -others. A Kentucky observer declared at the close of the eighteenth -century that of every twelve families, nine Germans, seven Scotchmen -and four Irishmen succeeded when all others failed. - -Michael Fink and his companions were the first to descend the -Mississippi on a trading expedition to New Orleans, where the -officials in 1782 had never heard of their starting point, Pittsburg. -Germans again--Rosenvelt, Becker and Heinrich--were the first to -descend the Ohio in a steamboat in 1811. (Rosengarten.) - -“In our Colonial Period almost the entire western border of our -country was occupied by Germans,” writes Prof. Burgess. “It fell to -them, therefore, to defend, in first instance, the colonists from the -attack of the French and the Indians. They formed what was known in -those times as the Regiment of Royal Americans, a brigade rather than -a regiment, numbering some 4,000 men, and the bands led by Nicholas -Herkimer and Conrad Weiser.” - - -=Germany and England During the Civil War.=--The attitude of England -during the Civil War contrasted strangely with that of the German -States, and this attitude is rather clearly shown by the “Investment -Weekly,” of New York, for June 21, 1917, though not intended as a -reproach to England. In the course of an article, headed “Bond Market -of the Civil War,” the “Investment Weekly” says: - - Another difference is that the United States until recently - had been the greatest neutral nation in the world, whereas - then Great Britain was the greatest neutral nation. Still - a third difference is that whereas Great Britain was able - to borrow freely from us even before we entered the war, - our government during the Civil War was unable to obtain - any help from Great Britain. In March, 1863, an attempt - was made to negotiate a loan of $10,000,000 there, but the - negotiations utterly failed. - -The significance of this paragraph will appear from reflection -on the state of distress prevailing in 1863, a period when the -outlook for the success of the Union was veiled in gloom, and many -of the most stout-hearted trembled for the outcome. England was -sending fully-equipped and English-manned warships over to aid the -Confederacy; the “Alabama” and the “Florida” were sinking our ships -and sweeping American commerce from the seas. Justin McCarthy, in -“The Cruise of the ‘Alabama’” (“A History of Our Own Times,” II, -Chap. XLIV), says: - - The “Alabama” had got to sea; her cruise of nearly two - years began. She went upon her destroying course with the - cheers of English sympathizers and the rapturous tirades of - English newspapers glorifying her. Every misfortune that - befell an American merchantman was received in this country - with a roar of delight. - -At that time England was on the eve of entering the war on the side -of the South, and only the news of General Grant’s decisive victory -at Vicksburg and Lee’s defeat at Gettysburg brought the House of -Commons to a more sober reflection. - -McCarthy shows that a motion for the recognition of the Southern -Confederacy, which Minister Adams had said would mean a war with the -Northern States, was already in process of passing in the House of -Commons, for he writes: - - The motion was never pressed to a division; for during its - progress there came at one moment the news that General - Grant had taken Vicksburg, on the Mississippi, and that - General Meade had defeated General Lee, at Gettysburg, and - put an end to all thought of a Southern invasion.... There - was no more said in this country about the recognition of - the Southern Confederation, and the Emperor of the French - was thenceforth free to follow out his plans as far as he - could, and alone. - -It was during these dismal hours of trembling hope that Germany -proved herself the friend of the Union. Whereas England would not -loan the Lincoln administration $10,000,000, six times that amount -was forthcoming from Germany. - -When in 1870 a disposition developed here to supply France with arms -against Germany, some heated debates took place in the Senate, in -which events of 1861-65 were naturally brought up for review, and it -is interesting to quote from the debates of that period as reported -in the “Globe Congressional Record,” 3rd Session, 41st Congress. Part -II. From pp. 953-955: - - Mr. Stewart, Senator from Nevada: “Allow me to call the - attention of the Senator from Tennessee to the fact, which - he must recollect, of the amount of our bonds that were - taken in Germany at the time we needed that they should be - taken, and =when they were prohibited from the Exchange in - London and from the Bourse in Paris, and not allowed to be - on the markets there at all= on account of the state of - public opinion there, =while Germany alone came in and took - five or $600,000,000 at a time when we needed money more - than anything else, to sustain our credit=. That is a fact - showing sympathy, certainly.” - -Senator Pomeroy, of Kansas, quoted on p. 954, said: - - They (the Germans) sent us men; they recruited our armies - with men; they helped to save the life of this nation. - Though the French were our ancient allies, the Germans have - been our modern allies. - -And well did Senator Charles Sumner put it when he declared in the -United States Senate, (“Congressional Record,” 3rd Session, 41st -Congress, Page 956): “We owe infinitely to Germany.” - -A formal acknowledgement of our debt to Germany during the most -critical stage of our history was made by Secretary of State William -H. Seward through the American Minister at Berlin, in May, 1863, as -follows: - - You will not hesitate to express assurance of the constant - good will of the United States toward the king and the - people who have dealt with us in good faith and great - friendship during the severe trials through which we have - been passing. - -At the close of the war, the Prussian deputies, some 260 in number, -on April 26, 1865, submitted an address to the American Minister in -Berlin, in which the following language occurs: - - Living among us you are witness of the heartfelt sympathy - which this people have ever preserved for the people of the - United States during the long and severe conflict. You are - aware that Germany has looked with pride and joy on the - thousands of her sons, who, in this struggle, have arrayed - themselves on the side of law and justice. You have seen - with what joy the victories of the Union have been hailed - and how confident our faith in the final triumph of the - great cause of the restoration of the Union in all its - greatness has ever been, even in the midst of adversity. - -While there is a strong tendency in certain directions to ignore -or obscure the facts of American history by imputing some vaguely -unpatriotic motive to those who prefer to see the United States -travel the same conservative path which has made it the dominating -power of the world, after 140 years of devotion to the patriotic -standards established by the founders of the Republic, it shall not -deter us from calling attention to the testimony of a great American, -James G. Blane, by quoting certain passages from his book, “Twenty -Years in Congress,” which leave no doubt what his attitude would be -to-day. The quotations are taken from Vol. II, p. 447: - - From the government of England, terming itself liberal - with Lord Palmerston at its head, Earl Russel as Foreign - Secretary, Mr. Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer, - the Duke of Argyll as Lord Privy Seal, and Earl Cranville - as Lord President of the Council, not one friendly word - was sent across the Atlantic. A formal neutrality was - declared by government officials, while its spirit was - daily violated. If the Republic had been a dependency of - Great Britain, like Canada or Australia, engaged in civil - strife, it could not have been more steadily subjected to - review, to criticism, and to the menace of discipline. - The proclamations of President Lincoln, the decisions of - Federal Courts, the orders issued by commanders of the - Union armies, were frequently brought to the attention of - Parliament, as if America were in some way accountable to - the judgment of England. Harsh comment came from leading - British statesmen; while the most ribald defamers of the - United States met with cheers from a majority of the House - of Commons and indulged in the bitterest denunciation of - a friendly government without rebuke from the Ministerial - benches. - - (Vol. II, Chap. 20): March 7, 1862, Lord Robert Cecil, - in discussing the blockade of the southern coast, said: - “The plain matter of fact is, as every one who watches - the current of history must know, that the =Northern - States of America never can be our sure friends=, for - this simple reason: not merely because the newspapers - write at each other, or that there are prejudices on each - side, but because we are rivals, rivals politically, - rivals commercially. We aspire to the same position. We - both aspire to the government of the seas. We are both - manufacturing people, and in every port, as well as at - every court, we are rivals to each other.” - - March 26, 1863, Mr. Laird of Birkenhead: “The institutions - of the United States are =of no value whatever=, and have - reduced the very name of liberty to an utter absurdity.” He - was loudly cheered for saying this. - - April, 1863, Mr. Roebuck declared: “That the whole conduct - of the people of the North is such as proves them not only - unfit for the government of themselves, but unfit for the - courtesies and the community of the civilized world.” - - Lord Palmerston, Prime Minister of England, asserted that: - “As far as my influence goes, I am determined to do all - I can =to prevent the reconstruction of the Union=.”--“I - hold that it will be of the greatest importance that the - reconstruction of the Union should not take place.” - - February 5, 1863, Lord Malmesbury spoke disdainfully of - treating with so extraordinary a body as the government - of the United States, and referred to the horrors of the - war--“=horrors unparalleled even in the wars of barbarous - nations=.” - -England confidently believed that the North would suffer a crushing -defeat, and the same opinion was held by the French government. -Napoleon the Third felt absolutely confident that the South would -triumph. (See “France’s Friendship for the United States.”) - -The London “Times” in 1862 voiced English sentiment against the Union -in a manner that has been paralleled only by its denunciations of -Germany at the present time. It said: - - “To bully the weak, to triumph over the helpless, to - trample on every law of country and customs, wilfully to - violate the most sacred interests of human nature--to defy - as long as danger does not appear, and as soon as real - peril shows itself, to sneak aside and run away--these are - the virtues of the race which presumes to announce itself - as the leader of civilization and the prophet of human - progress in these latter days.” - -A clear statement of the English Parliament’s attitude toward the -United States in the Civil War is contained in the autobiography of -Sir William Gregory, K. C. M. G. (Member of Parliament and one-time -Governor of Ceylon), edited by Lady Gregory (London, 1894), pp. -214-6: “The feeling of the upper classes undoubtedly predominated in -favor of the South, so much so that when I said in a speech that the -adherents of the North in the House of Commons might all be driven -home in one omnibus, the remark was received with much cheering.” - -Among those who invested in the Confederate bonds were many Members -of Parliament and editors of London newspapers. Prominent among them -was Gladstone. “Donahoe’s Magazine,” April, 1867, published a list of -prominent investors in Confederate bonds, which shows that 29 persons -lost a total of $4,490,000 in such investments. The list follows: - - Lbs. - Sir Henry de Hington, Bart 180,000 - Isaac Campbell & Co. 150,000 - Thomas Sterling Begley 140,000 - Marquis of Bath 50,000 - James Spence 50,000 - Beresford Hope 50,000 - George Edward Seymour 40,000 - Charles Joice & Co. 40,000 - Messrs. Ferace 30,000 - Alexander Colie & Co. 20,000 - Fleetwood, Polen, Wilson & Schuster, Directors - of Union Bank of London, together 20,000 - W. S. Lindsay 20,000 - Sir Coutts Lindsay, Bart 20,000 - John Laced, M. P. from Birkenhead 20,000 - M. B. Sampson, Editor of Times 15,000 - John Thadeus Delane, Editor of Times 10,000 - Lady Georgianna Time, Sister of Lord - Westmoreland 10,000 - J. S. Gillet, Director of the Bank of England 10,000 - D. Forbes Campbell 8,000 - George Peacock, M. P. 5,000 - Lord Warncliff 5,000 - W. H. Gregory, M. P. 4,000 - W. J. Rideout, London Morning Post 4,000 - Edward Ackroyd 1,000 - Lord Campbell 1,000 - Lord Donoughmore 1,000 - Lord Richard Grosvenor - Hon. Evelyn Ashley, Priv. Sec. to Lord - Palmerston 500 - Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone 20,000 - -------- - Total Losses £898,000 - -The present holders of these bonds have never despaired of being able -some day to collect the amounts from the United States Treasury, -and it will only need a closer alliance between the United States -and Great Britain, as proposed by the advocates of an Anglo-Saxon -amalgamation, to bring these claims to the front. - - -=Germans in Civil War.=--Four authors have dealt exhaustively with -the subject of the German-born soldiers in the Union army. They -are Wilhelm Kaufmann in his valuable work, “The Germans in the -American Civil War” (R. Oldenbourg, Berlin and Munich, 1911), J. G. -Rosengarten, “The German Soldier in the Wars of the United States” -(J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1890), Frederic Phister, -“Statistical Record of the Armies of the United States” (Charles -Scribner’s Sons, 1883) and B. A. Gould, “Investigations in the -Statistics of American Soldiers” (New York, 1869). - -The first three are more or less founded on the latter, but in -Kaufmann, particularly, many errors of computation on the part -of Gould are shown up which increase the number credited to the -German participants in the Civil War. Rosengarten is particularly -valuable as reference in regard to the share of the Germans in the -Revolutionary War. According to Gould, more Germans served in the -Union army than any other foreigners. This is substantiated by all -the writers. Kaufmann proves that the colossal total of 216,000 -native-born Germans fought in the Union army. In addition the army -included 300,000 sons of German-born parents and 234,000 Germans -of remoter extraction. Besides the Germans fighting in the ranks, -Kaufmann holds that the roster of generals and other high officers -of the Union army contained more names of German than of any foreign -nationality. He also calls attention to the fact that a large number -of German aristocrats, including such eminent names as von Steuben, -Count Zeppelin, von Sedlitz, von Wedel, von Schwerin, and one German -prince (Prinz zu Salm-Salm) took the field in behalf of the Union. -Prince Salm-Salm was accompanied by his wife who performed valuable -service as a nurse. - -Professor Burgess writes: “The German and German American contingent -in our armies amounted, first and last, to some 500,000 soldiers. -They were led by such men as Heintzelmann, Rosecrans, Schurz, Sigel, -Osterhaus, Willich, Hartranft, Steinwehr, Wagner, Hecker and a -thousand others. Mrs. Jefferson Davis, the wife of the Confederate -President has often said to me that without the Germans the North -could never have overcome the armies of the Confederacy; and unless -that had been accomplished then, this continent would have been, -since then, the theatre of continuous war instead of the home of -peace.” - -Gould’s figures of the relative number of foreign-born soldiers in -the Union army are as follows: - - Germans 187,858 - British Americans 53,532 - English 45,508 - Irish 144,221 - Other foreigners 48,410 - Foreigners not otherwise designated 26,145 - -According to these figures, the Germans constituted upward of 37% -of the foreign-born soldiers in the Union army, while the English -numbered less than 8%. The Anglo-Saxon, therefore, is not represented -in a critical stage of the nation’s struggle for survival in -proportion to the importance assigned him in our affairs at the -present day. - -Kaufmann, in analyzing these figures, shows that the number was -understated as regards the Germans and overstated as regards the -Canadians. More than 36 per cent. of the Union troops furnished -by the State of Missouri were born in Germany, and the Germans -furnished more troops pro rata, according to the census of 1860, than -any other racial element, including native born Americans. It is -interesting to note that the States in which the Germans were largely -represented made the largest response to President Lincoln’s first -call for volunteers. The call, issued April 15, 1861, was for 75,000 -volunteers to serve three months. New England was the center of the -agitation and the hot-bed of the abolition movement. Lincoln’s call -was responded to by 91,816 men. - - New England was represented by only 11,987 - New York 12,357 - Pennsylvania 20,175 - Ohio 12,357 - Missouri 10,591 - -Taking Gould’s figures, the State of Missouri and the State of New -York each sent more German-born soldiers to the war than either -Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Delaware, -Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Minnesota or Kansas -sent native-born troops, and the German-born Union soldiers from -these two states together (67,579 men) formed a larger contingent -than the native-born contingent of either New Jersey or Maine, and -larger than New Hampshire, Vermont and Delaware together (64,600 -men). Pennsylvania furnished more German-born troops than Delaware, -District of Columbia or Kansas separately furnished native Americans. -Six States--New York, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Pennsylvania and -Wisconsin--furnished more German-born soldiers to defend the -country than Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut did -native sons. More German-born Union soldiers came from New York, -Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Missouri than native-born from -Massachusetts. The effort of Provost Marshal Fry to charge about -200,000 desertions and innumerable cases of bounty jumpers to the -account of foreign-born element in the Union army leaves the Germans -unscathed, since he showed that “especially in Massachusetts, -Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York and New Jersey the number of -deserters is especially large.” In the New England States there were -but 5,077 German enlistments out of 369,800 (Gould) all told, and -the desertions in those states as well as New York and New Jersey, -in view of the large German enlistments in the Western States not -named as noted for desertions, must be charged to some other element. -It was the practice to blame all the evils during the war on the -foreign-born and to shift to their patient shoulders the sins of -commission and omission of others. - -It is impossible for lack of space to name more than a comparatively -few of the Germans who as officers distinguished themselves in the -Civil War. Several omitted in the list below will be found under -their names in separate paragraphs. In many instances the German -officers who by their efficiency and splendid training in Germany had -laid the foundation of notable victories were callously deprived of -all credit, and in the case of others jealousy and a deeply grounded -racial antipathy intervened to prevent them from obtaining the -rank to which they were by education, experience and achievements -entitled. In any case where it was an issue between a native and a -foreigner, the latter was sure to suffer. Those named below were born -in Germany and do not include American-born Germans like Generals -Rosecrans, Heintzelmann, Hartrauft, Custer, etc. - -Franz Sigel, Major General and Corps Commander; born 1824, at -Sinsheim, Baden; died in New York in 1902. His memory is honored by -two equestrian statues. A detailed account of his achievements is not -considered necessary here. His name has been a household word. - -Adolf von Steinwehr, probably the best-grounded military officer -among the Germans in the Union army, Division Commander and Brigadier -General; born 1822 in Blankenburg, in the Harz, died 1877 in Buffalo. -Prussian officer and military instructor in Potsdam. Served in -the Mexican war. Distinguished himself at Gettysburg, where he -held Cemetery Hill, (for which Gen. Howard received the thanks of -Congress), gathered the remnants of the 11th and 1st corps, and -continued the defense July 2 and 3. - -August von Willich, one of the most famous fighters in the Union -army, a typical “Marshal Forward.” Brevet Major General and Division -Commander; born in Posen 1810, died at St. Marys, Ohio, 1878. Made -possible the advance of Rosecrans’s army upon Chattanooga by taking -Liberty and Hoover’s Gap in the Alleghanies. Earned laurels at -Chickamauga and set an heroic example to the whole army by leading -his nine regiments up Missionary Ridge and sharing the great victory -with Sheridan. - -Julius Stahel, German-Hungarian. Perfected the organization of the -Union Cavalry. Generals Hooker and Heintzelmann pronounced Stahel’s -cavalry regiment to be the best they had ever seen. At Lincoln’s -request, to this cavalry was confided the defense of Washington. Was -made Major General simultaneously with Schurz. Commanded the vanguard -of Hunter’s army in the Shenandoah Valley, was attacked by the -Confederate Cavalry under Jones on the march to Staunton, repulsed -the attack and pursued his opponent to Piedmont, where he found the -enemy strongly entrenched. Stahel repulsed all attacks until Hunter’s -arrival and won the medal for bravery. Though seriously wounded, he -led his squadron in a brilliant assault, broke through the enemy’s -lines and scattered the opposing forces. - -Gottfried Weitzel; Major General and Corps Commander; born in the -Palatinate; educated at West Point; lieutenant in the engineer corps, -U. S. A. Commanded a division under Grant, and at the head of the -25th army corps was the first to enter Richmond, April 3, 1865, where -the next day he received President Lincoln. The following dispatch -explains itself: - - WAR DEPARTMENT, - Washington, April 3, 10 A. M. - To Major General Dix: - - It appears from a dispatch of General Weitzel, just - received by this Department, that our forces under his - command are in Richmond, having taken it at 8:30 this A. M. - - E. M. STANTON, Sec’y of War. - -August V. Kautz; Brevet Major General; born in Pfarzheim, -distinguished cavalry leader. Served during the Mexican war. -Commanded the 24th army corps, with which he entered Richmond with -Weitzel. Became Major General in the regular army after the war. -Admiral Albert Kautz was his brother. - -Colonel Asmussen, Chief of Staff to General O. O. Howard; former -Prussian officer. Resigned as the result of serious wounds. - -Ludwig Blenker, born 1812 in Worms, died 1863 in Pennsylvania. Served -in Greece and in the Baden revolution. Became famous for covering the -retreat at the first battle of Bull Run. - -Heinrich Bohlen, born 1810 in Bremen; killed in battle at Freeman’s -Ford on the Rappahannock, August 21, 1862. Brigade Commander under -Blenker; distinguished himself at Cross Keys. - -Adolf Buschbeck, Brigadier General; a Prussian officer from Coblenz; -military instructor at Potsdam. Died 1881. Distinguished himself -in the two battles of Bull Run and at Cross Keys, and became the -real hero of Chancellorsville; fought gallantly at Gettysburg and -Missionary Ridge, and was in Sherman’s march through Georgia, gaining -new laurels in the bloody battles of Peachtree Creek, and at Ezra -Church, July 28, 1864, where Buschbeck repulsed the enemy three -times. With Willich and Wangelin the most noted German American -fighter in the Union army. - -Hubert Dilger, a former artillery officer in Baden, although never -attaining a rank beyond that of captain, distinguished himself -in numerous battles for the Union. By many considered the ablest -artillery officer in the northern army. Commanded the only gun which -was effectively served in the defense of Buschbeck’s brigade at -Chancellorsville. Its escape from destruction was almost miraculous. -Was famous throughout the army. - -Leopold von Gilsa, former Prussian officer; brigadier general; -rendered distinguished service in numerous campaigns, but failed of -promotion through the admitted intrigues of the Princess Salm-Salm. - -Wilhelm Grebe; born in Hildersheim. Received from Congress medal for -personal bravery; was cashiered for fighting a duel, but restored -twenty years after by an act of Congress. - -Franz Hassendeubel, one of the most distinguished engineer officers -in the Northern army; born 1817 in Germersheim, Palatinate. Came -to America in 1842; engineer officer in Mexican war; built the ten -forts that defended St. Louis. Brigadier General in 1863. Fatally -wounded on a tour of inspection around Vicksburg, died July 17, 1863. -Hassendeubel Post, G. A. R., St. Louis, perpetuates his memory. - -Ernst F. Hoffmann, former Prussian engineer officer, born in Breslau. -Chief engineer 11th army corps. Highly praised by General J. H. -Wilson. - -George W. Mindel, brevet major general, twice awarded the medal for -bravery, the first time for directing the assault of a regiment -which pierced the enemy’s center in the battle of Williamsburg, -May 3, 1862, the second time in the march through Georgia; officer -on McClellan’s and Phil Kearney’s staffs; distinguished himself at -Missionary Ridge. Born in Frankfort and buried in Arlington. - -Edward G. Salomon, brevet brigadier general, organized a Hebrew -company in Hecker’s 82d Illinois, and became its Colonel when Hecker -was wounded; rendered distinguished service throughout the war, and -was appointed governor of Washington territory. - -Alexander von Schimmelpfennig, one of the most noted German-American -fighting generals; died 1865 from the hardships of the war. Former -Prussian officer. Recruited the 74th Pennsylvania regiment, one of -the elite regiments in the Army of the Potomac. In the second battle -of Bull Run his brigade hurled General Jackson’s crack troops back -over the railroad beyond Cushing’s Farm. Fought with distinction -at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg and was the first to enter the -hotbed of secession, Charleston, S. C. He was an officer, one of many -Germans, whose memory deserved to live for their deeds, and whose -deserts were minimized by those who envied them. - -Theodore Schwan, general in the regular army, from Hanover; rose -from the ranks; fought against the Mormons and took part in twenty -battles during the Civil War. Received the medal for personal bravery -from Congress, and after the war became an Indian fighter; military -attache to the American embassy in Berlin 1892; published his -military studies, which were highly praised. Was the real conqueror -of Porto Rica, Spanish-American War, in which he commanded a division -of 20,000 men under General Miles. - -Hugo von Wangelin descended from an old Mecklenburg noble family; -educated in a Prussian military school; came to America at the age of -16. Fought almost continually alongside of Osterhaus throughout the -war. His brigade earned undying glory at Vicksburg, Lookout Mountain, -Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold, Ga., where he lost an arm. He -whistled “Yankee Doodle” while the surgeons were sawing through the -bone. Wangelin held Bald Hill before Atlanta, after the Union troops -had been previously driven off. Engaged in fifty battles and was four -years continually on the firing line. His “vacations” were periods of -convalescense from wounds. - -Max von Weber; fought under Sigel in the Baden revolution. Colonel of -the 20th New York (Turners) 1861, until appointed brigadier general. -Commanded Fortress Monroe and won distinction in the fights around -Norfolk. At Antietam he commanded the third brigade of the third -division French in Sumner’s corps, and still held the position at -Rulett’s House after Sedgwick’s left had been enveloped, exposed -to a murderous fire until relieved by Kimball’s brigade and after -repeatedly repulsing the enemy. He was seriously wounded. - - -=Germans in the Confederate Army.=--Among the German-born officers -in the Confederate army the most distinguished was General Jeb -Stuart’s chief of staff, Heros von Borcke, a brilliant cavalry -leader. Prussian officer. Came to America 1862 to offer his services -to the Confederacy and was immediately assigned to duty with the -great Confederate cavalry chief, Gen. Stuart, and became his right -hand. Was seriously wounded at Middleburg and for months his life -hung by a thread; was rendered unfit for service and in the winter -of 1864 was sent to England on a secret mission by the Confederate -government, but peace interrupted his activity. Was highly popular -in the army and received more recognition than any German officer -on the Northern side; his visit to the South twenty years after the -close of the war was turned into a public ovation. His sword hangs -in the Capitol at Richmond.--John A. Wagener, brigadier general and -later mayor of Charleston, S. C. Born in Bremerhaven 1824. Defended -Fort Walker, which he had built. Two of his sons, one aged 15, -here served under their father. Half of the garrison was killed or -wounded. It was Wagener who surrendered Charleston to his countryman, -General Schimmelpfennig.--Gust. Adolf Schwarmann; Colonel in Gen. -Wise’s Legion.--J. Scheibert; major in the Prussian Engineer Corps; -came over as an observer but became an officer in Stuart’s Cavalry. -Wrote a military book on the war, published in Germany. Gen. Lee -told him on the battlefield of Chancellorsville: “Give me Prussian -discipline and Prussian formation for my troops and you would see -quite different results.”--Gustav Schleicher, born in Darmstadt. -Well-known Congressman from Texas, after the war; commemorated in a -memorial speech by President Garfield; chiefly active in devising -fortifications.--Baron von Massow (see under “M.”).--Schele de -Ver, Maximillian; born in Pommerania; Prussian reserve officer; -professor at the Virginia State University, Richmond; Colonel of -a Confederate regiment and emissary to Germany to espouse the -Confederate cause.--R. M. Streibling; battery chief in Longstreet’s -Corps; former Brunswick artillery officer.--August Reichard; -former Hanoverian officer, tried to form a unit of German militia -companies and after many disappointments succeeded in organizing -a German battalion consisting of Steuben Guards, Capt. Kehrwald; -Turner Guards, Capt. Baehncke; Reichard Sharpshooters, Capt. Muller; -Florence Guards, Capt. Brummerstadt. The battalion with four Irish -companies was merged into the 20th Louisiana with Reichard as Colonel -and served with distinction in many battles, the regiment suffered -frightful losses at Shiloh.--Karl F. Henningsen, in 1860, appointed -advisor to Governor Wise of Virginia; born in Hanover; fought in -the Carlist army in Spain at 17, then in Russia, participated in -the Hungarian revolution and became leader of a filibuster party -in Nicaragua.--August Buechel, Confederate brigadier general, -former officer at Hesse-Darmstadt, killed in the battle of Pleasant -Hill, La., struck by seven bullets; also served in the Mexican -war.--W. K. Bachmann, Captain, Charleston German artillery; rendered -distinguished service. - - -=Germantown Settlement.=--On March 4, 1681, a royal charter was -issued to William Penn for the province of Pennsylvania, and on March -10, 1682, Penn conveyed to Jacob Telner, of Crefeld, Germany, doing -business as a merchant in Amsterdam; Jan Streypers, a merchant of -Kaldkirchen, a village in the vicinity of Holland, and Dirck Sipmann, -of Crefeld, each 5,000 acres of land, to be laid out in Pennsylvania. -On June 11, 1683, Penn conveyed to Gavert Remke, Lenard Arets and -Jacob Isaac Van Bebber, a baker, all of Crefeld, 1,000 acres of -land each, and they, together with Telner, Streypers and Sipmann, -constituted the original Crefeld purchasers. - -The present generation is indebted to former Governor Samuel Whitaker -Pennypacker, LL.D., of Pennsylvania, at one time presiding judge of -the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, and senior vice president of -the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, for important information -on the settlement of Germantown, and directly to his book, “The -Settlement of Germantown, Pa., and the Beginning of German Emigration -to North America,” a valuable historical compilation, now out of -print. “The settlement of Germantown, in 1683,” he writes, “was -the initial step in the great movement of people from the regions -bordering on the historic and beautiful Rhine, extending from its -source in the mountains of Switzerland to its mouth in the lowlands -of Holland, which has done so much to give Pennsylvania her rapid -growth as a colony, her almost unexampled prosperity, and her -foremost rank in the development of the institutions of the country.” - -From the pages of his book we learn that the “Concord,” which bore -the Germantown settlers to our shores, was a vessel of 500 tons, -William Jeffries, master. She sailed July 24, 1683, from Gravesend, -with the following passengers and their families: - -Lenard Arets, Abraham Op den Graeff, Dirck Op den Graeff, Hermann Op -den Graeff, William Streypers, Thonas Kunders, Reynier Tyson, Jan -Seimens, Jan Lensen, Peter Keurlis, Johannes Bleikers, Jan Lucken and -Abraham Tunes, all Low Germans. The date of her arrival was October -6, 1683. - -The three Op den Graeffs were brothers. Herman was a son-in-law of -Van Bebber; they were accompanied by their sister Margaretha, and -their mother, and they were cousins of Jan and William Streypers, -who were also brothers. The wives of Thonas Kunders and Lenard Arets -were sisters of the Streypers, and the wife of Jan was the sister -of Reynier Tyson (Theissen). Peter Keurlis was also a relative, and -the location of the signatures of Jan Lucken and Abraham Tunes on -the certificate of the marriage of the son of Thonas Kunders with -a daughter of William Streypers in 1700 indicates that they, too, -were connected with the group by family ties. “It is now ascertained -definitely,” writes Governor Pennypacker, “that eleven of these -thirteen emigrants were from Crefeld, and the presumption that their -two companions, Jan Lucken and Abraham Tunes, came from the same -city is consequently strong. This presumption is increased by the -indication of relationship and the fact that the wife of Jan Seimens -was Mercken Williamsen Lucken.” - -Pastorius had sailed six weeks earlier and had arrived in -Philadelphia August 20, 1683. Governor Pennypacker has traced with -remarkable minuteness the movements of the first concrete German -settlement, and his invaluable work should not be allowed to slumber -in a few surviving copies, now selling as high as $50 as literary -curiosities, on the shelves of a few large libraries, but should -be reprinted and made accessible to a larger reading public. The -influence of this settlement in later generations is discussed -elsewhere. (See under “Pastorius.”) The history of the “Concord” is -given in Seidensticker’s “Bilder aus der Deutsch-Pennsylvanischen -Geschichte” and valuable information is contained in “The German -Element in the United States,” by Albert B. Faust, (Houghton Mifflin -Company), who has done more than any other American author to gather -the scattered records of German immigration, culture and influence -and to present them within the convenient compass of two volumes. - - Illustration: THONAS KUNDERS’ HOUSE, - 5109 Main Street, Germantown, Pa. - -Thonas Kunders’ house, 5109 Main street, Germantown, is the only -house of the original settlers that can be accurately located. Thonas -Kunders was a dyer by trade. His death occurred in the fall of 1729. -He was the ancestor of the Conard and Conrad families. Among his -descendants is included Sir Samuel Cunard, founder of the Cunard -line of steamships. Here the first meeting of the Society of Friends -in Germantown was held, and it was from the members of this little -meeting that a public protest against slavery was issued early in -1688. Following is a summary of Germantown events: - - 1683--August 16--Pastorius reaches Philadelphia. - 1683--October 6--Thirteen families from Crefeld reach - Philadelphia and settle Germantown. - 1688--First protest against slavery issued here. - 1690--First paper mill in America established here. - 1705--First portrait in oil painted in America, made in - Germantown by Dr. Christopher Witt. - 1708--First Mennonite meeting house in America built in - Germantown. - 1719--February 17--Death of Pastorius. - 1732--April 8--David Rittenhouse born at Germantown. - 1743--First Bible in America in a foreign tongue printed in - Germantown by Christopher Sauer. - 1760--Germantown Academy founded. - 1764--Sauer begins publication of first religious magazine in - America. - 1770--First American book on pedagogy published. - 1772-73--First type ever cast in America made in Germantown. - - --(“Guidebook to Historic Germantown.”) - - -=Why Germany Strengthened Her Army, Told by Asquith.=--(From a London -dispatch by Marconi wireless to the New York “Times” under date of -January 1, 1914): “The ‘Daily Chronicle’ this morning publishes the -conversation with the Chancellor’s consent.... Another reason which -the Chancellor (Asquith) gave was that the continental nations were -directing their energies more and more to strengthening their land -forces. =‘The German army,’ he said, ‘was vital to the very life -and independence of the nation itself, surrounded as Germany was -by nations each of which possessed armies almost as powerful as -her own.... Hence Germany was spending huge sums of money on the -expansion of her military resources.’=” - - -=Hagner, Peter.=--First to hold the position of Third Auditor of -the U. S. Treasury upon the creation of that office in 1817 under -President Monroe. Served the government 57 years and died at -Washington, July 16, 1849, aged seventy-seven. Born in Philadelphia, -October 1, 1772. - - -=Hartford Convention, The.=--In no section of the country was -there louder acclaim of President Wilson’s public insinuations of -disloyalty against German Americans than in New England. The Boston -papers particularly distinguished themselves in applauding this -unwarranted sentiment. And it came with particularly bad grace from -this section, which long antedated the South in measures designed -to embarrass and disrupt the Union. During the War of 1812 the New -England banks sought to cripple the federal government in securing -the necessary money to prosecute the war against England, and late -in 1814 the legislature of Massachusetts called a convention of the -New England states to meet at Hartford in December of that year. The -sessions were secret and while the discussion was never published -they were commonly held to be treasonable and intended to destroy -the Union. The Convention recognized the principle of secession by -proclaiming that “a severence of the Union by one or more states, -against the will of the rest and especially in the time of war, -can be justified only by absolute necessity.” The Convention made -demands, the apparent intention of which was “to force these demands -upon an unwilling administration while it was hampered by a foreign -war, or in case of refusal to make such refusal a pretext for -dismembering the Union.... An additional object of the Convention -was to hamper and cripple the administration to the last degree, -and at a moment when the country was overrun by a foreign foe, to -overthrow the party in power, or to break up the Union. The men of -this Convention were among the leading Federalists of the country, -and with all their good qualities it is evident that their patriotism -was shallow.” (“History of the United States” by Henry William Elson, -Ph. D., Litt. D., The MacMillan Company, p. 446-447.) The work of the -Convention came to naught. Peace put a stop to its intended mischief. - - -=Hempel.=--German American inventor of the much patented iron -“quoin,” used to lock type in the form, and in common use by printers. - - -=New York Herald Urges Hanging of German Americans.=--The New York -“Herald,” owned and directed by James Gordon Bennett, since deceased; -who for thirty-five years was a resident of Paris, in its issue -of July 12, 1915, advocated the lynching of German Americans by -referring to them as “Hessians” and adding: “A rope attached to the -nearest lamp post would soon bring to an end their career of crime.” - - -=Hereshoffs and Cramps.=--Who in the great yachting world of America -has not heard of the Hereshoffs, the famous builders of racing yachts -whose achievements won international fame for the United States? The -original Hereshoff, Karl Friedrich, was born in Minden, Germany, and -came to this country an accomplished engineer in 1800, establishing -himself at Providence, R. I., where he married the daughter of John -Brown, a shipbuilder. Their son and their grandsons took up naval -architecture, and their remarkable achievements culminated in the -fast racing yachts designed by John B., famous as the blind yacht -builder, whose vessels successfully defended the American Cup against -English contestants in several great international trials. The -Cramps, great American ship builders, are also of German descent. -Johann Georg Krampf, the founder, was a native of Baden, who came -to the U. S. in the middle of the 17th century, and members of the -family established what is now one of the greatest shipbuilding firms -in the world. - - -=Herkimer, General Nicholas.=--Won the battle of Oriskany, which -many regard as the decisive battle of the Revolution. Was the eldest -son of Johann Jost Herkimer (or Herchheimer), a native of the German -Palatinate, and one of the original patentees of what is now part -of Herkimer County, N. Y. Was commissioned a lieutenant in the -Schenectady militia, January 5, 1758, and commanded Fort Herkimer -that year when the French and Indians attacked the German Flats. -Appointed colonel of the first battalion of militia in Tryon County -in 1775, and represented his district in the County Committee of -Safety, of which he was chairman. Was commissioned brigadier general -Sept. 5, 1776, by the Convention of the State of New York, and August -6, 1777, commanded the American forces at the battle of Oriskany, -where he received a mortal wound but directed the battle from under -a tree until its successful conclusion, dying ten days later at his -home, the present town of Danube, N. Y. - -Congress testified its appreciation of his service by twice passing -resolutions requesting New York to erect a monument at the expense -of the United States. A statue of the famous German American has -finally been erected at Herkimer, N. Y., through the liberality -of former U. S. Senator Warner Miller. The battle of Oriskany was -fought by the Mohawk Valley Germans without assistance, other reports -notwithstanding. A part of the American troops under Herkimer refused -to co-operate and left the Germans to the number of only 800 to -engage the enemy alone. - -Quoting an American writer: “The battle of Oriskany was one of the -most important battles of the Revolution, and General Washington said -it was ‘the first ray of sunshine.’ The British forces, under Col. -St. Leger, had landed at Oswego, coming from Canada, under orders to -march through the Mohawk Valley to Albany, there to join Burgoyne, -who was coming down from Canada with a large army, by way of Lake -Champlain. These two forces were to meet at Albany and then go down -the Hudson River, thus dividing the forces of the Americans. If -this plan had succeeded doubtless the Revolution would have failed. -However, the defeat of St. Leger at Oriskany sent his army back to -Canada, and the defeat of Burgoyne later at Saratoga ended the entire -movement and led to the final victory at Yorktown.” - -H. W. Elson, in his “History of the United States of America,” says, -“Oriskany was without exception the bloodiest single conflict in the -war of the Revolution.... Nothing more horrible than the carnage of -that battle has ever occurred in the history of warfare.” - - Illustration: GENERAL HERKIMER - -In the Magazine of American History for August, 1884, was printed -an exhaustive article, “The Story of a Monument,” dealing largely -with General Herkimer, the Battle of Oriskany, the character of its -hero and the details of his personality and his surroundings. The -author, S. W. D. North, quotes ex-Governor Dorsheimer as declaring -at the Centennial Celebration: “Oriskany was a German fight. The -words of warning and encouragement, the exclamations of praise and -of pain, the shouts of battle and of victory, and the command which -the wounded Herkimer spoke and the prayers of the dying, were in -the German language.” The author holds, however, that even then the -admixture of races had played pranks with the German names, until -today the descendants of many of the participants in that “German -fight” would not know the names of their ancestors if spelled on -the roster as they were spelled correctly at the time Oriskany was -fought. The problem was further complicated by the fact, says North, -that the original Palatinates and their descendants who comprised the -bulk of the yeomanry of the Mohawk Valley in the Revolution, were not -an educated people. General Herkimer would be called an ignorant man -these days. One of the most curious of the few existing specimens of -his manuscript is preserved by the Oneida Historical Society, and -throws a strange light on the mixed jargon in which even the hero of -Oriskany issued his military orders and incidentally proves that the -present spelling of his name was not his own way: - - “Ser you will order your bodellyen do merchs immeedeetleh - do fordedward weid for das brofiesen and amonieschen fied - for on betell. Dis yu will dis ben your berrell--from frind. - - NICOLAS HERCHHEIMER. - - “To Cornell pieder bellinger - “ad de flets - “Ochdober 18, 1776” - -Rendered into English, the order reads as follows: - - “Sir: You will order your battalion to march immediately to - Fort Edward with four days’ provisions and ammunition fit - for one battle. This you will disobey (at) your peril. - - From (your) Friend, - NICOLAS HERCHHEIMER. - - “To Colonel Peter Bellinger, at the Flats. - “October 18, 1776.” - -The Herkimer homestead is still preserved, and has now become an -institution under the care of the State of New York. Agitation to -bring this about was initiated by the German American Alliance, which -raised the money to make the homestead a national memorial. The -legislature granted a charter placing it under the care of the German -American Alliance and the Daughters of the American Revolution, who -for years co-operated peacefully in the loving task entrusted to -them. Late in December, 1919, the last German American connected with -the committee was forced out as a result of the desire to obliterate -every reminder of the share of the German element in the memorial. -(See “Palatine Declaration of Independence” elsewhere.) - - -=The Hessians.=--The bitter partisan feeling during the war has led -to a widespread misrepresentation of the share which the Germans took -in the Revolutionary War. The employment by England of some thousands -of mercenaries recruited in Anspach and Hessia against the American -colonies has been extended to include all Germany, regardless of the -fact that there was no more ardent supporter of the cause of the -colonists in Europe than the King of Prussia. The Hessians were sold -to Great Britain at so much per head by their ruler. Their traffic -was scathingly denounced by Frederick and the infamous transaction -severely condemned by Schiller in his play, “Cabal and Love.” - -Hessia represented to the rest of Germany, at that time composed -of Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and other States, about what -Delaware represents to the whole of the United States. To blame -all Germany for the misconduct of an unconscionable princeling -is the extreme of injustice. Counting the German regiments under -Rochambeau, nominally designated as Frenchmen, and the large number -of German settlers in the ranks of Washington’s army under Herkimer, -Muhlenberg, Steuben, Woedtke, Pulaski, etc., the Hessian-Anspach -contingent was more than offset by the Germans fighting for the cause -of American independence. - -Thousands of Hessians were induced by their German countrymen to come -over and enlist under the banner of the colonists. Pulaski’s flying -squadron was recruited from these deserters. Some of the best troops -in Washington’s immediate surrounding were former Hessians, and a -Hessian deserter became one of Washington’s most trusted messengers -in matters of war. - -At the end of the war the country was full of Hessians. Many settled -in Lebanon, Lancaster and Reading, Pa., and about 1,600 settled four -miles from Winchester, Va., in 1781. Some of the sterling troops -which made up Jackson’s Stonewall brigade in the Civil War were made -up of the descendants of the Germans, many of them Hessians, who -settled in the Shenandoah Valley. - -If the Hessians, fighting reluctantly for a cause in which they -had no heart, must be condemned by public sentiment, what shall be -said of the native Americans, the Tory element, 26,000 of whom fled -to Canada, while thousands of others fought in the English ranks -against their own kin? Among the troops surrendered at Yorktown under -Lord Cornwallis and General O’Hara, we find enumerated a body of -South Carolina militiamen called “Volunteers,” “the Royal American -Rangers,” etc., not counting the American deserters who had joined -Cornwallis during the siege. (See “Frederick the Great and the -American Colonies.”) - - -=Hillegas, Michael.=--First Treasurer of the United States, appointed -July 29, 1776; son of German parents; born in Philadelphia, where -his father was a well-to-do merchant. Served till Sept. 2, 1789. -Hillegas with several other patriotic citizens came to the aid of the -government in the Spring of 1780 with his private means to relieve -the distress of Washington’s soldiers, and in 1781 became one of -the founders of the Bank of North America, which afforded liberal -support to the government during its financial difficulties. When a -man named Philip Ginter submitted to him a piece of coal which he had -found on Mauch-Chunk Hill, Hillegas pronounced it genuine coal, and -with several others founded the Lehigh Coal Mining Co. and acquired -10,000 acres of coal land from the State of Pennsylvania. Died in -Philadelphia, Sept. 29, 1804. - - -=House, Col. E. M.=--It is claimed that the part played by Col. E. M. -House in the diplomatic history of the war has been correctly gauged -by but few persons, and these attribute to him the exercise of a -greater influence in shaping the program of the Wilson administration -than any one else, not excepting the President. Some have sought to -trace an intimate connection between the policies that invested the -Chief Executive with more power than any president before him with an -anonymous novel, “Philip Dru, Administrator,” generally attributed to -Colonel House, in which a comprehensive program is laid down for the -government of the United States by Dru after finishing a successful -war. - -It is undeniable that a more than casual analogy may be found between -the lines of policy defined in the novel and those seemingly followed -by the administration down to the Versailles conference. - -“Philip Dru” is the story of an American Cromwell, who prevented an -alliance between England and Germany and made one between England and -the United States. In the novel Dru wages a successful civil war and -sets himself up as the administrator of the country, establishing -a dictatorship, remodels our system of government, conquers and -incorporates Mexico, remodels our relations with Canada, establishes -a close bond with England, wipes out all memories of the Civil War by -having Grant and Lee clasp hands on the same pediment, elects his own -president and assigns to each of the powers its allotted space in the -universe, after which he disappears like the good fairy of the books. - -A passage from the novel affords fair insight into its philosophy. -On page 156 the author makes Dru say: “For a long time I have known -that this hour would come, and there would be those of you who stand -affrighted at the momentous change from constitutional government -to despotism, no matter how pure and exalted you might believe my -intentions to be. But in the long watches of the night I conceived a -plan of government which, =by the grace of God=, I hope to be able to -give to the American people. My life is consecrated to our cause and, -hateful as the thought of assuming supreme power, I can see no other -way clearly, and I would be recreant to my trust if I faltered in my -duty.” - -The book thus takes on a strange prophetic character, considering -that it was published in 1912, two years before the outbreak of the -war, as though the writer had laid down a great plan of action which -he was in the process of carrying out when the elections of 1918 -raised an unexpected obstacle to its further execution. - -The close friendship between President Wilson and Colonel House, -according to the latter’s biographer, dates from the time when, -after having considered Mayor Gaynor of New York and found himself -disappointed in his expectations, Colonel House decided to make -Wilson President in 1912. In the selection for the Cabinet two -prominent Texans, Attorney General Gregory and Postmaster General -Burleson, were named, and many others were by him designated for -responsible positions. It has been pointed out in certain quarters -that many of the most important measures leading up to and including -the war bear a more or less striking resemblance to those outlined -in “Philip Dru,” even to the investment of the President with almost -absolute powers. Colonel House’s residence in New York became the -calling place of foreign ambassadors, where vital questions of -State and our international relations were dealt with before they -reached the President. Count Bernstorff, former German ambassador -to the United States, testified before the Reichstag Commission -investigating the war that he handed Colonel House an important note -on peace which was never heard of afterward. - -Colonel House has been called “the mysterious;” he seeks distinction -in doing his work in secrecy, rewarding his friends and punishing his -enemies in ways not readily apparent, laying out his policies without -revealing his hand and executing well-devised plans without the noise -and trumpery of cheap publicity. In this manner he is credited with -shaping the policies of the administration at the peace conference, -where he was, next to the President, the principal representative -of the United States, working congenially with Clemenceau and Lloyd -George and acting as moderator on the President in the latter’s -earlier demands for a stricter observance on the part of the Allies -of his Fourteen Points. As related in a Paris correspondence in -the New York “Tribune,” dated April 16, 1919, “President Wilson, -realizing that he had not sufficient ground for further refusing to -meet the demands of the three European allies, accepted the formula -which Clemenceau and Lloyd George had worked out for reparations and -accepted the plan which Colonel House had previously approved for the -surrender of the Saar Valley by Germany for a long period of years, -after which a plebiscite shall be held.” - -A biographer of Colonel House says that the colonel’s father was -born in England and came to the United States during the Texas war -for independence against Mexico, in which he participated. Texas -having attained its independence, the elder House wanted Texas to -become a colony of England, a project which, fortunately, did not -materialize. During the Civil War, it is claimed, he acted for -England in facilitating British blockade runners. As a boy Colonel -House attended a school in England taught by the father of Lloyd -George and the friendship between the latter and Colonel House dates -back to their youth. During his stay in England he formed many close -attachments for prominent young Englishmen, and, on coming into his -father’s extensive property in Texas, he led the life of an English -country gentleman and entertained many English gentlemen of family -and fortune. His brother-in-law is Dr. Sydney Mezes, president of New -York City College, who acted as chairman of the Frontier Commission -at the Paris Peace Conference, and his son-in-law is Gordon -Auchincloss, who acted as secretary to Colonel House. - - -=The Humanity of War.=--About the time of the sinking of the -Lusitania, our official notes on this and other subjects in the -negotiations with Germany teemed with appeals to humanity. No such -view was accepted by England. In the British note of March 13, 1915, -Sir Edward Grey, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, told the President: -“There can be no universal rule based on considerations of morality -and humanity.” - - -=Illiteracy.=--As a related element of interest in the study of the -war from a cultural as well as a military angle the illiteracy of -some of the contesting and neutral nations bears strongly on the -question: - - France 14.1% - Belgium 12.7% - Greece 57.2% - Italy 37.0% - Portugal 68.9% - Roumania 60.6% - Russia 69.0% - Serbia 78.9% - United Kingdom 1.0% - Austria-Hungary 18.7% - Germany 0.05% - Denmark 0.0?% - Netherlands 0.08% - Prussia 0.02% - Switzerland 0.03% - Sweden 0.0?% - -United States, 7.7% population over 10 years. Of this, the native -white population of native parents furnished 3.7% of the illiterates; -the native white of foreign or mixed parentage, 1.1%. The negroes are -down with 30.4% illiteracy, less than that of Italy or Greece and -several other European States engaged in the task of making the world -safe for democracy. Even our Indian population (45.3%) shows less -illiteracy than Greece, Serbia or Roumania. The illiteracy of our -white foreign-born population is recorded at 12.7%. - - -=Immigration.=--How much does the United States owe to immigration, -as regards the growth of population? Frederick Knapp, worked out a -table covering the period from 1790 to 1860, the beginning of the -Civil War, intended to show what the normal white population at the -close of each decade would have been as a result of only the surplus -of births over deaths of 1.38 percent each year, compared with the -result as established by the official census figures. - - “Natural” Growth Census Figures - 1790 3,231,930 - 1800 3,706,674 4,412,896 - 1810 4,251,143 6,048,450 - 1820 4,875,600 8,100,056 - 1830 5,591,775 10,796,077 - 1840 6,413,161 14,582,008 - 1850 7,355,422 19,987,563 - 1860 8,435,882 27,489,662 - -The natural increase of the white population in 160 years would -have been only 5,203,952, whereas it was 24,257,732, an increase of -19,053,780 over the natural growth. Statistics show that in 1790 an -American family averaged 5.8; in 1900 but 4.6. During the earlier -period each family averaged 2.8 children, in 1900 but 1.53, a decline -of nearly 50 per cent. - -Wilhelm Kaufmann (“Die Deutschen im Am. Burgerkriege,”) makes -an ingenious calculation of the value of the immigration of the -nineteenth century to the U. S. in dollars and cents. Fifty years -ago, he says, a human being had a market price. An adult slave -about 1855 was valued at an average of $1,100. Estimating, for -the sake of argument, a white immigrant at the same price, the -19,500,000 immigrants for the stated period would represent a value -of $21,450,000,000; but as a white man performed three times as -much work as a slave, besides having a larger claim on life and a -much higher intelligence, a white immigrant represented four times -the value of a slave. What value, for instance, was an Ericson to -the Union army in the summer of 1862, or a Lieber, a Schurz, a -Mergenthaler or a Carnegie? But 22 percent of the total immigration -was made up of children under 15 years of age. According to the New -York Immigration authorities (1870) every German immigrant averaged a -possession of $150 cash on his arrival, representing a total value, -as regards German immigration alone, of $750,000,000. A famous -English economist says: “One of the imports of the U. S., that of -the adult and trained immigrants, would be in an economic analysis -underestimated at £100,000,000 ($500,000,000) a year.”--Thorold -Rogers, Lectures in 1888, “Economic Interpretations of History,” (p. -407). And the American, James Ford Rhodes (Vol. I, p. 355): “The -South ignored, or wished to ignore, the fact that able-bodied men -with intelligence enough to wish to better their conditions are the -most valuable products on earth, and that nothing can redound more to -the advantage of a new country than to get men without having been at -the cost of rearing them.” - -Because the working conditions in Germany were exceptionally -favorable, immigration from the German Empire before the war had -reached by far the smallest stage of that of any of the leading -nations, save France, where the birthrate has been stationary -for many years. The figures for 1914 were only 35,734, while the -immigration from Greece was 35,832; Italian immigration in that year -reached a total of 283,738 and from Russia 255,660, while England -sent us 35,864, Scotland 10,682 and Wales 2,183. In 1915 only 7,799 -Germans arrived, while England sent us 21,562. The money brought -by the Germans totaled $1,786,130, or $221.50 a head, while money -brought by the English totaled $3,467,458, a little over $160 a head. - -German immigration was never a pauper immigration and of itself -refutes the assertion that German immigration was due to fear of -military service or political oppression. - -The first German immigration from the Palatinate, 237 years ago, was -mainly due to the criminal ravages of the French under Louis XIV; -that of 1848 was incident mainly to the revolution in Baden, based -upon a longing of all thinking Germans for a united Germany, and -that of the subsequent period was the spontaneous outpouring of an -overpopulated country not yet adjusted to commercial and industrial -expansion and the great spread of German enterprise in ship-building -and manufacture. As soon as this development had reached a decisive -stage, immigration practically ceased. Those who came here obeyed a -great economic law by which every man seeks to supply an existing -vacancy for his industry; they did not come as beggars, but were -welcomed because they were needed. There was no religious oppression -in Germany, and in Prussia Frederick the Great proclaimed in the -middle of the eighteenth century the doctrine, “In my country every -man can serve God in his own way.” If immigration is an infallible -sign of the dissatisfaction of the immigrant with conditions at home -which drives him to go to another country, the fact that less than -36,000 German immigrants arrived in America in 1914 against a total -of 73,417 from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, proves that -conditions were vastly better in Germany than in the United Kingdom. -(The figures are from the “New York World Almanac” for 1916.) - -Anthony Arnoux gives the following table of the total German -immigration into the United States for five years, from 1908 to 1912: - - 1908 17,951 - 1909 19,980 - 1910 22,773 - 1911 18,900 - 1912 13,706 - -The latest statistics available, made public in December, 1919, place -the total number of immigrants arriving at American ports for the -past 100 years at 33,200,103. - - From Great Britain (including Irish) 24.7% 8,206,675 - From Germany, 16.6% 5,494,539 - From Italy, 12.4% 4,100,740 - From Russia, 10% 3,311,400 - From Scandinavia, 6.4% 2,134,414 - -For the fiscal year ending in June, 1919, 237,021 immigrants were -admitted and 8,626 were turned back, a net total of 245,647. During -the same period 216,231 immigrants left the country. The immigrants -arriving totaled a per capita wealth of $112, a total of $15,831,247. -Foreign-born soldiers serving in the army during the war were given -citizenship to the number of 128,335. - - -=Indians, Tories and the German Settlements.=--The descendants and -successors of those who form the very foundation of the government -of the United States, bled and died for its existence, cannot suffer -themselves to be segregated into a class of tolerated citizens whose -voices may be silenced at will. The history of the German element is -too closely interwoven with the records of the past and as an element -it is too much a part of the bone and muscle of the American nation -to remain silent when told that the history of the United States -is to be rewritten and the deeds of their forefathers are to be -forgotten for the glorification of the Tories who, with their Indian -allies, burned the homes of German settlers and dragged their women -and children into captivity. - -A gruesome chapter of their endurance is supplied by the events in -New York State during the Revolutionary War, and notably those events -that transpired in the Schoharie and Mohawk valleys. It was the -German element in New York State which stood the brunt of the forages -of Joseph Brant, the Indian chief, educated by Sir William Johnson -and renowned as no other Indian in the history of America for his -atrocities under the direction of his English and Tory patrons. - -He began operations in July, 1778, by surprising a little settlement -of only seven families at Andrustown, Herkimer County, killing two -and dragging the women into captivity. It was followed by the attack -on the German Flats. This was a settlement of nearly 1,000 souls -with about 70 houses, protected by two forts, Fort Dayton and Fort -Herkimer. The rich harvest of summer had just been gathered when -Brant invaded the valley. Three of the four scouts sent out to report -his movements were killed by the Indians; the fourth, John Helmer, -returned the last day of August, 1778, and reported the approach of -the enemy. The inhabitants, so far as they were able, fled to the -protection of the forts with everything movable. With the approach of -darkness the next day Brant arrived near the forts with 300 Indians -and 152 Tories. He immediately set fire to the abandoned houses with -their barns, stables and other buildings and drove off the horses and -cattle without daring to attack the forts. The attack resulted in the -destruction of 63 houses, 57 barns, three flour and two saw mills, -and the loss of 235 horses, 229 head of cattle, 269 sheep and 93 -oxen. Two men only lost their lives. - -In the Schoharie Valley the summer of 1778 passed without any notable -events, but the Indians under Brant in June of that year destroyed -Cobelskill. The Indians lured the local company of defenders under -Captain Braun into an ambush and practically wiped it out. No less -than 23 of the men were killed, others were seriously wounded and -only six escaped. The women and children fled into the woods, from -which they were able to watch the Indians set fire to their homes and -barns. Brant here did not follow up his success, but returned to the -Susquehanna, where he and his loyalists wrought the fearful historic -carnage among the settlements in the Wyoming Valley, and in July -attacked the Mohawk Valley settlements. - -=About this time the English government offered a prize of $8 for -every American scalp.= In consequence of this barbarous edict, the -border war, which had so far been mainly conducted between regular -military forces, degenerated into a series of savage melees. Indians -and Tories sought to bring in as many scalps as possible, and -murdered children, mothers and old men in order to earn the promised -reward of eight dollars. More than one German settler found, on -returning home from his fields in the evening, his family butchered, -wife and children lying scalped and mutilated in their dwellings or -in front of their doorsteps, their skulls crushed if the scalping -process was too slow. Scalping became a recognized industry and was -conducted for business. - -In the evening, after a successful raid, the Indians would stretch -the scalps on sticks to dry during the night, while the captured -relatives, bound hand and foot, were compelled to witness the -revolting process, exposed to a similar fate at the least betrayal of -grief, or doomed to suffer a slow death by torture from fire. - -An entire bundle of dried scalps, amounting to 1,062 in number, -taken by the Seneca Indians, fell into the hands of a New England -expedition against the Indians. It was accompanied by a prayer and -a complete inventory addressed to the British Governor, Handimand. -There were eight items, as follows: - - Lot 1: 43 scalps of soldiers of Congress killed in - battle. 62 scalps of farmers killed in their houses. - - Lot 2: 92 scalps of farmers killed in their houses - surprised by day, not by night, as the first lot. - The red color, applied to the hoops of wood, which - were used to stretch the scalp, indicated the - difference. - - Lot 3: 97 scalps of farmers killed in their fields, - different colors denoting whether killed with - tomahawk or rifle ball. - - Lot 4: 102 scalps of farmers, mostly young men. - - Lot 5: 88 scalps of women, those with blue hoops cut - from the heads of mothers. - - Lot 6: 193 scalps of boys of different ages killed with - clubs or hatchets, some with knives or bullets. - - Lot 7: 121 scalps of girls, large and small. - - Lot 8: 122 scalps of various kinds, among them 29 - babies’ scalps, carefully stretched on small white - hoops. - -The accompanying prayer was worded as follows: - - Father, we wish that you send these scalps to the Great - King that he may look at them and be refreshed at their - sight--recognize our fidelity and be convinced that his - presents have not been bestowed upon a thankless people. - -It was written by James Crawford (spelled Craufurd), January 3, 1782, -from Tioga, seeming to indicate that most of the scalps came from the -New York frontier. The information is based on Campbell’s “Annals of -Tryon County,” pp. 67-70 (appendix). - -During 1779 the Schoharie and Mohawk valleys were not molested. In -order to punish the Indians for their atrocities in the Wyoming -Valley, as well as the western part of New York, Washington had -induced Congress to fit out an expedition against the Indians under -Sullivan. In August, 1779, General Sullivan and his aide, General -Clinton, invaded the valley with 5,000 men, moved against the Six -Nations and devastated their territory, crushing them August 29 at -Newton, near Elmira, and pursuing them as far as the Genesee Valley, -where he destroyed more than forty of their villages. The lack of -provisions drove the Indians and their Tory friends into Canada, -where they remained quiescent until 1780. - -But Sullivan’s course had lacked the requisite energy and, while they -had suffered severely, the Indians were by no means discouraged, but, -on the contrary, filled with bitter resentment, and as early as the -spring of 1780 they reappeared in New York and resumed their former -raids. - -On April 3 they surprised Riemenschneider’s Bush, a few miles north -of Little Falls, burned the flour mill and carried off nineteen -prisoners, among them John Windecker, George Adler, Joseph Neumann -and John Garter. The latter died from mistreatment; the others were -taken to Canada, but released when peace was restored. - -During a scouting expedition commanded by Lieutenant Woodworth of -Fort Dayton the Americans came into contact with Indians double their -number. A fierce hand to hand conflict ensued and only 15 of the -Germans escaped; several were taken prisoners and Woodworth fell with -more than half his men, who were later buried in a common grave on -the spot. - -This encouraged the Indians to new atrocities, as this style of -warfare was most to their liking. No settler was henceforth safe from -surprise and attack; he slept with his gun beside him and at the -least sound bounded from his bed to be prepared and to sell his life -at least as dearly as possible. Now and then more extensive raids -occurred. Brant was the soul and inspiration of every enemy movement. -His real purposes were always disguised by skilful manouvers. His -spies were everywhere and he was always well informed of everything -going on in the valley. He would pretend to attack one place while, -in reality, reserving his blow for another, thus keeping the settlers -in a constant state of terror and doubt. - -In this manner he learned, toward the end of July, 1780, that General -Clinton had sent the troops in Canajoharie to Fort Schuyler for -the protection of the stored supplies at that place, and on August -2, at the head of 500 Indians and Tories, suddenly hurled himself -upon Canajoharie and instituted a perfect bloodbath. No effective -resistance could be rendered, as the entire male population capable -of bearing arms was absent. Sixteen men remained dead where they -had fallen, 60 women and children were taken prisoners, the church, -63 houses, with their barns and stables, were reduced to ashes, -upward of 300 cattle were killed or driven off. All the agricultural -implements and tools were lost, so that the survivors were even -prevented from gathering their crops ripening in the fields. The -fate of Canajoharie was impending over the heads of every other -settlement, and nowhere was there the least hope of assistance or the -least prospect of peace and quiet. - -It would be tiresome to enumerate the many Indian attacks on German -settlers in the valley, and these examples out of innumerable -instances of heroic deeds (see “Schell”) performed by our German -ancestors must suffice. - -The frontier history of our country abounds in such examples down to -the period of the Civil War, when the Germans of New Ulm, Minnesota, -again, practically for the last time as settlers, were exposed to -Indian massacres in their march to extend our far-flung battle -line of civilization into the regions of the primeval wilderness. -This border history is dominated by the names of the German, Dutch -and English race. No Frenchmen, Russians, Italians or any of the -races of southwestern Europe have any share in the reduction of -the forests and prairies to the spirit of American sovereignty. -French and Spanish settlements remained always a thing apart with -never diminishing attachments to Europe, and before and after the -Revolution the French were our enemies. - - -=Inventions.=--Among the many evidences of German moral and -intellectual obliquity cited to justify our indignation was their -lack of inventive genius, Prof. Brander Matthews in particular -alleging that the Germans had contributed nothing to making possible -the automobile, the aeroplane, the telephone, the submarine, the art -of photography, etc. - -The aeroplane, the automobile and the submarine were each made -possible by the invention of the gas engine, and the gas engine was -invented by Gottlieb Daimler. By combining Lillienthal’s “glider” -with Daimler’s gas engine, the aeroplane became feasible. The first -employment of the modern gas engine was by Daimler in running a -motorcycle. - -Wilhelm Bauer, a Bavarian corporal, in 1850 constructed a submersible -craft at Kiel, which though it eventually came to grief, was -practically operated and served to spread terror in the Danish navy, -which discreetly withdrew from its blockading operations. It was -equipped with torpedoes but was navigated by manual operation, no -other power being available at that early period. (Boston Transcript.) - -The first man to speak over a wire with the aid of electric power -and to call his instrument a “telephone,” was Philipp Reis, of -Frankfort. In 1868 the inventor wrote as follows: “Incited thereto by -my lessons in physics in the year 1860, I attacked a work begun much -earlier concerning the organs of hearing, and soon had the joy of -seeing my pains rewarded with success, since I succeeded in inventing -an apparatus by which it is possible to make clear and evident the -functions of the organs of hearing, but with which one can also -reproduce tones of all kinds at any desired distance by means of the -galvanic current. I named the instrument ‘telephone.’” In Manchester, -before the Literary and Philosophical Society, Reis’ telephone was -shown in 1865 by Professor Cliften. The invention was however too -soon for the world. To Reis’ great disappointment, the Physical -Society of Frankfort took no further notice of the invention, the -luster of which shone upon them. Other societies treated it as a -scientific toy. The Naturalists’ Assembly, including all the leading -scientific men of Germany, had, indeed, welcomed him at Giesen; but -too late. His sensitive temperament had met with too many rebuffs, -and the fatal disease with which he was already stricken told upon -his energies. In 1873 he disposed of all his instruments and tools to -Garnier’s Institute. To Herr Garnier he made the remark that he had -shown the world the way to a great invention which must now be left -to others to develop. On January 14, 1874, he was released by death. -In December, 1878, a monument was erected to him in the cemetery of -Friedricksdorf with the inscription under a medallion portrait: “Here -rests Philipp Reis, born January 7, 1834; died January 14, 1874. To -its deserving member, the Inventor of the Telephone, by the Physical -Society of Frankfort-on-Main. Erected 1878.” (See “Philipp Reis, -Inventor of the Telephone; a Biographical Sketch with Documentary -Testimony, Translation of the Original Papers of the Inventor and -Contemporaneous Publications,” by Sylvanus Thompson, B. A. DSc., -Professor of Experimental Physics in University College, Bristol.) - -The first modern photographic lens was invented by J. Petzval, -of Vienna; the rectilinear lens by Steinheil; the Jena glass and -anastigmatic lens by Abbe and Schott, of Jena, Prussia. - - -=English View of Paul Jones.=--In the process of rewriting the -history of the United States, as now in progress, in what light -will American school children be taught to regard their great -naval hero, John Paul Jones, whose remains in a Paris cemetery -were exhumed about twenty years ago by order of our government -and brought back to America with all the solemn pomp paid to the -greatest of men? England’s estimate of him is evidenced by clippings -of the contemporary English press, which Don C. Seitz a few years -ago compiled into “Paul Jones, His Exploits in English Seas.” It -contains clippings of three types: first, slanders on Jones’ personal -character; secondly, false reports as to his activities and capture; -thirdly, editorial comment in which political morals are deduced or -the consequences of his raids are touched upon. - -In the first category come such passages as the following: - - “Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser,” May 8, 1778: The - captain of the Ranger, John Paul, was some time ago master - of a vessel called the John, belonging to Kirkudbright, - stood a trial in London for the murder of his carpenter and - was found guilty, but made his escape. - -This is the seed, evidently, from which grew the following tale: - - “Morning Post and Daily Advertiser,” Thursday, September - 30, 1779: “Paul Jones, or John Paul, which is his real - name, is a man of savage disposition. He was for many - years a commander of a coasting vessel, in which time he - committed many barbarities upon his crew--one of which will - forever stamp his character as a dark assassin. Between - Whitehaven and Bristol he took a deep dislike to one of - his crew and meditated revenge, which he performed as - follows: One evening upon deck he behaved with more than - common civility toward him, and calling him aside to do - something of the ship’s duty, the unsuspecting man went, - when Jones desired him to lay hold of a rope which was out - of reach; Jones then desired him to stand on a board (the - board having been so balanced that a small weight would - overturn it), which he did, when he fell into the sea and - was drowned.... Thus he got rid of an innocent man without - being suspected of murder.” - -This story was repeated in a number of other papers with suitable -variations, and once, on the authority of a “reliable lady of our -acquaintance,” the then equivalent of our “reliable, well-informed -sources.” Some of the news sheets accuse him, moreover, of being the -son of a gardener, of owing his watchmaker money for several years, -of knocking down his schoolmaster with a club, of cold-bloodedly -sinking a boat-load of deserters with solid shot; of cowardice -in refusing to fight a duel; of dishonesty in money matters; of -“concealing a quantity of lead in his clothes to sink himself, should -he be overcome by the English.” - - -=Jefferson on English Hyphenates and English Perfidy.=--Thomas -Jefferson to Horatio Gates, Pennsylvania: “Those who have no wish but -for the peace of their country and its independence of all foreign -influence have a hard struggle indeed, overwhelmed by a cry as loud -and imposing as if it were true, of being under French influence, and -=this raised by a faction composed of English subjects residing among -us=, or such as are =English in all their relations and sentiments=. -However, patience will bring all to rights, and we shall both live to -see the mask taken from their faces and our citizens be made sensible -on which side true liberty and independence are sought.” - -Thomas Jefferson to John Langdon, the Governor of New Hampshire: -“But the Anglo-men, it seems, have found out a much safer means than -to risk chances of death or disappointment. That is that we should -first =let England plunder us=, as she has been doing for years, and -then ally ourselves with her and enter into the war. This, indeed, -is making us a mighty people and what is to be our security, that -when embarked for her in the war she will not make a separate peace, -and leave us in the lurch. Her good faith! The faith of a nation -of merchants! The PUNCIA FIDES of modern Carthage! Of the friend -and protectress of Copenhagen! Of a nation which never admitted the -chapter of morality in her political code and is now avowing that -whatever she can make hers, is hers by right! Money and not morality -is the principle of commerce and commercial nations. But in addition -to this the nature of the English nation forbids of its reliance upon -her engagements and it is well known that =she has been the least -faithful to her alliances of all nations of Europe=, since the period -of her history wherein she has been distinguished for her commerce -and corruption and that is to say, under the Houses of Stewart and -Brunswick.” - - -=Jefferson’s Tribute to German Immigration.=--From Thomas Jefferson’s -letter to Gov. Claiborne: “Of all foreigners I should prefer Germans.” - - -=“Kultur” in Brief Statistical Form.=--A brief statistical abstract -of comparative data which vitally illustrates German “kultur” before -the war, has been compiled by D. Trietsch and published by Lehmann of -Munich under the title of “Germany: A Statistical Stimulant.” - - Basis of Comparison Germany England France - Standard of civilization: - Illiterates among every 10,000 - recruits 2 100 320 - Expenditure for education in - million dollars 219 96 65.25 - Books published (1912) 34,800 12,100 9,600 - Nobel prizes for scientific - achievements 14 3 3 - - Economy and public intercourse: - Grain harvest in million tons 25.8 6.10 16.6 - Production of wheat in hectares 23.6 21.0 13.3 - Potato harvest in million tons 54.0 6.8 16.7 - Foreign trade (not including - colonies), in million dollars 2.51 1.71 1.18 - Post offices, in thousands, 1912 51.2 24.5 14.6 - Telephones, in thousands, 1912 1310 733 304 - - State of prosperity, etc.: - Public wealth, in billion - dollars, 1914 53.75 86.25 61.25 - Annual income in billion dollars 10.75 8.75 6.25 - Saving bank deposits, in billion - dollars, 1911 4,475 1,175 1,125 - Aver. savings bank deposits, in - dollars 200 82.25 78 - Taxes, dollars, per capita 10 18.25 20 - - State of peace and amount of - armament: - Number of years of war between - 1800 and 1896 12 21 27 - Expenditure for armament in 1913, - in dollars, per capita 5.46 8.26 7.46 - - -=Knobel, Caspar.=--It was Caspar Knobel, a German-American, eighteen -years of age, who, in command of a detachment of fourteen men of -the Fourth Michigan Cavalry, arrested President Jefferson Davis -of the Southern Confederacy, near Abbeville, Ga., and it was a -German-American, Maj. August Thieman, who was in command of Fortress -Monroe while Mr. Davis was confined there. Knobel, after two days’ -march without food, discovered the camp of the Confederate leader, -and, throwing back the flap of his tent, placed him under arrest. -He received a part of the reward offered by the Union for President -Davis’ capture, and was given a gold medal. (Washington “Herald,” -May 10, 1908.) Maj. August Thieman died at Valentine, Nebr., in -utter destitution. He had served as an enlisted man and officer -continuously for over forty-two years. His record, on file in the War -Department, shows that he took active part in 242 battles, and was -wounded seven times. He served in the United States, Mexico, Egypt, -and other places, and held autograph letters from, and was well -acquainted with Lincoln, Davis and Stonewall Jackson. It was Gov. -Thieman who was in charge of Fortress Monroe while Mr. Davis and his -family were prisoners there. - - -=Know Nothing or American Party.=--A political party which came into -prominence in 1853. Its fundamental principle was that the government -of the country should be in the hands of native citizens. At first -it was organized as a secret oath bound fraternity; and from their -professions of ignorance in regard to it, its members received -the name of Know Nothings. In 1856 it nominated a presidential -ticket, but disappeared about 1859, its Northern adherents becoming -Republicans, while most of its Southern members joined the -short-lived Constitutional Union party. It was preceded by the Native -American party, formed about 1842, an organization based on hostility -to the participation of foreign immigrants in American politics, and -to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1844 it carried the city elections -in New York and Philadelphia, and elected a number of Congressmen. It -disappeared within a few years, after occasioning destructive riots -against Catholics in Philadelphia and other places. In St. Louis a -Know Nothing mob, led by E. C. Z. Judson (“Ned Buntline”), attempted -to destroy Turner Hall, the German Athletic Club, but was easily -repelled by a group of resolute Germans, who guarded the approaches -by stationing guns at the four street corners and riflemen on top -of the adjacent houses. T. W. Barnes, in his life of Thurlow Weed, -writes: “If a member of the order was asked about its practices, he -answered that he knew nothing about them, and ‘Americans’ for that -reason soon came to be called Know Nothings!” - - -=Koerner, Gustav.=--One of the most conspicuous fighters in the Civil -War period, “whose important life is well documented,” Prof. A. B. -Faust, of Cornell University, says, “in his two-volume memoirs. -They furnish abundant evidence of the fact, well established by -recent historical monographs, that the balance of power securing -the election of Lincoln, with all its far-reaching consequences, -lay with the German vote of the Middle West. Koerner’s modesty and -unselfishness were extraordinary. He repeatedly sacrificed his chance -for political preferment in deference to others less capable, and he -surprised his political friends at the opening of the war by refusing -high military rank, because, he said, he had not had the training -needed for an officer. Koerner was elected lieutenant-governor of the -State of Illinois, 1853-56, and in 1861 was appointed by Lincoln to -succeed Schurz as minister to Spain. Koerner had the honor of being -one of Lincoln’s pall-bearers, for few men had been closer to the -martyr President before the election. Schurz, Koerner and Lieber,” -declares Prof. Faust, “represent at their best, the idealism and -independence, the honest, unselfish patriotism, and the intelligent -action of the Germans in American politics. =Their existence in -American politics had not been marked by the holding of many offices, -but on great national issues their presence has always been strongly -felt. In the fact that they were not seeking anything for themselves -lay their strength, their independence and their power for good. The -independent voter is the despair of the politician and the salvation -of the country.=” - - -=Kudlich, Dr. Hans, the Peasant Emancipator.=--The name of Dr. Hans -Kudlich has been coupled with that of Abraham Lincoln as “the great -emancipator.” Through measures carried by him through the Austrian -Parliament, attended with revolutionary outbreaks, violence and -bloodshed--he himself being wounded in the struggle--14,000,000 -Austrian peasants were finally relieved from serfdom. Dr. Kudlich -fled to the United States in 1854 and died at Hoboken, N. J., -November 11, 1917, aged 94. - -He was born in Lohenstein, Austrian Silesia, October 23, 1823. -He studied jurisprudence at the University of Vienna and joined -the students’ revolutionary movement, and, failing to secure -consideration for a petition for the freedom of the press, of -religion and of speech, he participated in the students’ revolt in -1848 against Metternich. The government’s draft of a constitution -affording no satisfaction, the Academic Legion and the workmen -marched under arms and forced the suspension of the constitution -and of the popular assembly. He was sent as delegate to the first -Austrian Parliament when still under 25 years of age after being -severely wounded. - -In his three-volume “Memoirs and Reviews,” published in Vienna in -1873, he describes the peasant as simply without rights, bound to the -soil--half serfs--ruled by nobles who were nearly free to do with -them as they liked, compelled to work on their landlord’s estates -without wages three days a week, boarding themselves and furnishing -their own implements, horses, wagons, plows and other tools. Added to -this were countless interests, money and titles, all of which were -paid by the poor peasant to his rich master. The heirs of a peasant -who died had to pay to the landlord 10 per cent. of the realized value -of the farm. On top of this the landlord was at the same time his own -policeman and court of last resort, with power to incarcerate the -peasant and even to condemn him to be flogged, while the suffering -peasants were further subjected to the assessment of tithes by the -church and to payment of taxes to the communes, road improvements and -quartering of troops. - -“In near-by Prussia,” he writes, “those oppressive measures had long -been abolished. Looking across the border, the Austrian peasants of -Silesia became still more clearly conscious of their degradations.” - -His first parliamentary act was to introduce a bill to abolish -involuntary servitude. It was debated six weeks in open session, but -in the end a fully satisfactory law was passed and approved by the -Emperor. - -The bold course of the young parliamentarian created a sensation -throughout Austria, and a colossal ovation to the “peasant -emancipator” was instituted in Vienna, taking the form of a -torchlight procession with twenty-four deputations of peasants from -all parts of Austria participating. - -A new revolutionary movement was soon inaugurated because of the -course of the government toward Hungary. In the riots Count Latour, -the Minister of War, was brutally murdered and the ungovernable -populace scored a temporary victory until Vienna was invested and -taken by Field Marshal Windischgraetz. Kudlich’s attempt to recruit -a peasant legion to relieve Vienna ended dismally and led to his -indictment for high treason. Parliament was forcibly dissolved -and Kudlich fled to Germany, where he was joined by one of his -confederates, Oswald Ottendorfer. The young revolutionist was -received with open arms by the revolutionary party of Baden, and he -was appointed secretary to the Minister of Justice, Fries. Here he -made the acquaintance of his later friends, Carl Schurz and Franz -Sigel. The revolution failed and Dr. Kudlich, with the remainder -of Sigel’s Baden army, fled to Switzerland. Here he remained four -years, studying medicine, but even here the long arm of the Austrian -reactionary government reached him, and, being ordered by the Swiss -government to leave the country, he came to the United States and at -Hoboken established a lucrative practice. He was active in politics -and an outspoken abolitionist before the Civil War, but never -accepted an office. - -Repeatedly he revisited his old home across the sea; first in 1872, -after the passage of the amnesty act of 1867, on which occasion he -was received with princely ovations in many cities. Everywhere pains -were taken to commemorate his service as the peasant emancipator by -monuments and other evidences of the respect and love with which he -was regarded. - - -=Langlotz, Prof. C. A.=--Composer of famous Princeton College -song, “Old Nassau,” one of the songs of which it is said that they -will never die, and sung by fifty-four Princeton classes. Was born -in Germany, the son of a court musician at Saxe-Meiningen. Prof. -Langlotz came to the United States in 1856, already a distinguished -musician, opened a studio in Philadelphia, and later became -instructor of German at Princeton. He composed “Old Nassau” in 1859. -Died at Trenton, N. J., November 25, 1915. - - -=Lehman, Philip Theodore.=--Born in the electorate of Saxony, -emigrated to this country and became one of the secretaries of -William Penn; and in that capacity wrote the celebrated letter to -the Indians of Canada, dated June 23, 1692, the original of which is -framed and hung up in the Capitol at Harrisburg. - - -=Lehmann, Frederick William.=--Solicitor General of the United -States, December, 1910-12, and prominent lawyer, resident of St. -Louis. Born in Prussia, February 28, 1853. Government delegate and -chairman committee on plan and scope Universal Congress of Lawyers -and Jurists, St. Louis, 1904; chairman commissions on congresses and -anthropology, Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company; president St. -Louis Public Library, 1900-10; chairman Board of Freeholders City of -St. Louis; president American Bar Association; second vice president -Academy of Jurisprudence. - - -=Leisler, Jacob.=--The first American rebel against the British -misrule in America to die for his principles. When the people of -the Colonies heard of the revolution in England, they at once made -movements to regain law and freedom. In New York, on May 31, 1689, -Jacob Leisler a (German) Commissioner of the Court of Admiralty, took -the fort on Manhattan Island, declared for the Prince of Orange, and -planted six cannon within the fort, from which the place was ever -afterwards called “The Battery.” A committee of safety was formed -which invested Leisler with the powers of a governor. When, however, -a dispatch arrived from the authorities of Great Britain, directed to -“such person as, for the time being, takes care for preserving the -peace and administering the laws in his majesty’s province in New -York,” Leisler, considering himself governor, dissolved the Committee -of Safety and organized the government throughout the whole province. -There was division among the New Yorkers. The minority, being mostly -the English aristocracy, were against Leisler; but the people in -great majority were in sympathy with him. It was the old conflict -between the few and the many, with “all the people” sure to win in -the end.... Jacob Leisler was probably among the first of far-sighted -men to see the necessity of union against the French.... To him, the -importance of a federation of all the colonies seemed vital. After -vainly trying to get other governors to unite with him, Leisler, -early in 1690, sent a small fleet against Quebec. - -From the very first New York was infested with that sentiment for -unison which she has shown in all political disturbances and wars -throughout all her history. Very appropriately, on her soil, was -held the first Congress to propose an elaborate plan of union.... A -hard-drinking Englishman, named Sloughter, was appointed the royal -governor of New York. On his arrival Leisler refused to surrender -the fort and government, until convinced that Sloughter was the -regularly appointed agent of the King. Those who hated Leisler -seized this opportunity of having him and Milborne, his son-in-law, -imprisoned. After a short and absurd trial, they were condemned, -and the governor, when drunk, signed an order of execution. On May -16, 1691, Leisler and Milborne were hanged on the spot east of the -Park in New York City where stands the “Tribune” building, opposite -which are the statues of Benjamin Franklin and Nathan Hale, and near -which the figure of Leisler may yet come to resurrection in bronze. -The outrageous act of the King was disapproved. In 1695, by an act -of Parliament, Leisler’s name was honored, indemnity was paid to -his heirs, and the remains of these victims of judicial murder were -honorably buried within the edifice of the Reformed Dutch Church. No -unprejudiced historian can but honor Leisler, the lover of union, -and the champion of the people’s rights. (“The Romance of American -Colonization,” by William Elliot Griffis, D. D.) - -A bust of Leisler was unveiled a few years ago at New Rochelle, N. -Y., as Governor Leisler had given welcome to the French refugees -coming to New York, and made provision for them by purchasing land -at New Rochelle. Leisler sought in 1690 to do what Benjamin Franklin -tried to accomplish in 1740 toward a union of the colonies for mutual -protection. - -Benson J. Lossing calls Leisler “the first martyr to the democratic -faith of America.” - - -=Lieber, Francis.=--One of the most distinguished German Americans of -the Civil War period, was born in Berlin in 1793, and as a schoolboy -enlisted under Blücher and participated in the battle of Ligny, -which immediately preceded the battle of Waterloo, and was wounded, -returning home to resume his work as a schoolboy. Studied at Jena, -Halle and Dresden, and taking part in public movements which were -characterized as dangerous, was twice arrested, and at twenty-one -took part in the Greek struggle. He left Germany in 1825 and spent -a year in England, after which he came to the United States. After -passing a short time in Boston, he went to Philadelphia, where -he engaged in the preparation of the “Encyclopedia Americana,” -modeled upon “Brockhau’s Conversations Lexikon;” it was published in -Philadelphia. After preparing an elaborate scheme for the management -of Girard College, he engaged on independent authorship, went to the -University of South Carolina in 1835 as Professor of History and -Political Economy, and there wrote and taught until 1857, when he -gladly left the South. - -At the outbreak of the Civil War he was quietly settled at Columbia -College in New York, but one of his sons entered the Confederate -service, another joined the Illinois troops in the Union army, and a -third was given a commission in the regular army, while he himself -began the work of legal adviser to the Government on questions of -military and international law. In this capacity he prepared a code -of instructions for the government of the armies of the United States -in the field, and thenceforth was in constant employment in that -direction, putting his vast store of learning at the disposal of -the authorities on every fitting occasion. Although at an earlier -period he had written in a somewhat disparaging tone of the aims and -status of the German Americans, he saw that his apprehensions were at -fault, as some 200,000 German-born Americans and above 300,000 German -Americans of the second and third generations served in the Union -Army. - -He maintained a close correspondence with the leading German -professors, Bluntschli, Mohl and Holtzendorff, and did much to secure -in Germany a proper appreciation of the great work done for the world -by securing the perpetuation of the American Union, and later on to -make America alive to the merits of the struggle with France which -secured German unity. His busy life ended in 1872. - -His services, says one biographer, were of a kind not often within -the reach and range of a single life, and his memory deserves to be -honored and kept green in both his native and his adopted country. -He was well represented on the battlefields for the Union by his two -sons, Hamilton, who served in the 92nd Illinois, and died in 1876, an -officer in the regular army, and Guido, who long after perpetuated -Lieber’s name in the register of the regular army institution. The -death of another son on the Confederate side was another sacrifice to -the Union cause. - -His “Instructions for the Armies in the Field,” General Order No. -100, published by the government of the United States, April 24, -1863, was the first codification of international articles of war, -and marked an epoch in the history of international law and of -civilization, says Rosengarten, and his contributions to military -and international law, published at various times during the Civil -War, together with his other miscellaneous writings on political -science, were reprinted in two volumes of his works, issued by J. -B. Lippincott & Co., in 1881, and these, with his memoirs and the -tributes paid him by President Gilman and Judge Thayer, are his best -monuments. A memoir by T. S. Perry also deserves attention. - - -=Light Horse Harry Lee.=--Delivered the famous eulogy on Washington, -in which occur the words, “First in peace, first in war, and first in -the hearts of his countrymen,” Dec. 27, 1799, in the German Lutheran -Church in Philadelphia. (Representative Acheson of Pennsylvania.) - - -=Lincoln of German Descent.=--For some years a very interesting -discussion has been going on among historians as to the ancestry of -President Lincoln. Some claim that he was of English descent and -others that his forebears were German. Each disputant gives facts -to uphold his theory and is unconvinced by the other, so that the -discussion is not yet closed. - -When Lincoln became a candidate for President, one Jesse W. Fell -prepared his campaign biography. When he asked Lincoln for details -as to his ancestors he received this reply: “My parents were born -in Virginia of undistinguished families--second families, perhaps -I should say. My parental grandfather emigrated from Rockingham -County, Va., to Kentucky, about 1781 or 1782. His ancestors, who were -Quakers, went to Virginia from Berks County, Pennsylvania. An effort -to identify them with the New England family of the same name ended -in nothing more definite than a similarity of Christian names in -which both families, such as Enoch, Levi, Mordecai, Solomon, Abraham, -etc.” - -Nicolay and Hay, who were secretaries to the President and intimate -with him, published an extensive biography in 1890. Prof. M. D. -Learned, editor of the German-American Annals, made a special study -of the subject, and published the results in 1910. Both of these -authorities uphold the English descent. L. P. Hennighausen, of -Baltimore, is the leading advocate of the German descent. - -Both parties agree that the grandfather of the President was -also named Abraham; that he came from Rockingham County, Va., -to Kentucky; that his father, John, came to Virginia from Berks -County, Pennsylvania; and that these ancestors were Quakers, or -non-combatants. Grandfather Abraham bought 400 acres in Kentucky, and -on his Land Warrant in 1780, and also in the Surveyor’s Certificate -in 1785, the name is spelled “Linkhorn” in each instance. - -The first named biographers claim that John’s father was Mordecai, -who came from Hingham, Mass., to Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 1725. -His father was Samuel Lincoln, who emigrated from England in 1635, -and settled in the above named New England town. The descendants of -this family spread over New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Kentucky -and Tennessee. The German name “Linkhorn” is brushed aside as the -blunder of a clerk. - -The argument for a German ancestry does not go so far back in -genealogy, and bases itself more on geography and spelling. It so -happens that Berks County and Rockingham County were solid German -settlements. In the Pennsylvania county the German dialect is -still in general use, and the “Reading Adler,” a German newspaper -established in 1796, was issued until 1913, still being one of the -few journalistic centenarians in the country. When Washington, as -a young man, was surveying Rockingham County, “he was attended by -a great concourse of people, who followed him through the woods -and would speak none but German.” Many of these settlers were -non-combatants, that is, Quakers or Mennonites. - -That the name “Linkhorn” in the two documents mentioned is not a -mistake is shown by the fact that in the Surveyor’s Certificate is -the signature, “Abraham Linkhorn.” And what is even more puzzling and -curious, the two witnesses sign as “Josiah Lincoln” and “Hananiah -Lincoln.” A search of Virginia records from 1766 to 1776 shows that -Clayton Abraham Linkhorn was the youngest officer in the militia, and -his name, appearing on many different pages, is always spelled in -that manner. On the census lists and tax lists in Pennsylvania the -names Benjamin, John, Michael, and Jacob Linkhorn appear, and Nicolay -and Hay state that in Tennessee and Kentucky the family name is also -thus spelled. - -This divergence of opinion is not confined to historians, but has -even innoculated the Lincoln family. Some years ago David J. Lincoln, -of Birdsboro, Berks Co., Pa., published a pedigree of the Lincoln -family. This was at once challenged by Geo. Lincoln, of Hingham, -Mass., who published a wholly different pedigree. - -The evidence in favor of Lincoln’s German descent cannot be waved -aside as the error of a clerk. The purchaser of a strip of land -would not expose his title to future legal complications without -insisting on a correction of his name, whereas five years and two -months elapsed between the issue of the landoffice warrant and the -surveyor’s certificate, in which the alleged error is distinctly -duplicated. Again the name “Linkhorn” appears under the name of two -witnesses spelling their names “Lincoln,” conclusive proof that -the distinction was a conscious performance and not an accident. A -reasonable conclusion would be that other members of the family had -begun to spell their name “Lincoln” instead of “Linkhorn,” probably -following popular use in a community predominantly of English -ancestry, as is the case of so many names in the German counties -of Pennsylvania. When Koester is anglicised into Custer, Hauk into -Hawke, Reyer into Royer, Greims into Grimes and Brauer into Brower, -as evidenced by many tombstones of long-dead ancestors, it is a most -plausible inference that the same process evolved “Lincoln” from -“Linkhorn.” - - Illustration: Land Warrant No. 3334, Issued to Abraham - Linkhorn, 1780. The Original in Possession of Colonel - R. T. Durrett, Louisville, Ky. - - Illustration: Surveyor’s Certificate Issued to Abraham - Linkhorn, 1785, from Record Book “B,” Page 60, in - the Office of Jefferson County, Ky. - -A bit of interesting collateral evidence in favor of the Linkhorn -hypothesis is supplied the editor of the present book by Mrs. G. -W. Garvey, who resided in Hoboken, N. J., until 1919, when she -removed to California. Mrs. Garvey’s maiden name was Bennett. -Her grandparents resided in close proximity to the family of the -Lincolns in Illinois. Her grandmother, Mrs. Dameron, often spoke of -the Lincolns as neighbors who were referred to as “Dutch” people, -“because the Lincolns were in the habit of killing a hog in the fall -and making sausages and sauerkraut,” which were among the delicacies -exchanged among their neighbors and friends, a typical German custom. - - -=Leutze, Eugene Henry Cozzens.=--Rear Admiral, U. S. N., born in -Dusseldorf, Germany, 1847. Appointed to U. S. Naval Academy by -President Lincoln, 1863; graduated 1867. While on leave of absence -from academy volunteered on board “Monticello” on N. Atlantic -Squadron in 1864. Served on numerous surveys, at Naval Academy, -1886-90; Washington Navy Yard, 1892-96; commander “Michigan,” -“Alert,” “Monterey,” and participated in taking city of Manila; -commandant Navy Yard, Cavite, P. I., 1898-1900; sup’t naval gun -factory, Washington, 1900-02; commander “Maine,” then member Board -of Inspection and Survey; then commandant Navy Yard, Washington, and -sup’t naval gun factory; retired by operation of law, Nov. 16, 1909, -but continued on active duty; commandant Navy Yard and Station, New -York, 1910. - - -=Long, Francis L.=--Was a sergeant in Custer’s command. On the day -before the massacre, Long volunteered to carry a message from Gen. -Custer through the Indian lines to Major Reno, calling for help. Long -got through and Reno moved, but camped at night, and thus failed to -save the heroic command. Long was the first trooper to arrive on the -scene of the massacre. He was also one of the six survivors of the -ill-fated Greely arctic expedition. The New York “Sun” said of him -the day after his death, June 8, 1916.: - - His Viking constitution and an utter absence of nervousness - rendered him almost impervious to the ills of most - explorers put on a short diet in a desolate land. He became - the hunter of the Greely party, and it was chiefly through - him that the commander himself was saved. He never tired - of adventure, making several Arctic trips after his first - hazardous polar experiment, the last being when he was past - 50. Except Rear Admiral Peary, it is said he spent more - time north of the Arctic circle than any other white man. - - For the last dozen or more years Sergeant Long had charge - of the local weather bureau at night, making up the chart - and telling the newspapers what folks hereabouts might - expect next day. He was an expert meteorologist and - frequently made better local predictions than his superiors - at Washington. - -Born at Wurtemberg, Germany. Came to the United States as a boy and -entered the army at 18. - - -=Ludwig, Christian.=--Purveyor of the Revolutionary Army. Born in -Giessen, Germany, 1720; fought in the Austrian army against the -Turks, and under Frederick the Great against Austria. Sailed the -oceans for seven years and settled in Philadelphia in 1754. Served on -numerous committees during the Revolution, and was popularly called -the “governor of Latitia Court,” where he owned a bakery. When a -resolution was passed by the Convention of 1776 to raise money for -arms, and grave doubt was expressed in regard to the feasibility of -the plan, Ludwig addressed the President of the Convention in these -words: “Although I am only a poor ginger-bread baker, put me down -for £200,” which silenced all further objection. By a resolution of -Congress (May 3, 1777), Ludwig was given the contract to supply the -American army with bread. Here he demonstrated his sterling honesty. -His predecessors had furnished 100 pounds of bread to 100 pounds of -flour. He declared: “Christoph Ludwig does not intend to get rich -out of the war; 100 pounds of flour make 135 pounds of bread, and -I shall furnish that.” He was very friendly with Washington, and -the commander in chief repeatedly entertained him at table, calling -him his “honest friend.” Ludwig bequeathed his not inconsiderable -fortune to the object of establishing a fund for a free school for -poor children without distinction as regards religion or previous -condition. - - -=Liberty Loan Subscriptions.=--The German element passed heroically -the test of their loyalty in the amounts subscribed to the Third -Liberty Loan for the prosecution of the war, and, as usual, they -far exceeded the record of other racial elements. The Central Loan -Committee gave out a summary on May 3, 1918, which showed the -following subscriptions: - - Germans $18,000,000 - Polish 9,500,000 - Bohemians 440,000 - Italians 8,500,000 - Swedish 420,000 - South Slavs 149,000 - Russians 145,000 - Lithuanians 66,500 - Danes 281,000 - Armenians 190,000 - Belgians 700,000 - South Americans 5,825,000 - Chinese 31,000 - -The subscriptions of the English and French are not given. A letter -addressed to the Central Committee for a more complete report, -embodying the subscriptions of all foreign-born citizens, brought -the reply that the figures were not available, and no comparison is -therefore possible of the relative amounts given by the French and -English-born. - - -=Ideals of Liberty.=--When discussing the question of liberty -and the ideals of political freedom, it is safer to consult the -recognized authorities on ancient and modern history, famous students -of constitutional affairs, than to accept the dictum of political -opportunists whose judgments and pronouncements vary with the shift -of the wind. - -The World War over night transformed the stupid, slow-going, -dull-witted German, the “Hans Breitmann” of Leland, and the familiar -“Fritz and his little dog Schneider,” into a world figure of -adroitness and supernatural finesse in all the arts of deception. -From a sodden, beer-guzzling, sauerkraut-eating Falstaff, he was -suddenly changed into a finished product of macchiavelian cleverness, -or into a knight errant charging around the world to suppress other -people’s liberty, and the embodiment of all that stands for autocracy. - -While we were at war a good deal of this sort of figure painting was -tolerable; but long before we entered the war, it was dangerous for -the plain American citizen to express any view that did not describe -every German as a Hun and Boche. Yet all the time our libraries were -littered with the Latin classics, with Hume, Montesquieu, Guizot -and other famous authors, who actually contradicted this verdict of -Rudyard Kipling and his followers, and who, we presume, may now be -safely taken from the shelf and opened without exposing one to the -risk of being prosecuted for high treason, since they speak rather -well of our late enemies. - -“Liberty,” said the Roman poet Lucanus, “is the German’s birthright.” -“It is a privilege,” wrote the Roman historian Florus, “which nature -has granted to the Germans, and which the Greeks, with all their art, -knew not how to obtain.” Hume, the great English historian, says: “If -our part of the world maintain sentiments of liberty, honor, equity -and valor, superior to the rest of mankind, it owes these advantages -to the seed implanted by those generous barbarians.” “Liberty,” -observed Montesquieu, “that lovely thing, was discovered in the wild -forests of Germany.” And Guizot, the French historian and statesman, -in his “History of Civilization” (Lecture II), makes this observation: - - It was the rude barbarians of Germany who introduced this - sentiment of personal independence, this love of personal - liberty, into European civilization; it was unknown among - the Romans, it was unknown in the Christian Church; it - was unknown in nearly all the civilizations of antiquity. - The liberty that we meet with in ancient civilizations is - political liberty; it is the liberty of the citizen. We are - indebted for it to the barbarians who introduced it into - European civilization, in which, from its first rise it has - played so considerable a part and has produced such lasting - and beneficial results that it must be regarded as one of - the fundamental principles. - -Mr. Walter S. McNeill tells us that “in some respects the German -(Constitution) is more democratic than our own,” while Professor -Burgess (author of the standard work, “Political Science and -Comparative Constitutional Law”) teaches us that “of the three -European constitutions which we are examining, only that of Germany -contains in any degree the guarantees of individual liberty which -the Constitution of the United States so richly affords” (Book -II, chapter 1, page 179, Vol. 1), whereas his opinion of England, -as expressed in “The European War of 1914,” is that “there is -no longer a British Constitution according to the American idea -of constitutional government.... In this only true sense of -constitutional government, the British Government is a despotism.... -The Russian economic and political systems have more points of -likeness with the British than is usually conceived.” - -Frank Harris (“England or Germany?” p. 30) writes: “Great Britain is -among the least free of modern nations. Her chief titles to esteem -belong to the past.” Prof. Yandell Henderson (Yale): “Modern Germany -is as unlike the Germany of Frederick the Great, out of which it -has developed, as America of to-day is unlike the America of the -stagecoach.” - -Germany cannot be at once the country painted by Mr. Wilson in 1917 -and the country he painted in 1919. In his speech before the A. F. of -L. convention in November, 1917, he said: - -“All the intellectual men of the world went to school to her. As a -university man I have been surrounded by men trained in Germany; men -who have resorted to Germany because nowhere else could they get such -thorough and searching training, particularly in the principles of -science and the principles that underlie modern material achievement. -Her men of science had made her industries perhaps the most competent -industries of the world, and the label ‘Made in Germany’ was a -guarantee of good workmanship and sound material.” - -In his address to the French Academy of Moral and Political Science, -Paris, May 10, 1919, the same speaker said: - -“A great many of my colleagues in American university life got their -training, even in political science, as so many men in civil circles -did, in German universities.... And it has been a portion of my -effort to disengage the thought of American university teachers from -the misguided instruction which they had received on this side of the -sea.” - -And this is the tribute he pays to Prussia in his chapter on Prussian -government in his “The State:” - -“Prussia has achieved a greater perfection in administrative -organization than any other European State.... The modern Prussian -constitution is one which may be said to rest on a scientific basis.” - - -=Marix, Adolph.=--Rear Admiral U. S. N. Born at Dresden, Germany, -1848. Graduated Naval Academy 1868. Served on various European -and Asiatic stations; Judge Advocate of “Maine” court of inquiry; -Captain of port of Manila, 1901-03; commanded “Scorpion” during -Spanish-American war and was promoted for conspicuous bravery; -chairman Lighthouse Board, retired May 10, 1910. Died in 1919. - - -=Massachusetts Bay Colony Contained Germans.=--The first Germans -in New England arrived, as far as we know, with the founding of -Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. The proof of this fact, as well -as the influence of this first small group, is found in one of the -most important pamphlets published in connection with New England -colonization, “The Planter’s Plea” (1630). This tract, published -in London shortly after the departure of Winthrop’s Puritan fleet, -and supposed to have been written by John White, the “patriarch of -Dorchester,” and the “father of Massachusetts Bay Colony,” contains -the following statement: “It is not improbable that partly for their -sakes, and partly for respect to some Germans that are gone over -with them, and more that intend to follow after, even those which -otherwise would not much desire innovation, of themselves yet for -maintaining of peace and unity (the only solder of a weak, unsettled -body) will be won to consent to some variations from the forms and -customs of our church.” - -Some of the early New England Germans reached there via New -Amsterdam; we find them in Connecticut, Rhode Island, Boston, etc. In -1661 the ship surgeon, Felix Christian Spoeri, of Switzerland, paid a -visit to Rhode Island. His narrative of New England (“Amerikanische -Reisebeschreibung Nach den Caribes Inseln und Neu Engelland”) is -one of the few of German pen on early American colonial times still -extant--(From “First Germans in North America and the German Element -of New Netherland,” by Otto Lohr, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, -1912.) - - -=Massow, Baron Von.=--Member of Mosby’s Men on the Confederate side -during Civil War. According to a statement of Gen. John S. Mosby, -Baron von Massow joined his command on coming to this country from -Prussia, where he was attached to the general staff; was severely -wounded in an engagement with a California regiment in Fairfax County -near Washington, D. C., on which occasion he displayed conspicuous -gallantry. He was then discharged and returned to Germany, serving -later in the Austro-Prussian and the Franco-Prussian wars. The last -that Col. Mosby heard of him was that he was commanding the Ninth -Corps in the German army. (From a statement of Gen. Mosby, Feb. 12, -1901.) - - -=McNeill, Walter S.=--Prominent lawyer and law lecturer at Richmond, -Va., discussing the “Burgerliches Gesetzbuch,” which is the codified -common law of Germany, says: - -“As a crystallization of human, not divine, justice, let our lawyers -compare the German Code with the Federal statutes and decisions, or -the legislative or judicial law of any of our States. Then we can get -at something definite, not imaginary, concerning civil liberty in -Germany.... The less said by way of comparing German with American -criminal law the better.” - - -=Memminger, Christoph Gustav.=--Secretary of the Treasury in the -Confederate Cabinet, appointed 1861. Born in Mergentheim, Wurtemberg. - - -=Mergenthaler, Ottmar.=--Inventor of the Mergenthaler Linotype -machine, used in almost every printing office throughout the world. -Born in Wurtemberg, Germany, and arrived in Baltimore in 1872, -working at his trade of clock and watch manufacturer. The Linotype -was the result of years of study and experimentation and represents -as great an advance over hand composition as the sewing machine does -over the sewing needle. - - -=Military Establishments of Warring Nations.=--Germany, occupying -the third place in population of eight leading powers, stood in the -second place in regard to enlistment in her army and navy, behind -Russia and England, respectively. Her expenditures for maintaining -the armed force, however, were surpassed by those of England, Russia -and France, and in the case of the navy, by those of the United -States as well. The per capita cost of her armaments was $4.54, while -that of France was $7.91 and that of England $9.97, or twice the -capita expenditure of Germany. The following table gives a comparison -of population and enlistment in army and navy of eight of the leading -countries: (E. Dallmer.) - - Enlistment - (Peace strength) - - Population Army Navy - England 45,000,000 254,500 137,500 - Russia 160,100,000 1,290,000 52,463 - France 39,300,000 720,000 60,621 - Germany 64,900,000 810,000 66,783 - United States 94,800,000 89,000 64,780 - Italy 33,900,000 250,000 33,095 - Austria-Hungary 49,400,000 390,000 17,581 - Japan 52,200,000 250,000 51,054 - -The estimated expenditure for the year 1913-14 was as follows: - - Per - Army Navy Total Capita - England $224,300,000 $224,140,000 $448,440,000 $9.97 - Russia 317,800,000 122,500,000 440,300,000 2.75 - France 191,431,580 119,571,400 311,002,980 7.91 - Germany 183,090,000 111,300,000 294,390,000 4.54 - United States 94,266,145 140,800,643 235,066,788 3.30 - Italy 82,928,000 51,000,000 133,928,000 3.95 - Austria-Hungary 82,300,000 42,000,000 124,300,000 2.52 - Japan 49,000,000 46,500,000 95,500,000 1.85 - -Germany maintained a navy larger than that of the United States and -a standing army of 810,000, at an expense of but $1.24 per capita -more than that of the United States with a standing army of 75,000. -In addition the United States is burdened with a pension system -involving large expenditures. - -Under President Wilson the United States in peace outstripped the -great military powers of the world in militarism, and the 64th -Congress passed bills appropriating a larger sum of money for army -and navy purposes than Germany did in anticipation of being attacked -by a coalition of France, England, Russia and Japan, as will appear -from the following table of comparative appropriations: - - United States, 1917 $294,565,623 - Germany, 1914 294,390,000 - ----------- - $175,623 - - -=Minuit, or Minnewit, Peter.=--Director General of the New -Netherlands, purchased the island of Manhattan, the present site of -New York City, from the Indians for 60 guldens. Born in Wesel on the -lower Rhine. According to a report of Pastor Michaelis, who opened -the first divine service in the Dutch language in New Amsterdam in -1623, Peter Minuit acted as deacon of the Reformed Church in Wesel -and accepted a similar assignment in the newly founded church of -Manhattan. Later entered the service of Sweden, and in 1637 commanded -an expedition which founded New Sweden in the Delaware River region -near Cape Henlopen and Christian Creek. (See “Dutch and German.”) - - -=Morgan, J. Pierpont.=--American banker and financier, appointed by -the British Government to look after British interests in America -and known as “Great Britain’s ammunition agent.” In a speech in -Parliament, Lloyd George stated that D. A. Thomas would “co-operate -with Messrs. Morgan & Co., the accredited agents of the British -Government.” Morgan floated the famous Russian ruble and $500,000,000 -English-French loans and was the chief promoter of the arms and -ammunition industry to supply the Allies. The trade in munitions -before we entered the war was upward of two billion dollars, of -which the Morgan interests received 2 per cent., or $40,000,000 in -commissions, exclusive of large additional profits from the companies -engaged in the manufacture of munitions in which he and his friends -were interested. Under a just construction of neutrality, for Morgan -to act against a friendly power under a commission from a foreign -government would subject him to arrest under a specific statute -of the United States. His niece, nee Burns, is the wife of First -Viscount Lewis Harcourt of Nuneham Park, Oxford. - - -=Missouri, How Kept in the Union.=--Everyone, even only slightly -acquainted with the history of the Civil War, knows that the question -of first and greatest importance which arose and demanded solution -was that of the position in the struggle of the border slave -states, namely, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri, writes Prof. John -W. Burgess. Mr. Lincoln’s administration gave its attention most -seriously and anxiously to the work of holding these slave states -back from passing secession ordinances, and preventing them from -being occupied by the armies of the Southern Confederacy. - -The most important among these states was Missouri. It was the -largest; it reached away up into the very heart of the North; it -commanded the left bank of the Mississippi for some 500 miles, and -the great United States arsenal of the west, containing the arms and -munitions for that whole section of our country, was located in St. -Louis. It had been stocked to its utmost capacity by the Secretary -of War of the preceding administration, Mr. Floyd of Virginia, in -the expectation that it would certainly fall into the hands of the -South. The Governor of the State, C. F. Jackson, manifested the -stand he would take in his reply to President Lincoln’s requisition -for Missouri’s quota of the first call for troops. He defied the -President in the words: “Your requisition, in my judgment, is -illegal, unconstitutional and revolutionary in its object; inhuman -and diabolical and cannot be complied with.” - -It happened most fortunately, however, that the Commandant of the -arsenal was a staunch Unionist, Nathaniel Lyon. He immediately -recognized the peril of the situation. He had only three men to guard -the arsenal and there was in the city a full company of secessionist -militia calling themselves Minute Men. Moreover, two companies of the -State Militia composed of Germans had shortly before been disarmed by -the general of the state militia. Under these conditions Lyon turned -to F. P. Blair for advice. Blair was acquainted with the views and -sympathies of the inhabitants perfectly, and knew that he could rely -only upon the Germans to save the arsenal and then the city and the -State for the Union. - -Thus far Prof. Burgess. The first step toward secession was the -establishment of Camp Jackson, at St. Louis, with a view to taking -the State out of the Union. General Lyon, who had been recently -transferred from Fort Riley, resolved to leave nothing undone to -thwart the Confederate plot, and soon had his plans ready. The -officers in command of the first four regiments loyal to the Union -were Frank P. Blair, Heinrich Baernstein, then publisher of “Der -Anzeiger des Westens;” Franz Sigel, of the revolutionary army of -Baden, who had distinguished himself at Heppenheim, in Hessia, and -at Waghausel and Kuppenheim, and Col. Schuttner. The Turn Verein, -located on Tenth, between Market and Walnut streets, was animated -by a fighting spirit. Four companies of Turners had assembled early -in the night at the St. Louis Arsenal and placed themselves at the -disposition of General Lyon. A constant stream of German volunteers -added to the regiment, who were provided with arms by the commander. -There were approximately 800 men, of whom nine-tenths were of direct -German blood. - -This was the situation on May 10, 1861. A council of war was held -by General Lyon, Blair, Sigel and their associates, and General -Lyon decided to strike a blow before the rebels were ready to act. -The volunteers were assigned to their posts during the night. By 10 -o’clock the next morning Camp Jackson found itself surrounded and -General Lyon demanded its surrender. There was no way out, but the -full wrath of the defeated rebels turned upon the Germans. As the -prisoners were being marched to the arsenal, street riots broke out -at many places along the line, and the Germans were assailed on every -hand with cries of “dirty Dutch” and other insulting epithets. Almost -at the first movement on Camp Jackson, Constantin Standanski, the -master-at-arms of the St. Louis Turn Verein, was wounded from ambush, -and died several days later. - -After the capture of Camp Jackson, Lyon took his troops to Jefferson -City, capital of the State, and forced the Governor to fly. Jackson -never returned. Lyon took Boonville, where he was reinforced by the -First Iowa, and two weeks later moved on Sedalia by way of Tipton. He -was there joined by two regiments from Kansas, and went into camp at -Springfield. - -Meanwhile, General Sigel, with the Second and Third Missouri, took -a course toward the southwestern part of the State, coming up with -the rebels at Carthage. His artillery, largely composed of the Baden -artillerists of 1848, soon got the better of the enemy. A battle took -place August 10 at Wilson’s Creek, where the heroic Lyon, recklessly -exposing himself, was killed. An imposing monument marks his memory -in St. Louis. - -This is in brief the story of how Missouri was saved to the Union. - - -=Muhlenberg, Frederick August.=--German-American patriot, brother of -General Peter Muhlenberg. Elected to the Continental Congress by the -Assembly of Pennsylvania 1779 and 1780; Speaker of the Assembly 1781 -and 1782; Chairman Pennsylvania Convention to ratify the Constitution -of the United States 1787. Member of Congress for four terms, and the -first Speaker of the American House of Representatives; also Speaker -in the third Congress. - - -=Muhlenberg, Heinrich Melchior.=--Founder of the Lutheran Church -in America. Born Sept. 6, 1711, at Eimbeck, Hanover. Sailed 1742, -and after paying a visit to the Salzburg Protestants near Savannah, -Georgia, settled in Pennsylvania. Erected what is known as the oldest -Lutheran Church of brick in America at Trappe, where it is still -preserved. He built the Zions Church, dedicated 1769, in which by -order of Congress the memorial services to George Washington were -held, attended by the Senate, House and Supreme Court and many -generals, and where Light Horse Harry Lee first used the phrases -“First in peace, first in war and first in the hearts of his -countrymen.” Muhlenberg’s three sons, all German Lutheran pastors, -became famous in war, politics and natural science. - - -=Muhlenberg, Johann Gabriel Peter.=--American general in the -Revolutionary war. Born in Montgomery Co., Pa., October 1, 1746, -son of Heinrich M. Muhlenberg. With his two younger brothers, -Frederick August and Heinrich Ernst, he went in 1763 to Halle, -Germany, to study for the ministry, returning to Philadelphia in -1766. At the outbreak of the Revolution he was pastor of the German -Lutheran Community of Woodstock, Virginia. Participated actively -in the measures preceding armed resistance to the unjust measures -of Parliament, and on the recommendation of Washington and Patrick -Henry was appointed Colonel of the Eighth (or German) regiment of -Virginia. He preached to his congregation for the last time in -January, 1776, on the duty of the citizen to his country, concluding -with the memorable words: “There is a time for everything, for -prayer, for preaching and also for fighting. The time for fighting -has arrived.” He had scarcely concluded the benediction when he -cast off his clerical gown and stood revealed in full regimentals. -An indescribable scene of patriotic enthusiasm followed, and many -of his parishioners crowded around him and enlisted for service. On -February 21, 1777, he was promoted to brigadier general by order -of Congress. After the defeat of the American army at Brandywine, -his brigade covered the retreat with invincible bravery, and in the -battle of Germantown he performed his duty with distinction, causing -the enemy’s right wing to give way but unable to prevent the loss of -the battle. In the storming of the redoubts at Yorktown he played a -conspicuous part, commanding the light infantry which captured the -left bulwarks of the British fortifications and decided the battle. -After the war he was vice-president of the high executive Council of -Pennsylvania and was elected to a seat in the first, second and sixth -Congress. He was elected eight times to the position of president of -the German Society of Pennsylvania. He is represented in Statuary -Hall in the Capitol at Washington by a monument of marble presented -by the State of Pennsylvania. - -The following interesting story of the career of General Muhlenberg, -by Mrs. Elizabeth Gadsby, Historian of the Daughters of the American -Revolution, is taken from the Washington “Post” of July 5, 1903: - -The father, John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, located at Trappe, Pa., -and was the founder of the Lutheran Church in America. - -During the Revolution the armies passed and repassed their home so -frequently they never knew when the table was set whether the food -prepared for themselves would be eaten by the English or American -soldiers. They were frequently in great danger from the skirmishing -which constantly took place all around them, and often suffered the -pangs of hunger, every field of grain and forage being devastated by -the armies. - -Peter was sent to the University of Halle, in Prussia, where, tiring -of his studies and the strict confinement, he ran away and joined -the Prussian dragoons, which gave him his first military ardor and -ambition. After several years of hardship he left the army and -studied for the ministry. He returned to America, going back to -Europe to be ordained in England in 1771, and was then called to the -pastorate at Woodstock, Va., to preach to the Germans who had settled -on the frontier of that State. - -In March, 1773, the Virginia Assembly recommended a committee of -correspondence, and the House of Burgesses passed a resolution making -the first day of June a day of fasting and prayer in sympathy with -Boston, whose port Parliament had ordered closed. Governor Dunmore -declared this resolution treason, and indignantly dissolved the House -of Burgesses. Great excitement prevailed. The governor, finding the -people of his colony in great sympathy with the cause of freedom, -aroused himself for immediate action, and endeavored to bring the -Indians in hostile array against the colonists, also causing a rumor -to be spread that the slaves would rise in insurrection against the -colonists. - -In April he removed the powder from the old magazine at the Capitol. -His ships were laden and ready for flight or defense. The powder was -put on board the governor’s ship. - -The people demanded the return of the powder to Williamsburg. -Dunmore became alarmed when Patrick Henry marched at the head of his -volunteers toward the Capitol to capture the powder. Arriving at -Great Bridge, the first conflict took place between the English and -the colonists. - -Dunmore kept the powder, but ordered the Receiver General to pay its -full value, which sum Patrick Henry turned into the public treasury. - -The closing of the port of Boston caused great indignation throughout -the land; memorable resolutions were introduced by George Mason, and -were adopted by the Assembly. - -Jefferson truly said, “The closing of the port of Boston acted as an -electric shock, placing every man in Virginia on his feet.” - -Patrick Henry was warmly supported by the Rev. Muhlenberg, who had -been quietly working among his people. A meeting of patriots was -called in the assembly room of the old Apollo Tavern at Williamsburg, -where delegates were appointed to meet in Fairfax County, where a -convention was determined upon. Muhlenberg was chosen colonel of -the Eighth Regiment, he and Henry being the only civilians of the -Virginia line to whom regiments were assigned. - -Muhlenberg was at this time only twenty-nine years of age. His -well-known character gave the convention confidence that he was -worthy of the trust. - -Hence he abandoned the altar for the sword. His people were scattered -miles along the frontier of Virginia, but the news spread like fire, -and the Sunday he was to preach his last sermon the rude country -church could not hold the tenth of them. The surrounding woods were -filled with people, horses and every sort of vehicle. It was a scene -long depicted in their memories and oft told to their descendants -until every schoolboy is familiar with the story. - -The decided step was taken by their pastor; the exciting times called -forth the highest feelings in man, the love of country! Patriotism! -and “Liberty or death!” was the cry. - -They needed but the spark to burst into flame and needless to say he -supplied the flint and tinder to kindle that spark. - -His concluding words were: - - “There is a time for everything, a time to preach and a - time to pray, but that time has passed away. There is a - time to fight, and that time has now come.” - -He pronounced the benediction, and, turning back his robe, appeared -in martial array, his soldierly form clad in the uniform of a colonel. - -The scene beggars description and has no parallel in history. - -The people flocked around him, eager to be ranked among his followers. - -The drummers struck up for volunteers and over 300 enlisted that day. - -Throughout the war for independence General Washington depended on -him to recruit the army in Virginia, which he never failed to do -under the most trying circumstances; men seemed to spring up like -mushrooms when he needed them to replenish his oft depleted ranks. - -Lord Dunmore was ravishing the country; Colonel Muhlenberg followed -closely on his heels. Dunmore built Great Bridge and took up quarters -in Norfolk; finding himself closely hemmed in, he burned the town, -then one of the finest cities in the South, for which act he was -severely criticized by the British. After his defeat he took refuge -in Portsmouth, still holding command of the sea, harrowing the -people, destroying property, until, finding his quarters too hot, he -hurriedly set sail for Grogans Island in the bay. Gen. Andrew Lewis -drove him from there, and he sailed for New York, and soon after -returned to England. - -The North now claimed the attention and eager eyes were watching -there, the South resting comparatively quiet. - -At this time General Clinton marched South, Ben. Lee following -closely in his tracks, arriving at Williamsburg March 29, 1776, just -twelve days after the surrender of Boston. - -Colonel Muhlenberg had been in command at Suffolk. He now joined -General Lee, with him following up Clinton to South Carolina. This -led on to the battle of Sullivan’s Island, and Charleston, which was -so disastrous to the enemy they returned at once to New York. - -General Lee, in his official report, says: - -“I know not which corps I have the greatest reason to be pleased -with, Colonel Muhlenberg’s Virginians or the North Carolina troops; -both are equally alert, zealous and spirited.” - -These, too, were raw recruits which drew such praise from the finest -military critic of the day. - -It was well indeed for Muhlenberg to have such praise, for the usual -jealousies, bickering and wrongly placed commendations followed him -throughout the war, but his keen sense of duty, his noble Christian -spirit ever made him forget self and kept him above petty strife -throughout the long and bitter struggle. - -At the battles of Brandywine and Germantown Muhlenberg’s troops were -ever foremost in action, and the one regiment which used the bayonet. - -They had no words of commendation above the other regiments from -their commander. Yet the English spoke highly of their daring and -bravery. Riding at the rear of his brigade, it being the last in -retreat, his tired horse was too jaded to jump a fence, and he, after -many weary hours in the saddle, worn with fatigue, was aroused by a -ball whistling past his head and the cry running along the enemy’s -line: “Pick off that officer on the white horse!” The general turned -and saw a young officer single him out, only waiting for a musket, -which was being loaded for him, to shoot. He drew his pistol and -though at some distance, shot him through the head. - -General Washington chose General Muhlenberg to be with him in that -terrible winter at Valley Forge. His troops were stationed along -the river, in consequence, nearer the British and in more exposed -condition from both cold and the enemy. - -His intrepid valor and endurance seemed to communicate to his -soldiers, who were frequently throughout the campaign without tents, -clothing or food sufficient to maintain life, and when their time -of enlistment was up would return to their homes in wretched rags, -be clothed by loving hands from the fruit of domestic looms and, at -their beloved commander’s request, return and take up the burden of -war again. - -His parents resided at Trappe, not far from Valley Forge, and he -sometimes rode off alone at night to visit them, returning by early -dawn. He several times narrowly escaped capture. - -In 1777 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. - -He was often called from Virginia, the base of his actions, to assist -Washington at other points when that wise head needed a strong hand. - -In 1779, after one of those hard marches and months of labor, after -an absence of three years from his family, while on his way home to -a much-needed rest, he was ordered to Richmond and in the time of -Virginia’s direst need was put at the head of all forces needed for -her defense. - -The enemy who said, “The root of all resistance lies in the -Commonwealth of Virginia and must be destroyed.” - -So the Americans considered it most important to be defended. The -advance of General Gates was already decided upon, but without the -help of the organized troops and supplies it could not be done. -And Muhlenberg was again called on to collect recruits. This was -no trifling task, as the militia were scattered and unpaid; but it -required a man of great military skill and personal influence to -fulfill this mission. - -His whole force, with the exception of one regiment at Fort Pitt, -were prisoners at Charleston, which had been recaptured by Clinton in -May, 1780. Virginia now became the seat of war. A fleet sailed up the -James, ravaging with fire and sword. - - Illustration: MAJ. GEN. PETER MUHLENBERG - -General Muhlenberg began his march to meet them with 800 raw -recruits, urging his officers to lose no opportunity to instruct and -fit them for the oncoming struggle. He sent Generals Gregory and -Benbury to Great Bridge, and as soon as he received reinforcements he -advanced upon Portsmouth and drove the enemy in, so harrassing them -that they were forced to withdraw, and embarked for New York. This -repulse of their boasted descent in Virginia proved very humiliating. - -The enemy being withdrawn, Governor Jefferson, with his economic -views, saw fit to disband the troops. After they were disbanded -General Muhlenberg’s command was about 1,000, of which General -Green detached 400 for the Southern army, leaving Virginia in this -defenseless condition at a most critical time, as General Phillips’ -invasion with 2,200 and Benedict Arnold’s with 2,000 landed at -Portsmouth January 2, 1781. At the death of General Phillips, Arnold -took command; then sailed up the James to Richmond, desolating the -country. A bloody record on the page of history. - -After driving Governor Jefferson from his capital at Richmond, -General Steuben, being the only force at hand, was not able to attack -or resist this onslaught. - -Arnold sailed down the tortuous James and fell back to Portsmouth, -where he strongly intrenched himself, threatening to give the rebels -such a blow as would shake the whole continent. General Greene -returned to Virginia, and, with General Steuben, began to collect -forces and supplies, leaving Muhlenberg to watch Arnold and keep him -from further depredations. - -There was a project set on foot to capture Arnold personally. -“Conscience makes cowards of us all,” so he who had once been brave -and fearless surrounded himself with a trusty guard day and night. -The attempt proved futile, as it had in New York. - -A detachment of the fleet under M. de Lilly arriving at this time -gave General Muhlenberg great hopes of capturing the traitor. All -plans were made, but the French commander deemed the Elizabeth River -too shallow for his boats, and just as they were well on the eve of -accomplishing this greatly desired object M. de Lilly set sail for -Newport, thus dashing the revived hopes of General Muhlenberg, who -had set himself to capture the traitor. - -The importance of capturing Arnold and dislodging the enemy in -Virginia was deeply felt by Washington, and he urged on his officers -to leave no means untried to accomplish that purpose. He induced -Admiral Detouches to set sail for the Chesapeake, and the Marquis -de Lafayette was dispatched with 1,200 of the continental line to -co-operate with the fleet and take command in Virginia. - -General Muhlenberg and General Gregory, with a reinforcement of 800 -men, were in charge at West Landing. - -Matters were now hastening on to the near close of hostilities. - -Lafayette was in command in Virginia, and Muhlenberg, as usual, was -taking a heavy hand at the game. - -Cornwallis was being hemmed in at Yorktown, and Muhlenberg was put -in command of the advance guard, which required the utmost military -skill and tact, for had Cornwallis attempted to escape the whole -weight of the battle would have fallen on this line, and no doubt -would have proved fatal by overwhelming numbers. - -The British commander waited in vain for help from without, and was -at last compelled to surrender on that memorable day, October 12, -1781, at Yorktown. - -General Muhlenberg continued in the army until the treaty of peace -in 1783. The trusted warm friend of General Washington, who had ever -relied on him to add to the volunteers in recruiting the army at -the briefest possible notice since the first volunteers the day he -forsook the altar for the sword. - -After the treaty of peace had been signed at Versailles he retired -to a much-needed rest in the bosom of his family, where he found his -home had suffered severely from the misfortunes of war. - -Himself broken in health and fortune, but happy in the consciousness -of a duty well done, he could say with Baron Steuben, “If we win the -great prize we fight for the struggle cannot be too great.” - -His former congregation implored him to return and take up his -pastoral duties among them, but he said: “It would never do to mount -the parson after the soldier.” - -He was then called to serve the political side of his country, and -was elected to Congress in 1789, and served in that capacity until -1801. His brother was elected the first Speaker of the House of -Representatives. - -In 1801 he was elected Senator, and in 1803 he was appointed -collector of the port of Philadelphia. Until the day of his death he -served his country with honor and distinction. - -The Luthern Church in which Muhlenberg preached was torn down about -seventy-five years ago. - -There is a house in Woodstock, on North Main Street, partly built -of the logs from the old church. On the site of the old church has -been erected an Episcopal church. As Muhlenberg had taken Episcopal -orders, they claim him, as well as the cemetery, which they have sold -in lots. A Presbyterian Church and chapel and several business houses -are on this lot. - -One of the oldest citizens, now eighty-four years of age, says he -remembers well the old pulpit, which stood upon the lot some years -after the church had been torn down. - -The house in which Muhlenberg lived, and in which tradition says he -entertained General Washington, was torn down about twelve years ago. - - -=Nagel, Charles.=--Secretary of Commerce and Labor under President -Taft, 1909-13. Born in Colorado County, Texas, August 9, 1849, son of -Hermann and Friedericke (Litzmann) N. Prominent lawyer, resident in -St. Louis. Studied Roman law, political economy, etc., University of -Berlin, 1873; (LL.D. Brown U., 1913, also Villanova U., Pa. and Wash. -U., St. Louis). Admitted to bar 1873; lecturer St. Louis Law School, -1885-09. Member Missouri House of Representatives, 1881-3; president -St. Louis City Council, 1893-7; member Republican National Committee -1908-12. Trustee Washington U., St. Louis. - - -=Nast, Thomas.=--America’s foremost political cartoonist, originator -of the Elephant, the Donkey and the Tiger as symbols for the -Republican, Democratic and Tammany organizations, whom Lincoln, -Grant, Mark Twain delighted to honor as their guest, the critic -whose broadsides shattered the careers of hosts of political crooks -and swindlers, the patriot whose faithful service won support for -the cause of the country. One of the greatest fighters for truth -and decency known in American history. He it was who took up the -cudgel single handed against the Tweed Ring, the gang that stole -four hundred millions from the New York City treasury, who answered -a banker’s offer of a half million bribe with the answer: “I made up -my mind not long ago to put some of those fellows behind the bars, -and I am going to do it.” He did it at the peril of his life. His -cartoons roused the public conscience and prodded the police into -action. Boss Tweed, the looter chief, called out in despair: “Let’s -stop them damned pictures. I don’t care so much what the papers write -about me--my constituents can’t read; but, damn it, they can see -pictures!” The pitiless cartooning of Nast finally broke up the gang, -with most of them ending in jail. During the Civil War his cartoons -roused the nation as nothing else. When Grant was asked what man in -civil life had done the best work for America, he answered: “Thomas -Nast. He did as much as any man to save the Union and bring the war -to an end.” This he did by his cartoons in “Harper’s” that carried -messages of cheer and patriotism to the humblest cottages in the -prairie. Thousands of recruits were won for the Northern cause by -the simple patriotism of Nast’s cartoons. His work proved a treasure -trove, during the present war, for pilfering cartoonists, who lifted -copies bodily from the old volumes of “Harper’s.” Nast was born in -1840 at Landau, Bavaria. His great work in the end was ill rewarded, -for having been sent to fill the consulate in Ecuador, he lost his -life through fever contracted in the service of his country. - - -=National Security League.=--An organization of active patriots who, -with the American Defense Society and the American Protective League, -spread rapidly to all parts of the country during the war to report -acts of disloyalty and soon became synonymous with repression and -terror. It ultimately took on a political character and with its -backing of men interested in war contracts and general profiteering, -started in to defeat the re-election to Congress of members who -had not voted “right.” At the instance of Representative Frear of -Wisconsin, a special Congressional committee was appointed and the -officers and members were summoned to appear before the committee -to give testimony. The investigation revealed the fact that the -secretary of the League had been a Washington lobbyist and that its -backers comprised a group of financiers and heads of trusts who were -using the organization to intimidate or defeat members of the House -who did not vote as they were expected to vote on war measures. The -list was a long one, but included J. P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, -Nicholas F. Grady, director of fifty large corporations interested -in war profits; H. C. Frick, of the United States Steel Corporation; -Arthur Custis James, of the Phelps-Dodge Company; Mortimer L. and -Jacob Schiff, H. H. Rogers, of the Amalgamated and Anaconda Copper -Companies; Charles Hayden, representing twenty-six corporations; -the Guggenheimers, Cleveland H. Dodge, William Hamlin and Eversley -Childs, W. K. and E. W. Vanderbilt, George W. Perkins, Clarence H. -Mackay, T. Coleman Dupont, the powder king, and many others. Among -the officers of the League were the late Col. Theodore Roosevelt and -Elihu Root. - -Most of these names were connected with the $2,000,000 fund -subscribed, contrary to the laws of the State of New York, to -re-elect John Purroy Mitchel mayor of New York in November, 1917. -The scandal formed the subject of an investigation by the District -Attorney for the southern district of New York, and Assistant -District Attorney Kilroe told the reporters that at a luncheon given -by Cleveland H. Dodge during the campaign to a group of millionaires -one of the participants declared: “The patriotic issue of the -campaign is not doing as well as expected,” and that one member at -the luncheon said: “If between that date and the election a terrible -catastrophe happened to the American forces it would insure Mitchel’s -election--a catastrophe such as the sinking of a transport.” -Mitchel’s campaign was conducted on a purely alarmist platform, -in which the Kaiser was represented as having his whole attention -concentrated on whether Mitchel, the patriot, or Hylan, accused of -disloyalty and pro-Germanism, would be elected; but Mitchel was -buried under an avalanche of votes. - -Testifying before the Congressional investigating committee, -Representative Cooper, of Wisconsin, declared: “This organization is -financed by corporations worth hundreds of millions of dollars, and -can hire college professors and secure publication in the newspapers -of articles designed to deliberately mislead public opinion,” and, -referring to the denial of Elihu Root and other officials of the -organization that it had engaged in politics, he said: “If they -are willing to testify under oath, in public, so foolishly, there -is nothing they will not do in secret to serve the great, powerful -corporations which they represent.” Representative Reavis read into -the record a statement that 40 per cent. of the league’s “honor roll” -of forty-seven Representatives voted against measures which would -have made the big interests receiving tremendous war profits bear -their burden of war expenses. All of those who voted for the McLemore -resolution, against war and against the Julius Kahn conscription bill -were put down in a “disloyalty chart,” and large sums were expended -to defeat them. - -S. Stanwood Menken, an early president of the league, in his -testimony stated that he favored an American navy which, combined -with that of Great Britain, would “surpass any other two-power navy -in the world,” but that, on the other hand, “he favored a reduction -of armaments.” - -The succeeding president of the league, Charles D. Orth, was forced -to admit that in publishing the league’s Congressional “disloyalty -chart” he had conveyed a false impression by recording the vote on -the McLemore resolution as on the merits of the resolution instead -of on the vote to table it. There were innumerable other counts -against the league. One was that it sent its literature to 1,400 -newspapers and then read what these newspapers printed in arriving at -the opinion of “the great majority of the people.” In other words, -they first circulated the opinion and then accepted it as that of the -people. Orth was asked if there was any good sound American stock in -Illinois. - -“There surely is,” he answered. - -“Then how do you reconcile that with the fact that the men who voted -against war were returned to Congress with an overwhelming majority?” -he was asked by Representative Saunders, but failed to reply. - -Among the activities of this league was that of dictating the things -to be taught in the public schools. In New York $50,000,000 is -annually spent for the public school system, raised by taxes paid -by all the people, and the schools should represent the people who -pay for them. A New York paper of April 4, 1919, in an editorial, -said: “It has been shown during the past few days that a course -of economics has been adopted by our educators under the tutelage -of an outside body. This outside body is the National Security -League, an organization financed by the big war profiteers, whose -political activity in connection with the last Congressional election -constituted a grave scandal.” - -The Congressional committee on March 3, 1919, filed a report -arraigning the Security League, calling it “a menace to -representative government,” “conceived in London,” “nursed to power -by foreign interests,” “used in elections by same interests,” -and revealing “the hands of Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Morgan, du -Pont, suggesting steel, oil, money bags, Russian bonds, rifles and -radicals.” - -In regard to Frederic C. Coudert, a prominent New York lawyer, one of -the league’s leading lights, Mr. Menken testified that he represented -Great Britain, France and Russia in international matters and is -counsel for the British ambassador. - -The originator of the league was S. Stanwood Menken, who testified -that he conceived the idea while listening to a debate in the House -of Commons on August 5, 1914. He is a member of the firm of Beekman, -Menken & Griscom, New York lawyers, who represent a large number of -corporations controlling railways and public utilities; also the -Liverpool, London and Globe insurance companies, which proceeded -early in the war to force the German insurance companies out of -business. The firm also represents “some sugar companies and also the -Penn-Seaboard Steel Company.” - -Charles D. Orth is a member of a New York firm dealing in sisal, -from which farmers’ binding twine is made, and testified before a -Senate investigating committee that he had been engaged in forming a -combination to increase the price of this product. His firm had an -office in London and he traveled all over Europe in the interest of -his sisal business. - -All the heavy subscribers were shown to be men making millions in war -profits and interested in silencing every voice raised to criticise -the conduct of the war. Through the activity of this organization, -pacifists everywhere were denounced and cast into jail. What -baneful influence it was able to exercise is apparent. The Carnegie -Corporation--Andrew Carnegie, president; Elihu Root, vice-president, -holdings in United States Steel Corporation, with income over -$6,000,000--contributed $150,000 to the league. The investigation -showed that the organization had expended the following sums: - - July 8, 1915, to December 31, 1915 $ 38,191.59 - January 1, 1916, to December 31, 1916 94,840.43 - January 1, 1917, to December 31, 1917 111,324.59 - January 1, 1918, to December 31, 1918 235,667.56 - ----------- - $480,014.17 - - -=Neutrality--“The Best Practices of Nations.”=--President Wilson’s -message to Congress in August, 1913: - -“For the rest I deem it my duty to exercise the authority conferred -upon me by the law of March 14, 1912, to see to it that neither side -of the struggle now going on in Mexico receive any assistance from -this side of the border. =I shall follow the best practise of nations -in the matter of neutrality by forbidding the exportation of arms -and munitions of war of any kind from the United States=--a policy -suggested by several interesting precedents, and certainly dictated -by many manifest considerations of practical expediency. We cannot -in the circumstances be the partisans of either party to the contest -that now distracts Mexico, or constitute ourselves the virtual umpire -between them.” - - -=New Ulm Massacre.=--New Ulm, a settlement of Germans in Minnesota, -was August 18, 1862, attacked by Sioux Indians, who in resentment -of their ill treatment by Government agents and for the non-arrival -of their annuities from Washington, took advantage of the fact that -many of the male white population had departed for the war and left -the homes unprotected. The Indians adopted the ruse of entering the -houses of settlers under pretext of begging or trading for bread. -Not suspecting any treachery, they were admitted as usual, and in -an instant turned upon the friendly Germans and murdered upward of -seventy men, women and children. A squad of Germans, who were using -wagons with banners, headed by a band, to recruit for the Union army -along the frontier, were fired upon from ambush and several killed, -seven miles from New Ulm. The men were able to effect their retreat -and to alarm the countryside, while soon the smoke rising from ruined -homes was apprising the settlers in every direction of the occurrence -of extraordinary events and to hasten them into the town for common -protection. The next morning, Tuesday, August 19, the Indians were -roving in every direction throughout the neighborhood; and appearing -before the town, opened an attack on the outposts stationed west and -southwest of the settlement. Ill equipped for such engagement, the -men fell back, with the Indians forcing their way into the center of -the town, where the fighting continued until nightfall, many on both -sides giving up their lives in the fierce battle. On the following -morning the Indians had disappeared in order to surprise the small -garrison at Fort Ridgely and destroy it preparatory to a campaign of -murder and rapine along the Minnesota Valley. Meantime reinforcements -arrived from Mankato and St. Peter, 30 miles distant, and from Le -Sueur, still more remote. But the garrison held out, and strongly -reinforced and greatly embittered the Indians again marched upon -New Ulm, driving everything in their way and evidently determined -to destroy every homestead in the village, which was soon a mass of -flames. On August 23 the whites succeeded in barricading themselves -on a small area of ground, where they were in a better position to -continue the uneven struggle. The fighting was not interrupted until -nightfall, and was resumed the next morning, which was Sunday. After -several hours of fierce fighting the Indians realized that they -were at a disadvantage, and learning from their scouts that strong -reinforcements were on the way, abandoned the siege. A number of -families had either wholly or partly perished and 178 homes had been -destroyed. A train of 150 wagons carried the survivors, including -56 wounded and sick, to Mankato and St. Peter, comparatively few -returning to New Ulm, many scattering throughout the State to begin -life over again. The innocent Germans had thus paid the penalty of -crimes committed by others who were permitted to profit by their -fraudulent treatment of the Indians. - - -=Lord Northcliffe Controls American Papers.=--Lord Northcliffe -not only owns the London “Times,” “Mail” and “Evening News,” but -the Paris “Mail.” He also owns an important share of stock in the -Paris “Matin” and the St. Petersburg “Novoje Vremja.” His influence -in American journalism has long been known, and J. P. O’Mahoney, -editor of “The Indiana Catholic and Record,” in a statement in the -Indianapolis “Star,” directly charged Lord Northcliffe with owning -and controlling eighteen very successful American papers in order to -use them against the best interests of the American people and in the -interest of Great Britain. With many of the leading newspapers under -the control of a foreign publisher it is not difficult to account for -the persistent misrepresentation of German policies and motives, and -for the general bias of so many of the leading papers in the East. -The following is the extract from Mr. O’Mahoney’s statement referred -to as printed in the Indianapolis “Star” early in 1916. - -“Talking about foreign propaganda in our midst, Lord Northcliffe -(then Sir Arthur Harmsworth), told the writer in an interview in the -Walton Hotel, Philadelphia, in April, 1900: - -“‘=The syndicate of which I am head owns or controls eighteen very -successful American papers in your leading cities.= We find the -American service they send us very satisfactory, and we, of course, -furnish them with our great European service. As you see, I am not -here on pleasure only, but on business.’ - -“When asked to name the papers ‘owned and controlled,’ the big, -brainy, handsome Englishman cleverly ’sidestepped.’ - -“Now, if eighteen or more leading papers are owned and controlled -in England, is it a wonder that the ‘German plots in the United -States’ are being ‘played up,’ and the English plots in the United -States hushed up? Is it surprising that the people, through the news -service, get only the English side of the news?” - - -=Osterhaus, Peter Joseph.=--Regarded by some critics the foremost -German commander in the Union army, called by the Confederates “the -American Bayard.” He attained the rank of major general and corps -commander. Born in Coblenz in 1823. Served as a one-year volunteer -in the Prussian army at Coblenz and rose to the rank of an officer -of reserves. He participated in the German revolution and fled to -America, settling at Belleville, Ill., and St. Louis. In 1861, at the -outbreak of the war, he enlisted as a private in the Third German -Regiment of Missouri. He soon was appointed major of the regiment and -later was made colonel of the Twelfth Missouri (German) Regiment, -rising to brigadier general in January, 1863, and to major general -after distinguished service at Chattanooga in the same year. On -September 23, 1864, he was given command of the Fifteenth Army Corps, -which he commanded in Sherman’s march to the sea. - -He retired January 16, 1866, after continuous service for five years, -rising from the pike to the highest command, never deserting the -Union flag for a day, fighting thirty-four battles without losing -one where he was in independent command. He lived to see the first -year or two of the World War, residing at the age of ninety with a -married daughter at Duisberg in the Rhinelands. His services to the -Union were forgotten and his pension was cut off. Rear Admiral Hugo -Osterhaus, retired in 1913, is his son. He was born in Belleville, -June 15, 1851, and resides in Washington. - - -=Palatine Declaration of Independence.=--The history of the Tryon -County Committee, identified as it is with the events in New York -State immediately preceding the Revolution and throughout the latter, -and commemorating as it does the name of General Herkimer, is the -more interesting for being probably the first, and surely among the -first, to make a declaration of independence in anticipation of the -formal Congressional announcement of the break with Great Britain of -July 4, 1776. The claim of priority is conceded by William L. Stone -in his work on the “Life of Joseph Brant-Thayendanegea,” (1830) the -Indian chief who proved himself the scourge of the New York and -Pennsylvania frontier settlers. Stone in Volume I, p. 67, says: - - It is here worthy, not only of special note, but of all - admiration, how completely and entirely these border-men - held themselves amenable, in the most trying exigencies, - to the just execution of the laws. Throughout all their - proceedings, the history of the Tryon Committees will - show that they were governed by the purest dictates of - patriotism, and the highest regard to moral principle. - Unlike the rude inhabitants of most frontier settlements, - =especially under circumstances when the magistracy are, - from necessity, almost powerless, the frontier patriots - of Tryon County were scrupulous in their devotion to the - supremacy of the laws. Their leading men were likewise - distinguished for their intelligence; and while North - Carolina is disputing whether she did not in fact utter a - declaration of independence before it was done by Congress, - by recurring to the first declaration of the Palatine - Committee, noted in its proper place, the example may - almost be said to have proceeded from the Valley of the - Mohawk.= - -“The Minute Book of the Committee of Safety of Tryon County, the Old -New York Frontier” (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1905), contains the -minutes of the meeting at which this German American Declaration -of Independence was adopted. The names, reduced to their German -originals, leave no doubt of the racial character of the majority of -the members. The declaration adopted August 27, 1774, begins with -these words: - - Whereas the British Parliament has lately passed an Act - for raising a Revenue in America without the consent - of our Representatives to abridging the liberties and - privileges of the American Colonies and therefore blocking - up the Port of Boston, the Freeholders and Inhabitants of - Palatine District in the County of Tryon aforesaid, looking - with Concern and heartfelt Sorrow on these Alarming and - calamitous conditions, Do meet this 27th day of August, - 1774, on that purpose at the house of Adam Loucks, Esq., - (Lux) at Stonearabia and concluded the Resolves following, - vizt. - -King George is acknowledged the lawful sovereign, but - - 3. That we think it is our undeniable privilege to be - taxed only with our Consent, given by ourselves (or by our - Representatives). That Taxes otherwise laid and exacted - are unjust and unconstitutional. That the late Acts of - Parliament declarative of their Rights of laying internal - Taxes on the American Colonies are obvious Incroachments on - the Rights and Liberties of the British subjects in America. - -Sympathy is expressed with the people of Boston, “whom we consider -brethren suffering in the Common Cause,” and that “we think the -sending of Delegates from the different Colonies to a general -continental Congress is a salutary measure necessary at this alarming -Crisis,” etc. - -Section 5 of a resolution adopted nine months later, at a meeting of -the Palatine Committee, May 21, 1775, expresses the declaration in -even more specific form, as follows: - - That as we abhor a state of slavery, we do Join and unite - together under all the ties of religion, honor, justice - and love for our countrymen never to become slaves, and to - defend our freedom with our lives and fortunes. - -Of the 71 names attached to the declaration, 48 were distinctly -German, and six Dutch or Low German. Some of the names appear in -their anglicised form in the minutes, due to clerical errors and -gross indifference of their bearers; but their identification is -based on the careful researches of Friedrich Kapp, the historian -of the German element in New York, and others. Fuchs was changed -into Fox, Teichert into Tygart and Klock into Clock. The change -was also due to an inherent desire to hide the German origin of -the names which assume such important historical value. That the -writing of Loucks for Lux was an error is proved by the discovery -that a descendant of the same family, one Adam Lux, played quite an -important part in the Baden revolution of 1849, while descendants of -the Petrie family are living today in Wurtemberg, Germany. The list -of 54 German signers (inclusive of the Hollanders or Low Germans) is -as follows: - -Adam Lux, Johann Frey, Major; Andreas Finck, Jr., Major; Andreas -Reiber, Peter Wagner, Lieutenant-Colonel; Johann Jacob Karl Klock, -Colonel; George Ecker, Nikolaus Herckheimer, Major-General; Wilhelm -Sieber, Major; Johann Pickert, Ensign; Edward Wall, Wilhelm Petrie, -Surgeon; Jacob Weber, Markus Petrie, Lieutenant; Johann Petrie, -George Wentz, Lieutenant; Johann Frank, Philipp Fuchs, Friedrich -Fuchs, Christoph Fuchs, Adjutant; August Hess, Michel Illig, -Captain; Friedrich Ahrendorf, George Herckheimer, Captain; Werner -Teichert, Lorenz Zimmermann, Peter Bellinger, Lieutenant-Colonel; -Johann Demuth, Adjutant; Wilhelm Fuchs, Christian Nellis, Heinrich -Nellis, Heinrich Harter, Hanjost Schumacher, Major; Isaak Paris, -(Elsaesser) Heinrich Heintz, Friedrich Fischer, Colonel; Johann -Klock, Lieutenant; Jacob James Klock, Major; Volker Vedder, -Lieutenant-Colonel; Fried. Hellmer, Captain; Rudolph Schuhmacher, -Hanjost Herckheimer, Colonel; Johann Eisenlord, Captain; Friedrich -Bellinger, Adam Bellinger, Second Lieutenant; Johann Keyser, First -Lieutenant; Johann Bliven, Major; Wilhelm Fuchs, Lieutenant. - -Samuel Ten Broeck, Major; Antoon van Fechten, Adjutant; Harmanus van -Slyck, Major; Abraham van Horn, Quartermaster; Willem Schuyler, Gose -van Alstijn. - - -=Franz Daniel Pastorius and German, Dutch and English -Colonization.=--What the Mayflower is to the Puritans, the Concord is -to the descendants of the Germans who were among the pioneer settlers -of America. It was this vessel that bore to American shores the first -compact German band of immigrants, under the leadership of Franz -Daniel Pastorius. - -While the first Dutch settlement, that of Manhattan Island, or New -York, was founded in 1614, and that of Plymouth by the Puritans in -1620, that of Germantown, Pennsylvania, occurred in 1683, although -long prior to that date Germans in large numbers were settled in the -New World, and there is evidence that there were Germans among the -Jamestown pioneers and those of the Massachusetts Bay colony. - -But German immigration is reckoned to have begun with the arrival -of thirteen families from Crefeld under Pastorius. They embarked -July 24, 1683, on the Concord, and arrived October 6, 1683, in -Philadelphia. - -Pastorius was born September 26, 1651, at Sommernhausen Franconia, -studied law and lived in Frankfort-on-the-Main. By the so-called -Germantown patent he acquired 5,350 acres near Philadelphia from -William Penn and founded Germantown. Acting for a company of Germans -and Hollanders, 22,377 additional acres were acquired under the -Manatauney Patent. Germantown was laid out October 24, 1685. (See -“Germantown Settlement.”) - -The principal occupation of the settlers was textile industry, -farming and the establishment of vineyards. Pastorius was elected -mayor in 1688 and the next year the town was incorporated. In 1688 -Pastorius and others issued a judicial protest against slavery. He -became a member of the Philadelphia school-board, twice was elected -to the Assembly and also acted as magistrate. - -Three famous families issued from this settlement. The Rittenhausens, -who established the first flour and the first paper mill in America -and from whom was descended the great astronomer, Rittenhouse; -the Gottfrieds, from whom descended Godfrey, the inventor of the -quadrant, and the Sauers, of whom Christopher Sauer attained fame as -a printer. - -There is some analogy between the Puritans and the Crefeld colony in -that they were strongly religious bodies, and of the plain people, -though the Germans, unlike the Pilgrims, were not forced to leave -their native country by intolerable conditions of oppression and -bigotry. Another notable incident is the fact that the Pilgrims -brought over the political ideas of Holland rather than of -England, as they had lived in Holland for twelve years, exiled for -conscience’s sake, earning their bread in a foreign land by the labor -of their hands. - -King James had declared of the Puritans: “I will make them conform, -or I will harry them out of the land.” Their long residence in -Holland influenced their future politically, if not in the direction -of tolerance, since those who joined them soon practised in America -the oppression on their fellows which they had left England to escape. - -Dr. William Elliot Griffis agrees with Lowell “that we are worth -nothing except so far as we have disinfected ourselves of Anglicism.” -Dr. Griffis says that the Dutch settlers of that period, a period -when England, even down to 1752, was in her calendar, like Russia -today, eleven days behind the rest of the world, “brought with them -something else than what Washington Irving credits them with. They -had schools and schoolmasters, ministers and churches, the best -kind of land laws, with the registration of deeds and mortgages, -toleration, the habit of treating the Indian as a man, the written -ballot, the village community of free men, and an inextinguishable -love of liberty were theirs. =They originated on American soil many -things, usually credited to the Puritans of New England, but which -the English rule abolished.= They, however who remained, assisted -by Huguenot, Scotchman and German, though in a conquered province, -fought the battle of constitutional liberty against the royal -governors of New York night and day, and inch by inch, until, in the -noble State constitution of 1778, the victory of 1648 was re-echoed.” - -New York he contends, “is less the fruit of English than of Teutonic -civilization.” It was the institutions of Holland, not only directly, -but through the medium of the Puritans, that influenced the shaping -of those policies which are known as American. “They say we are -an English nation,” writes Dr. Griffis in a paper read before the -Congregational Club of Boston in 1891, “and they attempt to derive -our institutions from England, notwithstanding that our institutions -which are most truly American were never in England. The story of -Holland’s direct influence on the English-speaking world is an -omitted chapter.” - -While the Puritans were persecuting those who did not share their -narrow views of heaven, setting up blue laws and the stocks, -manufacturing iron manacles for the slave trade, and enriching -themselves at the expense of the Indians, the Pastorius settlement -was spreading the light of intelligence and impressing its stamp upon -the American character in a different manner. “Here was raised the -first ecclesiastical protest against slavery,” writes Dr. Griffis, -“and here the first book condemning it was written. Here, also, -was printed the first Bible in a European tongue (German), the -first treaties on the philosophy of education, the largest and most -sumptuous piece of colonial printing; and here was the first literary -center and woman’s college established in America. Pennsylvania led -off in establishing the freedom of the press (John Peter Zenger), in -reform of criminal law, in reform of prisons, in awarding to accused -persons the right of counsel for defense. In not a few features now -deemed peculiarly American, besides that of honoring the Lord’s -day, the State founded by William Penn is the land of first things, -and the shining example. Well, who was William Penn?” continues -the writer. “He was the son of a Dutch mother, Margaret Jasper, of -Rotterdam. Dutch was his native tongue, as well as English.” - -With the greater part of these civic virtues we find the Crefeld -settlement closely identified as well as the Dutch--and therefore -Germanic, in contrast to the Anglo-Saxon--influence, for Pastorius -himself was the author of the first protest against slavery on -American soil. To this historic pioneer a monument was to be erected -in 1917 at Germantown. The statue by Albert Jaegers, sculptor of -Steuben in Lafayette Park, Washington, was ready for unveiling -in that year but boarded up, as the war between Germany and the -United States had been proclaimed in the meantime. For many months -a systematic agitation was conducted by certain pseudo-patriotic -societies to prevent the unveiling of the monument, on the ground -that it was designed to serve pro-German propaganda; the proposition -was made to destroy it and fill its place with cannons captured -from the Germans by troops, including men from Germantown. Among -those so agitating were the Germantown Federation, Junior Order -United American Mechanics, the Order of Independent Americans, the -Stonemen’s Fellowship, the Patriotic Order Sons of America, the Sons -of Veterans, the Loyal Orange Lodge No. 39, the Fraternal Patriotic -Americans, and others. Petitions and resolutions of protest were -addressed to Representative J. Hampton Moore, to whose efforts -was due the appropriation of $25,000 for the monument, to Senator -Penrose and to the Secretary of War, under whose jurisdiction are -all monuments built at the expense of the people. The leader of the -campaign was one Raymond O. Bliss. This was not in the heat of the -war excitement, but in November, 1919, a year after the armistice had -been signed. - -Comment is hardly necessary. It almost seems that it is deliberately -desired to deny recognition to any American historical character -not of English origin, for in Pastorius is embodied one of the -strongest spirits that reacted upon the education, refinement -and spiritual life of the American people; the protest against -human slavery--slavery for which the Puritans were forging the -shackles--adopted by the conference of German Quakers, April 18, -1688, is in the handwriting of Pastorius. A better understanding of -him and his little band was entertained by John Greenleaf Whittier, -when he wrote his “lines on reading the message of Governor Ritner of -Pennsylvania, in 1836:” - - And that bold-hearted yeomanry, honest and true, - Who, haters of fraud, give to labor its due; - Whose fathers of old sang in concert with thine, - On the banks of Swatara, the songs of the Rhine,-- - The German-born pilgrims, who first dared to brave - The scorn of the proud in the cause of the slave:--* * * - They cater to tyrants? They rivet the chain, - Which their fathers smote off, on the negro again? - -The American author, E. Bettle, in “Notices of Negro Slavery in -America,” says of the above body of men and their action: “To this -body of humble, unpretending and almost unnoticed philanthropists -belongs the honor of having been the first association who ever -remonstrated against negro slavery.” - -Though disapproving their habits of drinking and hearty feasting at -weddings and funerals, Dr. Rush, in his “Essays, Literary, Moral and -Philosophical,” page 220, says: “If they possess less refinement than -their Southern neighbors, who cultivate their land with slaves, they -possess also more republican virtue.” They introduced glass-blowing -and iron manufacture as early as colonial conditions would allow, -and the establishment of the first iron foundry in America was the -work of Baron Stiegel. They confuted Franklin’s fear of their growing -influence in determining the policy of the province by responding as -ardently to the call of patriotism in 1775-76 as Massachusetts. - -The German newspaper in Philadelphia, the “Staatsbote,” published by -Henry Miller--later the official printer of Congress--was one of the -papers that fanned the flames of rebellion. It was read as far as the -Valley of Virginia. The edition of March 19, 1776, contains an appeal -to the Germans beginning: “Remember that your forefathers immigrated -to America to escape bondage and to enjoy liberty.” (Virginia -Magazine, vol. x, pp. 45 ff.) - -History is strangely silent about any similar intellectual and -cultural currents emanating from the English settlements of the early -period, though latterly giving birth to a group of historians and -poets who wove the garb of romance around every green New England -hillside and embalmed every local event in poetic legend. While in -Germantown the printing press was turning out Bibles and works of -science and learning, and the people were laying the foundation -of paper mills and type foundries, a harsh spirit of intolerance, -superstition and religious asceticism was the rule in the Bay Colony. - -American colonial history reveals the fact that Englishmen, while -boastful of the liberty of conscience which they claim as a divine -heritage, differed from the Dutch and other Teutonic settlers in -America as foremost in seeking to impose religious restrictions -upon others and in offending against the doctrines of personal and -religious liberty. There was very little of real democracy in the -Bay Colony, but much aristocracy, according to Dr. William Elliot -Griffis; for only church members had a right to vote. These Puritans -could not tolerate the men of other ways of thinking, like the -Quakers and the Baptists who came among them, whom they beat, branded -and hanged. Both in Holland and America, this authority continues, -the Pilgrim Fathers were better treated by the Dutch than by the -Puritans. “Toleration is a virtue which Americans have not learned -from England or from the Puritans of New England. For the origins of -the religious liberty which we enjoy we must look to the Anabaptists, -William the Silent and the Dutch republic.” But the Colony did not a -little trade in slaves, and one of its industries was the making of -manacles for the supply of the African man-stealers and traders in -human flesh. - -The influence on American life which flowed from the settlements -of the Puritans and from Pennsylvania under the charter held by -William Penn, was as distinct as night and day. From the ultimate -confluence of these two divergent currents of civilization American -life and institutions received a certain character of harmony which -concretely, may be called Americanism. Had the Puritan current -remained uninfluenced by that which flowed from Pennsylvania and -New York, our country would have had the distinct stamp of bigoted -middle-class England, leavened to some extent by the gentry spirit -of slave-holding Virginia, and we should justly have been called an -English, or even Anglo-Saxon people. - -But as numerous writers from other than New England regions, have -shown, those institutions which we have commonly been taught to be -English institutions, did not exist in England, but were brought -to America from Holland and the continent, or developed here. The -written ballot came from Emden in Germany; freedom of conscience was -the common possession of the Teuton peoples, and not of Englishmen. -When the Massachusetts Bay Colony numbered 3,000 settlers, there were -but 350 freemen among them, as the condition of freemanship was made, -not a property or educational test, but a religious qualification. -It was not till 1641 that a code of laws was adopted. Prior to this, -they had been governed by the common law of England and the precepts -of the Bible. - -Much has been written of religious and political oppression at home -which drove many Germans to settle in Pennsylvania and New York; but -the New England settlement owed its founding and growth entirely to -religious persecutions at home. If James I chastised the Dissenters -with whips, his son Charles chastised them with scorpions. It was -William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, above all men, who visited -bitter persecutions upon the Puritans in the reign of Charles, and -it was Laud who caused the building of the English commonwealth in -the New World. The great migration set in with the ascendancy of -Laud. More than 1,000 came in 1630, and as the policy of the king -and Laud became more intolerable, the tide increased in volume. The -people came, not singly, nor as families merely, but frequently as -congregations, led by their pastors. On March 18, 1919, the British -Consul presented the City of Boston with a casket made from the rails -of the docks in the Old Guild Hall at Boston, England, wherein 1,620 -of the Puritan refugees were tried for non-conformist proceedings. - -The religious differences which the Puritans fought out--and have -never fought to a conclusion--in the New World, the Germans and -Hollanders had decided in the Thirty Years War. Politically and -religiously, the Puritans were uncompromisingly intolerant to all. -They expelled Roger Williams for denying the right of the magistrate -to punish for violation of the first table of the Decalogue; for -denying the right of compelling one to take an oath, denouncing the -union of church and state and pronouncing the King’s patent void on -the ground that the Indians were the true owners of the soil. In 1656 -they persecuted the Quakers; in 1692 they hanged witches. Harvard -College was founded in 1636 by the Puritan clergy. Nowhere in the -world was paternalism carried to such extremes as in New England. The -State was founded on the Hebrew Old Testament and religion was its -life. The entire political, social and industrial policy was built on -religion, and Puritanism was painfully stern and somber. - -Had this civilization been gradually extended, uninfluenced by the -institutions which were brought over from the continent by the -Hollanders, German Palatines and Delaware Swedes, we should have to -form a radically different conception of the American of today. The -influence of the Puritans continues to make itself still felt in -manifestations of bigotry and intolerance in the form of prohibition, -blue laws, race antagonism, etc. Out of its midst have arisen many -great and free minds, like beautiful orchids out of a swamp, but -rarely great minds uninfluenced by education flowing from or gained -on the continent of Europe, while the rank and file at heart remains -what it always was, an imponderable mass, excluding light, dealing -with external forms and interpreting the passions of life and the -spiritual institutions of soul and mind by the fixed standards of an -obsolete philosophy, and continues to be harsh, intolerant, hostile -and fanatical. - -In 1631, Roger Williams arrived at Nantasket. He was a radical who -claimed that no one should be bound to maintain worship against his -own consent, and that the land belonged to the Indians and they ought -to be paid for it. The Massachusetts Bay Colony ordered Williams to -leave, and when he and five friends took up lands in Rhode Island, -the Plymouth men notified him that the land he had chosen was under -their control and intimated that he must move on. The next person to -come into contact with colonial intolerance was Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, -“a pure woman of much intellectual power,” but for whose preaching -and teaching there was no room in Massachusetts. The General Court, -after deciding that Mrs. Hutchinson was “like Roger Williams or -worse,” banished her. With William Codington and others she bought -Rhode Island from the Indians and began the colonies of Portsmouth -and Newport. In 1638 Rev. John Wheelwright was expelled from -Massachusetts for sympathy with Mrs. Hutchinson. - -The Maryland English were more liberal, but their laws did not -protect Jews or those who rejected the divinity of Christ. When -the Commonwealth was established in England, its Commissioners in -Maryland acted in a most intolerant manner, allowing no Catholics -to have a seat in the legislature. They repealed the statute of -toleration and prohibited Catholic worship. In the Carolinas all -Christians lived harmoniously together until Lord Granville attempted -to remove the religious privileges of the Colonists, by excluding -all who were not members of the Anglican Church from the Colonial -legislature. - -Massachusetts, in 1656, passed a law pronouncing the death sentence -on any Quaker who, having once been banished, should return to the -Colony. Under this law four were actually hanged. In 1692 hundreds of -people accused of witchcraft were thrown into prison; nineteen were -hanged; one, an old man, was pressed to death, and two died in jail -before the popular madness had run its course. - -A valuable contribution to the history of religious intolerance in -our country, the result of English civilization, is contained in -“American State Papers Bearing on Sunday Legislation,” revised and -enlarged edition compiled and annotated by William Addison Blakely of -the Chicago Bar and lecturer at the University of Chicago; foreword -by Thomas M. Cooley. Published by “Religious Liberty,” Washington, -D. C. Here we get the text of the first Sunday law on American soil, -passed in Virginia in 1610: - - Every man or woman shall repair in the morning to the - divine service and sermon preached upon the Sabbath Day, - and in the afternoon to divine service and catechising, - upon pain for the first fault to lose their provision and - allowance for the whole week following (provisions were - held in common at that day); for the second to lose the - said allowance =and also to be whipt=; for the third =to - suffer death=. Whipping meant that the offender shall by - order of such justice or justices, receive on the bare back - ten lashes well laid on. - -In Massachusetts the law provided various penalties, according to the -gravity of the offense. Ten shillings or be whipped for profaning -the Lord’s day; death for presumptuous Sunday desecration; fines for -traveling on the Lord’s day; boring tongue with red-hot iron, sitting -upon the gallows with a rope around the offender’s neck, etc., at -the discretion of the Court of Assizes and General Goal Delivery. -(“Acts and Laws of the Province of Mass. Bay 1692-1719,” p. 110.) It -was pretty much the same in Connecticut, where the laws explicitly -prohibited “walking for pleasure,” while Maryland provided “death -without benefit of clergy for blasphemy.” Practically every English -colony had similar laws and ordinances. We read in Jefferson’s “Notes -on Virginia” (1788, p. 167): - - The first settlers were immigrants from England, of the - English Church, just at a point of time when it was - flushed with a complete victory over the religion of other - persuasions. Possessed, as they became, of the power of - making, administering and executing the laws, they showed - equal intolerance in this country with their Presbyterian - brethren who had emigrated to the Northern government.... - Several acts of the Virginia Assembly, of 1659, 1662 and - 1693, had made it penal in parents to refuse to have their - children baptized, and prohibited the unlawful assembling - of Quakers, had made it penal for any master of a vessel - to bring a Quaker into the State, had ordered those - already there, and such as should come hereafter, to be - imprisoned until they should abjure the country--provided - a milder penalty for the first and second return, but - =death= for their third. If no capital executions took - place here, as did in New England, it was not owing to the - moderation of the Church, or spirit of the Legislature, - as may be inferred from the law itself; but to historical - circumstances which have not been handed down to us. - -William H. Taft, when President, said: “We speak with great -satisfaction of the fact that our ancestors came to this country to -establish freedom of religion. Well, if you are to be exact, they -came to establish freedom of their own religion, and not the freedom -of anybody else’s religion. The truth is that in those days such a -thing as freedom of religion was not understood.” - -Just what American freedom was at the time that English influence was -at high tide, unleavened by the liberal and tolerant ideas brought -over from the European continent, may be inferred from the following -extract from the “Columbian Sentinel” of December, 1789, quoted in -“American State Papers:” - - The tithingman also watched to see that “no young people - walked abroad on the even of the Sabbath,” that is, on the - Saturday night (after sundown). He also marked and reported - all those who “lye at home” and others who “prophanely - behaved,” “lingered without dores at meeting times on the - Lord’s Daie,” all “the sons of Belial strutting about, - setting on fences, and otherwise desecrating the day.” - These last two offenders were first admonished by the - tithingman, then “sett in stocks,” and then cited before - the Court. They were also confined in the cage on the - meeting house green, with the Lord’s Day sleepers. The - tithingman could arrest any who walked or rode too fast - in pace to and from meeting, and he could arrest any who - “walked or rode unnecessarily on the Sabbath.” Great and - small alike were under his control. - -Even General Washington while President was interfered with on one -occasion by “the tithingman.” - - -=Propaganda in the United States.=--It has been charged that though -a large number of American newspapers were controlled in England -through Lord Northcliffe, a joint commission of English, French and -Belgian propagandists was deemed necessary early in the war to create -public sentiment in the United States in favor of intervention on -the side of the European Allies through the process of “retaining” a -number of prominent speakers as attorneys and employing a staff of -well-known writers, novelists and poets to arouse us from our state -of neutrality. A similar policy was followed in other countries, -and in the course of an interview with Vicente Blasco Ibanez, the -Spanish novelist, author of “The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse” -(in which the Germans are pictured in most repellent color), the New -York “Times” of October 18, 1919, printed the following significant -paragraph: - - Ibanez said the actual writing of “The Four Horsemen of the - Apocalypse” was done in four months in time spared from his - official work of writing a weekly chronicle of the war =and - directing the Allied propaganda as an agent of the French - Government=. - -This frank statement will tend to cause “The Four Horsemen of the -Apocalypse,” which was hailed as “the greatest novel of the war” by -the literary critics on the newspapers, and many persons ignorant -of the design concealed within the pages of the novel, to appear in -a somewhat different light from that inspired by a belief in the -untainted integrity of the author. - -The English propaganda bureau for the United States, located in -New York, was in charge of Louis Tracy, an English novelist. In an -interview with Tracy, published in the New York “Evening Sun” of -November 10, 1919, the author exposes frankly the methods pursued -by himself and staff in fostering the British cause by attacks on -the German and Irish element in the United States and in furthering -libels of the enemy through the medium of the American press. -Incidentally he is quoted as follows: - - The great part of my work, of course, was the press. - We began that during the first winter of the war, - and it covered every phase of magazine and newspaper - publication.... We had at our disposal the services of - writers and scholars who made it possible for us to - find out, at any particular moment or crisis, special - information for articles about any event, place or - person.... The growth of the work of the British Bureau of - Information may be estimated by the fact that the working - force grew from a mere nine at the time of Mr. Balfour’s - installation of the office to fifty-four at the end of the - war. - -For the entire two years of our participation in the war, and for a -period long antedating that event, the American people were under the -hypnosis of a propaganda conducted with serpent tongues and poisoned -pens by alien agents, spitting and hissing venom in the interest of -England and France. Mr. Tracy tells us that other means employed were -“war posters which went all over the country =and which are still -going=.” - -The British Bureau of Information was the headquarters of “writers, -journalists and authors, dramatists and poets, who turned over to us -special articles or descriptions or pieces of art, to be relayed to -the periodicals.” And he adds: “There was also, perhaps most in the -public eye, the almost endless chain of English men and women who -came over during the war to speak under the auspices of the British -Government upon different aspects of the war. These did not include -the speakers and writers who came over here upon their own initiative -and for pecuniary benefit. We were not responsible for them. But we -did look after and =made arrangements for all the speakers who were -sent over by the Government. And they were legion!=” - -These, in the estimation of Tracy, were as much a part of the -militant forces as the actual fighters, for he says: “No war in the -history of mankind has been fought with so many aids from the army -of intelligence, with so many pens and typewriters and cartooning -pencils conscripted in the same army with the line man, the tank and -the bird man.” - -Need we be surprised that the last bulwark of resistance to this -insidious propaganda was swept away? How the British Bureau of -Information must have laughed in its sleeve and rejoiced when the -fathers, mothers, brothers and sisters of the 17,000 American boys of -German descent who bled in France were treated as criminal aliens in -their own country under the spell of the British propaganda? - -The French propaganda bureau was busy in a similar manner. “The Dial” -of February 8, 1919, has this to say: - - By 1916 the simple installation in the rear of the Quai - d’Orsay Ministry had evolved into the famous Maison de la - Presse, which occupied, with its many bureaus, a large - six-story building on the Rue Francois Premier. This was - one of the busiest hives of wartime Paris. There the - promising novelist, the art critic, the publicist, or the - well-recommended “belle chanteuse,” as well as the more - vulgar film operator and press agent, found directions - and material support for patriotic activities in the - “propagande.” From the Maison de la Presse were dispatched - to every neutral and entente nation select “missions.” - =The chief focus of all this Allied propaganda was the - United States=, especially Washington and New York, - though itinerant propagandists in every variety have - covered every section of the country. By this time the - English propaganda, also, was in full blast, under the - blunt leadership of Lord Northcliffe, with a Minister at - home--in the person of Lord Beaverbrook--all to itself. - In those days Fifth Avenue became a multi-colored parade - of Allied propaganda. One could scarcely dine without - meeting a fair propagandist or distinguished Frenchman or - titled Englishman (titles in war being chiefly for American - consumption!), or enter a theatre without suffering some - secret or overt stimulation from the propaganda, etc. - -Chief of the French propagandists was Andre Cheradame, who, when -President Wilson at one time during the peace confab threatened to -bolt the conference, rose to the boldness of proposing to start a -conspiracy against him in his own country. According to the Paris “Le -Populaire,” early in 1919: - - Cheradame, who was received and treated in a very - friendly way by Woodrow Wilson, moved that “highly paid - propagandists be sent at once to the United States to - get in touch with President Wilson’s opponents, in - particular with those who are members of the Senate, as the - Constitution of the United States gives that body power to - veto any treaty signed by the President.” - -To this extent had the success of anti-German propaganda in our -country encouraged the agents of the French government! In the New -York “Evening Post” of March 3, 1919, David Lawrence, the regular -correspondent of that paper, then sojourning in Paris, speaks of -“propaganda bureaus, known to the public of America, however, as -‘bureaus of education’ or ‘committees on public information,’ are -conducted by most of the Allied governments in different parts of -the world.” He points out that in Paris the method largely followed -was that of bestowing social attention and decorations “on American -civilians to make them support all sorts of causes.” - -The Vienna correspondent of the “Germania,” Berlin, writing the -latter part of June, 1919, refers to “the utterances of a French -general staff officer, who asserts that every intelligent person -in France knows that Germany did not desire the war. Germany could -not have wished anything better for herself than the preservation -of peace, but France was obliged to make propaganda for her own -cause, and it had served the purpose of gaining the accession of the -Americans.” - -While English and French propaganda was thus conducted openly in -the American press, a Committee of the United States Senate headed -by Overman, was filling the newspapers with alarming accounts of -German propaganda--conducted before the United States declared war -on the Imperial German Government, the net result being a report -of glittering generalities accusing everybody indiscriminately and -convicting no one. - -To what extent our own novelists, musical critics, film producers and -“belles chanteuse” were tainted, it is not intended to discuss in -this place. That some of our writers were hard put to find cause for -describing the German people as Huns, a menace to civilization and -a blot on humanity, is evidenced by a remarkable letter written to -the New York “Times” by Gertrude Atherton, one of the most outspoken -enemies of Germany, in the issue of July 6, 1915 (p. 8, cols. 7 and -8). Not to print it were an unpardonable omission, as it constitutes -an indictment of German civilization which none should miss reading. -She writes: - - During the seven years that I lived in Munich, I learned - to like Germany better than any State in Europe. I liked - and admired the German people; I never suffered from an - act of rudeness, and I was never cheated of a penny. I was - not even taxed until a year before I left, because I made - no money out of the country and turned in a considerable - amount in the course of a year. When my maid went to the - Rathaus to pay my taxes (moderate enough), the official - apologized, saying that he had disliked to send me a bill, - but the increasing cost of the army compelled the country - to raise money in every way possible. This was in 1908. The - only disagreeable German I met was my landlord, and as we - always dodged each other in the house or turned an abrupt - corner to avoid encounter on the street, we steered clear - of friction. And he was the only landlord I had. - - I left Munich with the greatest regret, and up to the - moment of the declaration of war I continued to like - Germany better than any country in the world except my own. - - The reason I left was significant. I spent, as a rule, - seven or eight months in Munich, then a similar period in - the United States, unless I traveled. I always returned to - my apartment with such joy that when I arrived at night - I did not go to bed lest I forget in sleep how overjoyed - I was to get back to that stately and picturesque city, - so prodigal with every form of artistic and aesthetic - gratification. - - But that was the trouble. For as long a time after my - return as it took to write the book I had in mind I worked - with the stored American energy I had within me; then for - months in spite of good resolutions, and some self-anathema - I did nothing. What was the use? - - The beautiful German city, so full of artistic delight, - was made to live in, not to work in. The entire absence of - poverty in that city of half a million inhabitants alone - gave it an air of illusions, gave one the sense of being - the guest of a hospitable monarch who only asked to provide - a banquet for all that could appreciate. I look back upon - Munich as the romance of my life, the only place on this - globe that came near to satisfying every want of my nature. - - And that is the reason why, in a sort of panic, I abruptly - pulled up stakes and left for good and all. It is not in - the true American idea to be content; it means running - to seed, a weakening of the will and the vital force. If - I remained too long in that lovely land--so admirably - governed that I could not have lost myself, or my cat, - had I possessed one--I should in no long course yield - utterly to a certain resentfully admitted tendency to - dream and drift and live for pure beauty; finally desert - my country with the comfortable reflection: Why all - this bustle, this desire to excel, to keep in the front - rank, to find pleasure in individual work, when so many - artistic achievements are ready-made for all to enjoy - without effort? For--here is the point--an American, the - American of to-day--accustomed to high speed, constant - energy, nervous tenseness, the uncertainty, and the fight, - cannot cultivate the leisurely German method, the almost - scientific and unpersonal spirit that informs every - profession and branch of art. It is our own way or none for - us Americans. - - Therefore, loving Germany as I did, and with only the - most enchanting memories of her, if I had not immediately - permitted the American spirit to assert itself last August - and taken a hostile and definite stand against the German - idea (which includes, by the way, the permanent subjection - of women), I should have been a traitor, for I know out - of the menace I felt to my own future, as bound up with - an assured development under insidious influences, what - the future of my country, which stands for the only true - progress in the world today, and a far higher ideal of - mortal happiness than the most benevolent paternalism can - bestow, had in store for it, with Germany victorious, and - America (always profoundly moved by success, owing to her - very practicality) disturbed, but compelled to admire. - - The Germans living here, destitute as their race seems to - be of psychology, when it comes to judging other races, - must know all this; so I say that they are traitors if they - have taken the oath of allegiance to the United States. - If they have not, and dream of returning one day to the - fatherland, then I have nothing to say, for there is no - better motto for any man than: “My country, right or wrong.” - -The process of reasoning here plainly is: Germany is such a -well-governed, well-behaved, well-groomed, honest, beautiful, -seductive country that if I do not side with her enemies I shall fall -completely under her spell, and therefore, having left such a model -country, every German who comes to the United States to live must be -a traitor to America. Ingenious reasoning! - - -=Pitcher, Molly.=--Not only was Barbara Fritchie of German descent, -as shown elsewhere, but so also was the famous “Molly Pitcher” of -Revolutionary fame, whose story is known to every American patriot -as the woman who brought water to the fighting men in the battle -line in a large pitcher, to which she owed her name in history. Her -maiden name was Marie Ludwig, and she was born of good Palatine -stock October 13, 1754, in New Jersey. Her husband was John Hays, a -gunner, who was wounded at the battle of Monmouth. There being no man -available, Molly took his place and served the cannon so efficiently, -loading and firing with such dexterity, that after the battle -Washington appointed her to the rank of sergeant with a sergeant’s -pay. - - -=Press Attacks in Congress.=--Representative Calloway quoted in the -Congressional Record of February 9, 1917: - -Mr. Chairman, under unanimous consent, I insert in the Record at this -point a statement showing the newspaper combination, which explains -their activity in this matter, just discussed by the gentleman from -Pennsylvania (Mr. Moore): - -“In March, 1915, the J. P. Morgan interests, the steel, shipbuilding -and powder interests and their subsidiary organizations, got together -12 men high up in the newspaper world and employed them to select -the most influential newspapers in the United States and sufficient -number of them to control generally the policy of the daily press of -the United States. - -“These 12 men worked the problem out by selecting 179 newspapers, and -then began, by an elimination process, to retain only those necessary -for the purpose of controlling the general policy of the daily press -throughout the country. They found it was only necessary to purchase -the control of 25 of the greatest papers. The 25 papers were agreed -upon; emissaries were sent to purchase the policy, national and -international, of these papers; an agreement was reached; the policy -of the papers was bought, to be paid for by the month; an editor was -furnished to each paper to properly supervise and edit information -regarding the questions of preparedness, militarism, financial -policies and other things of national and international nature -considered vital to the interests of the purchasers. - -“This contract is in existence at the present time, and it accounts -for the news columns of the daily press of the country being filled -with all sorts of preparedness arguments and misrepresentations as -to the present condition of the United States army and navy and the -possibility and probability of the United States being attacked by -foreign foes. - -“This policy also includes the suppression of everything in -opposition to the wishes of the interests served. The effectiveness -of this scheme has been conclusively demonstrated by the character of -stuff carried in the daily press throughout the country since March, -1915. They have resorted to anything necessary, to commercialize -public sentiment and sandbag the National Congress into making -extravagant and wasteful appropriations for the army and navy under -the false pretense that it was necessary. Their stock argument is -that it is ‘patriotism.’ They are playing on every prejudice and -passion of the American people.” - - -=Pathfinders.=--In reply to the question, “Who are the twelve -greatest Americans of German descent?” the following were named by a -small committee who conferred upon the matter: - -Franz Daniel Pastorius, founder of Germantown and author of the first -protest against slavery on American soil. - -Conrad Weiser, “the first who combined the activity of a pioneer with -the outlook of a statesman.”--Benson J. Lossing. - -Governor Jacob Leisler, acting governor of New York, the first martyr -to the cause of American independence. - -Heinrich Melchior Muhlenberg, founder of the Lutheran Church in -America and father of General Muhlenberg and of the first Speaker of -the House of Representatives. - -John Peter Zenger, founder of the freedom of the press in America. - -David Rittenhouse, America’s first great scientist. - -General Frederick von Steuben, the drillmaster of the American -Revolutionary army, who received the surrender of Cornwallis at -Yorktown. - -John Jacob Astor, the pioneer and pathfinder in American industrial -enterprise. - -Carl Schurz, Union general, diplomat, United States Senator and -Cabinet officer; founder of the Civil Service. - -Francis Lieber, politician, encyclopedist, college professor, who -first codified the laws of war for the United States government. - -Ottmar Mergenthaler, inventor of the typesetting machine. - -Charles P. Steinmetz, one of the world’s greatest electricians. - - -=Poison Gas.=--That the Germans were not the first to use poison -gas in warfare, that the practice originated with the English, and -that the French used gases in the world war before the Germans, -was well known to thousands in a position to inform others, but no -denial of this falsehood has ever been made. The first recorded use -of poison gas in modern times was in connection with the bombardment -of Colenso by the English during the Boer War. The fact is testified -to by General von der Golz in a book describing the English military -operations against the Boers, which he witnessed as German military -attache, and is verified in a number of accounts of the war against -the South African republics. The guns used against Colenso to -discharge the gas and kill the defenders by asphyxiation were brought -from the British dreadnought, “Terrible.” It was a typical English -invention. At first there was no thought of using gas in land -warfare. It was designed to be discharged by a shell which should -penetrate the armor-plate of an enemy vessel. A poisoned gas-shell -exploding inside of another vessel was expected to kill everybody -under deck. When it was found impossible to effect the surrender -of Colenso, the guns were used there for the first time in field -operations, as stated. These facts are further corroborated by Mr. -George A. Schreiner, Associated Press correspondent during the recent -war, author of “The Iron Ration,” and a participant in the defense of -Colenso, who to this day is feeling the effect of the gas. - -The charge that the Germans were the first to use gas bombs and -the attempt to represent their employment of such bombs as acts of -barbarism was ridiculed by Gustav Hervé, the editor of the Paris “La -Guerre Sociale,” in these words: “There is a bit of hypocrisy in this -show of indignation against the use of asphyxiating gas. Have we -forgotten the incredible stories that were told about the effects of -turpinite when in August the Germans were marching toward Paris and -the craziest stories were in general circulation? People in fits of -ecstacy told others about the murderous effect of the asphyxiating -bombs of the celebrated inventor. ‘Why, my dear sir, 70,000 Germans -were simply stricken down; whole regiments were destroyed by -asphyxiation.’ I remember very distinctly. No one protested. As long -as we believed in the marvel of Turpin’s asphyxiating powder, Turpin -was hailed as a hero. Then why this absurd cry, this hypocritical -attempt to condemn the Germans for inventing a powder, that in -comparison with the turpinite we called to our aid in the hour of -our greatest distress, appears to be as gentle as the holy St. John. -Instead of blaming the Germans for utilizing asphyxiating gases, we -might better blame ourselves for permitting the enemy to outdo us in -inventive genius.” - -General Amos A. Fries, head of the Chemical Service of the American -Expeditionary Forces, quoted in the February, 1919, issue of -“Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering,” described the use of poison -gas as “the most humane method of fighting.” Only 30 per cent. of -American casualties and 5 per cent. of the deaths were due to gas. -He held that the situation was similar to that when gunpowder was -first utilized, a practice “universally frowned upon as unfair and -unsportsmanlike, yet it endured.” In a similar vein General Sibert -testified before a Senate Committee in June, 1919. - - -=Penn, William.=--Founder of Pennsylvania, under whose jurisdiction -the first Pennsylvania German settlements were effected. His mother -was a Dutch woman, Margaret Jasper, of Rotterdam. Dutch was Penn’s -native tongue, as well as English. He was a scholar versed in Dutch -law, history and religion. He preached in Dutch and won thousands of -converts and settlers, inviting them to his Christian Commonwealth. -(Dr. William Elliot Griffis.) Oswald Seidensticker (“Bilder aus der -Deutsch-Pennsylvanischen Geschichte,” Steiger, New York, p. 82) -writes: - - “For more than a century Germantown remained true to its - name, a German town. William Penn in 1683 preached there, - in Tunes Kunder’s house in the German language, and General - Washington in 1793 attended German service in the Reformed - Church.” - - -=Pilgrim Society.=--A powerful organization in New York City, -nominally for the promotion of the sentiment of brotherhood among -Englishmen and Americans, but in reality to promote a secret movement -to unite the United States with “the Mother Country,” England, -as advocated by Andrew Carnegie, the late Whitelaw Reid, and, as -provided for in the secret will of Cecil Rhodes. Among its prominent -members are the British Ambassador, J. Pierpont Morgan, Thomas W. -Lamont, partner of Morgan; John Revelstoke Rathom, British-born -editor of the Providence “Journal;” Adolph Ochs, owner of the New -York “Times;” Ogden Mills Reid, President New York “Tribune,” and -brother-in-law of the first Equerry to the King of England; James -M. Beck and numerous other Wall Street corporation lawyers, and the -underwriters of the Anglo-French war loan of $500,000,000 and Russian -ruble loan. - - -=Quitman, Johan Anton.=--One of the most prominent and daring -soldiers of the Mexican War; son of Friedrich Anton Quitman, a -Lutheran minister at Rhinebeck-on-Hudson. Born 1798, took part in -the war for the independence of Texas from Mexico, and in 1846 was -made brigadier general. Fought with the greatest distinction at -Monterey; first at the head of his command to reach the marketplace -of the hotly-contested city and raised the American flag on the -church steeple. Was in command of the land batteries in 1847, and -in conjunction with the American fleet bombarded Vera Cruz into -surrender. Distinguished himself at Cerro Gordo, was brevetted -Major General and voted a sword by Congress. On September 13, at -the head of his troops, stormed Chapultepec, the old fortress of -Montezuma, which was considered impregnable by the Mexicans, and on -the following day opened the attack on Mexico City, which he entered -September 15. Gen. Scott, as a mark of appreciation, appointed -Quitman governor of the city, in which capacity he served until -peace was restored. He was later elected governor of Mississippi and -elected to Congress by large majorities from 1855 to 1858, the year -of his death. General Quitman had an eventful career, beginning as a -teacher of German at Mount Airy College, Pennsylvania. He studied law -and began to practice at Chillicothe, Ohio. Proceeding to Natchez, -Miss., he became Chancellor of the Supreme Court, member of the -Senate, in the State Legislature, then its president, participating -in the Texas War for Independence, visited Germany and France, and on -his return was appointed to the Federal bench. His father was born -in Cleve, Rhenish Prussia, and was a brilliant scholar, high in the -councils of the Lutheran church. - - -=Representation in Congress, 1779-1912.=--Table compiled of the -membership of Congress from 1779 to and including the 62nd Congress: - - Total number of members of Senate and House - from the 1st to the 62nd Congress 7,500 - - Total number of members of Senate and House of - foreign birth, 1st to 62nd Congress 302 - - Distributed as follows: - Ireland 114 - England 47 - Germany 42 - Scotland 37 - Canada 23 - France 8 - Austria 5 - West Indies 4 - Norway 4 - Sweden 3 - Wales 4 - Holland 2 - Switzerland 2 - Bermuda Islands 2 - Denmark 1 - Brazil 1 - Azore Islands 1 - Madeira Islands 1 - Spanish Florida 1 - ------ - 302 - - -=Rhodes’ Secret Will and Scholarships, Carnegie Peace Fund and Other -Pan-Anglican Influences.=--It is a well-established principle of -strategy as practiced by diplomatists to arouse public attention -to a supposed danger in order to divert it from a real one. Long -antedating our association with England, secret plans were laid by -far-seeing Englishmen, and sedulously fostered by their friends in -the United States, to reclaim “the lost colonies” as a part of the -United Kingdom. While the so-called German propaganda at best was -directed toward keeping the United States out of the war, a subtle -and deceptive propaganda was being conducted to enmesh us in European -entanglements to such extent that retreat from a closer political -union with England should become impossible. - -In order to arrive at a clear understanding of the sources from which -such influences are proceeding, it is necessary to call the reader’s -attention to the secret will of Cecil Rhodes. This will is printed on -pp. 68 and 69, Vol. I, Chapter VI, of “The Life of the Rt. Hon. Cecil -Rhodes,” by Sir Lewis Mitchell, and reads as follows: - - To and for the establishment, promotion and development of - a secret society, the true aim of which and object whereof - shall be the extension of British rule throughout the - world, the perfecting of a system of emigration from the - United Kingdom and of colonization of British subjects of - all lands where the means of livelihood are attainable by - energy, labor and enterprise, and especially the occupation - by British settlers of the entire continent of Africa, - the Holy Land, the Valley of the Euphrates, the Islands - of Cyprus and Canadia; the whole of South America and the - Islands of the Pacific not heretofore possessed by Great - Britain, the whole of the Malay Archipelago, =the ultimate - recovery of the United States of America as an integral - part of the British Empire=; the inauguration of a system - of Colonial representation in the Imperial Parliament, - =which may tend to weld together the disjointed members - of the Empire=, and finally =the foundation of so great a - power as to hereafter render wars impossible and promote - the best interests of humanity=. - -Fourteen years later, in a letter to William T. Stead, dated August -19 and September 3, 1891, Rhodes wrote as follows: - - What an awful thought it is that if we had not lost - America, =or if even now we could arrange with the present - members of the United States Assembly and our own House - of Commons=, the peace of the world is secured for all - eternity. =We could hold your federal parliament five years - at Washington and five years at London.= (“The Pan-Angles,” - by Sinclair Kennedy; published by Longmans, Green and Co., - London and New York.) - -Mr. Kennedy writes further on this subject as follows: - - Not alone the federation of the Britannic nations, but - the federation of the whole Pan-Angle people is the end - to be sought. Behind Rhodes’ “greater union in Imperial - matters” lay his vision of =a common government over - all English-speaking people=. If we are to preserve - our civilization and its benefits to an individual - civilization, we must avoid friction among ourselves and - take a united stand before the world. =Only a common - government will insure this.= - -These words have a remarkable resemblance to a declaration made by -the late American Ambassador to Great Britain, the Hon. Whitelaw -Reid, in a speech delivered in London, July 17, 1902, when, speaking -of Anglo-American relations, he employed these significant words: - - The time does visibly draw near when solidarity of race, - =if not of government, is to prevail=. - -The similarity of sentiments expressed by two persons of different -race and speaking at an interval of twelve years must strike anyone -as deeply significant. We have here an agreement in that respect -between Cecil Rhodes, Sinclair Kennedy and Whitelaw Reid. All three -want a common government over the Britannic nations and the United -States. - -It is known that the millions left by Cecil Rhodes for the express -object of the “ultimate recovery of the United States of America as -an integral part of the British Empire,” have been invested in such a -manner as to carry out as secretly as possible the purpose for which -they were designed. Men may well stand appalled at the working of the -Rhodes poison in the veins of American life. - -To its fatal operation may be attributed the rise of societies to -promote Anglo-Saxon brotherhood, Pilgrim societies, movements to -celebrate the centenary of English and American friendship (farcical -as that pretension is), the formation of peace treaties nominally -most inclusive, but in reality designed to benefit Great Britain, and -the gradual elimination from our public school books of all reference -to the part played by England in our history, English designs against -this country and savagery against its citizens, as well as all -unpleasant diplomatic events between us and England that have been -of such frequent recurrence. To this influence may be attributed the -movement to ignore the Fourth of July and substitute the Signing -of the Magna Charta to be celebrated by American youths as the -true origin of our independence, as proposed by Andrew Carnegie in -placards which did, and possibly do yet adorn the walls of his free -libraries. In the June number of the “North American Review” for -1893, Mr. Carnegie employed the following significant words: - - Let men say what they will; I say that as surely as the sun - in the heavens once shone upon Britain and America united, - so surely is it one morning to rise, shine upon and greet - again =the reunited States--the British-American Union=. - -Let us recall that it was Lord Bryce, the former British Ambassador -to the United States, who advocated: - -“The recognition of a common citizenship, securing to the citizen -of each, in the country of the other, certain rights not enjoyed by -others.” - -And that Lord Haldane, in a speech in Canada some years ago, broadly -hinted at an ultimate union of the two countries. - -We find in “The Pan-Angles” of Mr. Kennedy =a map of the world in -which Great Britain, Canada, Australia and the United States are -represented in a uniform color, to illustrate their solidarity=. In -the minds of the Pan-Angles the vision of the great Cecil Rhodes, -backed by his countless millions, is approaching its realization. -Rhodes held that “divine ideals, on which the progress of mankind -depended, were for the most part the moving influence, =if not the -exclusive possession, of the Anglo-Saxon race, of which Great Britain -is the head=.” (“The Right Hon. Cecil Rhodes,” by Sir Thos. E. -Fuller, p. 243.) - -Rhodes’ published will of July 1, 1899, has a broad provision -for his American propaganda in paragraph 16: “And whereas I also -desire to encourage and foster an appreciation of the advantages -which I implicitly believe =will result from the union of the -English-speaking people throughout the world, and to encourage in the -students from the United States of North America who will benefit -from the American Scholarships to be established at the University of -Oxford under my Will, an attachment to the country from which they -have sprung=,” etc. - -The effect of the Rhodes American scholarship scheme was clearly set -forth in the “Saturday Evening Post” of July 13, 1912, wherein the -writer says: - -“Twenty years hence and forever afterward there will be between -two and three thousand men (Rhodes graduates) in the prime of life -scattered over the English-speaking world, each of whom will have had -impressed upon his mind at the most susceptible period the dreams of -=a union of our people=.” - -In the “North American Review” for June, 1893, Mr. Carnegie already -advocated the subordination of our fiscal policy to that of England. -He said: - -“I do not shut my eyes to the fact that reunion, bringing free -entrance of British products, would cause serious disturbance to many -manufacturing interests near the Atlantic Coast which have been built -up under the protective tariff system. =Judging from my knowledge of -the American manufacturers, there are few who would not gladly make -the necessary pecuniary sacrifices to bring about a reunion of the -old home and the new.=” - -In a like manner Mr. Carnegie spoke at Dundee, in 1890, and in the -“North American Review” he candidly stated: “National patriotism or -pride cannot prove a serious obstacle in the way of reunion.... The -new nation would dominate the world.” - -The war has blinded us to many issues that affect our political -future. With Lord Northcliffe admittedly in control of many important -American papers, there has been printed only what was approved in -London, and suppressed whatever menaced the peaceful pursuit of -the policy of the proposed merger. It cropped out in the draft of -the League of Nations, rejected by the United States Senate, which -provided for six votes for Great Britain and her colonies and only -one vote for the United States on all questions to be decided. Only a -few Senators were alive to the danger, and the misguided public was -so reluctant to hear the truth that Senator Reed of Missouri, one -of the first to protest, was for a time repudiated by the leaders -of his party in his own State, and assailed on the platform when he -attempted to speak in Oklahoma. - -The movement to anglicise the United States is making rapid progress. -It had its inception in London and is conducted in this country -under the auspices of pronounced Anglophiles in the name of the -“English-Speaking Union,” headed by former President Taft, with the -following persons as vice presidents: George Haven Putnam, chairman -of the organization committee; Albert Shaw, Ellery Sedgwick, George -Wharton Pepper, John A. Stewart, Otto H. Kahn, Charles C. Burlingham, -Charles P. Howland, R. Harold Paget, Edward Harding, the Rev. Lyman -P. Powell, E. H. Van Ingen, and Frank P. Glass. In London the -organization is called the Anglo-American Society. At a meeting -held in that city on June 26, 1919, presided over by Lord Bryce, an -elaborate programme was agreed upon to carry the propaganda into the -United States and England. To that end, Washington and the Puritan -fathers, though the former headed the rebellion against England and -the latter fled its shores to escape persecution, are to be employed -as symbols of Anglo-American unity, and a great number of festivities -and memorials are included in the program, which will develop in the -course of the year. Preparations are now being made for the 300th -anniversary celebration of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. - -A Sulgrave Institution has been organized--Sulgrave Manor being the -ancestral home of George Washington--which has raised $125,000 in -England and is raising a fund of $1,000,000 in this country. The use -of the fund was explained by John A. Stewart, chairman of the board -of governors, who said it was “to establish scholarships in English -universities and later in this country, and also to refit Sulgrave -Manor.” King George was one of the first contributors to the English -campaign, he said. - -On June 28, 1919, the King of England sent by cable a message to the -President, in which he said: - - Mr. President, it is on this day one of our happiest - thoughts that the American and British people, brothers in - arms, will continue forever to be brothers in peace. United - before by language, traditions, kinship and ideals, there - has been set upon our fellowship the sacred seal of common - sacrifice. - -During the Paris peace conference the New York “Times” of February -13, 1919, in a Paris correspondence, declared that there was complete -Anglo-American concord, the program of the conference revealing -a fundamental identity of aims and the understanding between -English-speaking peoples being never so complete as today. Former -Attorney General Wickersham took the lead in proposing to remit -England’s enormous debt to us, explaining that we owe them that much -for “holding back the Huns,” and the proposition has been received -with great favor by many of the 18,000 additional millionaires -created by the war, meaning, of course, that England’s burden shall -be transferred to the shoulders of the American tax payers. - -Among the advocates of the merger are General Pershing, Lord Balfour, -Chauncey M. Depew, James M. Beck, Lord Grey and the American -bankers and great industrials, like Charles M. Schwab. Surrounded -by distinguished men of England, General Pershing, in the Military -Committee room of the House of Commons, dwelt with special pathos on -the proposed Anglo-Saxon brotherhood. “I feel that the discharged -and demobilized soldiers will carry with them into private life,” he -said, “the necessity for closer and firmer union, =and that we may -be united as peoples likewise forever=.” Subsequently he was made a -Knight of the Bath by King George. - -At a meeting of the Pilgrim Society in New York, January 22, 1919, -James M. Beck, recently made a “Bencher” in London, after reviewing -England’s achievements in the war, said: - - =England’s triumphs are our triumphs, and our triumphs are - England’s triumphs.= - -Lord Edward Grey, one of the principal figures in the events -preceding and throughout the war, was sent as ambassador to the -United States to foster the movement. Nominally, the movement is -for the preservation of peace, which is represented as seriously -imperiled from hour to hour unless the United States and England -unite. To this end there is to be “an exchange of journalists” as -well as scholars and professors. - -“The Nation,” speaking of an address by Admiral Sims at the American -Luncheon Club, on March 14, 1919, says: - - Admiral Sims referred to his remarks at the Guildhall - several years ago, when he declared that Great Britain and - the United States would be found together in the next war. - Further, he said that in 1910, while cruising in European - waters, he submitted a secret report that in his opinion - war could not be put off longer than four years. During - the war a German diplomatic official stated that there - was an understanding between Great Britain and the United - States whereby they would stand together if either went - to war with Germany. A similar statement recently came - to light in this country from a Dutch source. Professor - Roland G. Usher, in his “Pan-Germanism,” explicitly - declares that, probably before the summer of the year - 1897, “an understanding was reached that in case of a war - begun by Germany or Austria for the purpose of executing - Pan-Germanism, the United States would promptly declare - in favor of England and France, and would do her utmost - to assist them.” We do not attach too great importance - to any of these statements; yet we should like to see - this matter ventilated. If such an understanding was in - force, did President Wilson know of it before Mr. Balfour - and M. Viviani made their visit? Until three days before - the war, the British Parliament knew nothing of a secret - engagement that bound them hand and foot to France, and - had been in force eight years; an engagement, moreover, - that not only eight weeks before, they had been assured - did not exist. Admiral Sims’s remark gains interest from - the fact that the regular diplomatic technique of such - engagements is by way of “conversations” between military - and naval attachés of the coquetting governments. In his - book called “How Diplomats Make War,” Mr. Francis Neilson, - a member of the war-Parliament, traces the course of - the military conversations authorized by the French and - English Governments, and shows their binding effect upon - foreign policy. We should be much interested in hearing - from Admiral Sims again; and we believe that a healthy and - vigorous public curiosity about this subject would by no - means come amiss. (“Nation.”) - - The Lord High Chancellor, Viscount Finlay, after saying - that “a wholly new era has opened between England and - America,” remarked that he was now at liberty to tell - Ambassador Davis that it was he, as Attorney General, who - had drafted all the British notes exchanged with the United - States, and went on with a smile: - - “Ambassador Page used to say to me, ‘My dear friend, don’t - hurry with the notes; they are not pressing.’”--New York - “Globe.” - -How far has this alliance actually been realized by secret -understandings? In an article in the “Revue des Deux Mondes,” in -1907, M. Andre Tardieu, the foreign editor of the Paris “Temps,” -accusing President Roosevelt of partisanship for the German Emperor -in the Algeciras conference, distinctly charged him with bad faith in -this direction in view of the secret understanding between the United -States and England. - -A formal treaty has not so far been arranged, but we may ask: In -how far are we involved in a policy looking to the abdication of -our sovereignty as an independent republic in view of statements -such as were made unchallenged by Prof. Roland G. Usher in his book, -“Pan-Germanism:” - - First, that in 1897 there was a secret understanding - between this country, England, France, and Russia, that in - case of war brought on by Germany the =United States would - do its best to assist its three allies=. - - Second, (page 151) that “certain events lead to the - probability that the Spanish-American war was created in - order to permit the United States to take possession of - Spain’s colonial possessions.” - - Third, that =England possesses three immensely powerful - allies=--France, Russia, =and the United States=. These he - constantly speaks of as the “Coalition.” - - Fourth, that the United States was not permitted by England - and France to build the Panama Canal until they were - persuaded of the dangers of Pan-Germanism. - -In an interview published in the St. Louis “Star” of May 2, 1915, -Prof. Usher confirmed these statements by saying that a verbal -alliance is in existence between this country and the Allies. - -Material support of the charge is furnished by the late British -Secretary of the Colonies, the Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, who, in a -statement in Parliament during the Boer war, referred to the treaty -of alliance as “an agreement, an understanding, a compact, if you -please.” On November 30, 1899, Chamberlain delivered an epochal -speech at Leicester against France for some unseemly cartooning of -Queen Victoria. In his speech he threatened France with war and -distinctly spoke of an Anglo-American union: “The =union between -England and America= is a powerful factor for peace.” (N. Murrel -Morris, “Joseph Chamberlain, The Rt. Hon.,” London, 1900, Hutchinson -& Co., publishers.) Chamberlain further supported Prof. Usher in the -latter’s assertion that the treaty was verbal, as a written treaty -must have the official sanction of the Senate. In this same Leicester -speech, Mr. Chamberlain declared: - - To me it seems to matter little whether you have an - alliance which is committed to paper, or whether you have - an understanding which exists in the minds of the statesmen - of the respective countries. An understanding perhaps is - better than an alliance, which may stereotype arrangements, - which cannot be accepted as permanent, in view of the - changing circumstances from day to day. (Morris.) - -Cornelia Steketee Hulst, in her pamphlet, “Our Secret Alliance,” -quotes from a speech of Chamberlain as follows: - - I can go as far as to say that, terrible as war may be, - even war itself would be cheaply purchased if in a great - and noble cause the Stars and Stripes and the Union Jack - should wave together in an Anglo-Saxon alliance. - -Already the thought of a merger and the loss of our identity as -a republic is coursing in a dangerous form through the minds of -the people. It has been said that if a question is harped upon -continuously for a sufficient period that people will go to war for -the mere sake of putting the question out of their minds, and even -now among the high and the low there is manifest a supine, an ominous -spirit of submission to the surrender of their political independence -rather than fight it as a form of open sedition. - -The Rhodes trust fund and the Carnegie peace fund have their priests -and priestesses, witness the statement of Mrs. John Astor, chairman -of the American Red Cross in England, quoted in the New York “Times” -of March 5, 1915: “An alliance of the English-speaking nations would -be the greatest ideal toward which to work.” George Beer anticipated -Mrs. Astor in the “Forum” for May, 1915: - - The only practical method is to embody the existing cordial - feeling between the United States and England in a more - or less formal alliance, so that the two countries can - bring their joint influence and pressure to bear whenever - their common interests and political principles may be - jeopardized. - -In January, 1916, the late Joseph H. Choate, former ambassador to -Great Britain, drank his memorable toast at a banquet of the Pilgrim -Society: “I now ask you to all rise and drink =a good old loyal toast -to the President and the King=.” - -The prevalence of such sentiments gives us something to ponder. The -war has been conducive to the propagation of seditious thought; we -were kept too busy hunting down pro-Germans and imaginary spies to -take heed of the intrigue being prosecuted under the Secret Will of -Cecil Rhodes. That great constructive statesman was too practical to -pursue an ignis fatuus; Mr. Carnegie was too much like him in that -respect to create an enormous fund nominally for the preservation -of peace, the interest on which, something like $500,000 annually, -is available to propagate the cause of Pan-Anglicism, while in the -meantime the Rhodes scholarships are filling American homes with the -apostles of his creed. Their tracks are easily found, and they will -become more frequent with the progress of time. Philipp Jourdan (John -Lane Company, New York, 1911) speaks of 100 scholarships for the -United States “to arouse love for England,” and “to encourage in the -students from the United States an attachment for the country from -which they sprung.” (pp. 75 and 328.) - -What is good for Englishmen may seem good to Italians, French, -Germans and Russians. In 1914 many laughed at the thought that Uncle -Sam could be drawn into the European war and send several million -American boys over to fight in order to make the world safe for -democracy, but Colonial Secretary Chamberlain, had he lived his -normal span of years, would have seen the “Stars and Stripes and the -Union Jack” waving over something very near akin to his cherished -Anglo-Saxon alliance. (See “Propaganda.”) - -Canada is being used to a great extent as a means of carrying out -insidious projects against the United States. For a number of years -special inducements have been offered Americans to settle in Canada, -and large areas of farm land are in the hands of American immigrants. -During the war many of these were compelled, in order to hold their -property, to forswear their American citizenship, and many more -served in the Canadian army as part of the British colonial forces. -They were treated as colonials subject to British jurisdiction. - -A project of more far-reaching extent is embodied in the movement -to divert western traffic from New York to Montreal. The Canadian -government has shown a tenacious purpose in this enterprise and -is enthusiastically supported by the West and Northwest. It has -promised to make seaports of the cities of the Great Lakes, from -which vessels can go direct to Montreal and from there find an outlet -to the Atlantic without reloading their cargoes. The object is to -be accomplished by improving the Welland Canal and the cutting of a -30-foot channel in the St. Lawrence River. The Welland Canal connects -Lake Erie with Lake Ontario, and its locks are to be increased 800 -feet in length, 80 feet in breadth and 30 in depth. Those of our own -barge canal are only 30 feet deep. The western chambers of commerce -are enthusiastically in favor of the Canadian project, in view of -the commercial advantage to be gained from this enterprise for a -large area of western territory. It is probable that it will go into -effect, and Americans will build up Canada at the expense of their -own country. - - -=Ringling, Al.=--One of the most successful of American circus -managers, who died at his home in Baraboo, Wis., in the early part of -1916, was the son of German immigrants, who started as a musician, -became a juggler and in 1888 organized the famous circus known by the -name of himself and four brothers, “The Ringling Brothers’ Circus.” -His circus far eclipsed any ever organized by P. T. Barnum and -his illness dated from superhuman efforts made by him to save his -property from destruction by fire. Before his death at the age of 63 -he presented his native town, Baraboo, with a theatre. - - -=Rittenhouse, David.=--The first noted American scientist, born of -a poor Pennsylvania German, son of a farmer, at Germantown, April -8, 1732. Owing to a feeble constitution was apprenticed to a clock -and mechanical instrument-maker, where he followed the bent of -his mechanical and mathematical genius, though too poor to keep -informed concerning the progress of science in Europe. While Newton -and Leibnitz were warmly disputing the honor of first discoverer -of Fluxion, writes Lossing, Rittenhouse, entirely ignorant of what -they had done, became the inventor of that remarkable feature of -algebraical analysis. Applying the knowledge which he derived from -study and reflection to the mechanic arts, he produced a planetarium, -or an exhibition of the movements of the solar system by machinery. -That work of art is in possession of the College of New Jersey at -Princeton. It gave him a great reputation, and in 1770 he went to -Philadelphia, where he met members of the Philosophical Society to -whom he had two years before communicated that he had calculated with -great exactitude the transit of Venus which occurred June 3, 1769. -Rittenhouse was one of those whom the society appointed to observe -it. Only three times before, in the whole range of human observation, -had mortal vision beheld the orb of Venus pass across the disc of the -sun. Upon the exactitude of the performance according to calculations -depended many astronomical problems, and the hour was looked forward -to by philosophers with intense interest. As the moment approached, -according to his calculations, Rittenhouse became greatly excited. -When the discs of the planets touched at the expected moment the -philosopher fainted. His highest hopes were realized and on November -9th following he was blessed with a sight of the transit of Mercury. -When Benjamin Franklin died Rittenhouse was appointed president of -the American Philosophical Society to fill his place. His fame now -was world wide and many official honors awaited his acceptance. He -held the office of treasurer of Pennsylvania for many years, and in -1792 he was appointed director of the Mint. Died 1797, aged 64. - -Of the origin of the first great American scientist we get an -interesting amount of data from the pages of Pennypacker’s “The -Settlement of Germantown, Pa., and the Beginning of German Emigration -to North America.” According to this authority, his ancestor, William -Rittenhouse (Rittinghausen), was born in the year 1664, in the -principality of Broich, near the city of Muhlheim on the Ruhr, where -his brother Heinrich Nicholaus, and his mother, Maria Hagerhoffs, -were living in 1678. At this time he was a resident of Amsterdam. -We are told that his ancestors had long been manufacturers of paper -at Arnheim. However this may be, it is certain that this was the -business to which he was trained, because when he took the oath of -citizenship in Amsterdam, June 23, 1678, he was described as a paper -maker from Muhlheim. - -He emigrated to New York, but since there was no printing in that -city, and no opportunity, therefore, for carrying on his business of -making paper, in 1688, together with his sons, Gerhard and Klaus, and -his daughter Elizabeth, who subsequently married Heivert Papen, he -came to Germantown. There, in 1690, upon a little stream flowing into -the Wissahickon, he erected the first paper mill in America, an event -which must ever preserve his memory in the recollection of men. “He -was the founder of a family which in the person of David Rittenhouse, -the astronomer, philosopher and statesman, reached the very highest -intellectual rank.” - - “Here dwelt a printer, and I find - That he can both print books and bind; - He wants not paper, ink nor skill; - He’s owner of a paper mill.” - --John Holme, 1696. - - -=Roebling, John August.=--One of the greatest engineers and America’s -leading bridge builder. Among his famous achievements are the -Pennsylvania Canal Aqueduct, across the Alleghany River (1842), -Niagara Suspension Bridge (1852), the Cincinnati-Covington bridge, -with a span of 1,200 feet, and the famous Brooklyn Bridge across the -East River, completed by his son, Washington, upon the death of its -designer. Roebling was born June 12, 1806, at Muehlhausen, Thuringia, -and learned engineering at Erfurt and Berlin. - - -=Rassieur, Leo.=--The only German ever elected Commander of the G. A. -R. Served as major throughout the Civil War. - - -=Roosevelt, Col. Theodore.=--Ex-President Roosevelt’s early position -on the war has never been cleared up satisfactorily. For more than -two months after the outbreak of the war, August, 1914, he held that -we were not called upon to interfere on account of the invasion of -Belgium. During this time he was not only accounted neutral, but -rather friendly to the German side, as was generally understood. -He had been cordially received by the Kaiser, whom he allotted the -chief credit for his success in bringing about peace between Russia -and Japan, and during his term of President one of his most intimate -friends was Baron Speck von Sternburg, the German ambassador. He -was publicly charged by Mr. Andre Tardieu, the French editor, with -trying to influence the Algeciras convention of the powers to favor -Germany’s claims in Morocco, although, as M. Tardieu intimated in an -article, he must have known of the secret understanding between this -government and Great Britain. At all events, in the fall of 1914, -Col. Roosevelt wrote in the Outlook Magazine that we had no concern -with the invasion of Belgium. In September, 1914, the great war then -being in its second month, Col. Roosevelt wrote: - - It is certainly desirable that we should remain entirely - neutral, and nothing but urgent need would warrant breaking - our neutrality and taking sides one way or other. - -Still later Col. Roosevelt wrote: - - I am not passing judgment on Germany’s action.... I admire - and respect the German people. I am proud of the German - blood in my veins. When a nation feels that the issue - of a contest in which, from whatever reason, it finds - itself engaged will be national life or death, it is - inevitable that it should act so as to save itself from - death and to perpetuate its life.... What has been done in - Belgium has been done in accordance with what the Germans - unquestionably sincerely believed to be the course of - conduct necessitated by Germany’s struggle for life. - -Col. Roosevelt’s neutrality was a subject of newspaper comment, as -indicated by an article in the New York “Times” of September 14, -1914, headed: “Roosevelt Neutral--Confers with Oscar Straus Again, -Presumably about Mediation--Is the Kaiser’s Friend.” The lines -gave the import of a dispatch from Oyster Bay, Roosevelt’s place -of residence, and related that “Mr. Straus’s talks with Roosevelt, -coupled with the diplomatic activity of Mr. Straus in diplomatic -circles in Washington and New York, have given rise to rumors that -Roosevelt’s aid is being sought by those who are endeavoring to pave -the way for a settlement of the war.” - -The true import of Mr. Straus’s mission to Oyster Bay in September, -1914, has not yet been made public, though it precludes the -suggestion that it was to persuade Roosevelt to pave the way to a -settlement of the war, since Mr. Straus soon revealed himself as one -of the most active partisans of the Allies in America. It was within -a short time after that visit that Roosevelt reversed himself, and -from an avowed neutral became a pronounced militant in the cause -of the allied powers, denouncing the invasion of Belgium as an act -that compelled the United States legally and morally to take up arms -against Germany. Although his contention was persistently opposed by -papers like the New York “Sun” and “World,” which showed that the -article of the Hague convention which guaranteed the neutrality of -Belgium had never been signed by England or France, and therefore was -inoperative as to all other signatories. - -Col. Roosevelt’s view of the invasion seems to have been that of the -British government at the beginning. The official English White Book, -(edited September 28, 1914), Article 6 of the Preface, is contained -in “The Diplomatic History of the War,” by M. P. Price, p. vii -(“Great Britain and the European Crises”), Charles Scribner’s Sons. -It says: - - =Germany’s position must be understood. She has fulfilled - her treaty obligations in the past; her action now was not - wanton. Belgium was of supreme importance in a war with - France. If such a war occurred it would be one of life and - death. Germany feared that if she did not occupy Belgium, - France might do so. In the face of this suspicion there was - only one thing to do.= - -Col. Roosevelt’s ultimate extremely indignant attitude, in which he -identified himself with every form of violent anti-German invective -then current, even turning against his former most loyal supporters, -professed to be primarily based upon Germany’s invasion of Belgium; -yet had he lived a little longer he would have been apprised by -subsequent revelations that England, about 1886, offered to let -Germany invade Belgium in an attack on France. On November 7, 1914, -he wrote a long letter to Dr. Edmund von Mach, an extract from which -seems well placed here. He said: - - As regards all the great nations involved, I can perfectly - understand each feeling with the utmost sincerity that - its cause is just and its action demanded by vital - consideration.... I have German, French and English blood - in my veins. On the whole, I think that I admire Germany - more than any other nation, and most certainly it is the - nation from which I think the United States has most to - learn. On the whole, I think that of all the elements that - have come here during the past century, the Germans have on - the average represented the highest type. I do not say this - publicly, for I do not think it well to make comparisons - which may cause ill will among the various strains that - go to make up our population.... I should feel it a world - calamity if the German Empire were shattered or dismembered. - - -=Roosevelt and Taft Praise the Kaiser as an Agent of -Peace.=--Theodore Roosevelt in 1913: “The one man outside this -country from whom I obtained help in bringing about the Peace of -Portsmouth was His Majesty William II. From no other nation did I -receive any assistance, but the Emperor personally and through his -Ambassador in St. Petersburg, was of real aid in helping induce -Russia to face the accomplished fact and come to an agreement with -Japan. =This was a real help to the cause of international peace, a -contribution that outweighed any amount of mere talk about it in the -abstract.=” - -William H. Taft, 1913: “=The truth of history requires the verdict -that, considering the critically important part which has been his -among the nations, he has been, for the last quarter of a century, -the greatest single individual force in the practical maintenance of -peace in the world.=” - - -“=Scraps of Paper.=”--The frequency with which England has accused -us of the violation of solemn treaties was shown in a light not -flattering to the accuser by the late Major John Bigelow, U. S. A., -in his last book, “Breaches of Anglo-American Treaties” (Sturgis & -Walton Company). - -Only a few years ago, incidentally to the public discussion of the -Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, the United States was arraigned by the British -press as lacking in the sense of honor that holds a nation to its -promise. The “Saturday Review” could not expect “to find President -Taft acting like a gentleman.” “To imagine,” it said, “that American -politicians would be bound by any feeling of honor or respect for -treaties, if it would pay to violate them, was to delude ourselves. -The whole course of history proves this.” - -The London “Morning Post” charged the United States with various -infractions of the Treaty and said: “That is surely a record even -in American foreign policy; but the whole treatment of this matter -serves to remind us that we had a long series of similar incidents in -our relations with the United States. Americans might ask themselves -if it is really a good foreign policy to lower the value of their -written word in such a way as to make negotiations with other powers -difficult or impossible. The ultimate loss may be greater than the -immediate gain. There might come a time when the United States might -desire to establish a certain position by treaty, and might find -her past conduct a serious difficulty in the way.” More recently, -and presumably with more deliberation, a British author (Sir Harry -Johnston, “Common Sense in Foreign Policy,” p. 89), says: “Treaties, -in fact, only bind the United States as long as they are convenient. -They are not really worth the labor they entail or the paper they are -written on. It is well that this position should be realized, as it -may save a great deal of fuss and disappointment in the future.” - -The most remarkable chapter in the book deals with the Clayton-Bulwer -Treaty. Major Bigelow shows how the British Ambassador spirited -a spurious document into the files of the State Department. This -spurious document has had an important bearing on the interpretation -of our treaty with England affecting the Panama Canal. - - -=Schleswig-Holstein.=--The case of Schleswig-Holstein, though -one of the most complicated problems for statesmen of the last -century, is perfectly clear as to the vital factors involved. -Some centuries ago the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein--which may be -described as the original seat of the Anglo-Saxons who peopled -Britain--conquered Denmark and was proclaimed King of Denmark. As -Duke of Schleswig-Holstein the duchies became attached to the crown -of Denmark, but were never incorporated as parts of the Danish State. -The relationship was similar to that of the early Georges, who were -kings of Hanover, a distinctly German State, but which was never -considered belonging to Great Britain for all that. - -The two German duchies were given a charter that they were “one -and indivisible,” and this held good for centuries. Early in 1840, -a quarrel ensued between the government of Denmark and the German -duchies. King Frederick VII had no children; the succession was about -to descend to the female line of the family. The duchies protested. -Their charter provided distinctly for a male line of rulers, and they -would maintain their rights as well as the provision guaranteeing -their unity. Accordingly, they rejected (January 28, 1848) the -new constitution of the government embracing every section of the -monarchy and stood out for their constitutional guarantees. - -Underlying these constitutional questions was the stronger racial -impulse to be united with their kindred of Germany, where the -desire for national unity was making itself felt in revolutionary -demonstrations. The first note of discord in the German national -parliament was occasioned by the Schleswig-Holstein question. In -order to prevent the incorporation of the duchies in the Danish -State, the communities elected a provisional government and -appealed to the German parliament to be admitted into the German -confederation; at the same time the provisional government appealed -to the King of Prussia for aid. The same men who have been pronounced -the most ardent German revolutionists of 1848 were equally ardent in -their desire to rescue two sister States from being absorbed by a -government of alien blood and sympathy. - -The Prussian general, Wrangel, led a force into the duchies, drove -out the Danes and occupied Jutland. Before any further blows were -struck, Russia, England and Sweden intervened, and Prussia withdrew -her troops in accordance with an armistice provision signed August -26. All public measures proclaimed by the provisional government were -thereupon nullified, and a common government for the duchies was -created, partly by Denmark and partly by the German Confederation, -and the Schleswig troops were separated from those of Holstein. - -This decision was regarded in Schleswig-Holstein as a betrayal of -its cause and was never accepted by a considerable minority of the -German parliament. In 1849 revolt in the duchies broke out afresh, -and gained many adherents in Germany. A stadtholder was appointed -for the duchies, and an army composed of mixed German troops was -sent to support the revolutionists under command of Gen. Bonin. An -attack of the Danes at Eckernfoerde was repelled, the fortifications -of Duppel were taken by storm and Kolding was captured. But the -Schleswig-Holstein army was beaten by the Danes in a sortie from -Fredericia, and Prussia, again under pressure from Russia and -England, was compelled to abandon the Schleswig-Holsteiners and sign -the armistice of July 10, 1849, with Denmark. - -By this agreement Schleswig was abandoned to Denmark, but not -Holstein. The Schleswig-Holstein government, however, refused to -recognize this treaty of peace and placed a new army in the field -under General Willisen. It was defeated at Idstedt, and in conformity -with the treaty of Olmutz, Holstein was occupied by Austrian and -Prussian troops, while Schleswig was abandoned to the Danes, under -the London protocol, which recognized Prince Christian of Glucksberg -as the future king of the monarchy. - -This, however, did not dispose of the question. In 1863 King -Christian signed the new constitution which incorporated Schleswig -in the Danish State and separated it from Holstein, contrary to the -ancient charter of the two duchies. This action also conflicted with -the London protocol and vitiated the treaty as well for those who -signed it (Prussia and Austria) as for those who did not, the two -duchies and the German Confederation, in so far as the recognition -of King Christian as duke of Schleswig-Holstein was concerned. -The duchies thereupon declared for the Prince of Augustenburg as -their rightful ruler, who had been unjustly put aside in the London -protocol, and appealed to the German Confederation for help. - -In order to protect Holstein as part of the German Confederation, the -latter sent 12,000 Saxons and Hanoverians into the duchy. The Danes -fell back across the Eider river, and the Prince of Augustenburg, -proclaimed the rightful ruler, took up his residence in Kiel. Prussia -recognized King Christian, but with the distinct reservation that he -adhere to the London protocol and surrender his claim to Schleswig. -Under the belief that he would receive help from other sources, -King Christian rejected the offer, and Prussia, in conjunction -with Austria, decided to settle the Schleswig-Holstein question -in conformity with the wishes of its people, and German national -interests. This brought on the war of 1864, in which Denmark formally -renounced her claims to the two duchies. - -This brief summary goes to show that the popular notion that -Schleswig-Holstein was wrested from poor little Denmark by brutal -force against the will of the people is erroneous. McCarthy, in his -“History of Our Own Times,” says: “Put into plain words, the dispute -was between Denmark, which wanted to make the duchies Danish, and -Germany, which wanted to make them German. The arrangement which -bound them up with Denmark was purely diplomatic and artificial. -Any one who would look realities in the face must have seen that -some day or other the Germans would carry their point, and that the -principle of nationalities would have its way in that case as in so -many others.” This view was held by eminent English statesmen at that -time. McCarthy tells us that Lord Russell “had never countenanced or -encouraged any of the acts which tended to the enforced absorption of -the German population into the Danish system.” - -The people of the duchies fought for their own cause. When King -Frederick VII, in March, 1848, called the leaders of the Eider-Dane -party--the party which desired the Eider river to constitute the -dividing line between Denmark and Germany, thus converting Schleswig -into a Danish province and abandoning Holstein--to take the reins -of government, the issue was clearly drawn, and the result was -revolution. The troops joined the people; the revolution spread over -the provinces and the struggle for the ending of the Danish rule -began. A representative of the threatened duchies applied to the -Bundesrath at Frankfort and was seated. Volunteers from all parts -of Germany flocked to the northern border. Prussia was commissioned -to defend the German duchies, and Emerson, in his “History of the -Nineteenth Century Year by Year,” tells us that before Gen. Wrangel -could arrive to take command, “the untrained volunteer army of -Schleswig-Holsteiners suffered defeat at Bau, and a corps of students -from the University of Kiel was all but annihilated.” When Jutland -was occupied, the historian informs us, it was “in conjunction with -the volunteers of Schleswig-Holstein.” Again he says: “On July 5 the -Danes made a sortie from Fredericia and inflicted a crushing defeat -on the Schleswig-Holsteiners, capturing 28 guns and 1,500 prisoners.” -The loss was nearly 3,000 men in dead and wounded. - -Heine, one of the ministers of the present German government, -speaking at Tondern, Schleswig, during the fall of 1919, said: - - Here is the cradle of the purest Germanism. From here the - richest of German blood was transfused throughout our - fatherland. Fan-like, its streams coursed from West to - East. Here was laid the original foundation of the German - people. Here were born the men who have wrought great deeds - in German history. - -Among the distinguished men born in Schleswig-Holstein may be noted -von Weber, the great composer; Friedrich Hebbel, next to Goethe and -Schiller, Germany’s most famous dramatist; several distinguished -novelists and poets, such as Joachim Maehl, Gustav Frensen and -Emanuel Geibel, one of the most appealing of the German poets, who -sang: - - Wir wollen keine Danen sein; - Wir wollen Deutsche bleiben. - (We refuse to become Danes; - We intend to remain Germans.) - -The total Danish-speaking population of the German Empire in 1900, -according to the Encyclopedia Britannica, edition of 1910, was only -141,061, about 10,000 more than Paterson, N. J., representing in -part the irreconcilables along the Danish border, and it is proposed -to let this minority decide the fate of the northernmost duchy, -ostensibly under the plebiscite, but under a plebiscite of which the -Danish government itself entertained the most serious apprehensions, -for it repeatedly entered vigorous protests which were sent to -Versailles. This plebiscite is being exercised under the guns of -British warships. - -A dispatch of May 11 last, from Copenhagen, speaks of dissatisfaction -“reflected in the newspapers which declare the population of the -district is composed of Germans, whom Denmark does not desire, as -their presence within the country would lead to a future racial -conflict.” Although “entirely Germanized,” as one correspondent -expresses it, “the population possibly would vote to adhere to -Denmark to escape German taxation.” - -This is the sort of self-determination that is to determine the -future boundaries of the States adjacent to the new German republic. - - -=Submarine Sinkings of Enemy Merchant Ships.=--Without seeking to -pass final judgment on the question whether Germany was or was not -justified by the rules of war and considerations of humanity in -sinking merchant vessels by means of her submarines, it is important -to quote briefly what those who are considered authorities on the -subject have to say about it: - -New York “World,” March 21, 1919: “High officers of the British -Admiralty have justified the unrestricted use of the submarine by -Germany on the ground of military necessity.” - -The following characteristic communication of Admiral Fisher is -quoted in the London “Daily Herald” of October 18, from the London -“Times” of October 17, 1919: - -“On hearing of von Tirpitz’s dismissal I perpetrated the following -letter, which a newspaper contrived to print in one of its editions. -I can’t say why, but it didn’t appear any more, nor was it copied by -any other paper:” - - Dear old Tirps, - - We are both in the same boat! What a time we’ve been - colleagues, old boy! However, we did you in the eye over - the battle cruisers, and I know you’ve said you’ll never - forgive me for it when bang went the Blucher and von Spee - and all his host! - - Cheer up, old chap! Say “Resurgam!” You’re the one German - sailor who understands war! Kill your enemy without being - killed yourself. =I don’t blame you for the submarine - business.= I’d have done the same myself, only our idiots - in England wouldn’t believe it when I told ‘em. - - Well! So long! - - Yours till hell freezes, - FISHER. - 29/3/16. - -An interview with the former German Ambassador, Count Bernstorff, -which Hayden Talbot had in Berlin, as printed in the New York -“American” of October 26, 1919, casts an interesting sidelight on the -question. Count Bernstorff is quoted as follows: - - Do you know what Col. House told me one day? We had been - discussing the submarine issue. This was early in the war. - I had defended the German use of submarines on the ground - that it was our only possible method against the British - blockade, illegal and inhuman as it was. I had pointed out - that Great Britain had given the United States repeatedly - greater cause for declaring war than in 1812. - - “But we can’t declare war on England,” Col. House said. “A - war with England would be too unpopular in this country.” - -American vessels in the War of 1812 sank and destroyed 74 English -merchant ships under instructions to the commanders of our squadrons -“to destroy all or capture, unless in some extraordinary cases that -shall clearly warrant an exception.... Unless your prize should be -very valuable and near a friendly port it will be imprudent and -worse than useless to attempt to send them in.... A single cruiser -destroying every captured vessel has the capacity of continuing in -full vigor her destructive power.” This, we think, disposes of the -question involved whether a submarine should be required to abstain -from sinking a captured vessel of the enemy. - -Admiral Sir Perry Scott in the London “Times” of July 16, 1914, -justified the work of destruction of the submarines, and quoting -reports on the treatment of vessels which tried to break the blockade -of Charleston during the Civil War, said: “The blockading cruisers -seldom scrupled to fire on the ships which they were chasing or to -drive them aground and then overwhelm them with shell and shot after -they were ashore.” - - -=Schurz, Carl.=--The most distinguished German American, author, -diplomat, Union general, United States Senator, Cabinet officer and -founder of the Civil Service system. Born March 2, 1829, at Liblar, -near Cologne. Educated at Bonn. Participated in the Baden revolution, -and after the romantic rescue of Prof. Gottfried Kinkel from Spandau, -he and his old instructor escaped to London, and in 1853 came to -Philadelphia with his wife. Later moved to Watertown, Wisconsin, -completed his law studies at the State University at Madison, and was -admitted to practice. - -His eloquent speeches in the campaign of 1857 made him the leader -of the German Americans. At twenty-eight he became a candidate for -vice-governor and came within 107 votes of election. In 1858 he -delivered his famous speech in English, “The Irrepressible Conflict,” -and stumped Illinois to send Lincoln to the Senate against Douglas. -In the Republican Convention of 1860 at Chicago he led the Wisconsin -delegation in nominating Lincoln for President and stumped the -country for his election. - -Schurz was sent to Madrid as American Minister, but resigned and -entered the Union army, rising to rank of major general. After the -war he was elected to the United States Senate (1869) from Missouri. -After a temporary estrangement from the Republican Party he supported -General Hayes for President in the campaign of 1876, and was -appointed Secretary of the Interior; in this office he introduced -many reforms which have been adopted. Later he became editor of the -New York “Evening Post,” and associate editor of “Harper’s Weekly,” -then the leading periodical in America. His “Life of Henry Clay” -is one of the standard books of American biographies. After the -Spanish American War he was bitterly assailed for his uncompromising -hostility to the policy of expansion, the acquisition of colonies, -etc. He died May 14, 1906, in New York City, rated one of the -greatest political thinkers and statesmen. - -A strong misconception has been created with regard to Schurz and the -German revolutionists who came to the United States in 1848 as to the -cause of their grievance. It is generally represented that they were -fighting to establish a German republic, whereas the truth is, they -were primarily fighting for German unity. The facts are contained in -“The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz,” Vol. I, Chap. XIV, p. 405: - - The German revolutionists of 1848 ... fought for German - unity and free government, and were defeated mainly by - Prussian bayonets. Then came years of stupid political - reaction and national humiliation, in which all that the - men of 1848 had stood for seemed utterly lost. Then a - change. Frederick William IV, who more than any man of his - time had cherished a mystic belief in the special divine - inspiration of kings--Frederick William IV fell insane - and had to drop the reins of government. The Prince of - Prussia, whom the revolutionists of 1848 had regarded as - the bitterest and most uncompromising enemy of their cause, - followed him, first as regent, then as king--destined to - become the first Emperor of the new German empire. He - called Bismarck to his side as prime minister--Bismarck who - originally had been the sternest spokesman of absolutism - and the most ardent foe of the revolution. And then German - unity with a national parliament was won, not through a - revolutionary uprising, but through monarchical action and - foreign wars. - - Thus, if not all, yet a great and important part of the - objects struggled for by the German revolutionists of 1848, - was accomplished--much later, indeed, and less peaceably, - and less completely than they had wished, and through the - instrumentality of persons and forces originally hostile to - them, but producing new conditions which promise to develop - for the united Germany political forms and institutions of - government much nearer the ideals of 1848 than those now - (1852) existing. And many thoughtful men now frequently ask - the question--and a very pertinent question it is--whether - all these things would have been possible had not the great - national awakening of the year 1848 prepared the way for - them. But in the summer of 1852 the future lay before us in - a gloomy cloud. Louis Napoleon seemed firmly seated on the - neck of his submissive people. The British government under - Lord Palmerston shook hands with him. All over the European - continent the reaction from the liberal movements of the - last four years celebrated triumphant orgies. How long it - would prove irresistible nobody could tell. That some of - its very champions would themselves become the leaders of - the national spirit in Germany even the most sanguine would - in 1851 not have ventured to anticipate. - -We think this extract speaks for itself and needs no comment. The -chief aim of the revolutionists was to see Germany unified, and -Schurz is not remiss in expressing his esteem for the “leaders of -the national spirit in Germany” who had once been the champions of -reaction. - - -=Scheffauer, Herman George.=--One of the foremost American poets, -translators, and dramatists, born in San Francisco 1878, traveled in -Europe and Africa and spent two years in London. Author of “Of Both -Worlds” (poems); “Looms of Life” (poems); “Sons of Baldur,” forest -play; “Masque of the Elements,” “Drake in California,” “The New -Shylock,” a play. Translator of Heine’s “Atta Troll” and “The Woman -Problem,” both from the German. - - -=Schell, Johann Christian and His Wife.=--One of the most inspiring -stories of the Revolutionary war centers around this brave Palatine -couple and their six sons, who tenanted a lonely cabin three miles -northeast of the town of Herkimer, N. Y., and who in August, -1781, while at work in the fields were attacked by 16 Tories and -48 Indians. The marauders captured two of the younger boys, the -remainder of the family gaining the shelter of the cabin. Here they -successfully defended their home all day. With dusk the chief of the -raiders, Capt. McDonald, succeeded in evading the vigilance of the -defenders and to reach the door, which he tried to pry open with a -lever. A shot struck him in the leg, and before he could effect his -escape Schell opened the door and dragged the wounded man inside, -where he held him as a hostage against the attempt to fire the house. -The defenders now awaited the next move of the enemy and burst into -singing Luther’s famous battle hymn of the Reformation, “Eine Feste -Burg ist unser Gott.” In the midst of the song the attacking party -rushed toward the house, gained the walls so that they were able to -thrust their guns through the loopholes to fire at those within. -Quick as thought Mrs. Schell seized an axe and beat upon the gun -barrels until they were useless, while the men directed their fire so -well that the miscreants were driven to flight, leaving eleven dead -and twelve seriously wounded on the field. - - -=Schley, Winfield Scott.=--American admiral who conquered Cervera’s -Spanish Squadron in Santiago Bay during the Spanish-American war, -was descended from Thomas Schley, who immigrated into Maryland in -1735 at the head of 100 German Palatines and German Swiss families. -Founded Friedrichstadt, afterwards Frederickstown, Md. Thomas Schley -was a schoolmaster, and Pastor Schlatter of St. Gall, in the story -of his travels (1746-51), wrote: “It is a great advantage of this -congregation that it has the best schoolmaster whom I have met -in America.” Admiral Schley graduated from the Naval Academy and -participated immediately upon his leaving the Academy in numerous -naval engagements during the Civil War. He was then attached to -various squadrons and distinguished himself during the Corean -Revolution in the bombardment of the forts. - -When the Greeley North Pole expedition was practically given up -for lost Captain Schley one day modestly presented himself to -Secretary of the Navy Chandler and said: “Mr. Secretary, I realize -that by rank I am not entitled to the honor of commanding a relief -expedition, but, seeing that no volunteers have offered themselves -for such command, I want to offer my services in order that it may -not be said that the navy was found wanting.” Schley’s manner made a -strong impression on the Secretary, and in a short time he received -orders to head an expedition. The relief of Lieutenant Greeley by -Schley when the exploring expedition was practically down to a few -starving survivors forms one of the heroic chapters in the history -of the American navy. Schley’s rapid rise and success at Santiago, -together with his popularity with the rank and file of the navy, -raised a cabal against him among the bureaucrats, and he was brought -to trial for his manouvering of the Brooklyn in the Santiago battle. -Cervera, the Spanish commander, when taken prisoner, attributed the -failure of the Spanish squadron to escape to the famous “loop” of -the Brooklyn, but a court martial found a contrary verdict. Admiral -Dewey dissented. The verdict had no perceptible effect on Schley’s -popularity, and the American people give him unqualified credit for -the battle. - - -=Steinmetz, Charles P.=--One of the greatest scholars and scientists -in the electrical field of today, Chief Consulting Engineer of the -General Electric Company, and professor of electro-physics at Union -College; Socialist president of the City Council and president Board -of Education of Schenectady. Intimate associate and collaborator of -Thomas A. Edison, and to whose genius many of the most important -developments in electrical science are due. A native of Breslau, -Germany; born April 9, 1865. - -The New York “Times” of March 12, 1916, says: “Everybody knows -that applied industrial chemistry would be a comparatively barren -thing if everything that had come to it as the result of this man’s -research should be taken away.” Fled Germany to escape prosecution -for his Socialist writings. Came over in the steerage and worked -as a draughtsman at $2 a day. In the “Times” he was quoted as -having buried all resentment for his experience of thirty years -ago. “Germany,” he said, “is so different now. I would not know -the country if I went back to it. When I left it was merely an -agricultural country. Now it is the greatest industrial country in -the world.” - - -=Sauer, Christopher.=--The first to print a book (the Bible) in -a foreign tongue (German) on American soil; famous printer and -publisher of German and American books. Born in Germany, arrived in -the Colonies in the fall of 1724, settling in Germantown. Published -the first newspaper in the German language, “Der Hochdeutsche -Pennsylvanische Geschichts Schreiber, oder Sammlung Wichitiger -Nachrichten aus dem Natur und Kirchen Reich.” His magnificent quarto -edition of the Bible, issued in 1743, after three years of endless -toil, has never, in completeness and execution, been excelled in -this country. He died in September, 1758, leaving an only son, -also named Christopher, who continued his father’s business but -gave it additional importance by employing two or three mills in -manufacturing paper, casting his own type, making his own printers’ -ink and engraving his own woodcuts as well as binding his own books, -many of which passed through five or six editions. (Simpson’s “Lives -of Eminent Philadelphians.”) - - -=Starving Germany.=--(Lord Courtney in Manchester “Guardian”)--“The -attempt of England to starve Germany is a violation of the -Declaration of London and a brutal offense against humanity. For -these two reasons--if not for many others--it is a dishonorable -proceeding.” (Dispatch of March 21, 1915.) - -The silent policy of starving people into subjection is eloquently -shown in the history of Ireland, of India, of the South African -republics and of the Central Powers, and, strangely, the one country -that has achieved this distinction is England. - -We said that the blockade of Germany was “illegal, ineffective and -indefensible,” but Sir Robert Cecil about the same time declared -that England and the United States had an understanding, and he -boasted that “we have our hands at the throat of Germany” and -scorned the suggestion to relax a grip that meant the starvation -of women, children and the aged. Germany was told to give up her -U-boat sinking of merchant ships and answered that she had no other -weapon to make England take her grip off the German throat, and -when she was forced to surrender, the full magnitude of the policy -of starving non-combatants was revealed. The picture is presented -in the uncolored official statements of unprejudiced observers. The -Stockholm “Tidningen” of March 29, 1919: - - The Swedish Red Cross delegates sent to Germany in order - to make arrangements for getting over to Sweden underfed - German children have now returned to Stockholm. The first - transport will contain 500 Berlin children. - - The delegates describe the want in Germany as appalling. - During the revolution days =nothing at all could be got for - the babies in some places except hot water, and many died, - but this was nothing unusual in Berlin=. The children were - underfed, feeble and rachitic everywhere. Often children - four or five years old were unable to walk. In many places - the schools had had to be closed because of the general - want. =Tuberculosis has increased by 60 per cent.= Because - of this older children than at first proposed must be - sent to Sweden.... There are also negotiations going on - regarding children from the other famishing countries. The - German Government has promised to transport the Belgian - children free of charge from Belgium to Sassnitz. - - The interest in Sweden for the war children is immense. - One thousand five hundred invitations have already been - made from single peasants’ homes, and about £3,000 has been - collected, mostly in small contributions from the poorer - classes. Thus willingness to sacrifice is great, but, of - course, much more money is still needed. - -Henry Nevison, an eminent journalist, recently presented in the -London “Daily News” a tragic description of what he saw in the -hospitals of Cologne: “Although I have seen many horrible things,” -he writes, “I have seen nothing so pitiful as these rows of babies, -feverish from want of food, exhausted by privations to the point that -their little limbs were slender wands, their expressions hopeless and -their eyes full of pain.”--“The Nation.” - - Prof. Johansson, of the Neutral Commission, who visited - Germany in January, reports: “About 1,600,000 people were - killed in the war, but almost half this number, or rather - =700,000, fell victims to the food shortage produced by the - blockade=. The population has decreased in an unprecedented - degree by reason of the declining birth-rate. At the - present moment Germany has 4,000,000 fewer children than in - normal pre-war times.”--“Dagens Nyheter,” Stockholm, Lib., - March 30, 1919. - - Dr. Rubner writes in the “German Medical Weekly” on the - effects of the blockade. He gives the figures of deaths of - army and civil population since 1914 as: - - Army, all causes, 1,621,000. - - Civil population, through blockade, 763,000, of which - 260,000 is for 1917 and 294,000 to the end of 1918. He - comes to the conclusion that even now any improvement in - the condition, as regards nourishment of the German people, - will be possible only in a very partial degree; above - all, capacity for work will not increase to the needed - extent.--“Vorwaerts,” April 11, 1919. - - In a report made by five doctors of neutral lands, Swedish, - Norwegian and Dutch, dated April 11, 1919, after they had - collected information in Berlin, Halle and Dresden, they - say: “The food concessions under the Brussels agreement are - altogether inadequate. The most they do is to maintain the - present necessitous food conditions.... Immediate help is - necessary. Every day of delay risks immeasurable injury not - only to the whole of Europe, but to the whole world.” - -Evidence of the same import is furnished by Jane Adams and charitable -English persons, and the liberal periodicals, as distinct from the -daily newspapers, have printed columns showing the terrible ravages -of an illegal and indefensible blockade which inflicted the horrors -of war upon the feeble and helpless, those recognized by the laws -of nations and humanity as entitled to protection when not within -the sphere of military operations and in no way responsible for or -contributing to them. - -The armistice was signed November 11, 1918, but so relentless was the -English policy of crushing the German people that Winston Churchill, -on March 3, 1919, declared in the House of Commons: “We are enforcing -the blockade with rigor.... This weapon of starvation falls mainly -upon the women and children, upon the old, the weak, and the poor, -after all the fighting has stopped.” (“The Nation,” June 21, 1919; p. -980.) - -The appalling heartlessness which, not content with inflicting -starvation on a whole nation--for we will not mention Austria in this -connection--designed to add to its horrors still added injuries, is -exposed in the terms of the treaty, by which the German people were -required to give up 140,000 milch cows and other livestock. Witness -the following Associated Press dispatch: - - Paris, July 24 (Associated Press).--Germany will have to - surrender to France 500 stallions, 3,000 fillies, =90,000 - milch cows=, 100,000 sheep and 10,000 goats, according to a - report made yesterday before the French Peace Commission, - sitting under the presidency of Rene Viviani, by M. Dubois, - economic expert for the commission, in commenting on the - peace treaty clauses. - - Two hundred stallions, 5,000 mares, 5,000 fillies, =50,000 - cows, and 40,000 heifers=, also are to go to Belgium from - Germany. The deliveries are to be made monthly during a - period of three months until completed. - -A total of 140,000 milch cows! Forty thousand heifers! To be -surrendered by a country in which little children were dying for lack -of milk, and babies were brought into the world blind because of the -starved conditions of the mothers! - - -=Steuben, Baron Frederick William von.=--Major General in the -Revolutionary army. Descended from an old noble and military family -of Prussia. Entered the service of Frederick the Great as a youth, -and fought with distinction in the bloodiest engagements of the -Seven Years War, being latterly attached to the personal staff of -the great King. After the war, was persuaded by friends of the -American Colonies and admirers of his ability in France to offer his -services to Congress, and on September 26, 1777, set sail aboard -the twenty-four gun ship “l’Heureaux” at Marseilles, arriving at -Portsmouth, N. H., December 1, 1777. - -Found the American army full of spirit and patriotism, but badly -disciplined, and was appointed Inspector General. Wrote the first -book of military instruction in America, which was approved by -General Washington, authorized by Congress and used in the drilling -of the troops. Distinguished himself especially in perfecting the -light infantry, his method being subsequently copied by several -European armies and by Lord Cornwallis himself during the Revolution. - -With General DeKalb and other foreign-born officers he encountered -much opposition and annoyance from native officers on account of -jealousy and prejudice, and though supported by General Washington, -Hamilton and other influential men, had difficulty in obtaining from -Congress what he was legally entitled to claim, not as a reward for -his conspicuous services, but to enable him to support life. When -threatening to take his discharge, Washington sought to dissuade -him on the ground that his service was well-nigh indispensable to -the cause of the colonists, and in justifying a memorandum of sums -advanced to Steuben in excess of the $2,000 per annum promised him, -the commander-in-chief wrote to Congress: - -“It is reasonable that a man devoting his time and service to the -public--and by general consent a very useful one--should at least -have his expenses borne. His established pay is certainly altogether -inadequate to this,” showing that Steuben was not actuated by -mercenary motives in serving the Colonists. - -“Your intention of quitting us,” wrote Col. Benjamin Walker, March -10, 1780, to Steuben, “cannot but give me much concern, both as an -individual and as a member of the Commonwealth, convinced as I am -of the necessity of your presence to the existence of order and -discipline in the army. I cannot but dread the moment when such event -shall take place, for much am I afraid we should again fall into that -state of absolute negligence and disorder from which you have in some -manner drawn us.” - -It was Steuben who taught the Americans the value of bayonet -fighting. The engagement at Stony Point proved the value of the -bayonet as an arm. Previous to this time Steuben preached in vain on -the usefulness of this weapon. The soldiers had no faith in it. But -when Stony Point Fort was captured without firing a shot and when, -the next day, Steuben with General Washington appeared on the scene, -“Steuben was surrounded by all his young soldiers and they assured -him unanimously that they would take care for the future not to lose -their bayonets, nor roast beefsteaks with them, as they used to do.” - -By his personal kindness and popularity Steuben was able to bring -about marked reforms, and to convert the forces from untrained -volunteers with no sense of order into a well-disciplined army which -enabled Washington to win some of his chief battles. Speaking on a -resolution before Congress to pay Steuben the sum of $2,700 due him, -a member, Mr. Page, cited as proof of the efficiency which had been -inculcated into the army by the distinguished German-American, an -interesting incident in the following words: - -“I was told that when the Marquis de Lafayette, with a detachment -under his command, was in danger of being cut off on his return to -the army, and the commander-in-chief was determined to support that -valuable officer, the whole army was under arms and ready to march -in less than fifteen minutes from the time the signal was given.” In -the end Steuben was presented by Congress with a gold-hilted sword as -a high expression of its sense of his military talents, services and -character, and a large tract of land in New York State was given him -on which to live in his old age. - -At the battle of Yorktown Steuben was so fortunate as to receive -the first overtures of Lord Cornwallis. “At the relieving hour next -morning,” relates North, “the Marquis de Lafayette approached with -his division; the baron refused to be relieved, assigning as a reason -the etiquette in Europe; that the offer to capitulate had been made -during his guard, and that it was a point of honor, of which he -would not deprive his troops, to remain in the trenches till the -capitulation was signed, or hostilities recommenced. The dispute was -referred by Lafayette to the commander-in-chief; but Steuben remained -until the British flag was struck.” - - Illustration: GENERAL VON STEUBEN - Drillmaster of the American Revolutionary Armies. - -Steuben died in the night of November 25, 1794, on his farm, highly -respected throughout the State and reverenced by the distinguished -men of his time as well as by the German population, having served as -president of the German Society of New York. When in 1824 Lafayette -visited the United States the inhabitants of Oneida County collected -money for erecting a monument over Steuben’s grave. They invited -Lafayette to dedicate the monument, but he refused to accede to their -request, excusing himself under some shallow pretext. (“Life of -Steuben,” by Friedrich Kapp.) - -That Steuben had no mercenary motives in coming to America, is proved -by his letter to Congress. He wrote: - -“The honor of serving a nation engaged in defending its rights and -liberties was the only motive that brought me to this continent. I -asked neither riches nor titles. I came here from the remotest end of -Germany at my own expense and have given up honorable and lucrative -rank. I have made no condition with your deputies in France, nor -shall I make any with you. My own ambition is to serve you as a -volunteer, to deserve the confidence of your general-in-chief, and -to follow him in all his operations, as I have done during the seven -campaigns with the King of Prussia.... I should willingly purchase at -the expense of my blood the honor of having my name enrolled among -those of the defenders of your liberty.” - -Washington’s appreciation of Steuben is finally and irrevocably -attested in the following letter dated Annapolis, December 23, 1783: - - “My dear Baron! Although I have taken frequent - opportunities, both in public and private, of acknowledging - your zeal, attention and abilities in performing the duties - of your office, yet I wish to make use of this last moment - of my public life to signify in the strongest terms my - entire approbation of your conduct, and to express my sense - of the obligations the public is under to you for your - faithful and meritorious service. - - “I beg you will be convinced, my dear Sir, that I should - rejoice if it could ever be in my power to serve you - more essentially than by expressions of regard and - affection. But in the meantime I am persuaded you will - not be displeased with this farewell token of my sincere - friendship and esteem for you. - - “This is the last letter I shall ever write while I - continue in the service of my country. The hour of my - resignation is fixed at twelve this day, after which I - shall become a private citizen on the banks of the Potomac, - where I shall be glad to embrace you, and testify the great - esteem and consideration, with which I am, my dear Baron, - your most obedient and affectionate servant. - - “GEORGE WASHINGTON.” - -A superb monument of General von Steuben by Albert Jaegers now -occupies one of the corners of the square opposite the White House in -Washington. - -Along with the splendid tribute to the American spirit of patriotism -and unselfish devotion of Steuben, it seems fit and timely to add -here the “creed” which was adopted by the officers of the American -army at Verplanck’s Point, in 1782: - - We believe that there is a great First Cause, by whose - almighty fiat we were formed; and that our business here is - to obey the orders of our superiors. We believe that every - soldier who does his duty will be happy here, and that - every such one who dies in battle, will be happy hereafter. - We believe that General Washington is the only fit man - in the world to head the American army. We believe that - Nathaniel Green was born a general. We believe that the - evacuation of Ticonderoga was one of those strokes which - stamp the man who dares to strike them, with everlasting - fame. =We believe that Baron Steuben has made us soldiers, - and that he is capable of forming the whole world into - a solid column, and displaying it from the center.= We - believe in his blue book. We believe in General Knox and - his artillery. And we believe in our bayonets. Amen. - -The gratitude of the American people, many years after Steuben’s -death, was solemnly attested by Congress in dedicating a monument to -his memory at Pottsdam, with the inscription: - - To the German Emperor and the German People: - This replica of the monument to the Memory of - General Friedrich Wilhelm August von Steuben. - - Born in Magdeburg, 1730; died in the State of New York, 1794. - Is dedicated by the Congress of the United States as a Token - of Uninterrupted Friendship. - - Erected in Washington in Grateful Appreciation of his Services - in the War of Independence of the American People. - - -=Sulphur King, Herman Frasch.=--Inventor of the method of pumping up -sulphur from its deposits, known as the water process, patented in -1891, which made available the large sulphur deposits in southern -Louisiana and other places, which had puzzled engineers for years. -Frasch came originally from Germany in the steerage, obtained work -sweeping out a retail drug store, became a clerk and finally was -graduated from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. He joined the -Standard Oil Company, and in prospecting for oil came upon abandoned -sulphur workings. The deposits were covered with quicksands which -had caused the death of several men, they exhaled noxious gases and -the attempts to mine them were called a failure. Frasch bought them -for a song on his own account, and began sinking his own perforated -pipes through which he forced steam and hot water from a battery -of boilers which he had rigged up. Frasch became a millionaire and -revolutionized sulphur mining in Sicily. - - -=Sutter, the Romance of the California Pioneer.=--The romance of -American colonization contains no chapter more absorbing than that -of the winning of the West. A poetic veil has been cast about the -California gold excitement and the rugged pioneers of the gulch, by -Bret Harte, Joaquin Miller and Mark Twain; but few historians have -thought it worth their pain to uncover the romance of the original -pioneer of California on whose land was found the first gold that -formed the lodestone of attraction for the millions that swept -westward on the tide of empire. - -Against the historic background of the settlement of the Pacific -Coast stands out in luminous outlines the figure of Capt. John August -Sutter. Where another German, John Jacob Astor, had failed--that of -founding an American colony on the Pacific--he succeeded, even before -California, taken from Mexico as a result of the war of 1846, became -a State of the Union in 1850. His career is an inspiration to his -fellow racials wherever German veins tingle to the thrill of American -achievement. - -Born 1803 at Kandern, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Sutter received -an excellent education, graduated from the cadet school at Thun and, -after serving as an officer in the Swiss army and acquiring Swiss -citizenship, he came to the United States in 1834. He first wandered -to St. Louis, then the outfitting point for the Santa Fe trail and -center of the fur trade. Here Sutter joined an expedition to Santa -Fe and returned to St. Louis with a substantial profit. His next -trip was undertaken with an American fur expedition and, crossing -the Rocky Mountains, he reached Vancouver, the headquarters of the -Hudson Bay Fur Company on the Pacific, in September, 1838. After a -visit to the Sandwich Islands and to Sitka, Alaska, he arrived in -Monterey, California, in 1839, and determined to put into execution -a long-cherished plan of founding a colony on the Sacramento River. -Selecting a spot 120 miles northeast of San Francisco, which had been -highly recommended to him by trappers, he formed the settlement, New -Switzerland, upon a strip of land which he had acquired on favorable -terms from the Spanish governor, Alvarado. Here, of strong walls -and bastions, he built Fort Sutter and armed it with twelve cannon. -He then offered inducements to settlers to join him, broke several -hundred acres of land, built a tannery, a mill and a distillery, -fenced in a large area of grazing land between the Sacramento and -Feather rivers, employed Indians as herders and laborers and placed -them under Mexican, American and German overseers. About 1840 his -livestock consisted of 20,000 head of horses, cattle and sheep. - -Fort Sutter soon attracted a desirable class of settlers, many of -them mechanics, who found ready employment here, as well as hunters -and trappers, who came to exchange furs for supplies of food, of -clothes and of powder and lead. Having complied with the terms of his -agreement, he was given title to the Alvarado grant and was appointed -by the governor the official representative of the Mexican government -for the northern part of California. - -In the Mexican civil war between Santa Anna and the constitutional -president, Bustamento, he cast his lot with Santa Anna’s governor, -Manuel Micheltorena, and in 1845 received from the latter for his -services the Sobranta grant. There was almost a daily increase of his -land and pastures. His fort became too small. In 1844 he laid out the -town of Sutterville on the Sacramento River, which latterly took the -name of Sacramento. In 1848 he established vineyards on his property, -the first north of Sonoma. His wheat crop is estimated at 40,000 -bushels for various years, while his large commercial and industrial -enterprises promised him a steady increase of a fortune, even then -estimated at millions. His fortune seems to have reached its apex in -1846. - -Immigration into California was steadily increasing; the old -antipathy of the Spaniards and Indians against Mexico was stimulated -into new life; Major Fremont, the Pathfinder, visited Fort Sutter, -and encouraged by him, Sutter in the spring of 1846 declared his -independence and on July 11 of that year hoisted the Stars and -Stripes over his fort. - -Once before the flag had been raised by a German on the Pacific -Coast, at Astoria by Astor in 1811. It was not suffered to remain -there permanently, but this time it was destined not to be hauled -down again. The war between Mexico and the United States broke out. -Commodore Stockton appeared with an American squadron, soldiers -of the Union began their invasion (see “Quitman,” elsewhere), and -California became a territory of the United States. Sutter was now -destined to experience that life is uncertain and fortune is fickle. - -In January, 1848, Sutter was about to build a mill on the American -River, a tributary of the Sacramento, and, in digging the foundation, -J. W. Marshall, an agent of Sutter’s, discovered gold. Despite the -efforts of Sutter to keep the discovery secret for a while until -his mill was completed and his fields were put in order, the news -circulated with the speed of the wind. The magic word had been -spoken, and thence on no man thought of anything but gold. The -irresistible rush was on; a tide of humanity swept on to wash gold -and dig up the mountain sides farther up. Wages rose beyond all -reason, so that it was impossible to continue farming and industry, -since there were no hands to do the work. Titles were worthless. -Thousands of adventurers squatted on Sutter’s land. Countless law -suits had to be instituted, and Sutter’s property was soon covered -with mortgages. In the end the supreme court confirmed his title to -the Alvarado grant while declaring null and void that of the much -larger grant from Micheltorena. Other misfortunes came apace and -presently Sutter saw his great fortune swept away. The State of -California granted him an annuity of $3,000 for seven years in lieu -of taxes paid by him on American federal-owned property which was -immune from tax. - -In the year 1865 Sutter turned his back upon California and went to -Pennsylvania, where he died poor at Litiz. But he was not forgotten. -His name was given to rivers, towns and counties and the room of the -legislative assembly was decorated with his portrait. He had been -elected major general of the State militia and in 1849 he was made a -member of the convention to adopt a constitution. In this capacity -he was active in securing the passage of measures declaring for the -abolition of slavery. - -Sutter was naturally generous, hospitable and broad-minded, with -a strong adjunct of courage, shrewdness and enterprise in great -conceptions. A memorial speech delivered by Edward J. Kewen on -the occasion of a banquet of the Society of California Pioneers, -September 9, 1854, concludes with the following tribute: - - In the cycle of the coming years historians will write of - the founding and settlement of this western State, and - when they shall dwell upon the virtues, the hardships, the - sufferings and courage, the fearlessness which has brought - all this about; when they describe the mighty impulse - which this commonwealth has exercised upon the progress of - free government and the development of the principles of - liberty, and when they shall adorn the annals with the name - of the founders of its fame, no name will illuminate their - records with more brilliant light than that of the immortal - Sutter--the noble example of the California pioneers. - - -“=Swordmaker of the Confederacy.=”--Louis Haiman, born in Colmar, -Prussia, who came to the United States at a tender age with his -family and was brought to Columbus, Georgia, then a small village. -At the outbreak of the Civil War Haiman was following the trade of -a tinner. “His work,” according to the Atlanta “Constitution,” was -successful, “and in 1861 he opened a sword factory to supply the -Confederacy a weapon that the South at the time had poor facilities -for making. Such was Haiman’s success that in a year’s time his -factory covered a block in the town of Columbus and was the most -extensive business in the place. The first sword made by Haiman was -presented to Col. Peyton H. Colquitt, and was one of the handsomest -in all the Southern army. It was inlaid with gold, and was constantly -used by Colonel Colquitt up to the time of his death. After that -Haiman made swords for the officers of the Confederate army, and -his first order came from Captain Wagner, in charge of the arsenal -at Montgomery, Ala. Later on, to supply the needs of the troops in -Southern Georgia and Alabama, he added a manufactory of firearms and -accoutrements to his establishment. When the Federal army occupied -Georgia Haiman’s property was confiscated and turned into a federal -arsenal. General Wilson, commander of the army of occupation, -proposed to restore to Haiman his property if he would take the oath -of allegiance to the Federal authority, but Haiman’s unswerving -loyalty to the cause of the South would not for a moment allow him -to brook such a suggestion, and with the departure of the troops his -factory was razed to the ground. His swords came to be famous in -the ranks of the Confederacy, and their temper and durability have -often called to mind the supreme test of swords related in ‘Ivanhoe’ -between the leaders of Christendom and heathendom, Richard Coeur de -Lion and Saladin. After the war, with the resources left him, he -entered business at Columbus, that of manufacturing plows.” - - -=Tolstoy on American Liberty.=--Although Nicholas Murray Butler, -President of Columbia University, New York City, never surrendered -the decoration bestowed upon him by the Kaiser, and though he had -delivered sundry sound scoldings to England for her professed fears -of German aggression, in the days before the war, his name stands out -conspicuously among a considerable number of heads of colleges for -the suppression of free speech and liberty of conscience in regard to -the war. A number of the professors, several of international fame, -were compelled to resign under the pressure exercised from above, and -Columbia became known for its spirit of intolerance. Among those who -felt this was Count Ilya Tolstoy, son of the famous Russian author -and philosopher, himself a man of distinction in those fields. - -In February, 1917, even before we entered the war, Tolstoy’s -engagement to deliver a lecture at a meeting of the International -Club in the assembly room of Philosophy Hall, Columbia University, -was summarily cancelled, although he had delivered the same lecture -without molestation at Princeton a few days before. In an interview -the distinguished savant said: - -“The action of Columbia University was no insult to me. It was an -insult to the vaunted institution of free speech in this country. I -shall go back to Russia and tell them the story. I shall tell them -how New York prevented me from giving the lecture I gave before -thousands in Moscow. They will be astonished. My countrymen have -made your heralded freedom of speech a shibboleth of liberty--in our -land.... It matters little. I am surprised, but not hurt. Only I have -learned that Russia has much more freedom from personal prejudice, in -many ways, than this country has.”--New York “American,” February 12, -1917. - - -=Commercial Treaty with Germany and How it Was Observed.=--One of the -most humane and liberal treaties in the history of nations was that -entered into between the United States and Prussia in 1799. It was -renewed in 1828 and became the treaty governing the relations between -Germany and ourselves in 1871 on the establishment of the German -Empire. - -This treaty was in force in 1917 when we entered the war. Some high -eulogiums have been passed upon this treaty, which was signed by -Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and John Quincy Adams, and, in -1828, by Henry Clay, on the part of the United States, and by the -authorized representative of Frederick the Great, on the other. In -his comments on this treaty, Theodore Lyman, Jr., a writer with a -strong Tory tendency and chary of praise as regards Prussia, makes -the following observations in his “The Diplomacy of the United -States” (1828): - - This treaty, which has been called a beautiful abstraction, - is remarkable for the provisions which it contains: - Blockades of every description were abolished--the flag - covered the property--contrabands were exempted from - confiscation, though they might be employed for the use - of the captor on payment of their full value. This, we - believe, is the only treaty ever made by America in which - contrabands were not subject to confiscation, nor are we - aware that any other modern treaty contains this remarkable - provision. We are probably indebted to Dr. Franklin for the - articles. - -It received an even higher endorsement in a message to Congress, -dated March 15, 1826, by President John Quincy Adams, who said: - - They (the three American commissioners) met and resided for - that purpose about one year in Paris and the only result - of their negotiations at that time was the first treaty - between the United States and Prussia--memorable in the - diplomatic history of the world and precious as a monument - of the principles, in relation to commerce and maritime - warfare with which our country entered upon her career as - a member of the great family of independent nations.... - At that time in the infancy of their political existence, - under the influence of those principles of liberty and - of right so congenial to the cause in which they had - just fought and triumphed, =they were able to obtain the - sanction of but one great and philosophical though absolute - sovereign in Europe (Frederick the Great) to their liberal - and enlightened principles. They could obtain no more.= - -The two principal provisions of the treaty of 1799-1828 follow: - - Article XII: - - And it is declared, that neither the pretense that war - dissolves all treaties, nor any other whatever, shall be - considered as annulling or suspending this and the next - preceding article; but, on the contrary, that the state - of war is precisely that for which they are provided, and - during which they are to be as sacredly observed as the - most acknowledged articles in the law of nature and nations. - - Article XXIII provides as follows: - - If war should arise between the two contracting parties, - the merchants of either country then residing in the other - shall be allowed to remain nine months to collect their - debts and settle their affairs, and may depart freely, - carrying off all their effects without molestation or - hindrance; and all women and children, scholars of every - faculty, cultivators of the earth, artisans, manufacturers, - and fishermen, unarmed and inhabiting unfortified towns, - villages, or places, and in general all others whose - occupations are for the common subsistence and benefit of - mankind, shall be allowed to continue their respective - employments and shall not be molested in their persons, - nor shall their houses or goods be burnt or otherwise - destroyed, nor their fields wasted by the armed force of - the enemy, into whose power by the event of war they may - happen to fall; but if anything is necessary to be taken - from them for the use of such armed force, the same shall - be paid for at a reasonable price. - -Under the foregoing, German citizens, merchants, corporations, -companies, etc., would have the right for the period of nine months -after the declaration of war to collect their debts, settle their -affairs, and, if possible, to depart safely, carrying all their -effects with them without any hindrance whatsoever. This would mean, -for instance, that the owners of the German vessels interned in our -harbors would be privileged to have full control over their property. - -Under date of February 8, 1917, the State Department issued the -following statement: - - It having been reported to him that there is anxiety in - some quarters on the part of persons residing in this - country who are the subjects of foreign states lest their - bank deposits or other property should be seized in the - event of war between the United States and a foreign - nation, the President authorizes the statement that all - such fears are entirely unfounded. - - The Government of the United States will under no - circumstances take advantage of a state of war to take - possession of property to which under international - understandings and the recognized law of the land give it - no just claim or title. It will scrupulously respect all - private rights, alike of its own citizens and the subjects - of foreign states. - -This was made public two months before we found ourselves in a state -of war with Germany. Soon after, A. Mitchell Palmer was appointed -Custodian of Alien Property and began to seize about one thousand -million dollars’ worth of German property and securities--not the -property of the Imperial German Government, with which we were at -war, but the property of German private persons. - -Using the language of an editorial in one of the leading newspapers -in America of August 29, 1919, a treaty between the United States -and Germany, which had never been denounced and was in full force, -provided that in case of war between Germany and the United States, -Germany should permit American owners of property in Germany, or -Americans doing business in Germany, to have nine months in which -to wind up their business affairs, to dispose of their property and -to take themselves unhindered out of Germany. And the United States -bound itself, of course, to give the same treatment to German aliens -doing business or owning property in America. This treaty agreement -was deliberately broken by the Custodian of Alien Property. Under -international law the duty of such a custodian is to take possession -of the property of alien citizens of an enemy country, administer -that property carefully, preserve it in good faith, and hold the -earnings of the property and the property itself ready for return to -the owners whenever peace shall come. “We want,” declares the paper, -“to keep the name and reputation of the American people so clean and -honorable that no American shall ever need to apologize either to -friend or foe.” (New York “American.”) - -As a result of the confiscation of hundreds of millions of dollars’ -worth of alien property, a sensational scandal developed, which -was aired in the House and Senate and had a perceptible bearing on -the defeat of the League of Nations treaty in the Senate. Among -other things, Palmer, ultimately appointed Attorney General, was -charged with having sold the great Bosch magneto works, valued at -$16,000,000, for $4,000,000, giving the preference to friends; and -Representative J. Hampton Moore, referring to Francis P. Garvan, Mr. -Palmer’s successor as Custodian, demanded to know: “Why the same -Frank P. Garvan, the distinguished criminal lawyer of New York, had -recently been elected to and accepted the presidency of the Chemical -Foundation, which has taken over all the German patents in the United -States for the manufacture of dye stuffs through an arrangement -with the Alien Property Custodian, A. Mitchell Palmer, now Attorney -General?” - -In his speech of June 21, 1919, in the House, Mr. Moore named a -number of big trust operators and financiers, including Cleveland -H. Dodge, as having formed the Chemical Foundation and taking over -“4,500 patents which Mr. Palmer and Mr. Garvan, this distinguished -criminal lawyer from New York, the successor of Mr. Palmer as Alien -Property Custodian, found on file in the Patent Office, and which -they seized on the ground that they belonged to certain German -patentees.” (New York “Times,” June 22, 1919.) - -Hardly a pretence is made by the administration that the seizure was -legal, and the death-blow to all such pretensions was delivered when, -in urging the ratification of the Versailles treaty by the Senate, -Senator Hitchcock, the administration’s Senate leader, declared: - - Through the treaty we will get very much of importance.... - In violation of all international law and treaties, we - have made disposition of a billion dollars of German-owned - property here. The treaty validates all that. - -It is important that Americans should know the facts in the case, -however unpopular the narrative may be, in order that they may set -themselves right before the world, or at least be prepared for the -wave of prejudice which is bound to be excited by the remarkable -proceedings. Quoting Walter T. Rose, a prominent Chicago exporter -just returned from a tour of Europe, the New York “Sun” of November -28, 1919, said: “It is an unfortunate fact that hardly anywhere -in Europe does one hear good opinions of America and Americans.” -Mr. Rose gathered his opinions in France and England as well as -in central Europe. The course of the Custodian of Alien Property -establishes a precedent that, of course, will be heeded by those -associated with us in the war no less than by our late enemies. It is -a warning that the filing of patents and patented processes insures -no immunity from confiscation in the event of war, and a warning to -foreign investors to go slow in investing their money in industries -in the United States. To counteract this policy imposes a moral task -upon every citizen of the United States who holds the honor of his -country above a dollar. For we shall have flaunted in our faces this -passage from President Wilson’s address to Congress, April 2, 1917: - - We shall, I feel confident, conduct our operations as - belligerents without passion, and ourselves observe with - proud punctilio the principles of right and fair play we - profess to be fighting for.... It will be easier for us - to conduct ourselves as belligerents in a high spirit of - right and fairness because we act, not in enmity of a - people or with a desire to bring any injury or disadvantage - upon them, but only in opposition to an irresponsible - government. We are, let me say again, the sincere friends - of the German people, and shall desire nothing so much as - the early re-establishment of intimate relations of mutual - advantage between us--however hard it may be for them, for - the time being, to believe this is spoken from our hearts. - -In a hearing before a Senate committee investigating his acts as -Custodian, Mr. Palmer named as his advisory committee, Otto Barnard, -Cleveland H. Dodge, George L. Ingraham and Alex Griswold, Jr. He -asserted that he had seized 40,000 German properties. Upon his list -were the names of 32 Germans and Austrian-Hungarians interned as -enemy aliens, whose property was taken over by him. Their names and -the value of their property follows: - -Carl Heynan, $487,748; Adolf Pavenstedt, $1,661,408; E. K. Victor, -$274,092; Edward Lutz, $117,865; Hugo Schmidt, $89,434; F. -Stallforth, $540,408; Ad. Fischer, $477,396; F. Rosenberg, $228,484; -Max Breitung, $46,006; Isaac Straus, $36,688; Franz Bopp, $31,782; -Adolf Kessler, $205,165; Robert Tumler, $48,655; Dr. Ernst Kunwald, -$26,456; Fritz Bergmeier, $28,651; Dr. Karl Muck, $82,181; Hans Cron, -$54,436; J. H. Beckmann, $120,360; Paul Lubeke, $30,930; Johannes -Schlenzig, $58,967; Max Reinhard, $52,433; Gunther Weiske, $138,255; -M. S. Barnet, $42,766; Heinrich Beckisch, $25,811; Frank H. Meyer, -$60,928; Arthur Richter, $50,012; Herbert Clemens, $53,813; Fritz -Materna, $40,000; William H. Steinmann, $32,768; Julius Pirnitzer, -$84,656; Desider W. B. de Waray, $200,166; C. F. Banning, $44,000. - -Among the amounts confiscated was $3,000 left in the will of Mrs. -Louisa Manada, of Wyoming, for the care of blind soldiers in Berlin, -her home going to a hospital in this country. - -Among those mentioned as placed in charge of enemy property by -the Custodian, in his report to the Senate, March 1, 1919, appear -the names of several prominent newspaper men and politicians: Don -C. Seitz, publisher of the New York “World,” and George McAneny, -publisher of the New York “Times,” two strong administration papers, -both of whom were trustees of the Bridgeport Projectile Company. -Mr. McAneny and Henry Morgenthau, former ambassador to Turkey, were -made trustees of the American Metal Company, another enemy concern. -Gavin McNab, of San Francisco, a leading Democratic politician of -California, was made a trustee of the Charles E. Houson Estate -Company, the Marvin Estate Company and the J. H. von Schroeder -Investment Company. - -In the investigation Mr. Palmer denied the various charges, and -others referred to, as well as the allegation, aired in the New York -“World,” that his name corresponded with the initials of a certain -M. P. mentioned in the captured notes of Dr. Albert, the German -agent, who was referred to as friendly to Germany. He stated that -“no other course than the seizure was compatible with the safety of -American institutions,” to which reply was made from Germany that the -$700,000,000 investments by Germans in this country did not reach -“one-half of the total value, for instance, of a single American -industrial company like the United States Steel Corporation, and -not even approximately one per cent. of the total value of American -industrial enterprises.” The immense business built up here by the -Germans was, Mr. Palmer said, lost to the Germans forever, and there -was absolutely no hope for the development of American chemical -industries under the old conditions. He defended the Bosch seizure on -the ground of a plot by the manager to promise special apparatus to -the British for their aeroplanes without intending to deliver them. - -Millions of dollars’ worth of property belonging to women of American -birth, married to German and Austrian subjects, was taken over by the -Custodian. Many prominent women are in the list, including Countess -Gladys Vanderbilt-Szechenyi, whose property as taken over amounts -to nearly $4,000,000 in securities in addition to the income from a -$5,000,000 trust fund created under the will of her father. - -The list includes: - -Baroness Augusta Louise von Alten, Budapest, Hungary, formerly -Augusta L. De Haven, and Sarah E. von Camps Hanover, Welfel, Germany, -formerly Sarah E. De Haven, granddaughters of the late Louisa G. -Bigelow, formerly of Chicago. Estate valued at about $1,460,000. - -Baroness Clara Erhart von Truchsess, Dusseldorf, Germany, formerly -Clara Erhart, of New York. Life estate in trust fund of $500,000; -securities valued at $600,000. - -Gertrude, Baroness von Bocklin, Baden, Germany, formerly Gertrude -Berwind, of Philadelphia. Under the will of Charles F. Berwind, her -father, she received more than $300,000 in property, which was put in -trust with property received by the other heirs. - -Baroness Olivia Louise von Rothkirch, Schlesien, Germany, formerly -Olivia Louise Brown, daughter of William John Brown, of New York. -Life interest in trust, approximating $1,000,000. - -Baroness Matilda L. Bornemissa, Budapest, Austria; Baroness Margaret -von Wucherer and Anna von Dory Johahaza, both of Steiermark, Austria, -daughters of the late James Price, of Philadelphia, and Baroness -Manon Dumreicher, Baron Tibor von Berg, Baron Tassilo von Berg and -Baron Max von Berg, children of the deceased daughter, Baroness -Sallie Mae Berg. The above enemies share an income of the trust under -the will of Sarah Maria Price, valued at $275,000, and also in a -trust created under the will of Samuel Harlan, Jr., valued at $75,000. - -Baroness Cornelia C. Zedlitz, Berlin, Germany, formerly Cornelia -Carnochan Roosevelt, daughter of the late Charles Y. Roosevelt, of -New York. Under a trust agreement made in 1889 in contemplation -of marriage, her property, valued at about $1,000,000, was put in -trust, reserving to her a life interest. Personal property valued at -$200,000 was also taken over. - -Countess Marguerite Isabelle Eugenie Victorine de Stuers Obendorff, -wife of the former German Ambassador to Austria, and grandniece of -the late Henry Astor, grandson of the original John Jacob Astor, and -inheritor of a share in his estate. Her mother was Countess Margaret -Laura Zhorowski, daughter of Alida Astor, a sister of Henry Astor, -and daughter of William Astor. Trust fund $60,000, created by deed of -trust by her father; cash, $949,225 and eight-fifteenths interest in -New York city property. - -Countess von Francken, Sierstorpff, Zyrowa Leschnitz, Prussia, -formerly Mary Knowlton, daughter of Edwin F. Knowlton, of New York. -Life interest trust fund $1,200,000, left under the will of her -father; Countess Alice Grote, Schloss Varechentin, Mecklenburg, -Germany, formerly Alice von Bergen, daughter of Anthony von Bergen of -New York. Life interest, $250,000. - -Countess Gladys Vanderbilt Szechenyi, Budapest, Hungary, daughter -of the late Cornelius Vanderbilt and Alice G. Vanderbilt. Nearly -$4,000,000 in securities taken over; also income from $5,000,000 -trust fund created under the will of her father. - -Countess Harriet Sigray, Ivancz Nagycsakny, Hungary, daughter of the -late Marcus Daly, of Montana, a sister of Mrs. James Gerard, wife of -the former Ambassador to Germany. Securities taken over, $1,000,000. - -Countess Gladys McMillan Cornet, Brussels, Belgium, formerly Gladys -McMillan, daughter of the late James H. McMillan, of Detroit. Life -interest in one-tenth of trust of $4,500,000; life interest in -two-thirds of trust of $450,000; life estate one-tenth trust of -$600,000 and securities valued at $149,725. - -Countess Elizabeth T. P. de Gasquet-James, Krain, Austria, formerly -Elizabeth T. Pratt James, of Esopus, N. Y. Life estate in $135,000 -and bonds, $59,000. - -Lily Freifrau Treusch von Buttlar Brandenfees, Stettin, Germany, -formerly Lilly G. Stetson, daughter of the late Isaiah Stetson, of -Bangor, Me. Securities taken over valued at $250,000. - -Jayta Humphreys von Wolf, Munich, Germany, daughter of the late -Frederic Humphreys, of New York. Life interest in a trust valued -about $50,000. - -Rosa K. Schertel von Burtenbach, daughter of the late Frederick -Schaefer, of New York. Under trust created in will of father, she has -life interest of $200,000. - -Clara von Gontard, Berlin, Germany, daughter of the late Adolphus -Busch and Lilly Busch, of St. Louis. Life interest in trust fund -created under the will of Adolphus Busch, securities valued at -$900,000, including stock holdings in Anheuser-Busch Brewing Company -of St. Louis. - -Mary Trowbridge von Zepplin, Germany, formerly Mary Wilkens, Detroit, -wife of Conrad von Zepplin and daughter of the late Lizzie C. -Wilkens, of Detroit. Life estate trust fund, $40,000. - -Clara Bauer von Rosenthal, Frankfort-am-Main, Germany, formerly Clara -Bauer, daughter of the late Augustus Bauer, Chicago. Life interest in -trust of $35,000. - -Mary Grace von der Hellan, Hamburg, Germany, formerly Mary Grace -Meissner, Garden City, New York. Life interest in trust created -by herself just prior to her marriage, $65,000, and bank balance, -$304,472. - -Charlotte von Gorrisen, Hamburg, Germany, formerly Charlotte -Anderson, daughter of the late Elbert J. Anderson, of Newport, R. I. -Small interest in the estate of her father. - -Alice von Buchwaldt, Bremen, Germany, and Anna Maria von Bose, -Dresden, Germany, daughters of William Wilkens, deceased, of -Baltimore. Each has a life interest in a trust fund under the will of -her father of about $180,000. - -Natalie Burleigh von Ohnesorge, Provinz Posen, Germany, daughter of -Sarah B. Conklin, of New York. Life estate in a trust under will of -her father, $140,000. - -Florence Grafin von Schwerin, Munich, Germany, formerly Florence -Wann, of St. Paul, Minn. Daughter of the late John Wann, deceased. -Property taken over, $20,000; life interest in trust created under -the will of her father, $40,000. Interest in the trust created by -deed of trust of her brother, Thomas Leslie Wann, consisting of -valuable real estate in St. Paul. - -Children of Sophie von Bohlen und Halbach, Baden, Germany, formerly -Sophie Bohlen, daughter of Gen. William Henry Charles Bohlen, of -Pennsylvania. She died in 1915 and her children, all residing in -Germany, became beneficiaries of her estate, including trust funds -totaling $1,500,000. - -Helen H. von Stralenheim, Dresden, Germany; Louise von Trutzchler zum -Falkenstein, Vogtland, Germany, and Josephine von Arnim, Dresden, -Germany, daughters of David Leavitt, deceased, late of New York. Each -has life estate one-fifth of $225,000 trust. - -Sophie von Arenstorff, Frankfort-a-Oder, Germany. Under the will -of Edward G. Halls, deceased, late of Chicago, above enemy, a -granddaughter, has a life interest in three-tenths of the estate, -valued at $267,000. - -Katie von Kracker, Mecklenburg, Germany, formerly Katie Elias, -daughter of the late Henry Elias, of New York, life interest in -one-half of a trust valued at $300,000. - -Mr. Palmer’s assertion that Germany set the example by seizing -American property in Germany cannot be sustained by him. - - -=Villard, Henry.=--A distinguished war correspondent during the Civil -War, afterwards built the Northern Pacific Railroad, largely with -German capital. Born in Speyer, 1835. His real name was Heinrich -Hillgard. Married a daughter of William Lloyd Garrison, famous -abolitionist. Father of Oswald Garrison Villard, editor of “The -Nation.” - - -=Vote on War in Congress.=--A resolution declaring the United States -in a state of war “with the imperial German Government” on the -grounds that the imperial German government had committed repeated -acts of war against the government and the people of the United -States and that in consequence of these acts war had been thrust upon -the United States, was passed in the Senate on April 5 and in the -House on April 6, 1917. - -In neither the Senate nor the House of Representatives was the -resolution passed by a unanimous vote. - -In the Senate on April 5 it passed by a vote of 82 to 6, and in the -House by a vote of 373 to 50. No obstructions were resorted to, and -comparatively a short time was consumed on both sides in speeches -devoted to individual explanations. - -In the Senate 43 Democrats and 39 Republicans voted aye and in the -House 193 Democrats, 177 Republicans and three Independents (Fall of -Massachusetts, Martin of Louisiana and Schall of Minnesota) voted -affirmatively, while 16 Democrats and 32 Republicans, 1 Socialist and -1 Independent (Randall) voted in the negative. Miss Rankin, the first -woman member of the lower House of Congress, voted against war. - -The Senators voting “no” were Lane, Stone and Vardaman, Democrats, -and Gronna, La Follette and Norris, Republicans. - -In the lower House the members who voted against war were the -following: - -Alabama--Almon, Burnett. - -California--Church, Hayes, Randall. - -Colorado--Hilliard, Keating. - -Illinois--Britten, Rodenberg, Fuller, Wheeler, King, Mason. - -Iowa--Haugen, Woods, Hull. - -Kansas--Connelly, Little. - -Michigan--Bacon. - -Minnesota--Davis, Knutson, Van Dyke, Lundeen. - -Missouri--Decker, Igoe, Hensley, Shackleford. - -Montana--Rankin. - -Nebraska--Kinkaid, Reavis, Sloan. - -Nevada--Roberts. - -New York--London. - -North Carolina--Kitchin. - -Ohio--Sherwood. - -South Carolina--Dominick. - -South Dakota--Dillon, Johnson. - -Texas--McLemore. - -Washington--Dill, La Follette. - -Wisconsin--Browne, Cary, Cooper, Esch, Frear, Nelson, Stafford, -Davidson, Voight. - -Paired, 6; absent by illnesses, 2; not voting, 2; vacancies, 2. - -Speaker Clark did not vote. - -The debate in both Houses will rank among the most memorable in -the history of the country. With a degree of courage amounting -to heroism, Senators La Follette of Wisconsin, Stone of Missouri -and Norris of Nebraska spoke in opposition to the adoption of the -resolution; but the surprise came in the House when the Democratic -floor leader, Kitchin, announced his opposition to the measure. -It should not be assumed that any of the men in either branch of -Congress took the position in a spirit of light-hearted opposition. -Not one among them but realized the heavy responsibility of his -action. With a newspaper clamor for war unequaled in the history of -the United States, with the bitter denunciation of Senators who voted -against the armed ship bill in March still ringing in their ears, and -with the widespread propaganda carried to the doors of Congress by -those anxious for war, every legislator felt the gravity of his step -in refusing to sanction the necessary authority which would plunge -the country into the European conflagration. - -An analysis of the vote shows that not a single representative of the -people from an Eastern State (except New York, London, Socialist) -voted against war. Every negative vote came from the West and South. -The favorite slogan that the agitation against war emanated wholly -from German sources was not verified by facts. It is said that there -is hardly a German vote in the North Carolina district represented -by Kitchin. No such influence operated upon Senator Vardaman of -Mississippi, nor upon the two members from Alabama. - -The largest vote against war came from Wisconsin, where, aside from -Senator La Follette, nine members of the lower House were found -on the negative side and but two on the affirmative, exclusive of -Senator Husting. The latter went out of his way to make a bitter -attack on the German-Americans and called the people of his State -disloyal if they refused “to back up the President in the course he -has decided to take.” He said this was the only question at issue, as -he believed that if the question of peace or war only were submitted -to the people war would be voted down. - -Sentiment in his State on the war question was indicated by the large -anti-war vote of the Wisconsin delegation and the referendum votes -taken in Sheboygan and Monroe on April 3. In the former place only -17 out of 4,000 votes cast were for war, and in the latter 954 votes -were against and 95 for war. A relative result was recorded from a -Minnesota referendum. - -Several incidents of interest out of the common marked the great -debate, but there was a noticeable absence of the high feeling that -accompanied the declaration of war against Spain. For part of the -day the House was half empty while the debate was in progress and -comparatively few people appeared in the galleries. - -Representative Kitchin declared that he expected his vote against war -to end his political career, but that he nevertheless could not act -against his conscientious convictions. A rampant Southern fire-eater -named Heflin, hailing from Alabama, attacked Kitchin and declared -that the latter’s attitude should prompt him to resign from Congress, -as he did not represent the opinion of the country. - -The answer to this suggestion was a volley of hisses from the -Democratic side of the House; and while Miss Rankin, tears in her -eyes as she found herself confronted with the serious problem of -doing a popular thing or following her convictions, declared in a -broken voice, “I want to stand by my country, but I cannot vote for -war--I vote no,” applause greeted her decision even from those who -were voting the other way. - -Kitchin was chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, which has -in charge the appropriations necessary to carry on the war. He -distinctly announced that if war were declared he would present no -obstructions to its successful conduct but would do all that was -required of him as a member of the House. - -In the main the debate was conducted with marked decorum. Little -acrimonious discussion developed. The supporters of the resolution -calmly and seriously declared that a state of war really existed as a -result of German violations of American rights, while the opponents -of war insisted that the German submarine campaign was forced by the -illegal British blockade, which was as much a violation of American -rights as submarine warfare. - -The same apathy which characterized the situation on the floor in -general marked the reception of the speeches. Applause at best was -scattered, and the absence of patriotic display was noticeable. -Members were in a serious mood and talked and voted with great -solemnity. Kitchin, before delivering his stirring anti-war speech, -had spent six hours in consultation with proponents and opponents of -war, and decided to oppose the resolution only after he had carefully -weighed his action. - -The only member from Texas who voted against war was Representative -McLemore, the author of the famous McLemore resolution, whose -adoption was intended to forestall the possibility of war with -Germany. - -In the House the opening speech against the resolution was delivered -by Representative Cooper, of Wisconsin, who made an eloquent plea -in behalf of his contention that the United States should proceed -against England as well as against Germany, as both had equally -acted illegally and indefensibly in violating American rights. If -we had cause for war against one we had as just cause against the -other offender. Mr. Cooper was the ranking Republican member of the -Committee on Foreign Affairs in the House. - -The only vote against war from Ohio, out of a total of 24 in both -Houses, including Nicholas Longworth, the son-in-law of Theodore -Roosevelt, was cast by Representative Sherwood of Toledo. He enlisted -in the Union Army April 16, 1861, as a private and was mustered out -as Brigadier-General October 8, 1865; was in 43 battles and 123 -days under fire and was six times complimented in special orders by -commanding generals for gallant conduct in battle; commanded his -regiment in all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, and after the -battles of Franklin and Nashville, Tenn., upon the recommendation -of the officers of his brigade and division, he was made brevet -brigadier general by President Lincoln for long and faithful service -and conspicuous gallantry at the battles of Resaca, Atlanta, Franklin -and Nashville. - - -=War of 1870-71.=--What may be expected from the process of rewriting -our school histories of American events by the friends of England is -patent from the manner in which some of the most vital historical -data of the world’s history was distorted during the war. For -example, it has been persistently dinned into the minds of Americans -that France was trapped into war with Prussia in 1870 by the subtle -diplomatic strategy of Bismarck, who is represented as having forged -a dispatch. The facts are easily accessible in “Bismarck, the Man and -the Statesman,” published by Harper Brothers in 1899, in which the -episodes and events, including the manner of the alleged dispatch, -are treated with a degree of candor that can leave no doubt as to -the responsibility for the war. It can be found in Chapter XXVII, -entitled “The Ems Dispatch.” - -The facts in the case are that France desired war with Prussia, but -was taken by surprise when it found the South German states allied -with Prussia, instead of rushing to the aid of France, as Napoleon -III had confidently expected. If a nation can be inflamed to go to -war by a dispatch which simply recorded that King William of Prussia -had refused to intermeddle with the succession to the Crown of Spain -and declined to continue the discussion of the subject with the -French minister, Benedetti, it is hardly probable that the war could -have been prevented under any circumstances. Accordingly, France -declared war, not Prussia. Napoleon III at the time was regulating -affairs throughout the universe, in Italy as well as in Mexico, where -he set up a throne supported by French arms, which violated the -Monroe Doctrine and almost brought us to grips with France. - -The popular description of France as a peace-loving nation is not -borne out by many centuries of her history, as even Frenchmen admit. -The Cock of Gaul is a fighting cock, declares Deputy Pierre Brizon in -a recent (1919) issue of the French periodical, “La Vague:” - - They fired cannon to announce Peace! - - What would you have done? They are used to blood! They are - the sons of the “Cock of Gaul.” - - And the “Cock of Gaul” through the centuries has carried - war over the whole world--into Italy, into Germany, into - Spain, into England, into Switzerland, into Austria, into - Ireland, into the Scandinavian countries, into Russia, into - Syria, to the Indies, to Mexico, into Algeria, into Tunis, - to the Antilles, to Senegal, into the Congo, to Madagascar, - into China, to Morocco, to the Ends of the Earth. - - No people for a thousand years have been more warlike than - the French. No one has had to an equal degree with them the - silly vanity of “glory” and of “victory.” No one has caused - more blood to run over the earth. - - Of course, this does not furnish an excuse for the Vandals, - the Mongols, the Turks, the Russians, the English or the - Prussians. - - No, but--they fired cannon in Paris to announce Peace! - -The absurdity that Prussia lured France into a war in 1870 is -repudiated by no less an authority than Premier Georges Clemenceau. -In an article which he contributed to the “Saturday Evening Post,” of -October 24, 1914, under the title, “The Cause of France,” (p. 1, col. -2), he states: - - In 1870 Napoleon III in a moment of folly declared war on - Germany [should be Prussia] without even having the excuse - of being in a state of military preparedness. =No true - Frenchman has ever hesitated to admit that the wrongs of - that day were committed by our side. Dearly we have paid - for them.= - - -=War Lies Repudiated by British Press.=--The following article deals -with venerable subjects that have done much to inflame international -hatred and misunderstandings. It is taken from the Glasgow “Forward,” -of Glasgow, Scotland (1919), and will have a tendency, it is hoped, -to enlighten the minds of many who have believed everything that was -printed about war’s atrocities: - -We are continually receiving requests for information about the -Lusitania, poison gas, aerial bombs, corpse fat, and other popular -stock-in-trade of the warmonger. We cannot keep repeating our -exposures of wartime falsehoods and delusions, and we ask our readers -to keep the following facts beside them, and refrain from subjecting -us to a continual stream of postal queries. - -“Was the Lusitania armed?” - -No. But she was carrying munitions of war. Lord Mersey, chairman of -the Court of Enquiry into the sinking of the Lusitania, said: “The -5,000 cases of ammunition on board were 50 yards away from where the -torpedo struck the ship” (Glasgow “Evening Citizen” report, July 17, -1915). - -“Did the German people rejoice?” - -No. There was neither hilarity nor medals nor school beflagging. -The London “Times” reported that “Vorwarts” “deeply deplored” the -sinking. So did the German naval critic, Captain Persius. - -Mr. John Murray, the publisher, issued last October an authoritative -book from the pen of the correspondent of the Associated Press of -America in Germany, Mr. George A. Schreiner, who was in Germany -during the Lusitania period. Mr. Schreiner’s dispatches were -extensively quoted in the patriotic British press, and his testimony -is above suspicion. His book, “The Iron Ration” (pp. 291-2), says: - - The greatest shock the German public received was the news - that the Lusitania had been sunk. - - For a day or two a minority held that the action was - eminently correct. But even that minority dwindled rapidly. - - For many weeks the German public was in doubt as to what - it all meant. The thinking element was groping about in - the dark. What was the purpose of picking out a ship with - so many passengers on board? Then the news came that the - passengers had been warned not to travel on the steamer. - That removed all doubt that the vessel had been singled out - for attack. - - The government remained silent. It had nothing to say. The - press, standing in fear of the censor and his power to - suspend publication, was mute. Little by little it became - known that there had been an accident. The commander of the - submarine sent out to torpedo the ship had been instructed - to fire at the forward hold, so that the passengers could - get off before the vessel sank. Either a boiler of the - ship or (they continued) an ammunition cargo had given - unlooked-for assistance to the torpedo. The ship had gone - down. Nothing weaned the German public so much away from - the old order of government as did the Lusitania affair. - The act seemed useless, wanton, ill-considered. The - doctrine of governmental infallibility came near to being - wrecked. The Germans began to lose confidence in the wisdom - of the men who had been credited in the past with being the - very quintessence of all knowledge, mundane and celestial. - Admiral Tirpitz had to go. Germany’s allies, too, were - not pleased. In Austria and Hungary the act was severely - criticized, and in Turkey I found much disapproval of the - thing. - -“The ‘Old Contemptible’ Lie.” - -The “New Illustrated” (Lord Northcliffe’s latest journalistic -venture) declared, in March of this year: - - The story that the Kaiser called General French’s force - a “contemptible little army” served a useful purpose in - working up fierce anger against the enemy in Britain, but - it was an invention. The Kaiser was not so foolish as to - say what the German General Staff would have known to be - nonsense. - -“The Corpse Fat Lie.” - -The “Times” started the lie that the Germans had built factories for -extracting grease from the bodies of dead soldiers. This grease was -used as margarine. - -Lord Robert Cecil latterly admitted in the House of Commons that -there was no evidence of the story; but, of course, he believed the -Germans capable of it. The London comic (?) papers issued cartoons of -a German looking at a pot of grease and soliloquizing: “Alas! my poor -brother!” But the lie was finally exposed and disappeared even from -the stock-in-trade of the British Workers’ League--and, God knows, -they were loth to let anything go. - -“Who first bombed from the sky?” - -The National War Savings Committee issued synopses of their lantern -lectures last year for propaganda purposes. Here are the synopses of -the two slides dealing with the first bomb dropped on towns: - -A lantern picture, entitled “War in the Air,” by C. G. Grey (editor -of “Aeroplane”), issued by the National War Savings Committee, -Salisbury Square, London, E. C. 4 (page 7). - -“Slide 32--The navy’s land machines went over to Belgium and it is -to the credit of the R. N. A. S. that =the first hostile missiles -which fell on German soil were bombs dropped by R. N. A. S. pilots on -Cologne and Dusseldorf=.... - -“Slide 35--=It is interesting to note that these early raids by the -R. N. A. S. were the first example of bomb-dropping attacks from -the air in any way=, and the only pity is that we had not at the -beginning of the war enough aeroplanes.” - -“Priority in poison gas.” - -The Glasgow “Evening News” (January 26, 1918) frankly admitted that: - - It appears that mustard gas, generally believed to have - been invented by the Germans, was discovered by the late - Professor Guthrie at the Royal College, Mauritius. - -The London “Times,” on August 2, 1914, reproduced from the French -government organ, “Le Temps,” a paragraph reporting that M. Turpin -has offered to the French Ministry of War a shell filled with a -chemical compound discovered by him, and called Turpinite. Numbers -of these shells seem to have been used by the French artillery, and -they were essentially such gas shells as the Germans are now using. -Numerous correspondents, claiming to be eye-witnesses, reported their -terrible effects in the British press during October and November, -1914. We learned that the gas liberated from the explosion of one of -these shells was enough to asphyxiate an entire platoon of Germans. -After death they were observed to be standing erect and shoulder -to shoulder in their trenches, and, after killing them with this -marvelous celerity, the gas would roll on and stifle entire flocks -of sheep feeding in fields in their rear. The British press writers -saw nothing to blame in the use against Germans of Turpinite; on the -contrary, they openly exulted in its terrible effects. Subsequently, -much to their regret, Turpinite was given up, because it was so -dangerous to the munition workers who had to pour it into the shell -cases. Some weeks later the Germans began to use with more success -the same expedient. - -The London “Illustrated News” (May 13, 1915) published a “thrilling” -picture of 5 German officers asphyxiated by British lyddite. The -descriptive lines below the picture say: - -“One of the correspondents at the front tells a thrilling story -of the havoc wrought by lyddite shells used by our artillery in -Flanders. The fumes of the lyddite are very poisonous, so much so -that some of our troops wore masks for the nose and mouth. After one -battle, in which the German trenches had been shelled with lyddite, -an officer found a card party of five officers stone dead. Looking at -them in the bright moonlight, he was struck by their resemblance to -waxwork figures. They were in perfectly natural poses, but the bright -yellow of their skins showed the manner of their death--asphyxiation -by lyddite.” - -The first inventor of poison gas was Lord Dundonald during the -Crimean war (see “The Panmure Papers,” published in 1908 by Hodder & -Stoughton, and the “Candid Review,” August, 1915). It was at the time -of the Crimean war rejected by the English as “too horrible.” - -There were, of course, atrocities during the war--German, Austrian, -Italian, British, Serbian, French. All war is an atrocity, but =the -hate= was fanned and the murder kept going by the steady press -campaigns of mendacity in every country, and here in Britain we were -subjected to more than our fair share of it. - - -=Washington’s Bodyguard.=--At the outbreak of the war of independence -Herkimer, Muhlenberg and Schlatter gathered the Germans in the Mohawk -Valley and the Virginia Valley together and organized them into -companies for service. Baron von Ottendorff, another German soldier, -recruited and drilled the famous Armand Legion. And when Washington’s -first bodyguard was suspected of treasonable sentiments and plans -it was dismissed and a new bodyguard, consisting almost entirely of -Germans, was formed. This new bodyguard was supported by a troop of -cavalry consisting entirely of Germans, under the command of Major -Barth von Heer, one of Frederick the Great’s finest cavalry officers. -This troop stood by Washington during the entire war, and twelve of -them escorted him to Mt. Vernon when he retired.--(“The European War -of 1914,” by Prof. John W. Burgess, Chap. IV, p. 115.) - - -=Washington’s Tribute.=--The Philadelphia German Lutherans held a -memorial service on May 27, 1917, made doubly impressive at Zion’s -Church, by the circulation of a letter written to the congregation by -George Washington, in reply to congratulations on his first election -as President of the United States. The letter concludes with the -following words: - - From the excellent character for dilligence, sobriety and - virtue which the Germans in general, who are settled in - America have ever maintained, I cannot forbear felicitating - myself on receiving from respectable a number of them - such strong assurance of their affection for my person, - confidence in my integrity, and real zeal to support me - in my endeavors for promoting the welfare of our common - country. - -Similar expressions are contained in a letter written by -Jefferson, which see elsewhere. The church to whose congregation -Washington’s letter was addressed, is the most historic church in -the northern part of the United States, since it was built in 1742, -under the direction of the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in -America, Heinrich M. Muhlenberg, father of General Muhlenberg, of -Revolutionary fame. For 178 years the service has been conducted in -the German language. - - -=Weiser, Conrad.=--Along with Franz Daniel Pastorius, Jacob Leisler -and John Peter Zenger, the name of Conrad Weiser deserves to be -commemorated as one of the outstanding figures of early American -history, for no man of his period exercised such influence with -the Indians or did so much to promote the peaceful development of -the settlements by insuring the friendship of the Six Nations. The -following sketch of this famous character in American history is -taken from “Eminent Americans” by Benson J. Lossing: - -“One of the most noted agents of communication between the white men -and the Indians was Conrad Weiser, a native of Germany, who came to -America in early life and settled with his father in the present -Schoharie County, N. Y., in 1713. They left England in 1712 and were -seventeen months on the voyage. Young Weiser became a great favorite -with the Iroquois Indians in the Schoharie and Mohawk valleys, with -whom he spent much of his life. Late in 1714 the elder Weiser and -about thirty other families who had settled in Schoharie, becoming -dissatisfied with attempts to tax them, set out for Tulpehocken in -Pennsylvania, by way of the Susquehanna River, and settled there. -But young Weiser was enamoured of the free life of the savage. He -was naturalized by them and became thoroughly versed in the language -of the whole Six Nations, as the Iroquois Confederacy in New York -was called. He became confidential interpreter and messenger for -the Province of Pennsylvania among the Indians and assisted at many -important treaties. The governor of Virginia commissioned him to -visit the grand council at Onondago in 1737 and with only a Dutchman -and three Indians he traversed the trackless forest for 500 miles -for that purpose. He went on a similar mission from Philadelphia -to Shamokin (Sunbury) in 1744. At Reading he established an Indian -agency and trading post. When the French on the frontier made -hostile demonstrations in 1755 he was commissioned a colonel of a -volunteer regiment from Berks County, and in 1758 he attended the -great gathering of Indian chiefs in council with white commissioners -at Easton. Such was the affection of the Indians for Weiser that for -many years after his death they were in the habit of visiting his -grave and strewing flowers upon it. Mr. Weiser’s daughter married -Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, D. D., the founder of the Luthern Church -in America.” - -One of his grandsons was General Muhlenberg, another was the first -Speaker of the House of Congress. General Washington said of him: -“Posterity will not forget his just deserts.” - - -=Wetzel, Lou.=--The present generation is not too old to recall the -flood of Indian stories of their youth, for in the ‘70s the Indian -was still a factor in the contest for the development of the West -and the papers at times contained thrilling accounts of battles with -Indians on our frontier. Cooper was still a much-read novelist, and -less famous writers still sought their inspiration in the French and -Indian wars, the wars which the English and Tories, with their Indian -allies, carried into the valleys of the Schoharie and the Mohawk, -as well as in the bloody conflicts in Kentucky and Ohio. In these -stories no names were of more frequent occurrence than those of Lou -Wetzel, the scout and Indian fighter, and Simon Girty, the renegade. -Both these names are strictly historic. Wetzel, was next to Daniel -Boone, the most famous frontiersman of our early middle west history. -His father was born in the Palatinate and came to Pennsylvania, -settling afterwards in Ohio, where each of his four sons won fame as -frontiersmen, scouts and guides, but above all, Lou, who after an -eventful career and many hairbreadth escapes, died in Texas and was -buried on the banks of the Brazos. Other noted Indian fighters of -the period who were of German descent were Peter Nieswanger, Jacob -Weiser, Carl Bilderbach, John Warth and George Rufner. The Poes, too, -were well known in early border history, and were the sons of German -settlers from Frederick County, Md. The elder, Frederick Poe, who -moved west in 1774, and died in 1840 at the age of 93, was, like his -younger brother, Andrew, a typical backwoodsman, contesting for every -foot of ground with the native Indian. - - -=Wirt, William.=--Famous jurist and author. During three presidential -terms Attorney General of the United States; appointed by President -Monroe to that office in 1817-18; resigned under John Quincy -Adams, March 3, 1829. Born at Bladensburg, Md., November 18, 1772, -becoming a poor orphan at an early age. Learned Latin and Greek and -studied law at Montgomery Court House, being licensed to practice -in the fall of 1792. Commenced his professional career at Culpeper -Courthouse, Va., the same year and soon became eminent socially and -professionally. In 1802 received the appointment of chancellor of -the eastern district of Virginia. Wrote his beautiful essays under -the name of “The British Spy” and in 1807 prosecuted Aaron Burr for -treason. His great speech on that occasion made him famous. Was a -member of the Virginia Legislature in 1808, and from that time until -after the war pursued his profession successfully until summoned into -the Cabinet of President Monroe. In 1832 he was nominated by the -anti-Masonic party for President of the United States, but received -only the electoral vote of Vermont. He died February 18, 1834. The -most famous production of his pen is a “Life of Patrick Henry.” Mr. -Wirt never forgot his German antecedance and during 1833 engaged in -founding a colony of Germans in Florida, but the venture was not -successful. Lossing says “he was greatly esteemed in Richmond for his -talents and social accomplishments.” - - -=Wirtz, Captain H., of Andersonville Prison.=--For many years after -the Civil War, Andersonville Prison served as the outstanding symbol -of the atrocities practiced upon Union prisoners by the Southern -Confederacy. The prison was commanded by Captain Wirtz, who was -subsequently tried by a court martial at Washington and hanged. -General Lee’s nephew, and his biographer, has stated that General -Lee used his influence to save him by showing that Wirtz was not -primarily responsible for the sufferings of Union prisoners under -his care, but that these were in a large measure due to the blockade -against Southern ports, which prevented the landing of medicines -and supplies. Because of his name, Wirtz has been cited by Prof. -John D. Lawson, of Columbia, Mo., and others, as a typical personal -embodiment of German brutality. Mr. Louis Benecke, a prominent -attorney, of Brunswick, Mo., who himself was for seven months a -Union prisoner in a Confederate prison, and who afterwards became -the historian of the Association of Ex-Union Prisoners of War, has -shown that Wirtz was not a native of Germany. Mr. Benecke says: -“As the record shows, his grandfather was a French wine merchant -at Bonnerville, France, and his name was there spelled with a ‘V’ -instead of a ‘W.’ The father of Wirtz located in Switzerland, near -Geneva, and while there changed his name to Wirtz, conforming to the -phonetic of the French ‘V.’ It is further shown that the mother of -Captain H. Wirtz was a French Italian. A prisoner of German descent, -believing Wirtz to be a German, applied to him for a favor, and -insinuated that his nationality entitled him to some consideration, -to which Wirtz replied, ‘Je ne suis allemagne; je suis Suis.’ Wirtz -at no time or place ever claimed to be anything but a Swiss or French -descent.” - - -=Wistar, Caspar.=--In 1717 emigrated to America from Hilspach, -Germany, where he was born in 1696, and established what is supposed -to be the first glass factory in America in New Jersey, thirty miles -from Philadelphia. (It is believed that an earlier glass factory was -established by Germans in Virginia.) - - -=Zane, Elizabeth.=--Described as the handsome and vivacious daughter -of Col. Zane (Zahn), founder of Wheeling, W. Va. In 1782 a fort near -Zane’s loghouse on the site of the present city was attacked by a -band of British soldiers and 186 Indian savages. The defenders of -the fort were reduced from 42 to 12, and as the supply of powder -was running low, the little garrison seemed doomed. The enemy was -covering every approach to Zane’s loghouse, about sixty yards -distant, where a full keg of powder was stored. It was to get this -powder that Miss Zane responded when volunteers were called for, -arguing that not a man could be spared while a girl would not be -missed. Despite every protest she set out on her daring journey, -leisurely opened the back gate and crossed the ground as coolly -as though for a stroll. The British and Indians were dumbfounded, -and did not realize what her plan was until she returned, carrying -the keg under a table cloth. They then opened fire on her, several -bullets passing through her clothing, but the heroic girl reached -the blockhouse unscathed and enabled the defenders to hold out until -relief came. - - -=Ziegler, David, Revolutionary Soldier and Indian Fighter.=--American -soldier and first mayor of Cincinnati; born at Heidelberg, August -18, 1748; served under General Weismann in the Russian army under -Catharine II and took part in the Turkish-Russian campaign which -ended with the capture of the Krim in 1774. Came to America in the -same year and settled in Lancaster, Pa. - -Joined the battalion of General William Thompson which appeared -before Boston, August 2, 1775, where it was placed under command -of General Washington. Ziegler was adjutant and the soul of the -battalion, more than half of which was composed of German Americans, -and which was the second regiment, after that of Massachusetts, to be -enlisted under Washington’s standard. - -Ziegler served throughout the War of Independence as an officer and -was repeatedly mentioned for distinguished service. On account of his -ability was appointed by General St. Clair, Commissioner-General for -the Department of Pennsylvania. Rendered great service in drilling -troops and introducing discipline. Major Denny, in his diary, refers -to him in these words: “As a disciplinarian, he has no superior in -the whole army.” - -After the Revolution he resided at Carlisle, Pa., until the outbreak -of the Indian War in the West, when he served as captain in the -then existing only regiment of regulars under Col. Harmar. His own -company was composed of a majority of Pennsylvania Germans. Manned -Fort Harmar (Marietta, O.); built Fort Finney at the mouth of the Big -Miami, and subsequently took part in the expedition of General George -Roger Clark against the Kickapoos on the Wabash, and in 1790, in the -disastrous expedition of Gen. Harmar against the Indians on the upper -Miami. - -In the battle of the Maumee he distinguished himself for personal -bravery, and St. Clair dispatched Ziegler with two companies to -succor the distressed settlers in and around Marietta following the -defeat of Harmar. He soon obtained the upper hand of the hordes of -Indians, and in restoring order gained such decisive advantages that -he was hailed as the most popular soldier in the Northwest. In the -fall of 1791, Ziegler took part in the bloody and disastrous campaign -under St. Clair, in which he commanded a battalion of Federal troops. -Being prevented from taking part in the actual battle by reason -of special service elsewhere, was assigned to cover the headlong -retreat of the demoralized troops, and by ceaseless vigilance and -strict discipline succeeded in the face of furious attacks by the -Indians, drunk with victory, in leading the scattered American forces -back to Fort Washington (Cincinnati). This feat earned for him the -unqualified praise of all concerned, and materially increased his -popularity. - -His dash and efficiency in the campaign of the previous year -had caused his advancement to the rank of major in the regular -army, and new honors awaited him. When General St. Clair, as -commander-in-chief, was summoned to Philadelphia to defend his -conduct before Congress, he invested Ziegler with the “ad interim” -authority of commander-in-chief of the whole army, passing over the -heads of officers of higher rank, Wilkinson, Butler and Armstrong. -Thus a German, for a period of six weeks, acted as commander-in-chief -of the American army. This distinction resulted in a cabal of native -officers to get rid of a detested “foreigner,” and Col. Jacob -Wilkinson (afterward general and highest commanding officer), and -Col. Armstrong preferred charges of insubordination and drunkenness -against the veteran. - -Ziegler in disgust thereupon resigned his command and retired from -the army. But the people insisted on testifying their admiration -and loyalty to their hero, and when Cincinnati in 1802 became an -incorporated town he was elected its first mayor by a large majority -and subsequently re-elected “in recognition,” according to Judge -Burnett in “Notes on the Settlement of the Northwest Territory,” -“of his services in protecting the settlements in 1791 and 1792 -as well as in reprisal for the unjust treatment accorded him by -the government.” Ziegler died in Cincinnati, September 24, 1811, -universally mourned by his fellow citizens. - - -=Zenger, John Peter, and the Freedom of the Press.=--Noted in -American history as the man who fought to a successful issue the -problem of the freedom of the press in this country. Came over as a -boy in the Palatine migration and was an apprentice to Bradford in -Philadelphia. Established the New York “Weekly Journal,” November -5, 1733. Was arrested and imprisoned by Governor Cosby for his -political criticisms; the paper containing them was publicly burned -by the hangman, and the case was then thrown into the courts. Zenger -was charged with being an immigrant who dared to attack the royal -prerogatives and official representatives. - -Arrested in 1734, he was at first denied pen, ink and paper, -notwithstanding which he continued to edit the “Journal” from -his prison. The grand jury refused to find a bill for libel, and -proceedings were instituted by the Attorney General by information. -Zenger’s defense was entrusted to Andrew Hamilton, a Quaker lawyer -of marked ability, himself an immigrant from Ireland, who came from -Philadelphia especially to undertake the defense. - -Zenger’s case became a turning point on the great question of the -truth justifying libel. Hamilton attacked the claim of the Governor, -denounced the practice of information for libel, and declared that -this was not the cause of a poor printer, but of liberty, which -concerned every American. The triumphant result obtained by Hamilton -has made his name famous in American jurisprudence. Zenger’s trial -overthrew the effort of arbitrary power to suppress free speech, to -control courts of justice, to rule by royal prerogative. The jury -turned the judge out of court and Zenger was sustained in the right -of criticising the administration, and his criticisms were declared -to be true and just. Zenger therefore gained for the people the -freedom of the press, and through it their rights to deliberate and -act so as best to secure their rights. - -Dr. William Elliot Griffis, in “The Romance of American -Colonization,” comments on the case in the words: “Thus one of the -greatest of all victories in behalf of law and freedom ever won on -this continent was secured.” - - - - - TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - A - - Page - Adams, President John Quincy; - on First Treaty with Prussia, 229 - - Alabama, The; - Confederate Cruiser 51, 111 - - Allied Nations in War 11 - - Alsace-Lorraine 11 - No Desire for French Annexation; - Linked with the German Empire; - German Character of 12 - General Rapp Demands Independence of; - Germans Deported from 14 - France Distrusts Her Own People in 15 - - American Bearers of Foreign Titles 27 - - “American Liberal, The” 70 - - American School Children and Foreign Propaganda 20 - Americanization Committee of Massachusetts on; - Macaulay on George III; - King George Not Alone Responsible 21 - George Haven Putnam’s London Address 22 - Owen Wister in London “Times” 23 - - Americans Not an English People 16 - William Elliot Griffis Quoted 178-179 - Prof. Albert B. Faust 16 - James Russell Lowell; - Douglas Campbell 17 - Scott Nearing 18 - James A. Garfield; - Charles E. Hughes 19 - - Americans Saved from Tampico Mob - by German Cruiser 19 - - Armstead, Major George; - Defender of Ft. McHenry 20 - - Astor, John Jacob; - American Pathfinder 25 - - Atherton, Gertrude; - on Experience in Germany 188 - - Atrocities, Belgian and French 28 - Melville E. Stone on 29 - Rev. J. F. Stillimans on; - London “Globe” on 30 - London “Universe” on; - John T. McCutcheon on; - Irvin S. Cobb on; - Emily S. Hobhouse on 31 - Rev. J. F. Matthews on 32 - Horace Green on; - Prof. Kellogg on; - Ernest P. Bicknell on 33 - American Correspondents on; - Premier Asquith Denies 34 - State Department Refuses Information on; - Church Authorities Investigate 35 - William K. Draper Quoted; - Why Created 36 - Same Stories Told in Civil War Period; - Post Office Department Prohibits Denial of 37 - - - B - - Bancroft, George; - on Germans in American Revolution 105 - Negotiates Memorable Agreement with Bismarck 38 - Refers Vancouver Boundary Dispute to German Emperor; - Advises Friendship With Germany 39 - - Baralong, English Pirate Ship 39 - - Beck, James M. 199 - - Becker, Alfred L., - Deputy Attorney General of New York, - Investigates German Propaganda; - Investigated by Senator Reed 71 - Employed Ex-Convicts 73 - - Becker, Prof. Carl L.; - on Composition of American People 103 - - Berger, Mrs. Frances, - Victim of Mob 67 - - Berliner, Emile, - Inventor of the Microphone 40 - - Bernstorff, German Ambassador, - Quotes Col. House 131 - - Blaine, James G., - Quotes English Sentiment During Civil War 112 - - Blockade, - “Illegal, Ineffective and Indefensible” 42 - - Blue Laws of Virginia 184 - - Boers, The; - English Treatment of 40 - - “Bombing Maternity Hospitals” 44 - - Brant, Indian Chief, - Destroys German Settlements 135, 175 - - - C - - Campbell, Douglas, - on Composition of American People 17 - - Carnegie, Andrew, - on British-American Union 197-8 - - Cavell, Edith, - Executed by Germans; - Execution Justified by Col. E. R. West 46 - - Chamberlain, Senator, - Speech on English Threats 74 - - Cheradame, Andre, French Propagandist, - Conspires Against President Wilson 187 - - Christiansen, Hendrik, - True Explorer of the Hudson River 48 - - Clemenceau, Premier Georges, - Blames France for War of 1870-71 241 - - Cobb, Sanford H., - Story of the Palatines 104 - - Concord, The; - Brought Germantown Settlers 121 - - Concord Society, The; - Objects of 47 - - Cramb, Prof. J. A., - on Germany’s Lofty Spirit 51 - - Cramps, Shipbuilders 125 - - Creasy, Prof. E. S., - on the German Race 18 - - Creel and the Sisson Documents 44 - - Cromberger, Johann 45 - - Custer, General George A., - a Hessian Descendant 45 - - - D - - Daimler, Gottlieb, - Inventor of the Gas Engine 138 - - Danzig 60, 85 - - DeKalb, Major General Johann von 48 - - “Dial, The,” - on French Propaganda 187 - - Dillon, Dr. E. J., - on Alsace-Lorraine 11 - - Dorsheimer, Hon. William 49 - - Dual Citizenship 49 - - Dutch and German 49 - - - E - - Earling, Albert J., - Railway President 50 - - Eckert, Thomas 50 - - Election of 1916 and the - League of Nations Covenants 51 - President Wilson’s Colloquy with Senator McCumber 56 - Foreign Minister Hanotaux Promised American Aid - in 1914 57 - - Eliot, Prof. Charles W., - on German Civilization 50 - - England Plundered American Commerce 51 - Refuses Loan to United States in Civil War 110 - Threatens United States Through Canada 73 - - English Government Offers $8 for American Scalps 136 - View of Paul Jones 139 - First to Use Poison Gas 192 - Tribute to Germany’s Lofty Spirit 51 - Opinion of Prussians in 1815 58 - Investment in Confederate Bonds 114 - Propaganda in Public Schools 20 - White Book Justifies Invasion of Belgium 207 - Statesmen Denounce American Union 113 - - “English-Speaking Union” 198 - - Erzberger, Appeal to - Conscience of America 90 - - Espionage Act, Vote on 58 - How Administered 59 - Report of Civil Liberties Bureau; - New York “Sun” Quoted 63 - Friends of German Democracy; - Mrs. William Jay; - German Masons in New Jersey 64 - - Exports and Imports in 1914 58 - - - F - - Fisher, Admiral, - Justifies German Submarines 212 - - Foreign Residents Assured as to - their Investments 230 - - Fourteen Points, The; - History of 86 - - France’s Historic Relations - with the United States 76 - - Franklin, Benjamin 80 - Alarmed by German Immigration 81 - Praises German Population 83 - - Frederick the Great and the American Colonies 84 - Prevents Russian Alliance with England - Against Colonies; - Offers American Cruisers Refuge at Danzig 85 - - Free Masons in New Jersey - Against Language Edict 64 - - Fresch, Hermann, Sulphur King 224 - - Fricke, Albert Paul, - Tried for Treason and Acquitted 67 - - Friends of German Democracy 64 - - Fritchie, Barbara, - Immortalized by Whittier 90 - - - G - - Gas, Poison, - First Employed by English 192 - - George III, a “German King”? 20 - Macaulay on 21 - - George, Lloyd, - Denounces Atrocities Against Boers 41 - - German American Captains of Industry 94 - - German Element in American Life 102 - Mechanics in Jamestown Settlement 91 - In Virginia 105 - Moravians First Settlers in Ohio 107 - On Indian Border in Pennsylvania 108 - Settle Frankfort and Louisville, Ky 109 - Ardent patriots in Revolution 105, 109, 175, 181 - Early Western Border Occupied by 108 - Protest Against Slavery 180 - First Proclamation of Independence 175 - Praise for Their Republican Virtues 180 - In Civil War 114 - In Confederate Army 120 - Ideals of Liberty 154 - Women Spies Executed by French 49 - In American Art, Science and Literature 91 - Praised by Franklin 83 - Praised by Washington 245 - Praised by Jefferson 141 - First Newspapers 91 - George Bancroft on 105 - Subscriptions to Liberty Loan 153 - In Massachusetts Bay Colony 156 - Keeps Missouri in the Union 159 - - German Emperor Decides Vancouver - Boundary Dispute in Our Favor 39 - - Germantown Settlement 121 - - Germany; - Why Strengthened Her Army 124 - Treatment of France After War of 1870-71 90 - Conduct During Civil War 110 - Buys $600,000,000 of Union Bonds 111 - Bancroft Quoted 39 - Sends Relief During Civil War 90 - - Godfrey, - Inventor of Quadrant 178 - - Gould, B. A.; - Civil War Statistics 115 - - Grey, Sir Edward, - on Humanity in War 132 - - Griffis, Dr. William Elliot, - on German Element 104 - Early German Mechanics 105 - On Jacob Leisler 146 - On Teutonic Influence 178-9 - On Bay Colony Aristocracy 181 - On Confusing Germans with Dutch 49 - - Guizot, - on German Love of Liberty 154 - - - H - - Hagner, Peter 124 - - Haiman, Louis, - “Swordmaker of the Confederacy” 227 - - Hanotaux, Foreign Minister, - on Assurances Given France in 1914 by American - Ambassadors 56 - - Harris, Frank, - on Germany and England 155 - - Hartford Convention, The 124 - - Hempel 125 - - “Herald,” New York, - Urges Hanging of German Americans 125 - - Hereshoffs and Cramps 125 - - Herkimer, General Nicholas, - Hero of Oriskany 125 - - Hervé, Gustave, - on Alsace Lorraine 12 - On Poison Gas 192 - - Hessians, The 125 - Swell Jackson’s Stonewall Brigade; Where Settled 129 - General Custer, Descended from 45 - - Hillegas, Michael, - First Treasurer of the United States 129 - - Hitchcock, Senator Gilbert M., - on Seizure of Alien Property 232 - - House, Col. E. M.; - Reputed Author of “Philip Dru, Administrator” 130 - Influences President on Surrender of Saar Valley 131 - Friend of Lloyd George; - Attended School in England 130 - - - I - - Ibanez, Vincente Blasco, - French Propaganda Agent 185 - - Ideals of Liberty 154 - - Illiteracy of Contending Countries 132 - - Immigration 132 - Germantown 177 - - Indians, Tories and German Settlements 135 - - Invention of Telephone, Gas Engine, - Photographic Lenses, etc. 138 - - “Issues and Events” 69 - - - J - - Jaeger, Pastor, - Murdered for Being German 67 - - Jay, Mrs. William, - Leads Campaign to Suppress German Music 64 - - Jefferson, Thomas, - on German Immigrants 141 - On English Hyphenates 140 - On Virginia Blue Laws 184 - On Longing for an English King 24 - - Jones, John Paul; - English View of 139 - - - K - - Kapp, Frederich, - History of American People 102-4 - - King, Senator, of Utah, - Bill Canceling Charter of the German American - Alliance 69 - - Knobel, Caspar, - Captures Jefferson Davis 142 - - Knownothing Party 142 - - Koerner, Gustav, - on Political Character of German Americans 143 - - Krech, Alvin W. - - Kudlich, Dr. Hans, - the Peasant Emancipator 143 - - - L - - Langlotz, Prof. C. A., - Author of “Old Nassau” 145 - - Lee, Lighthouse Harry 148 - - Lehman, Philip Theodore, - William Penn’s Secretary 145 - - Lehmann, Frederick William 145 - - Leisler, Jacob, - First Martyr to Cause of American Independence 145 - - Lieber, Francis 146 - Founder, “Encyclopedia Americana” 147 - Legal Advisor to Lincoln Government; - Author of “Instructions for the - Armies in the Field” 148 - - Lincoln, Abraham, - of German Extraction? 148 - - London “Times” in 1862 113 - - Long, Frances L., - One of Custer’s Sergeants and - Survivor Greeley Arctic Expedition 152 - - Lossing, Benson J., - on Our Debt to France 77 - On Jacob Leisler 146 - On Conrad Weiser 245 - - Lowell, James Russell; - American People Not English 17 - - Ludwig, Christian, - Purveyor of the Revolutionary Army 153 - - - M - - Macaulay, Lord, - on German Immigrant Settlers 104 - On George III 21 - - Marix, Rear Admiral Adolph 156 - - Massow, Baron von, - Member of Mosby’s Brigade 156 - - McCarthy, Justin, - on Cruise of the Alabama; - Recognition of Confederacy 111 - On Schleswig-Holstein Question 210 - - McCumber, Senator, - Asks President About Our Entrance Into the War 56 - - McNeill, Walter S., - on German Constitution 155 - On German Civil Law 157 - - Memminger, Christoph Gustav, - Secretary of the Treasury - in the Confederate Cabinet 157 - - Menken, S. Stanwood, - Organizer and President National Security League 171-2 - - Mergenthaler, Ottmar, - Inventor of the Linotype Machine 157 - - Military Establishments of the - Warring Nations in 1914 157 - - Minnewit, Peter, - Purchased Island of Manhattan from Indians 158 - - Missouri, How Kept in the Union 159 - - Montesquieu, on Birth of Liberty 154 - - Morgan, J. Pierpont 158 - Related to Viscount Lewis Harcourt 159 - Accused in Congress of Controlling Press 190 - - Muhlenberg, - Heinrich Melchior, - Founder Lutheran Church in America; - Frederick August, - First Speaker House of Representative; - Peter, General; - Career of 161 - - - N - - Nagel, Charles, - Secretary of Commerce and Labor 169 - - Nast, Thomas, - America’s Greatest Cartoonist; - Kills the Tweed Ring; - Grant’s Opinion of 169 - - National Security League; - Objects of, Backers of 169 - Representative Cooper of Wisconsin on 170 - Interference with New York Public Schools 171 - How Organized; Disbursements by 172 - Denounced in Congress 171-2 - - Neutrality; - President Wilson on, - in Mexican Relations 172 - - New Ulm Massacre 173 - - Northcliffe, Lord; - Control of American Newspapers 174 - - - O - - Ohio; - Germans First to Settle, - First White Child in 107 - - Orth, Charles D., - President National Security League 171-2 - - Osterhaus, General Peter Joseph, - Record in Union Army 174 - His Pension Canceled 175 - - Overman Bill 54 - - - P - - Palatines, the; - Sanford H. Cobb on 104 - Judge Benton Quoted 105 - Declaration of Independence Antedates that of - Mecklenburg 175 - Its Signers 176-7 - - Panin, Count Nikolai I, Russian Premier, - Bribed by Frederick the Great 85 - - Pastorius, Franz Daniel, - Founder of Germantown 121, 177 - Agitation Against Unveiling of Monument to 179 - Author of First Protest Against Slavery 180 - - Pathfinders, German American 191 - - Penn, William, - and Crefeld Immigrants 121 - His Mother a Dutch Woman 193 - - Pennypacker, Ex-Governor Samuel Whitaker 121 - - Pilgrim Society 193 - - Pitcher, Molly; - Famous Heroine of German Descent 190 - - Poison Gas; - First Used at Colenso; French Testimony 192 - - Prager, Robert B., - Lynched by Anti-German Mob 67 - - Press Attacked in Congress 190 - - Propaganda in the United States 185 - Vincente Blasco Ibanez, French Agent 185 - Louis Tracy, English Agent; How Conducted 186 - French Described by “The Dial;” Andre Cheradame 187 - Overman Committee; Gertrude Atherton 188 - - Prussia, First Treaty with 229 - - Prussian Constitution, - Praised by President Wilson 156 - - Puritans; - Land in 1620; - Great Migration; - Freemen; - Hang Quakers and Witches; - Blue Laws 184 - - Putnam, George Haven, - Repudiates the American Revolution; - Proposes to Rewrite Text Books of - American History in Public Schools 22 - Regrets American Independence from England 23 - - - Q - - Quakers Hanged in Bay Colony 184 - - Quitman, General J. A., - in Mexican War 194 - - - R - - Rassieur, Leo 205 - - Reis, Philipp, - Inventor of the Telephone 139 - - Representation in Congress 194 - - Rhodes, Cecil; - Text of Secret Will to Reclaim the United States 195 - Sinclair Kennedy, on Plan 196-7 - Whitelaw Reid, on Unity with English Government 196 - Andrew Carnegie, - on British-American Union; - Rhodes Scholarships 197 - General Pershing’s Statement; - James M. Beck’s Statement 199 - Admiral Sims’s Guildhall Speech; - New York “Globe” Quotes Ambassador Page 200 - Prof. Roland G. Usher, - on Secret Understanding; - Colonial Secretary Chamberlain Quoted 201 - Joseph H. Choate’s Toast to the King 202 - - Ringling, Al 203, 207 - - Rittenhouse, David, - First Great American Scientist 204 - - Roebling, John August, - Famous Bridge Builder 205 - - Roosevelt, Theodore 205 - - Russia Approached by England for - Alliance Against the Colonies 85 - - - S - - Sauer, Christopher, - Famous Colonial Printer 217 - - Scheffauer, Herman George, - American Poet 215 - - Schell, Johann Christian: - An Episode of the Early Border 215 - - Schleswig-Holstein, - “One and Indivisible” 209 - Wish to be German; - Revolution Against Denmark, 1848 210 - Cradle of Purest Germanism 211 - Total Danish-Speaking Population in Germany 212 - - Schley, Admiral Winfield Scott; - Rescue of Lt. Greeley 216 - - Schreiner, George A., - on American Passport Discriminations 66 - On Use of Poison Gas at Colenso 192 - On Lusitania Sinking 242 - - Schurz, Carl, - on German Revolution of 1848 214 - On German Element in the United States 102 - - Scraps of Paper 208 - - Secret Treaties 89 - - Seward, Secretary William H., - Expresses Thanks to Prussia 112 - - Slavery, First Protest Against 180 - - Starving Germany; - Result of, and Casualties 217 - - State Department Note of Assurance, - February 8, 1917 230 - - Steinmetz, Charles P., - Famous Electrician 217 - - Steuben, Baron Frederick von 220 - - Sutter, - the Romance of a California Pioneer 225 - First to Hoist American Flag to Stay; - Founds New Switzerland on Sacramento River; - Alvarado Land Grant 225 - Sides with Santa Anna; - Lays Out Town of Sutterville, now Sacramento; - Visited by Major Fremont; - Hoists the American Flag on His Fort; - Gold Discovered on His Ranch by Marshall 226 - Sutter Ruined; - Dies Poor in Pennsylvania; - Tribute to 227 - - “Swordmaker of the Confederacy” 227 - - - T - - Taft, William H., - on Religious Intolerance 185 - Praises Kaiser 208 - - “Times,” London, - Denounces United States 113 - Advocates British Propaganda in the United States 24 - - Titled Americans 27 - - Tolstoy on American Liberty 228 - - Tracy, Louis, - Head of English Propaganda Bureau 186 - - Treaties of 1799 and 1828, - with Germany 229-30 - - Treaty, Commercial, - with Germany, and How Observed; - President John Quincy Adams on First Treaty; - Treaties of 1799-1828 229 - State Department Assures Foreign Residents 230 - Alien Custodianship Aired in Congress; - Senator Hitchcock’s Momentous Statement; - President Wilson’s Remarks of April 2, 1917; - List of Persons Whose Property Was Seized 232 - Property of Wives of Aliens Seized 233 - - Tryon County Committee of Safety 175 - - - U - - Usher, Prof. Roland G., - on “Understanding” with England 200-2 - - - V - - Viereck, George Sylvester 71, 92 - - Villard, Henry 236 - - Virginia Blue Laws 184 - - Vote on War in Congress 236 - - - W - - War of 1870-71 240 - War Lies Repudiated by English Paper 241 - - Washington’s Body Guard 244 - Tribute to Germans 245 - - Weiser, Conrad, - Pioneer and Statesman 245 - - West, Col. E. R., - Justifies Execution of Edith Cavell 46 - - Wetzel, Lou, Indian Fighter 246 - - Whittier, John Greenleaf, - Poem on Germantown Settlement 180 - - Williams, Deantor John Sharp, - on Fighting Canada 76 - - Wilson, Woodrow, President; - on Our Debt to France 78 - On His Fourteen Points 88 - Friendship for German People 90 - German Intellectualism, 1917 and 1919 155 - Praises Prussian Constitution 156 - On “Best Practices of Nations” 172 - - Wirt, William, - Famous Jurist and Author 247 - - Wirtz, Captain Henry, - of Andersonville Prison 247 - - Wistar, Caspar 247 - - - Z - - Zane, Elizabeth, - Early Border Heroine 248 - - Zeisberger, David, - Founds First Christian Community in Ohio 107 - - Zenger, John Peter, - and the Freedom of the Press 250 - - Ziegler, David, - Revolutionary Soldier and Indian Fighter 248 - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - The following corrections have been made in the text: - - Section: Alsace-Lorraine, - paragraph starting: Under date of January 17, 1917,... - - ‘inferference’ replaced with ‘interference’ - (without the interference of any foreign) - - Section: Alsace-Lorraine, - paragraph starting: After this, who can be scandalized.... - - ‘liberatarian’ replaced with ‘libertarian’ - (Does M. Clemenceau, that “old libertarian”) - - Section: Americans Not An English People, - paragraph starting: In order to estimate the full.... - - ‘have’ replaced with ‘gave’ - (Romans gave the designation) - - Section: Americans Not An English People, - paragraph starting: In a like manner Charles E. Hughes,... - - ‘spech’ replaced with ‘speech’ - (in a speech at Mount Vernon) - - Section: American School Children and English Propaganda, - paragraph starting: The feelings and prejudices.... - - ‘boks’ replaced with ‘books’ - (on text books and histories) - - Section: Atrocities, - paragraph starting: The following correspondence.... - - ‘correspondenece’ replaced with ‘correspondence’ - (following correspondence will speak) - - Section: Atrocities, - paragraph starting: The late James G. Blaine quoted.... - - ‘Malmsbury’ replaced with ‘Malmesbury’ - (Blaine quoted Lord Malmesbury) - - Section: Baralong, - paragraph starting: An English pirate ship commanded.... - - ‘Nocosian’ replaced with ‘Nicosian’ - (swam alongside of the “Nicosian”) - - ‘tradegy’ replaced with ‘tragedy’ - (history of the tragedy first came) - - Section: Illegal, Ineffective and Indefensible Blockades, - paragraph starting: But the State Department surrendered.... - - ‘Scandanavia’ replaced with ‘Scandinavia’ - (commerce of Holland and Scandinavia) - - Section: Illegal, Ineffective and Indefensible Blockades, - paragraph starting: The point is that future wars.... - - ‘compells’ replaced with ‘compels’ - (it compels us to compact our) - - Section: Dutch and German, - paragraph starting: In the history of early American.... - - ‘Minnewitt’ replaced with ‘Minnewit’ - (Peter Minnewit, the first regular governor) - - Section: Espionage Act, Vote on, - paragraph starting: The actual count showed.... - - ‘resul’ replaced with ‘result’ - (showed the result as follows) - - Section: The “Fourteen Points, - paragraph starting: “We already know there were.... - - ‘Dalmation’ replaced with ‘Dalmatian’ - (conceding to Italy the Dalmatian coast) - - Section: German-American Captains of Industry, - paragraph starting: John D. Rockefeller and John.... - - ‘imigrants’ replaced with ‘immigrants’ - (descendants of German immigrants.) - - ‘Rhennish’ replaced with ‘Rhenish’ - (from Bonnefeld, Rhenish Prussia,) - - Section: The German Element in American Life, - paragraph starting: Pennsylvania is sometimes called.... - - ‘Heidelburg’ replaced with ‘Heidelberg’ - (as the tourist visits Heidelberg) - - Section: The German Element in American Life, - paragraph starting: “Better far than a batch of.... - - ‘feed’ replaced with ‘feet’ - (nearly eight feet wide,) - - Section: The German Element in American Life, - paragraph starting: In 1734 a number of German Lutheran.... - - ‘parishoners’ replaced with ‘parishioners’ - (among whose parishioners was Jefferson Davis.) - - Section: Germany and England During the Civil War, - table starting: Sir Henry de Hington, Bart.... - - ‘Gregoty’ replaced with ‘Gregory’ - (W. H. Gregory, M. P.) - - Section: Germans in Civil War, - paragraph starting: Kaufmann, in analyzing these.... - - ‘volunters’ replaced with ‘volunteers’ - (first call for volunteers.) - - Section: Germans in Civil War, - paragraph starting: Adolf Buschbeck, Brigadier General.... - - ‘Gettsyburg’ replaced with ‘Gettysburg’ - (fought gallantly at Gettysburg) - - Section: Germans in Civil War, - paragraph starting: Hubert Dilger, a former artillery.... - - ‘Bushbeck’ replaced with ‘Buschbeck’ for consistency - (in the defense of Buschbeck’s brigade) - - Section: Germans in Civil War, - paragraph starting: Alexander von Schimmelpfennig,... - - ‘Schimmelpfenning’ replaced with ‘Schimmelpfennig’ - (Alexander von Schimmelpfennig) - - Section: Germans in the Confederate Army, - paragraph starting: Among the German-born officers.... - - ‘Hanovarian’ replaced with ‘Hanoverian’ - (Reichard; former Hanoverian officer) - - ‘Hannover’ replaced with ‘Hanover’ - (Wise of Virginia; born in Hanover) - - ‘filbuster’ replaced with ‘filibuster’ - (leader of a filibuster party) - - Section: Germantown Settlement, - paragraph starting: The three Op den Graeffs.... - - ‘Thones’ replaced with ‘Thonas’ - (the son of Thonas Kunders) - - Section: Hartford Convention, - paragraph starting: In no section of the country.... - - ‘proclaimng’ replaced with ‘proclaiming’ - (secession by proclaiming that) - - Section: Hereshoffs and Cramps, - paragraph starting: Who in the great yachting world.... - - ‘Herreshoffs’ replaced with ‘Hereshoffs’ - (has not heard of the Hereshoffs,) - - Section: Illiteracy, - paragraph starting: As a related element of.... - - illegible numbers in table replaced with ‘?’ - (Denmark 0.0?%) - (Sweden 0.0?%) - - Section: Indians, Tories and the German Settlements, - paragraph starting: During 1779 the Schoharie and.... - - ‘Genessee’ replaced with ‘Genesee’ - (as far as the Genesee Valley,) - - Section: Indians, Tories and the German Settlements, - paragraph starting: In this manner he learned,... - - ‘bloodpath’ replaced with ‘bloodbath’ - (instituted a perfect bloodbath.) - - Section: “Kultur” in Brief Statistical Form, - paragraph starting: A brief statistical abstract of.... - - ‘Noble’ replaced with ‘Nobel’ - (Nobel prizes for scientific achievements) - - Section: Kudlich, Dr. Hans, the Peasant Emancipator, - paragraph starting: The name of Dr. Hans Kudlich.... - - ‘Hobokon’ replaced with ‘Hoboken’ - (and died at Hoboken, N. J.,) - - Section: Kudlich, Dr. Hans, the Peasant Emancipator, - paragraph starting: He was born in Lohenstein,... - - ‘sudents’ replaced with ‘students’ - (the students’ revolutionary movement,) - - Section: Lincoln of German Descent, - paragraph starting: The evidence in favor of Lincoln’s.... - - ‘lond’ replaced with ‘long’ - (tombstones of long-dead ancestors,) - - Section: Long, Francis L., - paragraph starting: Born at Wurtemberg, Germany.... - - ‘Wurtemburg’ replaced with ‘Wurtemberg’ - (Born at Wurtemberg, Germany.) - - Section: Ideals of Liberty, - paragraph starting: While we were at war.... - - ‘thy’ replaced with ‘they’ - (since they speak rather well) - - Section: Ideals of Liberty, - paragraph starting: Mr. Walter S. McNeill tells us.... - - ‘McNeil’ replaced with ‘McNeill’ - (Mr. Walter S. McNeill tells us) - - Section: Morgan, J. Pierpont, - paragraph starting: American banker and financier, - - ‘rubel’ replaced with ‘ruble’ - (the famous Russian ruble) - - Section: Muhlenberg, Johann Gabriel Peter, - paragraph starting: The following interesting story.... - - ‘Daughers’ replaced with ‘Daughters’ - (Historian of the Daughters of the) - - Section: New Ulm Massacre, - paragraph starting: New Ulm, a settlement of Germans.... - - ‘Gueur’ replaced with ‘Sueur’ - (and from Le Sueur, still more remote.) - - Section: Franz Daniel Pastorius and German..., - paragraph starting: Three famous families issued from.... - - ‘Saurs’ replaced with ‘Sauers’ - (and the Sauers,) - - ‘Saur’ replaced with ‘Sauer’ - (of whom Christopher Sauer) - - Section: Franz Daniel Pastorius and German..., - paragraph starting: There is some analogy between.... - - ‘bigoty’ replaced with ‘bigotry’ - (conditions of oppression and bigotry) - - Section: Franz Daniel Pastorius and German..., - paragraph starting: American colonial history reveals.... - - ‘American’ replaced with ‘America’ - (settlers in America as foremost) - - ‘American’ replaced with ‘Americans’ - (which Americans have not learned) - - ‘Annabaptists’ replaced with ‘Anabaptists’ - (we must look to the Anabaptists,) - - Section: Propaganda in the United States, - paragraph starting: By 1916 the simple installation.... - - ‘patriotiotic’ replaced with ‘patriotic’ - (support for patriotic activities) - - Section: Rhodes’ Secret Will and Scholarships..., - paragraph starting: To its fatal operation may be.... - - ‘centennary’ replaced with ‘centenary’ - (celebrate the centenary of English) - - Section: Rittenhouse, David, - paragraph starting: Of the origin of the first great.... - - ‘Ruttinghausen’ replaced with ‘Rittinghausen’ - (William Rittenhouse (Rittinghausen),) - - Section: Roebling, John August, - paragraph starting: One of the greatest engineers.... - - ‘Amerca’ replaced with ‘America’ - (and America’s leading bridge builder.) - - Section: Schleswig-Holstein, - paragraph starting: Among the distinguished men.... - - ‘Poachim’ replaced with ‘Joachim’ - (such as Joachim Maehl,) - - Section: Schleswig-Holstein, - paragraph starting: The total Danish-speaking population.... - - ‘northermost’ replaced with ‘northernmost’ - (the fate of the northernmost duchy) - - ‘ostenibly’ replaced with ‘ostensibly’ - (ostensibly under the plebiscite,) - - Section: Schurz, Carl, - paragraph starting: Thus, if not all, yet a great.... - - ‘Palmertson’ replaced with ‘Palmerston’ - (British government under Lord Palmerston) - - Section: Schell, Johann Christian and His Wife, - paragraph starting: One of the most inspiring.... - - ‘barels’ replaced with ‘barrels’ - (upon the gun barrels) - - Section: Starving Germany, - paragraph starting: Evidence of the same import is.... - - ‘illegel’ replaced with ‘illegal’ - (ravages of an illegal and indefensible) - - Section: Commercial Treaty with Germany and How it Was..., - paragraph starting: And it is declared, that.... - - ‘sonsidered’ replaced with ‘considered’ - (shall be considered as annulling) - - Section: Weiser, Conrad, - paragraph starting: “One of the most noted agents.... - - ‘Tulpehockon’ replaced with ‘Tulpehocken’ - (for Tulpehocken in Pennsylvania,) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: American School Children and.... - - ‘Macauley’ replaced with ‘Macaulay’ - (Macaulay on George III;) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: Blue Laws of Virginia - - ‘40’ replaced with ‘184’ - (Blue Laws of Virginia 184) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: Cramps, Shipbuilders - - ‘24’ replaced with ‘125’ - (Cramps, Shipbuilders 125) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: German Emperor Decides.... - - ‘121’ replaced with ‘39’ - (Dispute in Our Favor 39) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: Germantown Settlement - - ‘39’ replaced with ‘121’ - (Germantown Settlement 121) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: Indians, Tories and German.... - - ‘125’ replaced with ‘135’ - (and German Settlements 135) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: Lowell, James Russell - - ‘153’ replaced with ‘17’ - (American People Not English 17) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: Massow, Baron von, Member.... - - ‘Moseby’ replaced with ‘Mosby’ - (Member of Mosby’s Brigade) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: McNeill, Walter S., on German.... - - ‘McNeil’ replaced with ‘McNeill’ - (McNeill, Walter S., on German Constitution) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: Montesquieu, on Birth of Liberty.... - - ‘Montesqieu’ replaced with ‘Montesquieu’ - (Montesquieu, on Birth of Liberty) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: Poison Gas; First Used.... - - ‘Fench’ replaced with ‘French’ - (French Testimony) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: Putnam, George Haven, Repudiates.... - - ‘Amehican’ replaced with ‘American’ - (Text Books of American History) - - Section: TABLE OF CONTENTS, - paragraph starting: Scraps of Paper - - ‘216’ replaced with ‘208’ - (Scraps of Paper 208) - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's '1683-1920', by Frederick Franklin Schrader - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK '1683-1920' *** - -***** This file should be named 50075-0.txt or 50075-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/0/7/50075/ - -Produced by Richard Hulse and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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